Handbook of Obesity - Volume 2: Clinical Applications [5 ed.] 1032551089, 9781032551081, 9781003432807

Citation preview

Cover



Handbook of Obesity Volume 2 of the Fifth Edition of the Handbook of Obesity spotlights clinical applications for the evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of obesity. It covers the several major developments that occurred between the previous and new edition, including the effect of SARS-CoV-2 on people with obesity, the concept of “Precision Medicine,” and new medications approved by the U.S. FDA aiding patients with obesity weight loss of 15 to 20%. This volume is structured into 5 parts: • Part 1 provides insights from evolution on changes in diet and physical activity, and the implications and results for preventing obesity, healthcare costs associated with obesity, and the cost-effectiveness of obesity prevention and treatment. • Part 2 deals with the evaluation of overweight patients, approaches for classifying obesity and using this knowledge to evaluate patients, and addressing ethnic and racial considerations in evaluating patients with obesity. • Part 3 explains the impact of lifestyle in managing obesity, which includes behavioral management, diet, dietary composition, and meal timing, and the effects of physical activity and exercise in weight loss and weight loss maintenance. • Part 4 is focused on medications in the management of obesity. This includes drug selection, various classes of drugs, the combination of drugs affecting weight loss, the effect of herbal agents on weight loss and treatment of obesity in pediatric populations, genetic diseases causing obesity, and the role of drugs in treating dyslipidemias. • Part 5 discusses bariatric surgery, its history, procedures and effects in detail, and other surgical techniques including electric stimulation of the vagus nerve, gastric balloons, intestinal liners, and liposuction.

Handbook of Obesity – Volume 2 Clinical Applications Fifth Edition

Edited By

George A. Bray, MD Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Claude Bouchard, PhD Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Associate Editors

Peter T. Katzmarzyk, PhD Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana

John P. Kirwan, PhD Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Leanne M. Redman, PhD Reproductive Endocrinology and Women’s Health Laboratory Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Philip R. Schauer, MD Metamor Institute Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Designed cover image: Shutterstock Fifth edition published 2024 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2024 selection and editorial matter, George A. Bray, Claude Bouchard, John Kirwan, Peter Katzmarzyk, Leanne Redman, Philip Schauer; individual chapters, the contributors This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/ opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medical science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader is strongly urged to consult the relevant national drug formulary and the drug companies’ and device or material manufacturers’ printed instructions, and their websites, before administering or utilizing any of the drugs, devices or materials mentioned in this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own professional judgements, so as to advise and treat patients appropriately. The authors and publishers have also attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www​.copyright​.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact mpkbookspermissions​@tandf​.co​​.uk Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 9781032551081 (hbk) ISBN: 9781003432807 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003432807 Set ISBN: 9781032047126 (hbk) Set ISBN: 9781003437734 (ebk) Set DOI: 10.1201/9781003437734 Typeset in Times by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India

This edition of the Handbook of Obesity is dedicated to Claude Bernard “Doc” Pennington, whose generous gift to Louisiana State University in 1980 made possible the initiation of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, which has served all of the editors and associate editors of this book as an academic home and a site for internationally recognized research in nutrition and metabolic health.

Contents Preface xi About the Editors xiii Associate Editors xv Contributors xvii Introduction to Volume 2 xxiii

Part 1  Prevention and Economic Outcomes of Obesity

1

1 Dietary Changes in Human Evolution: Implications for the Prevention of Obesity Peter Andrews and Richard Johnson

3

2 Evolutionary Changes in Physical Activity, Diet, and Energy Expenditure: Implications for the Prevention of Obesity Herman Pontzer

11

3 Prevention of Obesity in Adults Suzanne Phelan

18

4 The Prevention of Obesity in Children and Adolescents Tim Lobstein and Louise Baur

28

5 Re-engineering the Built Environment: Progress in Schools, Worksites, Neighborhoods, and Communities 39 Stephanie T. Broyles and Maura M. Kepper 6 The Economic Costs of Obesity Adam Biener, John Cawley, and Chad Meyerhoefer

50

7 Cost-Effectiveness of Obesity Prevention and Treatment Jaithri Ananthapavan, Marj Moodie, and Victoria Brown

59

8 Role of Government and Non-government Organizations in the Obesity Pandemic and Its Prevention Simon Barquera, Mariel White, Gabriela Argumedo, Carolina Batis, and Juan Rivera-Dommarco

79

9 Role of Reimbursement in the Delivery of Treatment for Obesity in Adults and Children Chika Vera Anekwe, Veronica R. Johnson, Matthew J. Townsend, and Fatima Cody Stanford

88

Part 2  Evaluation of the Patients with Overweight or Obesity

97

10 Classification, Evaluation, and Staging of the Patient with Obesity Robert F. Kushner and Amanda Velazquez

99

11 Indicators of Central Adiposity: A Critical Evaluation of Their Usefulness Ian J. Neeland, Jean-Pierre Després, André C. Carpentier, and Paul Poirier

113

12 Genetic Obesity Syndromes I. Sadaf Farooqi and Stephen O’Rahilly

123

vii

viii Contents 13 Ethnic and Racial Considerations in the Evaluation of the Patient with Obesity Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Sean Wharton, Fatima Cody Stanford, and Daniel G. Aaron

130

Part 3  L ifestyle in the Management of Obesity: Behavioral Modification, Diet, and Exercise 141 14 Best Practices: Obesity and the Primary Care Providers Christine Gallagher, Donna H. Ryan, and William Dietz

143

15 In-Person Behavioral Approaches for Weight Management Jena S. Tronieri and Thomas A. Wadden

149

16 Behavioral Interventions Delivered Remotely Christoph Höchsmann and Corby K. Martin

160

17 Cultural Considerations in Behavioral Therapy for the Management of Obesity Robert L. Newton, Jr., Elva Arredondo, Patricia Dionicio, and Noe C. Crespo

168

18 Diet Composition and Weight Loss: Is a Calorie a Calorie? Kevin D. Hall

177

19 Circadian Rhythms and Weight Loss: Timed Food Intake Emily N.C. Manoogian, Nikko R. Gutierrez, Erika Padilla, and Michael J. Wilkinson

182

20 Comparison of Modern-Millennial Diets Monica Dinu, Daniela Martini, Francesco Sofi, Mauro Serafini, Marisa Porrini, and Donato Angelino

197

21 Dietary Energy Density and Its Contribution to Weight Control Faris M. Zuraikat and Barbara J. Rolls

205

22 Dietary Patterns as a Basis for Diet Selection Catherine M. Champagne

215

23 Physical Activity and Weight Loss: Volume, Intensity, and Mode John M. Jakicic and Renee J. Rogers

225

24 Modifying Sedentary Behavior for the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity Bethany Barone Gibbs

233

25 Preventing Weight Regain after Weight Loss Stephen D. Anton and Michael G. Perri

241

26 Personalized and Precision Nutrition in the Management of Obesity: Can We Tailor the Treatment to the Patient? George Thom and Mike Lean

258

Part 4  Medications in the Management of Obesity

267

27 Drug-Associated Weight Gain and Clinical Alternatives Barbara Ameer and Michael A. Weintraub

269

28 Mechanisms of Drug Action in Obesity M. Furkan Burak, Nawfal W. Istfan, and Caroline M. Apovian

281

Contents ix 29 Metabolic Effects of Progressive Weight Loss Faidon Magkos

291

30 Older Drugs Used to Manage Obesity: Sympathomimetics and Orlistat Frank L. Greenway and George A. Bray

301

31 Serotonergic Drugs for Treating Obesity Mireille J. Serlie

312

32 Antidiabetic Drugs That Reduce Weight and Are Cardioprotective Carolina M. Perdomo, Javier Escalada, and Gema Frühbeck

318

33 Approved Combination Agents: Phentermine/Topiramate W. Timothy Garvey

333

34 Approved Combination Agents: Naltrexone-Bupropion Igho J. Onakpoya and Carl J. Heneghan

348

35 Drugs That Affect Body Weight: The Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Agonists Randa Ghazal Asswad and John P.H. Wilding

367

36 Hydrogels in the Treatment of Obesity Frank L. Greenway

376

37 Dual and Triple-Action Peptides Thinzar Min and Stephen C. Bain

384

38 Antiobesity Medications on the Horizon Sarah R. Barenbaum and Louis J. Aronne

394

39 Treatments for Rare Forms of Genetic Obesity Joan C. Han, Nandini Basuray, and Andrea M. Haqq

402

40 Special Issues in Using Medications in Children and Adolescents Jaime M. Moore, Stephen R. Daniels, and Claudia K. Fox

412

41 Dietary Supplements and Weight Management Carol J. Haggans, Rebecca B. Costello, Leila G. Saldanha, Abby G. Ershow, and William T. Cefalu

429

Part 5  Surgical Interventions for Obesity

445

42 Historical Overview of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Henry Buchwald

447

43 Overview: Current Metabolic Operations and Long-Term Outcomes Robert C. Ross, Vance L. Albaugh, Ali Aminian, and Philip R. Schauer

457

4 4 Effects of Metabolic Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes Pia Roser, Ghassan Chamseddine, and Francesco Rubino

468

45 Cardiovascular Outcomes in Metabolic Surgery Wen Hui Tan, Tammy Kindel, Steven Nissen, and Philip R. Schauer

476

46 Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Cancer Justin C. Brown, Andrea M. Stroud, Priya A. Rajdev, and Bruce M. Wolfe

485

x Contents 47 Bariatric Surgery in Pediatric Patients Sarah Ogle and Thomas Inge

493

48 Other Bariatric Procedures: Nerve Stimulation, Gastric Balloons, Intestinal Liners, and Others Cullen F. Roberts, Colston Edgerton, and Scott A. Shikora

501

Index 511

Preface Welcome to the fifth edition of the Handbook of Obesity. The first edition was published in 1998 with subsequent editions in 2004, 2010, and 2014. The intervening years have seen enormous progress in our understanding of the etiology of obesity as well as innovative approaches to its prevention and treatment. The previous editions of the Handbook of Obesity were edited by George A. Bray and Claude Bouchard both of whom are subject to the laws of biology. For this reason, we invited four colleagues from the Pennington Biomedical Research Center to join us as Associate Editors in selecting and editing chapters for the two volumes that make up the 5th edition. We are thus pleased to publish this update of the Handbook of Obesity in the form of two coordinated and comprehensive volumes. Shortly after the first edition, translational research took hold, and it became evident that the “therapeutic” strategies for the treatment of obesity would need more space, and this was accomplished by splitting the 2nd edition into two volumes. Subsequently, the therapeutic volume was updated and published separately without the basic science volume. Between the publication of the last edition in 2014 and today, the growth of the science underlying the increase in the prevalence of obesity and the emphasis on translational research led to the need for a new edition of each volume with a high number of new authors and completely renewed content. During the 2 years that it took from inception to completion of this work, we have been confronted with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Obesity is a risk factor for COVID-19. This pandemic even affected the Handbook of Obesity in other ways too. Several of the editors

have been infected along with many of the authors, and one author, Dr. David Haslam, even succumbed to COVID-19 before the publication was released by the publisher. In brief, Volume 1 covers the Epidemiology, Etiology, and Physiopathology of Obesity, and Volume 2 covers the Clinical Applications associated with the translation of basic science into treatment strategies for obesity. Mechanistic studies relevant to the regulation of energy balance have become increasingly powerful with the incorporation of genomic sequencing, multi-omics, computational biology, and bioinformatics. Many drugs that were available in 1998 are no longer available, and new and more potent ones have come on the market. With these two volumes, we believe that the reader has access to the latest research and clinical practice in the field. We are indebted to the authors for maintaining a tight writing schedule so that all chapters would appear in a reasonably short time after submission. We are also deeply indebted to Ms. Melanie Peterson for her tireless hard work as the Editorial Assistant for this publication. She has made extensive editorial suggestions and has facilitated the editing of chapters in a timely fashion. Without her diligent and continuing support this book might never have seen the light of day—thank you from the bottom of our hearts. We also thank the publisher, especially Ms. Shivangi Pramanik, Commissioning Editor at CRC Press of the Taylor & Francis Group, and her staff for helping us move this book from manuscript to the published Handbook of Obesity rapidly. Their timely help has allowed us to get the book assembled during the COVID-19 pandemic.

xi

About the Editors George A. Bray, MD, MACP, MACE is recognized for his research in obesity and is among the 1,000 most cited scientists. In 1989 he became the first Executive Director of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center of LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and is now a Boyd Professor Emeritus. He was a Principal Investigator for the Diabetes Prevention Program Study and the Look AHEAD study, two multicenter NIH-funded trials. He is a member of many professional societies, including the Obesity Society. In 1977 he co-founded the International Journal of Obesity. In 1982 he founded the North American Association for the Study of Obesity (now the Obesity Society), and in 1993 its journal Obesity, and he was a founding editor of Endocrine Practice in 1995. Dr. Bray has received the Goldberger Award from the American Medical Association, was elected to the Society of Scholars at Johns Hopkins University, and received the Osborne–Mendel Award from the American Society for Nutrition, the McCollum Award from the American Society of Clinical Nutrition, the Mead–Johnson Award, the Tops Award, Stunkard Award, the Presidential Medal from the Obesity Society and in 2019, the W.O. Atwater Award from the USDA and the American Society for Nutrition.

Claude Bouchard, PhD is Boyd Professor Emeritus at Pennington Biomedical Research Center. He served as the Executive Director of the Pennington Center for a decade and was the director of the Human Genomics Laboratory of the Center for 20 years. His research deals with the genetics of adaptation to exercise and nutritional challenges, as well as the genetics of obesity and its comorbidities. He is a Past President of The Obesity Society and of the International Society for the Study of Obesity. He has authored or coauthored more than 1,000 scientific papers and has written or edited 35 books. He has been a foreign member of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Belgium since 1996. He became an Officer of the Order of Leopold II of Belgium in 1994, a member of the Order of Canada in 2001, and a Chevalier in the Ordre National du Quebec in 2005. Dr. Bouchard has received seven Honoris Causa Doctorates. Early in his career, from 1965 to 1999, he was on the Kinesiology Faculty at Laval University, Quebec City, and he was made a Professor Emeritus, Faculty of Medicine, upon his retirement. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and six other scientific societies.

xiii

Associate Editors Peter T. Katzmarzyk, PhD, FACSM, FTOS, FAHA is Professor and Associate Executive Director for Population and Public Health Sciences at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center where he holds the Marie Edana Corcoran Endowed Chair in Pediatric Obesity and Diabetes. Dr. Katzmarzyk is an internationally recognized leader in the field of physical activity and obesity, with a special emphasis on pediatrics and ethnic health disparities. He has over two decades of experience in conducting large clinical and population-based studies in children and adults. Dr. Katzmarzyk has a special interest in global health and has a record of building research capacity in physical activity and obesity research in developing countries. He has published his research in more than 625 scholarly journals and books and has delivered over 235 invited lectures in 16 countries. He is Associate Editor-in-Chief for Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Associate Editor for the American Journal of Human Biology, and an editorial board member for Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders and Pediatric Exercise Science. Dr. Katzmarzyk served on the 2018 U.S. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the World Health Organization Guideline Development Group for the WHO 2020 Guidelines on Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour. John P. Kirwan, PhD is the Executive Director of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center and holds the George A. Bray, Jr. Endowed Super Chair in Nutrition. He also leads the Integrated Physiology and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory at Pennington Biomedical and is the Director/ Principal Investigator of the Louisiana Clinical and Translational Science Center.

His professional expertise includes over 30 years of research, teaching, and service in the obesity and diabetes fields. He received his clinical physiology training at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, his PhD in Human Bioenergetics at Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, his MSc in Exercise Biochemistry from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, and his BA (Hons) from the University of Limerick, Republic of Ireland. Dr. Kirwan leads an internationally acclaimed biomedical research program focused on diabetes, obesity, nutrition, and exercise. To date, he has generated more than $60 million in research funding, most of which has come from NIH and the food, pharmaceutical, and medical device industries. He has published more than 275 scientific papers related to diabetes and metabolism in prestigious peer-reviewed journals, including the New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, Diabetes and Diabetes Care. Leanne M. Redman, PhD is a Professor in the Division of Clinical Sciences and Associate Executive Director for Scientific Education at Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Her expertise is in human physiology as it relates to the quantification of energy balance, in both controlled and free-living conditions in humans. Her research is conducted with the goal to understand the mechanisms of body weight regulation to promote healthy aging across the lifespan, as well as to develop and test interventions for effective prevention and treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. Dr. Redman directs the Reproductive Endocrinology and Women’s Health Laboratory. The lab conducts extramurally funded studies in pregnant women (and their infants) and women with infertility with the goal to understand the impact of obesity and metabolic health on women and obesity risk in offspring. Dr. Redman is also involved in the scientific development, training, and mentoring of postdoctoral fellows and early career investigators. She has published more than 200 research articles, reviews, and book chapters around energy metabolism, insulin sensitivity, obesity, calorie restriction, exercise, and maternal/infant physiology.

xv

xvi Associate Editors Philip R. Schauer, MD is the United Companies Life Insurance Co./Mary Kay and Terrell Brown endowed Professor of Metabolic Surgery at Pennington Biomedical Research Center of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He is also the Director of the MetamorTM Metabolic Institute at Pennington Biomedical. He is past president of the American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. He is the former

Chair and founder of Obesity Week. Dr. Schauer’s clinical interests include obesity, diabetes, and metabolic surgery. He has performed more than 8,000 operations for severe obesity and diabetes and has trained more than 100 fellows in metabolic surgery. His research interests include the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes, and outcomes of metabolic surgery. He has an H-index of 90 and has published more than 400 peer-reviewed articles in high-impact journals such as New England Journal of Medicine, Nature, JAMA, Lancet, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Diabetes Care, Annals of Surgery, and others. He is the Principal Investigator of the STAMPEDE trial which showed that surgery can put type 2 diabetes into long-term remission.

Contributors Daniel G. Aaron Heyman Fellow at Harvard Law School Food and Drug Administration The Justice Initiative Cambridge, Massachusetts Vance L. Albaugh Metamor Institute Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana Barbara Ameer Rutgers – Robert Wood Johnson Medical School New Brunswick, New Jersey Ali Aminian Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Jaithri Ananthapavan Institute for Health Transformation Deakin Health Economics & Global Obesity Centre Deakin University Geelong, Australia Peter Andrews Natural History Museum London, United Kingdom Chika Vera Anekwe Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Medicine – Division of Endocrinology and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Donato Angelino Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment University of Teramo Teramo, Italy Stephen D. Anton Department of Aging and Geriatric Research University of Florida Gainesville, Florida

Caroline M. Apovian Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Gabriela Argumedo National Institute of Public Health Center for Nutrition and Health Research Cuernavaca, Mexico Louis J. Aronne Comprehensive Weight Control Center Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism New York, New York Elva Arredondo Department of Psychology College of Sciences San Diego State University San Diego, California Stephen C. Bain Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Singleton Hospital Swansea Bay University Health Board Swansea, United Kingdom Sarah R. Barenbaum Weill Cornell Medicine Comprehensive Weight Control Center Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism New York, New York Simon Barquera National Institute of Public Health Center for Nutrition and Health Research Cuernavaca, Mexico Nandini Basuray Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Edmonton, Canada Carolina Batis National Institute of Public Health Center for Nutrition and Health Research Cuernavaca, Mexico

xvii

xviii Contributors Louise Baur Boden Initiative, Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney and Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health Sydney Medical School University of Sydney Sydney, Australia and The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Westmead, Australia

André C. Carpentier Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, Canada

Adam Biener Department of Economics Lafayette College Easton, Pennsylvania

William T. Cefalu National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland

George A. Bray Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System Baton Rouge, Louisiana Justin C. Brown Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana and LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans School of Medicine and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, Louisiana Victoria Brown Institute for Health Transformation Deakin Health Economics & Global Obesity Centre Deakin University Geelong, Australia Stephanie T. Broyles Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System Baton Rouge, Louisiana Henry Buchwald University of Minnesota Medical School Department of Surgery Minneapolis, Minnesota M. Furkan Burak Department of Molecular Metabolism Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, Massachusetts

John Cawley Brooks School of Public Policy and Department of Economics Cornell University Ithaca, New York

Catherine M. Champagne Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System Baton Rouge, Louisiana Ghassan Chamseddine Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division Kings College, London and Kings College Hospital London, United Kingdom Rebecca B. Costello Office of Dietary Supplements National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Noe C. Crespo College of Health and Human Sciences San Diego State University San Diego, California Stephen R. Daniels University of Colorado School of Medicine Children’s Hospital Colorado Aurora, Colorado Jean-Pierre Després VITAM – Centre de recherche en santé durable Université Laval Québec City, Canada William Dietz Milken Institute School of Public Health George Washington University Washington, DC

Contributors  xix Monica Dinu Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence Florence, Italy Patricia Dionicio Department of Psychology San Diego State University San Diego, California Colston Edgerton Novant Health New Hanover Regional Medical Center Wilmington, North Carolina Abby G. Ershow Office of Dietary Supplements National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Javier Escalada Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra) Pamplona, Spain and CIBEROBN (CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain I. Sadaf Farooqi University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge, United Kingdom Claudia K. Fox Department of Pediatrics University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, Minnesota Gema Frühbeck Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra) Pamplona, Spain and CIBEROBN (CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición) Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain Christine Gallagher Milken Institute School of Public Health George Washington University Washington, DC

W. Timothy Garvey Department of Nutrition Sciences and the UAB Diabetes Research Center University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama Randa Ghazal Asswad Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology University of Liverpool Liverpool, United Kingdom Bethany Barone Gibbs Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics West Virginia University Morgantown, West Virginia Frank L. Greenway Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System Baton Rouge, Louisiana Nikko R. Gutierrez Salk Institute for Biological Studies Regulatory Biology Laboratory La Jolla, California Carol J. Haggans Office of Dietary Supplements National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Kevin D. Hall National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases Bethesda, Maryland Joan C. Han Department of Pediatrics Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York Andrea M. Haqq Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Edmonton, Canada Carl J. Heneghan Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom

xx Contributors Christoph Höchsmann Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Department of Sport and Health Sciences Technical University of Munich Munich, Germany Thomas Inge Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago Northwestern University School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Nawfal W. Istfan Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts John M. Jakicic Department of Internal Medicine University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas Veronica R. Johnson Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Richard Johnson Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Colorado Peter T. Katzmarzyk Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana Maura M. Kepper Prevention Research Center Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis, Missouri Tammy Kindel Department of Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin Robert F. Kushner Departments of Medicine and Medical Education Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois Mike Lean School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland

Tim Lobstein World Obesity Federation London, United Kingdom and Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney, Australia and Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation Imperial College London, United Kingdom Faidon Magkos Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports (NEXS) University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark Emily N. C. Manoogian Salk Institute for Biological Studies Regulatory Biology Laboratory La Jolla, California Corby K. Martin Pennington Biomedical Research Center Louisiana State University System Baton Rouge, Louisiana Daniela Martini Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) University of Milan Milan, Italy Chad Meyerhoefer Department of Economics Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Thinzar Min Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Neath Port Talbot Hospital Swansea Bay University Health Board Swansea, United Kingdom Marj Moodie Deakin Health Economics & Global Obesity Centre Deakin University Geelong, Australia Jaime M. Moore Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado

Contributors  xxi Ian J. Neeland University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Robert L. Newton, Jr. Population and Public Health Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana Steven Nissen Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio Sarah Ogle Children’s Hospital Colorado University of Colorado Denver, Colorado Igho J. Onakpoya Department for Continuing Education University of Oxford Oxford, United Kingdom Stephen O’Rahilly University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories Institute of Metabolic Science Cambridge, United Kingdom Erika Padilla Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla, California Carolina M. Perdomo Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition Clínica Universidad de Navarra Pamplona, Spain Michael G. Perri Department of Clinical and Health Psychology University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Suzanne Phelan Center for Health Research California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, California Paul Poirier Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval Faculty Université Laval Québec City, Canada

Herman Pontzer Department of Evolutionary Anthropology & Duke Global Health Institute Duke University Durham, North Carolina Marisa Porrini Department of Food, Environmental, and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS) University of Milan Milan, Italy Priya A. Rajdev Department of Surgery University of Arizona School of Medicine Phoenix, Arizona Juan Rivera-Dommarco National Institute of Public Health Center for Nutrition and Health Research Cuernavaca, Mexico Cullen F. Roberts Department of Surgery Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Renee J. Rogers Professional Consultant Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Barbara J. Rolls Department of Nutritional Sciences The Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania Pia Roser Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf Hamburg, Germany Robert C. Ross Translational and Integrative Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Research Lab Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana Francesco Rubino Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Kings College Hospital London, United Kingdom Donna H. Ryan Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana

xxii Contributors Leila G. Saldanha Office of Dietary Supplements National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Philip R. Schauer Metamor Institute Pennington Biomedical Research Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana Mauro Serafini Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture, and Environment University of Teramo Teramo, Italy Mireille J. Serlie Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, the Netherlands Scott A. Shikora Professor of Surgery Harvard Medical School and Center for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Francesco Sofi Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Florence Florence, Italy Fatima Cody Stanford Department of Pediatrics – Division of Endocrinology Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Andrea M. Stroud Department of Surgery Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon Wen Hui Tan Department of Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin George Thom School of Medicine Dentistry and Nursing University of Glasgow Glasgow, Scotland Matthew J. Townsend Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina

Jena S. Tronieri Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Amanda Velazquez Departments of Medicine and Surgery Director of Obesity Medicine Cedars-Sinai Los Angeles, California Thomas A. Wadden Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Michael A. Weintraub New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell Medical Center New York, New York Sean Wharton The Wharton Medical Clinic Toronto, Canada Mariel White National Institute of Public Health Center for Nutrition and Health Research Cuernavaca, Mexico John P. H. Wilding Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool, United Kingdom Michael J. Wilkinson Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla, California Bruce M. Wolfe Department of Surgery Oregon Health & Science University Portland, Oregon Faris M. Zuraikat Department of Medicine Columbia University Irving Medical Center New York, New York

Introduction to Volume 2 We are happy to introduce the 5th Edition of the Handbook of Obesity. Volume 2 focuses on clinical applications for evaluation, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of obesity. Since the last edition of this volume on Clinical Applications, there have been several major developments. First, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has shown that people with obesity are at greater risk for serious outcomes from infection with this virus, emphasizing the need to offer effective treatment to as many people as possible. Second, two major American clinical trials, the Diabetes Prevention Program and the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) study, which were highlighted in the last edition have been extended to focus on the concept of “Precision Medicine” with the possibility that treatments can be further individualized. Third, several medications that were available when this volume on Clinical Applications was last published in 2014 have been withdrawn due to potential cardiovascular risks. The good news is that newer agents have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration and can now offer patients with obesity weight loss of 15 to 20% or more which approaches that compare with the weight loss commonly achieved by bariatric/metabolic surgery. The expansion of this area of research has led to splitting an earlier section into 2 parts, one dealing with lifestyle including diet, behavioral change strategies and exercise, and the other dealing with the expanding pharmaceutical options available for management of obesity. Finally, the clear-cut health benefits of significant weight loss on mortality, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, stroke and cancer have been revealed by the careful analysis of patients treated surgically for their obesity. We are thus at the dawn of a new era in the understanding of the clinical effects of weight loss on health and human well-being.

PART 1: PREVENTION AND ECONOMIC OUTCOMES OF OBESITY The high prevalence of obesity that was documented in Volume 1 of the Handbook poses a major threat to the health care systems of many countries. Thus, there is a real need to develop effective preventive strategies. This section opens with two chapters that explore insights from evolution on changes in diet and physical activity, and the implications for the prevention of obesity. The results of efforts to prevent obesity in adults and children are also reviewed in two separate chapters in Part 1. To date, there are promising results, but there is clearly a need for more research. One such strategy discussed in the chapter

is re-engineering the environment to make it easier to obtain the physical activity level needed to help keep body weight down and improve health. The health care costs associated with obesity and the cost-effectiveness of obesity prevention and treatment are the subjects of the final two chapters in this Part of Volume 2.

PART 2: EVALUATION OF THE PATIENTS WITH OVERWEIGHT OR OBESITY Evaluation of patients who are overweight or obese is the first requirement in developing a plan of therapy. Approaches to classifying obesity and how to use this information to evaluate patients with obesity are developed in the first chapter. The importance of central adiposity, including waist circumference or girth, one of the commonly used measurements in assessing the overweight individual, is examined in the next chapter. This is followed by a cogent discussion of the genetic and metabolic syndromes that have obesity as a major component. The argument is put forth that weight loss is valuable because it will prolong life and its quality. The final chapter in this section is new and addresses ethnic and racial considerations in evaluating patients with obesity.

PART 3: LIFESTYLE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY: BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION, DIET, AND EXERCISE Behavioral management of obesity has been a cornerstone of clinical treatment for over 40 years. The current state of practice with behavioral therapy is reviewed in the first chapter and is followed by newer approaches through e-health, with considerations for personalizing treatment for different ethnicities and individual characteristics or phenotypes. Just as important as weight loss is maintaining the weight loss once it has been achieved. The area of “weight maintenance” has drawn a great deal of attention in recent years, and a chapter is devoted to this important topic. Diet, dietary composition, and meal timing are major elements in treatment strategies. Low calorie diets and other dietary approaches, along with strategies to xxiii

xxiv Introduction to Volume 2 reduce sedentary time and increase physical activity are other key components of weight loss and weight loss maintenance strategies and are discussed in three separate chapters.

PART 4: MEDICATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY Medications can cause weight gain as well as weight loss. From the point of view of clinical applications of basic science, selecting drugs for overweight patients that cause weight loss or that are weight neutral is a primary responsibility for the primary care physician. To this end, one chapter discusses the drugs which produce weight gain and provides a glimpse into alternatives that are often available. This is followed by a series of chapters discussing various classes of drugs, including the sympathomimetics, the drugs that alter fat absorption, a new drug that acts on serotonin receptors in the brain, and the glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists. In addition, there are two chapters focusing on combinations of two drugs that produce weight loss. Herbal agents that have been claimed by some to have effects in lowering body weight and the studies supporting the various herbal products are reviewed, giving this chapter importance to the practicing physician. Children often present unique therapeutic challenges, and there is an entire chapter devoted to treatment of obesity in pediatric populations. Genetic diseases that cause obesity often manifest in childhood and make genetic targets attractive as ways to treatment of their obesity. The final chapter looks at the role of drugs in treating the dyslipidemias that occur with excess body weight.

PART 5: SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS FOR OBESITY Improvements in bariatric surgery and longer-term followup of surgical patients have revolutionized the field of bariatric/metabolic surgery. The historical background for the development of bariatric and metabolic surgery starts off this section. This is followed by a review of surgical procedures that are available. Bariatric surgical treatment reduces mortality, risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, cancer, the incidence of new cases of diabetes and in many cases will reverse existing diabetes and these are discussed in 2 chapters. Bariatric/metabolic surgery is being done ever more often in adolescents and this subject is covered in one chapter. Finally, this section ends with a description of other surgical techniques including electric stimulation of the vagus nerve, gastric balloons, intestinal liners, and liposuction, a plastic surgical technique used for remodeling the subcutaneous fat. We, the editors, hope that you will find the information about the management of obesity that you want in this volume of the Handbook of Obesity. George A. Bray, MD Claude Bouchard, PhD Editors Peter T. Katzmarzyk, PhD John P. Kirwan, PhD Leanne M. Redman, PhD Philip R. Schauer, MD Associate Editors September 12, 2022

PART 1

Prevention and Economic Outcomes of Obesity

Dietary Changes in Human Evolution Implications for the Prevention of Obesity

1

Peter Andrews and Richard Johnson

1.1  EVOLUTION, OBESITY, AND SURVIVAL Since the initiation of the Phanerozoic Eon, there has been a wide evolutionary diversification of species, with the greatest taxonomic diversity in the multi-canopied forests at the equator where the greatest resources provide the highest nutritional energy in the world (sometimes referred to as the gross primary productivity or GPP). While the presence of nutritional energy has a critical role in evolution, other factors such as climate change and habitat heterogeneity can also have major effects on evolutionary rate and change, and can be associated with classic ecogeographic rules [1]. In general, animal size and biovolume have increased by more than two orders of magnitude over time, where it correlates more with improved oxygen delivery than food availability [2]. Other factors are also important in driving evolution and species diversity, including solar radiation, the percentage of greenhouse gasses, and even subtle changes in climate that can affect food availability, especially in seasonal ecosystems [3–5]. An example of an evolutionary response to environmental pressures relates to the change in dentition of herbivorous mammals during a period of global cooling that occurred during the Miocene. During this period the replacement of the Miocene forests by savannas (in Africa) and steppe environments (in Asia) resulted in changes in availability of edible plants. Large herbivores have crenulated tooth crowns for breaking down tough plant material, and the tougher the food the more quickly their teeth wear down. In response to changing habitats, larger teeth were selected during the evolutionary past of such species, and in particular tooth heights increased. DOI: 10.1201/9781003432807-2

This is known as hypsodonty, and the higher the crown (more hypsodont) the longer the life of the tooth [6]. Over the past 10–15 million years, hypsodonty in the teeth of many large herbivores has increased in response to increasingly tough food items, which are thought to reflect climatic-linked changes in the environment [7]. The ability to store fat also has a critical role in the evolution and survival of species. For animals in the wild, fat is often desired, as it can provide both a source of energy and metabolic water when food and water are unavailable [8]. While most animals in nature tightly regulate their weight to maintain a percentage of body fat that can provide some protection in the event of unexpected food or water shortage, other animals will purposely develop transient obesity, often with features of metabolic syndrome, as a mechanism to aid survival during limited periods of food shortage. Animals hibernating during severe winters, or those that estivate during the dry season, need fat stores to survive; similarly, bird species that undergo long-distance migration, or nesting birds, also require fat reserves to cover these periods of activity [9]. Other animals carry high percentages of body fat most of the time. Desert rodents often store large amounts of fat in their tails, while camels have humps of fat that provide metabolic water [8]. Likewise, marine mammals also carry large amounts of fat to provide metabolic water in addition to insulation from the cold ocean waters [10]. Today obesity is widespread in many human populations, and it is also observed in domesticated animals and animals kept in zoos. Often obesity is attributed to overeating coupled with sedentary behavior; however, obesity has much more complex origins, and our contention is that much more can be gleaned from studies of nature and human evolution and their interactions with environmental change and changes in 3

4  Handbook of Obesity nutrition. Recognizing that in nature the presence of obesity may represent a survival response can provide key insights into the pathogenesis of obesity today [11].

1.2.1 Fossil Apes and Human Ancestors

left in Europe and few in Asia. Other species also suffered, and it is estimated that nearly 30% of all species became extinct during the “mid-Miocene disruption” (Figure 1.2). Nevertheless, there is evidence that not all of the fossil apes in Eurasia became extinct. Indeed, fossil apes from Turkey and Pakistan during this period (16–10 Ma) shared characteristics with the orangutan, suggesting they may have migrated to Asia to evolve into the modern orangutan [14, 15]. While fossil evidence is more limited, there is also some evidence that European fossil apes made the return journey to Africa, becoming the ancestors of the living African ape [16, 17]. One candidate is Kenyapithecus, for the earliest fossil evidence is from Paşalar, Turkey, which predates the presence of Kenyapithecus in Africa by two million years [18, 19]. Since the orangutan and the African apes share a common ancestor [20], it is possible that the common ancestor of the great ape and human clade may have originated in Eurasia. The global cooling in the mid-Miocene was associated with the transition of our ancestors from frugivorous primates living in trees to apes that spent much time on the ground and had to diversify their diet (Figure 1.2). It is perhaps not surprising that this period correlates with a time of rapid evolutionary change in the hominin genome [21]. Among the various genetic changes was a mutation in a gene called uricase, a liver enzyme that degrades uric acid. Studies show that uricase activity decreased stepwise in the great ape and human clade due to a series of mutations that involved the promoter region, only to end in the gene being

The earliest fossil apes lived in the tropical forest canopy and subsisted primarily on fruit (Figure 1.1). These early ape species were extremely successful and within a few million years had diversified to numerous species, genera, and families. Beginning around 18 to 17 Ma, the climate became cooler, linked with an increase in ice in the Antarctic, and with falling sea levels, the island continent of Africa, which had been separate from Eurasia since the break-up of Gondwana, became connected by land bridges to Europe and Asia. Numerous species, including fossil apes, spread into Eurasia across the land bridge. While initially there were relatively minimal changes in habitat in Africa, the progressive cooling led to contraction of the tropical rainforests, replaced by seasonal deciduous woodlands. In Eurasia, subtropical and temperate regions had highly seasonal climates, with colder temperatures in Europe during the winter season and prolonged dry periods in tropical Africa [3]. The change in climate reduced fruit availability, and several groups of fossil apes acquired adaptations for life on the ground. Survival, especially in Eurasia, was challenging, and many apes showed evidence of starvation (such as the presence of dental linear enamel hypoplasia). During this period there were many adaptations to facilitate survival, including changes in the axial skeleton associated with knuckle walking and adaptations in dentition for eating harder foods, such as tubers and roots, to replace the dwindling fruit supplies [6]. Despite these adaptations, the progressive cooling led to progressive extinctions in Europe, and by 8 Ma there were no apes

FIGURE 1.1  Proconsul skeleton showing its quadrupedal form. Early Miocene apes looked nothing like the apes of today, but had long, curved backs and a narrow thorax. In these respects, apes like Proconsul shared major skeletal adaptations with arboreal monkeys and their behaviour and way of life would have been entirely monkey-like. Monkeys today and in the past are an evolutionarily successful group occupying mainly tropical forests and woodlands, and their success in part is due to the evolution of adaptations of their digestive systems that allowed them primary access to the fruits that they and early apes depended on [20]. Apes were to a certain extent marginalized in their shared habitats as a result, and they could not maintain their monkey-like life in trees, becoming more terrestrial and thus able to emigrate out of Africa [17]. They adapted in the process the more upright, broad thorax morphologies ancestral to the living great apes.

1.2  HUMAN EVOLUTION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH NUTRITION The earliest fossil evidence for primates has been dated to about 55 million years ago (Ma), but genetic evidence suggests that primates first evolved during the Cretaceous Period 80 to 70 Ma [12]. A major advancement was the divergence of apes from monkeys that occurred at least 25 Ma in the African tropical rain forest. It has been known since the times of Linnaeus, Darwin, and Huxley that among these apes was a common ancestor for not only humans but also the living great apes (including chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans), and today, this has been recognized at the genetic level [13]. They provide means of comparisons both of living apes with humans and fossil apes with both [14].

1  •  Dietary Changes in Human Evolution  5

Key periods in human evolution 200-450kyr

Periods of dietary and/or climate change

1Ma700kyr 1.8Ma 2.5-3Ma 6Ma 12-15Ma

~30Ma

Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, Denisovans, African populations

Homo erectus, enter savanna, fire, exit Africa, brain size increase, meat-eating Homo habilis, stone tool technology, more meat

Chimpanzee-human divergence

16Ma 25Ma

Anatomically modern Homo sapiens, art, writing

Great ape and human divergence, uricase mutation Emigration of apes out of Africa, woodland, semi-terrestrial, frugivorous Early Miocene apes, Africa only, forest-living, arboreal, frugivorous

Monkey-ape divergence

FIGURE 1.2  Ape and human clades. From bottom left: divergence of monkeys and apes; early Miocene apes were living in African forests, and were arboreal and frugivorous; at or before 16 Ma, a land bridge formed connecting Africa to the Middle East, and at the same time apes moved from tropical evergreen forest habitats to seasonal woodland, becoming partly terrestrial but still eating fruit; this was the mid-Miocene environmental crisis; the common ancestor of great apes and humans, 15–12 Ma, is identified by the earliest fossils with the first species to branch off, fossil apes with apparent orangutan characters; all great apes and humans shared the mutation of the uricase gene, so the mutation must have preceded the branching of the orangutan; the human-chimpanzee common ancestor lived about 6 Ma, identified by DNA divergence data, and both ancestral apes and early hominins were still mainly arboreal and eating fruit, as in the earlier apes; Homo habilis at 3 to 2 Ma, had started eating meat, used stone tool technology, and had become mainly bipedal; Homo erectus was the first hominin to leave the woodlands for open savanna, at or soon after 2 Ma; it had complex societies, was fully bipedal and lived on the ground and probably had acquired the use of fire. Genetic evidence for the split of Homo sapiens from other hominins is dated to 600,000 years ago and did not move to Europe until much later.

completely silenced around 15 Ma, shortly before the separation of the orangutan from the African ape and human clade [22]. Evidence that this mutation may have provided a selective advantage is suggested by the finding that a parallel mutation in uricase occurred in the Lesser Ape lineage a few million years later [23]. A natural question is what was the benefit of the uricase mutation. The primary effect would have been to raise uric acid levels, and studies in existent great apes as well as individuals on a hunter-gatherer diet suggest that the uricase mutation probably doubled levels of serum uric acid, from a level of approximately 1–2 mg/dl to approximately 3–4 mg/dl [24]. We have suggested that the main evolutionary advantage of the higher level of serum uric acid from this mutation was that the increase aided animals to gain fat and develop insulin resistance [25]. There is also some evidence that the mutation could have provided survival benefit by reducing oxidative stress, as uric acid can function as an antioxidant [26]. The basis of the argument relates to a recently discovered role for uric acid in how ingestion of fructose causes metabolic syndrome. Specifically, fructose has been shown to be a nutrient that uniquely activates a survival pathway that stimulates foraging, hunger, fat storage, elevations in blood pressure, and insulin resistance. The mechanism relates to the ability of fructose to lower energy (adenosine triphosphate or ATP) levels in the liver followed by the degradation of adenine nucleotides to uric acid [27]. The uric acid plays a role in this biologic response by paradoxically causing oxidative stress to the mitochondria while at the same time inhibiting AMP-activated

protein kinase [28, 29]. In this scenario, inhibiting uricase leads to a greater uric acid response to fructose than observed in normal rats, and this results in more fat accumulation and worse features of metabolic syndrome [30]. Similarly, we can demonstrate a greater production of fat in human liver cells in which the ancestral uricase is silenced compared to when it is present [22]. Given these observations, we have suggested that the uricase mutation most likely occurred in Europe or Turkey since it occurred before the split of the ancestors of the orangutan, humans, and African apes [25]. By amplifying the effects of fructose to stimulate the storage of fat, the mutation would have provided a survival advantage for the apes that were starving from a loss of fruit availability. The spread of the mutation would have been enhanced by the small and geographically isolated ape populations in Europe, which as the climate deteriorated, placed increased stress on the surviving populations as they retreated more and more into refuge areas [31]. Uric acid is also generated from eating umami-based foods where it may also drive fat storage and features of the metabolic syndrome [32]. This might facilitate omnivorous intake, such as scavenging meat or bone marrow from animal kills. At this stage of hominid evolution, millions of years before the first hominins are known, we do not believe that the significance of uricase mutation was that it resulted in obesity, but rather it helped defend against starvation by maximizing the effects of fructose and umami-based foods to generate fat. Many animals that survive hostile climates do so by putting on weight during times of plenty to see them through times of scarcity.

6  Handbook of Obesity Following the split of the orangutan and the African apes/ human ancestors around 15 to 12 Ma, it is thought that some of the apes returned to Africa. However, on their return they would have found a much dryer environment than when they left, in which obtaining sufficient food would have continued to be difficult. While it is likely that the uricase mutation provided continued benefit during this time, there is also evidence for another mutation that may have also provided additional survival advantage. Specifically, ripe fruit that had fallen on the ground and had started to ferment was not edible as the alcohol could not be digested easily. However, a mutation occurred in alcohol dehydrogenase-4 that resulted in a 40-fold improved ability to digest alcohol, and this allowed ingestion of ripe fruit where the remaining fructose could be used [33, 34]. In addition, the alcohol also stimulates additional fructose production in the liver by activating the enzyme aldose reductase [35]. Thus, both mutations in alcohol dehydrogense-4 and uricase likely had survival effects and allowed the early apes to maximize what fruits were available to enhance their fat stores (Figure 1.3) [33]. Towards the end of the Miocene, the apes and humans finally diverged at about 6 Ma. The last common ancestor (LCA) of humans and chimpanzees took place within the deciduous woodland / part-arboreal, part-terrestrial / frugivorous guild [20]. Deciduous woodlands in Africa, like those of temperate regions, are strongly seasonal with annual periods of food scarcity, being cold in temperate climates, dry in the tropics. The lack of precipitation or low temperatures slow down or even stop GPP, making food hard to find, and this would apply particularly to seasonal food items like fruit. However, the earliest members of the human lineage at 6 Ma were still mainly

frugivorous, partly living and finding food in trees; they were also partly terrestrial, coming down to the ground to some extent like their ape ancestors (Figure 1.2). For at least the following three million years (6–3 Ma), fruit-eating remained the staple diet in human ancestors, as in chimpanzees today [36], and the major change in human evolution during this period was that hominins (Hominini, or human ancestors) developed bipedal walking on the ground. Importantly, during this time, no significant increase in brain size occurred and there was no change in diet [37].

1.2.2 Protein Intake, the Introduction of Fire, and an Increase in Brain Size Between 3 and 2 Ma, a major shift in hominin diet occurred coinciding with the development of stone tool technology [38]. Hominins (such as Homo habilis) had begun eating increasing amounts of animal products, probably beginning with scavenging predator kills [39]. The eating of large mammals is indicated by cut marks on animal bones made by the stone tools [40], and this was associated with a modest increase in brain size (Figure 1.4) [41, 42]. It is likely that early hominins (6–3 Ma) were carnivorous at least to the extent of chimpanzees today [43, 44], but the carnivory of hominins differs in that they utilized animals larger than themselves, and they had the use of stone tools. The evidence for predation (which “run down” their prey) suggest that the biomass of prey had increased to support them

Uricase mutation in common ancestor of great apes and humans, 16 Ma Orangutan ancestor migrates to Asia, has uricase mutation, 10 Ma

Global cooling, fossil apes retreat to refugia, 12 to 8 Ma

Some ape species migrate to Europe, 16 Ma

Fossil apes present only in Africa, 25 to 17 Ma

Return to Africa, 10 to 8 Ma, ADH4 mutation in ancestor of African apes and humans, has uricase mutation

Middle Miocene Disruption (15–12 MYA) East Africa Tums to Savannas (15–6 MYA)

FIGURE 1.3  Timing of mutations and movements of apes out of Africa and back. Clockwise from bottom left, forest-living apes in Africa before 16 Ma, emigration of apes out of Africa and into Europe, global cooling after the mid-Miocene crisis led first to restriction of apes in refuge area in Europe, the final shut-down of the uricase gene, return to Africa of some groups of ape and movement of orangutan ancestors east into Asia at about 12 Ma, both with the uricase mutation, and finally the occurrence of the ADH4 mutation in African ancestors of the great ape and humans. (Used with permission from [33])

1  •  Dietary Changes in Human Evolution  7 1800 1600

Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Homo heidelbergensis

Cranial capacity (cc)

1400 1200

Homo erectus

1000 800

Homo habilis 600 400

Great apes

Australopithecus

200 0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Age in millions of years FIGURE 1.4  Fossil evidence for major increase in brain size (estimated from cranial capacity) in early human ancestors occurred after 3–2 Ma, at the time of the origin of Homo species. Earlier fossil ancestors had brain sizes no larger than those of living great apes, and small brains were retained for the first three million years of human evolution in the species of Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and Paranthropus [37]. The early species of Homo, Homo habilis, had brains larger than great ape brains [41, 42], and increases were continued with Homo erectus after 2 Ma and Homo sapiens, originating in Africa 600,000 years ago [48, 49].

[45], and this higher biomass and more energetic modes of life required more food and energy than did earlier faunas. This suggests that GPP also increased to support the expansion and escalation of life activities seen in living ecosystems. Around 2 Ma Homo erectus appears in Africa, with evidence for radiation to Europe and Asia shortly after 2 Ma [41]. With near-human bipedal adaptations, Homo erectus was probably almost entirely terrestrial, and with well-developed skills as a hunter and opportunist, and the capacity to adapt to the wide range of environments, it was able to adapt to a variety of environments while crossing the Asian continent. Beginning after 2 Ma, the climate cooled further leading to increasing seasonality that was associated with improved stone tool technologies. The finding of large mammals at fossil localities indicates that Homo erectus had become carnivorous, but it is still not certain whether the fossil hominins were hunting animals or scavenging the remains of carnivore kills [39, 40]. At or soon after 2 to 1.8 Ma, the first evidence for use of fire comes from Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa [46] and Geshir Benot Ya’akov [47]. This was associated with the first evidence of cooking of foods, although at both sites the presence of hominins is indicated only by the tools they left behind, and no actual hominin fossils have been found. One of the most remarkable aspects of Homo erectus (and to a lesser extent, Homo habilis) in the fossil record is that of remarkable increase in brain size (Figure 1.4) [37, 41, 42, 48,

49]. The human brain utilizes as much as a sixth of the daily energy expended and prefers glucose as its fuel. The greatest relative energy needs are in childhood, where the brain uses glucose at a rate equivalent to 66% of the body’s resting metabolism and 43% of the body’s daily energy requirement, and glucose demand for the brain is related inversely to body growth from infancy to puberty [50]. These energy demands remain high for many years due to the protracted growth of the brain that occurs with childhood [50]. Given the large requirements that the brain has for energy, there must have been strong evolutionary advantages for the increase in brain size at this time. It is easy to look back in time when we see the benefits of large brains and high intelligence to our technological societies, but 2 Ma with only gradual increase in brain size (it doubled in size in less than one million years) and only the beginnings of stone tool technology associated with hominins like Homo habilis and Homo erectus, some other factor(s) must have been involved. This has led to several hypotheses to account for this evolutionary change. The “expensive tissue hypothesis” proposes that the increasing size of the brain must be countered by decreasing metabolic costs of some other bodily function, which in this case is the gut [51]. This hypothesis is based on the observation that the two greatest users of energy are the gut and the brain; less digestible foods such as plant products require a longer gut, and it links the great expansion of the human brain, which

8  Handbook of Obesity comes at a great metabolic cost, with decrease in gut size. This could explain the increased brain size in apes as initially their diet was fruit, which is more easily digestible than leaves and grass [52, 53], and again with fossil hominins changing their diet to include more animal products (Figure 1.5). Herbivores consuming diets of lower digestibility have longer guts than animals eating diets that are more easily digestible such as fruits, seeds, and animals. Animal eaters with even shorter guts may have larger brains than herbivores and frugivores for the same reason [51]. According to the hypothesis, the high food value of meat both produces more energy per unit weight and at the same time enables the reduction in gut size, so that energy could be diverted to growing a larger brain [51]. Reinforcing the increase in brain size through a meat-rich diet, the acquisition and control of fire made both meats and plants more easily digestible and almost certainly also had a major role in brain growth [54]. Of note, habitat aridity also has a positive relationship with large intestine length, complicating the simple diet/gut relationship [52]. An alternative hypothesis is that as Homo erectus moved out into the savanna, social bonding would have become

Expensive tissue hypothesis (Aiello and Wheeler 1995) Cut mark 1 cm

More complex feeding strategy

Higher quality diet Higher quality food reduces bulk and promotes faster digestion

Complex diet requires better memory, use of fire for cooking

Larger brain

Reduced size of gut

Smaller guts freeup energy for increase in brain size: diet changes from fruit to meat

FIGURE 1.5  Meat eating and brain size. Higher quality diets are usually widely dispersed in the environment and require stronger brain power to locate; mammals with a diet of fruit have larger brains than those that eat herbage. When any form of animal is the intended food, this effect is increased, for animals can run away and are therefore harder to catch [45]. Evidence of meat eating is based on the presence of cut marks on large animal bone (inset). However, early in human evolution (6–3 Ma) it cannot be certain whether fossil hominins were hunting animals or scavenging the remains of carnivore kills [39, 40]. Increase in brain size in Homo habilis coincided both with the first evidence of meat-eating and with the first appearance of the stone tools that left cut marks on animal bones. For Homo erectus, the evidence is stronger that it actively hunted large mammals and that its diet consisted of a large proportion of meat [56, 69]. Since meat has more calories, weight for weight, than vegetable foods, the expensive tissue hypothesis predicts that hominins after 2 Ma were able to reduce gut size and divert the energy released into increasing brain size. Hominin use of fire also appears in the fossil record at the same time as Homo erectus [46], and it is likely that animal remains from scavenged carcasses [39] were made both more palatable and digestible by cooking [54].

critical; for the first time, hominins had moved away from the trees that had provided them with food and safety for the first four million years of their existence. Leaving the trees for savanna habitats made them vulnerable to large predators, and the “social hypothesis” proposes that, in essence, larger brains were necessary to cope with the increasing complexity of human societies for bonding, for locating and securing food, and for defense [55].

1.2.3 Hunter-Gatherers and the Introduction of Modern Humans Around 600,000 years ago, genetic evidence shows that Homo sapiens had diverged from other fossil hominins (13), and between 120,000 and 70,000 years ago it made one or more migrations out of Africa. The introduction of fire and the greater reliance on meat led to a diet probably little different from that of modern hunter-gatherer diets [56]. While half or more of their calories may have come from animal products, hunting does not provide a dependable source of food, for animals are hard to catch, and much of the diet of hunter-gatherers in recent times is in fact based on plant products [56]. Obesity seems to be rare in hunter-gatherers, as are other diseases of civilization, regardless of the proportion of macronutrients consumed. Most wild foods lack high amounts of energy and this feature, in combination with the slow transit of food particles through the human digestive tract, would have served as a natural check to obesity and certain other diseases of civilization. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that obesity was occasionally observed and may even have been a sign of high status. For example, the appearance of carved figurines of obese women (sometimes referred to as “Venus Figurines”) in Upper Paleolithic Europe during the last glacial advance provides sufficient realism to assure that it had been observed. Interestingly, this occurred during a time of worsening temperatures and a contraction of the local populations [57] and may have represented symbols of survival and motherhood [58].

1.2.4 Introduction of Agriculture and Pastoralism Around 11,000 to 10,000 years ago we observe the first evidence for agricultural communities. For the first time in human evolution there was a dependable source of food that so far exceeded what could be obtained by hunting or gathered from wild plants that it could be stored against times of shortage. Not only that, but agriculture marked a return to diets that are carbohydrate-based similar in some respects to the ancestral diets of apes and early humans [43]. The introduction of agricultural and pastoral communities was associated with several genetic changes. Starchcontaining foods are not normally sweet to most animals, but a mutation in amylase that occurred in primates before the split

1  •  Dietary Changes in Human Evolution  9 of the Old World monkeys from the apes (likely 30–25 Ma) resulted in it being produced not only in the pancreas but also in the saliva [59]. This allowed the breakdown of some starch in the mouth to glucose, that could stimulate intake as it would activate the sweet taste buds and lead to a dopamine response in the brain. With the advent of agriculture, there was a progressive increase in salivary amylase activity due to mutations that led to multiple copies of the salivary amylase. While these duplications are not observed in all humans, they are significantly higher in agricultural communities compared to huntergatherer societies [60]. Likewise, lactase is an important enzyme that can break down the lactose in breast milk, but expression normally disappears as adults. However, mutations occurred in the lactase gene in pastoral communities in Europe, and separately in Africa, that allowed the persistence of lactase into adulthood [61]. The introduction of agricultural communities was associated with some obesity and diabetes, but overall it remained rare up to and including mediaeval human populations in England, in which timing of food consumption was earlier in the day, leaving time for daily activities to work off calories rather than storing them [62]. However, with the introduction and increase in ingestion of sugar, the rise in obesity and diabetes has been remarkable [63]. A number of studies suggest that this is because of the unique abilities of fructose to induce metabolic syndrome. Interestingly, other foods that include high glycemic carbohydrates, salty foods, and umami foods can also engage this same metabolic pathway that leads to the storage of fat and development of insulin resistance [32, 64, 65]. Today, all non-Western populations appear to develop diseases of civilization if they consume Western foods and have sedentary lifestyles [56].

