Hands-On STEAM - Earth & Space Science Gr. 1-5 [1 ed.] 9781771676373, 9781771673921

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EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE Hands-On STEAM Science Series .................. Written by George Graybill, Ph. D.

GRADES 1 - 5 Reading Level 3

Classroom Complete Press P.O. Box 19729 San Diego, CA 92159 Tel: 1-800-663-3609 / Fax: 1-800-663-3608 Email: [email protected]

www.classroomcompletepress.com ISBN-13: 978-1-77167-392-1 © 2016 Permission to Reproduce Permission is granted to the individual teacher who purchases one copy of this book to reproduce the student activity material for use in his or her classroom only. Reproduction of these materials for colleagues, an entire school or school system, or for commercial sale is strictly prohibited. No part of this publication may be transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP) for our publishing activities. Printed in Canada. All rights reserved.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

STEAM & NGSS Skills .................. Earth & Space Science

Weather

Seasons

Air & Water

Rocks & Minerals

Humans & the Environment

Solar System

Hands-on Experiments

Science

• Demonstrate Understanding • Explain Scientific Causation • Describe • Classify and Organize • Observation

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Technology

• Application to Own Life • Create and Construct • Recall Information • Integration of Technology and Virtual Learning • Utilize Alternative Research Tools

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Engineering

• Construct Experiments • Group Work • Distinguish Meanings • Make Inferences • Draw Conclusions

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• Project-Based Learning • Design and Application • Match Vocabulary to Definition • Define Vocabulary • Compile Research Information

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• Utilize Math Concepts in Experiments • List Details/Facts • Sequence • Identify Cause and Effect • Identify Supporting Evidence

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Mathematics

Skills for STEAM and NGSS

Arts

Reading

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Based on STEAM and Next Generation Science ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Contents

.................. TEACHER GUIDE • Assessment Rubric.......................................................................................... • How Is Our Resource Organized? ................................................................... • STEAM & Next Generation Science................................................................. • Vocabulary......................................................................................................

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STUDENT HANDOUTS • Reading Comprehension 1. Weather ................................................................................................... 7 2. Seasons ................................................................................................. 13 3. Air and Water ....................................................................................... 19 4. Rocks and Minerals ................................................................................ 24 5. Humans and the Environment ................................................................. 29 6. Solar System ......................................................................................... 34 • Hands-on Experiments................................................................................. 40 • Crossword.................................................................................................... 46 • Word Search ................................................................................................ 47 • Comprehension Quiz .................................................................................. 48 EZ

EASY-MARKING™ ANSWER KEY ............................................................. 50 COLOR MINI POSTERS ........................................................................... 55

FREE!

4 6 BONUS Activity Pages! Additional worksheets for your students

NAME:

• Go to our website:

Student Worksheet

Student Worksheet

Life “Down Under”

• Enter item CC4102 • Enter pass code CC4102D

Study a Tilted Earth

shown below. Get a notebook and tell about the rocks you find. Tell where you found them and what they look like. Tell how hard they are. Limestone

................... It this activity, you will study how the light of the Sun falls on Earth and the

Activity Four NAME:

Moon. You will learn what makes day, night, sunrise, and sunset. You will learn how the light of the Sun falling on the Moon makes it seem toSandstone change shape. This is what you will need: • a baseball, a softball or a grapefruit Coal • a globe

• a bright flashlight Student Worksheet You know that the Earth is tilted to one side. This makes the seasons change.

• a dark room ................... When the north half of the Earth is tilted toward the Sun, it is summer in that

part. Six months later it is winter. This is because the north half is tilted away from A globe is a map of the Earth in the shape of a ball. A the Sun. globe looks more like the real Earth than a flat map does. It should be the kind of globe that is on a stand and can spin. Quartz But what about the southern half of the Earth? Look at Fossils in a Museum It will be tilted the way Earth is tilted. They have their summer when we have our Visit a museum that has a lot of fossils. The fossils of the big animals winter. are theAustralia most is a big country in the southern This is what you do: exciting. There will also be fossils of small things, like plants, fish and half bugs. ofThey the Earth. They have the same holidays 1. Get into groups. One person is in charge of the Sun Granite are all interesting. The ones in the picture are called dinosaurs. They died in the northern half. They have them asall people (flashlight). One person is in charge of the Earth (globe). One person is in many years ago. They are like the lizards we see today, but they were much at the same time. In Australia, Christmas is in Take a Close Look at the Moon NAME: charge of the Moon (ball or grapefruit). bigger. Most of the fossils in the museum will be of things that no longer live on This is because it is summer in Student Worksheet their summer. Basalt 2. See day and night. In a dark room, place the flashlight so that it shines on The Moon looks a lot different when you look at it more closely. The Earth. picture December for them. the globe. The flashlight is the Sun. Slowly turn the globe. As you face it, turn it so below shows what it looks like through binoculars or a telescope. These are Obsidian it spins toward your right hand. See how the part of Earth in sunlight changes. things that make things look closer. You can see these here: They change a few things. On the day after 3. Can you find where you live on the globe? If not, just pick a spot. Slowly spin Christmas, they like to go to the beach. They the globe. how the Sun rises on that spot. Spin it more and watch how Wind Direction A sandman—instead ofWatch a build sandmen instead of snowmen. They sing the Sun sets. Australian the same holiday songs but they change some snowman—on4.an Turn the globe stand so that the top is tipped toward the flashlight. This is A weather vane tells which way the wind is blowing. Some are very fancy. beach in December. of the words. They don’t sing about snow. summer in the north and winter in the south. Spin the globe. Can you find a You can make a simple one. Lava rock place that is never dark? Can you find a place that is always dark? Can you Read about the holiday season in Australia. You will learn some interesting change the globe so that it is winter in the north and summer in the south? This is what you need: things. Try to find the answers to these questions: 5. The ball or grapefruit is the Moon. The Moon circles the Earth about where • a straw © • When do students have their summer vacation? the middle (equator) is. Carry the ball (the Moon) around the globe with the • a sheet of thick paper • What kind of trees do Australians use to decorate their houses? • a pin flashlight shining. Watch how the lit and shaded parts of the Moon change. • What kind of holiday food do people eat? • a pencil Where is the Moon when it looks full? Where is the moon when it is all dark? • What pulls Santa’s sleigh? Binoculars Telescope • some clay Where is the Moon when it is half lit? These are fossils. They are from dinosaurs. NAME:

Activity Three

Student Worksheet

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Activity Two

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Activity One

This is what you do: Get some binoculars or a telescope. 1. Cut a slit in each end of the straw. Your school or your parents might 2. Cut shapes out of the paper that look have them. Look at the moon. Try to This is what a weather like the ends of an arrow. The tail end makevane sure it is a full moon. looks like. should be bigger than the pointy end. 3. Put the pieces of paper in the slits in the What do you see? straw. Is the Moon smooth or bumpy? 4. Make a ball of clay and stick the pointy end of the pencil in it.Does You could it look like big things have been also stick the pencil in the ground or in the dirt of a flower pot.hitting the Moon? 5. Push the pin half way through the middle of the straw. 6. Push the pin into the eraser on the end of the pencil. Did you know that you can only see one side of the Moon? You will never When there is wind, the weather vane will point to the direction see the wind is side unless you go there. the other blowing from. Why is the same side of the Moon always facing Earth? What direction is the wind blowing? ©

How many times does the direction change?

