Guide to Business History: Materials for the Study of American Business History and Suggestions for Their Use [Reprint 2014 ed.] 9780674493124, 9780674187078

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HARVARD STUDIES IN B U S I N E S S H I S T O R Y I. JOHN JACOB ASTOR, BUSINESS MAN BY

KENNETH

WIGGINS

PORTER

2. JAY COOKE, PRIVATE BANKER BY

HENRIETTA

M.

LARSON

3. THE JACKSONS AND THE LEES: TWO GENERATIONS OF MASSACHUSETTS MERCHANTS, 1765-1844 BY

KENNETH

WIGGINS

PORTER

4. THE MASSACHUSETTS-FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF BOSTON, 1784-1934 BY

N.

S.

B.

GRAS

s. THE HISTORY OF AN ADVERTISING AGENCY: N. W. AYER & SON A T WORK, 1869-1939 BY

RALPH

M.

HOWER

6. MARKETING LIFE INSURANCE: ITS HISTORY IN AMERICA BY

J.

OWEN

STALSON

7. HISTORY OF MACY'S OF NEW YORK, 1858-1919: CHAPTERS IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE DEPARTMENT STORE BY

RALPH

M.

HOWER

8. THE WHITESMITHS OF TAUNTON: A HISTORY OF REED & BARTON, 1824-1943 BY

GEORGE

SWEET

GIBB

9. DEVELOPMENT OF TWO BANK GROUPS IN THE CENTRAL NORTHWEST: A STUDY IN BANK POLICY AND ORGANIZATION BY

CHARLES

STERLING

POPPLE

10. THE HOUSE OF HANCOCK: BUSINESS IN BOSTON, 1724-1775 BY

W.

T.

BAXTER

II. TIMING A CENTURY: HISTORY OF THE WALTHAM WATCH COMPANY BY

C.

W.

MOORE

12. GUIDE TO BUSINESS HISTORY: MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF AMERICAN BUSINESS HISTORY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR USE BY

HENRIETTA

M.

LARSON

HARVARD STUDIES IN BUSINESS HISTORY XII EDITED

BY N .

S.

B.

GRAS

S T R A U S P R O F E S S O R OF B U S I N E S S H I S T O R Y G R A D U A T E SCHOOL OF B U S I N E S S A D M I N I S T R A T I O N G E O R G E F. B A K E R F O U N D A T I O N HARVARD UNIVERSITY

LONDON : G E O F F R E Y

CUMBERLEGE

OXFORD U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS

GUIDE TO BUSINESS HISTORY Materials for the Study of American

Business

History and Suggestions for Their Use

BY

HENRIETTA M. LARSON ASSOCIATE GRADUATE

PROFESSOR

SCHOOL

OF

OF

BUSINESS

BUSINESS

HARVARD

HISTORY

ADMINISTRATION

UNIVERSITY

INDEX

BY

ELSIE HIGHT BISHOP

Cambridge, Massachusetts HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1948

COPYRIGHT, BY T H E

I948

P R E S I D E N T AND F E L L O W S OF HARVARD

PRINTED IN THE

UNITED

STATES OF

COLLEGE

AMERICA

To

HENRY LEE SHATTUCK F R I E N D OF SCHOLARS AND OF BUSINESS

HISTORY

CONTENTS Page EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION

xxiii

A U T H O R ' S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xxv

3

P A R T I. G E N E R A L I N T R O D U C T I O N ι. 2. 3. 4.

Business: A Definition Business History : Its Meaning and Its Development The Materials of Business History Content and Organization of this Guide

.

.

3 6 20 30

.

P A R T II. H I S T O R I C A L BACKGROUND AND S E T T I N G OF A M E R ICAN BUSINESS Ι . ORIGIN AND D E V E L O P M E N T OF B U S I N E S S AND C A P I T A L I S M . 2. G E N E R A L

AND

EUROPEAN

HISTORICAL

BACKGROUND

OF

.

.

35

AMERICAN

BUSINESS

A. Economic History ι. General European 2. Ancient World 3. England and the British Empire 4. Continental Europe and Asia B. Statistical Historical Works C. Economic Stages D. Economic Systems E. Religion and Philosophy F. Economic Thought and Theory ι . Surveys and Commentaries : General and European . 2. Selected Works in Economic Theory G. Political Thought and Policy

34

43

.

.

3. AMERICAN SETTING

A. General Histories B. Economic History C. Economic Thought and Theory ι. Surveys and Commentaries 2. Economic Treatises D. Social and Cultural History 1. Social History 2. General Thought 3. Descriptions and Appraisals of American People and Life 4. Population: Statistics and Monographs

44 44 46 47 49 50 52 S3 SS 57 58 60 63 67

67 69 72 72 73 76 76 77 78 79

χ

CONTENTS

E. Government and Law ι . Political Thought and Theory 2. Political History 3. Origin and Development of United States Law F. Geography and Natural Resources

.

.

Page 81 81 82 84 88

.

P A R T I I I . B U S I N E S S A D M I N I S T R A T O R S : B I O G R A P H I C A L AND A U T O B I O G R A P H I C A L BOOKS, P A M P H L E T S , A N D A R T I C L E S 4. GENERAL

92

5. PETTY CAPITALISTS

A. B. C. D. E.

Craftsmen and Tradesmen Farmers and Planters . . Merchants and Storekeepers . Printers and Publishers Miscellaneous

94

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

6. MERCANTILE CAPITALISTS

103 105

7. INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISTS

F. G. H.

I. J. K. L. M. N.

Agriculture: Plantation and Ranch Banking Communication Construction: Ships, Bridges, Railroads, Buildings . Distribution ι. Advertising 2. Retail Distribution 3. Wholesale Distribution and Foreign Trade . . Insurance Investments: Investing Capitalists, Traders, and Brokers Manufacturing 1. Automobiles 2. Clothing and Shoes 3. Electrical Equipment 4. Foods and Tobacco 5. Iron and Steel 6. Machines 7. Textiles 8. Miscellaneous Mining Petroleum Industry Printing and Publishing Real Estate and Colonization Recreation Industries Transportation ι . Railroads

95 96 98 100 101 102

A. European Merchants B. American Merchants A. B. C. D. E.

91

112

.

. .

114 11S 117 . 1 1 8 119 119 120 . 1 2 1 124 . 124 125 125 126 127 128 129 131 i33 i35 i37 137 139 141 14 2 14 2 142

CONTENTS

xi

Page 2. Shipping 3. Miscellaneous O. Miscellaneous Industrial Capitalists 8. F I N A N C I A L

147 147 148

CAPITALISTS

150

A. Bankers B. Promoters and Administrators

151 154

9. N A T I O N A L C A P I T A L I S T S

156

10.

C O L L E C T I V E B U S I N E S S B I O G R A P H I E S AND B I O G R A P H I C A L D I C T I O N A R I E S

157

11.

MISCELLANEOUS

162

PART

IV.

1 2 . FOREIGN

THE

HISTORY

BUSINESS

OF

INDIVIDUAL

BUSINESS

UNITS

UNITS

166

1 3 . A G R I C U L T U R E : F A R M S AND R A N C H E S 14.

170

BANKS

A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

171

C h a r t e r e d and, chiefly, C o m m e r c i a l B a n k s . G r o u p and B r a n c h B a n k s M o r t g a g e L o a n and T r u s t C o m p a n i e s Private Banking Firms Savings B a n k s State B a n k s United States B a n k s

15.

COMMUNICATION

16.

CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES

17. DISTRIBUTION

.

.

.

COMPANIES

. 1 7 2 176 177 178 181 182 183 185 187

CONCERNS

188

A . Importing and Wholesaling B . Retailing C . Miscellaneous 18. INSURANCE

165

189 190 193

COMPANIES

194

A . Fire Insurance B . L i f e Insurance . C. M a r i n e Insurance

194 197 201

19. MANUFACTURING

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H.

.

.

.

.

.

COMPANIES

Automobiles Chemicals ( D u Pont's) Electric Appliances and M a c h i n e s Iron and Steel Machines M e t a l s and M e t a l P r o d u c t s : Miscellaneous Paper Railroad E q u i p m e n t

.

.

.

.

202

203 204 205 207 210 212 213 214

xii

CONTENTS Page I. Textiles

215

J. Miscellaneous

217

20. M I N I N G C O M P A N I E S

221

21.

223

PETROLEUM

COMPANIES

22. P R I N T I N G AND P U B L I S H I N G C O N C E R N S

224

23. P U B L I C

225

UTILITY

COMPANIES

2 4 . R E A L E S T A T E AND COLONIZATION C O M P A N I E S 25. TRANSPORTATION

A. B. C. D.

227

COMPANIES

228

Express Companies Railroads Shipping Lines and Companies Street Railways, Canals, and H i g h w a y Transportation .

.

.

26. MISCELLANEOUS

239

P A R T V. H I S T O R Y O F I N D U S T R I E S . 27.

GENERAL HISTORY o r

.

.

.

.

.

. 2 4 2

INDUSTRIES

244

A . Historical Monographs and Surveys B . Miscellaneous Materials

244 246

28. A G R I C U L T U R E

248

A. Bibliographies B . Historical Surveys, Monographs, and Articles C. Miscellaneous Materials 29.

COMMUNICATION

.

