Hervaeus Natalis OP and the Controversies over the Real Presence and Transubstantiation

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MONCHEN ER UNIVERSITKTS-SCHRIFT EN Theologische Fakultat

VEROFFEN TLICHUNG EN DES GRABMANN-INS TIT U T ES zur E rforschung der mittelalterlichen Theologie und Philosophie herausgegeben von M ichaelS chmaus, W ernerDettloff, R ichardHeinzmann

N eue Folge 10

1970 MONCHEN · PADERBORN · WIEN V E R L A G F E RDIN A ND S C HON IN GH

Kenneth riotnik

Hervaeus Natalis OP and the Controversies over the Real Presence and Transubstantiation

1970

MONCHEN · PAD ERBORN · WIEN VERLAG FERDINA ND SC HONINGH

Gedruckt mit Unterstiitzung aus den Mitteln der Miinchener Universitatsschriften

Imprimatur: Paderbornae, d. 6. m. Novembris 1969 Vicarius Generalis: Dr. Droste Alle Rechte, auch die des auszugsweisen Nachdrucks, der photomechanischen Wieder­ gabe und der Obersetzung, vorbehalten. © 1970 by Ferdinand Schoningh at Pader­ born. Printed in Germany. Herstellung: Ferdinand Schoningh, Paderborn.

FOREWORD I wish to thank, first of all, the Theology Faculty of the Ludwig­ Maximilians-University of Munich for accepting this work in its original form, a doctoral dissertation presented to them in 1962. The central portion was expanded into its present form at the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies in Toronto during 1965-1967. For the interest that the Institute took in this study and its kindness in placing its resources at my disposal I am deeply grateful. I am happy to acknowledge a special debt of gratitude to my esteemed teacher, Professor Dr. Michael Schmaus, who originally suggested the study and directed me in the work of research. His enthusiasm, schol­ arship, and kindness have always been a continuous source of inspi­ ration. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the Grabmann-lnstitut of the University of Munich for the use of their resources while this study was being written as well as for the acceptance of this work into the present series. In particular I want to thank Dr. Richard Heinz­ mann for his paleographic insights. I am also deeply indebted to the Miinchener Universitatsschriften for sponsoring this study financially. Finally, I am very grateful to Father Abbot Baldwin Dworschak, O.S.B., the community of St. John's Abbey, Collegeville, Minnesota, my wife, and my friends in Toronto for their part in aiding this study. To all those who assisted in the typing, proof reading and indexing I also wish to express my personal thanks.

KENNETH PLOTNIK Toronto, Canada September 1969

TABL E O F C ON T EN TS Bibliography Manuscript Sources Printed Original Sources Secondary Sources List of Abbreviations . Introduction

IX IX IX X XII 1

Chapter I

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND I. Introduction to the Life of Hervaeus Natalis II. Introduction to the Eucharistic Writings of Hervaeus Natalis 1. In quatuor libros Sententiarum Commentarium 2. Correctorium fratris ]acobi Metensis . 3. Quaestiones quodlibetales 4. Evidentiae contra Durandum super quartum sententiarum III. Introduction to the Controversies over the Real Presence and Transubstantiation after the Death of Thomas Aquinas . 1. The mode of the real presence 2. Transubstantiation

3 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 9

Chapter II

THE MODE OF THE EUCHARISTIC PRESENCE OF CHRIST I. The Mode of Christ's Eucharistic Presence for Thomas Aquinas and Hervaeus Natalis . II. Discussion of Relational Presence by Hervaeus Natalis . III. Controversy over the Nature of Relational Presence between Hervaeus Natalis and Durand of St. Pour�ain . 1. Position of Durand in the first and second editions of his Sentences

2. Conclusion of the controversy

11 13 15 15 18

VIII

Table of contents

IV. Hervaeus Natalis, Giles of Rome, and the Problem of the Quantity of Christ's Eucharistic Body V. Controversy over the Presence of the Quantity of Christ's Eucharistic Body between Hervaeus Natalis and Durand of St. Pour�ain 1. Position of Durand in the first and second editions of his Sentences 2. Conclusion of the controversy

19 22 22 23

Chapter III

ATTEMPTS TO EXPLORE THE BASIS OF CHRIST'S EUCHARISTIC PRESENCE I. The Novel Explanation of Transubstantiation of Giles of Rome . II. The Critical Position of Henry of Ghent

26 30

III. Transubstantiation and Annihilation in the Theology of Godfrey of Fontaines

34

IV. Restatement and Defense of the Thomistic Position by Hervaeus Natalis 1. Position of Hervaeus Natalis 2. Reply of Hervaeus to Giles of Rome . 3. Reply of Hervaeus to Henry of Ghent 4. Reply of Hervaeus to Godfrey of Fontaines .

