Handbook of Polymer Tribology 9813227788, 9789813227781

Table of contents :
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Contributors
Part I Bulk Polymers
Chapter 1 Adhesion and Friction of Polymers and Polymer
Composites
1. Introduction
2. Polymers and Polymer Composites
3. Mechanical Behavior of Polymer-Based Materials
4. Adhesion of Polymers
4.1. Thermodynamics of adhesion
4.2. Interfacial adhesion
4.3. Contact adhesion
4.4. Contact of rough surfaces
4.5. Contact of rough surfaces with adhesion
4.6. Measurement of contact adhesion
4.7. Contact mechanics of layered polymer films
5. Friction of Polymer over the Hard Counterface
5.1. Effect of load on friction
5.2. Effect of sliding velocity on friction
5.3. Effect of temperature on friction
6. Wear of Polymers
6.1. Abrasive wear
6.2. Adhesive wear and friction transfer
6.3. Fatigue wear
7. Friction of Polymer Composites with Nanofillers
7.1. Polymer materials with nanofillers
7.2. Frictional behavior of elastomers with nanofiller
8. Conclusions
References
Chapter 2 In-Situ Observation to Improve the Analysis of the Scratch Damage of Coated Polymeric Surfaces
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Samples
2.2. The scratch test apparatus
3. Analysis of Damage of Coatings
3.1. Mechanisms of the scratching damage
3.2. Dependence of the delaminated area on the temperature and scratching velocity
3.3. Blistering mechanism
3.4. General criteria for blistering and cracking phenomena
4. Global Energy Balance of a Scratch
4.1. Experimental case to be analyzed
4.2. Description of the global energy balance
4.3. Contributions of Phenomena and Discussion on the Blistering Process
5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Wear of UHMWPE for Joint Prosthesis
1. Introduction
2. Physical Factor Relating to Joint kinematics
2.1. Shape of sliding pathways in joint prostheses during walking
2.2. Effect of multidirectional sliding motion on wear of UHMWPE
2.3. Wear characteristics of UHMWPE evaluated in multidirectional sliding wear test
2.3.1. Comparison of UHMWPE wear behavior between unidirectional sliding and multidirectional sliding
2.3.2. Wear test of cross-linked UHMWPE with multidirectional sliding device
3. Biological Factor Relating to Physiological Environment
3.1. Degradation of UHMWPE in human body
3.2. Effect of macromolecules on friction and wear
3.3. Effect of protein and lipid on wear of UHMWPE
4. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Biopolymer Tribology
1. A Brief History of Biopolymers in Total Hip Replacements
2. The Use of Biopolymers in Other Prostheses
3. Biopolymer Wear and Wear Debris
4. Wear Testing of Biopolymers
4.1. Implant wear testing
4.1.1. UHMWPE acetabular components tested in vitro
4.1.2. XLPE acetabular components tested in vitro
4.1.3. UHMWPE tibial components tested in vitro
4.1.4. XLPE tibial components tested in vitro
4.1.5. Other simulators
4.2. Biopolymer wear testing
5. Influence of Counterface Roughness on Wear
6. Influence of Lubricant on Wear
7. Soak Controls
8. Theoretical Lubrication Analysis
9. Friction
10. Other Polymers (Non Polyethylene)
11. All-Polymer Articulations
12. Future Developments in Biopolymers
13. Future Challenges
14. Summary
References
Chapter 5 State-of-the-Art of Rubber Tribology
1. Introduction
2. Rubber Friction
2.1. Sliding friction on self-affined rough surface
2.1.1. Effect of SA surface roughness on rubber friction [3, 4]
2.1.2. Effect of SA surface roughness on rubber friction in the presence of a liquid interlayer [5]
2.1.3. Comparison of hysteretic and adhesive friction [6]
2.1.4. Sliding friction on self-affine road traces [2]
2.2. Friction of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomers
2.3. The other topics
3. Rubber Lubrication
3.1. Effects of surface roughness on the tribological behaviors of rubber under lubrication conditions
3.2. Wet sliding friction of elastomers
3.3. Robust molecular lubrication layers
4. Rubber Wear
4.1. Wear behavior of elastomers
4.2. Wear behavior of rubber composites and coatings
5. Wear of Metal by Rubber
5.1. A brief historical background