.

.

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES

A. Historical Books and Articles B. Miscellaneous Materials 31.

DISTRIBUTION

250 251 256

.

INDUSTRIES

A . H i s t o r y of Telegraph, Telephone, and Radio Communication . B . Miscellaneous Materials 30.

228 230 237 238

260

.

260 262 266

267 270 273

A . General H i s t o r y of T r a d e and of Marketing Institutions and Organization 2 74 B. Wholesale Distribution 276 ι . Historical Books and Articles 277 2. Sales Organization and Management 278 3. C o m p a n y , Trade, and Association Publications . . . 282 C. M a r k e t i n g Agricultural P r o d u c e and R a w Materials . . . 2 8 3 ι . Bibliographies 283 2. Historical W o r k s 284 3. Cooperative Marketing of Agricultural Produce . . . 2 8 6 4. Miscellaneous Materials 288

CONTENTS

xiii Page

D. Retail Distribution 1. History of Retailing and Retail Markets 2. Miscellaneous Books 3. Trade and Association Publications 4. Consumers' Cooperatives E. Foreign Trade ι . Historical Monographs, Surveys, and Other Materials 2. Contemporary Organization and Management of Foreign 3. Commercial Encyclopedias and Dictionaries . . . 4. The Federal Government's Relation to Foreign Trade 5. Foreign Trade Directories 6. Foreign Trade Journals and Association Publications 7. Theory of International Trade F. Auxiliary Services and Functions ι . Advertising 2. Credit Information 3. Market Information and Research G. Government Assistance and Regulation ι. U. S. Census Materials on Distribution 2. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce . . . 3. Government Regulation: Miscellaneous 4. Commercial Law 5. Federal Trade Commission 6. Trade-mark Law H. Markets: Miscellaneous ι . American Market Structure 2. Fairs

. . Trade . . . .

.

.

.

291 291 294 299 302 303 303 308 309 315 318 319 320 321 321 3 2 4 326 329 329 330 331 333 334 335 336 337 339

32. F I N A N C E

340

A. B. C. D. E.

340 342 346 349 352 352 355 355 356 356 359 363 364 366 368 369 373 373 374

General Works Money : History and Theory Capital and Credit: Formation and Flow Commercial and Investment Instruments Money Market ι. Markets 2. Commercial Paper Market 3. Foreign Exchange Market . F. Stock Market ι . General Works 2. New Y o r k Stock Exchange 3. New Y o r k Curb Market and the Consolidated Stock Exchange 4. Wall Street: Men, Companies, Techniques, and Operations 5. Stock Exchanges outside New Y o r k 6. Stock and Bond Prices 7. Regulation of Security Issue and Markets . . . . G. Clearing Houses H. Commercial Banking I. European Banks and Banking

CONTENTS

xiv

Page 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

G e n e r a l H i s t o r y of B a n k i n g in t h e U n i t e d States . B a n k s a n d B a n k i n g in S t a t e s a n d Cities Historical Monographs and Articles T r e a t i s e s and other M a t e r i a l s on B a n k s a n d B a n k i n g M e r c h a n t and P r i v a t e B a n k e r s Commercial Paper Houses B r a n c h , Chain, and G r o u p B a n k i n g

I . C o n s u m e r Financing C o m p a n i e s and M e t h o d s . . ι . C r e d i t Unions 2. P e r s o n a l L o a n s . . 3. Sales F i n a n c i n g J. A g r i c u l t u r a l Credit and L e n d i n g A g e n c i e s K . S a v i n g s Institutions ι. Savings Banks 2. C o o p e r a t i v e B a n k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n s 3. P o s t a l Savings L. Trust Companies M . I n v e s t m e n t B a n k i n g and B r o k e r a g e Business . . N . I n v e s t m e n t T r u s t s and C o m p a n i e s O. C e n t r a l B a n k i n g ι . Banks Performing Central Banking Functions before eral R e s e r v e 2. T h e I n d e p e n d e n t T r e a s u r y 3. F e d e r a l R e s e r v e S y s t e m P . G o v e r n m e n t R e g u l a t i o n of B a n k i n g ι. State Regulation 2. N a t i o n a l B a n k i n g S y s t e m 3. M i s c e l l a n e o u s Q. I n v e s t i n g C a p i t a l F u n d s : P r i n c i p l e s and T e c h n i q u e s . R . Financial Publications ι. Financial Encyclopedias and Dictionaries . . 2. B a n k e r s ' D i r e c t o r i e s 3. B a n k e r s ' Association P u b l i c a t i o n s 4. B a n k e r s ' Journals 5. I n v e s t m e n t I n f o r m a t i o n 6. F i n a n c i a l Journals

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

375 377 381 383 3go 390 391 392 392 393 394 395 397 397 400 402 402 405 411 413

the F e d 413 414 414 421 421 422 424 . 4 2 5 432 432 433 435 436 438 441

. .

.

33. FISHING AND WHALING INDUSTRIES 34. FOREST INDUSTRIES A. Forests, Resources, Management, and Government Policy . B . H i s t o r y of the L u m b e r I n d u s t r y C. Miscellaneous Printed Materials D . Industry Publications

443

.

447 447 450 453 456

35. FUR TRADE

456

36. INSURANCE A . G e n e r a l H i s t o r y of I n s u r a n c e

459 460

CONTENTS

XV

Β. Life Insurance ι. Historical Books and Articles 2. Miscellaneous Printed Materials C. Fire Insurance ι . Historical Books and Pamphlets 2. Miscellaneous Printed Materials D. Marine Insurance E. Miscellaneous Types of Insurance F. Reference and Research Materials ι . Insurance Reference Books: Encyclopedias and Manuals 2. Government Regulation and Law 3. Insurance Journals 4. Insurance Association Materials 5. Insurance Libraries, Collections, and Bibliographies

.

.

Page 461 462 465 476 477 479 483 487 489 489 491 493 494

.

494

A. General History of Manufacturing in the United States . . . B. Processing of Agricultural Products ι . Flour Milling 2. Meat Packing 3. Sugar Industry 4. Tobacco Industry 5. Miscellaneous C. Automobile Industry ι . Books and Articles 2. Industry Publications D. Chemical Industry E. Clothing Industry F. Electric Appliances and Machines G. Iron and Steel ι . Books and Articles 2. Industry Publications H. Leather Products, including Shoes I. Machines and Miscellaneous Metal Products J . Metals: Aluminum, Copper, and Tin K . Nonmetallic Minerals L. Paper and Pulp M. Rubber Products N. Textile Manufacture ι . Cotton 2. Silk and Rayon Industries 3. Wool and Worsted Products 0 . Miscellaneous Manufacturing P. Industrial Administration ι . Bibliographies 2. Methods of Pre-Industrial-Revolution or Petty-Capitalist Tradesmen 3. Industrial Management

497 503 503 504 507 509 510 511 511 514 515 516 520 522 522 526 528 530 532 534 S3 S 537 538 539 545 547 550 551 552

3 7 . MANUFACTURING

493

553 554

χνί

CONIENTS

Page

Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X.

4. Cost Accounting in Manufacturing 5. Industrial Purchasing The Worker in Manufacturing Location of Industry Manufacturing Communities Design and Art in Industry Government and Manufacturing Trade Associations in Manufacturing Trade Journals in Manufacturing Miscellaneous Reference and Research Materials . . . . ι . Dictionaries and Encyclopedias of Manufacturing . . 2. Directories and Gazetteers 3. Industrial Classification 4. Investment Manuals 5. Company Pamphlet Material 6. Libraries and Collections of Materials on Manufacturing .

.

.

38. M I N I N G

580

A. General ι . Books 2. Reference and Research Materials B. Coal ι . Books 2. Research Materials C. Copper D. Precious Metals E. Miscellaneous 39. N E W S INDUSTRY

41.

581 581 583 585 585 588 589 591 592 593

40. PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

A. B. C. D.

563 564 565 568 570 571 572 574 575 577 577 578 579 579 580 580

History Miscellaneous Handbooks, Directories, and Bibliographies Periodical Publications: Associations, Trade, and Government

596

597 602 605 606

P R I N T I N G AND P U B L I S H I N G

609

A. Books and Periodicals B. Copyright Law

609 611

42. PUBLIC UTILITIES:

A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

G A S AND E L E C T R I C I T Y

Bibliographies Public Utilities: General Electricity: Books and Articles Gas: Books and Articles Public Utility Industry Publications Government Materials Reference Works

612

613 614 619 622 623 626 628

CONTENTS

xvii Page

43. REAL

ESTATE

629

A. Historical Books and Articles B. Twentieth-Century Treatises and Texts C. Research Materials

630 634 635

44. RECREATION INDUSTRIES

636

45.

638

SERVICE I N D U S T R I E S

46. TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRIES

A. B. C. D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

I.

.