39 39 42 43 47

V. The Controversy between Hervaeus Natalis and the Student of James of Metz over Transubstantiation 1. View of the Student of James of Metz . 2. Reply of Hervaeus Natalis .

49 49 51

VI. The Controversy between Hervaeus Natalis and Durand of St. Pour�ain over Transubstantiation 1. Position of Durand in the first edition of his Sentences . 2. Conclusion of the controversy

53 53 55

VII. The Consubstantiation Theory of John Quidort of Paris and the Critique of Hervaeus Natalis 1. The position of John Quidort 2. Hervaeus's critique of Quidort's theory .

57 57 59

VIII. The Position of William Occam on Annihilation and on Consubstantiation

64

Conclusion Index

66 69

BIBLIOGRA PHY Manuscript Sources ANONYMOUS COMMENTATOR OF THE SCHOOL OF JAMES oF METZ, In IV. Sententiarum, Ms. Vat. Lat. 985. DURAND OF ST. PouRCAIN, In IV. Sententiarum, (A)1 Venice, Biblioteca Marciana, Ms. Z. L. 104, (B) Erlangen, Universitatsbibliothek, Ms. 256, Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, Ms. Lat. 12331. HERVAEUS NATALIS, Correctorium fr. Jacobi Metensis, Le Mans, Bibliotheque munici­ pale, Ms. 231. - Evidentiae contra Durandum super IV. sententiarum, Munster, Universitatsbibliothek, Ms. 175. JAMES OF METZ, In IV. Sententiarum, Troyes, Bibliotheque municipale, Ms. 992. JOHN OF NAPLES and PETER OF PALUDE, Tabula articulorum, Ms. Vat. Lat. 6736. JoHN QumoRT OF PARIS, In IV. Sententiarum, Paris, Bibliotheque Mazarine, Ms. Latin 889; Basel, Universitatsbibliothek, Ms. lat. B III 13. JoHN OF STERNGASSEN, In IV. Sententiarum, Niirnberg, Germanisches National­ museum, Ms. 7044. STUDENT OF JAMES OF METZ, In IV. Sententiarum, Ms. Vat. Lat. 122. WILLIAM OF PETER OF GODIN, In IV. Sententiarum, Erlangen, Universitatsbibliothek, Ms. 505. Printed Original Sources BONAVENTURA, Opera omnia, ed. Quaracchi apud Florentiam 1882-1902. DuRAND OF ST. PouRCAIN, In quattuor sententiarum (C), Lyons 1563. GILES OF RoME, Theoremata de corpore Christi, Venice 1502, fol. 89r-115v. - Theoremata De Esse Et Essentia De Gilles De Rome, ed. E. Hocedez, Louvain 1930. GILLES DE LESSINES, Le Traite ,,De Unitate Formae" de Gilles de Lessines, ed. M. DE WuLF, Les Philosophes Beiges I, Louvain 1901. GODFREY OF FoNTAINES, Quodlibeta I-XV, ed. M. De Wulf, A. Pelzer, ]. Hof/mans, 0. Lattin, Les Philosophes Belges ll-V, XIV, Louvain 1904-1937. HENRY OF GHENT, Quodlibeta, Paris 1518. HERVAEUS NATALIS, In quattuor sententiarum, Venice 1505. - Quodlibeta, Venice 1513. JoHN DuNs ScoTus, Opera omnia, ed. Vives, Paris 1891-1895. JoHN QumoRT OF PARIS, Determinatio Fr. ]oannis Parisiensis Praedicatoris de modo existendi corpus Christi in sacramento altaris alio quam sit ille, quern tenet Ecclesia, ed. P. Allix, London 1686. - Le Correctorium corruptorii ,,Circa" de Jean de Paris, ed. J. P. Muller, SA, fasc. 12-13, Rome 1941. PETER OF PALUDE, Quartus liber Sententiarum, Paris 1514. PETER LOMBARD, Libri IV Sententiarum, ed. Quaracchi apud Florentiam 1916. RICHARD KNAPWELL, Le Correctorium corruptorii ,,Quare", ed. P. GLORIEUX, Les premieres polemiques thomistes, BT IX, Kain 1927. 1

A

=

first, B

=

second, C

=

third edition.