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Here is another interesting thing to think about. Australia is called © “Down Under.” But is it? If you look at a map, you will see that America is on top and While at the museum, find all the different fossils you can find. For each fossil, Australia is on the bottom. This is because the first people to make maps lived answer the following questions: in the northern part. They thought they lived on the top. Earth really has no top or bottom, though. Earth just floats through space, and there is no up or down 1. What is the fossil of? in space. Think about it. 2. Where was it found? 4A ©

3. How old is it?

Looking for Rocks

................... In this activity, you will look for different kinds of rocks. Eight kinds of rocks are

Activity Five

www.classroomcompletepress.com/bonus

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Student Worksheet

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Activity Six NAME:

NAME:

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White in color. Comes in all sizes. Sometimes a whole mountain is made of it. This layer formed from the bones and shells of dead sea animals. Sand in color. Look for it in cliffs. These cliffs often have pretty stripes of red, yellow, and orange. Formed mostly from Sand. Black in color. Sometimes shiny. It is a layer that settled. Forms from a layer of dead plants. You won’t see it lying around on the ground. Clear like glass. Looks something like diamond. Pieces can be found in most other kinds of rock. When it isn’t pure, it can have different colors. Pure quartz is clear and is in pieces with six sides. Usually gray in color. It has little bits of other things in it. Look for black dots and bits that sparkle. Dark gray in color. Formed when melted rock cools very slowly. It can take the form of tall towers with six sides. Black in color, shiny and smooth. A kind of glass. Formed in volcanoes. Sometimes you can see through it a little. Native Americans used it to make arrowheads and other tools. Black or red in color. It is what melted rock turns into after it flows out of a volcano and then cools. It is lighter than most rocks because it has air bubbles in it. 6A

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

4. Does it still live today? 5. If it’s no longer on Earth, how did it disappear? 6. What is 1 interesting fact about it? This is what the Moon looks like © through binoculars or a telescope.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Assessment Rubric .................. Earth & Space Science Student’s Name: _______________________________ Assignment:_______________________ Level:____________

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Understanding Concepts

Demonstrates a limited understanding of concepts. Requires teacher intervention.

Demonstrates a basic understanding of concepts. Requires little teacher intervention.

Demonstrates a good understanding of concepts. Requires no teacher intervention.

Demonstrates a thorough understanding of concepts. Requires no teacher intervention.

Analysis & Application of Key Concepts

Limited application and interpretation in activity responses.

Basic application and interpretation in activity responses.

Good application and interpretation in activity responses.

Strong application and interpretation in activity responses.

Creativity & Imagination

Limited creativity and imagination applied in projects and activities.

Some creativity and imagination applied in projects and activities.

Satisfactory level of creativity and imagination applied in projects and activities.

Beyond expected creativity and imagination applied in projects and activities.

Application of Own Interests

Limited application of own interests in independent or group environment.

Basic application of own interests in independent or group environment.

Good application of own interests in independent or group environment.

Strong application of own interests in independent or group environment.

STRENGTHS:

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WEAKNESSES:

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NEXT STEPS:

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Before You Teach

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Teacher Guide

Our resource has been created for ease of use by both TEACHERS and STUDENTS alike. Introduction

• The AFTER YOU READ activities check students’ comprehension of the concepts presented in the reading passage and extend their learning. Students are asked to give thoughtful consideration of the reading passage through creative and evaluative shortanswer questions, research, and extension activities.

ntroduce your primary and elementary students to the world of earth and space science. In this ready-made resource, we provide vital information to get your students started on earth and space science concepts like Weather, Seasons, Air and Water, Rocks and Minerals, Humans and the Environment, and the Solar System. With every concept we introduce, there are hands-on experiments and graphic organizers to help aid your students through the learning process. Written to grade with vocabulary to match, this resource can be used as a stepping stone to lifelong learning in the scientific field. Get your students excited about Science with STEAM initiatives and Next Generation Science Standards. Our hands-on approach to learning allows students to get down and dirty with science, engaging their imagination and intrigue.

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Hands-on Experiments for each chapter topic are included to further develop students’ thinking skills and understanding of the concepts. The Assessment Rubric (page 4) is a useful tool for evaluating students’ responses to many of the activities in our resource. The Comprehension Quiz (page 48) can be used for either a follow-up review or assessment at the completion of the unit.

PICTURE CUES This resource contains three main types of pages, each with a different purpose and use. A Picture Cue at the top of each page shows, at a glance, what the page is for.

How Is Our Resource Organized? STUDENT HANDOUTS Reading passages and activities (in the form of reproducible worksheets) make up the majority of our resource. The reading passages present important gradeappropriate information and concepts related to the topic. Embedded in each passage are one or more questions that ensure students understand what they have read.



Teacher Guide • Information and tools for the teacher



Student Handout • Reproducible worksheets and activities

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Easy Marking™ Answer Key • Answers for student activities

EASY MARKING™ ANSWER KEY Marking students’ worksheets is fast and easy with our Answer Key. Answers are listed in columns – just line up the column with its corresponding worksheet, as shown, and see how every question matches up with its answer! NAME:

For each reading passage there are BEFORE YOU READ activities and AFTER YOU READ activities.

Air and Water ©

1. Circle

3.

1. T if the sentence is True or F if it is False.

T F a) Water cannot change a rock. T F b) Water flows down.

• The BEFORE YOU READ activities prepare students for reading by setting a purpose for reading. They stimulate background knowledge and experience, and guide students to make connections between what they know and what they will learn. Important concepts and vocabulary are also presented.

T F d) There is no water in the air. T F e) Farmers don’t need rain. T F f) Sand dunes are made by wind.

a) Answers will vary,

T

a)

T F c) Ocean water is good to drink.

b)

F

c)

T

d)

F

e)

T

but may include: A monsoon climate gets most of its rain in the summer. A Mediterranean climate gets most of its rain in the winter.

b) The north half of Earth is tipped toward the Sun in the summer. Sunlight shines straight towards that part of Earth.

T F g) A lot of water is under the ground. T F h) Snow is made of fresh water.

1.

3.

1.

a)

F

b)

T

c)

F

a) Erosion is water washing away dirt. The dirt goes down rivers. It can form new land at the mouth of the river.

a) 4 B

F

d) e)

F

f)

T

g)

T

h)

T

b) Water doesn’t run back down as fast as we bring it up. We could use it all.

b) 4 D

4. a) Answers will vary, but may include: There were deep grooves in the ground. The soil goes to a stream. Then it goes to a river. Then it goes to the ocean.

c) 4 D

2.

2.

2. Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) Where is most of Earth’s water? In rivers. In oceans. In snow and ice. Under the ground.

a)

2

b)

1

4. Answers will vary.

b) When water evaporates, it changes from ____________. A B C D

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liquid to gas gas to liquid solid to liquid liquid to solid

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c)

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d)

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a) 4 B 2.

b) 4 A

Most of Earth’s water is in the oceans. It is too salty to drink.

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c)

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b)

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d)

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3

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b) Answers will vary, but may include: The stones in the water are smooth and rounded. The stones outside of the water are rough and jagged. They are different because the water washes over the stones in the water. This makes the stones smooth and rounded.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

A B C D

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Every question matches up with its answer!

Before You Read

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Before You Teach

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STEAM & NGSS

Our resource is an effective tool for any SCIENCE PROGRAM.

Our resource, therefore, is an effective tool for any Science program. Whether it is used in whole or in part, or adapted to meet individual student needs, this resource provides teachers with the important questions to ask, interesting content, which promote creative and meaningful learning.

s M

tic ema h t a

Arts

Engineering

Techn o

e

enc

Sci

Dis

cip l

ine

logy

STEAM

Co Co nte Phyncept nt s , s Ear ics, Proc th & Bio ess Spa logy, es, In ce Che qui Desig mis ry, n , try, Com Inform m Manu unicate, ation, Po w C factu re, Tr onstruct, er, anspo rt Construct, Computer, Materials, Mechanical, Test, Create a, sic, Dram u M , l a u Vis n e, Desig g a u g n a L ns, ratio bility, e p ba ,O bers sis, Pro m u N ly Ana f a t a o D , Pro r e d Or

The activities in this resource meets the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) and STEAM initiatives. The NGSS aim to integrate the content and skills of science in an approach to teaching and learning. The standards set out by the NGSS are designed to provide quality science education to students based on content-rich material and practice with aligned curricula. We pair this with our triedand-true teaching pedagogy for a complete science program. The STEAM standards aim to integrate the content and skills of science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics in an approach to teaching and learning. STEAM brings a new hands-on approach to learning that encourages students to explore and interact with what they are learning.

Vocabulary arctic climate cloud desert dune drought environment equator erosion evaporation flood ©

fog fossil fresh water fuel hail hurricane lava layer limestone magma Mediterranean

mineral monsoon moon planet precipitation rock rock cycle salt water sandstone season solar cells 6

solar system stars storm cellar tornado tropical volcano water vapor water wheel weather windmill

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

Before You Read

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Weather

1. Circle    T if the sentence is True or  F if it is False.

T F a)

Fog is like a low cloud.

T T T T

Snow is water.

F b) F c) F d) F e)

Deserts get a lot of rain. Ten inches of rain in one day is a small rainstorm. People like to keep their home at about 104°F (40°C).

2.  Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) When it doesn’t rain for a long time it is called a __________. A blizzard  B drought  C monsoon  D tornado b) What does a tornado have? A fast winds  B slow winds  C cold  D heat c) It almost never rains when it is _________. A clear  B cloudy  C cold  D hot ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

ReadinG PassaGe

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Weather

W

eather can be either: wet or dry, hot or cold, cloudy or clear, windy or still.

Wet or Dry Wet weather means rain. The air is full of water we can’t see, called water vapor. Water vapor is water that is a gas. When air filled with this gas rises, it cools. When it cools enough, it turns into water. This starts as very small drops of water. When lots of little drops end up in the same place, a cloud appears. When the drops get big enough, rain falls from the cloud.

A thunderstorm can have a lot of rain.

A kind of rainstorm is a thunderstorm. These happen on hot summer days. We hear the boom of thunder and see flashes of lightning. Sometimes it rains so much there is a flood. A flood is when there is too much water. Streams and rivers rise above their banks. Sometimes a whole town is under water. Snow happens when it’s cold outside. Water vapor changes into little pieces of ice instead of drops of rain. These are called snowflakes. Rain and snow are kinds of precipitation. Precipitation is any kind of water that falls to the ground. Another kind is hail. Hail is little balls of ice that fall from the clouds. Fog is like a cloud that is near the ground. You can’t see very well in a fog. What’s the difference between rain, snow and hail?

STO P Rainfall is measured in inches (millimeters). If it rained 1 in (25 mm) and you left a pot outside, the water in the bottom would be 1 in (25 mm) deep. Snow is fluffy, so it is deeper than 1 in (25 mm). 10 in (254 mm) of snow has just as much water in it as 1 in (25 mm) of rain. Places that get very little rain are called deserts. A desert in South America only gets about half an inch (12.7 mm) of rain in a year. When a place has several dry years, it is called a drought. This means there’s no rain to grow food. ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

ReadinG PassaGe

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Weather Hot or Cold Most people don’t like to be too hot or too cold. A good temperature is about 70° Fahrenheit (21° Celsius). 100°F (37.8°C) is very hot. 32°F (0°C) is very cold. Water freezes at this temperature. In North America, it is warmer in the summer. It is also warmer during the day. It is warmer when there are no clouds and no wind. It is colder in the winter. It is also colder at night. It is colder when it is cloudy, and when it is windy.

The south pole is the coldest place.

Cloudy or Clear It almost never rains when no clouds are in the sky. Although, it can be cloudy and not rain. If the sky is clear and blue, then it’s safe to say there’s no rain coming. Windy or Still The Sun heats some parts of the Earth more than others. When air is warm it rises. When air is cool it sinks. This makes the air move from a cool place to a warm place. That movement is called wind. High winds can cause problems. It can blow dust or sand at high speeds. This makes it hard to breathe or see. Very high winds often come with storms. A storm called a hurricane can have winds as high as 100 miles per hour (161 kilometers per hour). That’s a lot faster than a car on a highway. Hurricanes can blow down trees and houses. They can start out over the ocean and come into land. A tornado is another kind of storm with high winds. Tornadoes happen with a thunderstorm. The wind spins around into a tall round shape. This starts up in the clouds and touches the ground. It can take roofs off of houses and pick up cars.

A hurricane with strong winds.

Still weather means there’s no wind. This isn’t a big problem. With no wind, there’s no storm. Unless you’re in the middle of the ocean with a sail boat. With no wind to push the boat, you’ll be stuck. ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

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Weather 1.  Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) Which is the shape of a tornado? A  B  C  D

Narrow and flat. Tall and round. Short and wide. Long and crooked.

b) What is a cloud made of? A Smoke.  B Lightning.  C Wind.  D Small drops of water. c) When air is warm it _____________. A falls  B rains  C rises  D snows 2. Finish each sentence with a word from the list. hurricane

hail

precipitation

desert

a) Little balls of ice that fall from the sky are called ___________. b) A storm with high winds that starts over the ocean is called a ___________. c) A place that gets 1 inch (25 mm) of rain each year is called a ___________. d) Rain and snow are two kinds of ___________. ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

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Weather 3. Answer the questions in full sentences. 

a) How does a cloud form?

b) What is the weather like for a nice day. What is the temperature and wind like? What is the precipitation and clouds like?

Extension & Application

4.

Part 1: When someone says what the weather will be like tomorrow, this is called a weather forecast. Find the forecast for the week. You can find this in a newspaper, on TV, or on the internet. For each day, write down what the real weather was like. Was the forecast you found right?