General History and Principles of Transportation . . . Aviation Express Highways and Highway Transport ι. Roads and Road Building 2. Stage and Motor Coach Transport Inland Waterways 1. Historical Monographs and General Works . . 2. Miscellaneous Materials Ocean Transportation 1. Bibliographies 2. History 3. Miscellaneous Materials 4. Reference Works Railroads 1. Historical Monographs and General Works . 2. Railway Economics and Administration, 1836— . 3. Miscellaneous Books and Articles 4. Government Relations and Records 5. Company, Trade, and Industry Publications . . 6. Manuals, Directories, and Other Reference Works . 7. Bibliographies and Collections of Research Materials Street and Interurban Railways ι. Historical Materials 2. Miscellaneous. Miscellaneous Transportation

.

639

.

-

. .

.

. . .

. .

.

47. WAREHOUSING

P A R T VI. G E N E R A L T O P I C S I N B U S I N E S S H I S T O R Y 48.

640 641 644 647 647 650 653 6 5 3 658 663 663 664 670 677 677 6 7 8 683 694 696 7 0 7 712 714 716 717 720 726 728

.

.

.

732

BUSINESS M E N

A. The Nature, Origin, and Influence of the Business Man B. Business Thought and Philosophy ι. Writings about Business Thought and Philosophy . 2. Materials for the Study of Business Thought . . C. Business Auxiliaries D. Entrepreneur

733

. . .

.

736 740 . 7 4 1 . 7 4 1 745 747

xviii

CONTENTS Page

49.

B U S I N E S S ADMINISTRATION

Α. Β. C. D. E.

5 O. B U S I N E S S ORGANIZATION : OWNERSHIP AND LEGAL

Α. Β. C. D. E. 51.

.

.

.

750 755 756 759 762 762 765 768 770 771 774 790

.

.

792

General Individual Proprietorships Partnerships Business Trusts Corporations: History and Law

COMBINATIONS AND THE PROBLEM OF MONOPOLY .

A. B. C. D.

748

Administration: General Policy-Formulation Internal Organization Management Administration, by Functions ι . Corporate Administration . 2. Financial Administration 3. Credit Management 4. Purchasing 5. Office Management 6. Employee Management and Human Relations in Business 7. Public Relations

792 793 793 794 795 .

.

.

Combinations, Trusts, and Monopolies Government Policy and Regulation Cartels and Combinations: Foreign and International . Cooperatives

.

798

799 806 . 8 1 0 . 8 1 3

.

5 2 . ASSOCIATIONS OF B U S I N E S S M E N

A. Chambers of Commerce and Boards of Trade Β. Trade Associations C. Employers and Open-Price Associations

816

.

.

.

.

816 821 825

5 3 . T H E LOCATION OF B U S I N E S S U N I T S AND INDUSTRIES .

.

.

.

826

5 4 . B U S I N E S S AIDS AND I N S T R U M E N T S OF CONTROLS

A. Β. C. D. E.

Accounting Business Statistics Business Research Business Forecasting Business Information ι . Business Libraries 2. Guides to Business Books and Articles 3. Dictionaries 4. General Business Directories 5. Handbooks and Other Reference Books 6. Information Services and Manuals and Business Indices . 7. Business Journalism 8. Government Information

55. BUSINESS ETHICS

827

.

827 834 836 838 840 842 843 844 845 854 856 857 859 860

CONTENTS

xix Page

56.

BUSINESS R I S K

867

57.

B U S I N E S S F A I L U R E S , B A N K R U P T C Y , AND R E C E I V E R S H I P S

.

.

.

870

A. Business Failures B. Bankruptcy and Receivership 58. E D U C A T I O N

A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. 59.

870 871

FOR B U S I N E S S

874

General and Miscellaneous Apprenticeship Company and Association Schools Private Business Schools Engineering Institutes and University Schools . . Trade and Commercial Schools on the Secondary L e v e l . Y . M. C. A Correspondence Schools University Schools of Business

875 876 877 878 . 8 7 9 . 880 883 883 886

. .

" S U C C E S S " AND S E L F - H E L P L I T E R A T U R E F O C U S S E D ON B U S I N E S S .

60. O C C U P A T I O N S IN B U S I N E S S AND D I V I S I O N OF L A B O R . 6 1 . LABOR:

A. B. C. D. E.

CONDITIONS,

O R G A N I Z A T I O N , AND G O V E R N M E N T

.

.

.

889 . 8 9 5

REGULATION

898

Bibliographies History of Labor Conditions Labor Organization and Conflict Labor and the Government Miscellaneous

899 901 907 912 917

6 2 . I N D U S T R I A L A C C I D E N T S AND D I S E A S E

918

63.

GENERAL TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

A. B. C. D.

Bibliographies and Collections General History of Invention and Engineering Serial Publications Patents

920

.

.

.

920 921 924 925

.

6 4 . R E L A T I O N S OF G O V E R N M E N T AND B U S I N E S S

A. General Works on Government Regulation and Control. B. Government Aids to Business . . . . . . C. Public Finance ι. Taxation 2. Miscellaneous Works D. Government Business Enterprise

928

.

. .

928 932 934 935 937 939

6 5 . E C O N O M I C AND B U S I N E S S P L A N N I N G

940

66. GENERAL B U S I N E S S AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

945

A. History of Crises, Depressions, and General Business and Economic Conditions B. History of Business Cycles C. Theory of Cyclical Change in Business and Economic Life . .

946 956 959

CONTENTS

XX

Page

D. Secular Trends: History and Theory E. Seasonal Changes in Economic Life F. Price History and Theory ι. History of Prices in the United States 2. Theory

963 964 965 965 970

67.

W A R AND B U S I N E S S

971

68.

N A T I O N A L W E A L T H AND I N C O M E AND T H E I R D I S T R I B U T I O N .

.

.

A. General B. Profits 1. Profit Theory 2. History of Profits C. Wages D. Executive Salaries PART VII. RESEARCH AND REFERENCE MATERIALS . 69.

T H E H I S T O R Y OF B U S I N E S S H I S T O R Y

70.

B U S I N E S S M A N U S C R I P T RECORDS

974

974 979 980 981 982 984 .985 985 987

A. Collections and Depositories B. The Preservation and Use of Business Records .

.

988 .991

.

71.

B U S I N E S S AND T E C H N I C A L M U S E U M S

992

72.

C O M P A N Y PUBLICATIONS

993

73.

T R A D E JOURNALS

994

74.

T R A D E ASSOCIATION P U B L I C A T I O N S

995

75.

GOVERNMENT MATERIALS

A. Β. C. D.

Law and Legal Research State Records . Federal Records Foreign Records, chiefly Government Records

995

.

.

.

.

995 998 999 1003

76.

D O C T O R A L DISSERTATIONS

1004

77.

P U B L I C A T I O N S OF HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

1005

78.

HISTORICAL AND O T H E R SPECIAL LIBRARIES

1006

A. Guides to Libraries Β. Catalogs of Libraries and Collections

1006 1007

79.

BIOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS AND M A T E R I A L S

1007

80.

GENEALOGIES

1013

81.

R E G I O N A L , S T A T E , AND L O C A L HISTORIES

1015

82.

PERIODICAL AND SERIAL P U B L I C A T I O N S

A. Directories

1019

1019

CONTENTS

xxi Page

B. Indexes to Periodical Literature C. Popular Magazines and Reviews D. Learned Periodicals: Economics and Political Science .

.

.

83. NEWSPAPERS

1020 1020 1021 1022

A. Guides to Newspapers B. Newspaper Directories C. Indexes

1022 1023 1023

84. LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE

1024

85. W O R K S OF FOREIGN TRAVELERS IN AMERICA

1027

86. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AIDS .

.

.

.

8 7 . GENERAL REFERENCE W O R K S

A. B. C. D.

Yearbooks and Almanacs Encyclopedias and Dictionaries General Directories Historical Atlases and Geographical Materials

1028 1031

.

.

.

1031 1032 1034 .1035

EDITOR'S

INTRODUCTION

T w o TYPES of publications are generally available for a study of any particular subject. One is made up of books and articles directly devoted to the subject. T h e other consists of similar treatises primarily devoted to other fields but incidentally containing much material that is of value for the study in question. T h i s generalization applies to business history. T h u s , publications in economic history, political history, the history of money and banking, and corporate finance may contain many facts and generalizations which also are, or should also be, a part of business history. T h i s GUIDE is designed to help the student make his w a y in both types. Since the first type, however, is new, scant, and just growing up, the second necessarily gets more attention. While this book is primarily designed to assist those working in the field of business history, it is also meant to be useful to economic historians, political historians, social historians, economists, sociologists, and students of general business. T h e specialist in any of these fields, however, m a y find that some items of interest to him have been omitted—omitted because they were of little value for business history. A study of the pages will show that this is not just an extended list of books. In most cases there is some indication of contents as well as an evaluation of the book or article. M a n y items (especially those of a theoretical nature) have been omitted. In seeking the key to the selection of items, the reader might keep in mind the general a i m — t o choose materials likely to be of service to the student of business history wherever those materials may be found. T h i s compilation was begun about 1931. T h e earliest work was done by Miss E l v a C . Tooker. She made the original lists and added some descriptions of contents, without emphasizing the critical appraisals. Gradually, the plan was changed so that many of the purely economic histories were omitted, though a large number were left as background for business history. W h e n Miss Tooker left for other duties, D r . Henrietta M . Larson was persuaded to take up the difficult task. She revised the general plan and the earlier lists, increased the categories and the items in each, added the critical judgments, and wrote the brief section introductions as well as the general introduction. She has been patient, courageous, and judicious. O f t e n during the years (beginning 1937-39 but more particularly 1939-46)