X

Bibliography

ROBERT ORFORD, Le Correctorium c orruptorii ,,Sciendum", ed. P. GLORIEux, Les premieres polemiques thomistes, BT XXXI, Paris 1956. THOMAS AQUINAS, Le ,,De Ente et Essentia" de S. Thomas d'Aquin, ed. M.D. Roland­ Gosselin, Paris 1948. Scriptum Super Sententiis IV, ed. M. Moos, Paris 1947. Summa contra gentiles, Marietti, Taurini 1935. Summa Theologiae, ed. Mediaeval Institute, Ottawa 1941-1944. Secondary Sources ALLEN, E., Hervaeus Natalis: An Early 'Thomist' on the Notion of Being, in: Mediaeval Studies 22 (1960) 1-14. BETZ, J., Die Dogmengeschichte der Eucharistielehre, in: LThK 2 III, 1148-1152. - ,,Konsubstantiation", LThK 2 VI, 505-506. BEUMER, J., Schri/tlose Theologie? Zu den Prinzipien im Sentenzenkommentar des Herveus Natalis O.P., in: Scholastik 40 (1965) 398-404. BIELMEIER, A., Die Stellungnahme des Herveus Natalis 0.P. (f 1323) in der Frage nach dem Wissenschaftscharakter der Theologie, in: Divus Thomas 3 (1925) 399414. BIRKENMAJER, A., Der Brief Robert Kilwardbys an Peter von Confians und die Streit­ schri/t des Agidius von Lessines. Vermischte Untersuchungen Zur Geschichte Der Mittelalterlichen Philosophie, BGPhMA XX, Munster i. W. 1922, 36-39. BRINKTRINE, J., Die Lehre von den heiligen Sakramenten der katholischen Kirche I, Paderborn 1961. BUESCHER, G., The Eucharistic Teaching of William Ockham, New York & Louvain 1950. CLARK, F., Eucharistic Sacrific e and the Reformation, London 1960. DECKER, B., Herveus Natalis, O.P., in: LThK 2V, 284. EICHLER, A., Die Transsubstantiationslehre in der Schau des Duns Skotus, in: ThGL 39 (1949) 138-145. FRIES, A., Quaestiones super quartum librum sententiarum Hervaeo Natali 0.P. vindicatae, in: Angelicum 13 (1936) 498-533. GAUDEL, A., Le sacrific e de la messe dans l' Eglise latine de /Ve siec le jusqu'a la veille de la Reforme, in: DThC X, Paris 1928, 964-1085. GEISELMANN, J., Abendmahlsstreit, in: LThK2 I, 34-35. GRABMANN, M., Die Lehre des hl. Thomas von Aquin von der Kirche als Gottes­ werk, Regensburg 1903. - Studien zu Johannes Quidort von Paris, O.Pr., Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenscha/ten, Munich 1922. GUIMARAES, AG. DE, Herve Noel (t 1323). Etude Biographique, AFP 8 (1938) 5-81. HAUREAU, B., Herve Nedelec, General des Freres Precheurs, Histoire Litteraire de la France 34 (1914) 308-352. HoDL, L., Die Grund/ragen der Sakramentenlehre nach Herveus Natalis O.P. (1323), MThSt X, Munich 1956. - Die Quodlibeta minora des Herveus Natalis, in: Munchener Theologische Zeit­ schrift 6 (1955) 215-229. HocEDEZ, E., Le premier Quodlibet d'Henri de Gand (1276), in: Gregorianum 9 (1928) 92-117. lsERLOH, E., Gnade und Eucharistie in der Philosophischen Theologie des Wilhelm von Ockham. Ihre Bedeutung fur die Ursachen der Reformation. Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fi.ir Europaische Geschichte Mainz, VIII, Wiesbaden 1956. JoRISSEN, H., Die Ent/altung der Transsubstantiationslehre bis zum Beginn der Hoch­ scholastik, MBTh XXVIII, 1, Munster i. W. 1965. KocH, J., Durandus de S. Porciano O.P., Forschungen zum Streit um Thomas von Aquin zu Beginn des 14. Jahrhunderts. I. Teil: Literargeschichtliche Grundlegung, BGPhMA XXVI, 1, Munster i. W. 1927. Jakob von Metz 0.P., der Lehrer des Durandus de S. Porciano 0.P., AHD 4 (1930) 188-189.