1.3 THRIFTY GENES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC In the early 1960s the geneticist James Neel suggested that gene(s) acquired in our past during times of food shortage and starvation might be responsible for increasing our risk for obesity and diabetes when food is more available [66]. By augmenting storage of fat during times of plenty, survival becomes possible in times of famine, and any genetic change that favors fat storage would also allow survival in those environments where seasonal change produces regular famine. This “thrifty gene” hypothesis is especially relevant to the uricase mutation, as it appears to have helped protect against starvation by amplifying the effects of fructose in fruit to increase fat stores, but in today’s society, where fructose intake has increased markedly from the intake of added sugars, it may contribute to the increase of obesity [67]. Not all experts have accepted the thrifty gene hypothesis, and some have suggested that any genes that increase

body fat probably did not provide survival advantage because famines are unlikely to select for these genes, especially in the post-agricultural era since the time period of selection is short, and that most mutations in the genes that predispose us to obesity are neutral and have been drifting over evolutionary time—so-called drifty genes [68]. According to this reasoning, the presence of genes that favor obesity likely resulted from some other aspect of the gene that carries other benefits, such as stimulating increased intake of proteins (the protein leverage hypothesis). However, here we suggest that the mutations in uricase occurred long before the hominin lineage diverged from the great apes, during periods of starvation that were not limited to a few seasons but built up over millions of years. They did not occur recently but about 15 Ma. We also suggest that the uricase mutation did not in itself cause obesity, but it acted more as a means for preventing starvation, and it required an interaction with umami and fructose-containing foods that further raise uric acid to increase the risk for obesity in the population. In addition, there is no doubt that many other genetic and environmental factors are also involved in the pathways that lead to obesity.

1.4 CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, it is apparent that much can be learned from understanding the evolution of humans and their diet as it relates to environmental change. There remains a complex interplay between diet, habitat heterogeneity, and climate change that has played a role in the evolution of humans. Importantly, evolutionary changes in our past may be important in predicting the risk for obesity and diabetes today. Disclosures: RJJ has equity with XORTX Therapeutics and Colorado Research Partners LlC, and has received honoraria from Danone and Horizon Pharma. PA has no disclosures. Running Title: Nutrition in Evolution

REFERENCES

1. Tian L, Benton MJ, Curr Biol (2020). PMID: 32634410 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.003 2. Heim N et al., Paleobiol (2020). 46(3):288–303. 3. Kerr JT, Packer L, Nature (1997). 385:252–254. 4. Andrews P, O’Brien EM, J Zool Lond (2000). 251:205–231. 5. Poulton SW et al., Nature (2021). PMID: 33782617 / DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03393-7 6. Janis CM, Fortelius M, Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc (1988). PMID: 3042033 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1988.tb00630.x 7. Fortelius M et al., Evol Ecol Res (2002). 4:1005–1016. 8. Johnson RJ et al., J Am Soc Nephrol (2016). PMID: 27283495 / DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2015121314 9. Johnson RJ et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23401356 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20026

10  Handbook of Obesity 10. Ortiz RM, J Exp Biol (2001). PMID: 11441026 11. Johnson RJ et al., J Intern Med (2020). PMID: 31621967 / DOI: 10.1111/joim.12993 12. Tavare S et al., Nature (2002). PMID: 11961552 / DOI: 10.1038/416726a 13. Chen F-C, Li W-H, J Hum Genet (2001). 68:444–456. 14. Andrews P, Cronin JE, Nature (1982). PMID: 7045678 15. Pilbeam D, Nature (1982). PMID: 6799831 / DOI: 10.1038/295232a0 16. Begun DR, Science (2000). PMID: 10766606 17. Andrews P, Kelley J, Folia Primatol; Int J Primatol (2007). PMID: 17855786 18. Kelley J et al., J Hum Evol (2008). PMID: 18395119 19. McCrossin ML, Benefit BR, On the relationships and adaptations of Kenyapithecus, a large-bodied hominoid from the Middle Miocene of eastern Africa. In: Begun DR, Ward CV, Rose MD, editors. Function, Phylogeny and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptations. New York: Plenum Press; 1997. pp. 241–68. 20. Andrews P. An Apes’s View of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015. 328 pp. 21. Samonte RV, Eichler EE, Nat Rev Genet (2002). PMID: 11823792 / DOI: 10.1038/nrg705 22. Kratzer JT et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2014). PMID: 24550457 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320393111 23. Oda M et al., Mol Biol Evol (2002). PMID: 11961098 24. Johnson RJ et al., Semin Nephrol (2005). PMID: 15660328 25. Johnson RJ, Andrews P, Evol Anthropol (2010). 19:250–257. 26. Ames BN et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1981). PMID: 6947260 27. Nakagawa T et al., Am J Physiol Renal Physiol (2006). PMID: 16234313 28. Lanaspa MA et al., J Biol Chem (2012). PMID: 23035112 / DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M112.399899 29. Cicerchi C et al., FASEB J (2014). PMID: 24755741 / DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-243634 30. Tapia E et al., Am J Physiol Renal Physiol (2013). PMID: 23303409 / DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00485.2012 31. Johnson RJ, Andrews P, Evol Anthropol (2010). 32. Andres-Hernando A et al., Nat Metab (2021). In Press. 33. Carn D et al., Alcohol Clin Exp Res (2021). PMID: 34120350 / DOI: 10.1111/acer.14655 34. Carrigan MA et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2015). PMID: 25453080 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404167111 35. Wang M et al., Hepatology (2020). PMID: 32086945 / DOI: 10.1002/hep.31197 36. Andrews P, Martin L, Philos Trans R Soc (1991). PMID: 1685578 37. White TD et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2015). PMID: 25901308 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403659111 38. Braun DR et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2019). PMID: 31160451 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820177116 39. Blumenschine RJ, Pobiner BL. Zooarchaeology and the ecology of Oldowan hominin carnivory. In: Ungar P, editor. Early Hominin Diets: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005. pp. 167–90.

40. Pobiner BL, Braun DR, J Taph (2005). 3:107–119. 41. Wood B, Early Homo in Kenya, systematic relationships. In: Delson E, editor. Ancestors: The Hard Evidence. New York: Alan R Liss; 1985. pp. 206–14. 42. Wood B, J Hum Evol (1999). 36(1):115–118. 43. Milton KA, Evol Anthro (1999). 8:11–21. 44. Watts DP, J Hum Evol (2008). 54:125–133. 45. Kitchell JP et al., Paleobiol (1981). 7:533–552. 46. Fernández-Jalvo Y et al., Quat Int (2018). 495:19–29. 47. Alperson-Afil N, Goren-Inbar N. The Acheulian Site of Geshir Benot Ya’akov: Ancient Flames and Controlled Use of Fire. Dordrecht: Springer; 2010. 48. Stringer C, Philos Trans R Soc (2016). PMID: 27298468 / DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0237 49. Stringer CB, Andrews P, Science (1988). PMID: 3125610 50. Kuzawa CW et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2014). PMID: 25157149 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323099111 51. Aiello LC, Wheeler P, Curr Anthropol (1995). 36:199–221. 52. Duque-Correa MJ et al., Proc Biol Sci (2021). PMID: 33563126 / DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2888 53. Clutton-Brock TH, Harvey PH, J Zool (1980). 190:309–323. 54. Wrangham R, Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. New York: Basic Books; 2009. 309 pp. 55. Dunbar RIM, Evol Anthropol (1998). 6:178–190. 56. Milton K, Am J Clin Nutr (2000). PMID: 10702155 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.3.665 57. Maier A, Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte (2017). 26:83–101. 58. Johnson RJ et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 33258218 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23028 59. Meisler MH, Ting CN, Crit Rev Oral Biol Med (1993). PMID: 7690604 / DOI: 10.1177/10454411930040033501 60. Perry GH et al., Nat Genet (2007). PMID: 17828263 / DOI: 10.1038/ng2123 61. Tishkoff SA et al., Nat Genet (2007). PMID: 17159977 / DOI: 10.1038/ng1946 62. Dyer C, Standards of Living in Medieval England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1989. 63. Johnson RJ et al., Adv Nutr (2017). PMID: 28507007 / DOI: 10.3945/an.116.014654 64. Lanaspa MA et al., Nat Commun (2013). PMID: 24022321 / DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3434 65. Lanaspa MA et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2018). PMID: 29507217 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713837115 66. Neel JV, Am J Hum Genet (1962). PMID: 13937884 67. Johnson RJ, Andrews P, Sci Am (2015). 313(4):64–69. 68. Speakman JR, Int J Obes (Lond) (2008). PMID: 18852699 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.161 69. Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Pickering TR, Evol Anthro (2003). 12:275–292.

Dietary Changes in Human Evolution Tian L. , Benton M.J. , Curr Biol (2020). PMID: 32634410 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.003 Heim N. et al., Paleobiol (2020). 46(3):288–303. Kerr J.T. , Packer L. , Nature (1997). 385:252–254. Andrews P. , O'Brien E.M. , J Zool Lond (2000). 251:205–231. Poulton S.W. et al., Nature (2021). PMID: 33782617 / DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03393-7 Janis C.M. , Fortelius M. , Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc (1988). PMID: 3042033 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1988.tb00630.x Fortelius M. et al., Evol Ecol Res (2002). 4:1005–1016. Johnson R.J. et al., J Am Soc Nephrol (2016). PMID: 27283495 / DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2015121314 Johnson R.J. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23401356 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20026 Ortiz R.M. , J Exp Biol (2001). PMID: 11441026 Johnson R.J. et al., J Intern Med (2020). PMID: 31621967 / DOI: 10.1111/joim.12993 Tavare S. et al., Nature (2002). PMID: 11961552 / DOI: 10.1038/416726a Chen F-C. , Li W-H. , J Hum Genet (2001). 68:444–456. Andrews P. , Cronin J.E. , Nature (1982). PMID: 7045678 Pilbeam D. , Nature (1982). PMID: 6799831 / DOI: 10.1038/295232a0 Begun D.R. , Science (2000). PMID: 10766606 Andrews P. , Kelley J. , Folia Primatol; Int J Primatol (2007). PMID: 17855786 Kelley J. et al., J Hum Evol (2008). PMID: 18395119 McCrossin M.L. , Benefit B.R. , On the relationships and adaptations of Kenyapithecus, a large-bodied hominoid from the Middle Miocene of eastern Africa. In: Begun D.R. , Ward C.V. , Rose M.D. , editors. Function, Phylogeny and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptations. New York: Plenum Press; 1997. pp. 241–268. Andrews P. An Apes's View of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015. 328 pp. Samonte R.V. , Eichler E.E. , Nat Rev Genet (2002). PMID: 11823792 / DOI: 10.1038/nrg705 Kratzer J.T. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2014). PMID: 24550457 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320393111 Oda M. et al., Mol Biol Evol (2002). PMID: 11961098 Johnson R.J. et al., Semin Nephrol (2005). PMID: 15660328 Johnson R.J. , Andrews P. , Evol Anthropol (2010). 19:250–257. Ames B.N. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1981). PMID: 6947260 Nakagawa T. et al., Am J Physiol Renal Physiol (2006). PMID: 16234313 Lanaspa M.A. et al., J Biol Chem (2012). PMID: 23035112 / DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M112.399899 Cicerchi C. et al., FASEB J (2014). PMID: 24755741 / DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-243634 Tapia E. et al., Am J Physiol Renal Physiol (2013). PMID: 23303409 / DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00485.2012 Johnson R.J. , Andrews P. , Evol Anthropol (2010). Andres-Hernando A. et al., Nat Metab (2021). In Press. Carn D. et al., Alcohol Clin Exp Res (2021). PMID: 34120350 / DOI: 10.1111/acer.14655 Carrigan M.A. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2015). PMID: 25453080 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1404167111 Wang M. et al., Hepatology (2020). PMID: 32086945 / DOI: 10.1002/hep.31197 Andrews P. , Martin L. , Philos Trans R Soc (1991). PMID: 1685578 White T.D. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2015). PMID: 25901308 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403659111 Braun D.R. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2019). PMID: 31160451 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820177116 Blumenschine R.J. , Pobiner B.L. . Zooarchaeology and the ecology of Oldowan hominin carnivory. In: Ungar P. , editor. Early Hominin Diets: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005. pp. 167–190. Pobiner B.L. , Braun D.R. , J Taph (2005). 3:107–119. Wood B. , Early Homo in Kenya, systematic relationships. In: Delson E. , editor. Ancestors: The Hard Evidence. New York: Alan R Liss; 1985. pp. 206–214. Wood B. , J Hum Evol (1999). 36(1):115–118. Milton K.A. , Evol Anthro (1999). 8:11–21. Watts D.P. , J Hum Evol (2008). 54:125–133. Kitchell J.P. et al., Paleobiol (1981). 7:533–552. Fernández-Jalvo Y. et al., Quat Int (2018). 495:19–29. Alperson-Afil N. , Goren-Inbar N. . The Acheulian Site of Geshir Benot Ya’akov: Ancient Flames and Controlled Use of Fire. Dordrecht: Springer; 2010. Stringer C. , Philos Trans R Soc (2016). PMID: 27298468 / DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0237 Stringer C.B. , Andrews P. , Science (1988). PMID: 3125610 Kuzawa C.W. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2014). PMID: 25157149 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323099111 Aiello L.C. , Wheeler P. , Curr Anthropol (1995). 36:199–221. Duque-Correa M.J. et al., Proc Biol Sci (2021). PMID: 33563126 / DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2888 Clutton-Brock T.H. , Harvey P.H. , J Zool (1980). 190:309–323. Wrangham R. , Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. New York: Basic Books; 2009. 309 pp. Dunbar R.I.M. , Evol Anthropol (1998). 6:178–190. Milton K. , Am J Clin Nutr (2000). PMID: 10702155 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.3.665 Maier A. , Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte (2017). 26:83–101. Johnson R.J. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 33258218 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23028 Meisler M.H. , Ting C.N. , Crit Rev Oral Biol Med (1993). PMID: 7690604 / DOI: 10.1177/10454411930040033501 Perry G.H. et al., Nat Genet (2007). PMID: 17828263 / DOI: 10.1038/ng2123

Tishkoff S.A. et al., Nat Genet (2007). PMID: 17159977 / DOI: 10.1038/ng1946 Dyer C. , Standards of Living in Medieval England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1989. Johnson R.J. et al., Adv Nutr (2017). PMID: 28507007 / DOI: 10.3945/an.116.014654 Lanaspa M.A. et al., Nat Commun (2013). PMID: 24022321 / DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3434 Lanaspa M.A. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2018). PMID: 29507217 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713837115 Neel J.V. , Am J Hum Genet (1962). PMID: 13937884 Johnson R.J. , Andrews P. , Sci Am (2015). 313(4):64–69. Speakman J.R. , Int J Obes (Lond) (2008). PMID: 18852699 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.161 Domínguez-Rodrigo M. , Pickering T.R. , Evol Anthro (2003). 12:275–292.

Evolutionary Changes in Physical Activity, Diet, and Energy Expenditure Jones D.S. et al., N Engl J Med (2012). PMID: 22716973 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1113569 Gurven M. , Kaplan H. , Population and Development Review (2007). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00171.x Weir H.K. et al., Prev Chronic Dis (2016). PMID: 27854420 / DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.160211 Eaton S.B. et al., Am J Med (1988). PMID: 3135745 / DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(88)90113-1 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) . Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Seattle, WA: IHME; 2018. Global BMIMC et al., Lancet (2016). PMID: 27423262 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30175-1 Nesse R.M. , Evol Med Public Health (2018). DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoy035 Nesse R.M. , Williams G.C. , Why We Get Sick: The New Science of Darwinian Medicine. New York: Vintage; 1996. Gurven M.D. , Lieberman D.E. , Evol Hum Behav (2020). PMID: 33100820 / DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.04.001 Neel J.V. , Am J Hum Genet (1962). PMID: 13937884 Yang S. , Ye K. , Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care (2021). PMID: 34039840 / DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000770 Ye K. et al., Nat Ecol Evol (2017). PMID: 29094686 / DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0167 Minster R.L. et al., Nat Genet (2016). PMID: 27455349 / DOI: 10.1038/ng.3620 Speakman J.R. , Diab Vasc Dis Res (2006). PMID: 16784175 / DOI: 10.3132/dvdr.2006.010 Pontzer H. et al., Obes Rev (2018). PMID: 30511505 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12785 Conroy G.C. , Pontzer H. , Reconstructing Human Origins: A Modern Synthesis, 3rd ed. New York: W W Norton & Co.; 2012. Pilbeam D.R. , Lieberman D.E. , Reconstructing the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans. In: Martin N.M. , Richard W.W. , David R.P. , editors. Chimpanzees and human evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2018. pp. 22–141. Besenbacher S. et al., Nat Ecol Evol (2019). PMID: 30664699 / DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0778-x Pontzer H. , Curr Biol (2017). PMID: 28633035 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.031 Raichlen D.A. et al., The Evolution of the Human Endurance Phenotype. Routledge Handbook of Sport and Exercise Systems Genetics. Philadelphia: Routledge; 2019. Plummer T.W. , Finestone E.M. , Archeological sites from 2.6–2.0 ma: Toward a deeper understanding of the early oldowan. In: Schwartz J.H. , editor. Rethinking Human Evolution. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; 2018. Hublin J.J. , Neubauer S. , Gunz P. . Brain ontogeny and life history in Pleistocene hominins. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci (2015). Mar 5;370(1663):20140062. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0062. PMID: 25602066; PMCID: PMC4305163. Brooks A.S. et al., Science (2018). PMID: 29545508 / DOI: 10.1126/science.aao2646 Carmody R.N. et al., Genome Biol Evol (2016). PMID: 26979798 / DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw059 Hublin J.J. et al., Nature (2017). PMID: 28593953 / DOI: 10.1038/nature22336 Ahlquist K.D. et al., Genome Biol Evol (2021). PMID: 34028527 / DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab115 Murdock G.P. , Ethnographic Atlas. Pittsburgh, PA: University Pittsburgh Press; 1967. Pontzer H. , Wood B.M. , Annu Rev Nutr (2021). PMID: 34138633 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-111120-105520 Carbone C. et al., Am Nat (2005). PMID: 15729658 / DOI: 10.1086/426790 Kelly R.L. , Men, women, and foraging. In: Kelly R.L. , editor. The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013. pp. 214–240. Cordain L. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2000). PMID: 10702160 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.3.682 Marlowe F.W. et al., J Hum Evol (2014). PMID: 24746602 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.006 Marlowe F.W. , The Hadza Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania. Berkeley, CA: University California Press; 2010. 336 p. Wood B.M. et al., Nat Hum Behav (2021). Raichlen D.A. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2020). PMID: 32152112 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911868117 Raichlen D.A. et al., Am J Hum Biol (2017). PMID: 27723159 / DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22919 Bramble D.M. , Lieberman D.E. , Nature (2004). PMID: 15549097 / DOI: 10.1038/nature03052 Shave R.E. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2019). PMID: 31527253 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906902116 Vining A.Q. , Nunn C.L. , Evol Med Public Health (2016). PMID: 27615376 / DOI: 10.1093/emph/eow026 Liebenberg L. , Curr Anthropol (2006). DOI: 10.1086/508695 Yetish G. et al., Curr Biol (2015). PMID: 26480842 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.09.046 Walker R. et al., Am J Hum Biol (2006). PMID: 16634027 / DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20510 Kaplan H. et al., Lancet (2017). PMID: 28320601 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30752-3 Wyatt Ian D. , and Daniel E. Hecker . “Occupational Changes during the 20th Century.” Monthly Labor Review, vol. 129, no. 3, 2006, pp. 35–57. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41863049. Accessed 8 Aug. 2023. Bassett DR Jr. , Wyatt H.R. , Thompson H. , Peters J.C. , Hill J.O. . Pedometer-measured physical activity and health behaviors in U.S. adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (2010) Oct;42(10):1819–25. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181dc2e54. PMID: 20305579; PMCID:

PMC2927728. Althoff T. et al., Nature (2017). PMID: 28693034 / DOI: 10.1038/nature23018 Dugas L.R. et al., BMC Public Health (2014). PMID: 25160601 / DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-882 Wolff-Hughes D.L. et al., J Phys Act Health (2015). PMID: 24905055 / DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2013-0464 Sisson S.B. et al., Am J Health Promot (2012). PMID: 22208412 / DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.100326-QUAN-95 Tudor-Locke C. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2017). PMID: 27669450 / DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001100 Tigbe W.W. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2017). PMID: 28138134 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.30 Kraus W.E. et al., BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care (2018). PMID: 30073088 / DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000523 Kraus W.E. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 31095084 / DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001939 Jakicic J.M. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 31095083 / DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001938 Luke A. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2002). PMID: 12036811 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/75.6.1045 Ebersole K.E. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2008). PMID: 19186335 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.330 Dugas L.R. et al., PeerJ (2017). PMID: 28133575 / DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2902 Zinkel S.R. et al., Pediatr Obes (2016). PMID: 26909758 / DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12099 Ross R. et al., Ann Intern Med (2000). PMID: 10896648 / DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00008 Riou M. et al., Nutrients (2015). PMID: 25988763 / DOI: 10.3390/nu7053677 Pontzer H. , Physiology (Bethesda) (2018). PMID: 30303776 / DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00027.2018 Swift D.L. et al., Prog Cardiovasc Dis (2014). PMID: 24438736 / DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.012 Prentice A. , Jebb S. , Nutr Rev (2004). PMID: 15387474 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00095.x Ostendorf D.M. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 30801984 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22373 Thomas D.M. et al., Obes Rev (2012). PMID: 22681398 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01012.x Leibel R.L. et al., N Engl J Med (1995). PMID: 7632212 / DOI: 10.1056/nejm199503093321001 Blundell J.E. et al., Physiol Behav (2020). PMID: 32081814 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112846 Hopkins M. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2019). PMID: 30659256 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0308-6 Paravidino V.B. et al., Physiol Behav (2021). PMID: 33221391 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113249 Beaulieu K. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 33949089 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13251 Martin C.K. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2019). PMID: 31172175 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz054 Herrmann S.D. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2015). PMID: 26193059 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21073 Donnelly J.E. et al., Arch Intern Med (2003). PMID: 12796071 / DOI: 10.1001/archinte.163.11.1343 Donnelly J.E. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23592678 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20145 Willis E.A. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2014). PMID: 24694746 / DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000354 Pontzer H. , Exerc Sport Sci Rev (2015). PMID: 25906426 / DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000048 O'Neal T.J. et al., Curr Biol (2017). PMID: 28111149 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.009 Pontzer H. et al., PLOS One (2012). PMID: 22848382 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040503 Pontzer H. et al., Am J Hum Biol (2015). PMID: 25824106 / DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22711 Urlacher S.S. et al., J Nutr (2021). PMID: 33454748 / DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa361 Dugas L.R. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2011). PMID: 21159791 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.007278 Westerterp K.R. , Speakman J.R. , Int J Obes (Lond) (2008). PMID: 18504442 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.74 Pontzer H. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2014). PMID: 24474770 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316940111 Levine J.A. , Proc Nutr Soc (2003). PMID: 14692603 / DOI: 10.1079/pns2003281 Melanson E.L. , Obes Rev (2017). PMID: 28164451 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12507 Brand-Miller J.C. , Holt S.H. , Nutr Res Rev (1998). PMID: 19087457 / DOI: 10.1079/nrr19980003 Hall K.D. et al., Cell Metab (2019). PMID: 31105044 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008 Baraldi L.G. et al., BMJ Open (2018). PMID: 29525772 / DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020574 Rauber F. et al., PLOS ONE (2020). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232676 Monteiro C.A. et al., Obes Rev (2013). PMID: 24102801 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12107 Bowman S.A. et al., Retail Food Commodity Intakes: Mean Amounts of Retail Commodities Per Individual, 2007–08. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 2013. Guyenet S.J. , The Hungry Brain: Outsmarting the Instincts That Make Us Overeat. New York: Flatiron Books; 2017. Holt S.H. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (1995). PMID: 7498104 Raubenheimer D. , Simpson S.J. , Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 31339001 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22531 Locke A.E. et al., Nature (2015). PMID: 25673413 / DOI: 10.1038/nature14177 DiFeliceantonio A.G. et al., Cell Metab (2018). PMID: 29909968 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.018 Kraft T.S. et al., Science (2021). PMID: 34941390 / DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0130

Prevention of Obesity in Adults Dutton G.R. , Kim Y. , Jacobs DR, Jr. , Li X. , Loria C.M. , Reis J.P. , et al. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2016). PMID: 27569121 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21573. Lloyd-Jones D.M. , Liu K. , Colangelo L.A. , Yan L.L. , Klein L. , Loria C.M. , et al. Circulation (2007). PMID: 17283263 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.648642. Rose G. . Int J Epidemiol (1985). PMID: 3872850 / DOI: 10.1093/ije/14.1.32. McLaren L. . Can J Public Health (2019). PMID: 30847801 / DOI: 10.17269/s41997-019-00198-0. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on an Evidence Framework for Obesity Prevention Decision Making . Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention: A Framework to Inform Decision Making. Kumanyika S.K. , Parker L. , Sim L.J. , editors. Washington, DC:

National Academies Press (US); 2010. PMID: 25032376. Kumanyika S.K. . Am J Public Health (2019). PMID: 31415203 / DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305221. Hales C.M. , Carroll M.D. , Fryar C.D. , Ogden C.L. . NCHS Data Brief (2020). PMID: 32487284. Brown T. , Avenell A. , Edmunds L.D. , Moore H. , Whittaker V. , Avery L. , et al. Obes Rev (2009). PMID: 19754634 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00641.x. Lemmens V.E. , Oenema A. , Klepp K.I. , Henriksen H.B. , Brug J. . Obes Rev (2008). PMID: 18298429 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467789X.2008.00468.x. Lombard C.B., Deeks A.A. , Teede H.J. . Public Health Nutr (2009). PMID: 19650959 / DOI: 10.1017/S1368980009990577. Lytle L.A. , Svetkey L.P. , Patrick K. , Belle S.H. , Fernandez I.D. , Jakicic J.M. , et al. Transl Behav Med (2014). PMID: 25264469 / DOI: 10.1007/s13142-014-0252-5. Clifton R.G. , Evans M. , Cahill A.G. , Franks P.W. , Gallagher D. , Phelan S. , et al. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2016). PMID: 26708836 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21330. Sheehan T.J. , DuBrava S. , DeChello L.M. , Fang Z. . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2003). PMID: 12664083 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802263. Malhotra R. , Ostbye T. , Riley C.M. , Finkelstein E.A. . Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23408493 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20318. Kasparek D.G. , Corwin S.J. , Valois R.F. , Sargent R.G. , Morris R.L. . J Am Coll Health (2008).PMID: 18316289 / DOI: 10.3200/JACH.56.44.437-444. Anderson D.A. , Shapiro J.R. , Lundgren J.D. . Eat Behav (2003). PMID: 15000962 / DOI: 10.1016/S1471-0153(03)00030-8. Nelson M.C. , Story M. , Larson N.I. , Neumark-Sztainer D. , Lytle L.A. . Obesity (Silver Spring) (2008). PMID: 18719665 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.365. Giedd J.N. . Ann N Y Acad Sci (2004). PMID: 15251877 / DOI: 10.1196/annals.1308.009. Willmott T.J. , Pang B. , Rundle-Thiele S. , Badejo A. . J Med Internet Res (2019). PMID: 30724736 / DOI: 10.2196/10265. Lenhart A. , Purcell K. , Smith A. , Zickuhr K. . Social Media and Mobile Internet Use among Teens and Young Adults 2010. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED525056.pdf. Wing R.R. , Tate D.F. , Espeland M.A. , Lewis C.E. , LaRose J.G. , Gorin A.A. , et al. JAMA Intern Med (2016). PMID: 27136493 / DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1236. Jakicic J.M. , Davis K.K. , Rogers R.J. , King W.C. , Marcus M.D. , Helsel D. , et al. JAMA (2016). PMID: 27654602 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.12858. Svetkey L.P. , Batch B.C. , Lin P.H. , Intille S.S. , Corsino L. , Tyson C.C. , et al. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2015). PMID: 26530929 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21226. Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) . CPSTF Findings for Obesity. Community Guide. https://www.thecommunityguide.org/content/task-force-findings-obesity. Allman-Farinelli M. , Partridge S.R. , McGeechan K. , Balestracci K. , Hebden L. , Wong A. , et al. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth (2016). PMID: 27335237 / DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.5768. Jeffery R.W. , French S.A. . Am J Public Health (1999). PMID: 10224988 / DOI: 10.2105/ajph.89.5.747. Levine M.D. , Klem M.L. , Kalarchian M.A. , Wing R.R. , Weissfeld L. , Qin L. , et al. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2007). PMID: 17495203 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.148. Johnson K.C. , Thomas F. , Richey P. , Tran Q.T. , Tylavsky F. , Miro D. , et al. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2017). PMID: 28948720 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21968. Vella-Zarb R.A. , Elgar F.J. . J Am Coll Health (2009). PMID: 19892653 / DOI: 10.1080/07448480903221392. Deliens T. , Deforche B. , Chapelle L. , Clarys P. . PLoS One (2019). PMID: 31721793 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225187. Hootman K.C. , Guertin K.A. , Cassano P.A.P. . J Am Coll Health (2017). PMID: 28085641 / DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2017.1280498. Fedewa M.V. , Das B.M. , Evans E.M. , Dishman R.K. . Am J Prev Med (2014). PMID: 25241201 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.07.035. Lytle L.A. , Laska M.N. , Linde J.A. , Moe S.G. , Nanney M.S. , Hannan P.J. , et al. Am J Prev Med (2017). PMID: 27939237 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.012. Wantland D.J. , Portillo C.J. , Holzemer W.L. , Slaughter R. , McGhee E.M. . J Med Internet Res (2004). PMID: 15631964 / DOI: 10.2196/jmir.6.4.e40. Godino J.G. , Merchant G. , Norman G.J. , Donohue M.C. , Marshall S.J. , Fowler J.H. , et al. Lancet Diabetes Endo (2016). PMID: WOS:000385844300024 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30105-X. Stice E. , Rohde P. , Shaw H. , Marti C.N. . J Consult Clin Psychol (2012). PMID: 22122289 / DOI: 10.1037/a0026484. Nikolaou C.K. , Hankey C.R. , Lean M.E. . Obesity (Silver Spring) (2015). PMID: 26538383 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21237. Hivert M.F. , Langlois M.F. , Berard P. , Cuerrier J.P. , Carpentier A.C. . Int J Obes (Lond) (2007). PMID: 17356531 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803572. Partridge S.R. , Juan S.J. , McGeechan K. , Bauman A. , Allman-Farinelli M. . Obes Rev (2015). PMID: 25407633 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12233. Kirkegaard H. , Stovring H. , Rasmussen K.M. , Abrams B. , Sorensen T.I. , Nohr E.A. . Am J Clin Nutr (2014). PMID: 24335054 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.067405. Mamun A.A. , Kinarivala M. , O'Callaghan M.J. , Williams G.M. , Najman J.M. , Callaway L.K. . Am J Clin Nutr (2010). PMID: 20237138 / DOI: ajcn.2009.28950 [pii]. Cohen A.K. , Chaffee B.W. , Rehkopf D.H. , Coyle J.R. , Abrams B. . Int J Obes (Lond) (2014). PMID: 23958794 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.156. Institute of Medicine (US) and National Research Council (US) Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines . Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Rasmussen K.M. , Yaktine A.L. , editors. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US); 2009. PMID: 20669500. Deputy N.P. , Sharma A.J. , Kim S.Y. . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (2015). PMID: 26540367 / DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6443a3. Phelan S. . Am J Perinatol (2016). PMID: 27487229 / DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1586504. International Weight Management in Pregnancy Collaborative G . BMJ (2017). PMID: 28724518 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j3119.

Cantor A.G. , Jungbauer R.M. , McDonagh M. , Blazina I. , Marshall N.E. , Weeks C. , et al. JAMA (2021). PMID: 34032824 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.4230. Olson C.M. , Groth S.W. , Graham M.L. , Reschke J.E. , Strawderman M.S. , Fernandez I.D. . BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2018). PMID: 29743026 / DOI: 10.1186/s12884-018-1767-4. Keppel K.G. , Taffel S.M. . Am J Public Health (1993). PMID: 8342716 / DOI: 10.2105/ajph.83.8.1100. Ohlin A. , Rossner S. . Int J Obes (1990). PMID: 2341224. Kac G. , Benicio M.H. , Velasquez-Melendez G. , Valente J.G. , Struchiner C.J. . J Nutr (2004). PMID: 14988464 / DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.3.661. Greene G.W. , Smiciklas-Wright H. , Scholl T.O. , Karp R.J. . Obstet Gynecol (1988). PMID: 3357658. Linne Y. , Dye L. , Barkeling B. , Rossner S. . Obes Res (2004). PMID: 15292482 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.146. Phelan S. , Phipps M.G. , Abrams B. , Darroch F. , Schaffner A. , Wing R.R. . Am J Clin Nutr (2011). PMID: 21310836 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.005306. Peaceman A.M. , Clifton R.G. , Phelan S. , Gallagher D. , Evans M. , Redman L.M. , et al. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2018). PMID: 30230252 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22250. Evenson K.R. , Aytur S.A. , Borodulin K. . J Womens Health (2009). PMID: 20044854 / DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2008.1309. McKinley M.C. , Allen-Walker V. , McGirr C. , Rooney C. , Woodside J.V. . Nutr Res Rev (2018). PMID: 29984681 / DOI: 10.1017/S0954422418000070. Phelan S. , Phipps M.G. , Abrams B. , Darroch F. , Grantham K. , Schaffner A. , et al. Am J Clin Nutr (2014). PMID: 24284438 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.070151. Rong K. , Yu K. , Han X. , Szeto I.M. , Qin X. , Wang J. , et al. Public Health Nutr (2015). PMID: 25411780 / DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014002523. Phelan S. , Hagobian T. , Brannen A. , Hatley K.E. , Schaffner A. , Munoz-Christian K. , et al. JAMA (2017). PMID: 28632867 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.7119. Leermakers E.A. , Anglin K. , Wing R.R. . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (1998). PMID: 9822949 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800734. Huseinovic E. , Bertz F. , Leu Agelii M. , Hellebo Johansson E. , Winkvist A. , Brekke H.K. . Am J Clin Nutr (2016). PMID: 27413127 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.135673. Dodd J.M. , Deussen A.R. , O'Brien C.M. , Schoenaker D. , Poprzeczny A. , Gordon A. , et al. Nutr Rev (2018). PMID: 29889259 / DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy024. Healthy People 2030. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 2020. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/pregnancy-and-childbirth/increaseproportion-women-who-had-healthy-weight-pregnancy-mich-13. United States Department of Agriculture . 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/. LeBlanc E.S. , Smith N.X. , Vesco K.K. , Paul I.M. , Stevens V.J. . Am J Obstet Gynecol (2021). PMID: 32687819 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.027. Price S.A.L. , Sumithran P. , Nankervis A.J. , Permezel M. , Prendergast L.A. , Proietto J. . Obesity (Silver Spring) (2021). PMID: 34431233 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23200. Garfield C.F. , Duncan G. , Gutina A. , Rutsohn J. , McDade T.W. , Adam E.K. , et al. Am J Mens Health (2016). PMID: 26198724 / DOI: 10.1177/1557988315596224. Condon J.T. , Boyce P. , Corkindale C.J. . Aust N Z J Psychiatry (2004). PMID: 14731195 / DOI: 10.1177/000486740403800102. Klein H. . Int J Psychiatry Med (1991). PMID: 2066258 / DOI: 10.2190/FLE0-92JM-C4CN-J83T. Hagobian T.A. , Phelan S. , Gorin A.A. , Phipps M.G. , Abrams B. , Wing R.R. . Obesity (2016). PMID: 26637985 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21368. Matthews K.A. , Meilahn E. , Kuller L.H. , Kelsey S.F. , Caggiula A.W. , Wing R.R. . N Engl J Med (1989). PMID: 2488072 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198909073211004. Kuller L.H. , Simkin-Silverman, L.R. , Wing, R.R. , Meilahn, E.N. , Ives, D.G. . Circulation (2001);103:32–37. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.103.1.32 Simkin-Silverman L.R. , Wing R.R. , Boraz M.A. , Kuller L.H. . Ann Behav Med (2003). PMID: 14644697 / DOI: 10.1207/S15324796ABM2603_06. Williams L.T. , Collins C.E. , Morgan P.J. , Hollis J.L. . Nutrients (2019). PMID: 31108930 / DOI: 10.3390/nu11051100. Williams L.T. , Hollis J.L. , Collins C.E. , Morgan P.J. . Nutr Diabetes (2014). PMID: 24799163 / DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2014.12. Knowler W.C. , Barrett-Connor E. , Fowler S.E. , Hamman R.F. , Lachin J.M. , Walker E.A. , et al. N Engl J Med (2002). PMID: 11832527 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa012512. Look AHEAD Research Group, Wing R.R. . Arch Intern Med (2010). PMID: 20876408 / DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.334. Jakicic J.M. , Powell K.E. , Campbell W.W. , Dipietro L. , Pate R.R. , Pescatello L.S. , et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 31095083 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001938. Bertz F. , Pacanowski C.R. , Levitsky D.A. . Obesity (Silver Spring) (2015). PMID: 26414563 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21211. Tate D.F. , Lytle L. , Polzien K. , Diamond M. , Leonard K.R. , Jakicic J.M. , et al. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 31135102 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22506. Noar S.M. , Benac C.N. , Harris M.S. . Psychol Bull (2007). PMID: 17592961 / DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.673. Centers for Disease Control (U.S.) . State and Local Programs Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/index.html. Hwang S. , Birken S.A. , Melvin C.L. , Rohweder C.L. , Smith J.D. . J Clin Transl Sci (2020). PMID: 32695483 / DOI: 10.1017/cts.2020.16. Glasgow R.E. , Battaglia C. , McCreight M. , Ayele R.A. , Rabin B.A. . Front Public Health (2020). PMID: 32528921 / DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00194. Yanovski S.Z. , Yanovski J.A. . JAMA (2018). PMID: 29340687 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.20051. Cobb L.K. , McAdams-DeMarco M.A. , Gudzune K.A. , Anderson C.A. , Demerath E. , Woodward M. , et al. Am J Epidemiol (2016). PMID: 26405117 / DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwv112.

Adeigbe R.T. , Baldwin S. , Gallion K. , Grier S. , Ramirez A.G. . Health Educ Behav (2015). PMID: 25504570 / DOI: 10.1177/1090198114557122. Ryan K. , Dockray S. , Linehan C. . Digit Health (2019). PMID: 30783535 / DOI: 10.1177/2055207619826685. Makama M. , Skouteris H. , Moran L.J. , Lim S. . J Clin Med (2021). PMID: 33925502 / DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091891.

The Prevention of Obesity in Children and Adolescents NCD Risk Factor Collaboration Database . https://www.ncdrisc.org/index.html (accessed 29 September 2021). World Obesity Federation . Atlas of Childhood Obesity. London: WOF, 2019. World Health Organization and World Obesity Federation . Taking Action on Childhood Obesity. Geneva: WHO and WOF, 2018. Ward Z.J. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 29171811 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1703860;377:2145-53 Norris T. et al., PLOS Med (2020). PMID: 33290405 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003387 Zamrazilova H. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2016). PMID: 27218274 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-1706. Brown T. et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2019). PMID: 31332776 / DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001871.pub4 World Health Organization . Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016. Lobstein T. , Swinburn B. . Health Promotion to Prevent Obesity: Evidence and Policy Needs. In: McQueen D. , Jones C. , editors, Global Perspectives on Health Promotion Effectiveness. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2007. pp. 125–150. Chriqui J.F. . Curr Obes Rep (2013). PMID: 24511455 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-013-0063-x Swinburn B. et al., Obes Rev (2005). PMID: 15655036 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2005.00184.x Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) . The Heavy Burden of Obesity: The Economics of Prevention. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2019. Lobstein T. et al., Obes Sci Pract (2020). PMID: 33082998 / DOI: 10.1002/osp4.423 UNICEF . Prevention of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents: UNICEF Programming Guidance. New York: UNICEF, 2019. Vazquez C.E. , Cubbin C. . Curr Obes Rep (2020). PMID: 32785878 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00400-2 Kreichauf S. et al., Obes Rev (2012). PMID: 22309068 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00973.x Rahman T. et al., Mt Sinai J Med (2011). PMID: 21259262 / DOI: 10.1002/msj.20235 Sallis J.F. et al., Circulation (2012). PMID: 22311885 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969022 Spadaro R. , The European Opinion Research Group. European Union Citizens and Sources of Information About Health. Eurobarometer Special Report 58.0. Brussels: European Commission DG Sanco, 2003. Beauchamp A. et al., Obes Rev (2014). PMID: 24629126 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12161 Kersh R. et al., Prev Chronic Dis (2011). PMID: 21843423 / PMCID: PMC3181193 Ramos Salas X. et al., Front Psychol (2019). PMID: 31293476 / DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01409 Lobstein T. Obes Rev (2020). PMID: 33048414 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13154 Salam R.A. et al., Nutrients (2020). PMID: 32722112 / DOI: 10.3390/nu12082208 Taghizadeh S. et al., J Transl Med (2020). PMID: 33317542 / DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02640-1 Seral-Cortes M. et al., BMC Public Health (2021). PMID: 33579237 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10297-8 Jacob C.M. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2021). PMID: 33397403 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01065-9 Pineda E. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 33462933 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13176 Podnar H. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 33462934 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13160 Love R. et al., Obes Rev (2019). PMID: 30628172 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12823 Raab R. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2021). PMID: 33413486 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01075-7 Qiao J. et al., J Pediatr Nurs (2020). PMID: 32464422 / DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.04.024 Psaltopoulou T. et al., World J Pediatr (2019). PMID: 31313240 / DOI: 10.1007/s12519-019-00266-y Barnes C. et al., Transl Behav Med (2021). PMID: 34080618 / DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibab037 World Health Organization . Health Promoting Schools Website and Resources. https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-promotingschools (accessed 4 March 2022). World Health Organization . Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative Website and Resources. https://apps.who.int/nutrition/topics/bfhi/en/index.html (accessed 4 March 2022). UNICEF: Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Schools: Global Baseline Report 2018. https://data.unicef.org/resources/wash-inschools/ (accessed 4 March 2022). Moodie M. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2009). PMID: 19747402 / DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-6-63 Ministry of Food and Drug Safety . Promoting Healthy Diets and Safe Food Consumption. Seoul: Government of Republic of Korea, 2010. https://www.mfds.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_13/de011004l001.do (accessed 4 March 2022). BBC . Mexico Obesity: Oaxaca Bans Sale of Junk Food to Children. BBC News site 6 August 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-53678747 (accessed 24 March 2022). Gubbels J.S. et al., BMC Public Health (2015). PMID: 25884450 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1563-2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Healthy Food Environments Website. https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/healthy-foodenvironments/index.html (accessed 4 March 2022). Health Canada . Obesity in Canada – Opportunities for Intervention. https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/healthpromotion/healthy-living/obesity-canada/opportunities-intervention.html (accessed 4 March 2022). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) . Evidence Search (Database Facility). https://www.evidence.nhs.uk/ (accessed 4 March 2022). World Health Organization Regional Office for the Americas/Pan-American Health Organization . Front-of-Package Labeling. https://www.paho.org/en/topics/front-package-labeling (accessed 4 March 2022).

World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe . What Is the Evidence on the Policy Specifications, Development Processes and Effectiveness of Existing Front-of-Pack Food Labelling Policies in the WHO European Region? Copenhagen: WHO, 2017. World Health Organization . Taxes on Sugary Drinks: Why Do It? Geneva: WHO, 2017. World Health Organization . Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-Alcoholic Beverages to Children. Geneva: WHO, 2010. World Health Organization Regional Nutrient Profiling Schemes . WHO Regional Office for Europe Nutrient Profile Model (2015). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/152779; WHO Nutrient Profile Model for South-East Asia Region (2016). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/253459; WHO Nutrient Profile Model for the Western Pacific Region (2016). https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1247651/retrieve; Pan American Health Organization Nutrient Profile Model (2016). https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/18621; Nutrient Profile Model for the Marketing of Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages to Children in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (2017). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255260; Nutrient Profile Model for the WHO African Region (2019): https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/329956 (accessed 4 March 2022). World Health Organization . A Framework for Implementing the Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and NonAlcoholic Beverages to Children. Geneva: WHO, 2012. UNICEF . A Child Rights-Based Approach to Food Marketing: A Guide for Policy Makers. New York: UNICEF, 2018. Haby M. et al., Int J Obes (2006). PMID: 17003807 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803469; see also Carter R et al., BMC Public Health (2009). PMID: 19922625 / DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-419 Ananthapavan J. et al., PLOS ONE (2020). PMID: 32559212 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234804 Sassi F. Obesity and the Economics of Prevention: Fit not Fat Paris. Paris: OECD, 2010. Cecchini M. et al., Lancet (2010). PMID: 21074255 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61514-0 OECD . The Heavy Burden of Obesity: The Economics of Prevention. Paris: OECD, 2019. World Health Organization . Population-based prevention strategies for childhood obesity report of the WHO forum and technical meeting, 15–17 December 2009. Geneva, WHO, 2010. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44312 (accessed 4 March 2022). World Health Organization . Tackling NCDs: Best Buys. Geneva: WHO, 2017. World Health Organization . Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation (WHO Technical Report Series 894). Geneva: WHO, 2000. World Health Organization . Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic disease. Report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. WHO Technical Report Series 916. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003. World Health Organization . WHO expert meeting on childhood obesity, held in Kobe, Japan, 20–24 June 2005. https://vdocuments.mx/kobe-obesity.html (unofficial draft report, accessed 4 March 2022). World Health Organization . Report of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016. Chan M. Opening remarks at a meeting of the high-level commission to end childhood obesity. 17 July 2014. Geneva: WHO, 2014. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-opens-a-meeting-of-the-childhood-obesity-commission (accessed 4 March 2022). Chan M. Opening address at the 8th global conference on health promotion. Helsinki, Finland, 10 June 2013. https://www.foodpolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/DG-WHO-speech-to-Health-Promotion-Conference.pdf (accessed 4 March 2022). UNICEF . The State of the World's Children 2019. New York: UNICEF, 2019. Swinburn B.A. et al., Lancet (2019). PMID: 30700377 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8 Bray G.A. , Bouchard C. , eds. Handbook of Obesity, 4th edition. New York: CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group), 2014. UNICEF . Nutrition, for Every Child: UNICEF Nutrition Strategy 2020–2030. New York: UNICEF, 2020. Lobstein T. , Jewell J. . Obes Rev (2021). DOI: 10.1111/obr.13363 Clarke B. , Svanaes S. . Literature review of research on online food and beverage marketing to children: Report to the UK committee of advertising practice (CAP), 2014. https://www.asa.org.uk/asset/CD73763F-8619-4939-BE6421D122566EA7/ (accessed 4 March 2022). Heart&Stroke . The Kids Are Not Alright. How the Food and Beverage Industry Is Marketing Our Children and Youth to Death. 2017 Report on the Health of Canadians. Ottawa: The Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, 2017. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe . Monitoring and Restricting Digital Marketing of Unhealthy Products to Children and Adolescents. Copenhagen: WHO, 2019. Montgomery K. et al., Crit Public Health (2019). DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2017.1392483 Petticrew M. et al., Milbank Q (2020). PMID: 32930429 / DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12475 Information Commissioner's Office . Guide to the general data protection regulation (GDPR) children and the UK GDPR. https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/guide-to-data-protection/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation-gdpr/children-and-the-ukgdpr/ (accessed 4 March 2022). Federal Trade Commission . Children's online privacy protection rule (“COPPA”). https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/rules/rulemakingregulatory-reform-proceedings/childrens-online-privacy-protection-rule (accessed 4 March 2022). Whelan J. et al., Ireland Passes Data Protection Act 2018. Dublin: A & L Goodbody, 2018. https://www.algoodbody.com/images/uploads/services/EU-Data-Protection/Irish_Government_Published_DP_Act_2018.pdf (accessed 4 March 2022). Education Foundation . Teen's Online Privacy. Consumer Federation of California. https://consumercal.org/about-cfc/cfc-educationfoundation/teen-online-privacy/ (accessed 4 March 2022). Flaws J. et al., Plastics, EDCs and Health. Washington, DC: Endocrine Society; and Gothenburg: IPEN, 2020. Shahnazaryan U. et al., Medicina (Kaunas) (2019). PMID: 31438630 / DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090515 Ribeiro C.M. et al., BMJ Open (2020). PMID: 32565448 / DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033509 Bhandari R. et al., Am J Epidemiol (2013). PMID: 23558351 / DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws391 Wu W. et al., Dose Response (2020). PMID: 32313524 / DOI: 10.1177/1559325820916949 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals Updated Tables, January 2019, Volume One. Atlanta: CDC, 2019. Haug L.S. et al., Environ Int (2018). PMID: 30326459 / DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.056

Voerman E. et al., PLOS Med (2019). PMID: 30742624 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002744 Zhang G. et al., Eur J Public Health (2016). PMID: 26604324 / DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckv213 Schlesinger S. et al., Adv Nutr (2019). PMID: 30801613 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy092 Lobstein T. , Brownell K.D. . Obes Rev (2021). DOI: 10.1111/obr.13332 Nogueira-de-Almeida C.A. et al., J Pediatr (Rio J) (2020). PMID: 32768388 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2020.07.001 Pietrobelli A. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 32352652 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22861 López-Bueno R. et al., Prev Med (2021). PMID: 33271236 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106349 Kang H.M. et al., J Korean Med Sci (2021). PMID: 33463095 / DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e21 Woolford S.J. et al., JAMA (2021). PMID: 34448817 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.15036 Azoulay E. et al., Front Pediatr (2021). PMID: 34291022 / DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.707773 Collin J. et al., Signalling Virtue, Promoting Harm: Unhealthy Commodity Industries and COVID-19. London: NCD Alliance, SPECTRUM, 2020. van Schalkwyk M.C. et al., Milbank Q (2021). PMID: 33783865 / DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12508 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . International Youth Day 2021. https://www.un.org/development/desa/youth/iyd2021.html (accessed 4 March 2022).