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of her work on the GUIDE she has had to turn aside to other scholarly duties that would not wait. Moreover, since 1938 she has been editor of the Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. Hidden in the years of drudgery that have gone into such a compilation as the GUIDE has always been the idea of service to the other fellow. Above all has been the thought that, in unfolding the literature on or about the subject, the GUIDE would play an important part in furthering research and generalization. Our best thanks to Professor Larson and Miss Tooker. For generous aid in publication, we are indebted to Mr. Henry Lee Shattuck, to whom this volume is dedicated. The Business Historical Society has assisted financially and helped in the editorial work as in the distribution of copies. Publication at this particular time of congested presses and high costs has been made possible by a gift from the Business History Foundation, Inc., of New York. The Harvard School of Business has borne the heavy charges incident to research and editing and also has assisted in the expense of publication. Dean Donald K . David, no less than former Dean Wallace B. Donham, has accepted business history as a field of study that is necessary to any school of business administration which expects to put business on a broad basis and to develop a long-time point of view. N . S. B . GRAS

AUTHOR'S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS F E W BOOKS are the product of one person alone; this volume is in reality the work of many. It is grounded in the research and the thinking of the Business History Group at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, and many persons have given direct assistance. Indeed, one of the most stimulating aspects of the preparation of this volume has been the experience of working cooperatively with colleagues generous in giving of their thought and effort. First of all ranks the contribution of Professor N. S. B. Gras. Not only has he provided the intellectual leadership which has created the new approach to the study of the history of business which this volume represents, but it was he who originally recognized the need for and conceived the idea of a guide to the literature of business history. He has also helped at every step of its progress. On the one hand, he has been my adviser on large issues and has given leading suggestions all along the way; on the other, he has called my attention to many books, has supplied comments for books he has read, and has read the manuscript as it has marched over his desk in seemingly never-ending procession through the years. Thus he has in this case, as in many others, given assistance without limit. The preliminary work on the GUIDE was done by Miss Elva C. Tooker, who, working closely with Professor Gras, carried the project forward to a point where it was taking definite shape before she went back to her chosen work, that of teaching. Her critical development of the methods and the standards to be followed, her ardent search for materials, and her accomplishment in the way of selecting books and writing comments constitute a contribution which amounts substantially to co-authorship for at least part of the work. Mrs. Elsie Hight Bishop has been my constant collaborator. She has taken full editorial responsibility, and she has prepared the index upon which so much of the usefulness of the volume depends, a task which she always finds most congenial. Many persons have helped with specific parts of the GUIDE. Mr. George Mateyo, Mr. Robert Y. Durand, Mr. William D. Wigley, and Mrs. Martha Starr have at various stages of the work assisted on the research end. Professor Ralph M. Hower, Dr. J. Owen Stalson, Miss Josepha M. Perry, and others of the Business History Group have been helpful at many points hv suggesting books and providing critical comments.

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Two members of the group have assisted in other ways. Miss Helen Kosakowski has done bibliographical work in libraries and some of the typing, and in general has contributed by her cheerful willingness to do anything needed at any time. Miss Hilma Holton has done the final arranging of the manuscript and has supervised the typing, judiciously holding together many loose ends in that hurried last stage of the work. She and I have appreciated the efficient work of Mrs. Mildred Smith in the final typing of the manuscript. Miss Holton has also assumed responsibility for the reading of the proof. It is impossible to mention all who have given assistance in this project. Members of the Faculty of the Harvard Business School have suggested books and critical judgments of them. The staffs of both Baker Library and Widener Library at Harvard have been patient and helpful: Mrs. Stella Kerr, Miss Ruth Porritt, and Miss Helen P. Smith have been called upon again and again. As always, Miss Mary E. Osgood, Secretary of the School, has provided help and facilities even when to come by these has been difficult. To all those who have thus helped to make this GUIDE a reality, I express my deep appreciation and give my warmest thanks. I must add, however, that the final judgments have always been mine, and mine is the responsibility for the work as it is herein presented. HENRIETTA M . LARSON

GUIDE TO BUSINESS HISTORY

PART I G E N E R A L

I N T R O D U C T I O N

BUSINESS HISTORY though young as a field for special study and research is developing rapidly. Preliminary explorations of the field have been made, a systematic concept of business genesis and evolution has been formulated, and a considerable fund of information has already been created from research in original records of business. There is a marked and growing interest in the history of business among scholars and business men. This volume has been prepared to serve that interest and to further the development of business history. The effort is premature inasmuch as it deals with a subject that is still in an early stage of development, and it is incomplete in that it only partially covers most of the topics included and leaves many topics untouched ; but it is premised on the belief that even a premature and partial effort can be helpful at this stage. It is possible at this time to make known such work as has already been done in business history and to set forth something of the literature which has a direct or an indirect bearing on business history and bring it into a systematic arrangement which focusses interest on the essential ideas and concepts which are developing in the subject; it is also possible to acquaint students with the types of materials from which business history is written and to point to areas which need cultivation. In order to indicate to the reader how business history is here presented, four points will be considered by way of introduction: i . Business: A Definition; 2. Business History: Its Meaning and Its Development; 3. The Materials of Business History; and 4. Content and Organization of This Guide. Ι. BUSINESS:

A

DEFINITION

The term business, as used in this volume, refers particularly to that part of economic activity which has to do with the administration of the combination of labor, natural resources, and capital in the production and exchange of goods or services with a view to earning profits. "Administration," thus used, includes three functions: (1) the formulation of policies, that is, deciding on objectives and making plans for attaining them and choosing between alternatives in the operation of the business unit; (2) control, that is, seeing that the policies adopted are disseminated and followed; and (3) management, that is, directing day-by-day operations. Administration may be nonspecialized or highly specialized; it may be com-

4

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

PART I

bined in one and the same person with ownership and labor, or, at the other extreme, it may be so highly specialized within a given business unit that it is the work of many men. Business can exist only where certain conditions prevail. It can exist only in a system of production for exchange, that is, where trade is a necessary part of the economy. Business requires capital, for without capital in some form there can hardly be any considerable surplus for exchange. And business looks toward profits—though it does not always in the long run attain them—in the form of money rewards or other satisfactions, or, in a socialist or communist economy, in the form of increasing social capital to maintain production and to raise the standard of living. The materials that are included in this volume deal almost wholly with private business. There are two reasons for this: private business has historically been the more important; and it is the only form of business concerning which any considerable amount of definite information is available. Government business is included not so much to cover important material as to point to the lack of information and to the need for further information concerning public enterprise. It should be noted at this point, however, that no clear dividing line can be drawn between private and government business. Some types of business that are private in ownership are actually so regulated as to be under government control more than under private control. It is correct to say, however, that private control, as well as ownership, has on the whole been predominant in the past but that recently private business has increasingly been giving way to government control and even to outright government ownership. Whatever the form of the business unit or of the system in which a given unit operates, business is a social institution. This is an essential concept which must never be overlooked. As a functional division of society, the division which supplies the material needs and a broad range of services, business is part of a large network of relationships of individuals and groups within society. In the highly complex and integrated society of today, these relationships include administrators, owners, laborers, business suppliers and customers, consumers, and the general public particularly as represented by the government. To explain the various ramifications of these relations and their effect on business would require a volume; it is sufficient at this point to observe that business, either as a unit or as a system, is an integral part of the community and of society as a whole. While business is a social institution, it operates in a world of material things. Natural resources, the state of science and technology, the skill of the workers, the nature and supply of capital and capital goods, the

PART I

BUSINESS: A

DEFINITION

S

standard of living and the purchasing power of the people, the nature and degree of competition, the general economic and business conditions under which it operates—these and other factors which are essentially material, or affect the use which can be made of material things, at any given time in large measure determine the potentialities of business and condition its operations. It is important to recognize the fact that business also operates in a world of ideas. What business can or cannot do, as well as the way in which it must operate, is determined in part by the predominating concepts or theories in the society within which it exists. These may be religious, social, economic, or political and may be expressed in such forms as ethical standards, social values, and the objectives and methods of government. In a petty capitalist society, especially one with elementary means of communication and transportation, theories and concepts are likely to be checked by experience and to be slow to change. As economic differentiation becomes greater, as means of communication become more highly developed, and as more and more people take less and less over-all responsibility in economic life or become separated from the world of action, ideas become increasingly fluid, divorced from reality, and influential. They likewise become increasingly important as a conditioning and limiting factor for business. One of the problems of the business men, then, is to understand the changes which occur and to reject the ideas which are socially undesirable and accept those which give promise of being useful. The ramifications of business are broad, and they are deep in time. The business system is a part of a continuous process of historical change which conditions business and sets the limits within which it must operate. Business is in constant flux—it is not a static thing—and its nature at any given time is largely determined by its inheritance from the past. This is true of the business man's ideas or thoughts concerning business, as noted above, of his business customs or traditions, and of his techniques, as well as of the organizational, institutional, or cultural forms and experiences handed down to him from the past; it is also true of the general inheritance of the society in which business operates at a given time. To grasp the importance of historical relativity is essential to research and study in business history. In recognizing the wide ramifications of business it is important to remember that business is in the final analysis the work of individual men working in separate and independent units, or companies, and that the most significant figure or figures in the unit are the administrator or administrators. This emphasis on the administrator does not suggest a

