Handbook of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry [1st ed.] 9780471490838, 0-471-49083-0

Table of contents :
Volume 1......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd......Page 3
Contributors List......Page 4
Foreword......Page 8
Preface......Page 9
Volume 2......Page 11
6. Surface Chemistry in Paints......Page 12
9. Colloidal Processing of Ceramics......Page 13
12. Anionic Surfactants......Page 14
15. Zwitterionic and Amphoteric Surfactants......Page 15
19. Physico-Chemical Properties of Surfactants......Page 16
20. Surfactant-Polymer Systems......Page 17
23. Molecular Dynamics Computer Simulations of Surfactants......Page 18
3. Vesicles......Page 19
7. Wetting, Spreading and Penetration......Page 20
11. Measuring Equilibrium Surface Tensions......Page 21
15. Measuring Micelle Size and Shape......Page 22
19. Measurement of Electrokinetic Phenomena in Surface Chemistry......Page 23
22. Measuring Adsorption......Page 24
Part I. Surface Chemistry in Important Technologies......Page 25
1.1 Introduction......Page 26
1.2 Surface Activity of Drugs......Page 27
1.3 Effects of Drug Surface Activity on Formulation Structure and Stability......Page 29
1.4 Drug Delivery through Dispersed Colloidal Systems......Page 31
1.5 Drug Delivery through Thermodynamically Stable Systems......Page 38
1.6 Responsive Systems......Page 47
1.7 Biodegradable Systems......Page 49
1.9 References......Page 53
2.2 Colloids in Liquids......Page 62
2.3 Interparticle Interactions in Liquids......Page 65
2.4 Surface-Active Components......Page 67
2.5 Particles and Surfaces in Air......Page 71
2.7 References......Page 74
3.1 Introduction......Page 76
3.2 Surface Tension and Wetting......Page 77
3.3 Adsorption at the Solid/Liquid Interface......Page 81
3.4 Complexation and Ion Exchange......Page 84
3.5 Liquid/Liquid Interface......Page 88
3.6 Phase Behaviour of Surfactant Systems......Page 90
3.7 Foaming......Page 94
3.8 References......Page 95
4.1 Introduction......Page 96
4.2 Surface Chemistry in Emulsifiable Concentrates......Page 97
4.3 Surface Chemistry of Emulsion Concentrates......Page 99
4.4 Surface Chemistry in Suspension Concentrates......Page 101
4.5 Surface Chemistry in the Application of Agrochemical Formulations......Page 103
4.6 References......Page 106
5.1 Introduction......Page 107
5.2 Surfaces and Particles in Photographic Technology......Page 112
5.3 Particles and Colloids in Photographic Technology......Page 116
5.4 Coupler Dispersions......Page 121
5.5 Adsorber Dyes and Filter Dyes......Page 123
5.6 Matte Beads......Page 125
5.7 References......Page 126
6.2 Competitive Adsorption of Surfactants......Page 127
6.3 The Binder-Emulsion Preparation and Film Formation......Page 129
6.4 Pigment Dispersant......Page 135
6.5 Wetting of the Substrate......Page 141
6.6 Use of Speciality Surfactants......Page 143
6.7 Bibliography......Page 144
7. Surface Chemistry of Paper......Page 145
7.1 Introduction......Page 146
7.2 Fibre Properties......Page 147
7.3 Paper Formation......Page 150
7.4 Internal Sizing of Paper......Page 160
7.5 Dry and Wet Strength of Paper......Page 167
7.6 Surface Treatment of Paper......Page 168
7.7 Wettability and Absorbency of Paper......Page 176
7.8 Characterization of Paper Properties......Page 184
7.10 References......Page 193
8.1 Introduction......Page 196
8.2 A Little Relevant Thermodynamics......Page 197
8.3 Emulsification......Page 200
8.4 Stability of Emulsions......Page 207
8.5 Comminution or Condensation Techniques-What Makes the Difference?......Page 211
8.6 Polymerization of (or in) Monomer Emulsions......Page 212
8.7 Fixation of an Emulsion by Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Media-Fact or Fancy?......Page 217
8.8 References......Page 219