Part 2: Make your own forecast. Get into groups of 5. Each person will make a forecast for one day in the next week. Use your forecast from last week in Part 1 to help you. See if you were right with any of your days.



Use the graphic organizer on page 12. Write down the forecast that you find for Part 1. Write down the forecast you think it will be for Part 2. There’s room to write what the actual weather was as well.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Graphic Organizer

NAME:

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Weather Part 1: Day of the week

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Thursday

Friday

Forecast Real Weather Part 2: Day of the week

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Your Forecast Real Weather

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Cold

Mild

Hot

Sunny

Cloudy

Rain

Thunder

Snow

Fog

Windy

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

Before You Read

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Seasons 1. Circle    T if the sentence is True or   F if it is False.

T F a)

Weather is the same as climate.

T T

F b) F c)

It is cold at the equator.

T T

F F

d)

Fall is before winter.

e)

Seasons happen at the same time all over the world.

Earth is tipped sideways.

2. Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) How many seasons are there in all? A one  B two  C three  D four b) Which is the coldest season? A winter  B spring  C summer  D fall c) Which shows the right order? A  B  C  D ©

Summer comes after fall. Winter comes before fall. Winter comes before spring. Spring comes after summer. 13

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

ReadinG PassaGe

...................

Seasons ost places have four seasons. A season is a time of year that always has the same kind of weather.

M

Spring Summer • Winter: The coldest season. Days are short, and nights are long. In many places, there is snow, and trees lose there leaves. Winter comes after fall. • Spring: The weather is getting Fall Winter warmer. Days are getting longer. Trees get new leaves and flowers bloom. In many places it rains a lot. Spring comes after winter. • Summer: The warmest season. Days are long and nights are short. Kids are out of school. Summer comes after spring. • Fall: The weather is getting cooler. Days are getting shorter. Leaves change color. Fall comes after summer. Fall is also called “autumn.”

STO P

How does temperature change during Spring? How does it change during Fall?

Weather is not the same as climate. Weather tells what it is like today. Climate tells what it is like over the whole year. The four seasons tell what the climate is like for one kind of place. Other places have different climates than this. A Mediterranean Climate gets rain in the winter and has dry summers. Winters are cool, but not cold. Summers are warm, but not hot. A monsoon climate has rain in the summer and has dry winters. It is a little cooler in winter than in summer. A tropical climate is warm all year long. Rain can come at any time of year. Places with long, cold winters and short cool summers have an arctic climate. Places that get almost no rain have a desert climate. ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

ReadinG PassaGe

...................

Seasons hy do we have seasons? Because of the Sun. Seasons depend on the changing amount of sunlight. When there’s lots of sun, you get warm seasons. When there’s not a lot of sun, you get cold seasons. You learned that days are longer in the summer and shorter in the winter. But why are days longer? The pictures below help explain this.

W

Spring/Summer

Fall/Winter

Earth

Earth Sun

Sun

Fall/Winter

Spring/Summer

The Earth is tipped at an angle. When it is tipped toward the Sun, it is warm. This is spring and summer. When it is tipped away from the Sun, it is cold. This is fall and winter. The line around the middle of Earth is called the equator. The part above this line is called the north half of Earth. The part below this line is called the south half. If you live in the north half, you are tipped toward the Sun in the summer and away from the Sun in the winter. When your half is tipped toward the Sun, sunlight hits you more straight on. This makes things warmer. The tipping also makes the days longer in the summer. This also makes it warmer. The tipping also explains why the north half is colder in the winter. The picture on the left shows how the Earth is tipped for one half of the year. The picture on the right shows how the Earth is tipped the other half of the year. The time between the middle of winter and the middle of summer is one half year. But what if you lived in the bottom half? Then you would be having winter when the top half is having summer. You can tell this by looking at the picture. ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

...................

Seasons 1. Circle  T if the sentence is True or   F if it is False.

T F a)

Summer is warm.

T T T T

The Earth is tipped toward the Sun in winter.

F b) F c) F d) F e)

A desert climate is dry. An arctic climate is warm. When it is summer in the North, it is winter in the South.

2. The four seasons are shown. Put them in the order that they happen from 1 to 4 . Start with the coldest season.

©

a) spring

b) winter

c) fall

d) summer

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

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.

Seasons 3. Answer the questions in full sentences. a) Rain is different in different places. Pick two climates. How is the rain different?



b) Why is it warmer in the North half of Earth in the summer?

Extension & Application 4. Think back over the last year. What was the weather like where you live? How did the weather change with the seasons? When was it hot? When was it rainy? When was it windy? Write down everything you can remember about each of the four seasons. Use the graphic organizer on page 18 to write your answers. Draw a picture of each season as it looks to you where you live. Do you know what type of climate you live in? Are you in the North or South part of the Earth? Do you see all 4 seasons or just a few?

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Graphic Organizer

NAME:

...................

Seasons Season

Was it Did it Was it Windy Hot or Rain or or Still? Cold? Snow?

Picture

Winter

Spring

Summer

Fall

Type of Climate: _________________________________________________________ North or South? North South Seasons: Winter Spring Summer Fall ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

Before You Read

...................

Air and Water 1. Circle    T if the sentence is True or    F if it is False.

T F a) Water cannot change a rock. T F b) Water flows down. T F c) Ocean water is good to drink. T F d) There is no water in the air. T F e) Farmers don’t need rain. T F f) Sand dunes are made by wind. T F g) A lot of water is under the ground. T F h) Snow is made of fresh water.

2.  Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) Where is most of Earth’s water? A  B  C  D

In rivers. In oceans. In snow and ice. Under the ground.

b) When water evaporates, it changes from ____________. A  B  C  D

liquid to gas gas to liquid solid to liquid liquid to solid

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

ReadinG PassaGe

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Air and Water ater can be solid ice, liquid water, or the gas called water vapor. It seems like there is a lot of water everywhere. There is a lot of water, but most of it we can’t use. Most water is liquid water in the oceans. Ocean water has salt in it. We can’t drink salt water or use it to water plants. Water without salt in it is called fresh water. There is a small amount of water vapor in the air. This is fresh water too, but we can’t drink a gas.

W

We can drink fresh water. We can also water plants with it. We can’t use most of the fresh water either. The problem is that most of the fresh water is frozen. This frozen water is mostly in the far north and far south. There it is in the forms of ice and snow. Most of the fresh water that isn’t frozen is under the ground. We can use this water, but we have to bring it up first. There is a problem here too. We are bringing it up faster than it is running back down. In some places we are using up all the underground water. Most of the fresh water that isn’t under the ground is in lakes. There is also some in rivers. The problem with this water is that many places in the world do not have enough.

An iceberg is fresh water in the form of ice.

Imagine you had 2,000 drops of water that you got from all over the world. Only 60 of those drops would be fresh. Only 20 of the fresh drops would be liquid. Of the 20 fresh, liquid drops, 1 drop would be above ground. So only 1 drop in every 2,000 is easy to drink.

STO P ©

Where is most of Earth’s water, and why can’t we drink it?