Re-engineering the Built Environment Hill J.O. , Peters J.C. , Science (1998). PMID: 9603719 / DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5368.1371 Frank L.D. et al., J Transp Health (2019). DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2018.11.008 Kepper M.M. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2019). PMID: 31815626 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0873-7 Harrison F. , Jones A.P. , Health Place (2012). PMID: 22281440 / DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.12.009 Kirk S.F.L. et al., Obes Rev (2010). PMID: 19493302 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00611.x Wilkie S. et al., Cities & Health (2018). PMID: 31650034 / DOI: 10.1080/23748834.2019.1574954 Flynn M.A. et al., Obes Rev (2006). PMID: 16371076 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00242.x Institute of Medicine . Accelerating Progress in Obesity Prevention: Solving the Weight of the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2012. 478 p. Burgi R. et al., BMC Public Health (2016). PMID: 27000056 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2954-8 International Union for Health Promotion and Education (IUHPE) . Achieving health promoting schools: Guidlines for promoting health in schools. 2009. https://www.iuhpe.org/images/PUBLICATIONS/THEMATIC/HPS/HPSGuidelines_ENG.pdf Coleman K.J. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2012). PMID: 22734945 / DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-80 Frerichs L. et al., Am J Public Health (2015). PMID: 25713964 / DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302453 McAleese J.D. , Rankin L.L. , J Am Diet Assoc (2007). PMID: 17383272 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.01.015 Marcano-Olivier M.I. et al., J Sch Health (2020). PMID: 31852016 / DOI: 10.1111/josh.12861 Driessen C.E. et al., Obes Rev (2014). PMID: 25266705 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12224 Bramante C.T. et al., Am J Prev Med (2019). PMID: 30573143 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.08.023 Singh A. et al., BMC Public Health (2017). PMID: 28376833 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4201-3 Micha R. et al., Plos ONE (2018). PMID: 29596440 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194555 Wethington H.R. et al., Am J Prev Med (2020). PMID: 32564807 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.01.011 Pineda E. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 33462933 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13176 Parrish A.M. et al., Sports Med (2013). PMID: 23512170 / DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0024-2 Parrish A.M. et al., Sports Med (2020). PMID: 33068273 / DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01347-z Suga A.C.M. et al., J Pediatr (Rio J) (2021). PMID: 33773960 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2021.02.005 Kariippanon K.E. et al., J Sch Health (2021). PMID: 33368271 / DOI: 10.1111/josh.12984 Safe Routes to School National Partnership. Safe Routes to School. https://www.saferoutespartnership.org/safe-routes-school Jones R.A. et al., Prev Med (2019). PMID: 30904600 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.030 Larouche R. et al., BMC Public Health (2018). PMID: 29390988 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-5005-1 Mammen G. et al., Prev Med (2014). PMID: 24342505 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.12.008 Young D.R. et al., Circulation (2020). PMID: 32787443 / DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000878 Tassitano R.M. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2020). PMID: 33276782 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01054-y Guirado T. et al., Int J Environ Res Public Health (2021). PMID: 33802133 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062828 Minges K.E. et al., Pediatrics (2016). PMID: 26801914 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-3087 Hegarty L.M. et al., AIMS Public Health (2016). PMID: 29546180 / DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2016.3.520 Sherry A.P. et al., Prev Med Rep (2016). PMID: 27419034 / DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.03.016 Onufrak S.J. et al., Am J Health Promot (2018). PMID: 27597795 / DOI: 10.1177/0890117116664709 Buckley J.P. et al., Br J Sports Med (2015). PMID: 26034192 / DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094618 Parry S. , Straker L. , BMC Public Health (2013). PMID: 23557495 / DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-296 Hipp J.A. et al., Prev Chronic Dis (2015). PMID: 25950572 / DOI: 10.5888/pcd12.140410 Fernandez I.D. et al., Curr Obes Rep (2014). PMID: 26626604 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-014-0100-4 Naicker A. et al., Prev Med Rep (2021). PMID: 33732606 / DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101333 Sawada K. et al., Syst Rev (2019). PMID: 30819251 / DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-0965-0 Bellicha A. et al., Prev Med (2015). PMID: 25449692 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.11.001 Commissaris D. et al., Scand J Work Environ Health (2016). PMID: 26683116 / DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3544 MacEwen B.T. et al., Prev Med (2015). PMID: 25448843 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.11.011

Shrestha N. et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2018). PMID: 29926475 / DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010912.pub4 Oye-Somefun A. et al., BMC Public Health (2021). PMID: 34774020 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12094-9 Fitzgerald S. et al., BMC Public Health (2017). PMID: 28068975 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3988-7 Hill J.O. et al., Science (2003). PMID: 12574618 / DOI: 10.1126/science.1079857 Hill J.O. , Am J Clin Nutr (2009). PMID: 19088151 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26566 Lin Y.P. et al., West J Nurs Res (2014). PMID: 24065693 / DOI: 10.1177/0193945913503417 Gardner B. et al., Health Psychol Rev (2016). PMID: 26315814 / DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2015.1082146 Tam G. , Yeung M.P.S. , Prev Med (2018). PMID: 29155225 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.11.011 Wolfenden L. et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2018). PMID: 30480770 / DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012439.pub2 Brownson R.C. et al., Annu Rev Public Health (2006). PMID: 16533121 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102137 Giles-Corti B. et al., The Lancet (2016). PMID: 27671668 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30066-6 Broyles S.T. et al., Am J Prev Med (2011). PMID: 21496751 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.028 Iravani H. , Rao V. , J Urban Des (2020). DOI: 10.1080/13574809.2018.1554997 Dixon B.N. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 33369097 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13171 Omura J.D. et al., Circulation (2020). PMID: 27597795 / DOI: doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000884 Baker P.R. et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2011). PMID: 21491409 / DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008366.pub2 Sawyer A.D.M. et al., Plos ONE (2017). PMID: 29240791 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188962 Abeykoon A.H. et al., Public Health Nutr (2017). PMID: 28566095 / DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017000933 Caspi C.E. et al., Health Place (2012). PMID: 22717379 / DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.05.006 Wang M.C. et al., Public Health Nutr (2008). PMID: 17894915 / DOI: 10.1017/s136898000700105x Bowen D.J. et al., Annu Rev Public Health (2015). PMID: 25785891 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182516 Mayne S.L. et al., Obes Rev (2015). PMID: 25753170 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12269 Hillier-Brown F.C. et al., Obes Rev (2017). PMID: 27899007 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12479 Hyseni L. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2017). PMID: 27901036 / DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.234 Shangguan S. et al., Am J Prev Med (2019). PMID: 30573335 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.09.024 Kärmeniemi M. et al., Ann Behav Med (2018). PMID: 29538664 / DOI: 10.1093/abm/kax043 Smith M. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2017). PMID: 29145884 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0613-9 Goodman A. et al., Am J Public Health (2014). PMID: 25033133 / DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302059 Hong A. et al., Transp Res Part A Policy Pract (2016). DOI: 10.1016/j.tra.2016.07.005 Goodman A. et al., Prev Med (2013). PMID: 23859933 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.07.007 Reed J.A. et al., Int J Environ Res Public Health (2020). PMID: 33105592 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217707 Dill J. et al., Prev Med (2014). PMID: 25456802 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.006 Pucher J. et al., Prev Med (2010). PMID: 19765610 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.028 Goodman A. et al., Soc Sci Med (2013). PMID: 24075196 / DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.030 Panter J. et al., Health Place (2019). PMID: 31301599 / DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102161 Cozens P.M. , Urban Policy Res (2008). DOI: 10.1080/08111140802084759 Douglas J.A. et al., Prev Med (2018). PMID: 29366818 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.01.013 de Blasio B. , The Lancet (2016). PMID: 27671665 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31579-3 Shanahan D.F. et al., Sci Rep (2016). PMID: 27334040 / DOI: 10.1038/srep28551 Derose K.P. et al., Prev Med (2021). PMID: 33745954 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106528 Cohen D.A. , Leuschner K.J. , Rand Health Q (2019). PMID: 31205804 Hunter R.F. et al., Soc Sci Med (2015). PMID: 25462429 / DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.11.051 Koohsari M.J. et al., Prev Med (2015). PMID: 26051198 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.05.027 Ewing R. , Cervero R. , J Am Plann Assoc (2010). DOI: 10.1080/01944361003766766 Calancie L. et al., Prev Chronic Dis (2015). PMID: 25927605 / DOI: 10.5888/pcd12.140540 Umstattd Meyer M.R. et al., Prev Chronic Dis (2016). PMID: 26741997 / DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.150406 Kendall M. , Broyles S.T. , Freightman, J. , Cater, M. , Holston, D. , Prev Chronic Dis (2019). Gordon-Larsen P. et al., Pediatrics (2006). PMID: 16452361 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-0058 Lovasi G.S. et al., Epidemiol Rev (2009). PMID: 19589839 / DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxp005 King A.C. et al., Am J Health Promot (2006). PMID: 16977910 / DOI: 10.1177/089011710602100106 Gebel K. et al., Am J Health Promot (2011). PMID: 21879942 / DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.081104-ARB-269 Epstein L.H. et al., Ann Behav Med (2012). PMID: 22777879 / DOI: 10.1007/s12160-012-9383-4 Broyles S.T. et al., J Urban Health (2016). PMID: 26951242 / DOI: 10.1007/s11524-016-0033-1 Aldred R. , Curr Environ Health Rep (2019). PMID: 31773498 / DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00254-4 MacMillan F. et al., Int J Environ Res Public Health (2018). PMID: 29373567 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020217 McKinnon R.A. et al., Am J Prev Med (2016). PMID: 26707464 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.021

The Economic Costs of Obesity Andreyeva T. et al., Obes Res (2004). PMID: 15687394 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.243 Monheit A.C. et al., Econ Hum Biol (2009). PMID: 18773873 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2008.07.007 Trasande L. , Chatterjee S. , Obesity (2009). PMID: 19300433 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.67 Hauck K. , Hollingsworth B. , Med Care (2010). PMID: 20220534 / DOI: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181ca3d85 Biro F.M. , Wien M. , Am J Clin Nutr (2010). PMID: 20335542 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28701B

Bhattacharya J. , Sood N. , J Econ Perspect (2011). PMID: 21598459 / DOI: 10.1257/jep.25.1.139 Tsai A.G. et al., Obes Rev (2011). PMID: 20059703 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00708.x John J. et al., Nutrition (2012). PMID: 22452837 / DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.11.016 Li Q. et al., J Med Econ (2015). PMID: 26134917 / DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2015.1067623 Nguyen A.T. et al., PLO ONE (2016). PMID: 27124716 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154599 Doherty E. et al., Econ Hum Biol (2017). PMID: 28550809 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2017.05.002 Revels S. et al., Health Policy Technol (2017). DOI: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2017.02.002 Suehs B.T. et al., Curr Med Res Opin (2017). PMID: 28760001 / DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1361915 Kamble P.S. et al., Curr Med Res Opin (2018). PMID: 29649917 / DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2018.1464435 Hong Y.R. et al., Value Health (2019). PMID: 31806194 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2019.07.004 le Roux C.W. et al., Eur J Prev Cardiol (2020). PMID: 32460533 / DOI: 10.1177/2047487320925639 Finkelstein E.A. et al., Obes Res (2004). PMID: 14742838 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.4 Withrow D. , Alter D.A. , Obes Rev (2011). PMID: 20122135 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00712.x Trogdon J.G. et al., Obesity (2012). PMID: 21681222 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.169 Wang Y.C. et al., Health Aff (2015). PMID: 26526251 / DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0633 Harris J.A. et al., Ann Intern Med (2017). PMID: 28166546 / DOI: 10.7326/M16-0749 Finkelstein E. et al., Am J Health Promot (2005). PMID: 16171161 / DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-20.1.45 Cawley J. et al., J Occup Environ Med (2007). PMID: 18231079 / DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31815b56a0 Finkelstein E.A. et al., J Occup Environ Med (2010). PMID: 20881629 / DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181f274d2 Goetzel R.Z. et al., J Occup Environ Med (2010). PMID: 20061888 / DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181c95b84 Andreyeva T. et al., J Occup Environ Med (2014). PMID: 25376405 / DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000298 Howard J.T. , Potter L.B. , Obes Res Clin Pract (2014). PMID: 24548572 / DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.09.002 Kleinman N. et al., J Occup Environ Med (2014). PMID: 24451611 / DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000000099 Asay G.R.B. et al., Prev Chronic Dis (2016). PMID: 27710764 / DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.150503 Ramasamy A. et al., J Occup Environ Med (2020). PMID: 31714373 / DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001761 Biener A. et al., Health Econ (2020). PMID: 32090412 / DOI: 10.1002/hec.4007 Courtemanche C. et al., Econ Hum Biol (2015). PMID: 26072329 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2015.04.003 Goettler A. et al., BMJ Open (2017). PMID: 28982806 / DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014632 Cawley J. et al., J Occup Environ Med (2021). PMID: 33769330 / DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000002198 Cawley J. et al., J Manag Care Spec Pharm (2021). PMID: 33470881 / DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2021.20410 Cawley J. et al., Pharmacoeconomics (2015). PMID: 25381647 / DOI: 10.1007/s40273-014-0230-2 Cawley J. , Meyerhoefer C. , J Health Econ (2012). PMID: 22094013 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003 Cawley J. , J Health Econ (2015). PMID: 26279519 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.03.001 Cullinan J. , Gillespie P. , Health Econ (2016). PMID: 26140325 / DOI: 10.1002/hec.3215 Black N. et al., Econ Hum Biol (2018). PMID: 30064082 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2018.07.003 von Hinke S. et al., J Health Econ (2016). PMID: 26614692 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.10.007 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) . Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 2022. https://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/ on January 27, 2022. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) . Design and Methods of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component. In Methodology Report 1, July. Rockville, MD; 1997. Peng L. et al., Health Econ (2015). DOI: 10.1002/hec.3224 Biener A. et al., J Gen Intern Med (2017). PMID: 28271429 / DOI: 10.1007/s11606-016-3968-8 U.S. Department of Treasury . DataLab, 2022. https://datalab.usaspending.gov/americas-finance-guide/spending/categories/ on January 26, 2022. Vuik S. et al., The Economic Burden of Obesity. In The Heavy Burden of Obesity: The Economics of Prevention. Paris: OECD; 2019. pp. 74–100. Tremmel M. et al., Int J Environ Res Public Health (2017). PMID: 28422077 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040435 Effertz T. et al., Eur J Health Econ (2016). PMID: 26701837 / DOI: 10.1007/s10198-015-0751-4 Biener A. et al., Clin Chem (2018). PMID: 29097513 / DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.272450 Schneider H. , Venetz W. . Cost of Obesity in Switzerland in 2012. Project Final Report for the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Rheinfelden. June 16, 2014. Anis A.H. et al., Obes Rev (2010). PMID: 19413707 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00579.x Qian X. , Pan J. , Health Econ (2016). PMID: 26223895 / DOI: 10.1002/hec.3217 Lette M. et al., Eur J Health Econ (2016). PMID: 25432787 / DOI: 10.1007/s10198-014-0655-8 de Oliveira M.L. et al., PLOS ONE (2015). PMID: 25830909 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121160 Helble M. , Francisco K. . The Upcoming Obesity Crisis in Asia and the Pacific: First Cost Estimates. ADBI Working Paper 743. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. (2017) Available: https://www.adb.org/publications/imminent-obesity-crisis-asia-and-pacificfirstcost-estimates. Burkhauser R.V. , Cawley J. , J Health Econ (2008). PMID: 18166236 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2007.05.005 Zohrabian A. , Philipson T.J. , Int J Environ Res Public Health (2010). PMID: 20644683 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7062460

Cost-Effectiveness of Obesity Prevention and Treatment Drummond M. . Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. Fourth Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence . Developing Nice Guidelines: The Manual United Kingdom: NICE; 2020 [updated 15/10/2020; cited 2021 08/10/2021]. https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg20/chapter/incorporating-economic-evaluation. The World Bank . Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: International Evidence and Experiences. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2020. Liu S. et al., Applied Health Economics and Health Policy (2021). PMID: 34608610 / DOI: 10.1007/s40258-021-00685-x Lal A. et al., PLOS Medicine (2017). PMID: 28654688 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002326 Lee Y. et al., Circulation (2020). PMID: 32564614 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042956 Cobiac L.J. et al., PLOS Medicine (2017). PMID: 28196089 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002232 Moodie M. et al., Current Obesity Reports (2013). PMID: 23914317 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-013-0062-y Cobiac L.J. et al., PLOS ONE (2010). PMID: 21152389 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014148 Tran H.N.Q. et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2021). PMID: 33540905 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031356 Zanganeh M. et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2019). PMID: 30743995 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030485 Ananthapavan J. et al., PLoS One (2020). PMID: 32559212 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234804 Cecchini M. et al., The Lancet (2010). PMID: 21074255 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61514-0 Mantilla Herrera A.M. et al., Nutrients (2018). PMID: 29757979 / DOI: 10.3390/nu10050614 Sacks G. et al., International Journal of Obesity (2011). PMID: 21079620 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.228 Brown V. et al., Nutrients (2018). PMID: 29762517 / DOI: 10.3390/nu10050622 Gortmaker S.L. et al., American Journal of Preventive Medicine (2015). PMID: 26094231 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.032 Magnus A. et al., International Journal of Obesity (2009). PMID: 19652656 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.156 Abu-Omar K. et al., Preventive Medicine Reports (2017). PMID: 28856084 / DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.08.006 Korber K. , Health Economics Review (2015). PMID: 26603159 / DOI: 10.1186/s13561-015-0071-5 Zapata-Diomedi B. et al., An Evidence Review and Modelling Exercise: The Effects of Urban Form on Health: Costs and Benefits. Sax Institute for The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre; 2015. Doring N. et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2016). PMID: 27649218 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090911 Erdöl Ş. et al., Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health (2014). DOI: 10.2427/9416 Ananthapavan J. et al., International Journal of Obesity (2019). PMID: 30926947 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0341-0 Stead M. et al., Public Health Research (2019). PMID: 31046212 / DOI: 10.3310/phr07080 Brown V. et al., Obesity Reviews (2021). PMID: 33763956 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13227 Xia Q. et al., Obesity Reviews (2020). PMID: 31733033 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12932 Avenell A. et al., Health Technology Assessment (2018). PMID: 30511918 / DOI: 10.3310/hta22680 Yanovski S.Z. , Yanovski J.A. . JAMA (2021). PMID: 34160571 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.9486 National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases . Prescription Medications to Treat Overweight & Obesity 2021 [cited 2021 31/10/2021]. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/prescription-medications-treat-overweightobesity#:~:text=The%20FDA%20has%20approved%20five,—for%20long%2Dterm%20use. Ara R. et al., Health Technology Assessment (2012). PMID: 22340890 / DOI: 10.3310/hta16050 Finkelstein E.A. , Verghese N.R. . Clinical Obesity (2019). PMID: 30677252 / DOI: 10.1111/cob.12294 Minyi L. et al., Obesity Science & Practice (2020). PMID: 32313674 / DOI: 10.1002/osp4.390 Arterburn D.E. et al., JAMA (2020). PMID: 32870301 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.12567 Baum C. et al., PharmacoEconomics (2015). PMID: 25686799 / DOI: 10.1007/s40273-015-0264-0 O'Brien P.E. et al., Obesity Surgery (2019). PMID: 30293134 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3525-0 National Institute of Health , Nutrition (1996). PMID: 8991515 / DOI: 10.1016/S0899-9007(97)85080-0 Noparatayaporn P. et al., Obesity Surgery: The Journal of Metabolic Surgery and Allied Care (2021). PMID: 33893610 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05415-9 Alsumali A. et al., Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases (2018). PMID: 29735347 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.03.005 Campbell J.A. et al., Obesity Reviews (2016). PMID: 27383557 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12424 Burden of Disease Epidemiology EC-EPB . Australia and New Zealand Health Intervention League Table (Anz-Hilt) University of Otago: University of Otago; 2021 [cited 2021 14/10/2021]. https://league-table.shinyapps.io/bode3/. Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health . Cea Registry Boston, MA: Tufts Medical Center; 2020 [cited 2021 14/10/2021]. https://cevr.tuftsmedicalcenter.org/databases/cea-registry. Global Health . Global Health Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (Gh Cea) Registry Boston, MA: Tufts Medical Center; 2021 [cited 2021 14/10/2021]. http://ghcearegistry.org/ghcearegistry/. Ananthapavan J. et al., International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (2014). PMID: 24736685 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110404007 Carter R. et al., Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research (2008). PMID: 20528370 / DOI: 10.1586/14737167.8.6.593 Carter R. et al., BMC Public Health (2009). PMID: 19922625 / DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-419 Haby M.M. et al., International Journal of Obesity (2006). PMID: 17003807 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803469 Vos T. et al., Assessing Cost-Effectiveness in Prevention (Ace–Prevention): Final Report. Brisbane and Melbourne: University of Queensland and Deakin University; 2010. Mernagh P. et al., Assessing the Cost-Effectiveness of Public Health Interventions to Prevent Obesity: Overview Report. Wellington: Health Research Council of New Zealand; 2010.

Snowdon W. et al., Food Policy (2011). DOI: 10.1016/j.foodpol.2011.06.001 Edye M. , Talbot M.L. . Medical Journal of Australia (2014). PMID: 25358562 / DOI: 10.5694/mja14.01169 Bhogal S.K. et al., Obesity Surgery (2015). PMID: 25726318 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1595-9 Howse E. et al., The Value of Prevention: An Evidence Check Rapid Review Brokered by the Sax Institute for the Centre for Population Health, NSW Ministry of Health. Sydney: The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre Sydney, Australia; 2021. Drummond M.W.H. , Claxton K. , Cookson R. , Ferguson B. , Godfrey C. , Rice N. , Sculpher M. , Sowden A. . Assessing the Challenges of Applying Standard Methods of Economic Evaluation to Public Health Interventions. Final Report. New York: Public Health Research Consortium; 2007. Fattore G. et al., Health Policy (2021). PMID: 34243979 / DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.06.009 Kelly M.M.D. , Ludbrook A. , Powell J. . Economic Appraisal of Public Health Interventions. London: NHS Health Development Agency, NHS Health Development Agency; 2005. Report No.: 1-84279-431-0. Shiell A. et al., BMJ (2008). PMID: 18535071 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39569.510521.AD Squires H. et al., International Journal of Public Health (2016). PMID: 26747470 / DOI: 10.1007/s00038-015-0775-7 Weatherly H. et al., Health Policy (2009). PMID: 19709773 / DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2009.07.012 Katz D.L. et al., BMC Medical Research Methodology (2019). PMID: 31429718 / DOI: 10.1186/s12874-019-0811-z Movsisyan A. et al., Research Synthesis Methods (2018). PMID: 29346709 / DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1290 Sacks G. et al., Current Obesity Reports (2020). PMID: 32266649 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00376-z Baio G. , Dawid A.P. . Statistical Methods in Medical Research (2015). PMID: 21930515 / DOI: 10.1177/0962280211419832 Kelly M. et al., Social Science & Medicine (2010). PMID: 20678836 / DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.032 Anand P. et al., Health Economics (2020). PMID: 32301244 / DOI: 10.1002/hec.4017 Brazier J.E. et al., Value in Health (2019). PMID: 30661635 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2018.12.001 Månsdotter A. et al., PLOS ONE (2020). PMID: 33259528 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242699 Alayli-Goebbels A.F. et al., Journal of Public Health (2014). PMID: 23965640 / DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdt080 Gold M.R. . Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. Kim D.D. et al., PharmacoEconomics (2020). PMID: 32696192 / DOI: 10.1007/s40273-020-00942-2 Neumann P.J. et al., Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Second Edition. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press; 2017. Cookson R. et al., Health Economics, Policy and Law (2009). PMID: 19216834 / DOI: 10.1017/S1744133109004903 Cookson R. et al., Value Health (2017). PMID: 28237196 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2016.11.027 Lal A. et al., Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health (2018). PMID: 28898490 / DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12709 Dobbs R. et al., Overcoming Obesity: An Initial Economic Analysis. McKinsey Global Institute; November 2014. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/economic%20studies%20temp/our%20insights/how%20the%20 world%20could%20better%20fight%20obesity/mgi_overcoming_obesity_full_report.ashx Skivington K. et al., BMJ (2021). PMID: 34593508 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n2061

Role of Government and Non-government Organizations in the Obesity Pandemic and Its Prevention Swinburn B. et al., The Lancet (2011). PMID: 21872749 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60813-1 Von Philipsborn P. et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2016). PMID: 31194900 / DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012292.pub2 Chaput J. Physiol Behav (2014). PMID: 24051052 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.006 Tomiyama J. Annu Rev Psychol (2019). DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102936 Vasconcellos F. et al., Sport Med (2014). PMID: 24743931 / DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0193-7 Swinburn B. , Egger G. , Raza F. . Prev Med (1999). PMID: 10600438 / DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1999.0585 WHO Quality of Life Assessment Group . What Quality of Life? [Internet]. World Health Organization; 1996. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/54358 Turner C. , Kadiyala S. , Aggarwal A. , Coates J. , Drewnowski A. , Hawkes C. et al., Concepts and Methods for Food Environment Research in Low and Middle Income Countries. London: Innovative Methods and Metrics for Agriculture and Nutrition Actions (IMMANA) programme; 2017. UNICEF . Food Systems for Children and Adolescents. Working Together to Secure Nutritious Diets [Internet]; 2018. https://www.unicef.org/media/94086/file/Food-systems-brochure.pdf Fanzo J. et al., Curr Dev Nutr (2020). PMID: 10600438 / DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1999.0585 Monteiro C. et al., Obes Rev (2013). PMID: 24102801 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12107 Machado P. et al., Appetite (2017). PMID: 28526478 / DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.027 Luiten C. et al., Public Heal Nutr (2015). PMID: 26222226 / DOI: 10.1017/S1368980015002177 Boyland E. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2016). PMID: 26791177 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.120022 Monteiro C. , Cannon G. , Lawrence M. , Da Costa M.L. , Pereira P. . Ultra-Processed Foods, Diet Quality, and Health Using the NOVA Classification System. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2019. PAHO . Ultra-Processed Food and Drink Products in Latin America: Trends, Impact on Obesity, Policy Implications. Pan American Health Organization; Washington DC; 2015. Vandevijvere S. et al., Obes Rev (2019). PMID: 31099480 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12860 Lane M. et al., Obes Rev (2020). PMID: 33167080 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13146 Hall K. et al., Cell Metab (2019). PMID: 31105044 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008 Sundborn G. et al., Obesity (2019). PMID: 31054268 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22472 Singh G. et al., Circulation (2015). PMID: 26124185 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010636 Ronit K. , Jensen J. . Eur J Clin Nutr (2014). PMID: 24713622 / DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.60 Abbasi J. . JAMA (2017). PMID: 28632864 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.4653

Huizinga O. , Kruse M. . Obes Med (2016). DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2016.01.004 Kraak V. et al., Public Heal Nutr (2014). PMID: 24564894 / DOI: 10.1017/S1368980014000093 Canella D. et al., Rev Panam Salud Publica (2015). PMID: 26758226 Baker P. et al., Matern Child Nutr (2020). PMID: 33145965 / DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13097 Patro-Gołąb B. et al., Obes Rev (2016). PMID: 27749991 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12476 Dewey K. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2021). PMID: 34224561 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab206 Lambrinou C-P. , Karaglani E. , Manios Y. . Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care (2019). PMID: 31577639 / DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000597 UNICEF . Global Breastfeeding Scorecard, 2019: Increasing Commitment to Breastfeeding Through Funding and Improved Policies and Programmes [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2019. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326049. Rollins N. et al., The Lancet. (2016). PMID: 26869576 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01044-2 Pérez-Escamilla R. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 33951275 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13247 WHO . Guiding Principles and Framework Manual for Front-of-Pack Labelling for Promoting Healthy Diets [Internet]. Nutrition. World Health Organization; 2019. https://apps.who.int/nutrition/publications/policies/guidingprinciples-labelling-promotinghealthydiet/en/index.html Song J. et al., PLOS Med (2021). PMID: 34610024 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003765 Croker H. et al., J Hum Nutr Diet (2020). PMID: 32364292 / DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12758 Ares G. et al., Food Qual Prefer (2018). DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.03.007 PAHO . Front-of-Package Labeling as a Policy Tool for the Prevention of Noncommunicable Diseases in the Americas [Internet]. Pan American Health Organization; 2020. https://iris.paho.org/bitstream/handle/10665.2/52740/PAHONMHRF200033_eng.pdf?sequence=6 Vargas-Meza J. et al., BMC Public Heal (2019). PMID: 31888575 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8108-z Nieto C. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2019). PMID: 31623663 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0842-1 Smith L. et al., Lancet Planet Heal (2021). PMID: 34390670 / DOI: 10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00172-8 Basto-Abreu A. et al., PLOS Med (2020). PMID: 32722682 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003221 Brownell K. et al., New Engl J Med (2009). PMID: 19759377 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMhpr0905723 Wen S. , Colchero A. , White M. . BMC Public Heal (2021). PMID: 34702248 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11984-2 Álvarez-Sánchez C. et al., PLOS ONE (2018). PMID: 30133438 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199337 Barrientos-Gutiérrez T. et al., Salud Publica Mex (2018). PMID: 30550120 / DOI: 10.21149/9534 Barrientos-Gutiérrez T. et al., PLOS ONE (2018). PMID: 29324885 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191383 WHO . Health Taxes: A Primer. Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2019. Lee Y. et al., Circulation (2020). PMID: 32564614 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042956 Teng A. et al., Obes Rev (2019). PMID: 31218808 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12868 Afshin A. et al., PLOS ONE (2017). PMID: 28249003 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172277 An R. . Public Heal Nutr (2012). PMID: 23122423 / DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012004715 Kim D. , Kawachi I. . Am J Prev Med (2006). PMID: 16627131 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.12.007 Wolfenden L. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2021). PMID: 33430879 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01046-y Sallis J. et al., Annu Rev Public Heal (2006). PMID: 16533119 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100 Delclòs-Alió X. et al., Transp Rev (2021). PMID: 35431369 / DOI: 10.1080/01441647.2021.1966552 Avila C. et al., Curr Obes Reports (2015). PMID: 26627487 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-015-0164-9 WHO . Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018–2030: More Active People for a Healthier World [Internet]; 2018. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272722/9789241514187-eng.pdf?ua=1 Kelly B. et al., Am J Public Heal (2015). PMID: 25713968 / DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302476 Scully M. et al., Appetite (2012). PMID: 22001023 / DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.09.020 Cairns G. et al., Appetite (2013). PMID: 22561190 / DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2012.04.017 Sadeghirad B. et al., Obes Rev (2016). PMID: 27427474 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12445 Robinson T. et al., Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med (2007). PMID: 17679662 / DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.161.8.792 Singh A. et al., Obes Rev (2008). PMID: 18331423 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00475.x Harris J. et al., Annu Rev Public Heal (2009). PMID: 18976142 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.031308.100304 Signal L. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2017). PMID: 28988542 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0570-3 PAHO . Recommendations from a Pan American Health Organization Expert Consultation on the Marketing of Food and NonAlcoholic Beverages to Children in the Americas [Internet]. IRIS PAHO; 1970. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/3594 WHO . Reducing the Impact of Marketing of Foods and Non-Alcoholic Beverages on Children [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2019. https://www.who.int/elena/titles/food_marketing_children/en/ Raine K. et al., J Public Heal Policy (2013). PMID: 23447026 / DOI: 10.1057/jphp.2013.9 Corvalán C. et al., Obes Rev (2019). PMID: 30549191 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12802 Mediano F. et al., Int J Environ Res Public Heal (2019). PMID: 31731577 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224501 Roberto C. et al., The Lancet (2015). PMID: 25703111 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61744-X Baker P. et al., Soc Sci Med (2017). PMID: 28161671 / DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.047 Swinburn B. et al., The Lancet (2015). PMID: 25703108 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61747-5 Busse H. et al., Food Nutr Bull (2020). PMID: 32216553 / DOI: 10.1177/0379572119877348 Carriedo A. , Lock K. , Hawkins B. . Health Policy Plan (2020). PMID: 32672333 / DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czaa060 Hassell T. , Hutton M. , Barnett D. . Rev Panam Salud Pública (2020). PMID: 33088289 / DOI: 10.26633/RPSP.2020.79 HCC . Healthy Caribbean Coalition [Internet]. Healthy Caribbean Coalition. https://www.healthycaribbean.org WHO . Strategic Alliances: The Role of Civil Society in Health [Internet]; 2001. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/279937/CSI-2001-DP1-eng.pdf Yanamadala S. et al., Public Heal Nutr (2012). PMID: 22687144 / DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012003187

Prewitt K. , Schawandt T. , Straf M. . Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy. Committee on the Use of Social Science Knowledge in Public Policy, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education [Internet]. National Research Council; 2012. https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/assets/file/nrc-2012-using science as evidence in public policy.pdf Brownson R. et al., Am J Prev Med (2006). PMID: 16459216 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.10.004 Alberta Health Services . Knowledge Translation Strategies for Different Target Audiences [Internet]; 2018. https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/assets/info/res/mhr/if-res-mhr-kt-strategies-for-different-audiences.pdf Olson A. , Oudshoorn A. . Nurs Forum (2020). PMID: 31724185 / DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12410 Chan T. et al., Perspect Med Educ (2020). PMID: 31834598 / DOI: 10.1007/s40037-019-00542-7 Armstrong R. et al., Implement Sci (2013). PMID: 24107358 / DOI: 10.1186/1748-5908-8-121 Mendoza-Herrera K. et al., Prev Chronic Dis (2020). PMID: 32762809 / DOI: 10.5888/pcd17.200047 Brownson R. et al., J Public Heal Manag Pract (2018). PMID: 28885319 / DOI: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000673 Swinburn B. et al., Obes Rev (2013). PMID: 24074206 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12087 Vandevijvere S. et al., Obes Rev (2019). PMID: 30609260 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12819 Miranda J. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2022). PMID: 34942086 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00325-9 Roberts S. et al., Obes Rev (2019). PMID: 31039603 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12821 Hawkes C. et al., The Lancet (2015). PMID: 25703109 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61745-1 Swinburn B. et al., The Lancet (2019). PMID: 30700377 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8

Role of Reimbursement in the Delivery of Treatment for Obesity in Adults and Children James, W.P. , WHO Recognition of the Global Obesity Epidemic. Int J Obes (Lond), 2008. 32(Suppl 7): p. S120–S126. Recognition of Obesity as a Disease. American Medical Association; 2013. Kyle, T.K. , E.J. Dhurandhar , and D.B. Allison , Regarding Obesity as a Disease: Evolving Policies and Their Implications. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2016. 45(3): p. 511–520. Burki, T. , European Commission Classifies Obesity as a Chronic Disease. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2021. 9(7): p. 418. Mayor, S. , New US Medicare Policy Changes Ruling That Obesity Is Not an Illness. BMJ, 2004. 329(7460): p. 252. LeBlanc, E.S. , et al., Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 2018. 320(11): p. 1172–1191. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force , et al., Behavioral Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 2018. 320(11): p. 1163–1171. Grossman, D.C. , et al., Screening for Obesity in Children and Adolescents. JAMA, 2017. 317(23): p. 2417–2426. Slusser, W. , et al., Payment for Obesity Services: Examples and Recommendations for Stage 3 Comprehensive Multidisciplinary Intervention Programs for Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 2011. 128(Suppl 2): p. S78–S85. Jensen, M.D. , et al., 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Circulation, 2014. 129(25 Suppl 2): p. S102–S138. Wilding, J.P.H. , et al., Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med, 2021. 384(11): p. 989. Elangovan, A. , R. Shah , and Z.L. Smith , Pharmacotherapy for Obesity-Trends Using a Population Level National Database. Obes Surg, 2021. 31(3): p. 1105–1112. Batsis, J.A. and J.P. Bynum , Uptake of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Obesity Benefit: 2012–2013. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2016. 24(9): p. 1983–1988. English, W.J. , et al., American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery 2018 Estimate of Metabolic and Bariatric Procedures Performed in the United States. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 2020. 16(4): p. 457–463. Eisenberg, D. , et al., American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO): Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 2022. 18: p. 1345–1356. Medicare's Criteria for Weight Loss Surgery Coverage; 2020 [cited September 8, 2021]; Available from: obesitycoverage.com. Leduc, J.K. , M. Fitzpatrick , and A. Reger , Insurance Coverage for Bariatric Surgery. Office of Legislative Research; 2019. Jannah, N. , et al., Coverage for Obesity Prevention and Treatment Services: Analysis of Medicaid and State Employee Health Insurance Programs. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2018. 26(12): p. 1834–1840. Becker, C. , Health Reform and Health Mandates for Obesity. In Most States Have Expanded Health Insurance Coverage for Treatment of Obesity; Some Target Diabetes. National Conference of State Legislatures; 2019. Pratt, J.S.A. , et al., ASMBS Pediatric Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Guidelines, 2018. Surg Obes Relat Dis, 2018. 14(7): p. 882–901. Gebran, S.G. , et al., Insurance Coverage Criteria for Bariatric Surgery: A Survey of Policies. Obes Surg, 2020. 30(2): p. 707–713. Childhood and Adolescent Obesity. 2021 [cited September 8, 2021]; Available from: https://asmbs.org/patients/adolescent-obesity. Wilfley, D.E. , et al., Improving Access and Systems of Care for Evidence-Based Childhood Obesity Treatment: Conference Key Findings and Next Steps. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2017. 25(1): p. 16–29. Moyer, V.A. and U.S.P.S.T. Force , Screening for and Management of Obesity in Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med, 2012. 157(5): p. 373–378. Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Obesity, C.f.M.a.M. Services, Editor. National Coverage Determination; 2011. Vafiadis, D. , Obesity Treatment and Medicare: A Guide to Understanding Coverage. 2021 [cited September 10, 2021]; Available from: https://www.ncoa.org/article/obesity-treatment-and-medicare-a-guide-to-understanding-coverage. Gomez, G. and F.C. Stanford , US Health Policy and Prescription Drug Coverage of FDA-Approved Medications for the Treatment of Obesity. Int J Obes (Lond), 2018. 42(3): p. 495–500. Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit Manual; 2016.

Obesity Drugs: Few Adults Used Prescription Drugs for Weight Loss and Insurance Coverage Varied. United States Government Accountability Office; 2019. Lee, J.S. , et al., Coverage of Obesity Treatment: A State-by-State Analysis of Medicaid and State Insurance Laws. Public Health Rep, 2010. 125(4): p. 596–604. Health Insurance Coverage of the Total Population. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2019. https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/totalpopulation/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D Sen. Cramer, Colleagues Introduce Bipartisan Bill to Combat Obesity with Medicare-Funded Treatment Options; 2021. AMA Releases 2021 CPT Code Set. 2020. American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/press-center/pressreleases/ama-releases-2021-cpt-code-set International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases CPT® Evaluation and Management (E/M) Office or Other Outpatient (99202–99215) and Prolonged Services (99354, 99355, 99356, 99417) Code and Guideline Changes. American Medical Association; 2021. Tornese, N. , Guidelines for Reporting Obesity Screening and Counseling. Outsource Strategies International; 2018. Bernard, S.P. , Different Interpretations of ICD-10-CM Coding Leave You at Risk for Improper Quality Scores and Payment. In Let's Get On the Same Page When Coding BMI and Obesity. American Academy of Professional Coders; 2019. https://www.aapc.com/blog/45879-lets-get-on-the-same-page-when-coding-bmi-and-obesity/ Why Specificity Matters When Documenting and Coding HCCs; 2021. https://www.mdportals.com/post/why-specificity-matters-whendocumenting-and-coding-hccs Yeatts, J.P. and D. Sangvai , HCC Coding, Risk Adjustment, and Physician Income: What You Need to Know. Fam Pract Manag, 2016. 23(5): p. 24–27. Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment, Medicaid, Editor. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/benefits/early-andperiodic-screening-diagnostic-and-treatment/index.htm Brown, J. , Clarke, C. , Johnson Stoklossa, C. , Sievenpiper, J. Canadian Adult Obesity Clinical Practice Guidelines: Medical Nutrition Therapy in Obesity Management. Available from: https://obesitycanada.ca/guidelines/nutrition. Accessed 8/15/2023. National Coverage Determination (NCD) for Medical Nutrition Therapy, (180.1); 2002. Incident to Billing Rules & Guidelines. Healthie. https://www.gethealthie.com/blog/guide-to-incident-to-billing-fornutritionists#:~:text=To%20qualify%20for%20incident%20to,in%20the%20course%20of%20treatment Silberberg, M. , et al., Integrating Registered Dietitian Nutritionists Into Primary Care Practices to Work With Children With Overweight. Am J Lifestyle Med, 2020. 14(2): p. 194–203. 45 CFR Part 147. Coverage of Certain Preventive Services Under the Affordable Care Act. Department of Health and Human Services; 2015. p. 41318–41347. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services , Decision Memo for Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Obesity (CAG-00423N); 2011. Gray, J.S. , et al., The Status of Billing and Reimbursement in Pediatric Obesity Treatment Programs. J Behav Health Serv Res, 2013. 40(3): p. 378–385. 2020, Health Behavior Assessment and Intervention Billing and Coding Guide. American Psychological Association Services, Inc; 2019. FAQs on the Health and Behavior CPT Codes. National Alliance of Professional Psychology Providers.

Classification, Evaluation, and Staging of the Patient with Obesity Bray G.A. . Int J Obes (1978). Callaway C.W. , Greenwood M.R.C. . Int J Obes (1984). PMID: 6519908 Bray G.A. . Int J Obes (1990). PMID: 2276853 Sharma A.M. , Kushner R.F. . Int J Obes (2009). PMID: 19188927 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.2 Scott H.W. et al., Ann Surg (1970). PMID: 544566 / DOI: 10.1097/00000658-197005000-00017 Scott W.H. , Law D.H. . Am J Surg (1969). PMID: 5773938 / DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(69)90311-0 International Classification of Diseases . www.icd10data.com (accessed September 6, 2021) Vertinsky P. . Can Bull Med Hist (2007). PMID: 18447308 / DOI: 10.3138/cbmh.24.2.291 World Health Organization . https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1 (accessed September 6, 2021) Bray G.A. . The Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc; 2007. Smith S.R. et al., Metabolism (2001). PMID: 11288037 / DOI: 10.1053/meta.2001.21693 Smith S.R. et al., Metabolism (2005). PMID: 15562376 / DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2004.07.008 Bjorntorp P. et al., Metabolism (1971). PMID: 5097682 / DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(71)90013-8 Frayn K.N. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2003) PMID: 12861227 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802326 Vague J. . Am J Clin Nutr (1956). PMID: 13282851 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/4.1.20 Pouliot M.C. et al., Am J Cardiol (1994). PMID: 8141087 / DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90676-9 Lean M.E. , Han T.S. , Morrison C.E. . BMJ (1995). PMID: 7613427 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.311.6998.158 Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. JAMA (2001). PMID: 11368702 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 Wang J. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2003). PMID: 12540397 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/77.2.379 National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, North American Association for the Study of Obesity . The Practical Guide. Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health; October 2000. NIH Publication Number 00-4084. Mason C. , Katzmarzyk P.T. . Obesity (2009). PMID: 19343017 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.87 Fujimoto W.Y. et al., Diabetes (2007). PMID: 17363740 / PMCID: PMC2528279 / DOI: 10.2337/db07-0009

Wajchenberg B.L. . Endocr Rev (2000). PMID: 11133069 / DOI: 10.1210/edrv.21.6.0415 Garg A. . Am J Med (2000). PMID: 11126308 / DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00414-3 Neeland I.J. et al., Lancet Diab Endocrinol (2019). PMID: 31301983 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30084-1 Oral E.A. et al., N Engl J Med (2002). PMID: 11856796 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa012437 Srinivasan S. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2004). PMID: 14715831 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030442 Muller H.L. et al., Klin Padiatr (2001). PMID: 11528558 / DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-16855 Jebb S.A. , Elia M. . Int J Obes (1993). PMID: 8281219 Weigley E.S. . J Am Diet Assoc (1984). PMID: 6707396 National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement . Health Implications of Obesity. Ann Intern Med (1985). PMID: 4062128 Keys A. et al., J Chronic Dis (1972). PMID: 24691951 Calle E.E. et al., N Engl J Med (1999). PMID: 10511607 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199910073411501 Romero-Corral A. et al., Lancet (2006). PMID: 16920472 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69251-9 Prospective Studies Collaborative . Lancet (2009). PMID: 19299006 / PMCID: PMC2662372 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4 The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration . Lancet (2016). PMID: 27423262 / PMCID: PMC4995441 / DOI: 10.1016/S01406736(16)30175-1 Obesity. Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity. Geneva: World Health Organization; 3–5 June, 1997. Kuczmarski R.J. et al., Obes Res (1997). PMID: 9449138 / DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00575.x Razak F. et al., Circ (2007). PMID: 17420343 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.635011 Heo M. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2012). PMID: 22301924 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.025171 Piche M.E. et al., Circ Res (2020). PMID: 32437302 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.316101 Ross R. et al., Nat Rev Endocrinol (2020). PMID: 32020062 / DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7 Jensen M.D. et al., Circ (2014). PMID: 24222017 / DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee WHO Expert Consultation . Lancet (2004). PMID: 14726171 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3 Alberti K.G.M.M. et al., Circ (2009). PMID: 19805654 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644 Rankinen T. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (1999). PMID: 10490780 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800929 Wellens R.I. et al., Obes Res (1996). 4:35–44. PMID: 8787936 / DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00510.x Gallagher D. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2000). PMID: 10966886 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694 Pischon T. et al., N Engl J Med (2008). PMID: 19005195 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0801891 Flegal K.M. et al., JAMA (2007). PMID: 17986696 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.298.17.2028 Sui X. et al., JAMA (2007). PMID: 18056904 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.298.21.2507 Wilson P.W. et al., Circ (1998). PMID: 9603539 / DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1837 Mechanick J.I. , Hurley D.L. , Garvey W.T. . Endocr Pract (2017). PMID: 27967229 / DOI: 10.4158/EP161688.PS Garvey W.T. et al., Endocr Pract (2016) PMID: 27219496 / DOI: 10.4158/EP161365.GL Schutz, D.D. et al., Obes Facts (2019). PMID: 30673677 / DOI: 10.1159/000496183 Jastreboff A.M. et al., Obesity (2019). PMID: 30569641 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22378 Mechanick, J.I. et al, Endocr Pract (2009). PMID: 18723418 / DOI: 10.4158/EP.14.S1.1 Doucet J. et al., J Am Geriatr Soc (1994). PMID: 8064109 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06592.x Bray G.A. . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2004). PMID: 14557829/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802479 NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Obes Res (1998). PMID: 9813653 Bray, G.A. et al., Endocr Rev (2018). PMID: 29518206 / DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00253 Rubino F. et al., Nat Med (2020). PMID: 32127716 / DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0803-x Puhl R.M. , Heuer C.A. . Obesity (2009). PMID: 19165161 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.636 Sutin A.R. , Stephan Y. , Terracciano A. . Psychol Sci (2015). Epub 2015 Sep 29. PMID: 26420442 / DOI: 10.1177/0956797615601103 Talking About Weight with Your Patients. American Medical Association. https://northwestern.cloudcme.com/assets/northwestern/pdf/Obesity%202018%20talking-about-weight-kushner.pdf (accessed August 22, 2021). Kushner, R. . Primary Care: Evaluation and Management of Obesity. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2020. Wharton S. et al., CMAJ (2020). PMID: 32753461 / DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191707 Weight Can’t Wait. Guide for Management of Obesity in the Primary Care Setting. STOP Strategies to Overcome and Prevent; 2020; Obesity Alliance (Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University). Behfrou H.L. , Drain P.K. , Rhatigan J.J. . N Engl J Med (2014). PMID: 25271600 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1404846 Kushner, R.F. . Evaluation and Management of Obesity. In J.L. Jameson , A.S. Fauci , D.L. Kasper , S.L. Hauser , D.L. Longo , J. Loscalzo (Eds.), Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20/E. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018. Kushner, R.F. et al., Obesity (2020). PMID: 31858735 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22642 Lein C. , Wills C.E. . J Am Acad Nurse Pract (2007). PMID: 17489953 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2007.00217.x McCuen-Wurst C. , Ruggieri M. , Allison K.C. . Ann NY Acad Sci (2018). PMID: 29044551 / PMCID: PMC5788730 / DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13467 Sylvia L.G. et al., J Acad Nutr Diet (2014). DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.09.018 Health Care Providers’ Action Guide. https://exerciseismedicine.org/ (accessed September 28, 2021) Reutrakul S. , Van Cauter E. . Metabolism (2018). PMID: 29510179 / DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.02.010 Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. https://www.sleep.pitt.edu/instruments/ (accessed September 28, 2021) McEwen B.S. , Wingfield J.C. . Horm Behav (2003). PMID: 12614627 / DOI: 10.1016/s0018-506x(02)00024-7 Cohen S. , Kamarck T. , Mermelstein R. . J Health Soc Behav (1983). PMID: 6668417 Bray G.A. . Handbook of Obesity, 4th Edition, 2 Volumes. CRC Press; 2014.

Prochska J.O. , Velicer W.F. . Am J Health Promot. (1997). PMID: 10170434 / DOI: 10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38 Silk A.W. , McTigue K.M. . J Am Med Assoc (2011). PMID: 21191004 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1950 Institute of Medicine, Thomas P. , ed. Weighing the Options. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1995. Levitsky D.A. et al., Physiol Behav (2005). PMID: 15885242 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.01.004 Balkau B. et al., Circ (2007). PMID: 17965405 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676379 Ghandehari H. et al., International J Obesity (2009). PMID: 19050677 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.252 World Health Organization . Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998. Pickering T.G. et al., Circ (2005). PMID: 15699287 / DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000154900.76284.F6 US Preventive Services Task Force . JAMA (2021). DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.12531 Yarnoff B.O. et al., PLOS ONE (2018). PMID: 30339684 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205530 Clark J.M. , Brancati F.L. , Diehl A.M. . Am J Gastro (2003). PMID: 12809815 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07486.x Angulo P. . N Engl J Med (2002). PMID: 11961152 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra011775 Sperling L.S. et al., J Am Coll Cardio (2015). PMID: 26314534 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1328 Aasheim E.T. et al., Clin Obes (2011). PMID: 25585572 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-8111.2011.00017.x Valderhaug T.G. et al., BMC Obes (2016). PMID: 27980795 / DOI: 10.1186/s40608-016-0133-1 Kuk J.L. et al., Appl Physiol Nutr Metab (2011). PMID: 21838602 / DOI: 10.1139/h11-058 Padwal R.S. et al., CMAJ (2011). PMID: 21844111 / DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.110387

Indicators of Central Adiposity Jensen M.D. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2014). PMID: 24239920 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.004 Apovian C.M. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2015). PMID: 25590212 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3415 Garvey W.T. et al., Endocr Pract (2016). PMID: 27219496 / DOI: 10.4158/EP161365.GL Gonzalez-Muniesa P. et al., Nat Rev Dis Primers (2017). PMID: 28617414 / DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.34 Neeland I.J. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2015). PMID: 25975481 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.01.061 Neeland I.J. et al., JAMA (2012). PMID: 22990274 / DOI: 1360863 [pii] 10.1001/2012.jama.11132 Walls H.L. et al., Public Health Nutr (2010). PMID: 19772687 / DOI: 10.1017/S1368980009991455 Janssen I. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2012). PMID: 21566567 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.122 Albrecht S.S. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2015). PMID: 25944180 / DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.71 Visscher T.L. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2015). PMID: 24909829 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.98 Ryan D.H. , Kahan S. , Med Clin North Am (2018). PMID: 29156187 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.006 Neeland I.J. et al., Circulation (2018). PMID: 29581366 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029617 Neeland I.J. et al., JACC Cardiovasc Imaging (2021). PMID: 32305476 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.02.031 Neeland I.J. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2019). PMID: 31301983 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30084-1 Janssen I. et al., Arch Intern Med (2002). PMID: 12374515 / DOI: 10.1001/archinte.162.18.2074 Ardern C.I. et al., Obes Res (2004). PMID: 15292473 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.137 Expert Panel on Detection E, Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in A. JAMA (2001). PMID: 11368702 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 Alberti K.G. et al., Lancet (2005). PMID: 16182882 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67402-8 Alberti K.G. et al., Circulation (2009). PMID: 19805654 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644 Lee J.W. et al., Endocr J (2008). PMID: 18493106 Busetto L. , Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2001). PMID: 11590996 Neeland I.J. et al., Diabetes Ther (2015). PMID: 26608511 / DOI: 10.1007/s13300-015-0146-7 Krotkiewski M. et al., J Clin Invest (1983). PMID: 6350364 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI111040 Larsson B. et al., Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) (1984). PMID: 6426576 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.288.6428.1401 Ashwell M. et al., BMJ (1996). PMID: 8790002 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.313.7056.559d Browning L.M. et al., Nutr Res Rev (2010). PMID: 20819243 / DOI: 10.1017/S0954422410000144 Radholm K. et al., Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2017). PMID: 28390663 / DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.02.001 Pajunen P. et al., Diabetes Care (2013). PMID: 22961578 / DOI: 10.2337/dc11-2451 Kahn H.S. , Cheng Y.J. , Diabetes Res Clin Pract (2018). PMID: 29183845 / DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.11.019 Borkan G.A. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (1982). PMID: 7091027 Sjöström L. et al., Am J Physiol (1986). PMID: 3717334 / DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1986.250.6.E736 Tokunaga K. et al., Int J Obes (1983). PMID: 6642855 Fox C.S. et al., Circulation (2007). PMID: 17576866 / DOI: CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675355 [pii] 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675355 Neeland I.J. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23687099 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20135 Shah R.V. et al., JACC Cardiovasc Imaging (2014). PMID: 25440591 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.07.017S1936-878X(14)00734-7 [pii] Liu J. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2010). PMID: 20843952 / DOI: jc.2010-1378 [pii] 10.1210/jc.2010-1378 Linge J. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2018). PMID: 29785727 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22210 Heymsfield S.B. et al., Proc Nutr Soc (2015). PMID: 25851205 / DOI: 10.1017/S0029665115000129 Miljkovic I. et al., J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (2015). PMID: 25838547 / DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv027 Lee J.J. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2016). PMID: 27687192 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.06.067 Irlbeck T. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2010). PMID: 20065971 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.279 Borga M. et al., NMR Biomed (2015). PMID: 26768490 / DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3432

Cheng X. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2018). PMID: 29559725 / DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0122-1 Kaul S. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2012). PMID: 22282048 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.393 Neeland I.J. et al., Nutr Diabetes (2016). PMID: 27428873 / DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.28 Borga M. et al., J Investig Med (2018). PMID: 29581385 / DOI: 10.1136/jim-2018-000722 Schlecht I. et al., Metabolism (2014). PMID: 25242434 / DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.07.012 Scheuer S.H. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2015). PMID: 26120787 / DOI: 10.1210/JC.2014-4479 West J. et al., PLOS ONE (2016). PMID: 27662190 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163332 Ye R.Z. , Noll C. , Richard G. , Lepage M. , Turcotte E.E. , Carpentier A.C. , DeepImageTranslator: A free, user-friendly graphical interface for image translation using deep-learning and its applications in 3D CT image analysis. SLAS Technol (2022): 27(1):76–84. Lemieux I. , Pascot A. , Couillard C. , Lamarche B. , Tchernof A. , Alméras N. , Bergeron J. , Gaudet D. , Tremblay G. , Prud'homme D. , Nadeau A. , Després J.P. . Hypertriglyceridemic waist: A marker of the atherogenic metabolic triad (hyperinsulinemia; hyperapolipoprotein B; small, dense LDL) in men? Circulation (2000); 102(2):179–184. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.102.2.179. PMID: 10889128 Kahn H.S. , Diabetes Care (2006). PMID: 16373916 / DOI: 10.2337/diacare.29.1.151 Amato M.C. et al., Diabetes Care (2010). PMID: 20067971 / DOI: dc09-1825 [pii] 10.2337/dc09-1825 Kahn H.S. , Valdez R. , Am J Clin Nutr (2003). PMID: 14594778 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.5.928 Kahn H.S. , BMC Cardiovasc Disord (2005). PMID: 16150143 / DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-5-26 Roriz A.K. et al., PLOS ONE (2014). PMID: 25078454 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103499 Alberti K.G. et al., Lancet (2005). PMID: 16182882 Zimmet P. et al., J Atheroscler Thromb (2005). PMID: 16394610 Hlatky M.A. et al., Circulation (2009). PMID: 19364974 Greenland P. et al., Circulation (2010). PMID: 21098427 / DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182051bab Pencina M.J. et al., Am J Epidemiol (2012). PMID: 22875755 / DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws207 Carmienke S. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2013). PMID: 23511854 / DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.61 Hong Y. et al., J Intern Med (2007). PMID: 17598819 Chandra A. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2014). PMID: 25190234 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.05.057 Neeland I.J. et al., Circ Cardiovasc Imaging (2013). PMID: 23929898 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000532 Wilson P.W. et al., Circulation (1998). PMID: 9603539 Goff DC Jr. et al., Circulation (2014). PMID: 24222018 / DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98 World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser (2000). PMID: 11234459 Khera R. et al., JAMA Netw Open (2020). PMID: 33119108 / DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23242 Empana J.P. et al., Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil (2011). PMID: 21450663 / DOI: 10.1177/1741826710389354 Cook N.R. , Int J Clin Pract (2010). PMID: 21070520 Cook N.R. , Circulation (2007). PMID: 17309939 Pencina M.J. et al., Stat Med (2008). PMID: 17569110 Pencina M.J. Navar A.M. , Wojdyla D. , Sanchez R.J. , Khan I. , Elassal J. , D'Agostino RB Sr. , Peterson E.D. , Sniderman A.D. .Quantifying Importance of Major Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease. Circulation, Circulation (2019); 139(13):1603–1611. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031855. PMID: 30586759; PMCID: PMC6433489. Church T.S. et al., JAMA (2007). PMID: 17507344 O'Donovan G. et al., J Appl Physiol (2005). PMID: 15640382 Ross R. et al., Ann Intern Med (2000). PMID: 10896648 Ross R. et al., Ann Intern Med (2015). PMID: 25732273 Ross R. et al., Obes Res (2004). PMID: 15166299 Short K.R. et al., Diabetes (2003). PMID: 12882902 Weiss E.P. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2006). PMID: 17093155 Barzin M. et al., Public Health Nutr (2015). PMID: 25711365 Ross R. , Neeland I.J. , Yamashita S. , Shai I. , Seidell J. , Magni P. , Santos R.D. , Arsenault B. , Cuevas A. , Hu F.B. , Griffin B.A. , Zambon A. , Barter P. , Fruchart J.C. , Eckel R.H. , Matsuzawa Y. , Després J.P. . Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol (2020) 16(3): 177–189. doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7. Epub 2020 Feb 4. PMID: 32020062; PMCID: PMC7027970

Genetic Obesity Syndromes Allison D.B. , Kaprio J. , Korkeila M. , Koskenvuo M. , Neale M.C. , Hayakawa K. . The heritability of body mass index among an international sample of monozygotic twins reared apart. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996;20(6):501–506. Stunkard A.J. et al., N Engl J Med (1990). PMID: 2336075 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199005243222102 Stunkard A.J. et al., JAMA (1986). PMID: 3712713 Sorensen T.I. , Price R.A. , Stunkard A.J. , Schulsinger F. . Genetics of obesity in adult adoptees and their biological siblings. BMJ 1989;298(6666):87–90. Sorensen T.I. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (1998). PMID: 9481603 Riveros-McKay F. et al., PLOS Genet (2019). PMID: 30677029 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007603 Loos R.J.F. , Yeo G.S.H. . Nat Rev Genet (2022). PMID: 34556834 / DOI: 10.1038/s41576-021-00414-z Frayling T.M. et al., Science (2007). PMID: 17434869 / DOI: 10.1126/science.1141634 Khera A.V. et al., Cell (2019). PMID: 31002795 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.028 Styne D.M. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2017). PMID: 28359099 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2573