5.2. Wear of steel by rubber in the presence of liquid media
6. Tribology of Rubber Assemblies
6.1. Tires
6.2. Elastomeric seals
6.3. Brakes
6.4. Rubber journal bearing and rubber acetabular bearing materials
7. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 FEM Modeling of Scratch-induced Deformation in Polymers
1. Introduction
2. Important Considerations in Scratch Simulation
3. Recent Progresses
3.1. FEM parametric study
3.1.1. Model description
3.1.2. Influence of key material parameters [7, 11]
3.1.3. Effect of asymmetric constitutive behavior [8, 33]
3.1.4. Influence of surface friction [10]
3.2. Predicting scratch behavior using FEM modeling
3.2.1. Important consideration
3.2.2. Quantitative modeling of scratch-induced deformation [1, 77–79]
4. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Tribology of UHMWPE and PEEK Bulk and Composite Coatings: A Review
1. Introduction to Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene
1.1. Pristine UHMWPE coatings and bulk
1.1.1. Pristine UHMWPE coatings and role of lubricants
1.1.1.1. Applications of pristine UHMWPE coatings in the medical field
1.1.2. Pristine UHMWPE bulk
1.1.2.1. Applications of pristine UHMWPE bulk in the medical field
1.1.2.2. Tribological performance enhancement of pristine UHMWPE bulk
1.2. UHMWPE bulk composites and composite coatings
1.2.1. UHMWPE bulk composites
1.2.1.1. Hybrid UHMWPE bulk composites
1.2.2. UHMWPE composite coatings
1.2.3. Dispersion techniques
1.3. Conclusions on UHMWPE
2. Introduction to Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK)
2.1. Pristine PEEK bulk
2.2. PEEK bulk composites and composite coatings
2.2.1. PEEK bulk composites
2.2.1.1. Hybrid PEEK bulk composites
2.2.2. Dispersion techniques
2.2.3. PEEK composite coatings
2.3. Conclusions on PEEK
References
Chapter 8 Transfer Film Properties and Their Role in Polymer Wear
1. Background
2. The Effects of Transfer Film Properties on Wear Rate
3. Quantitative Metrics for Evaluating Transfer Film Properties
3.1. Topography
3.2. Adhesion
3.3. Mechanical properties
4. Tribo-Chemistry to Explain Transfer Film Properties
5. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Part II Reinforced Polymers
Chapter 9 Polymer Composites for Tribological Applications in a Range between Liquid Helium and Room Temperature
1. Introduction to Cryotechnology
2. Materials and Tribological Characterization Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Polymeric matrices
2.1.2. Reinforcing fibers
2.1.3. Other fillers
2.1.4. Compositions
2.1.5. Processing
2.1.6. Mechanical properties
2.2. Tribotests at room temperature and cryogenic environments
2.2.1. Testing procedures
2.2.2. Cryogenic environments
3. Friction and Wear of PTFE-Based Composites at Room Temperature
4. Tribology of Selected PEEK- and PTFE-Based Composites in Cryogenic Environments
4.1. Room temperature air versus 77K liquid nitrogen
4.2. Influence of the cryogenic medium
5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Tribology of the PEEK Polymer Filled with Solid Lubricants
1. Introduction
2. PEEK Composites
3. Influence of Particle Concentration
4. Size and Shape of Particles
5. Transfer Films
6. Oxidation of Particles
7. Summary
References
Chapter 11 Solid Particle Erosion Behavior of Polymers and their Composites
1. Introduction
2. Methodology for Evaluation of Erosive Wear
2.1. Erodent velocity measurements
3. Effects of Experimental Parameters on Erosion Rate
3.1. Steady-state erosion rate and impact angle
3.2. Effect of impact velocity
3.3. Effects of erodent properties
4. Material Characteristics
4.1. Polymer and composites
4.1.1. Influence of fiber orientation
4.2. Erosion efficiency
4.3. Correlation of ER with mechanical properties
5. Erosion Mechanisms
6. Prediction of Erosion Rate using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
6.1. Configuration of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
6.1.1. Prediction of erosion rate of neat polymers
6.1.2. Prediction of erosion rate of short fiber composites
6.1.2.1. Prediction on erosion rate of PPS composites
6.1.2.2. Evaluation and optimization of ANN