6

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

PART I

narrow conception of business; it points to the great reality that in the administrator is brought together that whole sum of factors, conditions, influences, relationships, and operations which affect or are a part of the functioning of the business unit and thus of the system. His function, then, that of administration, is the central or coordinating function in business. 2. B U S I N E S S H I S T O R Y : I T S M E A N I N G AND I T S D E V E L O P M E N T

Business history is the study of the administration and operation of business in the past. It is concerned with more than the immediate past, though clearly the near past has the greatest significance for the present. One of the contributions of business history is to give a sense of the fundamental changes that have occurred in business administration, that is, in policy, control, and management (including organization) over the whole range of experience with business, and to give some understanding of how and why those changes have come. Another contribution is to meet the need for a long and broad business experience which the individual student or business man can obtain only vicariously. Lastly, it can contribute to the understanding of the social function of business and the evaluation of the methods and accomplishment of business in the past. Business history has, however, not progressed far toward providing the factual information and the understanding of the past which would be required for realizing those objectives. Indeed, the subject as a separate discipline is still in the stage of formulation and definition. T o many persons it is not yet clear how business history differs from economic history. In order to indicate the content of the subject, to differentiate it from related fields, such as economic history, and to show its present condition of development, a brief survey will be made of the "history" of business history indicating the roots from which it sprang. As a separate field of academic research and study, business history is about twenty years old. Indeed, the name business history was first used in America in 1925 to designate this special interest, and several years passed before the content and point of view of the subject were defined in any significant or concrete way. Wallace B. Donham, former dean of the Graduate School of Business Administration of Harvard University, took the first step toward establishing the study of the history of business as a separate field of academic interest by proposing that business history should be taught as background for training men for work in present-day business. This interest in history was in keeping with his general concern with the need of placing business education on a broader foundation. He sensed the growing problems of

PART I

BUSINESS HISTORY: MEANING AND DEVELOPMENT

7

business itself and of business as a social institution, and he saw the need of developing business administrators who would have the broad training and the ethical standards which characterize such professions as law and medicine. Professor Donham stressed the value of a more realistic management, in a broad sense, of human relations in business, especially with respect to the workers, a clearer understanding of the relations of business and government, special consideration of ethics in business, and the larger perspective and insight which some understanding of the past experience of business would give. H e was largely responsible for the establishment, in 1 9 2 5 , of the Business Historical Society, Inc., to promote the study of business enterprise from the historical point of view. As a result of his interest, the Straus Professorship of Business History, the first and still the only academic chair in that field, was established at Harvard University in 1 9 2 7 , and the teaching of business history was made a part of the curriculum of the Business School. I n the fall of 1927 Professor N . S. B . Gras was brought to the School to fill the newly created chair. He was chosen because he was already developing the business emphasis in his work in economic history and because he had the creative imagination necessary for the launching of a new discipline in the social sciences. T h e name business history was given to the work from the beginning though the content of the field was not defined at that time. I t became the task of Professor Gras to create a new field of research and study. It was obvious that economic history could not fill the requirements of the new discipline at the School of Business. T h e emphasis of the School was on two aspects of administration, that is, policy and management; and to be effective the new course had to present the work in history in a w a y which would have meaning to the business administrator. T h e case system of study and teaching used in the School and the opportunity which the School afforded for observing the constant play of dynamic conditions in society and the results flowing therefrom were important elements in the development of the new subject. In short, business history was forced into the real world. T h i s does not mean that traditional historical scholarship in the economic field was not helpful; on the contrary it was basic to the new development. I t is axiomatic that no creative work in scholarship or art is wholly original. It seems fair to say that no one without a strong foundation in economic history and the history of economic thought could have visualized the new departure which business history really was, and that no one with those foundations but without some knowledge of business

8

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INTRODUCTION

PART I

itself could have taken the leadership in creating the new field of research and study. The contributions of economic history to business history can best be indicated by an examination of the former in order to indicate the way in which it has touched upon business or the extent to which it has failed to consider business. The first thing to note is that economic history is not one subject: there are several types of economic history and there are works which are combinations of types. Generally speaking, a distinct type has its roots in a definite "school" of economic theory or a specific philosophy of economic life and development. Let us begin with classical economics, founded by Adam Smith, which was the first systematic body of theory about modern economic life. Here was a system of thought which was interested in the production and distribution of wealth as a secular thing, not as a concern of the Church as had been true of earlier economic thought, and which accepted the idea of profits as the object of business. Though it essentially had its roots in business itself, the economic thinking of the classical economists and their descendants, the liberal school especially, developed into a "pure science" under the influence of the natural law philosophy of the eighteenth century and to a large extent became removed from reality, static in point of view, and without any clear recognition of relationship to time and circumstance. Most significant of all in this connection, classical economics was not concerned with the entrepreneur—or, as we prefer to call him, the business administrator—apart from recognizing his need for independent action. Business history could never have developed directly out of classical economics, though genetically it owes much to that system of economic thought. Classical economics and the outgrowths from it have had a strong influence on economic history. Indeed, there is a type of history which was clearly conceived within the classical thought structure. This type has been concerned chiefly with the production of goods and services, transportation, and commerce, with emphasis on machine technology, ownership organization, division of labor, product, and trade routes, with some attention to government policy, but with no real interest in operation or administration. The historians of this school of thought have been mildly interested in the distribution of wealth, but because of theoretical considerations rather than for administrative, social, or ethical reasons. Those historians have almost wholly overlooked business and the business administrator. In method they have been descriptive rather than analytical; they have used statistics freely. They are important, historically, in that

PART

I

BUSINESS HISTORY: MEANING AND DEVELOPMENT

9

they have been leaders in turning interest in history toward the study of the economic factor in society, thus taking an important step in the freeing of historical research from its close alliance with past politics. They have had a continuing influence on research and writing in economic history, especially in England and to some extent in the United States. But this type of economic history has made no direct contribution to business history. Of greatest significance to business history, on the contrary, has been the work of Karl Marx, an economic philosopher who drew much from classical thought but was a leader in establishing an opposing school. Though Marx derived most of his basic economic ideas from the classical and liberal economists, just as he also used their metaphysical method which he modified with Hegelian dialectics, yet he is outstandingly important in that stream of development which led to business history. His materialistic interpretation of history had an incalculable influence on historiography; it was unquestionably the strongest single influence in leading historians to emphasize the economic, not essentially as a description of development or as an elucidation of the working of economic law but as an explanation of an historical process. Marx's concept of historical development, which described that development as following an inevitable evolutionary pattern, was an inspiration to both social reformers and historians. His labor theory of value, however, denied any contribution on the part of the capitalist and the policy-maker and manager, and thus prevented Marx from making any positive contribution to the study of the business man, while his emphasis on the class struggle and his prophecies about economic evolution and revolution have led to a distortion of much historical writing. At the same time he focussed attention upon and gave a tremendous spur to the study of economic history as the story of an orderly process of development. It was as the philosophical inspiration of the economic historians who were concerned with the history of capitalism that Marx made his most effective contribution to economic history. Those historians, in the United States as in Europe, tended to write history with the facts which fitted their theory, and they overemphasized institutions and forces. Whatever one's opinion about the historical accuracy and the philosophical validity of their work, it is clear that they were the first to emphasize the rôle of capital and of the administrator in economic development and to see that it was important to study the history of business and to observe business at close range. They never understood in any intimate way, however, the function of administration and the importance of the business

10

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

PART I

administrator as a constructive and coordinating factor in the modern world. In England, after the Industrial Revolution was well under way, a reaction arose, out of concern for social welfare, against the laissez-faire doctrines of the classical economists. A business man, Robert Owen, first challenged this basic tenet of Smithian economics as overlooking the adverse effect of industrialization on the laborer and as having dangerous implications for national well-being. It was not till fifty or more years later that this opposition, influenced to some extent by Continental thought, took the form of an intellectual movement which opposed the then strong liberal form of classical economics and worked for reform and social reconstruction. Those English social economists were not all alike in origin, philosophy, or program, but they had a common interest in social welfare and they had a common enemy in liberal economics. Some were influenced by Marx; many were Christian or Fabian socialists; others were merely interested in reforming the existing system. They were all deeply concerned over the large number of people who were seemingly injured by the ruthless working of economic laws; they were especially troubled about the workers and the seeming exploitation of the working class then being sanctioned by classical economic doctrine. The leading economic theorist among the English social economists of the late nineteenth century was John Hobson, who tried to place his theory in the perspective of history. Others worked in history not so much out of an interest in theory as in revealing the bad conditions resulting from British liberal policy. Among the latter were such brilliant scholars and writers as Arnold Toynbee, the Webbs, and the Hammonds. At about the same time an American scholar, Thorstein Veblen, was publishing his bitter and incisive criticisms of modern "pecuniary society" and of the modern business administrator. Such attacks, especially those of Hobson and Veblen, stimulated a new departure in economic thinking in the United States. The ultimate result here was the writing of economic history from the so-called social point of view. The social economists and economic historians are mentioned here, not so much because they made any direct contribution to the development of business history but because they contributed indirectly through their successful attacks on classical and liberal economic thought and their emphasis on the human factor in society. At the same time, in their onesided emphasis on the evils of business and their failure to deal with business in operation, the social economists in turn set up attitudes which have interfered with, rather than contributed to, the interest in and the