Cassidy S.B. et al., Genet Med (2012). PMID: 22237428 / DOI: 10.1038/gim.0b013e31822bead0 Hoybye C. , Tauber M. . J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2022). PMID: 35150573 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac082 Tauber M. et al., Pediatr Endocrinol Rev (2018). PMID: 30378786 / DOI: 10.17458/per.vol16.2018.tdm.ghpraderwilli O'Neill M.A. et al., Obes Res (2005). PMID: 16286533 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.224 Sahoo T. et al., Nat Genet (2008). PMID: 18500341 / DOI: 10.1038/ng.158 de Smith A.J. et al., Hum Mol Genet (2009). PMID: 19498035 / DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp263 Bochukova E.G. et al., Cell Rep (2018). PMID: 29590610 / DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.018 Tauber M. et al., Pediatrics (2017). PMID: 28100688 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2976 Cummings D.E. , Clement K. , Purnell J.Q. , Vaisse C. , Foster K.E. , Frayo R.S. et al., Elevated plasma ghrelin levels in Prader Willi syndrome. Nat Med 2002;8(7):643–644. Weinstein L.S. et al., Ann N Y Acad Sci (2002). PMID: 12119276 Juppner H. . Ann Endocrinol (Paris) (2015). PMID: 25882888 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.03.011 Mantovani G. et al., Nat Rev Endocrinol (2018). PMID: 29959430 / DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0042-0 Weinstein L.S. et al., Endocrinology (2004). PMID: 15331575 / DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0865 Mendes de Oliveira E. et al., N Engl J Med (2021). PMID: 34614324 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2103329 Forsythe E. et al., Front Pediatr (2018). PMID: 29487844 / DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00023 Shoemark A. et al., Chest (2015). PMID: 25317630 / DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2913 Haws R. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2020). PMID: 32627316 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.14133 Tahani N. et al., Orphanet J Rare Dis (2020). PMID: 32958032 / DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01468-8 Geberhiwot T. et al., Diabetes (2021). PMID: 32994277 / DOI: 10.2337/db20-0647 Rios M. . Handb Exp Pharmacol (2014). PMID: 24668477 / DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45106-5_11 Sonoyama T. et al., Sci Rep (2020). PMID: 32493978 / DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65531-x Maures T.J. et al., Trends Endocrinol Metab (2007). PMID: 17140804 / DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2006.11.007 Bochukova E.G. et al., Nature (2010). PMID: 19966786 / DOI: 10.1038/nature08689 Doche M.E. et al., J Clin Invest (2012). PMID: 23160192 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI62696 Flores A. et al., Diabetes (2019). PMID: 31439647 / DOI: 10.2337/db19-0608 Jiang L. et al., FASEB J (2017). PMID: 29180441 / DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700831R Gautron L. et al., Cell (2015). PMID: 25815991 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.023 Montague C.T. , Farooqi I.S. , Whitehead J.P. , Soos M.A. , Rau H. , Wareham N.J. et al., Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 1997;387(6636):903–908. Clement K. et al., Nature (1998). PMID: 9537324 / DOI: 10.1038/32911 Farooqi I.S. et al., N Engl J Med (1999). PMID: 10486419 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199909163411204 Farooqi I.S. et al., Science (2007). PMID: 17690262 / DOI: 10.1126/science.1144599 Ozata M. , Ozdemir I.C. , Licinio J. . Human leptin deficiency caused by a missense mutation: Multiple endocrine defects, decreased sympathetic tone, and immune system dysfunction indicate new targets for leptin action, greater central than peripheral resistance to the effects of leptin, and spontaneous correction of leptin-mediated defects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(10):3686–3695. Farooqi I.S. et al., J Clin Invest (2002). PMID: 12393845 Farooqi I.S. et al., N Engl J Med (2007). PMID: 17229951 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa063988 Wabitsch M. et al., N Engl J Med (2015). PMID: 25551525 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1406653 Lahlou N. et al., Diabetes (2000). PMID: 10923636 Clement K. et al., Nat Med (2018). PMID: 29736023 / DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0015-9 Clement K. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2020). PMID: 33137293 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30364-8 Yeo G.S.H. et al., Mol Metab (2021). PMID: 33684608 / DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101206 Krude H. et al., Nat Genet (1998). PMID: 9620771 Krude H. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2003). PMID: 14557433 Jackson R.S. et al., Nat Genet (1997). PMID: 9207799 / DOI: 10.1038/ng0797-303 Jackson R.S. et al., J Clin Invest (2003). PMID: 14617756 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI18784 Alsters S.I. et al., PLOS ONE (2015). PMID: 26120850 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131417 Kuhnen P. et al., N Engl J Med (2016). PMID: 27468060 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1512693 Huszar D. et al., Cell (1997). PMID: 9019399 / DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81865-6 Farooqi I.S. et al., N Engl J Med (2003). PMID: 12646665 Wade K.H. et al., Nat Med (2021). PMID: 34045736 / DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01349-y Lubrano-Berthelier C. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2006). PMID: 16507637 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-1411 Brouwers B. et al., Cell Rep (2021). PMID: 33761344 / DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108862 Martinelli C.E. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2011). PMID: 21047921 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-1369 Collet T.H. et al., Mol Metab (2017). PMID: 29031731 / DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.015 Tallam L.S. et al., Hypertension (2005). PMID: 16027245 / DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000175474.99326.bf Greenfield J.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2009). PMID: 19092146 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0803085 Sayk F. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2010). PMID: 20147580 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2297 Iepsen E.W. et al., Cell Metab (2018). PMID: 29861388 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.008 Hatoum I.J. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2012). PMID: 22492873 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-3432 Ramachandrappa S. et al., J Clin Invest (2013). PMID: 23778139 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI68016 Bonnefond A. et al., J Clin Invest (2013). PMID: 23778136 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI68035 Moir L. et al., Mol Metab (2017). PMID: 29107289 / DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.08.006 Lee Y.S. et al., Cell Metab (2006). PMID: 16459314 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.01.006 van der Klaauw A.A. et al., Cell (2019). PMID: 30661757 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.009

Yang Y. et al., Nat Commun (2019). PMID: 30979869 / DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08737-6 Marenne G. et al., Cell Metab (2020). PMID: 32492392 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.05.007 Asai M. et al., Science (2013). PMID: 23869016 / DOI: 10.1126/science.1233000 Siljee J.E. et al., Nat Genet (2018). PMID: 29311635 / DOI: 10.1038/s41588-017-0020-9 Pearce L.R. et al., Cell (2013). PMID: 24209692 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.058

Ethnic and Racial Considerations in the Evaluation of the Patient with Obesity* Hales C.M. et al. NCHS Data Brief (2020). PMID: 32487284 Kumanyika S.K. . Public Health (2019). PMID: 31227270 / DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.04.010 Aaron D.G. , Stanford F.C. . J Intern Med (2021). PMID: 33675581 / DOI: 10.1111/joim.13270 Bailey Z.D. et al. N Engl J Med (2021). PMID: 33326717 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMms2025396 Staggers-Hakim R. . Black lives matter, civil rights, and health inequities, West N Engl Law Rev 2018; 40(3) (Article 5):447–458. Puhl R.M. . Bias, Discrimination, and Obesity. In: Bray G.A. , Bouchard C. , Kirwan J. , Katzmarzyk P.T. , Redman L. , Schauer P. , editors. Handbook of Obesity, 5th Edition, Volume I: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Physiopathology. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis; 2022. Williams D.R. et al. Annu Rev Public Health (2019). PMID: 30601726 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750 Ben J. et al. PLOS ONE (2017). PMID: 29253855 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189900 Davis N.J. et al. Obesity (2009). PMID: 19390515 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.129 Liu B. et al. BMJ (2021). PMID: 33727242 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n365 Bouchard C. . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2007). PMID: 17549092 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803653 Karnes J.H. et al. PLOS ONE (2021). PMID: 34358277 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255583 Després J-P. , Lemieux I. . Nature (2006). PMID: 17167477 / DOI: 10.1038/nature05488 Després J-P. et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (2000). PMID: 10938014 / DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.8.1932 Hill J.O. et al. Am J Clin Nutr (1999). PMID: 10075320 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/69.3.381 Katzmarzyk P.T. et al. Am J Clin Nutr (2010). PMID: 19828714 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28136 Hoffman D.J. et al. Obes Res (2005). PMID: 15761164 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.9 Aggarwal R. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol (2021). PMID: 33736831 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.032 Rethy L. et al. Hypertension (2020). PMID: 32654559 / DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15153 Tajeu G.S. et al. Am J Public Health (2020). PMID: 32191519 / DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2019.305543 Bancks M.P. et al. JAMA (2017). PMID: 29279935 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.19546 Katzmarzyk P.T. , Bouchard C. . Int J Obes (2014). PMID: 24018751 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.170 Barreira T.V. et al. Mayo Clin Proc (2012). PMID: 22560524 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.12.017 Deurenberg P. et al. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (1998). PMID: 9877251 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800741 Gallagher D. et al. Am J Clin Nutr (2000). PMID: 10966886 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694 Lear S.A. et al. Obesity (2007). PMID: 18070773 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.334 Camhi S.M. et al. Obesity (2011). PMID: 20948514 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.248 Shen M.J. et al. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities (2018). PMID: 28275996 / DOI: 10.1007/s40615-017-0350-4 Richard P. et al. Inquiry (2014). PMID: 25432989 / DOI: 10.1177/0046958014557012 Gudzune K.A. et al. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23512862 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20384 Wharton S. et al. CMAJ (2020). PMID: 32753461 / DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191707 Calle E.E. et al. N Engl J Med (1999). PMID: 10511607 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199910073411501 Stevens J. . Nutr Rev (2000). PMID: 11140906 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01832.x Sanchez A.M. et al. Ethn Dis (2000). PMID: 10764127 Patel A.V. et al. PLOS ONE (2014). PMID: 25295620 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109153 Boggs D.A. et al. N Engl J Med (2011). PMID: 21899451 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1104119 Calle E.E. et al. New Engl J Med (2003). PMID: 12711737 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa021423 Lauby-Secretan B. et al. N Engl J Med (2016). PMID: 27557308 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsr1606602 Howlander N. et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2018. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2021. https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2018/ Monestime S. et al. PLOS ONE (2021). PMID: 33826671 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249188 Brown J.C. et al. Obesity (2021). PMID: 34029447 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23163 Brown J.C. et al. Obesity (2021). PMID: 34693655 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23290 Petrelli F. et al. JAMA Netw Open (2021). PMID: 33779745 / DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3520 Carnethon M.R. et al. Circulation (2017). PMID: 29061565 / DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000534 Assari S. , Bazargan M. . Int J Environ Res Public Health (2019). PMID: 31581468 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193705 Misra A. , Khurana L. . Int J Obes (Lond) (2011). PMID: 20644557 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.135 Lear S.A. et al. Am J Clin Nutr (2007). PMID: 17684205 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.2.353 World Health Organization . Lancet (2004). PMID: 14726171 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3 Katzmarzyk P.T. et al. Obesity (2011). PMID: 21212770 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.319 NIH . The Practical Guide to the Identification, Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Bethesda, MD: US NIH; 2000. World Health Organization . Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity, Geneva, 3–5 June, 1997. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.

Stanford F.C. et al. Mayo Clin Proc (2019). PMID: 30711132 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.10.014 Marill M.C. . Health Affairs Blog (2021). https://www.healthaffairs.org/content/forefront/rethinking-race-medicine-acog-removes-racebased-cutoff-anemia-pregnancy Eneanya N.D. et al. JAMA (2019). PMID: 31169890 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.5774 Inker L.A. et al. N Engl J Med (2021). PMID: 34554658 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2102953 Vyas D.A. et al. N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 32853499 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMms2004740 Murphy S.L. et al. Natl Vital Stat Rep (2021). PMID: 33541516 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2021). Summary Health Statistics: National Health Interview Survey: 2018. Table A-1a. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/shs/tables.htm. Byrd A.S. et al. Curr Obes Rep (2018). PMID: 29616469 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-018-0301-3 Jensen M.D. et al. Circulation (2014). PMID: 24222017 / DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee Tronieri J.S. et al. Curr Obes Rep (2019). PMID: 30888632 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-019-00341-5 Myers C.A. et al. Ann Intern Med (2021). PMID: 33683931 / DOI: 10.7326/M20-6326 Wingo B.C. et al. Obes Rev (2014). PMID: 25196406 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12212 West D.S. et al. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2008). PMID: 18421273 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.224 Wadden T.A. et al. Obesity (2011). PMID: 21779086 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.230 Katzmarzyk P.T. et al. N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 32877581 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007448 Jiandani D. et al. BMC Obes (2016). PMID: 26966544 / DOI: 10.1186/s40608-016-0098-0 Cosentino C. et al. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2021). PMID: 34348877 / DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.06.018 Aminian A. et al. JAMA (2019). PMID: 31475297 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.14231 Hanipah Z.N. , Schauer P.R. . Annu Rev Med (2020). PMID: 31986081 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-053117-123246 Wood M.H. et al. JAMA Surg (2019). PMID: 30840063 / DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2019.0029 Zhao J. et al. Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 34257030 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.06.001 Paradies Y. et al. PLOS ONE (2015). PMID: 26398658 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138511 Odoms-Young A.M. , Bruce M.A. . Fam Community Health (2018). PMID: 29461310 / DOI: 10.1097/FCH.0000000000000183 Ndugga N. , Artiga S. . KFF (2021). https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/disparities-in-health-and-health-care5-key-question-and-answers/ Sorkin D.H. et al. J Gen Intern Med (2010). PMID: 20146022 / DOI: 10.1007/s11606-010-1257-5 Feagin J. , Bennefield Z. . Soc Sci Med (2014). PMID: 24507906 / DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.09.006 Carson T.L. et al. Obesity (Silver Spring) (2021). PMID: 34658155 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23310 van Ryn M. et al. Du Bois Rev (2011). PMID: 24761152 / DOI: 10.1017/S1742058X11000191 Cozier Y.C. et al. Am J Epidemiol (2014). PMID: 24585257 / DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu004 Bernardo C.O. et al. Obes Rev (2017). PMID: 28569010 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12564 U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2021). Data, Trends and Maps [Online]. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/datatrends-maps/index.html

Best Practices Hales C.M. et al., Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief, no 360. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2020. Fryar C.D. et al., Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among children and adolescents aged 2–19 years: United States, 1963–1965 through 2017–2018. NCHS Health E-Stats; 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity-child-1718/obesity-child.htm Ogden C.L. et al., MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (2017). PMID: 29267260 / DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6650a1 Booth H.P. et al., BMJ Open (2015). PMID: 25586371 / DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006642 Ciemins E.L. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 33029901 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22954 Kaplan L.M. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2018). PMID: 29086529 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22054 Petrin C. , Stiggelbout A.M. , Montori V.M. , Obes Res Clin Pract (2017). PMID: 27569863 / DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.08.005 Pieterse A.H. et al., Shared Decision Making and the Importance of Time, JAMA (2019); 322(1):25–26. PMID: 31002337 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.3785 Turner M. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2018). PMID: 29570250 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22142 Hite A. et al., Am J Health Promot (2019). PMID: 29986601 / DOI: 10.1177/0890117118784227 Simon R. , Lahiri S.W. , Endocr Pract (2018). PMID: 29561192 / DOI: 10.4158/EP-2017-0221 Jannah N. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2018). PMID: 30426721 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22307 Granara B. , Laurent J. , J Am Assoc Nurse Pract (2017). PMID: 28665500 / DOI: 10.1002/2327-6924.12481 Saxon D.R.I.S. , Mettenbrink C.J. , McCormick E. , Arterburn D. , Daley M.F. , Oshiro C.E. , Koebnick C. , Horberg M. , Young D.R. , Bessesen D. , Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 31603630 / DOI: 10.1002/ oby.22581 Petrin C. et al., Obes Sci Pract (2016). PMID: 27708843 / DOI: 10.1002/osp4.53 Schauer P.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 28199805 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600869 Carlsson L.M.S. et al., N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 33053284 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002449 Butsch W.S. et al., BMC Med Educ (2020). PMID: 31992274 / DOI: 10.1186/s12909-020-1925-z Devries S. et al., JAMA (2019). PMID: 30896728 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.1581 Colbert J.A. , Jangi S. , N Engl J Med (2013). PMID: 24106932 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1306460 Kushner R.F. et al., Teach Learn Med (2017). PMID: 28033472 / DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2016.1250641 Puhl R.M. , Brownell K.D. , Obesity (Silver Spring) (2006). PMID: 17062811 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.208

Pearl R.L. et al., Obes Sci Pract (2019). PMID: 31452919 / DOI: 10.1002/osp4.354 Phelan S.M. et al., Obes Rev (2015). PMID: 25752756 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12266 Puhl R.M. , Obes Rev (2020). PMID: 32048465 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13008 Kahan S.I. , Mayo Clin Proc (2018). PMID: 29502565 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.01.006 Kyle T.K. , Puhl R.M. , Obesity (Silver Spring) (2014). PMID: 24616446 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20727 Ryan D.H. , Kahan S. , Med Clin N Am (2018). PMID: WOS:000418987200006 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.006 Wadden T.A. et al., JAMA (2014). PMID: 25369490 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.14173 LeBlanc E.S. et al., JAMA (2018). PMID: 30326501 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.7777 Semlitsch T. et al., Obes Rev (2019). PMID: 31286668 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12889 Wadden T.A. et al., N Engl J Med (2011). PMID: 22082239 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1109220 Appel L.J. et al., N Engl J Med (2011). PMID: 22085317 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1108660 Katzmarzyk P.T. et al., N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 32877581 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007448 Bennett G.G. et al., Arch Intern Med (2012). PMID: 22412073 / DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1 Goodfellow J. et al., Implement Sci (2016). PMID: 27233633 / DOI: 10.1186/s13012-016-0441-3 Gallagher C. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2021). PMID: 33899338 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23154 Vallis M. et al., Can Fam Physician (2013). PMID: 23341653 Kahan S. , Manson J.E. , JAMA (2019). PMID: 30896727 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.2352 Swinburn B.A. et al., Lancet (2019). PMID: 30700377 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32822-8

In-Person Behavioral Approaches for Weight Management Clark D.O. et al., Obes Sci Pract (2019). PMID: 31019728 / DOI: 10.1002/osp4.318 Johnson K.E. et al., Telemed J E Health (2019). PMID: 29847222 / DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2018.0002 Donnelly J.E. et al., Obesity (2013). PMID: 23408579 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20334 Befort C.A. et al., Eat Behav (2010). PMID: 19962115 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.08.002 Appel L.J. et al., N Engl J Med (2011). PMID: 22085317 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1108660 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services . Decision Memo for Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Obesity (CAG-00423N); 2011. Curry S. et al., JAMA (2018). PMID: 30326502 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.13022 Moyer V.A. , U.S. Preventive Services Task Force . Ann Intern Med (2012). PMID: 22733087 / DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-157-5201209040-00475 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) , Obesity: Identification, assessment and management (Clinical guideline [CG189]), Issued: November 2014, last modified: February 2021. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg189 Apovian C.M. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2015). PMID: 25590212 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3415 Mechanick J.I. , Hurley D.L. , Garvey W.T. . Endocr Pract (2017). PMID: 27967229 / DOI: 10.4158/EP161688.PS Jensen M.D. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol. (2014). PMID: 24222017 / DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee le Blanc E.S. et al., Ann Intern Med (2011). PMID: 21969342 / DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-7-201110040-00006 Perri M.G. et al., Obesity (2014). PMID: 25376396 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20832 Wadden T.A., Tronieri J.S. , Butryn M.L. . Am Psychol (2020). PMID: 32052997 / DOI: 10.1037/amp0000517 Stuart R.B. . Behav Res Ther (1967). DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(67)90027-7 Knowler W.C. et al., N Engl J Med (2002). PMID: 11832527 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa012512 Wadden T.A. et al., Obesity (2006). PMID: 16855180 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.84 Wadden T.A. , Tsai A.G. , Tronieri J.S. . Obesity (2019). PMID: 31544345 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22594 Rolls B. . The role of portion size, energy density, and variety in obesity and weight management. In: Wadden T. , Bray G. , eds, Handbook of Obesity Treatment, 2nd edn. New York: Guilford Press; 2018, pp. 93–104. Chao A.M. , Quigley K.M. , Wadden T.A. . J Clin Invest (2021). PMID: 33393504 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI140065 Sacks F.M. et al., N Engl J Med (2009). PMID: 19246357 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0804748 Fabricatore A. et al., Diabetes Res Clin Pract (2011). PMID: 21208675 / DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.12.016 Heymsfield S.B. et al., Int J Obes (2003). PMID: 12704397 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802258 Butryn M.L. , Webb V. , Wadden T.A. . Psychiatr Clin North Am (2011). PMID: 22098808 / DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.006 Powell K.E. et al., J Phys Act Health (2018). PMID: 30558473 / DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0618 Barry V. et al., Prog Cardiovasc Dis (2014). PMID: 24438729 / DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.002 Jakicic J.M. et al., Physical activity and weight management. In: Wadden T. , Bray G. , eds, Handbook of Obesity Treatment, 2nd edn. New York: Guilford Press; 2018, pp. 322–335. Otten J.J. et al., Arch Intern Med (2009). PMID: 20008695 / DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.430 Perri M.G. et al., J Consult Clin Psychol (2001). PMID: 11550740 / DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.722 Wadden T.A. , Foster G.D. . Med Clin North Am (2000). PMID: 10793651 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70230-3 Foster G.D. et al., Ann Intern Med (2010). PMID: 20679559 / DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00005 Goodpaster B.H. et al., JAMA (2010). PMID: 20935337 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1505 Jakicic J.M. et al., JAMA (2003). PMID: 12966123 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.290.10.1323 Forman E.M. et al., Obesity (2016). PMID: 27670400 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21601 Forman E. et al., Obesity (2013). PMID: 23666772 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20169 Butryn M.L. et al., Obesity (2017). PMID: 28337847 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21813 Wadden T.A. et al., Obesity (2011). PMID: 21779086 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.230 Rosenbaum M. , Leibel R.L. . Obesity (2016). PMID: 27460711 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21559

Schwartz M.W. et al., Endocr Rev (2017). PMID: 28898979 / DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00111 Creasy S.A. et al., Obesity (2018). PMID: 29633583 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22171 Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group . Lancet (2009). PMID: 19878986 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61457-4 Wing R.R. et al., Diabetes Care (2011). PMID: 21593294 / DOI: 10.2337/dc10-2415 Foster G.D. et al., J Consult Clin Psychol (1997). PMID: 9103737 / DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.65.1.79 Lent M.R. et al., Obes Sci Pract (2016). PMID: 27840688 / DOI: 10.1002/osp4.45 Burke L.E. , Wang J. , Sevick M.A. . J Am Diet Assoc (2011). PMID: 21185970 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.008 Acharya S.D. et al., Patient Prefer Adherence (2009). PMID: 19936157 / DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s5802 Tronieri J.S. et al., Behav Res Ther (2020). PMID: 32450367 / DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2020.103639 Patel M.L. , Wakayama L.N. , Bennett G.G. . Obesity (2021). PMID: 33624440 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23088 Burke L.E. et al., Am J Prev Med (2012). PMID: 22704741 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.03.016 Spring B. et al., Obesity (2017). PMID: 28494136 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21842 Ross K.M. , Wing R.R. . Obesity (2016). PMID: 27367614 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21536 Jakicic J.M. et al., JAMA (2016). PMID: 27654602 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.12858 Hutchesson M.J. et al., J Acad Nutr Diet (2015). PMID: 25262244 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.07.036 Fontana J.M. et al., Appetite (2015). PMID: 25447016 / DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.11.003 Desendorf J. et al., Eat Behav (2014). PMID: 25064306 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2014.06.013 Scisco J.L. , Muth E.R. , Hoover A.W. . J Acad Nutr Diet (2014). PMID: 24231364 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.09.017 Martin C.K. et al., J Hum Nutr Diet (2014). PMID: 23848588 / DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12014 Evenson K.R. , Goto M.M. , Furberg R.D. . Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2015). PMID: 26684758 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-015-0314-1 Forman E.M. et al., Ann Behav Med (2017). PMID: 28281136 / DOI: 10.1007/s12160-017-9897-x Cooper Z. , Fairburn C.G. . Behav Res Ther (2001). PMID: 11341247 / DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00065-6 Cooper Z. , Fairburn C.G. . Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obesity. In: Wadden T.A. , Stunkard A.J. , eds, Handbook of Obesity Treatment, 1st edn. New York: Guilford Press; 2002, pp. 465–479. Cooper Z. et al., Behav Res Ther (2010). PMID: 20691328 / DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.008 Werrij M.Q. et al., J Psychosom Res (2009). PMID: 19773024 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.12.011 Ames G.E. et al., Eat Behav (2005). PMID: 15854872 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.01.003 Berk K.A. et al., Diabetologia (2018). PMID: 29318342 / DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4531-9 Dalle Grave R. , Sartirana M. , Calugi S. . Biopsychosoc Med (2020). PMID: 32175002 / DOI: 10.1186/s13030-020-00177-9 Olson K.L. , Emery C.F. . Psychosom Med (2015). PMID: 25490697 / DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000127 Ruffault A. et al., Obes Res Clin Pract (2017). PMID: 27658995 / DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.09.002 Tronieri J.S. et al., Mindfulness (2020). PMID: 33777254 / DOI: 10.1007/s12671-020-01493-5 Daubenmier J. et al., Obesity (2016). PMID: 26955895 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21396 Mason A.E. et al., Appetite (2016). PMID: 26867697 / DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.009 Carpenter K.M. et al., Behav Med (2019). PMID: 28985151 / DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2017.1384359 Lillis J. et al., Obesity (2016). PMID: 27804255 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21680 Bricker J.B. et al., Transl Behav Med (2021). PMID: 33787926 / DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibab012 Forman E.M. et al., Obesity (2019). PMID: 30806492 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22412 Armstrong M. et al., Obes Rev (2011). PMID: 21692966 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00892.x West D.S. et al., Diabetes Care (2007). PMID: 17337504 / DOI: 10.2337/dc06-1966 Paul-Ebhohimhen V. , Avenell A. . Obes Rev (2008). PMID: 17956546 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00409.x VanEpps E.M. et al., Am J Health Promot (2019). PMID: 30021451 / DOI: 10.1177/0890117118783594 Leahey T.M. et al., Obesity (2015). PMID: 25384463 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20937 Finkelstein E.A. et al., Soc Sci Med (2017). PMID: 28554160 / DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.030 Linde J.A. et al., Ann Behav Med (2011). PMID: 20878292 / DOI: 10.1007/s12160-010-9232-2 Faulconbridge L.F. et al., Obesity (2018). PMID: 29932516 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22209 Ramirez E.M. , Rosen J.C. . J Consult Clin Psychol (2001). PMID: 11495173 / DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.69.3.440 Pearl R.L. et al., J Consult Clin Psychol (2020). PMID: 31971410 / DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000480 Unick J.L. et al., Curr Diab Rep (2017). PMID: 28726155 / DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0904-1 Carels R.A. et al., Health Psychol (2007). PMID: 17500624 / DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.26.3.369 Carels R.A. et al., J Psychosom Res (2005). PMID: 16310019 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.060 Carels R.A. et al., J Contextual Behav Sci (2019). DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.03.002 Unick J. et al., J Behav Med (2016). PMID: 26518207 / DOI: 10.1007/s10865-015-9691-9 Almirall D. et al., Transl Behav Med (2014). PMID: 25264466 / DOI: 10.1007/s13142-014-0265-0 Mudaliar U. et al., PLOS Med (2016). PMID: 27459705 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002095 Whittemore R. . Transl Behav Med (2011). PMID: 24073067 / DOI: 10.1007/s13142-011-0062-y Tronieri J.S. et al., Curr Obes Rep (2019). PMID: 30888632 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-019-00341-5 Katzmarzyk P.T. et al., NEJM (2020). PMID: 32877581 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007448 Sherrington A. et al., Obes Rev (2016). PMID: 26948257 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12396 Roberto C.A. et al., Lancet (2015). PMID: 25703111 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61744-X Novak N.L. , Brownell K.D. . Circulation (2012). PMID: 23129701 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.037929 Heymsfield S.B., Wadden T.A. . NEJM (2017). PMID: 28099824 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1514009

Behavioral Interventions Delivered Remotely Hales C.M. et al., Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief, no. 360. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2020. Jensen M.D. et al., Circulation (2014). PMID: 24222017 / DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee Gilmore L.A. et al., J Diabetes Sci Technol (2014). PMID: 24876625 / DOI: 10.1177/1932296814525189 Williamson D.A. . Obesity (2017). PMID: 28944593 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21914 Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) Research Group . Diabetes Care (2002). PMID: 12453955 / DOI: 10.2337/diacare.25.12.2165 Look AHEAD Research Group . Obesity (2014). PMID: 24307184 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20662 Sacks F.M. et al., N Engl J Med (2009). PMID: 19246357 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0804748 Rickman A.D. et al., Contemp Clin Trials (2011). PMID: 21767664 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2011.07.002 Wadden T.A. et al., N Engl J Med (2011). PMID: 22082239 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1109220 Appel L.J. et al., N Engl J Med (2011). PMID: 22085317 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1108660 Bennett G.G. et al., Arch Intern Med (2012). PMID: 22412073 / DOI: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1 Katzmarzyk P.T. et al., N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 32877581 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007448 Williamson D.A. et al., J Behav Med (2010). PMID: 20195742 / DOI: 10.1007/s10865-010-9253-0 Williamson D.A. et al., J Behav Med (2010). PMID: 19856202 / DOI: 10.1007/s10865-009-9230-7 Wadden T.A. et al., Obesity (2009). PMID: 19180071 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.637 Ali M.K. et al., Health Aff (2012). PMID: 22232096 / DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.1009 Mauro M. et al., Eur J Intern Med (2008). PMID: 18395160 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.09.011 Arigo D. et al., J Behav Med (2019). PMID: 30825090 / DOI: 10.1007/s10865-018-9966-z Jeffery R.W. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2003). PMID: 14517547 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802473 Pew Research Center . Mobile Fact Sheet (2021). Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/ Statista . Number of health and fitness app users in the United States from 2018 to 2022 (2021). Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1154994/number-us-fitness-health-app-users/ Vogels E.A. . Pew Research Center: About one-in-five Americans use a smart watch or fitness tracker (2020). Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/01/09/about-one-in-five-americans-use-a-smart-watch-or-fitness-tracker/ Hutchesson M.J. et al., Obes Rev (2015). PMID: 25753009 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12268 Podina I.R. , Fodor L.A. . Health Psychol (2018). PMID: 29733617 / DOI: 10.1037/hea0000623 Beleigoli A.M. et al., J Med Internet Res (2019). PMID: 30622090 / DOI: 10.2196/jmir.9609 Harvey-Berino J. et al., Prev Med (2010). PMID: 20478333 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.04.018 Sullivan D.K. et al., J Nutr Educ Behav (2013). PMID: 23622351 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2012.10.007 Harvey-Berino J. et al., Int J Obes (2002). PMID: 12187404 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802051 Svetkey L.P. et al., JAMA (2008). PMID: 18334689 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.299.10.1139 Little P. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2016). PMID: 27474214 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30099-7 Waring M.E. et al., Curr Diab Rep (2018). PMID: 29671135 / DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1001-9 Pew Research Center . Social media use in 2021 (2021). Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/04/07/socialmedia-use-in-2021/ Bandura A. . Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1977. Bandura A. . Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1995. Willis E.A. et al., Obes Sci Pract (2017). PMID: 28713582 / DOI 10.1002/osp4.96 Turner-McGrievy G.M. , Tate D.F. . Transl Behav Med (2013). PMID: 24073180 / DOI: 10.1007/s13142-012-0183-y Turner-McGrievy G. , Tate D. . J Med Internet Res (2011). PMID: 22186428 / DOI: 10.2196/jmir.1841 Pagoto S.L. et al., JMIR Res Protoc (2015). PMID: 26500186 / DOI: 10.2196/resprot.4864 Kumar A. , Epley N. . J Exp Psychol Gen (2021). PMID: 32915017 / DOI: 10.1037/xge0000962 Ryu S. . History of telemedicine: Evolution, context, and transformation. Healthc Inform Res (2010). DOI: 10.4258/hir.2010.16.1.65 Turner A. . Generation mute: Why do millennials hate phone calls (2021). Available from: https://www.bankmycell.com/blog/whymillennials-ignore-calls Ross K.M. , Wing R.R. . Obesity (2016). PMID: 27367614 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21536 Pellegrini C.A. et al., Obesity (2012). PMID: 21311506 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.13 Shuger S.L. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2011). PMID: 21592351 / DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-41 Varkevisser R.D.M. et al., Obes Rev (2019). PMID: 30324651 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12772 Dombrowski S.U. et al., Obes Facts (2010). PMID: 21196792 / DOI: 10.1159/000323076 Teixeira P.J. et al., BMC Med (2015). PMID: 25907778 / DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0323-6 Lin P-H. et al., Clin Trials (2015). PMID: 26229119 / DOI: 10.1177/1740774515597222 Ryan K. et al., Digit Health (2019). PMID: 30783535 / DOI: 10.1177/2055207619826685 Thomas J.G. , Wing R.R. . JMIR Mhealth Uhealth (2013). PMID: 25100672 / DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.2164 Carter M.C. et al., J Med Internet Res (2013). PMID: 25100672 / DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.2164 Cheatham S.W. et al., J Sports Med Phys Fitness (2018). PMID: 28488834 / DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07437-0 Thomas J.G. et al., Obesity (2017). PMID: 28437597 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21846 Jakicic J.M. et al., JAMA (2016). PMID: 27654602 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.12858 Dishman R.K. . Exercise adherence: Its impact on public health. 1st edn. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1988. Unick J.L. et al., Curr Diab Rep (2017). PMID: 28726155 / DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0904-1

Höchsmann C. et al., Scand J Med Sci Sports (2018). PMID: 29460319 / DOI: 10.1111/sms.13074 Höchsmann C. et al., Physiol Meas (2020). PMID: 31851949 / DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ab635f Tate D.F. et al., JAMA (2001). PMID: 11231746 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.285.9.1172 Jospe M.R. et al., Obesity (2017). PMID: 28703448 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21898 Ferrara G. et al., JMIR Mhealth Uhealth (2019). PMID: 31102369 / DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.9232 Burke L.E. et al., J Am Diet Assoc (2011). PMID: 21185970 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.008 Turk M.W. et al., Int J Behav Med (2013). PMID: 22936524 / DOI: 10.1007/s12529-012-9259-9 Shay L.E. et al., Eat Behav (2009). PMID: 19778751 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.07.004 Höchsmann C. , Martin C.K. . Int J Obes (2020). PMID: 33033394 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-00693-2 Martin C.K. et al., JMIR Mhealth Uhealth (2016). PMID: 26983937 / DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.5027 Martin C.K. et al., Obesity (2015). PMID: 25919921 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21063 Wing R.R. et al., Obesity (2015). PMID: 25865175 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21064 Redman L.M. et al., JMIR Mhealth Uhealth (2017). PMID: 28903892 / DOI: 10.2196/mhealth.8228 Flanagan E.W. et al., JMIR Res Protoc (2020). PMID: 32909954 / DOI: 10.2196/18211 Ravussin E. et al., J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci (2015). PMID: 26187233 / DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv057 Katzmarzyk P.T. et al., Contemp Clin Trials (2018). PMID: 29408562 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.02.002 Spruijt-Metz D. et al., Curr Obes Rep (2015). PMID: 26364308 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-015-0183-6 Nahum-Shani I. et al., Ann Behav Med (2018). PMID: 27663578 / DOI: 10.1007/s12160-016-9830-8 Goldstein S.P. et al., Int J Behav Med (2017). PMID: 28083725 / DOI: 10.1007/s12529-016-9627-y Bond D.S. et al., PlOS ONE (2014). PMID: 24964010 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100821 Thomas J.G. , Bond D.S. . Health Psychol (2015). PMID: 26651467 / DOI: 10.1037/hea0000304 Forman E.M. et al., Transl Behav Med (2019). PMID: 29617911 / DOI: 10.1093/tbm/iby016 Goldstein S.P. et al., Transl Behav Med (2021). PMID: 33902112 / DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibaa097 Forman E.M. et al., Transl Behav Med (2019). PMID: 31602471 / DOI: 10.1093/tbm/ibz137 Forman E.M. et al., J Behav Med (2019). PMID: 3014562 / DOI: 10.1007/s10865-018-9964-1 Look AHEAD Research Group . Obesity (2006). PMID: 16855180 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.84

Cultural Considerations in Behavioral Therapy for the Management of Obesity Jahoda G. . Cult Psychology (2012). DOI: 10.1177/1354067X12446229 Caprio S. et al., Diabetes Care (2008). DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.398 Bruss M.B. et al., Health Communication (2005). DOI: 10.1207/s15327027hc1802_4 Petersen R. et al., Preventing Chronic Disease (2019). PMID: 30974071 / DOI: 10.5888/pcd16.180579 Puhl R.M. , Heuer C.A. . American Journal of Public Health (2010). DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.159491 Joo J.Y. , Liu M.F. . Western Journal of Nursing Research (2020). PMID: 32400300 / DOI: 10.1177/0193945920918334 Fisher T.L. et al., Medical Care Research and Review (2007). PMID: 17881628 / DOI: 10.1177/1077558707305414 Gleason P. . Am Q (1991). DOI: 10.2307/2713109 Abramitzky R. , Boustan L. . Journal of Economic Literature (2017). DOI: 10.1257/jel.20151189 Prevention CfDCa . Race and ethnicity in the United States: 2010 census and 2020 census 2021. Available from: https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html Hales C.M. et al., NCHS Data Brief (2020). PMID: 32487284 Prevention CfDCa . (2019). Hodge F.S. , Kotkin-Jaszi S.T. . Californian Journal of Health Promotion (2009). Chiang K.V. et al., MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2021). DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7021a1 Hohl S. et al., Maternal and Child Health Journal (2016). PMID: 27021068 / DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-1954-8 Gyamfi A. et al., Breastfeeding Medicine: The Official Journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine (2021). PMID: 33591226 / DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0312 Sterling S. et al., Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (2018). PMID: 28281179 / DOI: 10.1007/s40615-017-0351-3 Liu J. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23592674 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20265 Airhihenbuwa C.O. et al., Ethnicity & Health (1996). PMID: 9395569 / DOI: 10.1080/13557858.1996.9961793 Taverno Ross S.E. et al., Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior (2018). PMID: 29954715 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2017.12.010 Henderson K.A. , Ainsworth B.E. . American Journal of Public Health (2003). PMID: 12554592 / DOI: 10.2105/ajph.93.2.313 Babakus W.S. , Thompson J.L. . The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (2012). PMID: 23256686 / DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-150 Ard J.D. et al., American Journal of Health Behavior (2013). PMID: 22943096 / DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.37.1.1 Sosa E.T. . Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education (2012). PMID: 21551423 / DOI: 10.1177/1090198111398129 Chithambo T.P. , Huey S.J. . Journal of Obesity (2013). PMID: 23533721 / DOI: 10.1155/2013/320326 Thomas S. et al., Menopause (New York, NY) (2013). PMID: 23435023 / DOI: 10.1097/GME.0b013e31826e7574 Chugh M. et al., Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine (2013). PMID: 23833157 / DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2013.04.120350 Befort C.A. et al., Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education (2008). PMID: 17142244 / DOI: 10.1177/1090198106290398 Robinson S.A. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2012). PMID: 21494225 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.54 Baruth M. et al., Ethnicity & Disease (2015). PMID: 26674119 / DOI: 10.18865/ed.25.4.391

Keith N.R. et al., American Journal of Health Behavior (2015). PMID: 25290595 / DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.39.1.4 Ordaz D.L. et al., Body Image (2018). PMID: 29172060 / DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.11.004 Marquez B. , Murillo R. . Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2017). PMID: 28330732 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.01.025 Kambon K. . The worldviews paradigm as the conceptual framework for African/Black psychology. In: Jones R.L. , editor. Black psychology. 4th ed. Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry; 2004, pp. 73–92. Akbar N. . African roots of Black personality. In: Smith W. , Burlew K. , Mosley M. , Whitney W. , editors. Reflections on Black psychology. Washington, DC: American University Press; 1979. Baldwin J.A. . Western Journal of Black Studies (1981). Myers L.J. . An afrocentric world view: Introduction to an optimal psychology. Dubuque, IA: Quintal-Hunt; 1988. Nobles W.W. . African psychology: Towards its reclamation, reascension, and revitalization. Oakland, CA: Black Family Institute; 1986. Boltri J.M. et al., Journal of the National Medical Association (2011). PMID: 21671523 / DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30301-1 DeHaven M.J. et al., Contemporary Clinical Trials (2011). DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2011.05.017 Williams L.B. et al., Contemporary Clinical Trials (2013). PMID: 23354313 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2013.01.002 Tussing-Humphreys L.M. et al., Journal of Religion and Health (2015). PMID: 24442772 / DOI: 10.1007/s10943-014-9823-5 Tucker C.M. et al., Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities (2017). PMID: 26830631 / DOI: 10.1007/s40615-015-0203-y Newton RL, Jr. . et al., Journal of Medical Internet Research (2018). PMID: 30143478 / DOI: 10.2196/jmir.9816 Vaughn N.A. et al., Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) (2018). PMID: 29510546 / DOI: 10.3390/healthcare6010025 Krieger N. . International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation (2014). PMID: 25626224 / DOI: 10.2190/HS.44.4.b Bailey Z.D. et al., Lancet (London, England) (2017). PMID: 28402827 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30569-x Lee A.K. et al., Psychology & Health (2016). PMID: 2016-29659-006 / DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2015.1127373 Clark J.D. , Winterowd C. . Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development (2012). PMID: 2012-09510-006 / DOI: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2012.00011.x Longmire-Avital B. , McQueen C. . Women & Health (2019). PMID: 2018-41592-001 / DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2018.1478361 Hayman LW, Jr. . et al., Psychology & Health (2015). PMID: 2015-13954-003 / DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2014.983923 Cross T.L. . Towards a culturally competent system of care: A monograph on effective sevices for minority children who are severely emotionally disturbed. Washington, DC; 1989. Renzaho A.M. et al., BMC Public Health (2015). PMID: 25881105 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1628-2 Services USDoHaH . National CLAS standards. Available from: https://thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/clas Butler M. et al., AHRQ comparative effectiveness reviews: Improving cultural competence to reduce health disparities. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2016. Sue S. . Journal of Community Psychology (2006). DOI: 10.1002/jcop.20095 Sue S. et al., Annual Review of Psychology (2009). PMID: 18729724 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163651 FitzGerald C. , Hurst S. . BMC Medical Ethics (2017). PMID: 28249596 / DOI: 10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8 Druckman J.N. et al., Journal of Social Psychology (2018). PMID: 132616247 / DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2017.1409188 Pasick R.J. et al., Health Education Quarterly (1996). DOI: 10.1177/10901981960230s101 Choi S.E. , Rush E.B. . Diabetes Education (2012). PMID: 22491398 / DOI: 10.1177/0145721712443292 Bernal G. et al., Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology (1995). PMID: 7759675 / DOI: 10.1007/bf01447045 Resnicow K. et al., Ethnicity & Disease (1999). Kreuter M.W. et al., Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education (2003). PMID: 12693519 / DOI: 10.1177/1090198102251021 Bernal G. , Sáez-Santiago E. . Journal of Community Psychology (2006). PMID: / DOI: 10.1002/jcop.20096 O'Connor T.M. et al., The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity (2020). PMID: 32316983 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-00949-0 Highfield L. et al., BioMed Research International (2015). PMID: 26587531 / DOI: 10.1155/2015/160103 Fernandez M.E. et al., Front Public Health (2019). PMID: 31475126 / DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00209 Collins S.E. et al., The American Psychologist (2018). PMID: 29355352 / DOI: 10.1037/amp0000167 Benish S.G. et al., Journal of Counseling Psychology (2011). PMID: 21604860 / DOI: 10.1037/a0023626 Krukowski R.A. et al., Journal of Health Psychology (2010). PMID: 20348359 / DOI: 10.1177/1359105309353645 Woodward E.N. et al., Implementation Science Communications (2021). DOI: 10.1186/s43058-021-00146-5 Graham P.W. et al., Translational Behavioral Medicine (2016). PMID: 27012259 / DOI: 10.1007/s13142-015-0368-2 Layde P.M. et al., American Journal of Public Health (2012). PMID: 22397341 / DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300468 Diaz V. . Annals of Family Medicine (2012). PMID: 22778129 / DOI: 10.1370/afm.1426 Rodríguez M.D. et al., Family Process (2006). PMID: 16615255 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00082.x Hunter J.B. et al., Health Education & Behavior: The Official Publication of the Society for Public Health Education (2004). PMID: 15296689 / DOI: 10.1177/1090198104266004 Ayala G.X. et al., Health Education Research (2010). DOI: 10.1093/her/cyq035 Zuvekas A. et al., The Journal of Ambulatory Care Management (1999). PMID: 11184887 / DOI: 10.1097/00004479-19991000000007 Messias D.K.H. et al., Hispanic Health Care International (2013). PMID: 24695944 / DOI: 10.1891/1540-4153.11.2.62 Gorelick P.B. et al., Journal of the National Medical Association (1998). PMID: 9549977 UyBico S.J. et al., Journal of General Internal Medicine (2007). PMID: 17375358 / DOI: 10.1007/s11606-007-0126-3 Herring R.P. et al., Ethnicity & Disease (2010). PMID: 21305834

Diet Composition and Weight Loss Lavoisier A.L. , DeLaplace P.S. . Obes Res (1994). PMID: 16353620 / DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1994.tb00646.x Armsby H.P. . Science (1903). PMID: 17774336 / DOI: 10.1126/science.18.459.481 Lusk G. . The Elements of the Science of Nutrition. London: Academic Press, Inc.; 1976. Hall K.D. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2022). PMID: 35134825 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac031 Alhassan S. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2008). PMID: 18268511 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.8 Dansinger M.L. et al., JAMA (2005). PMID: 15632335 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.293.1.43 Johnston B.C. et al., JAMA (2014). PMID: 25182101 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.10397 Freedhoff Y. , Hall K.D. . Lancet (2016). PMID: 27597452 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31338-1 Flatt J.P. . Diabetes Metab Rev (1988). PMID: 3065010 Flatt J.P. . Am J Clin Nutr (1995). PMID: 7484929 Flatt J.P. . Am J Clin Nutr (1995). PMID: 7572716 Frayn K.N. . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (1995). PMID: 8581111 Schutz Y. . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (1993). PMID: 8124396 Stubbs R.J. . Proc Nutr Soc (1998). PMID: 9793991 Frayn K.N. . Metabolic Regulation: A Human Perspective. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.; 2003. Evans K. et al., Am J Physiol (1999). PMID: 9950782 Samra J.S. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (1998). PMID: 9725642 Atkins R.C. . Dr. Atkins’ Diet Revolution: The High Calorie Way to Stay Thin Forever. New York, NY: Bantam Books; 1973. 324 p. Feinman R.D. , Fine E.J. . Metab Syndr Relat Disord (2003). PMID: 18370664 Fine E.J. , Feinman R.D. . Nutr Metab (Lond) (2004). PMID: 15588283 Guyenet S.J. , Hall K.D. . J Nutr (2021). PMID: 34363484 / DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab213 Hall K.D. , Guo J. . Gastroenterology (2017). PMID: 28193517 / DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.052 Ludwig D.S. et al., J Nutr (2021). PMID: 33274750 / DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa350 Hall K.D. . PLOS ONE (2019). PMID: 31815947 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225944 Hall K.D. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2019). PMID: 31028699 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy390 Hall K.D. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2019). PMID: 31548574 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0456-3 Buga A. et al., Front Nutr (2021). PMID: 33869263 / DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.618520 Bisschop P.H. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2003). PMID: 12915672 Edens N.K. et al., Clin Chest Med (1986). PMID: 3082577 Richardson D.P. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (1979). PMID: 495538 Vazquez J.A. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (1995). PMID: 7598072 Vazquez J.A. et al., J Clin Invest (1985). PMID: 3897289 Hall K.D. et al., Nat Med (2021). PMID: 33479499 / DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-01209-1 Lissner L. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (1987). PMID: 3687822 Shintani T.T. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (1991). PMID: 2031501 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/53.6.1647S Stubbs R.J. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (1995). PMID: 7625338 Stubbs R.J. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (1995). PMID: 7625339 Johnstone A.M. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2008). PMID: 18175736 Boden G. et al., Ann Intern Med (2005). PMID: 15767618 Forbes G.B. . Human Body Composition: Growth, Aging, Nutrition, and Activity. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1987. Magendie F. . On the nutritive value of substances which contain no nitrogen. Annales de chimie et de physique 1816;3:66. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, The National Academies Press; 2002. Young V.R. et al., Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl (1991). PMID: 1927528 Morton R.W. et al., Br J Sports Med (2018). PMID: 28698222 / DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608 Traylor D.A. et al., Adv Nutr (2018). PMID: 29635313 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy003 Green C.L. et al., Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol (2022). PMID: 34518687 / DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00411-4 Lee M.B. et al., Science (2021). PMID: 34793210 / DOI: 10.1126/science.abe7365 Bray G.A. et al., JAMA (2012). PMID: 22215165 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1918 Mikkelsen P.B. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2000). PMID: 11063440 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1135 Oliveira C.L.P. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2021). PMID: 33247306 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa283 Sutton E.F. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2016). PMID: 27356102 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21541 Thearle M.S. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2013). PMID: 23666976 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-1289 Longland T.M. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2016). PMID: 26817506 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.119339 Backx E.M. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2016). PMID: 26471344 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.182 Johnston C.S. et al., J Nutr (2004). PMID: 14988451 Pasquali R. et al., Metabolism (1987). PMID: 3683185 Gosby A.K. et al., PLOS ONE (2011). PMID: 22022472 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025929 Gosby A.K. et al., Obes Rev (2014). PMID: 24588967 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12131 Martens E.A. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2013). PMID: 23221572 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.046540 Martens E.A. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2014). PMID: 24760974 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.078774

Weigle D.S. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2005). PMID: 16002798 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.1.41 Halton T.L. , Hu F.B. . J Am Coll Nutr (2004). PMID: 15466943 / DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719381 Leidy H.J. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2015). PMID: 25926512 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.084038 Westerterp-Plantenga M.S. et al., Annu Rev Nutr (2009). PMID: 19400750 Wycherley T.P. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2012). PMID: 23097268 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.044321 Aller E.E. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2014). PMID: 24675714 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.52 Due A. et al., Eur J Nutr (2017). PMID: 26659070 / DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1116-6 Larsen T.M. et al., N Engl J Med (2010). PMID: 21105792 Soenen S. et al., Physiol Behav (2012). PMID: 22935440 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.08.004 Soenen S. et al., J Nutr (2013). PMID: 23446962 / DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.167593 Zhu R. et al., Front Nutr (2021). PMID: 34141717 / DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.685648 Kjølbæk L. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2017). PMID: 28679554 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.129528 Mittendorfer B. et al., Nat Rev Endocrinol (2020). PMID: 31728051 / DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0274-7 Simpson S.J. et al., Appetite (2003). PMID: 14550310 Simpson S.J. , Raubenheimer D. . Obes Rev (2005). PMID: 15836464 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2005.00178.x Raubenheimer D. , Simpson S.J. . Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 31339001 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22531 Hu S. et al., Cell Metab (2018). PMID: 30017356 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.010 Griffioen-Roose S. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2012). PMID: 22158729 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.020503 Hall K.D. . Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). DOI: 10.31232/osf.io/59x87 Scrinis G. Nutritionism: The Science and Politics of Dietary Advice. New York: Columbia University Press; 2013. 352 p. Monteiro C.A. et al., Public Health Nutr (2019). PMID: 30744710 / DOI: 10.1017/s1368980018003762 Marino M. et al., Nutrients (2021). PMID: 34444936 / DOI: 10.3390/nu13082778 Pagliai G. et al., Br J Nutr (2021). PMID: 32792031 / DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520002688 Hall K.D. et al., Cell Metab (2019). PMID: 31105044 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008 Tobias D.K. , Hall K.D. . Cell Metab (2021). PMID: 34699743 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.10.005

Circadian Rhythms and Weight Loss Manoogian E.N. et al., Endocr Rev (2021). PMID: 34550357 / DOI: 6371193 [pii] 10.1210/endrev/bnab027 [doi] Panda S. . Science (2016). PMID: 27885007 / DOI: 10.1126/science.aah4967 Jordan S.D. , Lamia K.A. . Mol Cell Endocrinol (2013). PMID: 22750052 / DOI: S0303-7207(12)00331-0 [pii] 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.017 [doi] Jakubowicz D. et al., Nutrients (2021). PMID: 34063109 / DOI: 10.3390/nu13051558 Gill S. , Panda S. . Cell Metab (2015). PMID: 26411343 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.005 Antunes L.C. et al., Nutr Res Rev (2010). PMID: 20122305 / DOI: 10.1017/S0954422410000016 Kohsaka A. et al., Cell Metab (2007). PMID: 17983587 / DOI: S1550-4131(07)00266-5 [pii] 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.09.006 [doi] Hatori M. et al., Cell Metab (2012). PMID: 22608008 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.019 Chaix A. et al., Cell Metab (2014). PMID: 25470547 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.11.001 Sherman H. et al., FASEB J (2012). PMID: 22593546 / DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-208868 Chow L.S. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 32270927 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22756 Maury E. . Int J Mol Sci (2019). PMID: 30935034 / DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071597 Wu T. et al., Chronobiol Int (2011). PMID: 22080734 / DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2011.622599 Gooley J.J. . Proc Nutr Soc (2016). PMID: 27225642 / DOI: 10.1017/S0029665116000288 Tuomi T. et al., Cell Metab (2016). PMID: 27185156 / DOI: S1550-4131(16)30160-7 [pii] 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.04.009 [doi] Prasai M.J. et al., Diabetes (2013). PMID: 23382450 / DOI: 10.2337/db11-1740 Yoshino J. , Imai S. . Cell Metab (2010). PMID: 20674854 / DOI: S1550-4131(10)00238-X [pii] 10.1016/j.cmet.2010.07.006 [doi] Sadacca L.A. et al., Diabetologia (2011). PMID: 20890745 / DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1920-8 Lindgren O. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2009). PMID: 19435824 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0366 Dyar K.A. et al., Mol Metab (2014). PMID: 24567902 / DOI: S2212-8778(13)00103-8 [pii] 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.10.005 [doi] Arble D.M. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2009). PMID: 19730426 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.264 Jakubowicz D. et al., Diabetes Care (2015). PMID: 26220945 / DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0761 Cahill L.E. et al., Circulation (2013). PMID: 23877060 / DOI: 128/4/337 [pii] 10.1161/circulationaha.113.001474 [doi] Mirghani H. . Cureus (2021). PMID: 34322341 / DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15853 Hibi M. et al., Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol (2013). PMID: 23174861 / DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00115.2012 Pot G.K. et al., Proc Nutr Soc (2016). PMID: 27327128 / DOI: 10.1017/S0029665116000239 Jakubowicz D. et al., Diabetes Care (2019). PMID: 31548244 / DOI: 10.2337/dc19-1142 Schwingshackl L. et al., Adv Nutr (2020). PMID: 32437566 / DOI: 5841751 [pii] nmaa056 [pii] 10.1093/advances/nmaa056 [doi] Rabinovitz H.R. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2014). PMID: 24311451 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20654 Bertéus Forslund H. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2008). PMID: 17700649 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602860 Ha K. , Song Y. . Nutrients (2019). PMID: 31614924 / DOI: 10.3390/nu11102437 Toschke A.M. et al., Int J Pediatr Obes (2009). PMID: 19922038 / DOI: 10.3109/17477160902763341 Jääskeläinen A. et al., Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2013). PMID: 22901841 / DOI: S0939-4753(12)00179-2 [pii] 10.1016/j.numecd.2012.07.006 [doi] Jakubowicz D. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23512957 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20460