Bibliography

XI

KREBS, E., Theologie und Wissenschaft nach der Lehre der Hochscholastik an der Hand der bisher ungedruckten Defensa Doctrinae D. Thomae des Hervaeus Natalis mit Beifugung gedruckter und ungedruckter Paralleltexte, BGPhMA XI, 3-4, Munster i. W. 1912. LECHNER, J., Die Sakramentenlehre des Richard von Mediavilla, Munich 1925. MANGENOT, E., Eucharistie du X/l/e au xve Siecle, DThC V, 1302-1326. MARTIN, R., E Primitiis Scholae Divi Thomae Aquinatis. Magistri Hervaei de Ne­ dellec O.P. Tractatus de Peccato Originali. Xenia Thomistica III, Rome 1925, 233-247. MAURER, A., Medieval P hilosophy, New York 1962. MuLLER, J. P., A propos de Memoire justificatif de Jean Quidort, Recherches de theologie ancienne et medievale 19 (1952) 343-351. - Johannes v. Paris, 0.P., LThK 2 V, 1068. NASH, P., Giles of Rome on Boethius' ,Diversum est esse et id quod est', Mediaeval Studies 12 (1950) 57-91. NEUNHEUSER, B., Eucharistie in Mittelalter und Neuzeit, Fasz. 4 b of Handbuch der Dogmengeschichte IV: Sakramentenlehre, edd. M. Schmaus and A. Grillmeier, Freiburg 1963. OBERMAN, H. A., The Harvest of Medieval Theology. Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval Nominalism, Cambridge, Mass. 1963. PELSTER, F., Die Satze der Londoner Verurteilung von 1286 und die Schriften des Magister Richard von Knapwell O.P., AFP 16 (1946) 83-106. QuETIF-ECHARD, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum, Paris 1719-1721. RoENSCH, F., Early Thomistic School, Dubuque 1964. SANTELER, J., Der kausale Gottesbeweis bei Herveus Natalis nach dem ungedruckten Trakat de cognitione primi principii. Phil. u. Grenzwiss. III, 1, Innsbruck 1930. SCHMAUS, M., Kat holische Dogmatik IV/ 1: Die Lehre von den Sakramenten, Munich 5 1957. ScH0LLGEN, W., Das Problem der Willensfreiheit bei Heinrich von Gent und Herveus Natalis. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Kampfes zwischen Augustinismus und Aristotelismus in der Hochscholastik, Abhandlungen aus Ethik und Moral VI, ed. F. Tillmann, Di.isseldorf 1927. SENKO, W., Les opinions d'Herve Nedellec au sujet de l'essence et l'existence, in: Mediaevalia Philosophica Polonorum 10 (1961) 59-74. SIKES, J., Herveus Natalis: De paupertate Christi et Apostolorum, in: AHD 12-13 (1937-38) 209-297. WEINBERG, J., A Short History of Medieval Philosophy, Princeton 1964. WEISWEILER, H., Die Impanationslehre des Johannes Quidort. Ein Beitrag zur Dogmen­ geschichte des beginnenden 14. Jahrhunderts, in: Scholastik 6 (1931) 161-195. VoLLERT, C., The Doctrine of Hervaeus Natalis on Primitive justice and Original Sin. As Developed in the Controversy on Original Sin during the Early Decades of the Fourteenth Century, AnGr 42, Rome 1947.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AFP AnGr AHD BGPhMA BiblThom DThC LThK BMTh MThSt PM SA ThGl

Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum Analecta Gregoriana Archives d'Histoire doctrinale et litteraire du Moyen-age Beitrage zur Geschichte der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters Bibliotheque Thomiste Dictionnaire de theologie catholique Lexikon fiir Theologie und Kirche Miinsterische Beitrage zur Theologie Miinchener Theologische Studien Philosophes Medievaux Studia Anselmiana Theologie und Glaube

INTRODUCTION The seventy-five years between the death of Thomas Aquinas (1274) and the death of William Occam (1349) were rich in new attempts to explore the Eucharistic mysteries. Knowledge of the Eucharistic theology of this period, however, is largely limited to the teaching of John Duns Scotus and William Occam. 1 This is unfortunate on at least two ac­ counts. First of all, there are several theologians who merit interest in their own right; among them are the authors with whom the present study is concerned : Giles of Rome, Henry of Ghent, Godfrey of Fon­ taines, John Quidort of Paris, James of Metz, Hervaeus Natalis, and Durand of St. Pours:ain. In their attempts to find new approaches to the mysteries of the Eucharist, these men enriched the scholastic heritage of theology. Secondly, these authors are important for the influence they exerted on Scotus and Occam. Regarding Occam, this is parti­ cularly clear, for certain evaluations of his Eucharistic theology have suffered from an inadequate knowledge of the teaching of his predeces­ sors.2 Because of the vastness of the field, the scope of the present study will be limited to two of the outstanding Eucharistic controversies, namely those over the real presence and transubstantiation. Further, concern will be given chiefly to the role of Hervaeus Natalis in these controversies, while attention will also be paid to the views of several other scholastics. A study of the Eucharistic theology of the scholastics confirms one of the findings of ecumenical theology today-the possibility of unity 1 For detailed studies of the Eucharistic views of authors in this period other than Scotus and Occam one is limited chiefly to J. LECHNER, Die Sakramentenlehre des Richard von Mediavilla, Munich 1 925, 1 43-236 ; and H. WEISWEILER, Die lmpana­ tionslehre des Johannes Quidort. Ein Beitrag zur Dogmengeschichte des beginnenden 1 4. Jahrhunderts, in: Scholastik 6 ( 1 931) 1 61 - 1 95. 2 It hardly seems, for example, that J. Lortz sees Occam's Eucharistic theology in its proper historical perspective when he says in an introduction to a work by E. Iserloh, Die Illustrierung dazu, also dafiir, daB Ockham, trotzdem er an der orthodoxen Gesamtgrundlage der Kirche festhalten will, doch unreligios, destruktiv, dialektisch spitzfindig vom unrealen Grenzfall her denkt, bietet Iserlohs Arbeit in solcher Fiille, daB es wohl iiberfliissig ist, auf einzelne Belege zu verweisen. See E. IsERLOH, Gnade und Eucharistie in der Philosophischen Theologie des Wilhelm von Ockham. Ihre Bedeutung fiir die Ursachen der Reformation, in: Veroffentlichungen des Instituts fiir Europaische Geschichte Mainz VIII ; Wiesbaden 1 956, XXXI.