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ReadinG PassaGe

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Air and Water ater is always on the move. Let’s start with water in the ocean. Ocean water can freeze or evaporate. When water turns into a gas, it is called evaporation. It’s like boiling only much slower. Water vapor in the air can turn to rain or snow. Then, it can fall back to the ground. Liquid water runs down and ends up back in an ocean or a lake. Other rainwater slowly goes into the ground. After many years, it can end up in a big underground lake.

W

Plants and animals also use water on the ground. Plants need water to make food. Animals need water to stay alive. All the water that plants and animals take in will come back out some day. Then it will go into the ground or into an ocean or lake.

The hole through the rock was made by water.

All this moving, freezing, and raining can change the surface of the Earth. The changes can be slow or fast. A flood can make a fast change by washing away trees and dirt. When a little dirt is washed away with each rainfall, it is called erosion. This can make farmers lose the best dirt that is on top. Much of this dirt is moved all the way to the place where a river flows into an ocean. There it makes new land where people can live and have farms.

Over many years, water can even wear away rock. This means the water can make parts of the rock disappear. It can even make the whole rock go away. Deep canyons are made by water washing away rock. Rock is washed away faster if it is in smaller pieces. Water helps break up rock too. When water inside a rock freezes, the rock can break in two. Wind can change the way Earth’s surface looks too. When the wind blows sand against rock, the rock wears away. Like water, wind can take away the good dirt on top that farmers need. To make things worse, the farmers also have to put up with a nasty dust storm. In deserts, wind is always blowing the sand around. The sand gets blown into hills, called dunes. Sand dunes are always changing shape and slowly moving across the desert. ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

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Air and Water 1. Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) Water washes away dirt. What is this called? A drought  B erosion  C evaporation  D precipitation b) What makes sand dunes in deserts? A animals  B snow  C water  D wind c) We can’t drink ocean water because it is too _______. A cold  B fishy  C muddy  D salty 2. Four kinds of water are shown. Put them in order from most water to least water.

a) fresh water in lakes ©

b) salt water in the oceans 22

c) fresh water under the ground

1

to

4

from

d) fresh water that is frozen

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

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Air and Water 3. Answer the questions in full sentences. 

a) What is erosion? What does it do to dirt? What happens to eroded dirt?

b) Why can’t we always get our water from under the ground?

Extension & Application

4. a) Get into pairs. Find a place where water has eroded the ground. Try to find a place close to your school. If not, find a place on the internet. What does it look like? Draw a picture below. What do you think it looked like before the water took away the ground? Where does the dirt go after it is washed away?

b) Get into pairs. Find a place where water is washing away rock. Try to find a place close to your school or home. Find stones that are in the water. Find stones that are out of the water. What differences do you see between the stones? Why are they different? Draw pictures to show the differences between the stones in the water and the ones outside.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

Before You Read

...................

Rocks and Minerals 1. Circle    T if the sentence is True or    F if it is False.

T T T T T T

F F F F F F

a) Rocks can melt. b) Things can pile up in layers. The bottom layer is the oldest. c) Fossils are about one year old. d) Rock layers tell us what Earth was like a long time ago. e) Mud turns to rock when it dries out. f) You can ride on a rock cycle.

2. Use the words below to finish each sentence. lava

mineral

layers

fossil

cycle

a) Rocks form in _____________. b) The way rocks change over time is called the rock _____________. c) Melted rock comes out of a volcano. This is called _____________. d) A _____________ is hard and made of just one kind of thing. e) A _____________ is the bones of an animal turned to stone.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

ReadinG PassaGe

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Rocks and Minerals

R

ocks and minerals are both hard. A rock has different kinds of things in it. A mineral is made of just one thing.

On Monday, Sue wore a red shirt, blue pants, and white socks. That night she put all her clothes in a basket. Each day of the week, Sue wore different clothes. At the end of the day, she put them in the basket. By the end of the week, the basket had a history of what Sue wore that week. Looking at the layers of clothes, she can tell what she wore on each day. The layers don’t move around. The red shirt stays on the bottom under what she wore on Tuesday.

You can see all the layers in this rock. The bottom layers are the oldest.

People who look at rocks use the same rule of layers. It is a simple rule: The bottom layers are the oldest. The picture shows some rock layers. This is how rock layers form:

1. Water and wind wear away rock and dirt and move it to a new place. 2. The new place will be a lower place. It might be the bottom of a valley or the bottom of an ocean. 3. A long time passes. A new layer of rock and dirt covers the first layer. 4. As time goes by, more and more layers are added. The top layers push down hard on the bottom layers. 5. When they push hard enough, the bottom layers turn to rock. How can you tell which layers of rock are oldest?

STO P ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

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ReadinG PassaGe

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Rocks and Minerals layer will tell you what the Earth was like when the layer was first formed. If a layer is limestone, that layer formed at the bottom of an ocean. This rock is white because it is made up of bones and seashells. What if the layer above is sandstone? Sandstone is made out of sand. This could mean that the ocean dried up and turned into a desert. Sometimes a layer is coal. Coal forms from dead plants. The plant layer got buried under many other layers. The layers pushing down on the plants turned them into coal. Sometimes plants and the bones of dead animals turn to stone. These stones are called fossils. Fossils tell us what the plants and animals looked like. The layer they are in tells us when they lived.

A

As layers go deeper, they are pushed on with more and more force. When this happens, the rocks change into new kinds of rock made of different minerals. Rocks way down in the Earth can get hot enough to melt. Melted rock is called magma. Sometimes magma comes up through the Earth. Magma that comes out of the ground is called lava. It usually comes out of the top of a volcano. Lava cools when it comes out of a volcano, and turns back into rock. This new rock eventually starts to form a layer. We are right back where we started!

This is a volcano.

This is called the rock cycle. It goes like this: 1. Rocks wear away and make a layer. 2. More layers pile on top. 3. The force turns layers into rock. 4. It gets heavier and hotter with more layers. 5. Heat and force make a new kind of rock. 6. The rock melts when it gets hot enough. 7. Melted rock comes out of a volcano. 8. The melted rock cools and the cycle starts again. ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

...................

Rocks and Minerals 1.  Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) Which could be a rock layer? A water  B dirt  C mud  D limestone b) Which rock layers are the oldest? A  B  C  D

The The The The

bottom ones. ones with coal. ones with fossils. ones made of limestone.

2.  With a straight line, match the words on the left with their meanings on the right.

©

1

magma

all the changes that happen to rocks

A

2

rock cycle

a rock layer that was once a desert

B

3

sandstone

plants turned to stone

C

4

mineral

melted rock

D

5

fossil

something that is made of one kind of thing

E

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

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Rocks and Minerals 3. Answer the questions in full sentences. a) Pick a kind of rock. How was it formed?  b) A layer of rock is far under the ground. The things in the rock were once stones and dirt on the side of a hill. How did this happen?

Extension & Application



4. Make your own rock layer. Be creative. Describe what your rock layer is like. What color is it? What is it made of? What fossils are there? Give your rock layer a name and draw a picture of it below. Then, swap your rock layer with a classmate. Have your classmate guess how your rock layer came to be. How old is it? Was it an ocean or desert or something else? What lived there? ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

Before You Read

...................