Jakubowicz D. et al., Steroids (2012). PMID: 22178258 / DOI: S0039-128X(11)00351-5 [pii] 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.006 [doi] Jakubowicz D. et al., Diabetologia (2015). PMID: 25724569 / DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3524-9 Bo S. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2015). PMID: 26219416 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.138 Wilkinson M.J. et al., Cell Metab (2020). PMID: 31813824 / DOI: S1550-4131(19)30611-4 [pii] 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.004 [doi] Hutchison A.T. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 31002478 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22449 Parr E.B. et al., Nutrients (2020). PMID: 33105701 / DOI: 10.3390/nu12113228 Cienfuegos S. et al., Cell Metab (2020). PMID: 32673591 / DOI: S1550-4131(20)30319-3 [pii] 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.018 [doi] Anton S.D. et al., Nutrients (2019). PMID: 31262054 / DOI: 10.3390/nu11071500 Sutton E.F. et al., Cell Metab (2018). PMID: 29754952 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010 Kesztyüs D. et al., Nutrients (2019). PMID: 31766465 / DOI: 10.3390/nu11122854 Kim H. et al., Medicina (Kaunas) (2020). PMID: 33066554 / DOI: 10.3390/medicina56100540 Prasad M. et al., Nutrients (2021). PMID: 34201442 / DOI: 10.3390/nu13072148 Przulj D. et al., PLOS ONE (2021). PMID: 33508009 / DOI: PONE-D-20-18847 [pii] 10.1371/journal.pone.0246186 [doi] Gabel K. et al., Nutr Healthy Aging (2018). PMID: 29951594 / DOI: 10.3233/nha-170036 Gabel K. et al., Appl Physiol Nutr Metab (2018). PMID: 30216730 / DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0389 Gabel K. et al., Nutr Health (2020). PMID: 32228124 DOI: 10.1177/0260106020910907 Schroder J.D. et al., J Transl Med (2021). PMID: 33407612 / DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02687-0 Malaeb S. et al., Nutrients (2020). PMID: 33167321 / DOI: 10.3390/nu12113396 Che T. et al., Nutr Metab (Lond) (2021). PMID: 34620199 / DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00613-9 Peeke P.M. et al., Nutr Diabetes (2021). PMID: 33446635 / DOI: 10.1038/s41387-021-00149-0 Lowe D.A. et al., JAMA Intern Med (2020). PMID: 32986097 / DOI: 2771095 [pii] ioi200064 [pii] 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4153 [doi] Phillips N.E. et al., Nutrients (2021). PMID: 33807102 / DOI: 10.3390/nu13031042 de Oliveira Maranhão Pureza I.R. et al., Clin Nutr (2021). PMID: 32713721 / DOI: S0261-5614(20)30351-4 [pii] 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.06.036 [doi] Ravussin E. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 31339000 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22518 Hutchison A.T. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 30569640 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22345 Parr E.B. et al., Nutrients (2020). PMID: 32079327 / DOI: 10.3390/nu12020505 Rynders C.A. et al., Nutrients (2019). PMID: 31614992 / DOI: 10.3390/nu11102442 Cho Y. et al., J Clin Med (2019). PMID: 31601019 / DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101645 Varady K.A. et al., Nutr J (2013). PMID: 24215592 / DOI: 1475-2891-12-146 [pii] 10.1186/1475-2891-12-146 [doi] Kahleova H. et al., Diabetologia (2014). PMID: 24838678 / DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3253-5 Arnason T.G. et al., World J Diabetes (2017). PMID: 28465792 / DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i4.154 Eshghinia S. , Mohammadzadeh F. . J Diabetes Metab Disord (2013). PMID: 23497604 / DOI: 10.1186/2251-6581-12-4 Varady K.A. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2009). PMID: 19793855 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28380 Coutinho S.R. et al., Clin Nutr (2018). PMID: 28446382 / DOI: S0261-5614(17)30125-5 [pii] 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.002 [doi] Hoddy K.K. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2014). PMID: 25251676 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20909 Trepanowski J.F. et al., JAMA Intern Med (2017). PMID: 28459931 / DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936 Catenacci V.A. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2016). PMID: 27569118 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21581 Parvaresh A. et al., Complement Ther Med (2019). PMID: 31779987 / DOI: S0965-2299(19)30657-0 [pii] 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.021 [doi] Razavi R. et al., Int J Vitam Nutr Res (2021). PMID: 32003649 / DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000623 [doi] Beaulieu K. et al., J Nutr (2020). PMID: 31825067 / DOI: 5673202 [pii] 10.1093/jn/nxz296 [doi] Cai H. et al., BMC Gastroenterol (2019). PMID: 31852444 / DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1132-8 Varady K.A. et al., Lipids Health Dis (2011). PMID: 21767400 / DOI: 10.1186/1476-511X-10-119 Bhutani S. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23408502 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20353 Cho A.R. et al., Metabolism (2019). PMID: 30615947 / DOI: S0026-0495(19)30009-5 [pii] 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.002 [doi] Klempel M.C. et al., Metabolism (2013). PMID: 22889512 / DOI: S0026-0495(12)00256-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.002 [doi] Jospe M.R. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2020). PMID: 31879752 / DOI: 5687899 [pii] 10.1093/ajcn/nqz330 [doi] Corley B.T. et al., Diabet Med (2018). PMID: 29405359 / DOI: 10.1111/dme.13595 Klempel M.C. et al., Nutr J (2012). PMID: 23171320 / DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-98 Harvie M.N. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2011). PMID: 20921964 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.171 Conley M. et al., Nutr Diet (2018). PMID: 28791787 / DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12372 Sundfør T.M. et al., Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2018). PMID: 29778565 / DOI: S0939-4753(18)30100-5 [pii] 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.03.009 [doi] Headland M.L. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2019). PMID: 30470804 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0247-2 Pinto A.M. et al., Clin Nutr (2020). PMID: 31409509 / DOI: S0261-5614(19)30296-1 [pii] 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.07.014 [doi] Pannen S.T. et al., Nutrients (2021). PMID: 33916366 / DOI: 10.3390/nu13041195 Tay A. et al., Nutrients (2020). PMID: 33212907 / DOI: 10.3390/nu12113530 Fazeli P.K. et al., Mol Metab (2020). PMID: 32992039 / DOI: S2212-8778(20)30156-3 [pii] 101082 [pii] 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101082 [doi] Wilhelmi de Toledo F. et al., PLOS ONE (2019). PMID: 30601864 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209353 Li C. et al., Forsch Komplementmed (2013). PMID: 24434755 / DOI: 10.1159/000353672 Berger B. et al., Nutrition (2021). PMID: 33636417 / DOI: S0899-9007(21)00031-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111169 [doi] Li C. et al., Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes (2017). PMID: 28407662 / DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-101700 Brandhorst S. et al., Cell Metab (2015). PMID: 26094889 / DOI: S1550-4131(15)00224-7 [pii] 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.012 [doi]

Brandhorst S. , Longo V.D. . Adv Nutr (2019). PMID: 31728501 / DOI: 5624067 [pii] nmz079 [pii] 10.1093/advances/nmz079 [doi] Wei M. et al., Sci Transl Med (2017). PMID: 28202779 / DOI: 9/377/eaai8700 [pii] 10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8700 [doi] Sadeghian M. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 33420673 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05202-y Visseren F.L.J. et al., Eur Heart J (2021). DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484 St-Onge M.P. et al., Circulation (2017). PMID: 28137935 / DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000476

Comparison of Modern-Millennial Diets Dai H. et al., PLOS Med (2020). PMID: 32722671/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003198 Santos I. et al., Obes Rev (2017). PMID: 27653242 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12466 Nucci D. et al., Nutrients (2021). DOI: 10.3390/nu13113683 Dinu M. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2018). PMID: 28488692 / DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2017.58 Soltani S. et al., Adv Nutr (2019). PMID: 31111871 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz041 Tang C. et al., Nutrients (2021). PMID: 34444786 / DOI: 10.3390/nu13082623 Dinu M. et al., Adv Nutr (2020). PMID: 32059053 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa006 Guasch-Ferré M. et al., J Intern Med (2021). PMID: 34423871 / DOI: 10.1111/joim.13333 Beunza J.J. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2010) PMID: 20962161. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29764 Lassale C. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2012). PMID: 22249228 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.264 Agnoli C. et al., Nutr Diabetes (2018). PMID: 29695712 / DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0023-3 Esposito K. et al., Metab Syndr Relat Disord (2011). PMID: 20973675 / DOI: 10.1089/met.2010.0031 Lacoppidan S.A. et al., Nutrients (2015). PMID: 26506373 / DOI: 10.3390/nu7105418 Kyrø C. et al., Br J Nutr (2013). PMID: 22874538 / DOI: 10.1017/S0007114512002085 Hansen C.P. et al., Stroke (2017). PMID: 28049735 / DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.015019 Li Y. et al., Cancer Causes Control (2015). PMID: 25783459 / DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0564-x Ramezani-Jolfaie N. et al., Eat Weight Disord (2020). PMID: 31522379 / DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00773-x Lee K.W. et al., J Med Food (2014). PMID: 24456354 / DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3049 Jung S.J. et al., J Med Food (2014). PMID: 24456367 / DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.3042 Willcox B.J. et al., Ann N Y Acad Sci (2007). PMID: 17986602 / DOI: 10.1196/annals.1396.037 Krznaric Z. et al., Front Nutr (2021). PMID: 34249991 / DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.683678 Martini D. et al., Nutrients (2021). PMID: 34071933 / DOI: 10.3390/nu13061827 Ebbeling C.B. et al., BMJ (2018). PMID: 30429127 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k4583 Freire R. . Nutrition (2020). PMID: 31525701 / DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.07.001 Pesta D.H. , Varman T.S. . Nutr Metab (2014). PMID: 25489333 / DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-11-53 Gardner C. et al., JAMA (2007). PMID: 17341711 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.9.969 Ge L. et al., BMJ (2020). PMID: 32238384 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m696 Aschemann-Witzel J. et al., Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021). PMID: 32654499 / DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1793730 Williams KA Sr. , Patel H. . J Am Coll Cardiol (2017). PMID: 28728685 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.06.006 Baden M.Y. et al., Circulation (2019). PMID: 31401846 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041014 Hemler E.C. , Hu F.B. . Adv Nutr (2019). PMID: 31728495 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy117 Poulsen N.B. et al., Mol Nutr Food Res (2020). PMID: 32761736 / DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000473 Dinu M. et al., Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2017). PMID: 26853923 / DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447 Jafari S. et al., Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2021) PMID: 33951994 / DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1918628 Huang R.Y. et al., J Gen Intern Med (2016). PMID: 26138004 / DOI: 10.1007/s11606-015-3390-7 Yokoyama Y. et al., Nutr Rev (2017). PMID: 28938794 / DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux030 Melina V. et al., J Acad Nutr Diet (2016). PMID: 27886704 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025 Agnoli C. et al., Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2017). PMID: 29174030 / DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2017.10.020 Satija A. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2017). PMID: 28728684 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.047 Chen Z. et al., Diabetes Care (2021). PMID: 33441419 / DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1636 Romanos-Nanclares A. et al., Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2021). PMID: 34289970 / DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-0352 Hoddy K.K. et al., Obesity (2020). PMID: 32700827 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22829 Varady K.A. . Obes Rev (2011). PMID: 21410865 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00873.x Fanti M. et al., Curr Obes Rep (2021). PMID: 33512641 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00424-2 Sofi F. . Int J Food Sci Nutr (2020). PMID: 32223459 / DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1746959 U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025. 9th Edition. December 2020. Available at DietaryGuidelines.gov Van Horn L. et al., Circulation. (2016). PMID: 27789558 / DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000462 Appel L.J. et al., N Engl J Med (1997). PMID: 9099655 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199704173361601 Appel L.J. et al., JAMA (2005). PMID: 16287956 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.294.19.2455 Soltani S. et al., Obes Rev (2016) PMID: 26990451 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12391 Lari A. et al., Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2021). PMID: 34353704 / DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.05.030 van den Brink A.C. et al., Adv Nutr (2019). PMID: 31209456 / DOI 10.1093/advances/nmz054 Chiavaroli L. et al., Prog Cardiovasc Dis (2018). PMID: 29807048 / DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.05.004 Black C.J. et al., Gut (2021). PMID: 34376515 / DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325214 Chiavaroli L. et al., BMJ (2021). PMID: 34348965 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1651

FAO . Dietary assessment: A resource guide to method selection and application in low resource settings. Rome; 2018. Archer E. et al., J Clin Epidemiol (2018). PMID: 30121379 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.08.003 Pagoto S.L. , Appelhans B.M. . JAMA (2013). PMID: 23989081 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.8601 Johnston B.C. et al., Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes (2019). PMID: 31193887 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.02.005 Zhubi-Bakija F. et al., Clin Nutr (2021). PMID: 32620446 / DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.017

Dietary Energy Density and Its Contribution to Weight Control Wadden T.A. et al., Circulation (2012). PMID: 22392863 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039453 Jensen M.D. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2014). PMID: 24239920 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.004 Hall K.D. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2012). PMID: 22434603 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.036350 Hall K.D. et al., Lancet (2011). PMID: 21872751 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60812-X Ajala O. , English P. , Pinkney J. . Am J Clin Nutr (2013). PMID: 23364002 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.042457 Johnston B.C. et al., JAMA (2014). PMID: 25182101 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.10397 Freire R. . Nutrition (2020). PMID: 31525701 / DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.07.001 Rolls B.J. . Int J Obes (2014). PMID: 25033958/ DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.82 Rolls B.J. . Nutr Bull (2017). PMID: 29151813 / DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12280 Smethers A.D. , Rolls B.J. . Med Clin North Am (2018). PMID: 29156179 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.009 Weinsier R.L. et al., Br J Nutr (1982). PMID: 7082611 / DOI: 10.1079/bjn19820048 Ludwig D.S. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2021). PMID: 34515299 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab270 Ludwig D.S. et al., Cell Metab (2019). PMID: 31230987 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.004 Prentice A.M. . Am J Clin Nutr (1998). PMID: 9497166 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/67.3.535S Rolls B.J. . Physiol Behav (2009). PMID: 19303887 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.011 Rolls B.J. , Barnett R.A. . Volumetrics: Feel Full on Fewer Calories. New York: HarperCollins; 2000. Rolls B.J. , Hermann M. . The Ultimate Volumetrics Diet. New York: HarperCollins; 2012. Ledikwe J.H. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2006). PMID: 16762948 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1362 Yeomans M.R. . Satiety. In: Meiselman H. , ed. Handbook of Eating and Drinking. Cham: Springer; 2020, pp. 293–313. Cunningham P.M. , Rolls B.J. . Physiol Behav (2021). PMID: 33838204 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113419 Bell E.A. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (1998). PMID: 9497184 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/67.3.412 Leahy K.E. , Birch L.L. , Rolls B.J. . Am J Clin Nutr (2008). PMID: 19064504 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26522 Smethers A.D. et al., Physiol Behav (2019). PMID: 30831180 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.042 Birch L.L. et al., N Engl J Med (1991). PMID: 1985244 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199101243240405 Stubbs R.J. et al., Int J Obes (1998). PMID: 9756247 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800676 van Stratum P. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (1978). PMID: 623041 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/31.2.206 Stubbs R.J. , Harbron C.G. , Prentice A.M. . Int J Obes (1996). PMID: 8817359 Rolls B.J. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (1999). PMID: 10232624 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/69.5.863 Saltzman E. , Dallal G.E. , Roberts S.B. . Am J Clin Nutr (1997). PMID: 9394683 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/66.6.1332 Raben A. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2003). PMID: 12499328 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/77.1.91 Stubbs R.J. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (1998). PMID: 9806313 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800715 Bell E.A. , Rolls B.J. . Am J Clin Nutr (2001). PMID: 11382653 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.6.1010 Kral T.V.E. , Roe L.S. , Rolls B.J. . Appetite (2002). PMID: 12354682 / DOI: 10.1006/appe.2002.0498 Williams R.A. , Roe L.S. , Rolls B.J. . Appetite (2013). PMID: 23523752 / DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.03.004 Hall K.D. et al., Cell Metab (2019). PMID: 31105044 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008 Ledikwe J.H. et al., J Nutr (2005). PMID: 15671225 / DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.2.273 Casazza K. et al., Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2015). PMID: 24950157 / DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.922044 Rolls B.J. , Bell E.A. , Thorwart M.L. . Am J Clin Nutr (1999). PMID: 10500012 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/70.4.448 Marciani L. et al., J Nutr (2012). PMID: 22649258 / DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.159830 Vernarelli J.A. et al., Procedia Food Sci (2013). PMID: 24432201 / DOI: 10.1016/j.profoo.2013.04.011 Drewnowski A. . Nutr Rev (2009). PMID: 9884582 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01677.x Rouhani M.H. , Surkan P.J. , Azadbakht L. . Eat Behav (2017). PMID: 28131006 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.12.011 Vernarelli J.A. et al., Eur J Nutr (2014). PMID: 24664188 / DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0685-0 Vernarelli J.A. et al., Eur J Nutr (2018). PMID: 27738811 / DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1324-8 Mendoza J.A. , Drewnowski A. , Christakis D.A. . Diabetes Care (2007). PMID: 17229942 / DOI: 10.2337/dc06-2188 Correa-Rodríguez M. et al., Clin Nurs Res (2019). PMID: 31609139 / DOI: 10.1177/1054773819883192 Pérez-Escamilla R. et al., J Acad Nutr Diet (2012). PMID: 22480489 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.01.020 Hartline-Grafton H.L. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2009). PMID: 19707221 / DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.102 Stelmach-Mardas M. et al., Nutr (2016). PMID: 27104562 / DOI: 10.3390/nu8040229 Bes-Rastrollo M. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2008). PMID: 18779295 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/88.3.769 Savage J.S. , Marini M. , Birch L.L. . Am J Clin Nutr (2008). PMID: 18779283 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/88.3.677 Subar A.F. et al., J Nutr (2015). PMID: 26468491 / DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.219634 Fitzwater S.L. et al., J Am Diet Assoc (1991). PMID: 2016489 Rolls B.J. et al., Obes Res (2005). PMID: 15976148 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.123 Ello-Martin J.A. et al., Am J Clin. Nutr (2007). PMID: 17556681 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.6.1465 Rolls B.J. et al., Int J Obes (2017). PMID: 27899807 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.217

Raynor H.A. et al., J Acad Nutr Diet (2012). PMID: 22575072 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.02.020 Lowe M.R. et al., Obesity (2014). PMID: 23894101 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20582 Hill B.R. et al., Peptides (2013). PMID: 24076434 / DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.09.009 James B.L. et al., Obes Sci Pract (2018). PMID: 30574344 PMCID: PMC6298208 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.299 Hall K.D. , Kahan S. . Med Clin North Am (2018). PMID: 29156185 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.012 Ledikwe J.H. et al., J Am Diet Assoc (2006). PMID: 16863711 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2006.05.013 Mendes A. et al., Appetite (2016). PMID: 26626824 / DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.025 Azadbakht L. , Haghighatdoost F. , Esmaillzadeh A. . J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (2012). PMID: 23007064 / DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.58.29 Schröder H. et al., Nutrition (2013). PMID: 24103512 / DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.05.019 U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Servies . Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025, 9th Edition. December 2020. https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/resources/2020-2025-dietary-guidelines-online-materials Krebs-Smith S.M. et al., J Acad Nutr Diet (2018). PMID: 30146071 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.021 Trichopoulou A. et al., BMC Med (2014). PMID: 25055810 / DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-12-112 Ledikwe J.H. et al., Reductions in dietary energy density as a weight management strategy. In: Kushner R.F. , Bessesen D.H. , eds. Treatment of the Obese Patient: Contemporary Endocrinology. Totowa: Humana Press; 2007, pp. 265–280. Rolls B.J. , Drewnowski A. , Ledikwe J.H. . J Am Diet Assoc (2005). PMID: 15867904 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2005.02.033 Wadden T.A. et al., Obesity (2006). PMID: 16855180 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.84 Greene L.F. et al., Obesity (2006). PMID: 17062810 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.207 The Look AHEAD Research Group . N Engl J Med (2013). PMID: 23796131 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1212914 Ledikwe J.H. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2007). PMID: 17490955 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1212 Appel L.J. et al., JAMA (2003). PMID: 12709466 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.289.16.2083 Myers A. et al., Front Nutr (2021). PMID: 34595197 / DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.688295 Vadiveloo M. , Parker H. , Raynor H.A. . Int J Obes (2018). PMID: 29406521 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.303 Flood A. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2009). PMID: 19682378 / DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-6-57 Raynor H.A. et al., Eat Behav (2011). PMID: 21385641 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.01.008 Gardner C.D. et al., JAMA (2007). PMID: 17341711 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.9.969 Hall K.D. et al., Nat Med (2021). PMID: 33479499 / DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-01209-1 Miketinas D.C. et al., J Nutr (2019). PMID: 31174214 / DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz117 WW (formerly Weight Watchers) . SmartPoints Make Eating Healthy Simpler. https://www.weightwatchers.com/us/how-itworks/smartpoints Noom, Inc . Noom Weight: Lose the Weight for Good. https://web.noom.com/weight-loss/ Mitchell E.S. et al., Nutrients (2021). PMID: 34065277 / DOI: 10.3390/nu13051733 Gudzune K.A. et al., Ann Intern Med (2015). PMID: 25844997 / DOI: 10.7326/M14-2238 Jacobs S. , Radnitz C. , Hildebrandt T. . Obes Res Clin Pract (2017). PMID: 27292942 / DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.05.001 Buckland N.J. et al., J Nutr (2018). PMID: 30053284 / DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy041 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity: Eat More, Weigh Less? https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/healthy_eating/energy_density.html CDC Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion . LowEnergy-Dense Foods and Weight Management: Cutting Calories While Controlling Hunger. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/pdf/r2p_energy_density.pdf Rolls B.J. , Bell E.A. , Waugh B.A. . Am J Clin Nutr (2000). PMID: 10919928 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.2.361 Sacks F.M. et al., Circulation (2017). PMID: 28620111 / DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510

Dietary Patterns as a Basis for Diet Selection United States Department of Agriculture . Dietary patterns report: A series of systematic reviews on the relationship between dietary patterns and health outcomes. Alexandria, VA: USDA; 2014 [cited 2021 August 24]. Available from: https://nesr.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2019-06/DietaryPatternsReport-FullFinal2.pdf United States Department of Agriculture, United States Department of Health and Human Services . Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025, 9th ed. 2020. Hu F.B. . Curr Opin Lipidol (2002). PMID: 11790957 / DOI: 10.1097/00041433-200202000-00002 Schulze M.B. et al., BMJ (2018). PMID: 29898951 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k2396 Appel L.J. et al., N Engl J Med (1997). PMID: 9099655 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199704173361601 Sacks F.M. et al., N Engl J Med (2001). PMID: 11136953 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200101043440101 Keys A.B. , Keys M. . How to Eat Well and Stay Well the Mediterranean Way, 1st ed. Garden City, NY: Doubleday; 1975. xvi, 488 pp. Arnett D.K. et al., Circulation (2019). PMID: 30879355 / DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678 Marcason W. . J Acad Nutr Diet (2015). PMID: 26407649 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.08.002 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics . Nutrition care manual 2021 [cited 2021 August 24]. Available from: https://www.nutritioncaremanual.org Oldways . Asian heritage diet 2018 [cited 2021 August 24]. Available from: https://oldwayspt.org/traditional-diets/asian-heritage-diet Zhang S. et al., J Nutr (2019). PMID: 31070746 / DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz051 Hu F.B. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2000). PMID: 11010931 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.4.912 Folsom A.R. et al., Am J Hypertens (2007). PMID: 17324731 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.09.003 Schwingshackl L. , Hoffmann G. . J Acad Nutr Diet (2015). PMID: 25680825 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.009

Liu X. et al., Contemp Clin Trials (2021). PMID: 33434704 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2021.106270 Rumawas M.E. et al., J Nutr (2009). PMID: 19357215 / DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.103424 Liese A.D. et al., Diabetes Care (2009). PMID: 19487638 / DOI: 10.2337/dc09-0228 Fung T.T. et al., Arch Intern Med (2008). PMID: 18413553 / DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.7.713 Davis C. et al., Nutrients (2015). PMID: 26556369 / DOI: 10.3390/nu7115459 Trichopoulou A. et al., BMJ (1995). PMID: 8520331 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.311.7018.1457 Hu F.B. et al., JAMA (2002). PMID: 11939867 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.14.1815 Trichopoulou A. et al., N Engl J Med (2003). PMID: 12826634 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa025039 Jensen J.D. , Poulsen S.K. . BMC Public Health (2013). PMID: 24294977 / DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1114 U. S. News & World Report . Best diets rankings. Mind diet [cited 2021 August 24]. Available from: https://health.usnews.com/bestdiet/mind-diet Food and Nutrition Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Healthy eating index (hei): USDA; 2020 [updated July 21, 2020; cited 2021 August 24]. Available from: https://www.fns.usda.gov/healthy-eating-index-hei Blatner D.J. . The Flexitarian Diet: The Mostly Vegetarian Way to Lose Weight, be Healthier, Prevent Disease and Add Years to Your Life. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2009. xvii, 285 pp. Hyman M. . The Pegan Diet: 21 Practical Principles for Reclaiming Your Health in a Nutritionally Confusing World. New York: Little, Brown and Company; 2021. pages cm p. Jolliffe N. . Reduce and Stay Reduced. New York: Simon and Schuster; 1952. 235 pp. Pollack H. . Am J Public Health Nations Health (1952). PMID: / DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.42.11.1482-b van Dam R.M. et al., Ann Intern Med (2002). PMID: 11827496 / DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00008 Fung T.T. et al., Arch Intern Med (2004). PMID: 15534160 / DOI: 10.1001/archinte.164.20.2235 Fung T.T. et al., Arch Intern Med (2001). PMID: 11493127 / DOI: 10.1001/archinte.161.15.1857 Migliaccio S. et al., Int J Obes Suppl (2020). PMID: 32714512 / DOI: 10.1038/s41367-020-0018-0 Duffey K.J. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2012). PMID: 22378729 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.026682 Hosseini-Esfahani F. et al., J Nutr Educ Behav (2012). PMID: 21652267 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2010.08.004 Aleksandrova K. et al., Redox Biol (2021). PMID: 33541846 / DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101869 Schulze M.B. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2006). PMID: 16988088 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.164 Christ A. et al., Immunity (2019). PMID: 31747581 / DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.020 Masood W. et al., Ketogenic Diet. Treasure Island, FL: Statpearls; 2021. Estruch R. et al., N Engl J Med (2018). PMID: 29897867 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1806491 Estruch R. et al., N Engl J Med (2013). PMID: 23432189 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1200303 Romanidou M. et al., Maedica (Bucur) (2020). PMID: 33603911 / DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2020.15.4.521 Vajdi M. , Farhangi M.A. . Health Qual Life Outcomes (2020). PMID: 33046091 / DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01581-z Cespedes E.M. , Hu F.B. . Am J Clin Nutr (2015). PMID: 25832336 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.110213 Edefonti V. et al., Adv Nutr (2020). PMID: 31578550 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz097 Craddock J.C. et al., Adv Nutr (2019). PMID: 30947338 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy103 Morze J. et al., J Acad Nutr Diet (2020). PMID: 33067162 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.08.076 Kahleova H. et al., Nutrients (2019). PMID: 31540227 / DOI: 10.3390/nu11092209 Glenn A.J. et al., Front Nutr (2019). PMID: 31263700 / DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00080 Lara K.M. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2019). PMID: 31023426 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.067 Shikany J.M. et al., J Am Heart Assoc (2018). PMID: 30005552 / DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.117.008078 Dekker L.H. et al., PLOS ONE (2019). PMID: 31393962 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220368 Rai S.K. et al., BMJ (2017). PMID: 28487277 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j1794 Monge A. et al., Nutr J (2018). PMID: 29444692 / DOI: 10.1186/s12937-018-0332-3 Monteiro Dos Santos J.E. et al., PLOS ONE (2021). PMID: 33592067 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247078 Mirmiran P. et al., BMC Public Health (2019). PMID: 31694610 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7779-9 Pou S.A. et al., Nutr Res Pract (2016). PMID: 27909559 / DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.6.616 Cena H. , Calder P.C. . Nutrients (2020). PMID: 32012681 / DOI: 10.3390/nu12020334 Nelson M.E. et al., Adv Nutr (2016). PMID: 28140320 / DOI: 10.3945/an.116.012567 Reinhardt S.L. et al., Adv Nutr (2020). PMID: 32167128 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa026 Saez-Almendros S. et al., Environ Health (2013). PMID: 24378069 / DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-12-118 Mogensen L. et al., Foods (2020). PMID: 32854440 / DOI: 10.3390/foods9091176 Mozaffarian D. . Circulation (2016). PMID: 26746178 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585 Stanhope K.L. et al., Obes Rev (2018). PMID: 29761610 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12699 Leech R.M. et al., Nutr Res Rev (2015). PMID: 25790334 / DOI: 10.1017/S0954422414000262 Dong T.A. et al., Am J Med (2020). PMID: 32330491 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.030 Lessan N. , Ali T. . Nutrients (2019). PMID: 31137899 / DOI: 10.3390/nu11051192 Patterson R.E. , Sears D.D. . Annu Rev Nutr (2017). PMID: 28715993 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634 Santos H.O. , Macedo R.C.O. . Clin Nutr ESPEN (2018). PMID: 29576352 / DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.01.002 Welton S. et al., Can Fam Physician (2020). PMID: 32060194

Physical Activity and Weight Loss Jensen M.D. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2014). PMID: 24239920 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.004 Hales C.M. et al. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2020. Donnelly J.E. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2009). PMID: 19127177 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181949333 Jakicic J.M. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 31095083 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001938 US Department of Health and Human Services . Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report 2018. In: Department of Health and Human Services , editor. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2018. Brown W.J. et al., Am J Prev Med (2016). PMID: 27866600 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.007 Rosenberg L. et al., Am J Prev Med (2013). PMID: 23953351 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.04.016 Su C. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2017). PMID: 28074890 / DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.262 Katzmarzyk P.T. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 31095080 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001935 Garrow J.S. , Summerbell C.D. . Eur J Clin Nutr (1995). PMID: WOS:A1995QB60100001 Wing R.R. . Med Sci Sports Exerc (1999). PMID: 10593526 / DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199911001-00010 O'Donoghue G. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 32896055 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13137 US Department of Health and Human Services . Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report 2008. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2008 [cited 2009 January 19, 2009]. Available from: http://www.health.gov/paguidelines/committeereport.aspx Donnelly J.E. et al., Obesity (2013). PMID: 23592678 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20145 Larson-Meyer D.E. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2010). PMID: 20010118 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ad7f17 Ross R. et al., Ann Intern Med (2000). PMID: 10896648 / DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00008 Curioni C.C. , Lourenco P.M. . Int J Obes (2005). PMID: 15925949 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803015 Jakicic J.M. et al., Obesity (2015). PMID: 26538477 / DOI: 10.1002.oby.21241 Goodpaster B.H. et al., JAMA (2010). PMID: 20935337 / DOI: doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1505 Wadden T.A. et al., Obesity (2009). PMID: 19180071 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.637 Unick J.L. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2010). PMID: 19952841 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181bd1a57 Jakicic J.M. et al., JAMA (2003). PMID: 12966123 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.290.10.1323 Jakicic J.M. et al., Arch Int Med (2008). PMID: 18663167 / DOI: 10.1001/archinte.168.14.1550 Jakicic J.M. et al., Obesity (In Review). PMID: 25376395 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20830 Jakicic J.M. et al., JAMA (1999). PMID: WOS:000083277800023 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.282.16.1554 Tate D.F. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2007). PMID: 17413092 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.954 Haskell W.L. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2007). PMID: 17762377 / DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616b27 Jakicic J.M. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2001). PMID: 11740312 / DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200112000-00026 Saris W.H.M. et al., Obes Rev (2003). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2003.00101.x American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery . Estimate of bariatric surgery numbers, 2011–2019. 2021. Available from: https://asmbs.org/resources/estimate-of-bariatric-surgery-numbers Arterburn D.E. et al., JAMA (2020). PMID: 32870301 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.12567 Coen P.M. et al., J Clin Invest (2015). PMID: 25437877 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI78016 Ren Z-Q. et al., BMJ Open (2018). PMID: 30385445 / DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023208 Bond D.S. et al., Am Surgeon (2004). PMID: WOS:000224111000017 Bond D.S. et al., Obesity (2009). PMID: 18997679 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.501 Evans R.K. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2007). PMID: 17903772 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2007.06.002 Donnelly J.E. et al., Arch Int Med (2003). PMID: 12796071 / DOI: 10.1001/archinte.163.11.1343 Jeffery R.W. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2003). PMID: 14522725 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/78.4.684 Willis L.H. et al., J Appl Physiol (2012). PMID: 23019316 / DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01370.2011 Kraus W.E. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 31095077 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001932 Bravata D.M. et al., JAMA (2007). PMID: WOS:000251055900030 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.298.19.2296 Unick J.L. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2017). PMID: 29202850 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0620-x Creasy S.A. et al., Obes Sci Pract (2017). PMID: 28713583 / DOI: 10.1002/osp4.107 Creasy S.A. et al., Obesity (2018). PMID: 29633583 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22171 Donnelly J.E. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (1991). PMID: 2058588 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/54.1.56 Miller T. et al., Int J Sport Nutr Exe (2018). PMID: WOS:000428729900006 / DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0221 Colleluori G. et al., Cell Metab (2019). PMID: 31279675 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.008 Orange S.T. et al., J Physiother (2020). PMID: WOS:000582366000003 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2020.09.009 Rosenbaum M. et al., Obesity (2018). PMID: 30260099 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22274 Hsu K-J. et al., Nutrients (2019). PMID: 31505890 / DOI: 10.3390/nu11092163 Donnelly J.E. et al., Evidenced Based Preventive Medicine (2004). Hintze L.J. et al., Physiol Behav (2018). PMID: WOS:000430522600014 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.03.014 Hagins M. et al., BMC Complement Altern Med (2007). PMID: 18053143 / DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-7-40 Sherman S.A. et al., J Phys Act Health (2017). PMID: 28422589 / DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2016-0548 Tsopanidou A.A. et al., J Sport Med Phys Fit (2020). PMID: WOS:000573923700007 / DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.20.10821-1 Pryor J.L. et al., J Phys Act Health (2019). PMID: WOS:000477561800011 / DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2018-0283 Daubenmier J. et al., Obesity (2016). PMID: 26955895 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21396 Spadaro K.C. et al., J Complement Integr Med (2017). PMID: 29211681 / DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2016-0048 Larson-Meyer D.E. . Med Sci Sports Exerc (2016). PMID: 27433961 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000922 Lauche R. et al., Prev Med (2016). PMID: 27058944 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.03.013

Jakicic J.M. et al., Obesity (2021). PMID: 33528905 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23089 Hergenroeder A. et al., Cardiopulm Phys Ther J (2011). PMID: 21886476 Hergenroeder A.L. et al., Phys Ther (2011). PMID: 21680770 / DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20100214 Nagle E.F. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2003). DOI: https://doi.org/10.25035/ijare.01.01.05 Abadi F.H. et al., J Exerc Rehabil (2019). PMID: 31938709 / DOI: 10.12965/jer.1938688.344 Campbell W.W. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 31095079 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001934 Aristizabal J.C. et al., Ann Nutr Metab (2021). PMID: 34763335 / DOI: 10.1159/000518909 Sultana R.N. et al., Sports Med (2019). PMID: 31401727 / DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01167-w Ross R. et al., Appl Physiol Nutr Metab (2020). PMID: 33054332 / DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0467 Creasy S.A. et al., J Phys Act Health (2016). PMID: 26693809 / DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2015-0419 Jakicic J.M. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: WOS:000468480400016 / DOI: 10.1249/Mss.0000000000001933 Pate R.R. et al., JAMA (1995). PMID: 7823386 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.273.5.402 US Department of Health and Human Services . 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services; 2008. Willis E.A. et al., Int J Obes (2019). PMID: 31289334 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0409-x Erickson M.L. et al., Exerc Sport Sci Rev (2021). PMID: 33044328 / DOI: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000235 Herrmann S.D. et al., Obesity (2015). PMID: 26193059 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21073 Martin C.K. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2019). PMID: 31172175 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz054 Donnelly J.E. , Smith B.K. . Exerc Sport Sci Rev (2005). PMID: 16239833 / DOI: 10.1097/00003677-200510000-00004 Blundell J.E. et al., Obes Rev (2015). PMID: 25614205 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12257 Halliday T.M. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2021). PMID: 33831896 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002678 King A.C. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 31095090 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001945 Sanford J.A. et al., Cell (2020). PMID: 32589957 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.004

Modifying Sedentary Behavior for the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity Tremblay M.S. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phy Act (2017). PMID: 28599680 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee . 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018. Buman M.P. et al., Am J Epidemiol (2013). PMID: 24318278 / DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt292 Rosenberger M.E. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 30339658 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001811 McGregor D.E. et al., Compositional Data Analysis in Physical Activity and Health Research: Looking for the Right Balance. In: Filzmoser P. , Hron K. , Martín-Fernández J.A. , Palarea-Albaladejo J. , eds. Advances in Compositional Data Analysis. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021, pp. 363–382. Stoner L. et al., Front Cardiovasc Med (2021). PMID: 34485414 / DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.716938 Katzmarzyk P.T. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 31095080 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001935 Matthews C.E. et al., Am J Epidemiol (2008). PMID: 18303006 / DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwm390 Yang L. et al., JAMA (2019). PMID: 31012934 / PMCID: PMC6487546 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.3636 Pereira M.A. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phy Act (2020). PMID: 33109190 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01033-3 Church T.S. et al., PLOS ONE (2011). PMID: 21647427 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019657 Frumkin H. . Environ Health Perspect (2021). PMID: 34288733 / DOI: 10.1289/EHP8888 Tudor-Locke C. et al., Int J Obes (2014). PMID: 24285335 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.223 Barone Gibbs B. et al., Offsetting the Energy Gap Through Standing and Walking at Work (Abstract). American College of Sports Medicine Annual Meeting; May 31, 2016 - June 4, 2016; Boston, MA; 2016. Gibbs B.B. et al., Occ Med (2017). PMID: 27515973 / DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqw115 Koepp G.A. et al., Front Physiol (2017). PMID: 28572774 / DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00318 Levine J.A. , Miller J.M. . Br J Sports Med (2007). PMID: 17504789 / DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.03275 Stoner L. , Barone Gibbs B. . Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 31725089 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002113 Betts J.A. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 30673688 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001841 Hill J.O. et al., J Am Diet Assoc (2009). PMID: 19857625 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.08.007 Dempsey P.C. et al., Hypertension (2018). PMID: 30354827 / DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11190 Dogra S. et al., Patient Educ Couns (2021). PMID: 34556383 / DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2021.09.019 Quan M. et al., J Sport Health Sci (2021). PMID: 33359636 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.12.006 Paterson C. et al., Sports Med (2021). PMID: 34932203 / DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01614-7 Paterson C. et al., Sports Med (2020) PMID: 32757163 / DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01325-5 Chambers A.J. et al., Appl Ergon (2019). PMID: 31046958 / DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.01.015 Bates L.C. et al., Front Physiol (2021). PMID: 34012409 / DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.664628 Saunders T.J. et al., Sports Med (2018). PMID: 30078066 / DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0963-8 Aadahl M. et al., Am J Prev Med (2014). PMID: 25113139 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.06.020 Healy G.N. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2016). PMID: 27526175 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000972 Healy G.N. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2017). PMID: 28538025 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001328 Saeidifard F. et al., Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes (2020). PMID: 33367205 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2020.07.017 Nieste I. et al., Prev Med (2021). PMID: 33930434 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.10659334. Winkler E.A.H. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2018). PMID: 29166319 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001453

Dzakpasu F.Q.S. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2021). PMID: 34895248 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01191-y Swift D.L. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2021). PMID: 33867498 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002675 Roberts L.M. et al., Clin Interv Aging (2019). PMID: 31695350 / DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S222655 Keadle S.K. et al., Appl Physiol Nutr Metab (2014). PMID: 24971677 / DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0379 Piercy K.L. et al., JAMA (2018). PMID: 30418471 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.14854 Ross R. et al., Appl Physiol Nutr Metab (2020). PMID: 33054332 / DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0467 Bull F.C. et al., Br J Sports Med (2020). PMID: 33239350 / DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955 Buck C. et al., PLOS ONE (2019). PMID: 30699199 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211546 Owen N. et al., Am J Prev Med (2011). PMID: 21767727 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.05.013 Compernolle S. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2019). PMID: 31409357 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0824-3 Chu A. et al., Obes Rev (2016). PMID: 26990220 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12388 Peachey M.M. et al., Br J Sports Med (2020). PMID: 30352864 / DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-098968 Gibbs B.B. et al., Curr Epidemiol Rep (2021). DOI:10.1007/s40471-021-00276-3 Kowalsky R.J. et al., Int J Environ Res Public Health (2021). PMID: 34444209 / DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168460

Preventing Weight Regain after Weight Loss Jensen M.D. et al., Obesity (2014). PMID: 24961825 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20821 US Preventive Services Task Force . JAMA (2018). PMID: 30326502 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.13022 Wadden T.A. et al., Am Psychol (2020). PMID: 32052997 / DOI: 10.1037/amp0000517 Heymsfeld S.B. , Wadden T.A. . N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 28099824 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1514009 Knowler W.C. et al., N Engl J Med (2002). PMID: 11832527 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa012512 Wing R.R. , Look AHEAD Research Group . Obesity (2021). PMID: 33988896 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23158 Butryn M.L. et al., Psychiatr Clin North Am (2011). PMID: 22098808 / DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.006 MacLean P.S. et al., Obesity (2015). PMID: 25469998 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20967 Rueda-Clausen C.F. et al., Annu Rev Nutr (2015). PMID: 25974699 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034434 Svetkey L.P. et al., JAMA (2008). PMID: 18334689 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.299.10.1139 Anderson J.W. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2001). PMID: 11684524 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/74.5.579 Hall K.D. , Kahan S. . Med Clin North Am (2018). PMID: 29156185 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.012 Greenway F.L. . Int J Obes (2015). PMID: 25896063 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.59 Blomain E.S. et al., ISRN Obes (2013). PMID: 24533218 / DOI: 10.1155/2013/210524 Faulconbridge L.F. , Hayes M.R. . Psychiatr Clin North AM (2011). PMID: 22098800 / DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.008 Nicolaidis S. . Metabolism (2019). PMID: 31610854 / DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.07.006 Wing R.R. et al., J Consult Clin Psychol (2008). PMID: 19045969 / DOI: 10.1037/a0014159 Polivy J. , Herman C.P. . Am Psychol (2002). PMID: 1223798 / DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.677 Adam T.C.M. et al., Obes Res (2005). PMID: 15897480 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.80 Rosenbaum M. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2008). PMID: 18842775 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/88.4.906 van Baak M.A. et al., Nutrients (2017). PMID: 29211027 / DOI: 10.3390/nu9121326 Raynor H.A. et al., Eat Behav (2011). PMID: 21385641 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.01.008 Galgani J. et al., Nutr J (2006). PMID: 16953881 / DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-5-22 Kackov S. et al., Physiol Res (2013). PMID: 23869888 / DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932493 Gower B.A. , Goss A.M. . Current Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Care (2018). PMID: 30036193 / DOI: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000426 Ebbeling, C.B. et al., JAMA (2007). PMID: 17507345 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.19.2092 Papas M.A. et al., Epidemiol Rev (2007). PMID: 17533172 / DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxm009 Grilo C.M. et al., J Consult Clin Psychol (1989). PMID: 2768608 / DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.57.4.488 Sallis J.F. et al., Circulation (2012). PMID: 22311885 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.969022 Smith M. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2017). PMID: 29145884 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0613-9. Strazdins L. , Loughrey B. . N S W Public Health Bull (2007). PMID: 18093462 / DOI: 10.1071/nb07029 Burgess E. et al., Clin Obes (2017). PMID: 28296261 / DOI: 10.1111/cob.12183 Byrne S.M. . J Psychosom Res (2002). PMID: 12445592 / DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00487-7. Hsu A. , Blandford A. . J Med Internet Res (2014). PMID: 24972304 / DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3009 Heymsfield S.M. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2003). PMID: 12704397 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802258 Carter S. et al., Diabetes Res Clin Pract (2019). PMID: 30902672 / DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.022 Christensen P. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2017). PMID: 28747328 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.158543 Pereira M.A. . Adv Nutr (2014). PMID: 25398745 / DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007062 Madjd A. et al., Int J Obes (2018). PMID: 29633983 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.306 Swift D.L. et al., Prog Cardiovasc Dis (2018). PMID: 30003901 / DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2018.07.014 Kaikkonen K.M. et al., Med Sci Sports Exerc (2019). PMID: 30531489 / DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001855 Washburn R. et al., Obesity (2021). PMID: 34494375 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23022 Raben A. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2021). PMID: 33026154 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.14219 Middleton K.M. et al., Obes Rev (2012). PMID: 22212682 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00972.x Ilowiecka K. et al., Nutrients (2021). PMID: 34208363 / DOI: 10.3390/nu13062020 Mai K. et al., Metabolism (2018). PMID: 29360493 / DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.01.003 Dutton G.R. et al., Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act (2017). PMID: 28806992 / DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0564-1

Befort C.A. et al., Obesity (2016). PMID: 27581328 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21625 Perri M.G. et al., JAMA Netw Open (2020). PMID: 32539150 / DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6764 Vitolins M.Z. et al., Diabetes Care (2019). PMID: 31296648 / DOI: 10.2337/dc19-0295 Coughlin J.W. et al., Obesity (2016). PMID: 26991814 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21454 Knauper B. et al., Trials (2020). PMID: 31910891 / DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-4014-z Knauper B. et al., Obesity (2018). PMID: 29956503 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22226 Daubenmier J. et al., Obesity (2016). PMID: 26955895 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21396 Lillis J. et al., Obesity (2016). PMID: 27804255 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21680 Lillis J. et al., J Behav Med (2021). PMID: 33772702 / DOI: 10.1007/s10865-021-00215-z Butryn M.L. et al., Health Psychol (2021). PMID: 33630639 / DOI: 10.1037/hea0001043 Cheatham S.W. et al., J Sports Med Phys Fitness (2018). PMID: 28488834 / DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07437-0 Fawcett E. et al., JMIR Mhealth Uhealth (2020). PMID: 32154788 / DOI: 10.2196/13461 Hageman P.A. et al., J Obes (2017). PMID: 28480078 / DOI: 10.1155/2017/1602627 Conroy M.B. et al., Ann Intern Med, 2019. PMID: 31711168 / DOI: 10.7326/M18-3337 Sniehotta F.F. et al., PLOS Med (2019). PMID: 31063507 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002793 Young M.D. et al., Obesity (2017). PMID: 27925437 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21696 Jakicic J.M. et al., JAMA (2016). PMID: 27654602 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.12858 Manning P.J. et al., Int J Obes (2018). PMID: 30082749 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0165-3 Rubino D. et al., JAMA (2021). PMID: 33755728 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3224 Wadden T.A. et al., JAMA (2021). PMID: 33625476 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.1831 Lundgren J.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2021). PMID: 33951361 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028198

Personalized and Precision Nutrition in the Management of Obesity Rodgers G.P. , Collins F.S. . JAMA (2020). PMID: 32766768 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.13601 Thom G. , Lean M. . Gastroenterology (2017). PMID: 28214525 / DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056 Kirk D. et al., Comput Biology Med (2021). 2021;133. PMID: 33866251 / DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104365 Berry S.E. et al., Nat Med (2020). PMID: 32528151 / DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0934-0 Hunt P. , Pearson D. . Nurs Stand (2001). PMID: 11977667 / DOI: 10.7748/ns2001.09.16.2.45.c3089 Ordovas J.M. et al., BMJ (2018). PMID: 29898881 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k2173 Wang D.D. , Hu F.B. . Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2018). PMID: 29433995 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30037-8 Collins F.S. , Varmus H. . N Engl J Med (2015). PMID: 25635347 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1500523 Erikainen S. , Chan S. . New Genet Soc (2019). PMID: 31708685 / DOI: 10.1080/14636778.2019.1637720 Zeevi D. et al., Cell (2015). PMID: 26590418 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.00111 Donnelly L.A. et al., Diabetologia (2018). PMID: 29260253 / DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4519-5 Thom G. et al., Diabetic Med (2020). PMID: 32870520 / DOI: 10.1111/dme.14395 Sumithran P. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2013). PMID: 23632752 / DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.90 Fothergill E. et al., Obesity (2016). PMID: 27136388 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21538 Thom G. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2020). PMID: 32020057 / DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0568-9 Bray G.A. et al., Clin Obes (2017). PMID: 28340516 / DOI: 10.1111/cob.12188 Gardner C.D. et al., JAMA (2018). PMID: 29466592 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.0245 Pi-Sunyer X. et al., N Engl J Med (2015). PMID: 26132939 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411892 Courcoulas A.P. et al., JAMA (2013). PMID: 24189773 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.280928 Belligoli A. et al., Curr Obes Rep (2020). PMID: 32542590 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00390-1 MacLean P.S. et al., Obesity (2018). PMID: 29575780 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22154 Stubbs J. et al., Obes Rev (2011). PMID: 21535362 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00883.x Anastasiou C.A. et al., Metabolism (2015). PMID: 26362728 / DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.08.006 Unick J.L. et al., Obesity (2015). PMID: 26110890 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21112 Bray G.A. , Ryan D.H. . Diabetes Obes Metab (2021). PMID: 32969147 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.14200 Yancy W.S. et al., Ann Intern Med (2015). PMID: 26075751 / DOI: 10.7326/M14-2358 Lander E.S. et al., Nature (2001). PMID: 11237011 / DOI: 10.1038/35057062 Moore J.B. . Proc Nutr Soc (2020). PMID: 32468984 / DOI: 10.1017/S0029665120006977 The Lancet . Lancet (2021). PMID: 33992130 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01099-0 Krzyszczyk P. et al., Technology (2018). PMID: 30713991 / DOI: 10.1142/S2339547818300020 Montague C.T. et al., Nature (1997). PMID: 9202122 / DOI: 10.1038/43185 Farooqi I.S. et al., J Clin Invest (2002). PMID: 12393845 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI15693 Loos R.J.F. , Janssens A.C.J.W. . Cell Metab (2017). PMID: 28273476 /DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.013 Bouchard C. . Obesity (2021). PMID: 33899337 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23116 Bouchard C. et al., N Engl J Med (1990). PMID: 2336074 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199005243222101 Hainer V. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2000). PMID: 10951545 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801358 Loos R.J.F. . Curr Opin Genet Dev (2018). PMID: 29529423 / DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2018.02.009 Gupta S.R. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 34370160 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05585-6 Hollands G.J. et al., BMJ (2016). PMID: 26979548 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i1102 Bloss C.S. et al., N Engl J Med (2011). PMID: 21226570 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1011893

Berthoud H-R. et al., Gastroenterology (2017). PMID: 28192106 / DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.050 Speakman J.R. et al., Dis Model Mech (2011). PMID: 22065844 / DOI: 10.1242/dmm.008698 Frayling T.M. et al., Science (2007). PMID: 17434869 / DOI: 10.1126/science.1141634 Livingstone K.M. et al., BMJ (2016). PMID: 27650503 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i4707 Bray G.A. et al., Curr Obes Rep (2019). PMID: 31214942 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-019-00353-1 Butland B. et al., Obes Rev (2007). PMID: 17316292 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00344.x Acosta A. et al., Obesity (2021). PMID: 33759389 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23120 Field A.E. et al., JAMA (2013). PMID: 24189835 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.281501 Kushner R.F. et al., Patient Educ Couns (2016). PMID: 27395751 / DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.06.022 Brown T.J. et al., Clin Obes (2017). PMID: 28695579 / DOI: 10.1111/cob.12204 Hameed S. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2021). PMID: 32991078 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.14207 Celis-Morales C. et al., Int J Epidemiol (2017). PMID: 27524815 / DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw186 Jinnette R. et al., Adv Nutr (2021). PMID: 33313795 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa144 Wyatt P. et al., Nat Metab (2021). PMID: 33846643 / DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00383-x Bao J. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2011). PMID: 21325437 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.005033 Hjorth M.F. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2017). PMID: 28679551 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.155200 Siebert J.C. et al., Obesity (2021). PMID: 33811477 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23127 Turnbaugh P.J. et al., Nature (2006). PMID: 17183312 / DOI: 10.1038/nature05414 Yu E.W. et al., PlOS Med (2020). PMID: 32150549 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003051 Chambers E.S. et al., Gut (2015). PMID: 25500202 / DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307913 Hjorth M.F. et al., Int J Obes (2018). PMID: 28883543 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.220 Howard R. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2020). PMID: 32766882 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa198 Bush C.L. et al., J Am Coll Nutr (2020). PMID: 31855126 / DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1685332 Santos I. et al., Obes Rev (2017). PMID: 27653242 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12466 Mullins V.A. et al., Nutrients (2020). PMID: 33065985 / DOI: 10.3390/nu12103118 Greaves C. et al., Health Psychol Rev (2017). PMID: 28281891 / DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2017.1299583 Kwasnicka D. et al., Health Psychol Rev (2016). PMID: 26854092 / DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2016.1151372 Lean M.E.J. et al., BMJ (2018). PMID: 29898885 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k2538 Swinburn B. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2009). PMID: 19828708 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28595 Tedstone A.E. . BMJ (2016). PMID: 27650604 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i4980 Jastreboff A.M. et al., N Engl J Med (2022). PMID: 35658024 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038 Wilding J.P.H. et al., N Engl J Med (2021). PMID: 33567185 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183 Rollnick S. et al., BMJ (2005). PMID: 16239696 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.331.7522.961 Ziegelstein R.C. . J Pers Med (2017). PMID: 29035320 / DOI: 10.3390/jpm7040011

Drug-Associated Weight Gain and Clinical Alternatives Desalermos A. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 31012292 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22444 American Diabetes Association . Diabetes Care (2021). PMID: 33298420 / DOI: 10.2337/dc21-S009 Das S.R. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2020). PMID: 32771263 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.037 Hemmingsen B. et al., CMAJ Open (2014). PMID: 25295236 / DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20130073 Apovian C.M. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2015). DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3415 Starlix®, Nateglinide Product Information. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; 2018. Prandin®, Repaglinide Product Information. Gemini Laboratories; 2019. Zeitler P. et al., Diabetes Care (2015). PMID: 26537182 / DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0848 Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group . Diabetes Care (2012). PMID: 22442396 / DOI: 10.2337/dc11-1299 Chadda K.R. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 33354917 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13177 Today Study Group . Diabetes Care (2013). PMID: 23704672 / DOI: 10.2337/dc12-2420 Van de Laar F.A. et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2006). PMID: 17054235 / DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005061.pub2 Today Study Group . Diabetes Care (2013). PMID: 23704673 / DOI: 10.2337/dc12-2534 Avandia®, Rosiglitazone Product Information. Glaxo-Smith Kline, 2019. Ameer B. , Weintraub M.A. . J Clin Pharmacol (2018). PMID: 30248198 / DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1092 Zachariah S. et al., Diabetes Care (2011). PMID: 21593292 / DOI: 10.2337/dc11-0098 van Golen L.W. et al., Diabetes Care (2013). PMID: 24130356 / DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0093 Bain E.K. , Bain S.C. . Diabetes Obes Metab (2021). PMID: 34324260 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.14487 Tamborlane W.V. et al., N Engl J Med (2019). PMID: 31034184 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1903822 Chadda K.R. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 33354917 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13177 Trujillo J.M. et al., Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab (2021). PMID: 33767808 / DOI: 10.1177/2042018821997320 Petroni M.L. et al., Endocrinol Diabetes Metab (2019). PMID: 31592154 / DOI: 10.1002/edm2.82 Charbonnel B. et al., Diabetes Care (2006). PMID: 17130197 / DOI: 10.2337/dc06-0706 Buse J.B. et al., Diabetes Care (2020). PMID: 31857443 / DOI: 10.2337/dci19-0066 Wong J. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 34542222 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13336 Zhang L. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2010). PMID: 20518806 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01216.x Singh-Franco D. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2011). PMID: 21199269 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01337.x