9.1 Introduction......Page 222
9.2 Powder Processing of Ceramics......Page 223
9.3 Interparticle Forces and Colloidal Stability......Page 224
9.4 Deagglomeration and Dispersion......Page 227
9.5 Rheological Properties of Ceramic Suspensions......Page 229
9.6 Consolidation......Page 233
9.7 Drying and Binder Burnout......Page 237
9.9 References......Page 238
10.1 Introduction......Page 240
10.2 Surface Chemistry......Page 241
10.3 The Electrical Double-Layer......Page 243
10.4 Zeta Potential (Electrokinetic Potential)......Page 245
10.5 Electrostatic Forces......Page 247
10.6 Manipulating Surface Behaviour by Polymer Adsorption......Page 250
10.7 Manipulating Surface Behaviour by Surfactant Adsorption......Page 254
10.8 Particle Processing......Page 260
10.9 References......Page 271
11.1 Introduction......Page 272
11.2 Fundamentals......Page 273
11.3 Applications......Page 280
11.5 References......Page 287
Part II. Surfactants......Page 289
12.1 Introduction......Page 290
12.2 Soap......Page 291
12.3 Alkyl Sulfates......Page 292
12.5 Alkyl Ether Carboxylates......Page 294
12.6 alpha-Olefinesulfonates......Page 295
12.7 alpha-Sulfo Fatty Acid Methyl Esters......Page 296
12.10 Alkylbenzene Sulfonates......Page 297
12.11 Alkane Sulfonates......Page 301
12.12 Esters of Phosphoric Acid......Page 304
12.13 Sulfosuccinates......Page 308
12.14 Anionic Surfactants with Special Properties......Page 310
12.16 Bibliography......Page 311
13. Nonionic Surfactants......Page 312
13.2 Nonionic Hydrophobes......Page 313
13.3 Nonionic Hydrophiles......Page 317
13.4 Common Nonionic Surfactants......Page 320
13.5 References......Page 327
14. Cationic Surfactants......Page 328
14.1 General Introduction......Page 329
14.2 The Synthesis and Manufacture of Cationic Surfactants......Page 330
14.3 Cationic Surfactants in Fabric Softening......Page 333
14.4 Cationic Surfactants in Biocides......Page 337
14.5 Cationic Surfactants in Hard Surface Cleaning......Page 340
14.6 Cationic Surfactants in Laundry Detergents......Page 345
14.7 Cationic Surfactants in Personal Care......Page 346
14.8 Cationic Surfactants in Paper Processing......Page 350
14.9 Cationic Surfactants in Conveyor Lubricants......Page 351
14.10 Cationic Surfactants in Road Construction......Page 353
14.12 Cationic Surfactants in Oilfield......Page 356
14.13 Cationic Surfactants in Agricultural Formulations......Page 360
14.14 Cationic Surfactants in Organoclays......Page 362
14.15 Cationic Surfactants in Mining......Page 363
14.17 References......Page 366
15.1 Introduction......Page 368
15.2 Chemistry of Zwitterionic Surfactants......Page 369
15.3 Chemistry of Amphoteric Surfactants......Page 374
15.4 Analysis of Zwitterionic and Amphoteric Surfactants......Page 380
15.5 Physico-Chemical Properties......Page 381
15.6 Ecological and Toxicological Properties of Zwitterionic and Amphoteric Surfactants......Page 383
15.7 Application Properties......Page 384
15.8 Applications......Page 386
15.9 References......Page 388
16.1 Introduction......Page 392
16.2 Solution Properties of Polymeric Surfactants......Page 393
16.3 Adsorption and Conformation of Polymeric Surfactants at Interfaces......Page 396
16.4 Stabilization of Dispersions Containing Polymeric Surfactants......Page 400
16.5 References......Page 403
17.1 Gemini Surfactants......Page 404
17.2 Cleavable Surfactants......Page 409
17.3 Polymerizable Surfactants......Page 416
17.4 Bibliography......Page 424
18.1 Introduction......Page 425
18.2 Structure of Hydrotropic Compounds......Page 426
18.3 Function and Mechanism......Page 427
18.4 Applications......Page 433
18.5 References......Page 437
19.1 Different Surfactant Systems......Page 439
19.2 Surfactants Start to Form Micelles at the CMC......Page 440
19.3 The CMC Depends on the Chemical Structure......Page 441