Humans and the Environment 1.  Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) What do people build to keep towns from flooding? A  B  C  D

Small hills beside rivers. Solar cells. Water wheels. Storm cellars.

b) What is making Earth warmer? A  B  C  D

Burning fuels. Animals dying. Using solar cells. Windmills spinning.

c) Why is it better to use windmills than to burn wood? A  B  C  D

Wood fires are too hot. Burning wood is harmful. Windmills don’t change the air. Windmills make a nice breeze.

2. Circle    T if the sentence is True or    F if it is False.

T F a) Coal is a fuel. T F b) Burning fuels changes the air. T F c) Many animals are moving south to get warm. T F d) Burning fuel is the only way to get energy.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

ReadinG PassaGe

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Humans and the Environment

P

eople can be found living almost everywhere except very cold places. It is very cold in the far north and far south. We know how to build houses that stay warm in cold places. We know how to build houses that stay cool in hot places. Plants and animals are not so lucky. Each plant and animal is meant for its own special place. All the things in a place put together are called an environment. In a cold place, animals have thick fur to keep them warm. Plants can get frozen and still live. In a hot, dry place, plants can save water to use when it doesn’t rain. Animals in hot places live under the ground. Some only come out at night when it is cool. People can live almost anywhere in the world. Why?

STO P Earth’s weather is changing. Most places are getting warmer. Some places are getting wetter. Some are getting drier. Some animals can move when the weather changes. Some animals can’t move, or they can’t find a place they like. Changing weather can kill some plants because they can’t move like animals can. People have many ways to be safe when weather changes. If it rains a lot, there can be floods. This can turn towns into lakes. To keep floodwater away, people build long hills along both sides of the rivers. In some places the wind can be strong enough to blow people away. In these places, people have built rooms under the ground, called storm cellars. When there is a big wind storm, people go into their storm cellars until the wind calms down. ©

30

Hills next to rivers

Flood

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

ReadinG PassaGe

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Humans and the Environment hen it is cold, people can make their homes warm. When it is hot, people can make their homes cool. Cooling and heating houses takes energy. We get energy by burning fuels. Coal, oil, and wood are fuels. We get coal and oil from under the ground. We get wood from forests. A problem with these fuels is that we could run out of them. Another problem is that burning fuels changes the air. Because the air is changing, Earth is getting warmer. We burn more fuel to keep cool. This changes the air even more and makes Earth even warmer.

W

There are other ways to get energy. These ways do not change the air. We can get energy from the Sun. We can get energy from wind. We can get energy from flowing water. Solar cells get energy from the Sun. Windmills get energy from the wind. Water wheels get energy from flowing water.

solar cells

windmills

water wheels

All over the world people are building new cities that get all their energy from the Sun, the wind, and flowing water. One of these is in Florida in the south of the United States. It is named Babcock Ranch. Babcock Ranch gets all its energy from the Sun. They have solar cells on the roofs. They also have gardens on the roof. This helps keep the buildings cool. It is also a good place to grow vegetables.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

...................

Humans and the Environment 1. Finish each sentence with a word from the list. environment

fuels

solar

cellars

a) The Earth is getting warmer because people are burning ___________. b) In places with high winds, people have built storm ___________. c) We can get energy from the Sun with ___________ cells. d) All the things where an animal lives is its ___________. 2.  Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) Which way of getting energy changes the air? A burning wood  B windmills  C solar cells  D water wheels b) Which helps some plants live in a desert? A  B  C  D

They They They They

can save water. have big leaves. have small roots. grow underground.

c) Which helps an animal live where it is cold? A  B  C  D

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big feet thick fur small ears good eyes

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

...................

Humans and the Environment 3. Answer the questions in full sentences. a) The weather can change in some places. Why is this harder for animals than for people?



b) A city can get all the energy it needs without burning fuels. How?

Extension & Application 4. Get into groups of 3 or 4. As a group, decide to make either a solar cell, a windmill, or a water wheel. When you’ve made your choice, do some research. Find out how it works. From there, make a basic version of your solar cell, windmill or water wheel. What are the basic functions? How does it turn the Sun, the wind, or water into energy? Test out your device. Does it work? What problems did your group have during this process? What would you have done differently? Show your device to the rest of the class. What did you do differently? Based on your experience, what do you now know about solar, wind, or water energy? What are you still not sure about?

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

Before You Read

...................

Solar System 1. Circle    T if the sentence is True or  F if it is False.

T F a)

Earth is a planet.

T T T T

Our Sun is the only sun.

F b) F c) F d) F e)

Earth travels around the Sun in one day. You can’t tell time without clocks. The Moon always looks the same.

2.  Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) Which is most like the Sun? A  B  C  D

a star a planet the Earth the Moon

b) Which motion is correct? A  B  C  D

The The The The

stars travel around the Earth. Earth travels around the Sun. Sun Travels around the Moon. Earth travels around the Moon.

c) What makes shadows? A air  B rain  C sunlight  D wind ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

ReadinG PassaGe

...................

Solar System ou can only see the Sun in the daytime. You can only see the stars at night. You can usually see the Moon at night. Sometimes you can see the Moon in the daytime. The Sun, Moon and stars look like they are all about the same distance from us. They are not. It looks like the Moon and Sun are about the same size. They are not. The Sun is much bigger than the Moon. It is also much farther away from us than the Moon. That is why the Sun and Moon seem to be the same size.

Y

The stars are really other suns like our own. They look like tiny specks of light because they are so far away. We can’t see stars in the daytime because they are not bright enough. Even though we can’t see them they are up there all day long. The Moon does not make its own light. We can see it because sunlight bounces off of it. We don’t see the Sun at night because it is on the other side of the Earth. It looks like the Sun moves around behind the Earth. This is not true. It is Earth that is moving. Earth spins around once a day. When the Sun is shining, we see shadows. The shadows point away from the Sun. During the day, the length of shadows changes. This is because the Sun moves across the sky. In the early and late parts of the day, shadows are long. In the middle of the day, shadows are short. Shadows help tell time. One way is with a sundial. On a sundial, the shadow points to the time of day.

This is a sundial. The shadow says it is 4 o’clock.

You are watching a sunset. Where is your shadow?

STO P ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

ReadinG PassaGe

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Solar System he Earth moves in two ways. It spins around to give night and day. It also moves all the way around the Sun. One year is the time it takes for the Earth to make one trip around the Sun. This trip takes about 365 days. A day is one spin, so it takes the Earth 365 spins to go around the Sun.

T

We also see the Moon rise and set. Again, this is because the Earth is spinning. The Moon does move around the Earth in a circle. It moves very slowly. It The different ‘shapes’ of the Moon. takes the Moon about 28 days to make a trip around Earth. This slow movement is why the Moon comes up at a different time each night. The Moon also seems to have a different shape each night. The Moon is actually always round. The shape we see is the part that the Sun is shining on. You now know that Earth is tipped to one side. This is what makes seasons. The tipping also makes it look like the stars change their places in the sky. They seem to change place because sometimes Earth is tipped one way and sometimes it is tipped the other way. A few of the stars we see at night are not suns. They are what are called planets. Planets circle the Sun, just as Earth does. Earth is the third planet from the Sun. There are seven other planets. We can see five of them with just our eyes. Some planets are closer to us than the Sun, and some are farther away. They are all farther away than the Moon. The Sun and everything that circles around it make up the solar system.