PART I

BUSINESS HISTORY: MEANING A N D DEVELOPMENT

11

understanding of administration. Though they did not all accept the Marxian concepts of the class struggle and of historical change, those economists and historians emphasized the distribution of wealth without clear regard for the factors and problems of production. In other words they helped to break down the hold of the old traditional economic thought and they tended to deflect the new toward an emphasis on the division of the results of economic effort rather than on the better administration of production. If economic history was to be brought into touch with the realities of the economic world, it was necessary to slough off the underlying metaphysical concepts of the classical-liberal school and the Marxians and to reject the tendency to examine only a part of economic life, which characterized the work of the social economists. T o do this was the aim. and in a measure the accomplishment, of the German historical economists, a school of economists which developed in Germany in the nineteenth century and reached its height around 1900. The German historical school of economic thought had many roots. B y way of illustration let us consider a German theorist of the early nineteenth century, Von Thünen, who in one important respect departed from the prevailing classical theory. In his Der Isolirte Staat, a work published in 1826, he drew a suggestive picture of a hypothetical society, existing by itself and as a unit in itself, in which the diversification of economic life varied with the distance from the market—the market being located in the center of the state where the population was the most dense. Von Thünen thus set up a concept of relativity as opposed to the classical absolutes or universals, but he did not take the next step of introducing the concept of change over a period of time. T h e German historical economists, as historians, reached their highest development in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the outstanding economist being Gustav Schmoller of the University of Berlin. T w o general characteristics of this German school are important. First and foremost, in contrast with the classical economists and with the economic liberals and historians who developed out of classical economics, the German historical economists consciously strove to use the inductive rather than the deductive method, though in practice they fell far short of their ideal. Instead of starting out with theory and using fact to illuminate it, they hoped to build up a fund of facts with the expectation that future generations would draw therefrom in constructing theory. In other words, their method aimed to supplant deductions from natural law by scientific observation and the recording of things as they existed in fact. In theory,

12

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

PART I

and to some extent in practice as well, they brought relativity into economic study; the observation of diversity and variability in economic life made impossible the continued acceptance of the earlier metaphysical generalizations as universally valid. Thus, they challenged the old concept of cause and effect. T h e German historical economists also challenged the fiction of "the economic man." All aspects of life, they observed, had a bearing on economic developments and conditions and these in turn more or less conditioned other aspects of life. Those German scholars, accordingly, looked toward the study of the history of all parts of society as a means toward understanding historical and social change and development. Philosophy was thus ultimately to be scientifically constructed—a concept suggestive of Comte though apparently not stemming from that philosopher. Gustav Schmoller fostered the ideal of a broad, sociological study of the history of man which should lead to a better understanding of man and society. H e made economic history his special province—economic in a broad sense as an integral part of the larger whole. An important contribution of Schmoller was his emphasis on business enterprise. Early in his career he published several local studies which show that he was reaching for an understanding of economic reality in the past and that he had caught a glimpse of the business unit at work. From the point of view of business history this was his most significant contribution. H e brought the results of his researches together in a suggestive series of articles on the historical development of Unternehmung, or enterprise ( 1 8 ) . 1 His monumental work, published in 1901 and 1904, Grundriss der Allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre ( 1 9 ) , was a synthesis of his researches covering a period of about thirty-five years. It is significant for our purpose to note that this work gave much attention to the market, to competition, to business enterprise, and even to the entrepreneur or business administrator himself. Schmoller saw the administrator as the one who takes the initiative and bears the risk, as the focal point of leadership in business enterprise—the person or persons who bring together in an independent organization the various means of production for the purpose of producing certain goods or services. H e was not the first writer to recognize the business man's place in economic life but he was the first to give much attention to that person in historical research and writing. Schmoller brings us to a partial view of business history, but it is only a partial view. He sees the importance of the business man and gets a 1

T h e n u m b e r s in p a r e n t h e s e s r e f e r t o b o o k s a n d o t h e r m a t e r i a l s in P a r t s I I - V I I of

this GUIDE, w h i c h are n u m b e r e d c o n s e c u t i v e l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e v o l u m e .

PART

I

BUSINESS HISTORY: MEANING AND DEVELOPMENT

13

glimpse of the real man, but he looks at him as one looking at business from the outside. In his attempt to synthesize he tends to lose sight of the man and to deal chiefly with a description of the economic system, seeing it as a changing set of organizations and institutions throughout the length of economic experience from the time when production for exchange began and when exchange itself was carried on by the most elementary kind of economic organization. The German school was not a unity, except in so far as it was unified through a common historical interest and method. Various members of that school made important contributions which differed somewhat from Schmoller's, though no one seems to have come so close to business history as he. Karl Bücher, a contemporary of Schmoller, worked especially on the problem of economic stages, that is, the apparent succession of evolutionary systems of production. The concept of stages was a dynamic contribution—it emphasized movement, change, and development. XJnder Biicher's influence a number of studies were written concerning economic development, mostly with reference to particular places or industries. A minor interest of the German historical economists was the quantitative measurement of historical change. They made statistics a common tool of the historian and the economist. The statistical approach later developed into one of the strongest interests among economic historians. While the historical economists of the German school, such as Schmoller and Bücher, were providing historical facts from which they hoped theory could be written, other German scholars, among them Schäffle and Schönberg, were developing a new political economy—drawing facts to a certain extent from history but being concerned mainly with the problem of the national welfare. These are known as the Katheder economists, or the economists of the government. Contrary to the classical and liberal economists, they conceived of the state as an instrument for furthering social well-being through intervention in economic life. A large company of scholars in several countries carried forward the study of economic history under the influence of the German historical economists. In Germany outstanding economic historians have been Ehrenberg, Sieveking, and Strieder, who came closer to an understanding of the rôle of business in economic life than did their predecessors. In England, where the methods of the German historical economists early influenced Sir William Ashley, two later scholars, W. P. Scott and George Unwin, have also done notable work of a similar type. Of those later economic historians, Unwin came closest to an understanding of the importance of research and study in the history of business.

14

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

PART

I

A scholar by training and indeed, one might say, by instinct, Unwin had lived and worked in an industrial community so that he knew business as a living thing. He had a rare sense of the dynamic in business, which may in part explain both his feeling for function and his acute perception of economic change. His Industrial Organization in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (31) traces the genesis of modern industrial organization from the breakup of the medieval crafts in England into commercial and industrial capitalist groups and shows how that organization developed through the gradual functional differentiation of the industrial groups into owner-administrator and employee groups. In his Samuel Oldknow and the Arkwrights (631), Unwin came to the very threshold of business history if he did not, indeed, really enter the structure. At this point let us consider a German economist, a contemporary of Unwin, who did notable work of a different nature—a scholar who cannot be said to have belonged to any particular school but who illustrates the tendency of scholars of his generation to draw from various streams of thought. Werner Sombart, like Karl Marx, believed that man was driven by great external forces, and he had a concept of the order and form of historical development which was essentially Marxian except as to the immediacy and the form of the revolution. Like the historical economists, however, Sombart wrote history after actually having sought historical data, though not altogether without the Marxian proclivity for letting theory lead the way. He differed from both of those schools in one respect, and therein lay his great contribution in the evolution of business history: he saw the business man as a dynamic factor in economic life and gave that man something of an individuality. In Der Moderne Kapitalismus (25), and especially in his two important books translated into English under the titles of The Quintessence of Modern Capitalism (26) and The Jews and Modern Capitalism (24), Sombart gave business a place in history as a great institutional development and dealt with the "spirit" behind capitalism in such a way as to give the business man a certain reality as a type. Sombart's was a psychological approach, an effort to understand the mental and emotional make-up of the business man and to explain how the business man came to be as he is and of what importance his qualities are to business. Sombart saw the business man, however, as being driven by certain forces working upon him from without rather than as being in himself a creator, as is shown in his Krieg und Kapitalismus (4638) and his Luxus und Kapitalismus. Sombart's work has not been accorded full acceptance under the close