Hollander P.A. et al., Diabetes Care (2003). PMID: 12610038 / DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.3.784 Palmowski Y. et al., Rheumatology (Oxford) (2019). PMID: 29982743 / DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key169 Fardet L. , Feve B. . Drugs (2014). PMID: 25204470 / DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0282-9 van Raalte D.H. et al., Diabetologia (2011). PMID: 21562755 / DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2174-9 Huscher D. et al., Ann Rheum Dis (2009). PMID: 18684744 / DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.092163 Wei Y. et al., Blood (2016). PMID: 26480931 / DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-659656 Stone J.H. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 28745999 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1613849 National Center for Health Statistics, CDC . Contraception: Ever Used of Contraceptive Methods. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nsfg/key_statistics Sims J. et al., Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care (2020). PMID: 31928370 / DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2019.1709963 Dos Santos PdNS. et al. , Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care (2014). PMID: 99543212 / DOI: 10.3109/13625187.2014.936934 Dal'Ava N. et al., Contraception (2014). PMID: 24780631 / DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2014.03.011 Dal'Ava N. et al., Contraception (2012). PMID: 22445431 / DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.01.017 Clark M.K. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2005). PMID: 15997247 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803023 Beksinska M. et al., EClinicalMedicine (2021). PMID: 33898953 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100800 Berenson A.B. , Rahman M. . Am J Obstet Gynecol (2009). PMID: 19254592 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.12.052 Nota N.M. et al., Circulation (2019). PMID: 30776252 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038584 Kyinn M. et al., Int J Obes (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00935-x Kanj R.V. et al., Int J Transgend (2019). PMID: 32999626 / DOI: 10.1080/15532739.2019.1631929 Abosi O. et al., Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig (2018). PMID: 29320364 / DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2017-0065 Shukla A.P. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 32776501 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22903 Keepers G.A. et al., Am J Psychiatry (2020). PMID:32867516 / DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.177901. Pillinger T. et al., Lancet Psychiatry (2020). PMID: 31860457 / DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30416-X Speyer H. et al., Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) (2021). PMID: 34393989 / DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.577919 Cooper S.J. et al., J Psychopharmacol (2016). PMID: 27147592 / DOI: 10.1177/0269881116645254 Whicher C.A. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2021). PMID: 33528914 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.14334 Larsen J.R. et al., JAMA Psychiatry (2017). PMID: 28601891 / DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1220 Correll C.U. et al., J Clin Psychiatry (2016). PMID: 27337425 / DOI: 10.4088/JCP.15r10373 Christian R.S.L. et al., AHRQ Publication No. 12-EHC042-EF (2012). PMID: 22439160 / Bookshelf ID: NBK84660 Serretti A. , Porcelli S. . Br Med J (2018). PMID: 29792297 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k2151 Gafoor R. et al., Br Med J (2018). PMID: 29793997 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k1951 Serretti A. , Mandelli L. . J Clin Psychiatry (2010). PMID: 21062615 / DOI: 10.4088/JCP.09r05346blu Gaynor P. et al., Int J Clin Pract (2011). PMID: 21314871 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02635.x McKnight R.F. et al., Lancet (2012). PMID: 22265699 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61516-X Livingstone C. , Rampes H. . J Psychopharmacol (2006). PMID: 16174674 / DOI: 10.1177/0269881105057515 Bopp S.K. et al., Eur Neuropsychopharmacol (2019). PMID: 30554862 / DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.12.006 Grootens K.P. et al., Eur J Clin Pharmacol (2018). PMID: 30083876 / DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2517-2 McIntyre R.S. et al., Lancet (2020). PMID: 33278937 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31544-0 Brodie M.J. . CNS Drugs (2017). PMID: 28101765 / DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0406-8 Verrotti A. et al., Obes Rev (2011). PMID: 20880119 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00800.x Hogan R.E. et al., Epilepsy Res (2000). PMID: 10924865 / DOI: 10.1016/s0920-1211(00)00125-x Garoufi A. et al., Epilepsy Res (2016). PMID: 27010568 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.03.004 Singh K. et al., Epilepsy Behav (2016). PMID: 27300147 / DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.05.007 Ferragut Ferretjans F. et al., Epilepsy Res (2021). PMID: 34530305 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106757 Caron A. , Jane Michael N. . J Clin Endo Metab (2021). PMID: 34117881 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab421 U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Over-the-Counter (OTC) Monograph M010. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; September 20, 2021. Ratliff J.C. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2010). PMID: 20706200 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.176 Comer S.D. et al., Physiol Behav (1997). PMID: 9284505 / DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(97)00246-1 Lee P. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2011). PMID: 21304487 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.28410.1038/ijo.2010.284. Sharma A.M. et al., Hypertension (2001). PMID: 11230280 / DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.37.2.250 Messerli F.H. et al., Am J Med (2007). PMID: 17602935 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.10.017 Murphy S.P. et al., JAMA (2020). PMID: 32749493 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.10262

Mechanisms of Drug Action in Obesity Mayer J. . Progress in Food and Nutrition Science (1975). PMID: 1233533 Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque J.P. , Donato J. . Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (2021). PMID: 34425188 / DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100944 Apovian C.M. et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2015). PMID: 25590212 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3415 Jais A. , Brüning J.C. . Endocrine Reviews (2021). PMID: 34490882 / DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab025 Berthoud H-R. et al., Physiology & Behavior (2020). PMID: 32422162 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112959 Betley J.N. et al., Cell (2013). PMID: 24315102 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.002 He W. et al., Nature Neuroscience (2006). PMID: 16415870 / DOI: 10.1038/nn1626

Clemmensen C. et al., Cell (2017). PMID: 28235194 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.025 Garfield A.S. et al., Nature Neuroscience (2015). PMID: 25915476 / DOI: 10.1038/nn.4011 Mendes de Oliveira E. et al., The New England Journal of Medicine (2021). PMID: 34614324/ DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2103329 Shah B.P. et al., The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2014). PMID: 25157144 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407843111 Berthoud H-R. et al., Gastroenterology (2017). PMID: 28192106 / DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.050 Aponte Y. et al., Nature Neuroscience (2011). PMID: 21209617 / DOI: 10.1038/nn.2739 Krashes M.J. et al., Cell Metabolism (2013). PMID: 24093681 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.09.009 Haskell-Luevano C. , Monck E.K. . Regulatory Peptides (2001). PMID: 11257308 / DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(01)00234-8 Engström Ruud L. et al., Nature Communications (2020). PMID: 31974377 / DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14291-3 Steculorum S.M. et al., Cell (2016). PMID: 27015310/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.044 Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque J.P. et al., Nature Communications (2019). PMID: 30659173 / DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08239-x Ferrannini E. . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2021). PMID: 34788445 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab803 Izquierdo A.G. et al., Nutrients (2019). PMID: 31717265 / DOI: 10.3390/nu11112704 Adamski K. et al., Current Medical Research and Opinion (2021). PMID: 34490811 / DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2021.1976125 Trevaskis J.L. et al., Endocrinology (2008). PMID: 18669592 / DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0770 Cowley M.A. et al., Nature (2001). PMID: 11373681 / DOI: 10.1038/35078085 Krashes M.J. et al., Nature Neuroscience (2016). PMID: 26814590 / DOI: 10.1038/nn.4202 Zhan C. et al., The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience (2013). PMID: 23426689 / DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2742-12.2013 Parton L.E. et al., Nature (2007). PMID: 17728716 / DOI: 10.1038/nature06098 Paeger L. et al., eLife (2017). PMID: 28762947 / DOI: 10.7554/eLife.25641 Zemel M.B. , Shi H. . Nutrition Reviews (2000). PMID: 10885325 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2000.tb01857.x Greenway F.L. et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2009). PMID: 19846734 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1350 Koch M. et al., Nature (2015). PMID: 25707796 / DOI: 10.1038/nature14260 Dutia R. et al., Endocrinology (2012). PMID: 22778225 / DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1166 Péterfi Z. et al., Neuroendocrinology (2021). PMID: 33152734 / DOI: 10.1159/000512806 Wu Q. et al., Cell (2009). PMID: 19563755 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.04.022 Vong L. et al., Neuron (2011). PMID: 21745644 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.028 Rau A.R. , Hentges S.T. . The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience (2019). PMID: 31235650 / DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3193-18.2019 Zhang X. , van den Pol A.N. . The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience (2015). PMID: 6558770 / DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0293-15.2015 Picard F. et al., Obesity Research (2000). PMID: 11225714 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2000.84 Aronne L.J. et al., Obesity (2013). PMID: 24136928 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20584 Heisler L.K. et al., Neuron (2006). PMID: 16846858 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.004 Berglund E.D. et al., The Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013). PMID: 24177424 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI70338 Heisler L.K. et al., Science (New York, NY) (2002). PMID: 12142539 / DOI: 10.1126/science.1072327 Connolly H.M. et al., The New England Journal of Medicine (1997). PMID: 9271479 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199708283370901 James W.P.T. et al., The New England Journal of Medicine (2010). PMID: 20818901 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1003114 Greenway F.L. et al., Clinical Obesity (2016). PMID: 27627785 / DOI: 10.1111/cob.12159 Tam J. et al., European Journal of Internal Medicine (2018). PMID: 29336868 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.009 Mountjoy K.G. et al., Molecular Endocrinology (Baltimore, MD) (1994). PMID: 7854347 / DOI: 10.1210/mend.8.10.7854347 Balthasar N. et al., Cell (2005). PMID: 16269339 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.035 Clément K. et al., The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology (2020). PMID: 33137293 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30364-8 Li M.M. et al., Neuron (2019). PMID: 30879785 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.028 Singh U. et al., Molecular Metabolism (2021). PMID: 34823066 / DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101401 Sarkar S. et al., Brain Research (2002). PMID: 12113951 / DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02619-7 Harris S.C. et al., Journal of the American Medical Association (1947). PMID: 20255617 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.1947.02880340022005 Fleckenstein A.E. et al., Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2007). PMID: 17209801 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105140 Hendricks E.J. et al., International Journal of Obesity (2005) (2014). PMID: 23736363 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.74 Samanin R. , Garattini S. . Pharmacology & Toxicology (1993). PMID: 7902561 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01537.x Denis R.G.P. et al., Cell Metabolism (2017). PMID: 28380385 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.03.001 Anderberg R.H. et al., Physiology & Behavior (2014). PMID: 24560840 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.026 Cooper S.J. . European Journal of Pharmacology (2004). PMID: 15464019 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.009 Will M.J. et al., Physiology & Behavior (2006). PMID: 16854442 / DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.06.008 Mietlicki-Baase E.G. et al., Neuropharmacology (2017). PMID: 28552704 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.024 Richard J.E. et al., PLOS ONE (2015). PMID: 25793511 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119034 Eisenstein S.A. et al., PLOS ONE (2015). PMID: 26192187 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133621 Volkow N.D. et al., NeuroImage (2008). PMID: 18598772 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.002 Wang G.J. et al., Lancet (London, England) (2001). PMID: 11210998 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03643-6 Le D.S.N.T. et al., The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006). PMID: 17023697 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.4.725 Uher R. , Treasure J. . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry (2005). PMID: 15897510 / DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.048819 Regard M. , Landis T. . Neurology (1997). PMID: 9153440 / DOI: 10.1212/wnl.48.5.1185 Miller J.L. et al., Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry (2007). PMID: 17158560 / DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.099044

Young A.A. . Neuropharmacology (2012). PMID: 22491021 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.019 Grill H.J. , Hayes M.R. . Cell Metabolism (2012). PMID: 22902836 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.015 Andresen M.C. et al., Frontiers in Neuroscience (2012). PMID: 23335875 / DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00191 Thomas M.K. et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2021). PMID: 33236115 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa863 Mathiesen D.S. et al., Frontiers in Endocrinology (2020). PMID: 33488526 / DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.617400 Drucker D.J. . Cell Metabolism (2018). PMID: 29617641 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.001 Enebo L.B. et al., Lancet (London, England) (2021). PMID: 33894838 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00845-X Kruse T. et al., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2021). PMID: 34288673 / DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00565 Coskun T. et al., Molecular Metabolism (2018). PMID: 30473097 / DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.09.009 Frías J.P. et al., The New England Journal of Medicine (2021). PMID: 34170647 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519 Borner T. et al., Diabetes (2021). PMID: 34380697 / DOI: 10.2337/db21-0459 Vrang N. , Larsen P.J. . Progress in Neurobiology (2010). PMID: 20638440 / DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.07.003 Barrera J.G. et al., The Journal of Neuroscience (2011). PMID: 21389245 / DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2212-10.2011 Knudsen L.B. , Lau J. . Frontiers in Endocrinology (2019). PMID: 31031702/ DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00155 Gabery S. et al., JCI Insight (2020). PMID: 32213703 / DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133429 Blundell J. et al., Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism (2017). PMID: 28266779 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.12932 Kadouh H. et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2019). PMID: 31665455 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz140 Nauck M.A. et al., Diabetes (2011). PMID: 21430088 / DOI: 10.2337/db10-0474 Tschöp M. , DiMarchi R. . Diabetes (2017). DOI: 10.2337/dbi16-006828603138 Samms R.J. et al., Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism (2020). PMID: 32396843 / DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.02.006 Zhang Q. et al., Cell Metabolism (2021). PMID: 33571454 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.015 Kim S-J. et al., PLOS ONE (2012). PMID: 22802954 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040156 Pirro V. et al., The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (2021). PMID: 34608929 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab722 Meier J.J. et al., American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism (2004). PMID: 14678954 / DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00499.2003 Meier J.J. et al., Diabetologia (2003). PMID: 12764578 / DOI: 10.1007/s00125-003-1103-y Hay D.L. et al., Pharmacological Reviews (2015). PMID: 26071095 / DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010629 Potes C.S. et al., American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (2010). PMID: 20554938 / DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00791.2009 Roth J.D. et al., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (2008). PMID: 18458326 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706473105 Hayes M.R. et al., Annual Review of Nutrition (2014). PMID: 24819325 / DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161201 Liberini C.G. et al., Scientific Reports (2019). PMID: 31186439 / DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44591-8 Arterburn D. et al., Annals of Internal Medicine (2018). PMID: 30383139 / DOI: 10.7326/M17-2786 Wilding J.P.H. et al., The New England Journal of Medicine (2021). PMID: 33567185 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183

Metabolic Effects of Progressive Weight Loss Franz M.J. et al., J Am Diet Assoc (2007). PMID: 17904936 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.017 Sacks F.M. et al., N Engl J Med (2009). PMID: 19246357 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0804748 Stefan N. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2018). PMID: 28919065 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30292-9 Sjostrom L. et al., N Engl J Med (2007). PMID: 17715408 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa066254 Williamson D.A. et al., Obesity (2015). PMID: 26523739 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21358 Garvey W.T. et al., Endocr Pract (2016). PMID: 27219496 / DOI: 10.4158/EP161365.GL Ryan D.H. , Yockey S.R. . Curr Obes Rep (2017). PMID: 28455679 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-017-0262-y Vink R.G. et al., Obesity (2016). PMID: 26813524 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21346 Leibel R.L. et al., N Engl J Med (1995). PMID: 7632212 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199503093321001 Martins C. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2020). PMID: 32844188 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa220 Garrow J.S. , Summerbell C.D. . Eur J Clin Nutr (1995). PMID: 7713045 Weinheimer E.M. et al., Nutr Rev (2010). PMID: 20591106 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00298.x Magkos F. et al., Cell Metab (2016). PMID: 26916363 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.02.005 Wycherley T.P. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2012). PMID: 23097268 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.044321 Smith G.I. et al., Obesity (2018). PMID: 29687650 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22169 Sandby K. et al., Curr Obes Rep (2021). PMID: 33580876 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00430-4 Verheggen R.J. et al., Obes Rev (2016). PMID: 27213481 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12406 Lazo M. et al., Diabetes Care (2010). PMID: 20664019 / DOI: 10.2337/dc10-0856 Promrat K. et al., Hepatology (2010). PMID: 19827166 / DOI: 10.1002/hep.23276 Vilar-Gomez E. et al., Gastroenterology (2015). PMID: 25865049 / DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.005 Johnson N.A. et al., Hepatology (2009). PMID: 19637289 / DOI: 10.1002/hep.23129 Cheng S. et al., Sci Rep (2017). PMID: 29162875 / DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16159-x Hall K.D. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2012). PMID: 22434603 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.036350 Magkos F. . Am J Clin Nutr (2020). PMID: 32936882 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa262 Prentice A.M. et al., Proc Nutr Soc (1991). PMID: 1749811 / DOI: 10.1079/pns19910055 Ballor D.L. , Poehlman E.T. . Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol (1995). PMID: 8983922 / DOI: 10.1007/BF00238557

Mahadeva K. et al., J Physiol (1953). PMID: 13085332 / DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp004943 Kumahara H. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2009). PMID: 19707225 / DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.108 Poobalan A. et al., Obes Rev (2004). PMID: 14969506 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2004.00127.x Tomiyama A.J. et al., Social Person Psychol Comp (2013). DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12076 Morris E. et al., Br J Gen Pract (2021). PMID: 33685923 / DOI: 10.3399/bjgp20X714113 Wing R.R. et al., Arch Intern Med (1987). PMID: 3310940 / DOI: 10.1001/archinte.1987.00370100063012 Yoshino M. et al., N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 32813948 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2003697 Wing R.R. et al., Diabetes Care (2011). PMID: 21593294 / DOI: 10.2337/dc10-2415 Bradley D. et al., J Clin Invest (2012). PMID: 23187122 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI64895 van Vliet S. et al., Diabetes (2020). PMID: 32651241 / DOI: 10.2337/db20-0377 Gummesson A. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2017). PMID: 28417575 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.12971 Brown J.D. et al., Transl Behav Med (2016). PMID: 27528523 / DOI: 10.1007/s13142-015-0353-9 Ginsberg H.N. et al., J Clin Invest (1985). PMID: 3973021 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI111739 Mittendorfer B. et al., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (2003). PMID: 12475754 / DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00379.2002 Olefsky J. et al., J Clin Invest (1974). PMID: 4357617 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI107560 Streja D.A. et al., Metabolism (1977). PMID: 850481 / DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(77)90094-4 Klein S. et al., Gastroenterology (2006). PMID: 16697719 / DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.01.042 Magkos F. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2010). PMID: 20590733 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01191.x Look Ahead Research Group et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2016). PMID: 27595918 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30162-0 Sundstrom J. et al., Circulation (2017). PMID: 28258170 / DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.025629 Shah A. et al., Diabetes Care (2019). PMID: 30523032 / DOI: 10.2337/dc18-1036 Kirk E. et al., Gastroenterology (2009). PMID: 19208352 / DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.01.048 Wu H. , Ballantyne C.M. . Circ Res (2020). PMID: 32437299 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315896 Selvin E. et al., Arch Intern Med (2007). PMID: 17210875 / DOI: 10.1001/archinte.167.1.31 Hamman R.F. et al., Diabetes Care (2006). PMID: 16936160 / DOI: 10.2337/dc06-0560 Davey Smith G. et al., Ann Intern Med (2005). PMID: 15738450 / DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-142-5-200503010-00006 Lean M.E.J. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2019). PMID: 30852132 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30068-3

Older Drugs Used to Manage Obesity Barger G. , Dale H.H. . Chemical structure and sympathomimetic action of amines. J Physiol 1910; 41(1–2):19–59. Bray G.A. . Challenges in developing anti-obesity drugs: An historical review. In: ENDOTEXT ( Feingold K.R. , Anawalt B. , Boyce A. , Chrousos G. , de Herder W. , Dhatariya K. et al., eds) Endotext [Internet] South Dartmouth, MA: MDTextcom, Inc.; 2000. Accepted 2021; PMID: 25905160 Bookshelf ID: NBK278943. Bray G.A. , Greenway F.L. . Current and potential drugs for treatment of obesity. Endo Rev 1999; 20(6):805–875. VI-0521 (QNEXA®) ADVISORY COMMITTEE BRIEFING DOCUMENT.NDA 022580. Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting. July 15, 2010. www.fda.gov/.../AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/ Accessed March 15, 2012. Ryan D. , Peterson C. , Troupin B. , Najarian T. , Tam P. , Day W. . Weight loss at 6 months with VI-0521 (PHEN/TPM combination) treatment. Obesity Facts 2010; 3:139–146. Addy C. , Rosko J.P. , Li S. , Li H. , Maes A. , Johnson-Levonas A.O. , Chodakewitz J. , Stoch S.A. , Wagner J.A. . Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of phentermine in healthy participants receiving taranabant, a novel cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) inverse agonist. J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 49(10):1228–1238. Munro J.F. , MacCuish A.C. , Wilson E.M. , Duncan L.J.P. . Comparison of continuous and intermittent anorectic therapy in obesity. Br Med J 1968; 1:352–356. Kim K.K. , Cho H-J. , Kang J-C. , Youn B-B. , Lee K-R. . Effects on weight reduction and safety of short-term phentermine administration in Korean obese people. Yonsei Med J 2006; 47(5):614–625. Kang J.G. , Park C-Y. , Kang J.H. , Park Y-W. , Park S.W. . Randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of a newly developed formulation of phentermine diffuse-controlled release for obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:876–882. Bray G.A. , Greenway F.L. . Pharmacological treatment of the overweight patient. Pharm Rev 2007; 59:151–184. Damci T. , Yalin S. , Balci H. , Osar Z. , Korugan U. , Ozyazar M. , Ilkova H. . Orlistat augments postprandial increases in glucagonlike peptide 1 in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(5):1077–1080. Pilichiewicz A. , O'Donovan D. , Feinle C. , Lei Y. , Wishart J.M. , Bryant L. , Meyer J.H. , Horowitz M. , Jones K.L. . Effect of lipase inhibition on gastric emptying of, and the glycemic and incretin responses to, an oil/aqueous drink in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88(8):3829–3834. Goedecke J.H. , Barsdorf M. . Beglinger C. , Levitt N.S. , Lambert E.V. . Effects of a lipase inhibitor (Orlistat) on cholescystokinin and appetite in response to a high-fat meal. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27(12):1479–1485. Sjostrom L. , Rissanen A. , Anderson T. , et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. European Multicentre Orlistat Study Group. Lancet 1998; 352(9123):167–172. Finkelstein E.A. , Kruger E. . Obesity 2014; 22:1942–1951. DOI: 10.1002/oby.20824 Gilbertson T.A. , Khan N.A. . Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:82–92. DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.11.001 Kawai T. , Fushiki T. . Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285:R447–R454 PMID: 15738104 / DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjh175 Hiraoka T. et al., Behav Physiol Behav 2003; 79:713–717. PMID: 12954413 / DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00201-4 Chale-Rush A. et al., Chem Senses 2007; 32:423–431. PMID: 17361006 / DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjm007 Torgerson J.S. , Hauptman J. , et al. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: A randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care 2004; 27(1):155–161.

Kamphuis M.M. et al., Br J Nutr 2003; 90:199–206. PMID: 12844392 / DOI: 10.1079/bjn2003858 Hollander P.A. , Elbein S.C. , et al. Role of orlistat in the treatment of obese patients with type 2 diabetes: A 1-year randomized double-blind study. Diabetes Care 1998; 21(8):1288–1294. Stunkard A.J. , Messick S. . J Psychosom Res 1985; 29(1):71–83. PMID: 3981480 / DOI: 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8 Flint A. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24(1):38–48. PMID: 10702749 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801083 Lindgarde F. . The effect of orlistat on body weight and coronary heart disease risk profile in obese patients: The Swedish Multimorbidity Study. J Intern Med 2000; 248(3):245–254. Taylor A. , Fountaine R. , Martin C.K. , Mancuso J. , Greenway F. . Obes Res 2003; 11(supplement Program Abstracts):A99, 405-P. Seabrook L.T. et al., J Psychiatry Neurosci 2020; 45(5):304–312. PMID: 32167268 / PMCID: PMC7850155 / DOI: 10.1503/jpn.190163 Broom I. , Wilding J. , et al. Randomised trial of the effect of orlistat on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk profile in obese patients: UK Multimorbidity Study. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56(7):494–499. Harnischfeger F. and Dando R. . Int J Obes 2021; 45:1644–1655. PMID: 34031530 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00855-w Besnard P. et al., Physiol Rev 2016; 96:161–176. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2015 Hill J.O. , Hauptman J. , et al. Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, for weight maintenance after conventional dieting: A 1-y study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69(6):1108–1116. Richelsen B. , Niskanen L. , Tonstad S. , Madsbad S. , Rossner S. , Mustajoki P. , Tourbro S. , Rissanen A. . Effect of orlistat on weight regain and cardiovascular risk factors following a very-low energy diet in abdominally obese patients. Diabetes Care 2007; 30:27–32. Rissanen A. , Lean M. , Rossner S. , Segal K. , Sjostrom L. . Predictive values of early weight loss in obesity management with orlistat: An evidence-based assessment of prescribing guidelines. Int J Obes 2003; 27:103–109. Toplak H. , Ziegler O. , Keller U. , Hamann A. , Godin C. , Sittert G. , Zanella M-T. , Zuniga-Guajardo S. , Van Gaal L. . X-PERT: Weight reduction with orlistat in obese subjects receiving a mildly or moderately reduced-energy diet. Early response to treatment predicts weight maintenance. Diab Obes Metab 2006; 7:699–708. Avenell A. , Brown T.J. , McGee M.A. , et al. What interventions should we add to weight reducing diets in adults with obesity? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of adding drug therapy, exercise, behaviour therapy or combinations of these interventions. J Hum Nutr Diet 2004; 17(4):293–316. Leblanc E.S. , O'Connor E. , Whitlock E.P. , Patnode C.D. , Kapka T. . Effectiveness of primary care-relevant treatments for obesity in adults: A systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155(7):434–447. Sahebkar A. , Simental-Mendía L.E. , Reiner Ž. , Kovanen P.T. , Simental-Mendía M. , Bianconi V. , Pirro M. . Effect of orlistat on plasma lipids and body weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 33 randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res 2017; 122:53–65. Li Z. , Maglione M. , et al. Meta-analysis: Pharmacologic treatment of obesity. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142(7):532–546. Wang H. , Wang L. , Cheng Y. , Xia Z. , Liao Y. , Cao, J. Efficacy of orlistat in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Biomed Rep 2018; 9(1):90–96. Lloret-Linares C. , Greenfield J.R. , Czernichow S. . Effect of weight-reducing agents on glycemic parameters and progression to type 2 diabetes: A review. Diab Med 2008; 25:1142–1150. Norris S.L. , Zhang X. , et al. Long-term effectiveness of lifestyle and behavioral weight loss interventions in adults with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis. Am J Med 2004; 117(10):762–774. Hutton B. , Fergusson D. . Changes in body weight and serum lipid profile in obese patients treated with orlistat in addition to a hypocaloric diet: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:1461–1468. McGovern L. , Johnson J.N. , Paulo R. , et al. Treatment of pediatric obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4600–4605. Maahs D. , de Serna D.G. , et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss in adolescents. Endocr Pract 2008; 12(1):18–28. Heymsfield S.B. , Segal K.R. , et al. Effects of weight loss with orlistat on glucose tolerance and progression to type 2 diabetes in obese adults. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160(9):1321–1326. Gillies C.L. , Abrams K.R. , Lambert P.C. , Cooper N.J. , Sutton A.J. , Hsu R.T. , Khunti K. . Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2007; 334(7588):299. Vray M. , Joubert J.M. , Eschwage E. , Liard F. , Fagnani F. , Montestruc F. , Fages S. , Bagaud B. . Results from the observations study EIGRAM: Management of excess weight in general practice and follow-up of patients treated with orlistat. Therapie 2005; 60:17–24. Anderson J.W. , Schwartz S.M. , Hauptman J. , Boldrin M. , Rossi M. , Bansal V. , Hale C.A. . Low-dose orlistat effects on body weight of mildly to moderately overweight individuals: A 16 week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40(10):1717–1723. Zhi J. , Mulligan T.E. , et al. Long-term systemic exposure of orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, and its metabolites in obese patients. J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 39(1): 41–46. Singh A. , Sarkar S.R. , Gaber L.W. , Perazella M.A. . Acute oxalate nephropathy associated with orlistat, a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 49:153–157. Ferraz R.R. , Tiselius H.G. , Heilberg I.P. . Fat malabsorption induced by gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor leads to an increase in urinary oxalate excretion. Kidney Int 2004; 66:767–782. McDuffie J.R. , Calis K.A. , Booth S.L. , Uwaifo G.I. , Yanovski J.A. . Effects of orlistat on fat-soluble vitamins in obese adolescents. Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22:814–822. MacWalter R.S. , Fraser H.W. , Armstrong K.M. . Orlistat enhances warfarin effect. Ann Pharmacother 2003; 37:510–512. Garcia S.B. , Barros L.T. , Turatti A. , et al. The anti-obesity agent orlistat is associated to increase in colonic preneoplastic markers in rats treated with a chemical carcinogen. Cancer Lett 2006; 240:221–224. Primeaux S.D. , Dubin R. , Greenway F.L. . Orlistat mouth rinse: using the tongue to deliver antiobesity medication in a double-blind randomized crossover pilot trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023, doi 10.1111/dom.15101

Serotonergic Drugs for Treating Obesity Maclean P.S. et al., Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol (2011). PMID: 21677272 / DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00755.2010 Greenway F.L. . Int J Obes (Lond) (2015). PMID: 25896063 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.59 Adams T.D. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 28930514 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1700459 Arterburn D.E. et al., JAMA (2020). PMID: 32870301 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.12567 Rossi M.A. , Stuber G.D. . Cell Metab (2018). PMID: 29107504 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.021 Myers MG, Jr. et al., Nat Metab (2021). PMID: 34158655 / DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00408-5 Campos A. et al., Brain Sci (2022). PMID: 35447963 / DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040431 Thanarajah S.E. et al., Cell Metab (2019). PMID: 30595479 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.006 Donovan M.H. , Tecott L.H. . Front Neurosci (2013). PMID: 23543912 / DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00036 van Galen K.A. et al., Metabolism (2018). PMID: 28970033 / DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.09.007 Syan S.K. et al., Neurosci Biobehav Rev (2021). PMID: 34425125 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.019 Pursey K.M. et al., Front Nutr (2014). PMID: 25988110 / DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2014.00007 Koopman K.E. et al., Mol Metab (2013). PMID: 24327957 / DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.07.006 Kimbrough T.D. , Weekley L.B. . Int J Obes (1984). PMID: 6210259 Shimizu H. et al., Obes Res (1994). PMID: 16355484 / DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1994.tb00635.x Hassanain M. , Levin B.E. . Brain Res (2002). PMID: 11864622 / DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03387-x Schaffhauser A.O. et al., Obes Res (2002). PMID: 12429884 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2002.161 Johnson P.M. , Kenny P.J. . Nat Neurosci (2010). PMID: 20348917 / DOI: 10.1038/nn.2519 Kenny P.J. . Nat Rev Neurosci (2011). PMID: 22011680 / DOI: 10.1038/nrn3105 Tellez L.A. et al., Science (2013). PMID: 23950538 / DOI: 10.1126/science.1239275 Mazzone C.M. et al., Nat Neurosci (2020). PMID: 32747789 / DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0684-9 Heisler L.K. et al., Ann N Y Acad Sci (2003). PMID: 12851313 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03177.x Geyer M.A. et al., Brain Res (1976). PMID: 1276871 / DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(76)91024-6 Saller C.F. , Stricker E.M. . Science (1976). PMID: 1257774 / DOI: 10.1126/science.1257774 Breisch S.T. et al., Science (1976). PMID: 130678 / DOI: 10.1126/science.130678 Tecott L.H. . Cell Metab (2007). PMID: 17983581 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.09.012 Gafoor R. et al., BMJ (2018). PMID: 29793997 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k1951 Gill H. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 33022115 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22969 van Galen K.A. et al., Metabolism (2021). PMID: 34331964 / DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154839 van Galen K.A. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 33559362 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13210 Georgescu T. et al., J Neuroendocrinol (2021). PMID: 33909316 / DOI: 10.1111/jne.12960 Dahlstroem A. , Fuxe K. . Acta Physiol Scand Suppl (1964). PMID: 14229500 Vertes R.P. et al., J Comp Neurol (1999). PMID: 10235645 He Y. et al., Mol Psychiatry (2021). PMID: 34290371 / DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01220-z Wu Q. et al., Nature (2012). PMID: 22419158 / DOI: 10.1038/nature10899 Pollak Dorocic I. et al., Neuron (2014). PMID: 25102561 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.002 Hornung J.P. . J Chem Neuroanat (2003). PMID: 14729135 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.10.002 Voigt J.P. , Fink H. . Behav Brain Res (2015). PMID: 25217810 / DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.065 Boden P.R. et al., Br J Pharmacol (1991). PMID: 1364831 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12225.x Anderberg R.H. et al., Diabetes (2017). PMID: 28057699 / DOI: 10.2337/db16-0755 Fletcher P.J. , Davies M. . Eur J Pharmacol (1990). PMID: 2150377 / DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90618-g Grill H.J. , Hayes M.R. . Int J Obes (Lond) (2009). PMID: 19363500 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2009.10 Heisler L.K. et al., Neuron (2006). PMID: 16846858 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.004 Yaswen L. et al., Nat Med (1999). PMID: 10470087 / DOI: 10.1038/12506 Zhan C. et al., J Neurosci (2013). PMID: 23426689 / DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2742-12.2013 D'Agostino G. et al., Cell Metab (2018). PMID: 30146485 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.07.017 Ciofi P. . Neurosci Lett (2011). PMID: 20951768 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.019 Xu Y. et al., Neuron (2008). PMID: 19038216 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.033 Cowley M.A. et al., Neuron (1999). PMID: 10677034 / DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80829-6 Farooqi I.S. et al., N Engl J Med (2003). PMID: 12646665 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa022050 Lucas J.J. et al., J Neurosci (1998). PMID: 9651234 / DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.18-14-05537.1998 Sawchenko P.E. et al., Brain Res (1983). PMID: 6357352 / DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90945-9 Cruz-Martínez A.M. et al., Eur Neuropsychopharmacol (2018). PMID: 30217553 / DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.002 Garfield A.S. et al., Behav Brain Res (2014). PMID: 24566060 / DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.018 Choi Y.H. et al., Front Neurosci (2013). PMID: 23675313 / DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00071 Xu B. et al., Nat Neurosci (2003). PMID: 12796784 / DOI: 10.1038/nn1073 Leibowitz S.F. et al., Pharmacol Biochem Behav (1990). PMID: 2093178 / DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(90)90556-w Hikiji K. et al., Psychopharmacology (Berl) (2004). PMID: 14997269 / DOI: 10.1007/s00213-003-1735-0 Bellinger L.L. , Bernardis L.L. . Physiol Behav (2002). PMID: 12117580 / DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00756-4 Harrold J.A. et al., Diabetes (1999). PMID: 10334300 / DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.48.2.267 Haskell-Luevano C. et al., Endocrinology (1999). PMID: 10067869 / DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.3.6544 Betley J.N. et al., Cell (2013). PMID: 24315102 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.002 Moore R.Y. et al., J Comp Neurol (1978). PMID: 77865 / DOI: 10.1002/cne.901800302 Elias C.F. et al., J Comp Neurol (1998). PMID: 9862320

Schwartz D.H. et al., Brain Res (1989). PMID: 2924163 / DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91639-9 Muraki Y. et al., J Neurosci (2004). PMID: 15306649 / DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1027-04.2004 Brown R.E. et al., Neuropharmacology (2001). PMID: 11166339 / DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(00)00178-7 van den Pol A.N. et al., Neuron (2004). PMID: 15157424 / DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00251-x Borowsky B. et al., Nat Med (2002). PMID: 12118247 / DOI: 10.1038/nm741 Li B.H. , Rowland N.E. . Brain Res Bull (1993). PMID: 8453494 / DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(93)90009-z Li B.H. et al., Brain Res (1994). PMID: 8004454 / DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91881-3 Trifunovic R. , Reilly S. . Brain Res (2006). PMID: 16343451 / DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.10.092 Lee M.D. et al., Psychopharmacology (Berl) (1998). PMID: 9566817 / DOI: 10.1007/s002130050570 Carter M.E. et al., Nature (2013). PMID: 24121436 / DOI: 10.1038/nature12596 O'Doherty J. et al., Science (2004). PMID: 15087550 / DOI: 10.1126/science.1094285 Bubar M.J. , Cunningham K.A. . Neuroscience (2007). PMID: 17367945 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.12.071 Xu P. et al., Biol Psychiatry (2017). PMID: 27516377 / DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.005 Valencia-Torres L. et al., Neuropsychopharmacology (2017). PMID: 27882999 / DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.264 Kelley A.E. et al., J Comp Neurol (2005). PMID: 16255002 / DOI: 10.1002/cne.20769 Fletcher P.J. et al., Pharmacol Biochem Behav (2002). PMID: 11888563 / DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00717-1 Pratt W.E. et al., Neurosci Lett (2012). PMID: 22306095 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.038 Jean A. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2007). PMID: 17913892 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701471104 Pratt W.E. et al., Behav Brain Res (2017). PMID: 28115218 / DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.031 Blumenthal S.A. , Pratt W.E. . Neurosci Lett (2018). PMID: 30227154 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.028 Douglass A.M. et al., Nat Neurosci (2017). PMID: 28825719 / DOI: 10.1038/nn.4623 Weintraub M. et al., Arch Intern Med (1984). PMID: 6375610 Connolly H.M. et al., N Engl J Med (1997). PMID: 9271479 / DOI: 10.1056/nejm199708283370901 Xu Y. et al., J Neurosci (2010). PMID: 21048120 / DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5412-09.2010 Bray G.A. et al., Obes Res (1996). PMID: 8732960 / DOI: 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1996.tb00544.x James W.P. et al., N Engl J Med (2010). PMID: 20818901 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1003114 Higgs S. et al., Psychopharmacology (Berl) (2011). PMID: 21140257 / DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-2106-2 Burke L.K. et al., Endocrinology (2014). PMID: 25051442 / DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1223 Smith S.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2010). PMID: 20647200 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0909809 Burke L.K. et al., Mol Metab (2017). PMID: 29031711 / DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.07.004 Bohula E.A. et al., N Engl J Med (2018). PMID: 30145941 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1808721 Doslikova B. et al., J Neurosci (2013). PMID: 23739976 / DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4326-12.2013

Antidiabetic Drugs That Reduce Weight and Are Cardioprotective Davies M.J. et al., Diabetes Care (2018). PMID: 30291106 / DOI:10.2337/dci18-0033 American Diabetes Association . Diabetes Care (2023). PMCID: PMC9810476 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-S009 Einarson T.R. et al., Cardiovasc Diabetol (2018). PMID: 29884191 / DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0728-6 McGuire D.K. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2019). PMID: 30690856 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.13645 Authors/Task Force Members . Eur Heart J (2013). PMID: 23996285 / DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht108 Das S.R. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2020). PMID: 32771263 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.037 Li S. et al., BMJ (2021). PMID: 33975892 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n1091 Kalyani R.R. . N Engl J Med (2021). PMID: 33789013 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp2000280 Tak Y.J. , Lee S.Y. . Curr Obes Rep (2021). PMID: 33410104 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00422-w Pfeffer M.A. et al., N Engl J Med (2015). PMID: 26630143 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1509225 Marso S.P. et al., N Engl J Med (2016). PMID: 27295427 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827 Marso S.P. et al., N Engl J Med (2016). PMID: 27633186 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141 Husain M. et al., N Engl J Med (2019). PMID: 31185157 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901118 Ryan D.H. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2021). PMID: 33864806 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00081-4 Green J.B. et al., Am Heart J (2018). PMID: 30015066 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.03.030 Gerstein H.C. et al., Lancet (2019). PMID: 31189511 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31149-3 Holman R.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 28910237 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1612917 Aroda V.R. . Diabetes Obes Metab (2018). PMID: 29364586 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.13162 Egan A.G. et al., N Engl J Med (2014). PMID: 24571751 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp1314078 Zinman B. et al., N Engl J Med (2015). PMID: 26378978 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720 Neal B. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 28605608 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925 Perkovic V. et al., N Engl J Med (2019). PMID: 30990260 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1811744 Wiviott S.D. et al., N Engl J Med (2019). PMID: 30415602 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1812389 Heerspink H.J.L. et al., N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 32970396 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2024816 Cannon C.P. et al., N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 32966714 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2004967 McMurray J.J.V. et al., N Engl J Med (2019). PMID: 31535829 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303 Packer M. et al., N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 32865377 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022190 Anker S.D. et al., N Engl J Med (2021). PMID: 34449189 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107038 Patorno E. et al., Ann Intern Med (2021). PMID: 34570599 / DOI: 10.7326/M21-0893

Bersoff-Matcha S.J. et al., Ann Intern Med (2019). PMID: 31060053 / DOI: 10.7326/M19-0085 Liu J. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2020). PMID: 32364674 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.14075 Danne T. et al., Diabetes Care (2019). PMID: 30728224 / DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2316 Bhatt D.L. et al., N Engl J Med (2021). PMID: 33200892 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2030183 He Y.L. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2019). PMID: 30724002 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.13654 American Diabetes Association . Diabetes Care (2021). PMID: 33298421 / DOI: 10.2337/dc21-S010 Scirica B.M. et al., N Engl J Med (2013). PMID: 23992601 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1307684 Green J.B. et al., N Engl J Med (2015). PMID: 26052984 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1501352 Zannad F. et al., Lancet (2015). PMID: 25765696 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62225-X Rosenstock J. et al., JAMA (2019). PMID: 30418475 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.18269 Gasbjerg L.S. et al., Peptides (2020). PMID: 31693916 / DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170183 Holst J.J. , Rosenkilde M.M. . J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2020). PMID: 32459834 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa327 Hartman M.L. et al., Diabetes Care (2020). PMID: 32291277 / DOI: 10.2337/dc19-1892 Rayner C.K. , Horowitz M. . Lancet (2021). PMID: 34370968 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01597-X Rosenstock J. et al., Lancet (2021). PMID: 34186022 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01324-6 Frías J.P. et al., N Engl J Med (2021). PMID: 34170647 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519 Ludvik B. et al., Lancet (2021). PMID: 34370970 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01443-4 Schalla M.A. et al., Compr Physiol (2021). PMID: 33792904 / DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200007 Behary P. et al., Diabetes Care (2019). PMID: 31177183 / DOI: 10.2337/dc19-0449 Tillner J. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2019). PMID: 30091218 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.13494 Ambery P. et al., Lancet (2018). PMID: 29945727 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30726-8 Mathiesen D.S. et al., Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) (2021). PMID: 33488526 / DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.617400 Aronne L. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2007). PMID: 17504894 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2003 Singh-Franco D. et al., Clin Ther (2007). PMID: 17617279 / DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.04.005 Herrmann K. et al., Clin Diabetes Endocrinol (2016). PMID: 28702246 / DOI: 10.1186/s40842-016-0030-z Becerril S. , Frühbeck G. . Lancet (2021). PMID: 33894837 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00944-2 Enebo L.B. et al., Lancet (2021). PMID: 33894838 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00845-X

Approved Combination Agents Garvey W.T. . Endocr Pract (2013). PMID: 34823000 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2021.11.082 Garvey W.T. et al., Endocr Pract (2016). PMID: 27219496 / DOI: 10.4158/EP161365.GL Mechanick J.I. et al., Endocr Pract (2017). PMID: 27967229 / DOI: 10.4158/EP161688.PS Fruhbeck G. et al., Obes Facts (2019). PMID: 30844811 / DOI: 10.1159/000497124 Garvey W.T. . J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2022). PMID: 34865050 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab848 Aronne L.J. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 24136928 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20584 Rothman R.B. et al., Synapse (2001). PMID: 11071707 / DOI: 10.1002/1098-2396(20010101)39:13.0.CO;2-3 Garvey W.T. . Expert Opin Drug Safety (2013). PMID: 23738843 / DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2013.806481 Khazaal Y. , Zullino D.F. . Eur J Clin Pharmacol (2007). PMID: 17632711 / DOI: 10.1007/s00228-007-0318-0 Haddock C.K. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2002). PMID: 11850760 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801889 Frank A. . Obes Res (2004). PMID: 15601978 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.226 Kang J.G. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2010). PMID: 20920040 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2010.01242.x Hendricks E.J. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2011). PMID: 21527891 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.94 Hendricks E.J. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2014). PMID: 23736363 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.74 Connolly H.M. et al., N Engl J Med (1997). PMID: 9271479 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199708283370901 Rich S. et al., Chest (2000). PMID: 10713017 / DOI: 10.1378/chest.117.3.870 Ben-Menachem E. et al., Obes Res (2003). PMID: 12690085 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.78 Schütt M. et al., Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes (2010). PMID: 20200812 / DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1248289 Bray G.A. et al., Obes Res (2003). PMID: 12805393 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.102 Wilding J. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2004). PMID: 15486569 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802783 Kramer C.K. et al., Obes Rev (2011). PMID: 21438989 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00846.x Allison D.B. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2012). PMID: 22051941 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.330 Gadde K.M. et al., Lancet (2011). PMID: 21481449 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60205-5 Garvey W.T. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2012). PMID: 22158731 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.024927 Garvey W.T. et al., Diabetes Care (2014). PMID: 24103901 / DOI: 10.2337/dc13-1518 Guo F. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2014). PMID: 23894121 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20585 Guo F. , Garvey W.T. . J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2015). PMID: 26241327 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2691 Wilkinson L. et al., PLOS Med (2020). PMID: 32764746 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003232 Guo F. , Garvey W.T. . Diabetes Care (2017). PMID: 28455281 / DOI: 10.2337/dc17-0088 Garvey W.T. et al., Diabetes Care (2014). PMID: 25249652 / DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0930 Henry R.R. et al., J Diabetes Complicat (2013). PMID: 23726071 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.04.011 Winslow D.H. et al., Sleep (2012). PMID: 23115402 / DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2204 McElroy S.L. et al., Am J Psychiatry (2003). PMID: 12562571 / DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.255 Safer D.L. et al., Int J Eat Disord (2020). PMID: 31721257 / DOI: 10.1002/eat.23192

Guerdjikova A.I. et al., Innov Clin Neurosci (2018). PMID: 30013815 / PMCID: PMC6040720 Leombruni P. et al., Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat (2009). PMID: 19649212 / DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s3420 Ard J.D. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2019). PMID: 31147285 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.04.017 Nor Hanipah Z. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2018). PMID: 29287757 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.10.002 Istfan N.W. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 32441476 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22786 Redmond I.P. et al., Curr Obes Rep (2021). PMID: 33492629 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00425-1 https://qsymia.com/patient/include/media/pdf/prescribing-information.pdf. Last accessed May 2, 2022. Alsaad A.M. et al., Reprod Toxicol (2015). PMID: 25797654 / DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.03.003 Hunt S. et al., Neurology (2008). PMID: 18645165 / DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000318293.28278.33 https://ir.vivus.com/static-files/da750c5d-9ace-4f72-a69f-4b7519547975. Last accessed May 2, 2022. Abtahi M.A. et al., Clin Ophthalmol (2012). PMID: 22275816 / DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S27695 Dell'Orto V.G. et al., Br J Clin Pharmacol (2014). PMID: 24219102 / DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12283 Ritchey M.E. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2019). PMID: 30247575 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01010 Manitpisitkul P. et al., Epilepsy Res (2014). PMID: 24725807 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.03.011 Shin J.H. , Gadde K.M. . Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes (2013). PMID: 23630428 / DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S43403 Bialer M. et al., Clin Pharmacokinet (2004). PMID: 15355124 / DOI: 10.2165/00003088-200443120-00001 Manitpisitkul P. et al., Epilepsy Res (2014). PMID: 25219351 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.08.013 Rosenfeld W.E. et al., Epilepsia (1997). PMID: 9070594 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01123.x Doose D.R. et al., Epilepsia (2003). PMID: 12681003 / DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.55602.x

Approved Combination Agents Onakpoya I.J. , Heneghan C.J. , Aronson J.K. . Post-marketing withdrawal of anti-obesity medicinal products because of adverse drug reactions: A systematic review. BMC Med 2016; 14(1): 191. Giuliano C. , Robbins T.W. , Nathan P.J. , Bullmore E.T. , Everitt B.J. . Inhibition of opioid transmission at the μ-opioid receptor prevents both food seeking and binge-like eating. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012 Nov;37(12):2643–2652. doi: 10.1038/npp.2012.128. Epub 2012 Jul 18. PMID: 22805601; PMCID: PMC3473330. Blasio A. , Steardo L. , Sabino V. , Cottone P. . Opioid system in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates binge-like eating. Addict Biol 2014 Jul;19(4):652–662. doi: 10.1111/adb.12033. Epub 2013 Jan 24. PMID: 23346966; PMCID: PMC3664255. Apfelbaum M. , Mandenoff A. . Naltrexone suppresses hyperphagia induced in the rat by a highly palatable diet. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1981 Jul;15(1):89–91. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90344-0. PMID: 7291235. Kanarek R.B. , Mathes W.F. , Heisler L.K. , Lima R.P. , Monfared L.S. . Prior exposure to palatable solutions enhances the effects of naltrexone on food intake in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997 May–Jun;57(1–2):377–381. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(96)00337-1. PMID: 9164597. Bronstein D.M. , Day N.C. , Gutstein H.B. , Trujillo K.A. , Akil H. . Pre- and posttranslational regulation of beta-endorphin biosynthesis in the CNS: Effects of chronic naltrexone treatment. J Neurochem 1993;60(1):40–49. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb05820.x. Aponte Y. , Atasoy D. , Sternson S.M. . AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nat Neurosci 2011;14(3):351–355. doi:10.1038/nn.2739. Mason A.E. , Lustig R.H. , Brown R.R. , Acree M. , Bacchetti P. , Moran P.J. , et al. Acute responses to opioidergic blockade as a biomarker of hedonic eating among obese women enrolled in a mindfulness-based weight loss intervention trial. Appetite 2015 Aug;91:311–320. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.062. Epub 2015 Apr 27. PMID: 25931433; PMCID: PMC4485926. Daubenmier J. , Lustig R.H. , Hecht F.M. , Kristeller J. , Woolley J. , Adam T. , et al. A new biomarker of hedonic eating? A preliminary investigation of cortisol and nausea responses to acute opioid blockade. Appetite 2014 Mar;74:92–100. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2013.11.014. Epub 2013 Nov 27. PMID: 24291355; PMCID: PMC4125886. Gadde K.M. , Xiong G.L. . Bupropion for weight reduction. Expert Rev Neurother 2007;7(1):17–24. doi: 10.1586/14737175.7.1.17. Wang G.J. , Tomasi D. , Volkow N.D. , Wang R. , Telang F. , Caparelli E.C. , et al. Effect of combined naltrexone and bupropion therapy on the brain's reactivity to food cues. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 38(5):682–688. Volkow N.D. , Wang G.J. , Baler R.D. . Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: Implications for obesity. Trends Cogn Sci 2011;15(1):37–46. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.11.001 Zarrindast M.R. , Hosseini-Nia T. . Anorectic and behavioural effects of bupropion. Gen Pharmacol 1988;19(2):201–204. doi: 10.1016/0306-3623(88)90061-4. PMID: 3127269. Wright F.L. , Rodgers R.J. . Acute behavioural effects of bupropion and naltrexone, alone and in combination, in non-deprived male rats presented with palatable mash. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013 Jul;228(2):291–307. doi: 10.1007/s00213-013-3036-6. Epub 2013 Mar 1. PMID: 23455599. Richmond R. , Zwar N. . Review of bupropion for smoking cessation. Drug Alcohol Rev 2003 Jun;22(2):203–220. doi: 10.1080/09595230100100642. PMID: 12850907. Patel K. , Allen S. , Haque M.N. , Angelescu I. , Baumeister D. , Tracy D.K. . Bupropion: A systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness as an antidepressant. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2016;6(2):99–144. doi: 10.1177/2045125316629071. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence . Final appraisal determination. Naltrexone-bupropion for managing overweight and obesity. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/gid-tag486/documents/final-appraisal-determination-document [last accessed 3rd October 2017]. International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use . ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline. Structure and Content of Clinical Study Reports E3. Current Step 4 version. 30 November 1995. Available at: http://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E3/E3_Guideline.pdf [last accessed 3rd October 2017]. Golder S. , Loke Y.K. , Wright K. , Norman G. . Reporting of adverse events in published and unpublished studies of health care interventions: A systematic review. PLOS Med 2016; 13(9): e1002127.

Hodkinson A. , Gamble C. , Smith C.T. . Reporting of harms outcomes: A comparison of journal publications with unpublished clinical study reports of orlistat trials. Trials 2016; 17(1): 207. Downing N.S. , Aminawung J.A. , Shah N.D. , Krumholz H.M. , Ross J.S. . Clinical trialevidence supporting FDA approval of novel therapeutic agents, 2005–2012. JAMA 2014; 311:368–377. Higgins J.P. , Altman D.G. , Gøtzsche P.C. , Jüni P. , Moher D. , Oxman A.D. , et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011 Oct 18;343:d5928. Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews. How to include multiple groups from one study. Chapter 16 (Section 5.4). http://handbook.cochrane.org/chapter_16/16_5_4_how_to_include_multiple_groups_from_one_study.htm [last accessed 20th June 2017]. Review Manager (RevMan) [Computer program]. Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014. GRADE Working Group . Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004; 328(7454): 1490. GRADEpro. Computer program on www.gradepro.org. Version 3.6. McMaster University, 2014. Greenway F.L. , Fujioka K. , Plodkowski R.A. , Mudaliar S. , Guttadauria M. , Erickson J. , et al. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):595–605. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60888-4. Epub 2010 Jul 29. Erratum in: Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):594. Lancet. 2010 Oct 23;376(9750):1392. Wadden T.A. , Foreyt J.P. , Foster G.D. , Hill J.O. , Klein S. , O'Neil P.M. , et al. Weight loss with naltrexone SR/bupropion SR combination therapy as an adjunct to behavior modification: The COR-BMOD trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011 Jan;19(1):110–120. Apovian C.M. , Aronne L. , Rubino D. , Still C. , Wyatt H. , Burns C. , et al. A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II). Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013 May;21(5):935–943. Hollander P. , Gupta A.K. , Plodkowski R. , Greenway F. , Bays H. , Burns C. , et al. Effects of naltrexone sustained-release/bupropion sustained-release combination therapy on body weight and glycemic parameters in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013 Dec;36(12):4022–4029. doi: 10.2337/dc13-0234. Epub 2013 Oct 21. Erratum in: Diabetes Care 2014 Feb;37(2):587. Rochon P.A. , Sekeres M. , Hoey J. , Lexchin J. , Ferris L.E. , Moher D. , et al. Investigator experiences with financial conflicts of interest in clinical trials. Trials 2011 Jan 12;12:9. doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-12-9. Jakobsen J.C. , Gluud C. , Wetterslev J. , Winkel P. . When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials – A practical guide with flowcharts. BMC Med Res Methodol 2017; 17(1): 162. White I.R. , Carpenter J. , Horton N.J. . Including all individuals is not enough: Lessons for intention-to-treat analysis. Clin Trials 2012; 9(4): 396–407. Khera R. , Murad M.H. , Chandar A.K. , Dulai P.S. , Wang Z. , Prokop L.J. , et al. Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2016; 315(22): 2424–2434. Onakpoya I.J. , Collins D.R.J. , Bobrovitz N.J.H. , Aronson J.K. , Heneghan C.J. . Benefits and Harms in Pivotal Trials of Oral Centrally Acting Antiobesity Medicines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018 Mar;26(3):513–521. doi: 10.1002/oby.22118. Epub 2018 Feb 5. Review. LeBlanc E.L. , Patnode C.D. , Webber E.M. , Redmond N. , Rushkin M. , O'Connor E.A. . Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018 Sep. Report No.: 18-05239-EF-1. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, Formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews and Effects of Weight-Loss Medications on Cardiometabolic Risk Profiles: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterology 2018 Apr;154(5):1309–1319.e7. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.12.024. Epub 2018 Jan 3. Lösch C. , Neuhäuser M. . The statistical analysis of a clinical trial when a protocol amendment changed the inclusion criteria. BMC Med Res Methodol 2008; 8: 16. Brown J.D. , Buscemi J. , Milsom V. , Malcolm R. , O'Neil P.M. . Effects on cardiovascular risk factors of weight losses limited to 5–10. Transl Behav Med 2016 Sep;6(3):339–346. Sposito A.C. , Bonilha I. , Luchiari B. , Benchimol A. , Hohl A. , Moura F. , et al. Cardiovascular safety of naltrexone and bupropion therapy: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Obes Rev 2021;22(6):e13224. doi:10.1111/obr.13224 Contrave® Full Prescribing Information. Available at: https://contravehcp.com/wp-content/uploads/membercontent/Contrave_PI_MedGuide.pdf [Accessed 8th September 2019]. Nissen S.E. , Wolski K.E. , Prcela L. , Wadden T. , Buse J.B. , Bakris G. , et al. Effect of Naltrexone-Bupropion on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Overweight and Obese Patients With Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2016 Mar 8;315(10):990–1004. Naltrexone/Bupropion Cardiovascular Outcomes Study. ClinicalTrials.gov website. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT02638129?term=NCT02638129&rank=1. Updated February 27, 2017. November 20, 2018. Sherman M.M. , Ungureanu S. , Rey J.A. . Naltrexone/Bupropion ER (Contrave): Newly Approved Treatment Option for Chronic Weight Management in Obese Adults. P T 2016 Mar;41(3):164–172. US Securities and Exchange Commission . Form 8K [filed by Orexigen Therapeutics Inc]. March 3, 2015. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1382911/000119312515074251/d882841d8k.htm. Accessed 20th November 2018. Orexigen . Press Release. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc. Enters Agreement for Sale of Company. http://ir.orexigen.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=207034&p=irol-newsArticle [Accessed 23rd November 2018]. National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics NCPE Ireland . Naltrexone/bupropion (Mysimba®). http://www.ncpe.ie/drugs/naltrexonebupropion-mysimba/ [Accessed 20 November 2019].