2

Hervaeus Natalis OP

in diversity. Scholastic theology shows that even within a metaphysical framework belief in the one Eucharist can be expressed in many dif­ ferent ways. This may well provide both guidelines and encouragement to theologians seeking an ecumenical approach to this central Christian mystery.

Chapter One

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND An introduction to the life of Hervaeus Natalis and his Eucharistic writings is the subject of this chapter, together with a sketch of the controversies over the real presence and transubstantiation in which he took part. The latter is based chiefly on the writings of Thomas Aquinas, Giles of Rome, Henry of Ghent, Godfrey of Fontaines, John Quidort of Paris, James of Metz, an anonymous student of James of Metz, Hervaeus Natalis, and Durand of St. Pours:ain-the authors of immediate concern to the present study.

I. Introduction to the Life of Hervaeus Natalis Of the early life of Hervaeus Natalis very little is known. Born in Brittany, quite likely between 1 250-1260, 1 he entered the Dominican monastery of Morlaiz on April 29, 1276. There is scant information on what he did between the time of his monastic profession and his reading the Sentences in Paris. It can be assumed that he followed the normal course of studies required of young Dominican scholastics and afterwards was engaged in teaching or administrative assignments, or both, until he was eventually chosen to do advanced studies in theology in Paris. The first certain date of Hervaeus's residence in the 1 The most thorough biography of Hervaeus to date is Ag. de GUIMARAES, Herve Noel (t 1323): Etude Biographique, Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum 8 ( 1 938) 5-8 1 ; more briefly, F. RoENSCH, Early Thomistic School, Dubuque 1 964, 1 06-1 10. For further studies cf B. GEYER, Die Patristische und Scholastische Philosophie, Berlin 11 1 928, 536-537 ; E. GILSON, History of Christian P hilosophy in the Middle Ages, New York 1 955, 747 ; P. GLORIEUX, La litterature quodlibetique de 1260 a 1320, vol. 1 , Kain 1 925, 200-208 ; Repertoire des Maztres en Theologie de Paris au Xl//e siecle, vol. 1 , Paris 1 933, 1 99-206 ; B. HAUREAU, Herve Nedelec, General des Freres Precheurs, Histoire Litteraire de la France, vol. 34, Paris 1 9 1 5 , 308-35 1 ; and L. HoDL, Die Grundfragen der Sakramentenlehre nach Herveus Natalis 0. P. (f 1323), MThSt 1 0, Munich 1 956, 1 6-20, and Die Quodlibeta minora des Herveus Natalis, in: Miin­ chener Theologische Zeitschrift 6 (1955), 2 1 5-229.

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Hervaeus Natalis OP

famous Convent of St. Jacques is 1303, the year in which Philip the Fair sought to convene a General Council against Boniface VIII ; together with most of the members of the convent, Hervaeus signed the petition of convocation. Although it is not certain when Hervaeus began reading the tences, evidence points towards the year 1 302. 2

Sen­

Some of the theologians whose views Hervaeus discussed and rejected at this time were men of considerable stature : Giles of Rome, Henry of Ghent, Godfrey of Fontaines, John Quidort of Paris, and James of Metz. 3 After reading the Sentences, Hervaeus had to wait four or five years in accordance with the customs of the University of Paris before the licentiate was conferred on him. These were productive years. In his capacity as bachelor of theology, Hervaeus would have had to be the respondent in at least five public disputations. Quodlibets VIII and IX of the Venice edition are clearly recognizable as the work of a respondent. In fact, with the exception of Quodlibet V, all of Her­ vaeus's minor Quodlibets originated in this period. 4 Hervaeus incepted around Easter of 1307 and served as regent master until 1309 or even until February of 1 3 10, at which time his successor incepted. During his regency Hervaeus disputed the first three Quodlibets, generally called, together with Quodlibet IV, his major Quodlibets. 5 It was also during this time that his life-long adversary, Durand of Saint Pours:ain, read the Sentences as bachelor under his direction. On September 1 4, 1 309, the Provincial Chapter at Chartres elected Hervaeus prior provincial of the French province, an office which he occupied for nearly nine years. It was during his term as provincial that the General Chapter at Metz in 1 3 1 3 took strong measures to assure that the doctrine of St. Thomas would be taught in Dominican houses. It was also during this time that important Dominican theolo­ gians such as John of Naples (1309), Peter of Palude (13 1 0), and James of Lausanne (1314) read the Sentences at the University of Paris; For a brief summary of why the year 1 3 02 is preferred to the year 1301 see L. HcmL, Die Grundfragen, 18. 3 This is not meant to be an exhaustive list of Hervaeus's theological opponents. "No doubt as our knowledge of this period becomes more precise the list of I-iervaeus' adversaries will increase." E. ALLEN, Hervaeus Natalis: An Early 'Thomist' on the Notion of Being, in: Mediaeval Studies 22 (1960), 1-2. 4 See L. HonL, Die Quodlibeta minora, 215-229. The description Quodlibeta minora is applied to Quodlibets V-X of the 1513 Venice edition. 5 Quodlibets I-I I seem to be directed at Duns Scotus and Durand of Saint Poun;:ain respectively. 2