6.1.2.3. Prediction and analysis
7. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Self-lubricating and Self-healing Behavior of Polymer Matrix Composites Functionalized with Microencapsulated Chemicals
1. Introduction
2. Self-lubricating Behavior of Polymer Matrix Composites Functionalized with Microencapsulated Lubricating Agents
3. Self-Healing Behavior of Polymer Composites Functionalized with Microencapsulated Healing Agents
4. Self-Lubricating and Self-Healing Behavior of Polymer Composites Functionalized With Microencapsulated Lubricating and Healing Agents
5. Summary
References
Chapter 13 Engineering Polymers and Composites for Machine Elements
1. Introduction and Overview
2. Rolling–Sliding Tests by the Twin-Disc Technique
2.1. Principles
2.2. Unreinforced thermoplastics — polyoxymethylene and polyamide 66
2.3. Fiber-reinforced thermoplastics — polyamides
2.4. Internal lubricants and additives — PTFE
2.5. PEEK
2.6. Comparison of results and validity of data
3. Gears and Gear Testing
4. Thermal Aspects of Polymeric Gearing
4.1. Heat generation
4.2. Operating temperatures of polymeric gears
4.2.1. Flash temperature
4.2.2. Bulk temperature
4.3. Bulk temperature estimation
5. Failure Modes of Polymer Gears
5.1. Thermal failure
5.2. Fatigue
5.2.1. Root failure
5.2.2. Flank failures
5.3. Other forms of failure
5.4. Transmission errors
6. Wear of Polymer Gears
6.1. Commercial against experimental wear data
6.2. Wear manifestation
6.3. Wear rates of various polymers
7. Dynamic Aspects of Polymer Gears
7.1. Theoretical efficiencies
7.2. Experimental efficiencies and coefficients of friction
7.3. Acoustic emissions
8. Polymer Gears in High Performance Applications
8.1. Power density comparisons
8.2. Elasohydrodynamic aspects of polymer gears
8.3. Novel forms of lubrication
8.4. Dry film lubricants
References
Part III Polymeric Coatings and Surface Modifications
Chapter 14 Weathering Effects on Scratch Damage in Polymer Coatings
1. Introduction
2. Weathering of Polymers
3. Assessment of Scratch Visibility
4. Scratch Response of Weathered Polymeric Coatings
5. Reflow Mechanisms of Polymeric Coatings
6. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15 Friction Behavior of Polymer Brush Immobilized Surfaces in Good Solvents
1. Introduction
1.1. Definition of polymer brush
1.2. Tribology of polymer brushes prepared by “grafting-to” methods
1.3. Advantage of polymer brushes prepared by“ grafting-from” methods combined with controlled polymerizations
2. Preparation of High-Density Polymer Brush on Substrate
2.1. Initiator-immobilized silicon substrate
2.2. General procedure for surface-initiated ATRP
3. Frictional Property of High-Density Polymer Brushes
3.1. Dependence of solvent quality
3.2. Oil lubrication by oleophilic polymer brushes
3.3. Water lubrication by hydrophilic polymer brushes
3.4. Effect of graft density on wear resistance
4. Determination of Hydrodynamic Lubrication State by Interferometry Study
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 16 Lithographic Fabrication of Polymer Structures for MEMS Tribology
1. Introduction
2. MEMS Tribology
2.1. Lithographic techniques
2.1.1. Capillary force lithography
2.1.2. Nanoimprint lithography (NIL)
3. Conclusions
References
Chapter 17 The Role of Intermediate Surface on the Wear Durability of UHMWPE Coated Si
1. Introduction
1.1. The effect of intermediate substrate hardness on the tribology of polymer film
1.2. The effect of surface wettability on the tribology of polymer film
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of different surface wettability on Si substrate
2.3. Preparation of UHMWPE film on modified Si substrate
2.4. Surface characterizations
2.5. Friction and wear tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The effect of intermediate substrate hardness on the tribology of Si/UHMWPE
3.1.1. Surface characterizations
3.1.2. Friction and wear results of Si/UHMWPE with different intermediate Hard Layers
3.1.3. Polymer transfer mechanism
3.2. The Effect of surface wettability on the tribology of Si/UHMWPE