Drugs That Affect Body Weight Bayliss W.M. , Starling E.H. . J Physiol (1902). PMID: 16992627 / DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1902.sp000920 Brown J.C. et al., Can J Physiol Pharmacol (1969). PMID: 5761841 / DOI: 10.1139/y69-020 Ebert R. et al., Diabetologia (1983). DOI: 10.1007/BF00257346 Bell G.I. et al., Nature (1983). PMID: 6835407 / DOI: 10.1038/302716a0 Lopez L.C. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (1983). PMID: 6577439 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.80.18.5485 Rix I. et al., Glucagon physiology. In: Feingold K.R. , Anawalt B. , Boyce A. , Chrousos G. , de Herder W.W. , Dhatariya K. et al., editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth, MA: MDText.com, Inc. Copyright © 2000–2022, MDText.com, Inc.; 2000. Kreymann B. et al., Lancet (1987). PMID: 2890903 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91194-9 Gutniak M. et al., N Engl J Med (1992). PMID: 1348845 / DOI: 10.1056/nejm199205143262003 Nauck M. et al., Diabetologia (1986). PMID: 3514343 / DOI: 10.1007/bf02427280 Schjoldager B.T. et al., Dig Dis Sci (1989). PMID: 2714145 / DOI: 10.1007/bf01540341 Thorens B. et al., Diabetes (1993). DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.42.9.1219. https://www.webofscience.com/wos/alldb/fullrecord/WOS:A1993LU54200001 Jensen P.B. et al., J Clin Invest (1998). PMID: 9435324 / DOI: 10.1172/jci275 Madsen O.D. et al., Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl (1995). PMID: 7652479 Madsen O.D. et al., Endocrinology (1993). PMID: 8404649 / DOI: 10.1210/endo.133.5.8404649 Turton M.D. et al., Nature (1996). PMID: 8538742 / DOI: 10.1038/379069a0 Tang-Christensen M. et al., Am J Physiol (1996). PMID: 8897973 / DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1996.271.4.R848 Larsen P.J. et al., Diabetes (2001). PMID: 11679431 / DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.11.2530 Secher A. et al., J Clin Invest (2014). PMID: 25202980 / DOI: 10.1172/jci75276 ten Kulve J.S. et al., Diabetologia (2015). PMID: 26385462 / DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3754-x van Bloemendaal L. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2015). PMID: 26094857 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.12506 Deacon C.F. et al., Diabetes (1995). PMID: 7657039 / DOI: 10.2337/diab.44.9.1126 Mentlein R. et al., Eur J Biochem (1993). PMID: 8100523 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17986.x Madsbad S. . Diabetes Obes Metab (2016). PMID: 26511102 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.12596 Administration USDoHaHSFaD, (CDER) CfDEaR . Guidance for Industry Developing Products for Weight Management (2007). Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/71252/download van Can J. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2014). PMID: 23999198 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.162 Edwards C.M. et al., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (2001). PMID: 11404233 / DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.1.E155 Astrup A. et al., Lancet (2009). PMID: 19853906 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61375-1 Astrup A. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2012). PMID: 21844879 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.158 Blackman A. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2016). PMID: 27005405 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.52 Davies M.J. et al., JAMA (2015). PMID: 26284720 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.9676 Pi-Sunyer X. et al., N Engl J Med (2015). PMID: 26132939 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411892 Wadden T.A. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2013). PMID: 23812094 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.120 Kim S.H. et al., Diabetes Care (2013). PMID: 23835684 / DOI: 10.2337/dc13-0354 le Roux C.W. et al., Lancet (2017). PMID: 28237263 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30069-7 Lin K.J. , Schneeweiss S. . Clin Pharmacol Ther (2016). PMID: 26916672 / DOI: 10.1002/cpt.359 Wharton S. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 31062937 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22462 O'Neil P.M. et al., The Lancet (2018). DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31773-2 Diene G et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2022). PMID: 36181471 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac549 Nauck M.A. et al., Diabetes Care (2016). PMID: 26358288 / DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0165 O'Neil P.M. et al., The Lancet (2018). PMID: WOS:000442585300028 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31773-2 Davies M. et al., The Lancet (2021). PMID: 33667417 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00213-0 Rubino D. et al., JAMA (2021). DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3224 W.T G, Editor, Two-Year Effect of Semaglutide 2.4 mg vs Placebo in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: Step 5. 39th Annual Meeting of the Obesity Society; 2021. Wadden T.A. et al., JAMA (2021). PMID: 33625476 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.1831 Wilding J.P.H. et al., N Engl J Med (2021). PMID: 33567185 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183 Kushner R.F. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 32441473 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22794 Rubino D.M. et al., JAMA (2022). PMID: 35015037 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.23619 Kadowaki T. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2022). DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00008-0 Research Study of How Well Semaglutide Works in People Living with Overweight or Obesity (Step 7) (2022). Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04251156 A Research Study on How Well Semaglutide Works in Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity (2022). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04102189 Knop FK et al., Lancet (2023). PMID: 37385278 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01185-6 Marso S.P. et al., N Engl J Med (2016). PMID: 27633186 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141 Marso S.P. et al., N Engl J Med (2016). PMID: 27295427 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827 Sheahan K.H. et al., Postgrad Med J (2020). DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-137186 Ryan D.H. et al., Am Heart J (2020). DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2020.07.008 emc. Saxenda 6 mg/ml Solution for Injection in Pre-Filled Pen (2022). Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/2313 Moon S. et al., Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) (2021). PMID: 34139800 / DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2020.934 Phillips A. , Clements J.N. . J Clin Pharm Ther (2022). PMID: 34964141 / DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13574 Denker P.S. , Dimarco P.E. . Diabetes Care (2006). PMID: 16443920 / DOI: 10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-2043

Martínez J. et al., Pancreatology (2004). PMID: 14988657 / DOI: 10.1159/000077025 Noel R.A. et al., Diabetes Care (2009). PMID: 19208917 / DOI: 10.2337/dc08-1755 Alves C. et al., Diabetes Res Clin Pract (2012). PMID: 23010561 / DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.09.008 Steinberg W.M. et al., Diabetes Care (2017). DOI: 10.2337/dc16-2747 Nauck M.A. et al., Diabetes Care (2019). DOI: 10.2337/dc19-0415 Bjerre Knudsen L. et al., Endocrinology (2010). PMID: 20203154 / DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1272 Crespel A. et al., Endocrinology (1996). PMID: 8756532 / DOI: 10.1210/endo.137.9.8756532 Rosol T.J. . Toxicol Pathol (2013). PMID: 23471186 / DOI: 10.1177/0192623312472402 Major-Pedersen A. et al., Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf (2021). PMID: 33179845 / DOI: 10.1002/pds.5172

Hydrogels in the Treatment of Obesity Ahmed E.M. . J Adv Res (2015). PMID: 25750745 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006 Demitri C. et al., Satiety, weight loss, and glycemic control-enhancing properties vary between functional fibers, mixed vegetables, and a novel hydrogel (Gelesis200) [abstract P938]. Poster presented at: European Congress on Obesity; May 17–20, 2017; Porto, Portugal. Wanders A.J. et al., Obes Rev (2011). PMID: 21676152 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00895.x Agricultural Research Service; US Department of Agriculture . https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/0506/usual_nutrient_intake_dietary_fiber_2003-06.pdf. Source: What We Eat In America, NHANES 2003–2006. Abutair A.S. et al., Nutr J (2016). PMID: 27733151 / DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0207-4 Astrup A. et al., Abstract SUN-0897. Paper presented at: Endocrine Society's 96th Annual Meeting and Expo; June 21–24, 2014; Chicago, IL. Greenway F.L. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2018). PMID: 30421844 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22347 Pass A. et al., Ann Pharmacother (2021). PMID: 33348994 / DOI: 10.1177/1060028020983046 Still C. et al., Endocr Pract (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2021.04.630 Flynn C.R. et al., Nat Commun (2015). PMID: 26197299 / PMCID: PMC4518285 / DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8715 Gnudi L. et al., J Am Soc Nephrol (2007). PMID: 17634438 / DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2006121362 Burton-Freeman B. . J Nutr (2000). PMID: 10721886 / DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.2.272S Shirin H. et al., Obes Sci Pract (2019). PMID: 31452922 / DOI: 10.1002/osp4.343 Knowler W.C. et al., N Engl J Med (2002). PMID: 11832527 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa012512 Liu X. et al., Nat Commun (2019). PMID: 30700712 / DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08355-2 Ramen R. et al., Sci Adv (2020) PMID: 32010768 / DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay0065 Enck K. et al., Curr Pharm Des (2020). PMID: 32039674 / DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200210111925 Arauna D. et al., Curr Med Chem (2021). PMID: 33622222 / DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210223141555 Chen W.Y. et al., Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) (2021). PMID: 33776904 / DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.572690 Shin M.K. et al., Hypertension (2021). PMID: 33993722 / DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16527 Tharp K.M. et al., Diabetes (2015). PMID: 26293504 / DOI: 10.2337/db15-0728

Dual and Triple-Action Peptides Sjostrom L. Review of the key results from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) trial - A prospective controlled intervention study of bariatric surgery. J Intern Med. 2013 Mar;273(3):219–234. PubMed PMID: 23163728. Greenstein A.J. , et al. Prevalence of adverse intraoperative events during obesity surgery and their sequelae. J Am Coll Surg. 2012 Aug;215(2):271–7.e3. PubMed PMID: 22634116. PMCID: PMC3569521. Salgado W., Jr. , et al. Anemia and iron deficiency before and after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2014 Jan–Feb;10(1):49–54. PubMed PMID: 24071485. Frederiksen K.D. , et al. Bone structural changes and estimated strength after gastric bypass surgery evaluated by HR-pQCT. Calcif Tissue Int. 2016 Mar;98(3):253–262. PubMed PMID: 26661530. NICE . Obesity: Identification, assessment and management of overweight and obesity in children, young people and adults. NICE CG189 www.guidance.nice.org.uk/cg1892014. le Roux C.W. , et al. Gut hormones as mediators of appetite and weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Ann Surg. 2007 Nov;246(5):780–785. PubMed PMID: 17968169. Papamargaritis D. , et al. Changes in gut hormone profile and glucose homeostasis after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013 Mar–Apr;9(2):192–201. PubMed PMID: 23183113. Prior S.L. , et al. Temporal effects of sleeve gastrectomy on glucose-insulin homeostasis and incretin hormone response at 1 and 6 months. Obes Surg. 2020 Jun;30(6):2243–2250. PubMed PMID: 32067166. PMCID: PMC7475060. Epub 2020/02/19. eng. Papamargaritis D. , le Roux C.W. . Do gut hormones contribute to weight loss and glycaemic outcomes after bariatric surgery? Nutrients. 2021 Feb 26;13(3). PubMed PMID: 33652862. PMCID: PMC7996890. Epub 2021/03/04. Nauck M.A. , Meier J.J. . The incretin effect in healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes: Physiology, pathophysiology, and response to therapeutic interventions. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 Jun;4(6):525–536. PubMed PMID: 26876794. Nauck M.A. , et al. Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7–36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jan;91(1):301–307. PubMed PMID: 8423228. PMCID: PMC330027.

Drucker D.J. , Nauck M.A. . The incretin system: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2006 Nov 11;368(9548):1696–1705. PubMed PMID: 17098089. Tucker M. . FDA Panel endorses liraglutide as obesity treatment. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/8316092014. FDA . https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-drug-treatment-chronic-weight-management-first2014 2021. Manning S. , et al. GLP-1: A mediator of the beneficial metabolic effects of bariatric surgery? Physiology (Bethesda). 2015 Jan;30(1):50–62. PubMed PMID: 25559155. Min T. , et al. Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on static and dynamic measures of glucose homeostasis and incretin hormone response 4-years post-operatively. Obes Surg. 2019 Aug 3. PubMed PMID: 31377992. Finan B. , et al. A rationally designed monomeric peptide triagonist corrects obesity and diabetes in rodents. Nat Med. 2015;21(1):27–36. Nauck M.A. , et al. Additive insulinotropic effects of exogenous synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1-(7–36) amide infused at near-physiological insulinotropic hormone and glucose concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Apr;76(4):912–917. PubMed PMID: 8473405. Gasbjerg L.S. , et al. Separate and combined glucometabolic effects of endogenous glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 in healthy individuals. Diabetes. 2019 May;68(5):906–917. PubMed PMID: 30626611. Christensen M. , et al. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide: A bifunctional glucose-dependent regulator of glucagon and insulin secretion in humans. Diabetes. 2011 Dec;60(12):3103–3109. PubMed PMID: 21984584. PMCID: PMC3219957. Miyawaki K. , et al. Inhibition of gastric inhibitory polypeptide signaling prevents obesity. Nat Med. 2002 Jul;8(7):738–742. PubMed PMID: 12068290. Kim S.J. , et al. GIP-overexpressing mice demonstrate reduced diet-induced obesity and steatosis, and improved glucose homeostasis. PLOS ONE. 2012;7(7):e40156. PubMed PMID: 22802954. PMCID: PMC3388996. Martin C.M. , et al. A novel acylated form of (d-Ala(2))GIP with improved antidiabetic potential, lacking effect on body fat stores. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Jun;1830(6):3407–3413. PubMed PMID: 23518200. Epub 2013/03/23. Adriaenssens A.E. , et al. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor-expressing cells in the hypothalamus regulate food intake. Cell Metab. 2019 Nov 5;30(5):987–96.e6. PubMed PMID: 31447324. PMCID: PMC6838660. Epub 2019/08/27. Elahi D. , et al. The insulinotropic actions of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (7–37) in normal and diabetic subjects. Regul Pept. 1994 Apr 14;51(1):63–74. PubMed PMID: 8036284. Finan B. , et al. Unimolecular dual incretins maximize metabolic benefits in rodents, monkeys, and humans. Sci Transl Med. 2013 Oct 30;5(209):209ra151. PubMed PMID: 24174327. Frías J.P. , et al. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 5;385(6):503–515. PubMed PMID: 34170647. Epub 2021/06/26. eng. Rosenstock J. , et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): A double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021 Jul 10;398(10295):143–155. PubMed PMID: 34186022. Epub 2021/06/30. Coskun T. , et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018 Dec;18:3–14. PubMed PMID: 30473097. PMCID: PMC6308032. Ohwaki K. , Furihata, K. , Mimura, H. , Oura, T. , Imaoka, T. . 1024-P: Effect of Tirzepatide, a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, on glycemic control and body weight in Japanese patients with T2DM. Diabetes. Jun 2019;68(Supplement 1): 1024. https://doi.org/10.2337/db19-1024-P. Frias J.P. , et al. Efficacy and tolerability of tirzepatide, a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate different dose-escalation regimens. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020 Jun;22(6):938–946. PubMed PMID: 31984598. PMCID: PMC7318331. Frias J.P. , et al. Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2018 Nov 17;392(10160):2180–2193. PubMed PMID: 30293770. ClinicalTrial.gov. A study of tirzepatide (LY3298176) in participants with obesity or overweight (SURMOUNT-1). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04184622 2019. ClinicalTrial.gov. A study of tirzepatide (LY3298176) in participants with type 2 diabetes who have obesity or are overweight (SURMOUNT-2). NCT04657003. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT046570032020. ClinicalTrial.gov. A study of tirzepatide (LY3298176) compared to dulaglutide in participants with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS J-mono). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03861052 2019. ClinicalTrial.gov. A study of tirzepatide (LY3298176) compared with dulaglutide on major cardiovascular events in participants with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-CVOT). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04255433 2019. ClinicalTrial.gov. A study of tirzepatide (LY3298176) in participants with type 2 diabetes not controlled with diet and exercise alone (SURPASS-1) https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT03954834 2019. ClinicalTrial.gov. A study of tirzepatide (LY3298176) in participants with type 2 diabetes on metformin with or without sulfonylurea (SURPASS-AP-Combo). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04093752 2019. ClinicalTrial.gov. A study of tirzepatide (LY3298176) once a week versus insulin glargine once a day in participants with type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03730662 2019. ClinicalTrial.gov. A study of tirzepatide (LY3298176) versus insulin degludec in participants with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03882970 2019. ClinicalTrial.gov. A study of tirzepatide (LY3298176) versus placebo in participants with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on insulin glargine with or without metformin (SURPASS-5). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04039503 2019. ClinicalTrial.gov. A study of tirzepatide (LY3298176) versus semaglutide once weekly as add-on therapy to metformin in participants with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-2). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03987919 2019. ClinicalTrial.gov. A study of tirzepatide (LY3298176) versus insulin lispro (U100) in Participants with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on insulin glargine (U100) with or without metformin (SURPASS-6). https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04537923?term=SURPASS&cond=Diabetes+Mellitus%2C+Type+2&draw=2&rank=3 2020.

Schmitt C. , et al. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of multiple ascending doses of the novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist RG7697 in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017 Oct;19(10):1436–1445. PubMed PMID: 28730694. Epub 2017/07/22. eng. Frias J.P. , et al. The sustained effects of a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, NNC0090-2746, in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab. 2017 Aug 1;26(2):343–52.e2. PubMed PMID: 28768173. Epub 2017/08/03. eng. Gelling R.W. , et al. Lower blood glucose, hyperglucagonemia, and pancreatic alpha cell hyperplasia in glucagon receptor knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Feb 4;100(3):1438–1443. PubMed PMID: 12552113. PMCID: PMC298791. Epub 2003/01/29. eng. Lee Y. , et al. Glucagon receptor knockout prevents insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes in mice. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):391–397. PubMed PMID: 21270251. PMCID: PMC3028337. Epub 2011/01/29. eng. Perea A. , et al. Physiological effect of glucagon in human isolated adipocytes. Horm Metab Res. 1995 Aug;27(8):372–375. PubMed PMID: 7590626. Epub 1995/08/01. Slavin B.G. , et al. Hormonal regulation of hormone-sensitive lipase activity and mRNA levels in isolated rat adipocytes. J Lipid Res. 1994 Sep;35(9):1535–1541. PubMed PMID: 7806967. Epub 1994/09/01. Bagger J.I. , et al. Effect of oxyntomodulin, glucagon, GLP-1, and combined glucagon +GLP-1 infusion on food intake, appetite, and resting energy expenditure. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2015;100(12):4541–4552. Henderson S.J. , et al. Robust anti-obesity and metabolic effects of a dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor peptide agonist in rodents and non-human primates. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016 Dec;18(12):1176–1190. PubMed PMID: 27377054. PMCID: PMC5129521. Epub 2016/07/06. eng. Boland M.L. , et al. Resolution of NASH and hepatic fibrosis by the GLP-1R/GcgR dual-agonist Cotadutide via modulating mitochondrial function and lipogenesis. Nat Metab. 2020 May;2(5):413–431. PubMed PMID: 32478287. PMCID: PMC7258337. Epub 2020/06/02. eng. Ambery P. , et al. MEDI 0382, a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist, in obese or overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised, controlled, double-blind, ascending dose and phase 2a study. Lancet. 2018 Jun 30;391(10140):2607–2618. PubMed PMID: 29945727. Epub 2018/06/28. eng. Aroda V.R. , et al. Comparative efficacy, safety, and cardiovascular outcomes with once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Insights from the SUSTAIN 1–7 trials. Diabetes Metab. 2019 10;45(5):409–418. PubMed PMID: 30615985. Epub 2019/01/04. eng. Nahra R. , et al. Effects of cotadutide on metabolic and hepatic parameters in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes: A 54-week randomized phase 2b study. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(6):1433–1442. Karlsson S. , Ahrén B. . CCK-8-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo is mediated by CCKA receptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Mar 17;213(1):145–146. PubMed PMID: 1499651. Epub 1992/03/17. eng. Buffa R. , et al. Immunohistochemical identification of the cholecystokinin cell in the intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology. 1976 Apr;70(4):528–532. PubMed PMID: 767195. Epub 1976/04/01. eng. Liddle R.A. , et al. Cholecystokinin bioactivity in human plasma. Molecular forms, responses to feeding, and relationship to gallbladder contraction. J Clin Invest. 1985 Apr;75(4):1144–1152. PubMed PMID: 2580857. PMCID: PMC425438. Epub 1985/04/01. eng. Wank S.A. . Cholecystokinin receptors. Am J Physiol. 1995 Nov;269(5 Pt 1):G628–G646. PubMed PMID: 7491953. Epub 1995/11/01. eng. Gibbs J. , et al. Cholecystokinin decreases food intake in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1973 Sep;84(3):488–495. PubMed PMID: 4745816. Epub 1973/09/01. eng. Kissileff H.R. , et al. C-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin decreases food intake in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981 Feb;34(2):154–160. PubMed PMID: 6259918. Epub 1981/02/01. eng. Hornigold D.C. , et al. A GLP-1:CCK fusion peptide harnesses the synergistic effects on metabolism of CCK-1 and GLP-1 receptor agonism in mice. Appetite. 2018 Aug 1;127:334–340. PubMed PMID: 29782892. PMCID: PMC6026274. Epub 2018/05/22. FDA . SYMLIN (pramlintide acetate) injection. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2005/21-332_Symlin.cfm. 2005. Weyer C. , et al. Amylin replacement with pramlintide as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A physiological approach toward improved metabolic control. Curr Pharm Des. 2001 Sep;7(14):1353–1373. PubMed PMID: 11472273. Epub 2001/07/27. eng. Novo Nordisk successfully completes AM833 phase 2 trial and phase 1 combination trial with AM833 and semaglutide in obesity. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/06/18/2050266/0/en/Novo-Nordisk-successfully-complestes-AM833-phase-2-trialand-phase-1-combination-trial-with-AM833-and-semaglutide-in-obesity.html 2020. Enebo L.B. , et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2·4 mg for weight management: A randomised, controlled, phase 1b trial. The Lancet. 2021;397(10286):1736–1748. ClincalTrial.gov. Efficacy and safety of co-administration of cagrilintide s.c. 2.4 mg and semaglutide s.c. 2.4 mg once weekly in subjects with type 2 diabetes. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04982575?cond=cagrilintide&draw=2&rank=22021. ClinicalTrial.gov. Investigation of pharmacokinetics following co-administration of cagrilintide (NNC0174-0833) and semaglutide versus separate injections in subjects with overweight or obesity. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04940078?cond=cagrilintide&draw=2&rank=12021. Tezze C. , et al. FGF21 as modulator of metabolism in health and disease. Frontiers in Physiology. 2019 April–17;10(419). English. Xu J. , et al. Acute glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing action of FGF21 in insulin-resistant mouse models--Association with liver and adipose tissue effects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Nov;297(5):E1105–E1114. PubMed PMID: 19706786. Epub 2009/08/27. eng. Xu J. , et al. Fibroblast growth factor 21 reverses hepatic steatosis, increases energy expenditure, and improves insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetes. 2009 Jan;58(1):250–259. PubMed PMID: 18840786. PMCID: PMC2606881. Epub 2008/10/09. eng. Gaich G. , et al. The effects of LY2405319, an FGF21 analog, in obese human subjects with type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab. 2013 Sep 3;18(3):333–340. PubMed PMID: 24011069. Epub 2013/09/10. eng. Pan Q. , et al. A novel GLP-1 and FGF21 dual agonist has therapeutic potential for diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. EBioMedicine. 2021;63. PubMed PMID: 103202.

Gault V.A. , et al. A novel glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/glucagon hybrid peptide with triple-acting agonist activity at glucosedependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors and therapeutic potential in high fat-fed mice. J Biol Chem. 2013 Dec 6;288(49):35581–35591. PubMed PMID: 24165127. PMCID: PMC3853303. Epub 2013/10/30. eng. JS L , et al. Novel combination of GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon triple agonist (HM15211) and once-weekly basal insulin offers improved glucose lowering and weight loss in a diabetic animal model. Paper presented at: EASD annual meeting; October, 2018; Berlin, Germany https://www.hanmipharm.com/ehanmi/rnd/HM15211/12.2018_EASD_Poster_HM15211.pdf 2018. Kim K.J. , et al. Anti-fibrotic effect of a novel long-acting GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon triple agonist (HM15211) in BDL-induced liver fibrosis mice. Paper presented at ADA 2020. https://www.hanmipharm.com/ehanmi/rnd/HM15211/22.2020_ADA_poster_HM15211.pdf 2020. JD C , et al. A double-blinded, placebo controlled single ascending dose study to assess safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a novel long-acting GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon triple agonist (HM15211) in healthy obese subjects. Poster presentation at ADA 2019. https://www.hanmipharm.com/ehanmi/rnd/HM15211/16.2019_ADA_Poster_HM15211.pdf 2019. Chaudhri O. , et al. Gastrointestinal hormones regulating appetite. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2006 Jul 29;361(1471):1187–1209. PubMed PMID: 16815798. PMCID: PMC1642697. Epub 2006/07/04. eng. Baggio L.L. , et al. Oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 differentially regulate murine food intake and energy expenditure. Gastroenterology. 2004 Aug;127(2):546–558. PubMed PMID: 15300587. Epub 2004/08/10. eng. Tan T. , et al. The effect of a subcutaneous infusion of GLP-1, OXM, and PYY on energy intake and expenditure in obese volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Jul 1;102(7):2364–2372. PubMed PMID: 28379519. PMCID: PMC5505203. Epub 2017/04/06. eng.

Antiobesity Medications on the Horizon US Food and Drug Administration . Guidance for Industry Developing Products for Weight Management. Draft Guidance. 2007. https://www.fda.gov/media/71252/download O'Neil P.M. et al., Lancet (2018). PMID: 30122305 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31773-2 Saxena A. et al., Diabetes (2020). DOI: 10.2337/db20-353-OR Saxena A.R. et al., Nat Med (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01391-w Pfizer Pipeline . (2021). https://cdn.pfizer.com/pfizercom/productpipeline/Pipeline_Update_28JUL2021.pdf?TZiXMCEFX8hWerkJifoiwer36xxp9l2D Kang J. et al., HM11260C, a New Generation Long Acting GLP-1R Agonist with a Unique Pharmacokinetic Profile Improves Glucose Control and GI Tolerability: A Phase IIa Clinical Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes 2013;62:LB16. Rosenstock J. et al., Dose-Response Improvements in Glycemic Control and Body Weight Reductions with HM11260C, a OnceWeekly GLP-1 Receptor Agonist with Liraglutide as Reference, in Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). Diabetes 2015;64:A73. Del Prato S. et al., Once a Month Treatment with HM11260C Improves Glycaemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Interim Data from a 16-Week Study. Diabetologia 2015;58:S56. Pratley R.E. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2019). PMID: 31264757 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.13824 Jepsen M. et al., Expert Opin Emerg Drugs (2021). PMID: 34176426 / DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2021.1947240 Rosenstock J. et al., Lancet (2021). PMID: 34186022 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01324-6 Frias J. et al. N Engl J Med (2021). PMID: 34170647 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107519 Tschop M. et al., Cell Metab (2016). PMID: 27411008 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.021 Bokvist K. et al., LY3298176, a Novel Long-Acting GIP/GLP-1 Coagonist, Shows Enhanced Activity on Weight Loss and Energy Utilization Whilst Maintaining its Efficacy for Glycaemic Control. Diabetologia 2017; 60(Suppl 1):S399. Min T. et al., Diabetes Ther (2021). PMID: 33325008 / DOI: 10.1007/s13300-020-00981-0 Jastreboff A.M. et al., NEJM (2022). PMID: 35658024 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038 Frias J. et al., Cell Metabolism (2017). PMID: 28768173 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.07.011 Frias J.P. et al., Lancet (2018). PMID: 3029377 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32260-8 Pilitsi E. et al., Metabolism (2019). PMID: 30391259 / DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.010 Henderson S.J. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2016). PMID: 27377054 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.12735 Ambery P. et al., Lancet (2018). PMID: 29945727 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30726-8 Nahra R. et al., Diabetes Care (2021). PMID: 34016612 / DOI: 10.2337/dc20-2151 Altimmune Announces Positive Results from 12-Week Phase 1 Clinical Trial of ALT-801 (Pemvidutide) in Overweight and Obese Volunteers. Press Release. Last accessed November 5, 2021. https://ir.altimmune.com/news-releases/news-releasedetails/altimmune-announces-positive-results-12-week-phase-1-clinical An H. et al., DD01, a Potential Disease Modifying Agent for Obesity. Abstract #232. European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Barcelona, September 2019. https://www.easd.org/virtualmeeting/home.html#!resources/dd01-a-potential-disease-modifying-agentfor-obesity-4590dc0a-7661-4b79-9606-33560af64f16 D&D Pharmatech Announces First Patient Dosed in Phase 1 Clinical Trial of DD01 in Obese Patients with Diabetes and NAFLD. March 30, 2021. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210330005188/en/DD-Pharmatech-Announces-First-Patient-Dosed-inPhase-1-Clinical-Trial-of-DD01-in-Obese-Patients-with-Diabetes-and-NAFLD%20Last%20accessed%20November%205 Chen Y. et al., 682-P: Novel Dual Glucagon and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist LY3305677 Improves Glucose Control, Reduces Body Weight, and Increases Energy Expenditure in Mice. Diabetes 2021;70(Suppl 1). Jia L. et al., EClinicalMedicine (2021). PMID: 34430840 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101088 Preliminary Study of the Efficacy and Safety of MK-8521 for Type 2 Diabetes (MK-8521-004) - Study Results - ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. [cited 2021 Feb 15]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT02492763 Lau D. et al., Efficacy and Safety of AM833 for Weight Loss: A Dose-Finding Trial in Adults with Overweight/Obesity. Obesity Week; virtual; Nov 2–6, 2020 (oral presentation 043). Enebo L. et al., Lancet (2021). PMID: 33894838 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00845-X Garito T. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2018). PMID: 28643356 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.13042

Heymsfield S. et al., JAMA Netw Open (2021). PMID: PMID: 33439265 / DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33457 Zemel M. et al., Obesity (2019). PMID: 30569637 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22346. Liu J. et al., Cell (2015). PMID: 2600048 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.011 Baruch A. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2020). PMID: 3313953 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012073117 Roche Product Development Portfolio. Last accessed November 5, 2021. https://www.roche.com/research_and_development/who_we_are_how_we_work/pipeline.htm Ueno H. et al., J Pharmacol Exp Ther (2019). PMID: 3118247 / DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.25588 Nishizaki H. et al., 751-P: First-in-Human, Single and Repeated Dose Study of SCO-267, a GPR40 Full Agonist, in Healthy Adults and Subjects with Glucose Intolerance. Poster Presentation: Clinical Diabetes/Therapeutics. Diabetes 2021; 70(Suppl 1). DOI: 10.2337/db21-751-P Yashiro H. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2019). PMID: 31144422 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.13799 Scohia Pipeline: SCO-792 Enteropeptidase Inhibitor. Last accessed November 7, 2021. https://www.scohia.com/eng/sys/pipeline/sco792/ Fani L. et al., Int J Obes (2014). PMID: 2377432 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.80 Park H. et al., First Oral MCR Agonist for the Treatment of Rare Genetic Obesity. American Diabetes Association, Abstract 1920-P. Jun 12–16, 2020. https://innovation.lgchem.com/upload/P/b668cfebe3c34561bc84d342aa1ff15b.pdf Pulse News Press Release . FDA Grants Rare Disease Designation to LG Chem's Investigational Obesity Drug. Last accessed November 7, 2021. https://pulsenews.co.kr/view.php?year=2020&no=1001473

Treatments for Rare Forms of Genetic Obesity Vatier C. et al., Biochimie (2012). PMID: 22464954 / DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.03.013 Bluher S. et al., J Investig Med (2009). PMID: 19730134 / DOI: 10.2310/JIM.0b013e3181b9163d Montague C.T. et al., Nature (1997). PMID: 9202122 / DOI: 10.1038/43185 Farooqi I.S. et al., N Engl J Med (1999). PMID: 10486419 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199909163411204 Farooqi I.S. et al., J Clin Invest (2002). PMID: 12393845 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI15693 Mantzoros C.S. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1997). PMID: 9100574 / DOI: 10.1210/jcem.82.4.3878 Mantzoros C.S. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2001). PMID: 11443202 / DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.7.7644 Fantuzzi G. , Faggioni R. . J Leukoc Biol (2000). PMID: 11037963 Wabitsch M. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2015). PMID: 26186301 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2263 Wabitsch M. et al., Eur J Endocrinol (2017). PMID: 28007844 / DOI: 10.1530/EJE-16-0821 Oral E.A. et al., N Engl J Med (2002). PMID: 11856796 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa012437 Javor E.D. et al., Diabetes (2005). PMID: 15983199 / DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.7.1994 Clement K. et al., Nature (1998). PMID: 9537324 / DOI: 10.1038/32911 Farooqi I.S. et al., N Engl J Med (2007). PMID: 17229951 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa063988 Krude H. et al., Nat Genet (1998). PMID: 9620771 / DOI: 10.1038/509 Frank G.R. et al., Mol Genet Metab (2013). PMID: 23800642 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.04.005 O'Rahilly S. et al., N Engl J Med (1995). PMID: 7477119 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199511233332104 Farooqi I.S. . Monogenic human obesity syndromes. In: Swaab D.F. , Buijs R.M. , Lucassen P.J. , Salehi A. , Kreier F. , editors. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 181: Elsevier; 2021, pp. 301–310. Greenfield J.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2009). PMID: 19092146 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0803085 Kievit P. et al., Diabetes (2013). PMID: 23048186 / DOI: 10.2337/db12-0598 Collet T.H. et al., Mol Metab (2017). PMID: 29031731 / DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.015 Chen K.Y. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2015). PMID: 25675384 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-4024 Clement K. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2020). PMID: 33137293 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30364-8 Setmelanotide- Prescribing Information [Internet]. FDA. Kanti V. et al., Skin Pharmacol Physiol (2021). PMID: 34058738 / DOI: 10.1159/000516282 Alsters S.I. et al., Plos ONE (2015). PMID: 26120850 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131417 Farooqi I.S. et al., N Engl J Med (2003). PMID: 12646665 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa022050 Sherafat-Kazemzadeh R. et al., Pediatr Obes (2013). PMID: 23776152 / DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00182.x Tobin J.L. , Beales P.L. . Pediatr Nephrol (2007). PMID: 17357787 / DOI: 10.1007/s00467-007-0435-0 Marshall J.D. et al., Eur J Hum Genet (2007). PMID: 17940554 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201933 Tahani N. et al., Orphanet J Rare Dis (2020). PMID: 32958032 / DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01468-8 Guo D.F. et al., PLOS Genet (2016). PMID: 26926121 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005890 Heydet D. et al., Dev Neurobiol (2013). PMID: 22581473 / DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22031 Mariman E.C. et al., Br J Nutr (2016). PMID: 27323230 / DOI: 10.1017/S0007114516002282 Feuillan P.P. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2011). PMID: 21209035 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-2290 Han J.C. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2018). PMID: 29718281 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00496 Haws R. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2020). PMID: 32627316 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.14133 Haws R.M. et al., Contemp Clin Trials Commun (2021). PMID: 34013094 / DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100780 https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/213793s001lbl.pdf (Accessed June 16, 2022). Wang L. et al., J Clin Invest (2021). PMID: 33630762 / DOI: 10.1172/JCI146287 Paisey R.B. et al., Alström Syndrome. In: Adam M.P. , Ardinger H.H. , Pagon R.A. , editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle, WA: University of Washington; 2003 Feb 7 [Updated June 13, 2019].

Daskalakis M. et al., Obes Surg (2010). PMID: 19847573 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-009-9915-6 Mujahid S. et al., Obes Surg (2014). PMID: 25070484 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1379-7 Cassidy S.B. , Driscoll D.J. . Eur J Hum Genet (2009). PMID: 18781185 / DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.165 Crino A. et al., Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes (2018). PMID: 30323638 / DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S141352 Butler M.G. , Thompson T. . Endocrinologist (2000). PMID: 27570435 / DOI: 10.1097/00019616-200010041-00002 Butler M.G. et al., Am J Med Genet A (2007). PMID: 17103434 / DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31507 Bekx M.T. et al., J Pediatr (2003). PMID: 14517523 / DOI: 10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00386-X Schoeller D.A. et al., Metabolism (1988). PMID: 3340003 / DOI: 10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90003-8 Hoffman C.J. et al., J Am Diet Assoc (1992). PMID: 1624651 Holm V.A. , Pipes P.L. . Am J Dis Child (1976). PMID: 973608 / DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120110025003 Lima V.P. et al., Eat Behav (2016). PMID: 26970733 / DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2016.03.008 Miller J.L. et al., J Hum Nutr Diet (2013). PMID: 23078343 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2012.01275.x Irizarry K.A. et al., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2019). PMID: 30614551 / DOI: 10.1111/cen.13933 Akefeldt A. . J Intellect Disabil Res (2009). PMID: 19302470 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01169.x Sylvetsky A.C. et al., Pediatr Obes (2019). PMID: 31044560 / DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12535 Van Opstal A.M. et al., Nutr Neurosci (2021). PMID: 31288630 / DOI: 10.1080/1028415X.2019.1639306 Zhang C. et al., EBioMedicine (2015). PMID: 26425705 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.007 Alyousif Z. et al., Mol Genet Genomic Med (2020). PMID: 33103385 / DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1535 Aycan Z. , Bas V.N. . J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol (2014). PMID: 24932597 / DOI: 10.4274/Jcrpe.1228 Edge R. et al., Human Growth Hormone Treatment for Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, CostEffectiveness, and Guidelines. CADTH Rapid Response Reports. Ottawa, ON; 2018. Luo Y. et al., Endocrine (2021). PMID: 33222122 / DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02547-3 Frixou M. et al., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2021). PMID: 33296095 / DOI: 10.1111/cen.14372 Rosenberg A.G.W. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2021). PMID: 34105729 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab406 Angulo M. et al., Int J Pediatr Endocrinol (2020). PMID: 33292530 / DOI: 10.1186/s13633-020-00090-6 Irizarry K.A. et al., Adv Pediatr (2016). PMID: 27426895 / DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2016.04.005 Sjostrom A. , Hoybye C. . J Clin Med (2021). PMID: 34204309 / DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122667 Clemmensen C. et al., Nat Rev Endocrinol (2019). PMID: 30446744 / DOI: 10.1038/s41574-018-0118-x Seetho I.W. et al., Diabetes Res Clin Pract (2011). PMID: 21227526 / DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.12.009 Senda M. et al., Endocr J (2012). PMID: 22785236 / DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej12-0074 Salehi P. et al., Pediatr Obes (2017). PMID: 27071367 / DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12131 Ng N.B.H. et al., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2022). PMID: 34448208 / DOI: 10.1111/cen.14583 Bossart M. et al., Cell Metab (2022). PMID: 34932984 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.12.005 Bischof J.M. et al., Br J Pharmacol (2016). PMID: 27339818 / DOI: 10.1111/bph.13540 Tan Q. et al., Obes Rev (2020). PMID: 31889409 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12992 Young L.J. , Flanagan-Cato L.M. . Horm Behav (2012). PMID: 22443808 / DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.019 Swaab D.F. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (1995). PMID: 7852523 / DOI: 10.1210/jcem.80.2.7852523 Rice L.J. et al., Curr Opin Psychiatry (2018). PMID: 29206687 / DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000391 Kublaoui B.M. et al., Mol Endocrinol (2008). PMID: 18451093 / DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0067 Einfeld S.L. et al., Am J Med Genet A (2014). PMID: 24980612 / DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36653 Kuppens R.J. et al., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2016). PMID: 27486141 / DOI: 10.1111/cen.13169 Miller J.L. et al., Am J Med Genet A (2017). PMID: 28371242 / DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38160 Tauber M. et al., Pediatrics (2017). PMID: 28100688 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-2976 Dykens E.M. et al., JCI Insight (2018). PMID: 29925684 / DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98333 Ryman D. . Obesity (Silver Spring) (2021). DOI: 10.1002/oby.23329 Kuppens R.J. et al., Endocrine (2015). PMID: 25989955 / DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0614-x Julien M. et al., Eur J Pharm Sci (2012). PMID: 22841845 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.07.014 Allas S. et al., Plos ONE (2018). PMID: 29320575 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190849 Miller J.L. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2022). PMID: 35213714 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac105 Kimonis V. et al., Plos ONE (2019). PMID: 31545799 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221615 White H.M. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2012). PMID: 22510957 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.87 Rupnick M.A. et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2002). PMID: 12149466 / DOI: 10.1073/pnas.162349799 Brakenhielm E. et al., Circ Res (2004). PMID: 15155527 / DOI: 10.1161/01.RES.0000132745.76882.70 McCandless S.E. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2017). PMID: 28556449 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.13021 Huynh K. et al., Eur J Endocrinol (2022). PMID: 35294397 / DOI: 10.1530/EJE-21-0972 https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2022-03-29/saniona-announces-strategic-program-prioritization-and-restructuring-tostreamline-operational-costs (Accessed April 1, 2022) [press release]. Goldman V.E. et al., J Clin Med (2021). PMID: 34640558 / DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194540 Nolan B.J. et al., Endocrine (2022). PMID: 35524875 / DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03064-1 Liu S.Y. et al., Pediatr Obes (2020). PMID: 31515962 / DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12575 Sjostrom L. et al., JAMA (2012). PMID: 22215166 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1914 Scheimann A.O. et al., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr (2008). PMID: 18162838 / DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000304458.30294.31 Alqahtani A.R. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2016). PMID: 26431633 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2015.07.014 Di Pietro M.L. , Zace D. . J Med Ethics (2020). PMID: 32341185 / DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2019-106038 Kaur Y. et al., Obes Rev (2017). PMID: 28346723 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12531

Special Issues in Using Medications in Children and Adolescents Afshin A. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 28604169 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614362 Kelly A.S. et al., Circulation (2013). PMID: 24016455 / DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182a5cfb3 Kumar S. , Kelly A.S. . Mayo Clin Proc (2017). PMID: 28065514 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.09.017 Cardel M.I. et al., JAMA Pediatr (2020). PMID: 32202626 / DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0085 Hampl S.E. et al., Pediatrics (2023). PMID: 3662215 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-060640 Ryan D.H. . J Fam Pract (2014). PMID: 25198216 Katzmarzyk P.T. et al., Int J Obes (2014). PMID: 24662696 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.49 Reinehr T. , Andler W. . Arch Dis Child (2004). PMID: 15102630 / DOI: 10.1136/adc.2003.028803 Ryder J.R. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 30677258 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22369 Frattarelli D.A. et al., Pediatrics (2014). PMID: 24567009 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-4060 San Giovanni C.B. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2021). PMID: 33901290 / DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab276. Srivastava G. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 30677262 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22385 Barlow S.E. , Expert Committee . Pediatrics (2007). PMID: 18055651 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-2329C Gross A.C. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 30677263 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22367 Freedman D.S. et al., Pediatrics (2005). PMID: 15629977 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-0220 Mead E. et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2017). PMID: 28639319 / DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012651 Danielsson P. et al., Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med (2012). PMID: 23108856 / DOI: 10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.319 Johnston C.A. et al., J Pediatr (2011). PMID: 21035822 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.09.049 Kalarchian M.A. et al., Pediatrics (2009). PMID: 19786444 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-3727 Levine M.D. et al., Int J Eat Disord (2001). PMID: 11746293 / DOI: 10.1002/eat.1091 Knop C. et al., Pediatr Obes (2015). PMID: 24347523 / DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00212.x Wilfley D.E. et al., Health Psychol (2007). PMID: 17845100 / DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.26.5.521 Moens E. , Braet C. , Van Winckel M. . Behav Res Ther (2010). PMID: 20398894 / DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.015 Hall K.D. . Obesity (Silver Spring) (2018). PMID: 29637734 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22189 Farooqi I.S. . Handb Clin Neurol (2021). PMID: 34238466 / DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00022-1 Farooqi I.S. , O'Rahilly S. . Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab (2008). PMID: 18779842 / DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0966 Ellul P. et al., CNS Drugs (2018). PMID: 30238318 / DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0571-z Anagnostou E. et al., JAMA Psychiatry (2016). PMID: 27556593 / DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1232 Arbaizar B. et al., Gen Hosp Psychiatry (2008). PMID: 18774432 / DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.02.002 Oskoui M. et al., Neurology (2019). PMID: 31413170 / DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008105 Bessesen D.H. , Van Gaal L.F. . Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2018). PMID: 28919062 / DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30236-x Hendricks E.J. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2014). PMID: 23736363 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.74 McLean B.A. et al., Endocr Rev (2021). PMID: 33320179 / DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa032 Srivastava G. , Apovian C.M. . Nat Rev Endocrinol (2018). PMID: 29027993 / DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.122 Chanoine J.P. et al., JAMA (2005). PMID: 15956632 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.293.23.2873 O'Connor E.A. et al., JAMA (2017). PMID: 28632873 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.0332 Wiegand S. et al., Horm Res Paediatr (2014). PMID: 25531074 / DOI: 10.1159/000368963 Freedman D.S. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2017). PMID: 28245098 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21782 Kelly A.S. et al., N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 32233338 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1916038 Weghuber D. et al., N Engl J Med (2022). PMID: 36322838 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2208601 McDonagh M.S. et al., JAMA Pediatr (2014). PMID: 24343296 / DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4200 Masarwa R. et al., Pediatrics (2021). PMID: 33608415 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-1610 Ryder J.R. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2017). PMID: 27773937 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.185 Fox C.K. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2016). PMID: 27807925 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21633 Hsia D.S. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2020). PMID: 31696603 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.13910 Kelly A.S. et al., NEJM Evid (2022). PMID 36968652 / DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2200014 Khera R. et al., Gastroenterology (2018). PMID: 29305933 / DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.12.024 Wilding J.P.H. et al., N Engl J Med (2021). PMID 33567185 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2032183 Apovian C.M. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2015). PMID: 25590212 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3415 Peirson L. et al., CMAJ Open (2014). PMID: 25485258 / DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20140012 Domecq J.P. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2015). PMID: 25590213 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-3421 Knowler W.C. et al., Lancet (2009). PMID: 19878986 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61457-4 RISE Consortium ., Diabetes Care (2018). PMID: 29941500 / DOI: 10.2337/dc18-0787 Farooqi I.S. et al., J Clin Invest (2002). PMID: 12393845 / DOI: 10.1172/jci15693 Clément K. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2020). PMID: 33137293 / DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30364-8 Markham A. . Drugs (2021). PMID: 33638809 / DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01470-9 Iughetti L. et al., Ital J Pediatr (2012). PMID: 22284631 / DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-38-4 Roth C.L. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2021). PMID: 33026160 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.14224 Lustig R.H. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2003). PMID: 12788859 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-030003 Denzer C. et al., Obes Facts (2019). PMID: 30844799 / DOI: 10.1159/000495851 Lavine J.E. et al., JAMA (2011). PMID: 21521847 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.520 Pan C.S. , Stanley T.L. . Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) (2020). PMID: 32153507 / DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00070 Teede H. et al., Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) (2019). PMID: 31087796 / DOI: 10.1111/cen.14013 Hoeger K. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2008). PMID: 18728175 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0461

Chadda K.R. et al., Obes Rev (2021). PMID: 33354917 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13177 Borzutzky C. et al., Pediatr Obes (2021). PMID: 32877010 / DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12701 Srivastava G. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2021). PMID: 34494365 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22987 Frias J.P. et al., Lancet (2018). PMID: 30293770 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32260-8 Heymsfield S.B. et al., JAMA Netw Open (2021). PMID: 33439265 / DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33457 Guideline on Clinical Evaluation of Medicinal Products Used in Weight Control, Addendum on Weight Control in Children. London, 2008. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/clinical-evaluation-medicinal-products-used-weight-control-addendum-weight-control-children Shalitin S. , Gat-Yablonski G. . Horm Res Paediatr (2021). PMID: 34130293 / DOI: 10.1159/000516171

Dietary Supplements and Weight Management National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Severe Obesity Among Adults Aged 20 and Over: United States, 1960–1962 Through 2015–2016 (2018). https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_adult_15_16/obesity_adult_15_16.htm National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Severe Obesity Among Children and Adolescents Aged 2–19 Years: United States, 1963–1965 Through 2015–2016 (2018). https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/58669 Nutrition Business Journal. NBJ Condition Specific Report 2022 (2022). U.S. Congress . Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (1994). https://www.congress.gov/103/bills/s784/BILLS103s784enr.pdf Dwyer J.T. et al., Nutrients (2018). PMID: 29300341 / DOI: 10.3390/nu10010041 Thakkar S. et al., Regul Toxicol Pharmacol (2020). PMID: 32305367 / DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104647 U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Questions and Answers on Dietary Supplements (2019). https://www.fda.gov/food/informationconsumers-using-dietary-supplements/questions-and-answers-dietary-supplements Federal Trade Commission . Dietary Supplements: An Advertising Guide for Industry (2001). https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/plain-language/bus09-dietary-supplements-advertising-guide-industry.pdf Kesselheim A.S. et al., Health Aff (Millwood) (2015). PMID: 25732494 / DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0515 U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on the agency's new efforts to strengthen regulation of dietary supplements by modernizing and reforming FDA's oversight (2019). https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/press-announcements/statement-fda-commissioner-scott-gottlieb-md-agencys-new-efforts-strengthen-regulation-dietary Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health . Dietary Supplement Label Database (2023). https://dsld.od.nih.gov/ Sharpe P.A. et al., J Am Diet Assoc (2006). PMID: 17126636 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.014 Pillitteri J.L. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2008). PMID: 18239570 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.136 Bailey R.L. et al., Pediatr Res (2013). PMID: 24002333 / DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.160 Or F. et al., J Adolesc Health (2019). PMID: 31176525 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.005 Geller A.I. et al., N Engl J Med (2015). PMID: 26465986 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1504267 Bukhari A.S. et al., J Acad Nutr Diet (2021). PMID: 33653678 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.01.011 Kao T.C. et al., Ann Epidemiol (2021). PMID: 32835771 / DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.011 Lichtenstein A.H. et al., Adv Nutr (2021). PMID: 33200182 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa109 Kessels R. et al., Stat Methods Med Res (2019). PMID: 29278143 / DOI: 10.1177/0962280217748339 Maki K.C. et al., Adv Nutr (2021). PMID: 33200184 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa088 Weaver C.M. et al., Adv Nutr (2021). PMID: 33200185 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa118 Weaver C.M. et al., Adv Nutr (2021). PMID: 33200180 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa083 Petersen K.S. et al., Adv Nutr (2021). PMID: 33957665 / DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab045 Kellogg J.J. et al., Nat Prod Rep (2019). PMID: 30681109 / DOI: 10.1039/c8np00065d Bailey R.L. . Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2020). PMID: 30421981 / DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1524364 Gurley B.J. et al., Planta Med (2012). PMID: 22565299 / DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1298331 Brown A.C. . Food Chem Toxicol (2017). PMID: 27402097 / DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.001 Brown A.C. . J Diet Suppl (2018). PMID: 28981338 / DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1356418 Timbo B.B. et al., Ann Pharmacother (2018). PMID: 29171279 / DOI: 10.1177/1060028017744316 Rocha T. et al., Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf (2016). PMID: 33371574 / DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12173 Tucker J. et al., JAMA Netw Open (2018). PMID: 30646238 / DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3337 Consumerlab.com. (2021). https://www.consumerlab.com/ NSF . Supplement and Vitamin Certification (2021). https://www.nsf.org/knowledge-library/supplement-vitamin-certification USP . Quality Supplements (2021). https://www.quality-supplements.org/ Cancio A. et al., Mil Med (2012). PMID: 23397689 / DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-12-00069 Amazon . Dietary Supplements, Compliance Checklist (2021). https://sellercentral.amazon.com/gp/help/external/G201829010?language=en_US Global Retailer and Manufacturer Alliance . Dietary Supplements Standardization – How ANSI is Striving for Safety and Quality (2019). https://grmalliance.org/news/dietary-supplements-standardization-how-ansi-is-striving-for-safety-and-quality/ Wharton S. et al., Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2020). PMID: 30896252 / DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1584873 Lee J. et al., J Am Coll Nutr (2020). PMID: 31855111 / DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1691956 Onakpoya I. et al., J Diet Suppl (2013). PMID: 23419021 / DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2012.760508 Onakpoya I. et al., Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies (2011). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.20427166.2011.01115.x