Historical Background

5

very likely Hervaeus was influential in the choice of these men as bachelors of theology. In addition to his administrative duties, Hervaeus found time to continue his theological controversies with Durand of Saint Pours:ain and to engage in a disputation with Peter Auriol.6 He received a new administrative burden at the General Chapter at Lyons in 1 3 1 8, where he was unanimously elected master general. Of importance for the history of Eucharistic devotion is the fact that this same General Chapter commissioned him as master general to provide an office of the feast of the Blessed Sacrament. 7 Eventually the office composed by St. Thomas was adopted for the feast of the Blessed Sacrament by the General Chapter at Vienna in 1 322, 8 probably at the suggestion of Hervaeus himself. As master general Hervaeus devoted himself mainly to his admini­ strative responsibilities. His last scholastic writing was the criticism of the "spirituals" entitled Quaestio de paupertate Christi et apostolorum ( 1 322), written at the request of Pope John XXII. Given his love for Thomas Aquinas, he undoubtedly devoted himself with great ardor to further the cause of his canonization. This joyous event took place of July 1 8, 1 323, but Hervaeus was not able to take part personally in the festivities; at the time of the canonization he lay sick in the Dominican monastery of Narbonne, where he died a few weeks later. The traditional title of Hervaeus Natalis has been doctor rarus. 9 6 Quodlibet IV is directed against Peter Auriol, who read the Sentences in Paris between 1 31 6-1 31 8. Consequently, a disputation between Hervaeus and Peter would not have been possible before this time. This leads Guimaraes to think it possible that Hervaeus may have occupied the chair of theology even as provincial, at least on a substitutional basis, Herve Noel, 66. 7 "Volumus et ordinamus, quod per totum ordinem fiat officium de corpore Christi feria .va. infra octavas trinitatis sicut in constitucionibus Viennensis concilii est statutum. De Officio vero magister ordinis studeat providere." Acta Capitulorum Generalium Ordinis Praedicatorum, ed. B. Reichert, Rome 1 899, I I, 1 09. 8 Ibid., 1 38. 9 F. EHRLE, Die Ehrentitel der Scholastischen Lehrer des Mittelalters, Sitzungs­ berichte der Bayerischen Akademie, 9 Abh., 1 91 9, cf. index ; cited by F. RoENSCH, op. cit., 1 1 7. There is certainly a "rare" quality about the Thomism of Hervaeus Natalis. Hervaeus is highly extolled for his fidelity to the thought of St. Thomas by M. GRABMANN, Die Lehre des hl. Thomas von Aquin von der Kirche als Gottes­ werk, Regensburg 1 903, 33-35. However, considerable reservation about the Tho­ mistic character of Hervaeus's thought has been expressed by E. GILSON, History of Christian P hilosophy, 747-748, and E. ALLEN, art. cit., 3, 1 4. Hervaeus has even been regarded as a precursor of nominalism by W. SENKO, Les opinions d'Herve Nedellec au sujet de ['essence et ['existence, in: Mediaevalia Philosophica Polonorum 1 0 (1 961 ) 74. This may be an indication that nominalism is not entirely incompatible w ith Thomism, a topic worthy of further study.