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scrutiny of modern historical criticism. His very points of strength are in some degree his weaknesses—the dramatic quality and the clarity of his style bespeak the imaginative and the inventive rather than the critical scholar. Moreover, the entrepreneur he describes is a type rather than the real man. Whether or not one agrees with Sombart's facts or his generalizations, one must admit that his work marks a milestone in economic history — h e had the courage and the imagination to strike out for himself on a new path, a path which pointed toward business history though Sombart never reached that goal. I n the period from the 1 8 7 0 ' s until early in the present century, the influence of the German historical school was brought to the United States b y a continuous stream of young men who had studied economics and history at German universities. A n early manifestation of their effect on American scholarly interest in the general field of economics was the establishment of the American Economic Association in 1 8 8 5 . The strongest single element in the promotion of the Association was young men who had come under the influence of Schaffte and Schönberg; those young men attempted, without success, to get the new Association committed to the principle of furthering social well-being through government regulation. T h e y held that the great problem was to curb monopolistic tendencies in business with the allegedly attendant evils to society, especially to the worker. A textbook, An Introduction to Political Economy ( 1 7 2 ) , by Richard E l y published in 1889, sets forth the principles of the new political economy and may be considered a landmark in the teaching of economics in the United States. T h e significance to business history of this development lies in the fact that those economists—who might with some justice be called the "American social democrats" and who were primarily interested in and committed to government regulation of business for the general good of society—turned after 1889 to the examination of contemporary business and the recent past of American business. Interested in trusts and monopolies, the growing power of which they feared, they created a large body of literature concerned with the history of business organization in the United States. Interested also in the effect of business on labor, they produced under the leadership of John R . Commons important studies of the history of American labor organizations and labor movements. L i k e their German predecessors, however, they did not examine problems of monopoly and of labor as business problems but rather as social and political problems. Although those economists have produced a large number of monographs which are valuable in the study of business history,

16

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

PART

I

they have always looked at business from the outside rather than from the inside; but a point to be remembered is that they have been vitally interested in the study of some aspects of business. Another American line of descent from the German school, the one from which business history in a real sense may be said to have developed, remains to be considered. T h i s line owes its substantial beginning in the United States to the late Edwin F. G a y , who had studied with Schmoller and was strongly influenced by him as he was also influenced by Thorold Rogers, the early English historian of prices. A s a teacher of economic history G a y had a strong influence on a whole generation of students. Like Schmoller he stressed the collection of facts for the conclusions and generalizations which might be drawn from them; like the German economists, he was interested in economic history for the meaning that it might have for contemporary economic life; but, again like Schmoller and unlike the Schäffle-Schönberg-EIy group, he did not look to the government as a leading instrument in working toward the economic well-being of society. His convictions on this question were expressed b y his turning aside for a time to serve as dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration and, later, to serve as editor of a metropolitan daily newspaper. Whereas most of the other American economists stemming from the German school worked chiefly in American history, G a y ' s interest was mainly in English economic history. His students, however, have worked in English, Continental, and American economic history. T w o fields of study of the scholars who had their training in economic history under G a y are important to business history. From his interest in the statistical measurement of economic development and change has developed one field: quantitative studies in economic history, especially studies of prices. This work, together with that stemming from the other outstanding American leader in this same field, Wesley C . Mitchell, has provided a fund of knowledge about prices, wages, bond yields, interest rates, and the production of goods over long periods of American history as well as information about the business cycle. All those studies are invaluable in the study of the history of business. T h e second field of study in economic history referred to above is that which was developed by N . S. B. Gras. It was in a real sense from the theorist Von Thünen and the genetic economist Bücher that Gras, while studying with G a y , drew the early inspiration for his concept of economic stages which he later developed through research in English economic history and set forth in the English Corn Market ( 1 2 2 1 ) in 1915 and developed further in An Introduction to Economic History (78) which

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he published in 1 9 2 2 . Gras saw in the market—which serves as the bridge between production and consumption as well as between potential supply and demand—the central factor in economic life and the most important of the dynamic factors in economic change and development. His early attempts to define stages in economic development, therefore, were expressed in terms of the development of the market as seen in the history of village, town, and metropolitan economy. Although Professor Gras was at first primarily studying economic institutions and emphasizing the evolutionary stages in their development, he was also beginning to feel his w a y toward the functional approach. While he was connected with the University of Minnesota from 1 9 1 8 to 1 9 2 7 , he made progress in that direction both in his own research and in that of the students working under his direction. T h e resulting studies, involving some field work, dealt chiefly with the history and development of the metropolitan market area of Minneapolis-St. Paul. Through those research projects, insight was gained into the actual working of the man and the unit in business. Several influences were turning Gras' interest toward the study of business history at the time. The writings of Werner Sombart and of George Unwin made a deep impression on him. Significant factors were his own sensitive perception of the changes occurring in business and in economic life in general and his growing conviction of the strategic importance of the business man in the complex economic structure of modern society. An expression of his interest was the fact that in a freshman course in economic history at the University of Minnesota, 1 9 1 9 - 2 4 , he gave the students who planned to enter the field of business a series of lectures on business men and concerns that clearly pointed to business history. Professor Gras' work and associations at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration since 1 9 2 7 have led him to develop further his conception of business history and the place of the business administrator and of business, generally, in society. He soon came to see that business history was not a branch of economic history, although most certainly a descendant of it, but a new and quite separate field, a field which was concerned with business men and units at work rather than with the description of the general development of industries, economic institutions, and organizations, or with other interests of the various types of economic historians. This conception of the importance of the business man and unit at work has been the guiding thought in research in business history as it has developed at the Graduate School of Business Administration at H a r v a r d

18

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

PART I

University. T h e study of men and firms is the first task of those who work in business history; it is believed that only from an understanding of how men and firms have worked and developed can large historical studies of given industries, of business administration, or of economic systems be written. T h e emphasis on business administrators at work does not imply that business history is a narrow subject. T h e business historian recognizes the business man as more than an economic man; all sides of his nature have a bearing on business and should be considered by the historian. Moreover, the business man works, as he lives, within his business, material, social, political, and cultural environment, an environment which is in a constant state of flux, cyclical and otherwise, and which is marked by conflicts, rigidities, contradictions, cultural lags, and brilliant creativeness, all of which tend to throw the best plans and operations of business out of proper adjustment and thus to bring trouble to business men and units, as indeed also to whole societies. In the course of the years a considerable group of men and women have worked with Professor Gras. Ideas and generalizations, opinions and theories, have been critically discussed and frequently revised. I have been a member of the group since 1928. Ralph M . Hower has for many years contributed especially from his work as a student and a teacher at the Business School, critically checking historical data and theory with the realities of business of these times. In the early days Edward Edelman and Kenneth W . Porter did yeoman service in building up case material, and Porter produced two scholarly works, each of two volumes, which come near to being definitive. Charles W . Moore and J. Owen Stalson, both of whom had had considerable experience in business, brought to research in the history of business different approaches and methods and provided fresh material and the illumination to see its meaning. Charles Sterling Popple contributed to the group his ability to generalize quickly and effectively from scattered sources. George Gibb enriched us with his insight into the nature of the individual workman and executive. " E a c h of these and several others, some still at work in the group," Professor Gras has said, "have made their contribution to a high adventure in laying a deeper and surer material and psychological foundation for the social sciences." Indeed, the possible uses of business history seem to be broad. This field of study, as an intellectual discipline and a literature, has meaning for business as a profession, for business education, for the social sciences, and for social philosophy. Interest in business history has widened greatly in recent years. A t a

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number of the larger universities courses are now offered in the subject. Historians and economists are, in their historical research, turning more and more to the history of business. There is increasing activity in the preservation of business manuscripts. Business executives, moreover, are showing such an interest in the study of the history of business as would probably not have been dreamed of two decades ago. Thus, in this field, the gulf between the world of the scholar and the world of action is becoming narrower, and there is basis for the belief that each is learning from the other. Though a beginning has been made, the full realization of the possibilities of business history lies in the future. I t is slow work, expensive in time and money, to produce biographies of men and histories of firms, but a number of such volumes have been written. J. Owen Stalson's Marketing Lije Insurance: Its History in America (2145), an industry study from the point of view of administration, is a first effort in the direction that other studies should take when the necessary information has been drawn from company experience. In his Business and Capitalism: An Introduction to Business History (8), Gras has, moreover, drawn the broad outlines of business history, pointing out the appearance in Western Europe and the United States of what he calls petty capitalists, mercantile capitalists, industrial capitalists, financial capitalists, and national capitalists. Of these the only ones that have almost entirely disappeared from the western world are the mercantile capitalists; the most numerous and persistent have been the petty capitalists; and the youngest and most aggressive at present are the national capitalists. Gras' emphasis is on policy, management, and control in a dynamic world. Distinctions made in this book promise to provide food for thought and challenges to critical acumen for a generation to come. Thus, through research and study in the history of business a literature of business history is being created and the underlying concepts of that field of study are being developed. These have not yet been fully defined nor put into practice in the writing of business history, and the work, though it is driving toward a functional point of view, has not entirely freed itself from the institutionalism of the historical economists. But the subject has developed far enough to warrant, indeed to make desirable, something of an appraisal of what has been done, to point out sources of information about the past which offer to scholars opportunity for further work in the field, and to give to readers of business history some guidance in using the materials which are available to them.