Mercury Venus

Earth

Mars

Jupiter

Saturn Uranus Neptune

Here are the planets in the Solar System. They are not to scale. ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

...................

Solar System 1.  Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) How many days does it take the Moon to move around the Earth? A 1  B 4  C 28  D 365 b) Which is closest to Earth? A  B  C  D

the the the the

Sun stars Moon planets

c) How many planets are there? A three  B five  C seven  D eight 2. Circle    T if the sentence is True or  F if it is False.

©

T F a)

Sundials are used to tell time.

T T T T

Shadows are short at sunrise.

F b) F c) F d) F e)

The Moon is a planet. There are two planets between Earth and the Sun. The moon gives off its own light.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

...................

Solar System 3. Answer the questions in full sentences. a) How does the Earth move? There are two ways. How long does each move take?



b) Why can’t we see the Sun at night? Why can’t we see the stars during the day?

Extension & Application 4. Make a lunar calendar. These are calendars that keep track of the Moon and how it moves. Make your own calendar to keep track of the Moon’s movements. Using the graphic organizer on page 39, watch the Moon. 1. Each night, write down when the Moon was first seen in the sky. This is the time the Moon rises. 2. Draw a picture to show the ‘shape’ of the Moon. 3. Check every day, or every 7 days. What do you notice about the change every 7 days? How many hours later does the Moon rise after 7 days? Do this activity alone or in groups of 7. If alone, either watch the Moon every night, or every 7 days to make it easier. If in groups, each student can be in charge of 1 day during the 7-day week. ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Graphic Organizer

NAME:

...................

Solar System Lunar Calendar Sunday

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

Saturday

Full Moon

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39

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On Experiment # 1

...................

Make a Sundial In this experiment, you will make your own sundial. You will also learn how to use the Sun to tell the time. This is what you will need: • a paper plate • two pencils

• a watch or clock

This is what you do: 1. Turn the plate over. 2. Stick a pencil in the middle of the plate. 3. Try to get up when it is just starting to get light. It must be a sunny day. 4. Wait until it is an exact hour on the watch. It might be 5 o’clock or 6 o’clock. Whatever the time is, write the number where the shadow of the pencil falls. If it is 6 o’clock, write the number 6. 5. Do this every hour until the Sun sets. 6. Try out your sundial the next day. 7. Try out your sundial once a month. How does the Sun tell the time? What happens when you move your sundial to a different spot? What happens when you spin your sundial around? Does your sundial work at night? Why? Does your sundial tell the same time every month? Why? ©

40

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On Experiment # 2

...................

Make a Rain Gauge A rain gauge is something you can use to see how much rain falls. In this experiment you will make your own and test it on a rainy day. This is what you will need: • Find a glass with straight sides. The glass should look like this: • A ruler or tape measure. This is what you do: 1. Put the glass outside in a place that is open to the sky. 2. Wait for it to rain. 3. When it stops raining, use the measuring tool to see how deep the water in the glass is. 4. Find out how much rain fell. Go on the internet or TV to find out. 1. Does your measurement match what the actual amount of rain was?

2. How does evaporation work? Did it affect your reading?

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41

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On Experiment # 3

...................

Make Sand Dunes In this experiment, you will see how wind makes sand dunes in the desert and at the beach. This is what you will need: • sand • a big electric fan This is what you do: 1. Get some sand. You won’t need much. A small bucket full will do. You could get some sand from the beach. You could also buy some at the store. 2. Pick a place where it will be easy to sweep up the sand after the experiment. It could be a driveway or sidewalk. Spread the sand out. Make it about one or two inches deep. 3. Plug in the fan. Place the fan so it will blow straight across the sand. 4. Watch for little dunes to form. 5. Try different fan speeds. 1. How does the sand move to form the dunes? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. How long did it take for dunes to form? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 3. What differences did you notice when changing to a different speed? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Do the dunes move after they are formed? _____________________________________________________________________________ ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On Experiment # 4

...................

Erosion Study In this experiment, you will see how ground erodes and how layers form. This is what you will need: • a small sloping hill beside a flat place • loose dirt • sand • a garden hose This is what you do: 1. Spread the dirt on the side of the hill. 2. Spray water from the hose on the dirt. Try to make the water fall as rain would. 3. Watch how the dirt washes down the hill. 4. Spread sand on the hill. Repeat steps 1, 2, and 3. 1. What did the erosion look like? How did the water run down the hill? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Did the sand erode the same way? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 3. Did layers form? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 4. Which layer was on the bottom? __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On Experiment # 5

...................

Energy from the Sun In this experiment, you will use energy from the Sun to heat water. This is what you will need: • a black plastic bag • a clear plastic bag

• water

This is what you do: 1. Put cold water in both bags. 2. Tie the tops of the bags shut so the water can’t get out. 3. Put both bags in bright sunlight. 4. Wait a few hours. 5. Open the clear bag and feel the water inside. 6. Open the black bag and feel the water inside.

1. How has the water in the bags changed after they were left in the sunlight? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. How was the water in the two bags different? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Light energy bounces off light colored things. Light energy goes into dark colored things. How does this prove what you noticed about the differences? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Hands-On Experiment # 6

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Planet Tracking In this experiment, you will watch the movement of the planets. This will help you understand how planets move through space. Watch a planet. Planets move around the Sun the way Earth does. The planets move at different speeds. This is why planets are in a different place in the sky each night. This is what you will need: • Binoculars and telescopes are tools that make things look closer. If you can get a pair of binoculars or a telescope this might be Venus in the night sky. more fun, but you don’t need them. You can watch planets with your eyes. • A stargazing program (optional). You can get this for free on a tablet or phone. This is what you do: 1. First, try to find a planet in the sky. You can see five planets with your eyes. Three are easiest to see. They are called Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. They are brighter than most stars. A good time to look is just after sunset and just before sunrise. Look where the Sun just set or where it is about to rise. Look near the edge of the sky. If you still need help, use a free stargazing program on your tablet or phone. Point it to the sky to find a planet. 2. Mars is easy to spot because it is more red than the other stars. When you think you have found a planet, make a little star map. 3. Pick three bright stars near your planet and draw a picture of the stars and your planet. 4. Make a new map each night. Planets are in a different place each night because they are moving around the Sun. If you have found a planet, it will be in a different spot each night. The other stars on your star map will be in the same places. ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

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Crossword Puzzle! Across 1. Melted rock underground. 4. The kind of weather a place has over the whole year.

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5. Melted rock that comes out of a volcano.

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8. The home of plants and animals. 10. Water turning into a gas. 15. Water taking away dirt. 16. Rocks form with one __________ on top of another. 17. Rocks that formed from bones and shells.