2

Plotn i k , Hervaeus Natal i s

6

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II. Introduction to the Eucharistic Writings of Hervaeus Natalis 1 . In quatuor libros Sententiarum Commentarium

The most comprehensive treatment of the Eucharist by Hervaeus Natalis is contained in his commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences. 10 The doctor rarus presented his commentary in the form of class room lectures likely in 1 3 02- 1 3 03 1 1 but did not give this commentary its present literary form till sometime later. 1 2 The Hervaean Sentences are concerned more with specific questions than with all the aspects of a given theological area, as one of the manuscript titles of the work indicates. 1 3 Nonetheless, they treat most of the Eucharistic questions discussed by Thomas Aquinas, although some very important matters (names, scriptural prefigurement, sacri­ fical character, and effects of the Eucharist) are given only scant attention, whereas Aquinas had developed these topics at considerable length. The longest sections of Hervaeus's treatment of the Eucharist are devoted to questions where Aquinas's position was under attack by contemporary theologians. 2. Correctorium fratris Jacobi Metensis

James of Metz, O.P., who studied under Rambert of Bologna, com­ mented on the Sentences twice. The second glossing of the Sentences, which took place between 1 295- 1 3 02, included certain "additions," inspired at least in part by ideas of John Quidort of Paris. An anony­ mous student of James of Metz, making partial use both of James's first redaction of the Sentences and the "additions," compiled a s econd redaction of James's Sentences "with more good will than understand­ ing." 14 This redaction of the student is contained in Ms. Vat. lat. 122. 10 Hervaeus treats the Eucharist i n Book IV, dd. �-13 (Venice 1505), fol. 14rb-20ra ; this edition will be used throughout the study. 11 See HooL, Grundf ragen, 18. 12 It is certain that Hervaeus wrote other works before editing his Sentences. In I Sent. d. 8 q. 1 a. 1, for instance, he refers to a work in which he had treated the question of essence and esse, which remark "apparently can only refer to the De esse et essentia, one of four or five tracts found grouped together under the title, De quatuor materiis, the whole of which is directed against the Quodlibets of Henry of Ghent". E. ALLEN, art. cit., 3-4, n. 11. 13 Quaestiones in quatuor libros Sententiarum. For further information on the manuscript titles of Hervaeus's Sentences see F. RoENSCH, op. cit., 111. 1 4 ,,Meine Meinung geht dahin, daB Jakob fri.ih gestorben ist, und daB ein Mit­ bruder mit mehr gutem Willen als Verstand die zweite Redaktion hergestellt hat." J. KocH, Jakob van Metz O.P., der Lehrer des Durandus de S. Porciano 0.P., AllD 4 (1930) 188-189.

Historical Background

7

I n this redaction of the student of James of Metz, a number of views of Thomas Aquinas are attacked. To these attacks Hervaeus composed a reply, which was discovered by J. Koch and entitled Correctorium Jratris Jacobi Metensis. 1 5 This work of the doctor rarus, as L. Hodl has accurately concluded from his research, is directly aimed at the student's redaction, not at the Sentences of James of Metz himself. However, since this student of James shows a basic fidelity to James's thought, Hodl favors the retention of Koch's original title. 16 Hodl proceeds to date this work between 1 3 04- 1 3 05, arguing that the similarity of the Correctorium to Hervaeus's Sentences in content would indicate a chronological proximity as well. 1 7 The Eucharistic issues on which Hervaeus "corrects" the student of James of Metz, relatively few in number but quite important for the authors of this period, are the Eucharistic words spoken over the wine, transubstantiation, and the Eucharistic species. 1 8

3. Quaestiones quodlibetales In Quodlibets IV (held between 1 3 1 6- 1 3 1 8), VII, VIII, and X (the latter three held between 1 3 03- 1 3 07), Hervaeus considered Eucharistic problems. Three of the questions deal with aspects of the Eucharistic species, 1 9 two treat the mode of Christ's real presence, 20 one examines the possibility of transubstantiation, 2 1 and one discusses a casuistic problem of stipends. 22 The argumentation in these questions supplements Hervaeus's Sentences. 4. Evidentiae contra Durandum super quartum sententiarum The controversy between Hervaeus N atalis and Durand of St. Pours:ain lasted a full decade. J. Koch has described the works of the two controversialists and the time of their composition. 23 Of Hervaeus's 15 Ibid., 194-207 ; and Durandus de S. Porciano 0.P., Forschungen zum Streit um Thomas von Aquin zu Beginn des 14. Jahrhunderts. I. Teil: Literargeschichtliche Grundlegung, BGPhMA 26, 1, Munster i. W. 1927, 211. Hervaeus's Correctorium is contained in Le Mans, Bibi. municipale, Ms. 231, fol. 172vb-173vb. 16 G rund/ragen, 118-120. 17 Ibid., 120-121. 18 Cf. Le Mans, Bihl. municipale, Ms. 231, fol. 172vb-1 73vb. 19 Quodl. IV q. 9 (Venice 1513), fol. 106rb-109vb ; Quodl. VIII qq. 3, 6, fol. 149ra-149va, fol. 150ra. 20 Quodl. VII qq. 6-7, fol. 138rb-138va, 138va-139rb. 21 Quodl. VII q. 3, fol. 137ra-137rb. 22 Quodl. X q. 13, fol. 178ra-178va. 23 Durandus de S. Porciano, 211-268.