3.2.1. Surface characterizations (nanoindentation and XPS peaks)
3.2.2. Friction and wear results
3.2.3. Study on wear track morphology
3.2.4. Study of the transfer films with an optical microscope
3.2.5. Effect of surface wettability
4. Conclusions
References
Chapter 18 Tribology of Self-Lubricating SU-8 Composites for MEMS Applications
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. SU-8 resin
2.1.2. Perfluoropolyether (PFPE)
2.2. SU-8 and SU-8 composite film preparation and characterization
2.3. Tribological characterization
2.4. Contact angle and surface free energy characterization
2.5. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Friction results
3.2. Discussion
3.3. Chemical bonding: Z-dol versus Z-03
3.3.1. Wettability analysis
3.3.2. Surface free energy calculations
3.3.3. Surface chemical analysis
3.4. Self- lubrication of SU-8 composites
3.4.1. Cross-sectional SEM images
3.4.2. EDS characterization
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19 Thin Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene and Perfluoropolyether Coatings on Ti6Al4V Alloy for Biomedical Applications
1. Introduction
2. Characterizations of Thin UHMWPE Film and PFPE Overcoat
2.1. Coating thickness measurement
2.2. Water contact angle results
2.3. SEM surface morphology
2.4. AFM surface morphology
2.5. Chemical characterizations
2.5.1. FTIR analysis results
2.5.2. XPS analysis results
2.6. Tribological characterization of UHMWPE coating
2.7. Investigation of underlying wear mechanism
2.8. Effect of PFPE overcoat on UHMWPE coating
2.9. Explanation of wear resistance increase by PFPE overcoat
2.10. Biocompatibility assessments
2.11. Cytotoxicity test results
2.12. Potential applications of coatings
3. Tribological Evaluations of Molecularly Thin GPTMS SAMs Coating with PFPE Top Layer
3.1. Water contact angle results
3.2. AFM morphology results
3.3. Chemical characteristics of GPTMS/PFPE coating
3.3.1. XPS analysis
3.4. Tribological characterizations
3.5. Optical microscopy of wear track and counterface surface
3.6. Biocompatibility assessment
3.7. Potential applications of GPTMS/PFPE coating
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20 Tribological Studies of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Thin Coatings on Silicon Surface
1. Introduction
1.1. General background on polymer thin films
1.2. Tribological properties of polymer thin coatings
1.3. Motivation and objectives of the present study
2. Materials and Sample Preparation
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of UHMWPE coating on Si surface
2.3. Experimental procedures
2.3.1. Water contact angle measurement
2.3.2. Topography measurements with AFM
2.3.3. FTIR characterization
2.3.4. XPS characterization
2.3.5. SEM characterization
2.3.6. Tribological characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the UHMWPE coating on Si surface
3.1.1. Physical characteristics of the UHMWPE coating
3.1.2. Chemical analysis of the coating
3.1.3. Tribological properties
3.2. Effect of PFPE overcoating onto UHMWPE coating modified Si surface on tribological properties
3.2.1. Background
3.2.2. Physical characteristics of the dual-layer coating (UHMWPE/PFPE)
3.2.3. Chemical analysis of the dual-layer coating
3.2.4. Tribological properties of the dual-layer coating
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21 Surface Modifications and Texturing for High Wear Durability in Boundary Lubrication for Polymeric Surfaces
1. Introduction
1.1. Nano lubrication
1.2. Texturing
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. PFPE lubrication on DLC and self-assembled monolayers
2.2. Thin polymeric tribological coatings
2.3. Nanoscale texturing effects on polymer surfaces
2.4. Micro-scale texturing of polymers
3. Summary
References
Chapter 22 Tribological Aspects of Polymer-based Flexible Electronic Materials: From Manufacturing to End-use Applications
1. Introduction
2. Tribological Studies of Polyester Substrates
3. Tribological Investigations of TCO-coated Polyester Substrates
4. Tribology of Carbon Nanomaterial-based Substrates
5. Conclusions
References
Index