Stohs S.J. et al., Int J Med Sci (2012). PMID: 22991491 / DOI: 10.7150/ijms.4446 Haaz S. et al., Obes Rev (2006). PMID: 16436104 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00195.x Stohs S.J. et al., Phytother Res (2011). PMID: 21480414 / DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3490 Harpaz E. et al., J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol (2017). PMID: 27824614 / DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2016-0090 Clark N.W. et al., J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2020). PMID: 32054486 / DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-0341-4 Boozer C.N. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2002). PMID: 12032741 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802023 Coffey C.S. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2004). PMID: 15356670 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802784 Greenway F.L. et al., Obes Res (2004). PMID: 15292480 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.144 Hackman R.M. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2006). PMID: 16552410 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803283 U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Final Rule Declaring Dietary Supplements Containing Ephedrine Alkaloids Adulterated Because They Present an Unreasonable Risk (2004). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2004/02/11/04-2912/final-rule-declaringdietary-supplements-containing-ephedrine-alkaloids-adulterated-because-they Andersen T. , Fogh J. . J Hum Nutr Diet (2001). PMID: 11424516 / DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-277x.2001.00290.x Icken D. et al., Eur J Clin Nutr (2016). PMID: 26554757 / DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.183 Lopez-Garcia E. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2006). PMID: 16522916 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.83.3.674 U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much? (2018). https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) , EFSA J (2015). DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102. Torpy J.M. , Livingston E.H. , JAMA (2013). PMID: 23330173 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2012.170614 Yen M. , Ewald M.B. , J Med Toxicol (2012). PMID: 22351299 / DOI: 10.1007/s13181-012-0213-7 Jagim A.R. et al., Mayo Clin Proc (2020). PMID: 32753134 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.02.033 Nappo A. et al., Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2019). PMID: 30928165 / DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.01.015 Booth A.O. et al., Br J Nutr (2015). PMID: 26234296 / DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515001518 Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board . Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2010. Bessell E. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2021). PMID: 33976376 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00839-w Huang H. et al., Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (2020). PMID: 30990059 / DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1602822 Jull A.B. et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2008). PMID: 18646097 / DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003892.pub3 Tsang C. et al., Clin Obes (2019). PMID: 31115179 / DOI: 10.1111/cob.12313 Onakpoya I. et al., Obes Rev (2013). PMID: 23495911 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12026 Pittler M.H. et al., Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2003). PMID: 12664086 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802262 Tian H. et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2013). PMID: 24293292 / DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010063.pub2 Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board . Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001. Vincent J.B. , Sports Med (2003). PMID: 12656641 / DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200333030-00004 Henderson S. et al., J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2005). PMID: 18500958 / DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-2-2-54 Godard M.P. et al., Obes Res (2005). PMID: 16129715 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.162 Loftus H.L. et al., Nutrients (2015). PMID: 26593941 / DOI: 10.3390/nu7115483 Onakpoya I.J. et al., Eur J Nutr (2012). PMID: 21990002 / DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0253-9 Lehnen T.E. et al., J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2015). PMID: 26388708 / DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0097-4 Abidov M. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2010). PMID: 19840063 / DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01132.x Golzarand M. et al., Complement Ther Med (2020). PMID: 32951714 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102451 Onakpoya I. et al., J Obes (2011). PMID: 21197150 / DOI: 10.1155/2011/509038 Heymsfield S.B. et al., JAMA (1998). PMID: 9820262 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.280.18.1596 Andueza N. et al., Nutrients (2021). PMID: 33572973 / DOI: 10.3390/nu13020450 Sood N. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2008). PMID: 18842808 / DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/88.4.1167 Onakpoya I. et al., J Am Coll Nutr (2014). PMID: 24533610 / DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.870013 Asbaghi O. et al., Complement Ther Med (2020). PMID: 32507437 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102424 Gorji Z. et al., Phytomedicine (2019). PMID: 31398662 / DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153018 Gorji Z. et al., Phytomedicine (2020). PMID: 32173206 / DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153199 Onakpoya I. et al., Gastroenterol Res Pract (2011). PMID: 20871849 / DOI: 10.1155/2011/382852 Jurgens T.M. et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2012). PMID: 23235664 / DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008650.pub2 Phung O.J. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2010). PMID: 19906797 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28157 Sarma D.N. et al., Drug Saf (2008). PMID: 18484782 / DOI: 10.2165/00002018-200831060-00003 Younes M. et al., EFSA J (2018). PMID: 32625874 / DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5239 Pittler M.H. , Ernst E. , Am J Med (2001). PMID: 11403757 / DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00702-1 Dall'Alba V. et al., Br J Nutr (2013). PMID: 23551992 / DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513001025 Lewis J.H. , Am J Gastroenterol (1992). PMID: 1329494 Blom W.A. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2011). PMID: 21993434 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.020321 Pontes K. et al., Clin Nutr (2021). PMID: 34358838 / DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.023 Borgeraas H. et al., Obes Rev (2018). PMID: 29047207 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12626 Koutnikova H. et al., BMJ Open (2019). PMID: 30928918 / DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017995 Crovesy L. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2017). PMID: 28792488 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.161 World Gastroenterology Organisation . Probiotics and prebiotics (2017). https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/UserFiles/file/guidelines/probiotics-and-prebiotics-english-2017.pdf Lopez H.L. et al., J Int Soc Sports Nutr (2013). PMID: 23601452 / DOI: 10.1186/1550-783-10-22

Arent S.M. et al., J Am Coll Nutr (2018). PMID: 29111889 / DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1368039 Khattar A. , Beeton I. , Anatol J Cardiol (2020). PMID: 32870171 / DOI: 10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2020.53496 Maunder A. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2020). PMID: 31984610 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.13973 Wang S. et al., Food Sci Nutr (2020). PMID: 32180941 / DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1299 Onakpoya I. et al., Br J Nutr (2011). PMID: 22844674 / DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511001516 Engel M.G. et al., Nutrients (2018). PMID: 29361684 / DOI: 10.3390/nu10010108 Gardner C.D. et al., Am J Clin Nutr (2010). PMID: 20573800 / DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29468 Via M.A. , Mechanick J.I. , Curr Obes Rep (2017). PMID: 28718091 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-017-0271-x Operation Supplement Safety . Guidelines for Taking a Comprehensive Dietary Supplement History (2017). https://www.opss.org/article/guidelines-taking-comprehensive-dietary-supplement-history Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health . My Dietary Supplement and Medicine Record (2021). https://ods.od.nih.gov/pubs/DietarySupplementandMedicineRecord.pdf U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . Safety Reporting Portal (2021). https://www.safetyreporting.hhs.gov/SRP2/en/Home.aspx?sid=63866a1f-115b-4e87-aaf7-fc7a59db4296

Historical Overview of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Love R.R. , Philips J. . J Natl Cancer Inst (2002). PMID: 12359852 / DOI: 10.1093/jnci/94.19.1433 Buchwald H. , Varco R.L. . Metabolic Surgery, Editors, Grune and Stratton, Publ, New York, 1978. Hippocrates: On the Nature of Man. Hippocratic Corpus. Rokitansky C. . Handbuch der Pathologischen Anatomie, 3 Volumes: Vienna, Braumuller and Seidel 1842–1846. Dragstedt L.R. . Ann Surg (1945). PMID: 21005197 Buchwald H. . Circulation (1964). PMID: 14156865 / DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.29.5.713 Buchwald H. et al., N Engl J Med (1990). PMID: 2205799 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199010043231404 Campos C.T. et al., Effects of cholesterol lowering on mortality, morbidity, and the arteriographic course of coronary atherosclerosis: The Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias. Lipid Rev 1993; 6(4):4–9. Buchwald H. et al., Ann Surg (2010). PMID: 20485136 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181deb4d0 Moore R.B. et al., Surgery (1969). PMID: 5762422 Buchwald H. , Buchwald J.N. . Obes Surg (2002). PMID: 12448398 / DOI: 10.1381/096089202321019747 Kremen A.J. et al., Annals of Surgery (1954). PMID: 13198079 / DOI: 10.1097-00000658-195409000-00018 Payne J.H. et al., Am J Surg (1963). PMID: 14042557 / DOI: 10.1016/0002-9610(63)90017-5 Mason E.E. , Ito C. . Surg Clin North Am (1967). PMID: 6073761 / DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)38384-0 Alden J.F. . Arch Surg (1977). PMID: 880023 / DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1977.01370070011001 Griffen W.O. et al., Ann Surg (1977). PMID: 907395 / DOI: 10.1097/00000658-197710000-00012 Flickinger E.G. et al., Ann Surg (1984). PMID: 6721605 / DOI: 10.1097/00000658-198405000-00010 Rutledge R. . Obes Surg (2001). PMID: 11433900 / DOI: 10.1381/096089201321336584 Mason E.E. . Arch Surg (1982). PMID: 7073493 / DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1982.01380290147026 Laws H.L. et al., Ann Surg (1981). PMID: 7212793 / DOI: 10.1097/00000658-198103000-00014 Scopinaro N. et al., Br J Surg (1979). PMID: 497645 / DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800660906 Marceau P. et al., Obes Surg (1993). PMID: 10757900 / DOI: 10.1381/096089293765559728 Hess D.S. , Hess D.W. . Obes Surg (1998). PMID: 9678194 / DOI: 10.1381/096089298765554476 Sánchez-Pernaute A. et al., Obes Surg (2005). PMID: 15946463 / DOI: 10.1381/0960892053923914 Wilkinson L.H. , Peloso O.A. . Arch Surg (1981). PMID: 7235951 / DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1981.01380170082014 Kolle K. . Gastric banding. OMGI 7th Congress; Stockholm. 1982. p. 37. Abstract. Molina M. , Oria H.E. . Gastric Segmentation: A new, safe, effective, simple, readily revised and fully reversible surgical procedure for the correction of morbid obesity. In: 6th Bariatric Surgery Colloquium, Iowa City. June 3, 1983; 15 (abstr). Kuzmak L.I. . Contemp Surg (1986). Regan J.P. et al., Obes Surg (2003). PMID: 14738671 / DOI: 10.1381/096089203322618669 Gagner M. et al., Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with second stage biliopancreatic diversion and duodenal switch in the superobese. In: Inabnet W. , DeMaria E. , Ikramuddin S. , eds. Laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005, pp. 143–150. Gagner M. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2016). PMID: 27178618 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.01.022 Fried M. et al., Obes Surg (2012). PMID:22648797 / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-012-0684-2 Cigaina V. et al., Obes Surg (1996). PMID: 10729867 / DOI: 10.1381/096089296765556845 Sjöström L. . J Intern Med (2013). PMID: 23163728 / DOI: 10.1111/joim.12012 Carlsson L.M.S. et al., NEJM (2020). PMID: 33053284 / DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2002449 Wittgrove A.C. et al., Obes Surg (1994). PMID: 10742801 / DOI: 10.1381/096089294765558331 England W.J. , et al., DOI: 10.1016/jsoard2019.12.022 Angrisani L. , et al., DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-34502 Buchwald H. et al., Obes Surg (2014). PMID: 24908242 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1307-x Druce M.R. , Small C.J. , Bloom S.R. . DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0089 Sam A.H. , et al., PMID: 22037149 / DOI: 10.1016/jneuropharm.2011.10.008 Hussain S.S. and Bloom S.R. . DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.93 Monteiro R. et al., Mediators Inflamm (2010). PMID: 20706689 / DOI: 10.1155/2010/289645

Hafieta S. et al., Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes (2016). PMID:27455515 / DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000277 Ansar W. , Ghosh S. . Biology of C Reactive Protein in Health and Disease. 2016; 67–107. Published 2016 Mar 24. DOI: 10.1007/97881-322-2680-2_4 Bonaz B. et al., Front Immunol (2017). PMID:29163522 / DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01452 Güemes A. , Georgiou P. . Bioelectron Med (2018). PMID: 32232085 / DOI: 10.1186/s42234-018-0009-4 Fleming M.A. et al., Gastroenterol Res Pract (2020). PMID: 32963521 / DOI: 10.1155/2020/8024171 Rhee P-L. et al., J Physiol (2011). PMID: 22005683 / DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.217497 Schwartz M.B. et al., Obesity (2006). PMID: 16648615 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.58 Formola D.A. et al., Neurosci (2019). PMID: 31057350 / DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00323 Brittain J.S. and Cagnan H. . Curr Behav Neurosci Rep (2018). DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0154-9 Quaade F. . Letter: Stereotaxy for obesity. Lancet. 1974;1(7851):267. Quaade F. , Vaermet K. , Larsson S. . Stereotaxic stimulation and electrocoagulation of the lateral hypothalamus in obese humans. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1974;30(1–2):111–117. DOI: 10.1007/BF01405759 Mayberg H.S. et al., Neuron (2005). PMID: 15748841 / DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.02.014 Burneo J.G. et al., Neurology (2002). PMID: 12177391 / DOI: 10.1212/wnl.59.3.463 Yuan and Williams . J Neuro Psych Clin Neurosci 212:24. ESO Letter. Carreno, F.R. , Frazer, A. Neurotherapeutics (2017). PMID: 28585221 / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-017-0537-8 Zhang J. , Zhau S. , Xu G. . Interv Neurol (2014). PMID: 25187787 / DOI: 10.1159/000357167 Jordan J. , Tank J. . Hypertens Res (2020). PMID: 32699422 / DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0522-1 Mahfoud F. et al., Circulation (2011). PMID: 21518978 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.991869 Buchwald H. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2017). PMID: 27262236 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.01.025.2016 Buchwald H. et al., Obes Surg (2014). PMID: 24908242 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1307-x Omalu B.I. et al., Neurosurgery (2005). PMID: 15987548 / DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000163407.92769.ed Mez J. et al., JAMA (2017). PMID:28742910 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.8334 McKee A.C. et al., J Neuropathol Exp Neurol (2009). PMID: 19535999 / DOI: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503 McGlennon T.W. et al., Obes Surg (2020). PMID: 33125676 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05065-3 McGlennon T.W. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 33405185 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05142-7 McGlennon T.W. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 33398623 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05176-x Werhane M.L. et al., Concussion (London, England) (2017) PMID: 30202571 / DOI: 10.2217/cnc-2016-0022 Marques M.L. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2014). PMID: 25157409 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-2068 Thiara G. et al., Psychosomatics (2017). PMID: 28410777 / DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2017.02.004 Alosco M.L. et al., Am J Surg (2014). PMID: 24119892 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.05.018 Kelly T. et al., Int J Obes (2008). PMID: 18607383 / DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2008.102

Overview English W.J. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2020). PMID: 32029370 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.12.022 Jensen M.D. et al., Circulation (2014). PMID: 24222017 / DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee NIH Conference . Ann Intern Med (1991). PMID: 1952493 American Diabetes Association . Diabetes Care (2017). PMID: 29222378 / DOI: 10.2337/dc18-S007 Carter J. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 34629296 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.08.024 Sogg S. , Lauretti J. , West-Smith L. . Surg Obes Relat Dis (2016). PMID: 27179400 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.02.008 Barbuti M. et al., Eat Weight Disord (2022). PMID: 34617263 / DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01306-1 McGrane I.R. et al., J Pharm Pract 2021; 34(3):503–506. PMID: 32067562 / DOI: 10.1177/0897190020905467 Ben-Porat T. et al., J Acad Nutr Diet (2020). PMID: 31892499 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.10.017 Albaugh V.L. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 33478908 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.11.032 Weinstein A.S. , Sigurdsson M.I. , Bader A.M. . Anesthesiol Res Pract (2018). PMID: 30250484 / DOI: 10.1155/2018/5912726 Mechanick J.I. et al., Endocr Pract (2013). PMID: 23529351 / DOI: 10.4158/EP12437.GL Chung F. , Abdullah H.R. , Liao P. . Chest (2016). PMID: 26378880 / DOI: 10.1378/chest.15-0903 Wanjura V. et al., Brit J Surg (2018). PMID: 29044465 / DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10666 Doulamis I.P. et al., Am J Surg (2019). PMID: 30791992 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.02.006 Sugerman H.J. et al., Am J Surg (1995). PMID: 7818005 / DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(99)80115-9 Fearon N.M. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 34772614 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.10.004 Ansari W.E. et al., Obes Surg (2020). PMID: 32468339 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04672-4 Edwards M.A. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 33785272 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.02.026 Chalklin C.G. , Harper E.G.R. , Beamish A.J. . Curr Obes Rep (2021). PMID: 33725324 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00423-3 Hanipah Z.N. et al., Obes Surg (2018). PMID: 29290011 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-3020-z Mentias A. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2022). PMID: 35422238 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.01.047 Arterburn D. et al., Ann Intern Med (2018). PMID: 30383139 / DOI: 10.7326/M17-2786 Campos G.M. et al., Ann Surg (2019). PMID: 31425292 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003554 Risstad H. et al., JAMA Surg (2015). PMID: 25650964 / DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2014.3579 Goriparthi R.G. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2022). PMID: 35644807 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2022.04.018 Juodeikis Ž. , Brimas G. . Surg Obes Relat Dis (2017). PMID: 27876332 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.10.006 Boza C. et al., Surg Endosc (2011). PMID: 20652325 / DOI: 10.1007/s00464-010-1176-x

Bianchi A. et al., Obes Surg (2020). PMID: 32562130 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04777-w Marceau P. et al., Obes Surg (2015). PMID: 25676155 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1599-5 Sharples A.J. , Mahawar K. . Obes Surg (2020). PMID: 31724116 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04235-2 Smith B.R. , Schauer P. , Nguyen N.T. . Med Clin N Am (2011). PMID: 21855705 / DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2011.06.010 Aminian A. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2015). PMID: 25352176 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.12405 Arterburn D. et al., Ann Intern Med (2018). PMID: 30383139 / DOI: 10.7326/M17-2786 Arterburn D.E. et al., JAMA (2020). PMID: 32870301 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.12567 Schauer P.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 28199805 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600869 Salminen P. et al., JAMA Surg (2022). PMID: 35731535 / DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.2229 Ali M. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2017). PMID: 29054173 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.08.007 Qumseya B.J. et al., Gastrointest Endosc (2021). PMID: 32798535 / DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2020.08.008 Ece I. et al., Obes Surg (2018). PMID: 29235011 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-3053-3 Singh A. , Koenen B. , Kirby D.F. . Inflamm Bowel Dis (2019). PMID: 31626698 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz246 Aminian A. et al., Obes Surg (2015). PMID: 26420765 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1909-y Aminian A. et al., Ann Surg (2021). PMID: 34132694 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005003 Hayat J.O. , Wan A. . Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol (2014). PMID: 24580041 / DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2014.888951 Curell A. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 34227017 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05541-4 Kumar P. et al., Obes Surg (2020). PMID: 32592015 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04796-7 Luca M.D. et al., Obes Surg 2021). PMID: 33939059 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05413-x Rutledge R. et al., Obes Surg (2001). PMID: 11433900 / DOI: 10.1381/096089201321336584 Robert M. et al., Lancet (2019). PMID: 30851879 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30475-1 Bruzzi M. , Chevallier J.M. , Czernichow S. . Obes Surg (2017). PMID: 27909875 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2480-x Biertho L. et al., Surg Clin North Am (2016). PMID: 27473803 / DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2016.03.012 Sorribas M. et al., Cir Esp (Engl Ed) (2022). PMID: 35431160 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cireng.2022.03.015 Strain G.W. et al., Obes Surg (2017). PMID: 27686233 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2371-1 Cottam D. , Cottam S. , Surve A. . Surg Clin North Am (2021). PMID: 33743963 / DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2020.12.010 Lee-Bion A. et al., J Visc Surg (2019). PMID: 30833221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2019.02.007 Eichelter J. et al., Surg Technology Online (2022). PMID: 35623034 / DOI: 10.52198/22.STI.41.GS1571 Sánchez-Pernaute A. et al., Obes Surg (2022). PMID: 35032311 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05879-9 Mellert L.T. et al., Cureus (2020). PMID: 32550047 / DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8127 Furbetta N. , Cervelli R. , Furbetta F. . Ann Transl Med (2019). PMID: 32309408 / DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.17 Suarez D.F. , Gangemi A. . Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 33098054 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05018-w Soueidy T.E. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 33215360 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05112-z Albanese A. et al., Bariatr Surg Pract Patient Care (2015). PMID: 26421246 / DOI: 10.1089/bari.2015.0002 Lim R. et al., Trauma Surg Acute Care Open (2018). PMID: 30402562 / DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2018-000219 Dick A. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2010). PMID: 21111381 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2010.07.016 Contival N. et al., J Visc Surg (2017). PMID: 29277390 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2017.10.012 Gupta A. et al., BMJ Case Reports (2018). PMID: 30567217 / DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-226271 Alizadeh R.F. et al., J Am Coll Surgeons (2018). PMID: 29605723 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2018.03.030 Maggard M.A. et al., Ann Intern Med (2005). PMID: 15809466 / DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-142-7-200504050-00013 Chang SH. et al., Obes Rev (2018). PMID: 29266740 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12647 Vico T.D. , Elli E.F. . Obes Surg (2019). PMID: 30542825 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-03639-w Rached A.A. , Basile M. , Masri H.E. . World J Gastroentero (2014). PMID: 25320526 / DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13904 DeMaria E.J. , Kothari S.N. , Rogers A.M. . Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 34920965 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.10.022 Aminian A. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 34896011 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.10.023 Jamal M.H. et al., Surg Endosc (2015). PMID: 24986019 / DOI: 10.1007/s00464-014-3678-4 Bartlett M.A. , Mauck K.F. , Daniels P.R. . Vasc Health Risk Manag (2015). PMID: 26316771 / PMCID: PMC4544624 / DOI: 10.2147/VHRM.S73799 Hamadi R. et al., Expert Rev Hematol (2019). PMID: 31219356 / DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1634542 Blouhos K. et al., World J Gastrointest Surg (2015). PMID: 26425267 / DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v7.i9.190 Stenberg E. et al., Lancet (2016). PMID: 26895675 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01126-5 Bal B. et al., Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol (2010). PMID: 20458335 / DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.60 Rogula T. , Yenumula P.R. , Schauer P.R. . Surg Endosc (2007). PMID: 17891439 / DOI: 10.1007/s00464-007-9535-y Chousleb E. , Chousleb A. . J Gastrointest Surg (2017). PMID: 28681214 / DOI: 10.1007/s11605-017-3468-0 Sjöström L. et al., JAMA (2012). PMID: 22215166 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1914 Arterburn D.E. et al., Ann Surg (2021). PMID: 32187033 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003826 Sieber P. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2014). PMID: 24139922 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.06.024 Hoyuela C. . World J Gastrointest Surg (2017). PMID: 28503259 / DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v9.i4.109 Noel P. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2020). PMID: 32580923 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.04.021 Salminen P. et al., JAMA (2018). PMID: 29340676 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.20313 Peterli R. et al., JAMA (2018). PMID: 29340679 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.20897 O'Brien P.E. et al., Obes Surg (2019). PMID: 30293134 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3525-0 Surve A. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 33201398 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05131-w Yashkov Y. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 33047290 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05031-z Sánchez-Pernaute A. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2015). PMID: 26048517 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2015.01.024 Cadena-Obando D. et al., BMC Endocr Disord (2020). PMID: 32024495 / DOI: 10.1186/s12902-020-0499-4

Aminian A. et al., Diabetes Technol Ther (2015). PMID: 26177379 / DOI: 10.1089/dia.2015.0064 Greenburg D.L. , Lettieri C.J. , Eliasson A.H. . Am J Med (2009). PMID: 19486716 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.10.037 Magne F. et al., J Clin Sleep Med (2019). PMID: 31596217 / DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7988 Godoy-Matos A.F. , Júnior W.S.S. , Valerio C.M. . Diabetol Metab Syndr (2020). PMID: 32684985 / DOI: 10.1186/s13098-020-00570-y Yemini R. et al., Clin Transplant (2021). PMID: 34043840 / DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14374 Aminian A. et al., JAMA (2021). PMID: 34762106 / PMCID: PMC8587225 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.19569 Mollan S.P. et al., JAMA Neurol (2021). PMID: 33900360 / DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.0659 Christou N.V. et al., Ann Surg (2004). PMID: 15319713 / DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000137343.63376.19 Syn N.L. et al., Lancet (2021). PMID: 33965067 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00591-2 Carlsson L. et al., New Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 33053284 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002449 Gilmartin J. et al., JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep (2016). PMID: 27941519 / DOI: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003182

Effects of Metabolic Surgery on Type 2 Diabetes Rubino F. et al., Ann Surg (2004). PMID: 15273546 / DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000133117.12646.48 Cummings D.E. , Rubino F. . Diabetologia (2018). PMID: 29224190 / DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4513-y Gentileschi P. et al., Acta Diabetol (2021). PMID: 34003378 / DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01722-w Ikramuddin S. et al., JAMA (2013). PMID: 23736733 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.5835 Aminian A. et al., JAMA (2019). PMID: 31475297 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.14231 Mingrone G. et al., Lancet (2021). DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32649-0 Younossi Z.M. et al., Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol (2021). DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.05.064 Schauer P.R. et al., Diabetes Care (2016). PMID: 27222548 / DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0382 Sjöström L. . J Intern Med (2013). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12012 Rubino F. et al., Nat Med (2020). 317(1):60–65 PMID: 28632215 / DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0717-60 Rubino F. . Operation: Diabetes. Sci Am (2017). Batterham R.L. , Cummings D.E. . Diabetes Care (2016). PMID: 27222547 / DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0145 Evers S.S. et al., Cell Rep (2022). PMID: 110270 / DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110270 Sweeney T.E. , Morton J.M. . Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol (2014). PMID: 25194186 / DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.07.016 Lau E. et al., Diabetol Metab Syndr (2021). DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00672-1 Thaler J.P. , Cummings D.E. . Endocrinology (2009). PMID: 19372197 / DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0367 Ding L. et al., Obes Rev (2020). PMID: 32286011 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.13030 Peterli R. et al., Ann Surg (2009). PMID: 19638921 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181ae32e3 Hickey M.S. et al., Ann Surg (1998). PMID: 9605655 / DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199805000-00004 Pories W.J. et al., Ann Surg (1995). PMID: 7677463 / DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199509000-00011 Mallipedhi A. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2014). PMID: 25002324 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2014.02.038 Rubino F. , Marescaux J. . Ann Surg (2004). PMID: 14685093 / DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000102989.54824.fc Arterburn D.E. et al., Obes Surg (2013). PMID: 23161525 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-012-0802-1 Pacheco D. et al., Am J Surg (2007). PMID: 17618808 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.11.015 Rubino F. et al., Endocrinology (2005). PMID: 15625244 / DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-1181 Sjöström L. et al., N Engl J Med (2004). PMID: 15616203 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa035622 Schauer P.R. et al., N Engl J Mede (2017). PMID: 28199805 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600869 Ikramuddin S. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2015). PMID: 25979364 / DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00089-3 Liang Z. et al., Diabetes Res Clin Pract (2013). PMID: 23706413 / DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.04.005 Eliasson B. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2015). DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00334-4 Sjöström L. et al., JAMA (2014). PMID: 24915261 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.5988 Cohen R.V. et al., JAMA Surg (2020). DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.0420 Schauer P.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2014). PMID: 24679060 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1401329 Mingrone G. et al., Lancet (2015). PMID: 26369473 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00075-6 Sjöholm K. et al., Diabetes Care (2021). DOI: 10.2337/dc21-1335 Syn N.L. et al., Lancet (2021). PMID: 33965067 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00591-2 Gulliford M.C. et al., Value Health (2017). PMID: 28212974 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2016.08.734 Keating C. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2015). PMID: 26386667 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00290-9 Schauer P.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 28199805 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600869 Rubino F. et al., Diabetes Care (2016). PMID: 27222544 / DOI: 10.2337/dc16-0236 Welbourn R. et al., Obes Surg (2019). PMID: 30421326 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3593-1 Sethi M. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2016). PMID: 27425842 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.03.006 Steenackers N. et al., BMC Geriatr (2021). PMID: 34736423 / DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02578-z Anderson B. et al., Gastroenterol Res Pract (2013). PMID: 24639868 / DOI: 10.1155/2013/974762 Panunzi S. et al., Diabetes Care (2016). PMID: 26628418 / DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0575 Lemus R. et al., Surg Endosc (2018). PMID: 28842774 / DOI: 10.1007/s00464-017-5777-5 McGlone E.R. et al., PLoS Med (2020). PMID: 33285553 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003228 Peterli R. et al., JAMA (2018). PMID: 29340679 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.20897 Salminen P. et al., JAMA (2018). PMID: 29340676 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.20313 Kang J.H. , Le Q.A. . Medicine (Baltimore) (2017). PMID: 29145284 / DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000008632

Maciejewski M.L. et al., JAMA Surg (2016). PMID: 27579793 / DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2317 Sudan R. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2017). PMID: 28236529 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.01.021 Arterburn D. et al., Ann Intern Med (2018). PMID: 30383139 / DOI: 10.7326/m17-2786 O'Brien P.E. et al., Obes Surg (2019). PMID: 30293134 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3525-0 Panagiotou O.A. et al., JAMA Surg (2018). PMID: 30193303 / DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2018.3326 Adams T.D. et al., JAMA (2012). PMID: 22990271 / DOI: 10.1001/2012.jama.11164 Aminian A. et al., Diabetes Care (2021). DOI: 10.2337/dc20-3023 Cummings D.E. , Cohen R.V. . Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2014). PMID: 24622721 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70198-0 Panunzi S. et al., Ann Surg (2015). PMID: 25361217 / DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000000863 Wentworth J.M. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70066-X Pories W.J. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2010). PMID: 20150899 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.8 Rausa E. et al., Obes Surg (2016). PMID: 27189352 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2231-z Flum D.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2009). PMID: 19641201 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0901836 Nguyen N.T. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2013). PMID: 22892343 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2012.07.002 Campos G.M. et al., Ann Surg (2020). PMID: 00000658-202002000-00001 / DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003554 Berger E.R. et al., Ann Surg (2018). PMID: 00000658-201801000-00021 / DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002079 Lim R. et al., Trauma Surg Acute Care Open (2018). DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2018-000219 Nguyen N.T. , Wilson S.E. . Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol (2007). DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep0734 Backman O. et al., Br J Surg (2016). PMID: 27467694 / DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10258 Lupoli R. et al., World J Diabetes (2017). PMID: 29204255 / DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i11.464 Woodard G.A. et al., J Am Coll Surg (2011). PMID: 21183366 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.09.020

Cardiovascular Outcomes in Metabolic Surgery Amini M. et al., BMC Public Health (2021). PMID: 33632204 / DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10429-0 Roth G.A. et al., Lancet (2018). DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32203-7 Kyu H.H. et al., Lancet (2018). PMID: WOS:000449710900006 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32335-3 Marinou K. et al., Int J Cardiol (2010). PMID: 19398137 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.03.135 Poirier P. et al., Circulation (2006). PMID: 16380542 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171016 Koliaki C. et al., Metabolism (2019). PMID: 30399375 / DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.011 Chakko S. et al., Am J Cardiol (1991). PMID: / DOI: 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90718-z Lavie C.J. et al., Chest (1987). PMID: 2960499 / DOI: 10.1378/chest.92.6.1042 Syn N.L. et al., Lancet (2021). PMID: 33965067 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00591-2 Doumouras A.G. et al., Circulation (2021). PMID: 33813836 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052386 Wiggins T. et al., PLOS Med (2020). PMID: 32722673 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003206 Singh P. et al., Br J Surg (2020). PMID: 31965568 / DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11433 Carlsson L.M.S. et al., N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 33053284 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002449 Lent M.R. et al., Diabetes Care (2017). PMID: 28760742 / DOI: 10.2337/dc17-0519 Thereaux J. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2019). DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30191-3 Arterburn D.E. et al., JAMA (2015). PMID: 25562267 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.16968 Doumouras A.G. et al., JAMA Netw Open (2021). PMID: 33900401 / DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6820 Aminian A. et al., JAMA (2019). PMID: 31475297 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.14231 Ceriani V. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2019). PMID: 30470806 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0244-5 Eliasson B. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2015). DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(15)00334-4 Doumouras A.G. et al., Ann Intern Med (2020). PMID: 32805135 / DOI: 10.7326/M19-3925 Davidson L.E. et al., JAMA Surg (2016). PMID: 26864395 / DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.5501 Tak Y.J. , Lee S.Y. . Curr Obes Rep (2021). PMID: 33410104 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00422-w Son J.W. , Kim S. . Diabetes Metab J (2020). PMID: 33389955 / DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0258 Pilitsi E. et al., Metabolism (2019). PMID: 30391259 / DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.10.010 Dicker D. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 33150480 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05068-0 Pontiroli A.E. et al., Cardiovasc Diabetol (2016). PMID: 26922059 / DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0347-z Sheng B. et al., Obes Surg (2017). PMID: 28801703 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-2866-4 Kauppila J.H. et al., Gastroenterology (2019). PMID: 30940524 / DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.048 Sjostrom L. et al., JAMA (2012). PMID: 22215166 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1914 Adams T.D. et al., N Engl J Med (2007). PMID: 17715409 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa066603 Pirlet C. et al., Obes Surg (2020). PMID: 32080798 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04467-7 Näslund E. et al., Circulation (2021). PMID: 33103469 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048585 Bethel M.A. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2018). DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30412-6 Aleassa E.M. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2019). PMID: 31147281 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.03.021 Stenberg E. et al., PLOS Med (2021). PMID: 34723954 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003817 Aminian A. et al., Diabetes Obes Metab (2019). PMID: 31050119 / DOI: 10.1111/dom.13765 Benotti P.N. et al., J Am Heart Assoc (2017). PMID: 28536154 / DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.116.005126 Moussa O. et al., Eur Heart J (2020). PMID: 32188981 / DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa069 Lynch K.T. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2019). PMID: 30611665 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.11.021

Jamaly S. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2016). PMID: 27931605 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.940 Chokesuwattanaskul R. et al., Intern Med J (2020). PMID: 31314166 / DOI: 10.1111/imj.14436 Sundstrom J. et al., Circulation (2017). PMID: 28258170 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025629 Hoskuldsdottir G. et al., J Am Heart Assoc (2021). PMID: 33754795 / DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.120.019323 Kindel T.L. , Strande J.L. . Surg Obes Relat Dis (2018). PMID: 29108893 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2017.09.534 Thereaux J. et al., Br J Surg (2019). PMID: 30325504 / DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10999 Douglas I.J. et al., PLOS Med (2015). PMID: 26694640 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001925 Williams M.D. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 34620565 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.09.006 Cobeta P. et al., Obes Surg (2020). PMID: 31925727 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04405-750 Fisher D.P. et al., JAMA (2018). PMID: 30326126 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.14619 Scott J.D. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2013). PMID: 22014480 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2011.09.002 Yuan H. et al., Front Cardiovasc Med (2021). PMID: 33928133 / DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.647118 Donnellan E. et al., Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol (2019). PMID: 31610693 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCEP.119.007598 Donnellan E. et al., Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol (2020). PMID: 31940441 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCEP.119.007626 Shimada Y.J. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2016). PMID: 26916477 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.016 Ramani G.V. et al., Clin Cardiol (2008). PMID: 19006115 / DOI: 10.1002/clc.20315 Miranda W.R. et al., Obes Surg (2013). PMID: 23604694 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-0953-8 Wikiel K.J. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2014). PMID: 24462310 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.11.002 Orandi B.J. et al., Am J Surg (2020). PMID: 32600846 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.04.041 Lim C.P. et al., Obes Surg (2016). PMID: 26163362 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1789-1 Sarmiento-Cobos M. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 34090816 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.05.004 Aggarwal R. et al., Obes Surg (2016). PMID: 26328532 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1866-5 Arterburn D.E. et al., JAMA (2020). PMID: 32870301 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.12567 Schiavon C.A. et al., Circulation (2018). PMID: 29133606 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032130 Schiavon C.A. et al., Ann Intern Med (2020). PMID: 32805133 / DOI: 10.7326/M19-3781 Schiavon C.A. et al., Hypertension (2019). PMID: 30661477 / DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12290 Ikramuddin S. et al., JAMA (2018). PMID: 29340678 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.20813 Ricci C. et al., Obes Surg (2015). PMID: 25240392 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1442-4 Sjostrom L. et al., N Engl J Med (2004). PMID: 15616203 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa035622

Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Cancer Kitahara C.M. et al., PLOS Med (2014). PMID: 25003901 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001673 Bhaskaran K. et al., Lancet (2014). PMID: 25129328 / DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60892-8 Lauby-Secretan B. et al., N Engl J Med (2016). PMID: 27557308 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsr1606602 Ward Z.J. et al., N Engl J Med (2019). PMID: 31851800 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1909301 Drope J. et al., CA Cancer J Clin (2018). PMID: 29384589 / DOI: 10.3322/caac.21444 Ligibel J.A. et al., J Clin Oncol (2014). PMID: 25273035 / DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2014.58.4680 Steele C.B. et al., MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (2017). PMID: 28981482 / DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6639e1 Islami F. et al., CA Cancer J Clin (2018). PMID: 29160902 / DOI: 10.3322/caac.21440 Hong Y.R. et al., Value Health (2019). PMID: 31806194 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2019.07.004 Hu Y. et al., J Natl Cancer Inst (2021). PMID: 33225344 / DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaa141 Tu H. et al., BMJ (2018). PMID: 29386192 / DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k134 Hasin T. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2013). PMID: 23810869 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.088 Hasin T. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2016). PMID: 27417004 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.053 van Kruijsdijk R.C. et al., Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2013). PMID: 23677576 / DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0090 Alameddine A.K. et al., Am J Clin Oncol (2017). PMID: 25198111 / DOI: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000120 Roderburg C. et al., ESC Heart Fail (2021). PMID: 34180146 / DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13421 Calle E.E. et al., N Engl J Med (2003). PMID: 12711737 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa021423 Luo J. et al., Jnci Cancer Spect (2019). PMID: 31737862 / DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkz054 Chlebowski R.T. et al., Cancer (2019). PMID: 30294816 / DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31687 Luo J. et al., J Clin Oncol (2017). PMID: 28165909 / DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2016.70.5822 Teras L.R. et al., J Natl Cancer Inst (2020). PMID: 31845728 / DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz226 Parker E.D. , Folsom A.R. . Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord (2003). PMID: 14634673 / DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802437 Wood G.C. et al., PLOS One (2021). PMID: 34731171 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258545 Christakoudi S. et al., Int J Cancer (2021). PMID: 33038275 / DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33339 Furer A. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2020). PMID: 32027851 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30019-X Ward Z.J. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 29171811 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1703860 Sung H. et al., Lancet Public Health (2019). PMID: WOS:000460573700009 / DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30267-6 Fang Z. et al., J Natl Cancer Inst (2021). PMID: 34021349 / DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djab102 Ballard-Barbash R. et al., J Natl Cancer Inst (2009). PMID: 19401543 / DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp068 Look A.R.G. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 32841523 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22936 Brown J.C. , McTiernan A. . Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 32841526 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22962 Nadler D.L. , Zurbenko I.G. . ISRN Epidemiology (2013). DOI: 10.5402/2013/750857

Jensen M.D. et al., Circulation (2014). DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee Look A.R.G. et al., N Engl J Med (2013). PMID: 23796131 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1212914 Knowler W.C. et al., N Engl J Med (2002). PMID: 11832527 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa012512 Laughlin M.R. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2021). PMID: 33759392 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23079 Brown J.C. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2021). PMID: 34029445 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23161 Courcoulas A.P. et al., JAMA Surg (2014). PMID: 25271405 / DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2014.2440 O'Brien P.E. et al., Obes Surg (2019). PMID: 30293134 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3525-0 Courcoulas A.P. et al., JAMA Surg (2018). PMID: 29214306 / DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.5025 Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) Consortium et al., N Engl J Med (2009). PMID: 19641201 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0901836 Schauer P.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 28199805 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600869 Sjostrom L. et al., Lancet Oncol (2009). PMID: 19556163 / DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70159-7 Adams T.D. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2009). PMID: 19148123 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.610 Zhang K. et al., Obes Surg (2020). PMID: 31865552 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04368-4 Schauer D.P. et al., Ann Surg (2019). PMID: 28938270 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002525 Lovrics O. et al., Am J Surg (2021). PMID: 33771341 / DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.03.016 Feigelson H.S. et al., Ann Surg (2020). PMID: 30998538 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003331 Anderson G.L. , Neuhouser M.L. . Cancer Prev Res (Phila) (2012). PMID: 22392012 / DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-12-0091 Winder A.A. et al., Obes Surg (2018). PMID: 29512036 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3151-x MacKintosh M.L. et al., Int J Cancer (2019). PMID: 30289975 / DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31913 Argenta P.A. et al., BJOG (2013). PMID: 23231632 / DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12100 Derogar M. et al., Ann Surg (2013). PMID: 23470581 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318288463a Bailly L. et al., JAMA Surg (2020). PMID: 32159744 / DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.0089 Taube M. et al., PLOS ONE (2021). PMID: 33764991 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248550 Almazeedi S. et al., Br J Surg (2020). PMID: 31976551 / DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11494 Kedrin D. et al., Clin Transl Gastroenterol (2017). PMID: 28181993 / DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2017.1 Davidson L.E. , Adams T.D. . JAMA Surg (2020). PMID: 32159737 / DOI: 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.0090 Hull M.A. et al., Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol (2018). PMID: 30267023 / DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0070-1 Tsui S.T. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2020). PMID: 32737010 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.06.026 Taube M. et al., JAMA Dermatol (2020). PMID: 31664428 / DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2019.3240 Arterburn D. et al., Ann Intern Med (2018). PMID: 30383139 / DOI: 10.7326/M17-2786 Campos G.M. et al., Ann Surg (2020). PMID: 31425292 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003554 Tsui S.T. et al., Surg Endosc (2021). PMID: 32851468 / DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-07915-8 Khalid S.I. et al., Ann Surg (2022). PMID: 34183506 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005035 Rustgi V.K. et al., Gastroenterology (2021). PMID: 33744305 / DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.021 Schauer D.P. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2017). PMID: 29086527 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22002 Stroud A.M. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2020). PMID: 32471725 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.04.012 Liu N. , Funk L.M. . Ann Surg (2020). PMID: 31800491 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003714 Murphy N. et al., Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol (2018). PMID: 29970888 / DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0038-1 Park J. et al., Nat Rev Endocrinol (2014). PMID: 24935119 / DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.94 Bhatt D.L. et al., J Am Coll Cardiol (2019). PMID: 31296299 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.04.058 O'Rourke R.W. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2019). PMID: 29777230 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0088-z Askarpour M. et al., Obes Surg (2019). PMID: 31093862 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-03926-0 Anveden A. et al., Gynecol Oncol (2017). PMID: 28259424 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.02.036 Williams A.D. et al., Breast Cancer Res Treat (2017). PMID: 28660430 / DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4361-y Carlsson L.M.S. et al., N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 33053284 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002449 Ghiassi S. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2020). PMID: 32359998 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.03.019 Tranchart H. et al., Surg Endosc (2021). PMID: 33078225 / DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-08091-5 Lee E. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2022). PMID: 34740554 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.09.017 Park S.M. et al., J Clin Oncol (2007). PMID: 17947733 / DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2006.10.3416 Feigelson H.S. et al., J Natl Cancer Inst (2021). PMID: 33823007 / DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djab053 King M.C. et al., Science (2003). PMID: 14576434 / DOI: 10.1126/science.1088759 Zhang S. et al., Obes Surg (2020). PMID: 31359344 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04099-6 Gomez C.O. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2019). DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.08.054 Flegal K.M. et al., JAMA (2016). PMID: 27272580 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.6458 DeSantis C.E. et al., CA Cancer J Clin (2019). PMID: 30762872 / DOI: 10.3322/caac.21555 Yoshino M. et al., N Engl J Med (2020). PMID: 32813948 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2003697 Sauter E.R. , Heckman-Stoddard B. . Cancers (Basel) (2021). PMID: 34202319 / DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133183 Sinclair P. et al., Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol (2018). PMID: 30181611 / DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0057-y Guzzardi M.A. et al., Int J Obes (Lond) (2021). PMID: 34088971 / DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00865-8 Bruno D.S. , Berger N.A. . Ann Transl Med (2020). PMID: 32309417 / DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.09.26 Arterburn D.E. et al., JAMA (2020). PMID: 32870301 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.12567

Bariatric Surgery in Pediatric Patients Prevention CfDCa . Childhood Obesity Facts 2019 [updated June 24, 2019]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html Fryar C.D. , Carroll M.D. , Ogden C.L. . Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 2–19 years: United States, 1963–1965 through 2013–2014 2016 [updated July 2016]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity_child_13_14/obesity_child_13_14.htm Malhotra S. et al., Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes (2021). PMID: 33229926 / DOI: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000592 Berkowitz R.I. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2011). PMID: 21151016 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.288 Andela S. et al., Obes Rev (2019). PMID: 30734459 / DOI: 10.1111/obr.12830 Srivastava G. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2019). PMID: 30677262 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22385 Pratt J.S.A. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2018). PMID: 30077361 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.03.019 Inge T.H. et al., N Engl J Med (2019). PMID: 31116917 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1813909 Inge T.H. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2018). PMID: 29793877 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.04.002 Inge T.H. et al., JAMA Pediatr (2018). PMID: 29532078 / DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5763 Inge T.H. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2017). PMID: 28065736 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30315-1 Inge T.H. et al., N Engl J Med (2016). PMID: 26544725 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506699 Rosenbaum M. . Special Considerations Relevant to Pediatric Obesity. In: Feingold K.R. , Anawalt B. , Boyce A. , Chrousos G. , de Herder W.W. , Dhatariya K. et al., editors. Endotext. NIH/NLM/NCBI Books: South Dartmouth, MA; 2000. Ogle S.B. et al., Pediatrics (2021). PMID: 33526606 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-024182 Alqahtani A. et al., Ann Surg (2016). PMID: 26496081 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001278 Alqahtani A.R. et al., Ann Surg (2012). PMID: 22504281 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318251e92b Poliakin L. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2020). PMID: 32709580 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.05.028 Varela J.E. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2007). PMID: 17903775 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2007.07.002 Grant H.M. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 33839047 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.02.030 Inge T.H. et al., J Pediatr (2010). PMID: 19775700 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.07.028 Norain A. et al., Obes Surg (2019). PMID: 31044352 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-03867-8 Juonala M. et al., N Engl J Med (2011). PMID: 22087679 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1010112 Tirosh A. et al., N Engl J Med (2011). PMID: 21470009 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1006992 Abdullah A. et al., Public Health Nutr (2011). PMID: 20587115 / DOI: 10.1017/S1368980010001813 Lee J.M. et al., Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med (2012). PMID: 22213749 / DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.166.1.42 Caniano D.A. . Semin Pediatr Surg (2009). PMID: 19573761 / DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2009.04.009 Stroud A.M. et al., J Pediatr Surg (2016). PMID: 27261561 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.02.036 Styne D.M. et al., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2017). PMID: 28359099 / DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016-2573 Armstrong S.C. et al., Pediatrics (2019). PMID: 31656225 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-3223 Nobili V. et al., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr (2015). PMID: 25591123 / DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000715 Fontaine K.R. et al., JAMA (2003). PMID: 12517229 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.289.2.187 Greenberg J.A. . Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23404873 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20023 Geserick M. et al., N Engl J Med (2018). PMID: 30281992 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1803527 Abdullah A. et al., Glob Health Action (2016). PMID: 27369220 / DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.30421 Abdullah A. et al., BMJ Open (2014). PMID: 25231490 / DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005629 Arnold M. et al., PLOS Med (2016). PMID: 27529652 / DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002081 Luo J. et al., Diabetologia (2020). PMID: 31858184 / DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05058-7 Barrett T. et al., Pediatr Diabetes (2020). PMID: 31804738 / DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12953 Lerret S.M. et al., Gastroenterol Nurs (2011). PMID: 22129796 / DOI: 10.1097/SGA.0b013e3182371356 Ryder J.R. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2018). PMID: 29732716 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22196 Armstrong S.C. et al., Pediatrics (2019). PMID: 31656225 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-3223 Pratt J.S.A. et al., Semin Pediatr Surg (2020). PMID: 32238283 / DOI: 10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2020.150890 Messiah S.E. et al., Ann Surg (2020). PMID: 32941272 / DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004493 Perez N.P. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2019). PMID: 31917198 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.11.020 Woolford S.J. et al., Obes Surg (2010). PMID: 20401742 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-010-0152-9 Roebroek Y.G.M. et al., World J Surg (2019). PMID: 30478687 / DOI: 10.1007/s00268-018-4874-5 Ogle S.B. et al., Pediatr Obes (2021). PMID: 34296818 / DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12830 Baltasar A. et al., Obes Surg (2008). PMID: 18401672 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-007-9328-3 Muensterer O.J. , Agha R.A. . Int J Surg Case Rep (2013). PMID: 24161250 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2013.10.001 Inge T.H. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2018). PMID: 29793877 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.04.002 Alqahtani A. et al., Surg Endosc (2012). PMID: 22648112 / DOI: 10.1007/s00464-012-2345-x Jackson W.L. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2020). PMID: 31843455 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2019.11.009 Mocanu V. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 33548012 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05248-6 Dewberry L.C. et al., J Pediatr Surg (2019). PMID: 30879757 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.02.032 Yalcin S. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2020). PMID: 32847759 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.07.016 Beamish A.J. , Reinehr T. . Eur J Endocrinol (2017). PMID: 28174231 / DOI: 10.1530/EJE-16-0906 Benedix F. et al., Obes Surg (2017). PMID: 28293902 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-2640-7

Khidir N. et al., Obes Surg (2018). PMID: 29430596 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3139-6 Xanthakos S.A. et al., Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol (2020). PMID: 31706057 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.10.048 Kaulfers A.M. et al., Pediatrics (2011). PMID: 21444596 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-0785 Modi A.C. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23404956 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20031 Inge T.H. et al., N Engl J Med (2016). PMID: 26544725 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506699 Campos G.M. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 33875361 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.03.007 El Haija M.A. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 34417117 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2021.07.010 Mechanick J.I. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2013). PMID: 23529939 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.20461 Escobar-Morreale H.F. et al., Hum Reprod Update (2017). PMID: 28486593 / DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmx012 Obstet Gynecol (2009). PMID: 19461456 / DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181ac0544 de Bastos M. et al., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2014). PMID: 24590565 / DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010813.pub2 Obstet Gynecol (2018). PMID: 29683910 / DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000002632 Apter D. . J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol (2019). PMID: 31585617 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2019.04.009 Olbers T. et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (2017). PMID: 28065734 / DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30424-7 Derderian S.C. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2020). PMID: 33230961 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23038 Alqahtani A.R. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2014). PMID: 25439000 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2014.01.020 Chalklin C.G. et al., Curr Obes Rep (2021). PMID: 33725324 / DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00423-3 Stanford F.C. et al., Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) (2020). PMID: 32265846 / DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00157 Ruiz-Cota P. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2019). PMID: 30514669 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2018.10.016 Mohammed M.R. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 33624214 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05285-1 Kaar J.L. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2021). PMID: 33478907 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.12.003 Vilallonga R. et al., Obes Facts (2016). PMID: 27035348 / DOI: 10.1159/000442758 Inge T.H. et al., Pediatrics (2009). PMID: 19117885 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-0522 Syn N.L. et al., Lancet (2021). PMID: 33965067 / DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00591-2 Stefater M.A. , Inge T.H. . Curr Diab Rep (2017). PMID: 28681327 / DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0887-y Chow A. et al., J Obes (2016). PMID: 27375900 / DOI: 10.1155/2016/6170719 Michalsky M.P. et al., Pediatrics (2018). PMID: 29311357 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-2485 Chen X. , Wang Y. . Circulation (2008). PMID: 18559702 / DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.730366 Kwok C.S. et al., Int J Cardiol (2014). PMID: 24636546 / DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.02.026 Sjostrom L. et al., JAMA (2012). PMID: 22215166 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.1914 Beamish A.J. et al., Nat Rev Cardiol (2016). PMID: 27762312 / DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.162 Burton E.T. et al., J Clin Psychol Med Settings (2020). PMID: 32333235 / DOI: 10.1007/s10880-020-09717-5 Rankin J. et al., Adolesc Health Med Ther (2016). PMID: 27881930 / DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.S101631 He J. et al., Int J Eat Disord (2017). PMID: 28039879 / DOI: 10.1002/eat.22661 Goldschmidt A.B. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2021). PMID: 33759383 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.23126 Bout-Tabaku S. et al., Pediatrics (2019). PMID: 31744891 / DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-1399 Hunsaker S.L. et al., J Adolesc Health (2018). PMID: 29724670 / DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.12.021 Gortmaker S.L. et al., N Engl J Med (1993). PMID: 8366901 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199309303291406 Puhl R. , Brownell K.D. . Obes Res (2001). PMID: 11743063 / DOI: 10.1038/oby.2001.108 Gates D.M. et al., J Occup Environ Med (2008). PMID: 18188080 / DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31815d8db2 Agranat-Meged A.N. et al., Int J Eat Disord (2005). PMID: 15856493 / DOI: 10.1002/eat.20096 Pearce A.L. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2017). PMID: 29086502 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.22013 Matheson B.E. et al., Obes Surg (2019). PMID: 31637672 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04219-2

Other Bariatric Procedures Dixon J.B. . World J Surg (2009). PMID: 19421812 / DOI: 10.1007/s00268-009-0062-y Ikramuddin S. et al., JAMA (2013). PMID: 24189645 / DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.280927 Schauer P.R. et al., N Engl J Med (2017). PMID: 28199805 / DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1600869 Kremen A.J. et al., Ann Surg (1954). PMID: 13198079 / DOI: 10.1097/00000658-195409000-00018 Griffen WO, Jr. et al., Ann Surg (1977). PMID: 907395 / DOI: 10.1097/00000658-197710000-00012 Mason E.E. et al., Surg Clin North Am (1967). PMID: 6073761 / DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)38384-0 Mason E.E. et al., Arch Surg (1982). PMID: 7073493 / DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.1982.01380290147026 Angrisani L. et al., Obes Surg (2021). PMID: 33432483 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-05207-7 Carrano F.M. et al., Obes Surg (2020). PMID: 31802407 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04302-8 Shikora S.A. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2009). PMID: 19071066 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2008.09.012 Sarr M.G. et al., Obes Surg (2012). PMID: 22956251 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-012-0751-8 Shikora S.A. et al., Obes Surg (2013). PMID: 26471783 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1914-1 Shikora S. et al., J Obes (2013). PMID: 245683 / DOI: 10.1155/2013/245683 Shikora S.A. et al., J Obes (2015). PMID: 365604 / DOI: 10..1155/2015/365604 Shikora S.A. et al., Obes Surg (2016). PMID: 26471783 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1914-1 Herrera M.T. et al., J Diab Obes (2017). DOI: 10.15436/2376-0494.17.1250 Kotinda A. et al., Obes Surg (2020). PMID: 32300945 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-020-04558-5 Vargas E.J. et al., Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol (2018). PMID: 29425781 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.01.046

Fogel R. et al., Gastrointest Endosc (2008). PMID: 18355825 / DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2007.10.061 Brethauer S.A. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2010). PMID: 20947451 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2010.07.012 Brethauer S.A. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2012). PMID: 22178565 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2011.10.016 Familiari P. et al., Gastrointest Endosc (2011). PMID: 22136774 / DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.08.046 Chiellini C. et al., Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2010). PMID: 19500959 / DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2009.03.012 Nanni G. et al., Obes Surg (2012). PMID: 23001571 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-012-0770-5 Moreno C. et al., Endoscopy (2008). PMID: 18459077 / DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-995748 Deviere J. et al., Surg Endosc (2008). PMID: 17973163 / DOI: 10.1007/s00464-007-9662-5 Espinos J.C. et al., Obes Surg (2013). PMID: 23591548 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-0937-8 Miller K. et al., Obes Surg (2017). PMID: 27468907 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2295-9 Lopez-Nava G. et al., Surg Obes Relat Dis (2015). PMID: 25701201 / DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2014.09.026 Sullivan S. et al., Obesity (Silver Spring) (2017). PMID: 28000425 / DOI: 10.1002/oby.21702 Khan Z. et al., Obes Surg (2019). PMID: 30982170 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-03865-w Lopez-Nava G. et al., VideoGIE (2020). PMID: 32154476 / DOI: 10.1016/j.vgie.2019.11.010 Lopez Nava G. et al., Endoscopy (2021). PMID: 33246352 / DOI: 10.1055/a-1324-8498 Lopez-Nava G. et al., Endosc Int Open (2016). PMID: 26878054 / DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-110771 Sharaiha R.Z. et al., Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol (2017). PMID: 28017845 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.12.012 Sartoretto A. et al., Obes Surg (2018). PMID: 29450845 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3135-x Hedjoudje A. et al., Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol (2020). PMID: 31442601 / DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.08.022 Jirapinyo P. et al., Clin Endosc (2020). PMID: 32106362 / DOI: 10.5946/ce.2019.181 Thompson C.C. et al., Am J Gastroenterol (2017). PMID: 27922026 / DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.500 Sauer N. et al., Obes Surg (2013). PMID: 23780702 / DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-1005-0