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Hervaeus Natalis OP

numerous polemical writings against Durand, the only one that pertains to the Eucharist is his Evidentiae contra Durandum super quartum sententiarum, consisting of questions 11-13 and 15-3 8 of Ms. 175 in the Universitatsbibliothek of Munster. The occasion for the compo­ sition of the Evidentiae was the second list of Durand's "errors." Compiled from Durand's writings by John of Naples and Peter of Palude, the list of errors presents 235 points on which Durand deviates from the teaching of Thomas Aquinas. Hervaeus wrote his Evidentiae around 1317 as something of a commentary on some of Durand's posi­ tions. 24 The only known manuscript containing the Evidentiae (Munster, Universitatsbibliothek Ms. 175) was destroyed during World War II. This is particularly unfortunate for the present study, since Koch thinks that in general Hervaeus's discussion of sacramental questions in this treatise is more thorough than that of the Sentences. 25 Thanks to the information about the Evidentiae furnished by Koch, however, we do know that six questions of this work pertain to the Eucharist; they are questions on the form for the consecration of the wine, the nature and possibility of transubstantiation, the mode of Christ's Eucharistic presence together with that of His bodily quantity, and the lawfulness of having concelebration during the rite of ordination.26 Moreover, the content of the arguments can be partially reconstructed from Durand's consideration of them in the third edition of his Sen­ tences. Together with Hervaeus Natalis, Durand of St. Pours:ain played an important role in the Eucharistic controversies of this period. III. Introduction to the Controversies over the Real Presence and Transubstantiation after the Death of Thomas Aquinas 1 . The mode of the real presence

It would be difficult to find a theologian in this period who did not accept the fact of Christ's real presence in the sacrament of the Eucharist. Where theologians differed was in their explanations of the basis and mode of this presence. Three major theories dealt with the basis of Christ's Eucharistic presence. The first, the most generally accepted in this period, was 24 Ibid., 249-268 . 2s Ibid., 260-26 1 .

28

Ibid., 254.

Historical Background

9

transubstantiation : Christ is present in the Eucharist through the change of the substance of the bread and wine into the substance of His body and blood. Another theory, vigorously championed by Durand of St. Pourc;ain, was that of relation, which held that Christ is present in the Eucharist because of His real relation to the sacramental species. 27 The third major theory was consubstantiation : the substance of the bread remains in the Eucharist alongside of the substance of the body of Christ. It was for upholding a version of this theory that John Quidort of Paris was deposed from his chair of theology at the University of Paris in 1 3 05 . Three further theories dealt with the mode of Christ's presence in the Eucharist. One was offered by Thomas Aquinas, who held that the body of Christ is present in the Eucharist "through the mode of substance." Giles of Rome offered a second solution, based on the philosophical assumption that quantity has different functions ; in regard to the Eucharist, the quantity of Christ's body would function in such a way that it would continue to keep the body quantified, but it would free the body from the laws of space. A third view was proposed by Durand of St. Pourc;ain, who held that the quantity of Christ's body was in no way present in the Eucharist. Hervaeus Na­ talis found none of these theories acceptable. He passed over the view of Thomas Aquinas in silence, while openly attacking the positions of Giles of Rome and Durand of St. Pourc;ain. His own view was that Christ's Eucharistic presence had to be defined in terms of what it was not. 2. Transubstantiation Once the theologian had opted for transubstantiation as the best explanation of the basis for Christ's Eucharistic presence, he still had the task of explaining transubstantiation itself. At least five different views of transubstantiation were considered by the authors of this period. The first, that of Thomas Aquinas, was considered controversial from many points of view. Aquinas held that in transubstantiation the matter and form of the bread and wine are changed into the matter and form of the body of Christ. 28 Giles of Rome did not see how this 27 The relation theory and the other theories that follow will be examined in greater detail in the next chapter ; John Quidort's theory of consubstantiation, com­ monly called the "impanation" theory, will be studied in chapter three. 28 n IV Sent. d. 11 q. 1 a. 3 qa. 1; cf. S. Th. III q. 75 a. 4 ; Contra Gent. IV l c. 63.

10

.f-I�rvacus Natalis OP

explanation could be defended and found his own position more intelli­ gible, that the entire substance of the bread is changed into the matter alone of Christ's body. 29 A third theory was proposed by the pluralists, who held that there is a plurality of substantial forms in man, one of them being the form of the body ; in accordance with this view of man, transubstantiation would mean that the matter of the bread is changed into the matter of Christ's body, but the form of the bread is changed into the form of Christ's body as into a form different from the rational soul. Representative of the pluralist position is the teaching of Henry of Ghent. Godfrey of Fontaines offered a fourth explanation of transub­ stantiation. His position is not perfectly clear, but it seems he held that the matter of the bread somehow had to remain in the body of Christ in order to avoid annihilation. It is his thinking, perhaps, that led to a fifth view, that of an anonymous student of James of Metz, and of Durand of St. Pour