19.4 Temperature and Cosolutes Affect the CMC......Page 443
19.5 The Solubility of Surfactants May Be Strongly Temperature-Dependent......Page 445
19.6 Driving Forces of Micelle Formation and Thermodynamic Models......Page 446
19.7 The Association Process and Couterion Binding Can Be Monitored by NMR Spectroscopy......Page 448
19.9 Micelle Size and Structure May Vary......Page 449
19.10 A Geometrical Consideration of Chain Packing Is Useful......Page 450
19.11 Kinetics of Micelle Formation......Page 451
19.12 Surfactants May Form Aggregates in Other Solvents Than Water......Page 452
19.14 Micelle Type and Size Vary with Concentration......Page 453
19.15 Micellar Growth Is Different for Different Systems......Page 455
19.16 Surfactant Phases Are Built Up by Discrete or Infinite Self-Assemblies......Page 457
19.17 Nonionic Oxyethylene Surfactants Display Special Temperature Effects......Page 458
19.19 Bibliography......Page 460
20.2 Polymers Can Induce Surfactant Aggregation......Page 462
20.3 Attractive Polymer-Surfactant Interactions Depend on Both Polymer and Surfactant......Page 464
20.4 Surfactant Association to Surface-Active Polymers Can Be Strong......Page 466
20.5 The Interaction between a Surfactant and a Surface-Active Polymer Is Analogous to Mixed Micelle Formation......Page 468
20.6 The Phase Behaviour of Polymer-Surfactant Mixtures Resembles That of Mixed Polymer Solutions......Page 469
20.7 Phase Behaviour of Polymer-Surfactant Mixtures in Relation to Polymer-Polymer and Surfactant-Surfactant Mixtures......Page 473
20.8 Polyelectrolyte-Surfactant Systems Show a Complex Behaviour......Page 475
20.9 Polymers May Change the Phase Behaviour of Infinite Surfactant Self-Assemblies......Page 477
20.11 There Are Many Technical Applications of Polymer-Surfactant Mixtures......Page 479
20.12 Bibliography......Page 480
21.1 Introduction......Page 481
21.2 Liquid Crystals......Page 482
21.3 Surfactant Solutions: Micelles......Page 483
21.4 Liquid Crystal Structures......Page 488
21.5 Origins of the Formation of Surfactant Liquid Crystals - Water-Continuous Phases......Page 495
21.7 Phase Behaviour of Nonionic Surfactants......Page 496
21.8 Block Copolymer Nonionic Surfactants......Page 507
21.10 Ionic Surfactants......Page 509
21.11 The Influence of Third Components: Cosurfactants, Mixed Surfactants, Oils, Hydrotropes, Electrolytes and Alternative Solvents......Page 513
21.12 Conclusions and the Future......Page 518
21.13 References......Page 520
22.1 Introduction......Page 525
22.2 Use and Environmental Relevance of Surfactants in Different Fields of Application......Page 526
22.3 Environmental Legislation......Page 528
22.4 Analysis of Surfactants in the Environment......Page 529
22.5 Criteria for Ecological Assessment and Biological Testing Procedures......Page 530
22.6 Anionic Surfactants......Page 536
22.7 Nonionic Surfactants......Page 541
22.8 Cationic Surfactants......Page 545
22.9 Amphoteric Surfactants......Page 548
22.10 Environmental Behaviour under Real Conditions and Risk Assessment......Page 550
22.11 References......Page 551
23.2 Surfactants Adsorbed at Surfaces and Interfaces......Page 553
23.3 The Molecular Dynamics Method......Page 555
23.4 Molecular Dynamics Computer Simulations of Surfactant Monolayers at Air/Water and Oil/Water Interfaces......Page 557
23.5 Molecular Dynamics Computer Simulation of Micelles......Page 560
23.6 The Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation Method......Page 562
23.7 Limits and Restrictions of the Molecular Dynamics Technique for Surfactant Simulations......Page 563
23.8 References......Page 566
Go to Volume 2......Page 0
Index - Volume 1......Page 567
Index - Volume 2......Page 579
Cumulative Index......Page 589