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Down

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1. This climate has rainy winters and dry summers. 2. The oceans are full of it.

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3. Energy from flowing water. 4. Fluffy things up in the sky.

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6. Energy from the Sun through ____________ cells. 7. This place has sand dunes and not much rain. 9. “Partly cloudy with a chance of rain” is an example of a ___________ report. 11. A rock that is made of just one kind of thing. 12. This falls from the sky and can hurt if it hits you. 13. What is left of something that died long ago. It has turned to rock. 14. Winter is one of the four ______________s.

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Word List climate cloud desert environment erosion evaporation fossil

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hail lava layer limestone magma Mediterranean

mineral salt water season solar water wheel weather

Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

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Word Search Find all of the words in the Word Search. Words are written across, up, down, on an angle, and some are even written backwards. climate cloud desert dune drought environment equator erosion flood fog fossil fuel hail lava layer Mediterranean monsoon planet precipitation rocks sandstone season tropical windmill

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

After You Read

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Comprehension Quiz

Part A Circle



if the sentence is TRUE or F if it is FALSE. T

T F 1)

T T T T T T

F 2) F 3) F 4) F 5) F 6) F 7)

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Clouds are a gas that we can see. Summer comes after spring. A Mediterranean climate has rainy winters. The Moon is a planet. All places on Earth get about the same amount of rain. Erosion is a problem for farmers.

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A city can get all its energy from the Sun.

Part B  Put a check mark (3 ) next to the answer that is the most right. a) Which is precipitation? A evaporation  B lava  C shadow  D snow b) Most of Earth’s water is ____________. A frozen  B in rivers  C in the oceans  D under the ground

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SUBTOTAL: ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

NAME:

Part C

After You Read

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Comprehension Quiz

Answer each question in full sentences. 1. Tell why we can’t drink the water in the ocean. Tell why we can’t drink most water that is not in oceans.

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2. Tell which things are in the solar system.

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3. What is the rule about the age of rock layers?

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4. Tell about the rock cycle. Begin with, “Rocks wear away.”

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5. Tell how the lengths of shadows change during the day. Begin with sunrise, and end with sunset.

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SUBTOTAL: ©

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

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Rain is water that falls from the sky. Snow is small pieces of ice that fall from the sky. Hail is little balls of ice that fall from the sky.

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d) precipitation

c) desert

b) hurricane

a) hail

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Answers will vary.

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b) Answers will vary, but may include: 70°F (21°C), little or no wind, no rain, a few clouds.

a) Air cools as it rises. Cooling water vapor turns to liquid water. Small drops of water make a cloud.

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It is getting warmer in spring. It is getting cooler in the fall.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

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of Earth is tipped toward the Sun in the summer. Sunlight shines straight towards that part of Earth.

b) The north half

but may include: A monsoon climate gets most of its rain in the summer. A Mediterranean climate gets most of its rain in the winter.

a) Answers will vary,

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b) 4

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Most of Earth’s water is in the oceans. It is too salty to drink.

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b) Answers will vary, but may include: The stones in the water are smooth and rounded. The stones outside of the water are rough and jagged. They are different because the water washes over the stones in the water. This makes the stones smooth and rounded.

a) Answers will vary, but may include: There were deep grooves in the ground. The soil goes to a stream. Then it goes to a river. Then it goes to the ocean.

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b) Water doesn’t run back down as fast as we bring it up. We could use it all.

a) Erosion is water washing away dirt. The dirt goes down rivers. It can form new land at the mouth of the river.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

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e) fossil

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The oldest layers are at the bottom.

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Answers will vary, but may include: The layer is brown and red. It is thick and looks like hard sand. It looks like sandstone. There were seashells and fern fossils.

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b) Water wears away the rock and washes away the dirt. The stuff washes downhill to a low place. More layers pile on top. The top layers push down. The force of pushing down turns the layer to rock.

a) Answers will vary, but may include: Limestone - Animals in the ocean die. Their shells and bones fall to the bottom. More layers pile on top. The top layers push down. When they push hard enough, the bones and shells turn to limestone.

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People can make houses warm when it is cold. They can make houses cool when it is hot.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

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Devices and answers will vary.

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b) Cities can get energy from windmills. They can also get energy from the Sun with solar cells. They can get energy from flowing water with water wheels.

a) People can make their homes cooler or warmer if the weather gets hotter or colder. Animals have to move to a different place.

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Your shadow is behind you. It is long.

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The full moon rises just as the Sun sets. After 7 days, the Moon will rise 6 hours later. After another 7 days, the Moon will rise 6 more hours later. After 4 weeks, the full moon will be back and the cycle starts over.

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b) We can’t see the Sun at night because it is on the other side of the Earth. We can’t see the stars in the daytime because they are not bright enough.

a) Earth spins around once a day. Earth moves around the Sun once a year. It takes 1 day for earth to spin. It takes 1 year, or 365 days for earth to move around the Sun.

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

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14. season

13. fossil

12. hail

11. mineral

9. weather

7. desert

6. solar

4. cloud

3. water wheel

2. salt water

1. Mediterranean

Down

17. limestone

16. layer

15. erosion

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8. environment

10. evaporation

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5. lava

4. climate

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Word Search Answers

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b) 4

a) 4

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Part B

7) T

6) T

5) F

4) F

3) T

2) T

1) F

Part A

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5. Shadows are long in the morning, short in the middle of the day, and long again at night.

4. Rocks wear away and the bits collect in a low place. Layers pile on top of each other. The force turns the bottom layers to rock. Rocks deep in the Earth melt and come out of volcanoes. The lava cools and becomes rock.

3. The deepest layers are the oldest layers.

2. Planets, the Sun, and Moons (or the Moon) are in the solar system.

1. Ocean water is too salty to drink. Most water that is not in the oceans is frozen.

Part C

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Weather Forecast ..................

You might see these pictures on a map that tells what the weather is going to be like.

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Sunny

Partly Cloudy

Cloudy

Light Rain

Heavy Rain

Thunderstorm

Snow & Rain

Snow

Windy

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

The Four Seasons

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WINTER

SPRING

SUMMER

FALL

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Where Drive-Through is all theMenu Water? A

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ALL WATER Oceans 97%

Freshwater 3%

FRESHWATER Underground 29%

Frozen 79%

Plants 1%

ABOVE GROUND

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Lakes 52%

Above Ground 1%

Rivers 1% Vapor 8% Ground 38%

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Types of Rocks and Minerals ....................... Volcanic Rocks

Basalt

Gabbro

Granite

Obsidian

Pumice

Formed Rocks

Breccia

Conglomerate

Shale

Sandstone

Limestone

Changed Rocks

Gneiss

Marble

Quartzite

Schist

Slate

Quartz

Silver

Minerals

Copper

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Diamond

Gold

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Alternative Energy

.............................. Nuclear

Wind

Plants & Animals

Water

Sun

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Ground

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102

Our Solar System

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Mercury

Venus

Jupiter

Earth Mars

Neptune

Saturn

©

Uranus

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Hands-On - Earth & Space Science CC4102