20

GENERAL

PART I

INTRODUCTION

3. T H E M A T E R I A L S OF B U S I N E S S

HISTORY

In general two large categories of materials are included in this volume. One consists mainly of secondary books, that is, monographs and general works written about business history or aspects of business. T h e other consists of what may be called research materials, that is, the original records and other materials from which business history is written. T h e former will be briefly described at this point, and research materials will be considered more fully. I t is important that the readers of history as well as the researchers and writers in the field be conscious of differences in various kinds of materials, especially of what these materials have to contribute and how reliable they are. SECONDARY HISTORICAL BOOKS AND ARTICLES

T h e secondary materials, which make up most of the GUIDE, need be considered at this point only very briefly, that is, to indicate the larger types. Most important for business history are those which were written chiefly from the records of business for the purpose of contributing to an understanding of the history of business and the relationship of business to the society in which it exists. T h e y form the beginning of a specialized literature of business history. Far greater in number are the biographies of business men and company histories written to memorialize a man or to commemorate the anniversary of a company, or to criticize men and firms. B y far the largest number of this type of work are inferior in quality and contribute little to business history. M a n y works of economic historians and historical works of economists are useful to business history because they deal with aspects of business though they are rarely business history, as that subject is herein understood. Of course, the fact that they were not written from the point of view of business history, with its emphasis on administration and function, does not mean that they are without value in the study of that subject. Most of them, however, have not been based on business records; they have frequently been drawn largely from government records which are often secondary sources and biased with respect to business; and some have been skewed toward the particular interest or point of view of the writer. T o be sure, many are conscientious and scholarly works. T h e GUIUE has attempted to point to such works of economists or economic historians in order to indicate wherein they contribute to business history and has tried to place them in the logic of the subject. Finally, it remains to note the books included in the GUIDE which give

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M A T E R I A L S FOR R E S E A R C H I N B U S I N E S S H I S T O R Y

21

information, historically, about the economic, social, cultural, and political foundation of business. Those books are essential for the background without which the study of business history falls short of its full significance. While business history is a special field of study, its ramifications are broad. In general it is probably much better to keep the subject, as such, restricted—narrow rather than broad—so as to discover the essentials and isolate the major responsibilities. Certainly, however, the business historian should be broad in his interests and deep in his perspective of the sciences and the humanities—beyond the material herein presented. M A T E R I A L S FOR R E S E A R C H I N B U S I N E S S

HISTORY

The sine qua non of research in business history is the original record of the business man or firm. It cannot be stated too emphatically that without the use of "inside" business records the business history of a man or firm cannot be written nor can original research be done on most aspects of business. Business records are a relatively unknown tool to most historians. Historians writing about business have in the past obtained their information largely not from business records but from government records, newspapers, or other "outside" sources which are often inaccurate and even consciously biased. Historians writing about business have thus been the victims of their own materials; though critically minded, they have apparently not been conscious of the fact that the nature of the materials available to them has led them to conclusions that are not valid. Before historians can be truly scientific, they must have a balanced array of sources. The special value of business records lies in the fact that they are the only source from which detailed information about the actual administration and operation of business can be obtained and from which the history of the individual and the unit can in any detailed way be reconstructed. This does not gainsay the very obvious truth that business records may fall far short of recording reality; unquestionably, they do not reveal all the nuances of character, personality, and logic that go into the making of a business decision. This is not peculiar to business, however; students in all fields of history have had to accept this limitation and work in materials far short of the ideal. Nor are the business records of a given man or firm alone enough of a source from which to reconstruct business history; they must be supplemented by "outside" materials unless a very narrow treatment is to be the result. It is impossible to describe business records as a whole. They differ according to the stage or type of business which they represent, the size of

22

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

PART I

the operations of the particular man or firm, and the function in the productive system of the particular kind of business which they record. The earliest American business man and the most important from the point of view of numbers is the petty capitalist. The farmer, the carpenter, the garage owner-operator, the general storekeeper, and so on, are of this large class. This petty capitalist's capital and operations are not large; he employs a small number of assistants or none at all; he serves mostly his own community; he is often owner, manager, and worker all in one. The petty capitalist has generally left few records. Most of his transactions have been direct, that is, made without the help of another party or the use of correspondence. The result is that the only written record of his business is often the simple account book recording what he owed and what was owed to him. Sometimes he also kept an order book; and at times he kept copies of letters sent to those who sold him supplies and letters which he received from them. An occasional petty capitalist kept detailed accounts of income and expenditures. He may also have left a few miscellaneous papers, such as deeds and canceled notes, partnership agreements, occasional inventories and financial statements, and memoranda of various kinds concerning the business. He was in times past the most prolific diarist of all types of business men, but his diary was concerned more with the weather and personal matters than with business. From the standpoint of the historian the sedentary merchant, or mercantile capitalist, and his firm have left very usable and very useful records of their business. This merchant, who was the outstanding American business man in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, was above all a letterwriter, and he kept copies of the letters he sent as well as of the letters he received. He had partners, factors, agents, or correspondents in distant ports or places to buy or sell for him; he sent out instructions or orders by letter and received reports on what had been done. Since communication was slow and much had to be left to the discretion of the distant representative of the merchant, full instructions were necessary in order that the representative could have as nearly complete knowledge as possible on which to base his plans and decisions. Similarly, instructions to buy and to sell were given to captains and supercargoes on the merchant's ships, which might be gone for years at a time sailing from port to port in distant waters. The copybooks of letters sent, as well as letters received by the mercantile capitalist, are a joy to the historian. They record personality and character, policy and management, problems and methods of operations, and results, as do no other records in the whole range of business

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MATERIALS FOR RESEARCH IN BUSINESS HISTORY

23

experience. They are the most human and at the same time the most broadly informative kind of business record that exists. The merchant was also a scrupulous accountant, as the traditional name for his office, the 'counting house, implies. His account books are very satisfying to the historian. They are not generally too complicated for the researcher who is not a specialist in accounting, and yet they give a fairly good picture of the business and its financial results. They are usually only a record of transactions, however, and not an instrument for cost control. The sedentary merchant's papers also include deeds, partnership agreements, inventories, and memoranda of various kinds. They serve to round out a type of collection of business information which is unequaled in the completeness with which it reveals the business administrator and his work. The records of the industrial capitalist, the specialist who grew to importance in the nineteenth century, are on the whole different from those of the mercantile capitalist, though there are of course many variations within the type. The private banking firm—as a specialist in finance this falls into the category of industrial capitalist—with its branch houses headed by partners comes closest to the situation in which the mercantile capitalist operated; but, generally speaking, the earlier industrial capitalist's operations were largely centered in one place and in one well-knit set of records. Letters are on the whole less important in the records of the industrial capitalist than in those of the sedentary merchant. T h a t again is relative to the size and location of the industrial concern and its administrators. The small industrial capitalist, especially where ownership and administration were the same, did not need to do much letter-writing. To be sure, routine letters had to be written to buying and selling agents and often to manufacturers of the machines required, but most of the work was administered directly and matters of policy and management did not to any great extent get recorded in correspondence. Where administration was divided so that the policy-makers (president, treasurer, directors) were at some distance from managers of operations, letters were sent to the managers, as for instance the mill agent (plant manager) of a textile factory. In the large modern corporation or holding company there is voluminous internal correspondence, most of it of a routine character. The corporation, beginning in the era of mercantile capitalism but flowering under industrial capitalism, has added a new form of record which is useful especially as a source of information concerning policy, that is, the

24

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

PART I

minutes of meetings of stockholders and directors. Increasingly, however, these have come to record only formal action which has to do with the selection of officers and directors, internal organization, and general matters of policy. For the study of the work of industrial capitalists, accounting records are indispensable. They reveal much about policy and they are invaluable in the study of management; they give a picture of the internal organization of both staff and line executives and operating departments, and of products and customers; they are absolutely invaluable for the study of costs, income, and net financial results. A word of warning is needed in this connection; the accounting records of industrial capitalists are complicated at best, and they become increasingly difficult to understand in the early decades of public attack on business and regulation by government bodies. Special training in accounting, or the help of an accountant, is a necessary aid to the historian who works on the account books of industrial capitalists of some considerable size. The larger the concern and the more scattered or diversified its units or operations, as in the holding company with many subsidiaries or affiliates, the more complex are its records. While the smaller industrial capitalist may, for example, have but a relatively simple set of ledgers and journals, the holding company or large industrial combination has a complicated set of general office account books and also specialized account books for departments (purchasing, manufacturing, sales, personnel, public relations, et cetera), divisions, branch offices, or subsidiaries. In addition, there may be periodic balances and statements, inventories, summaries and analyses of payrolls and taxes, reports of valuation studies of plant and equipment, analyses of costs of different steps or processes in operations, budget estimates, auditors' reports, and so on. These are all important to the researcher. Less valuable are the original records of transactions, such as orders, bills of lading, and vouchers, which are, however, useful as an indication of business practices or techniques. Then there are the records of the plants or operating subsidiaries. Important are personnel records, plant and equipment records, process records, accounting records, cost and yield records, shipping records, and so on. There may also be records of committee meetings. Correspondence with the parent office and memoranda and instructions received from that office may bulk large. The larger the concern and the greater the distance, functionally, from operations to top administration and the more specialized administration has become, the more complicated are the records of administration. A

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MATERIALS FOR RESEARCH IN BUSINESS HISTORY

25

great problem in such a system is that of keeping the executives of all ranks and all subsidiaries, divisions, and plants informed as to what is going on throughout the great aggregation of more or less independent organizations and, also, the problem of controlling operations so as to ensure efficient and coordinated functioning of the whole. This means that there must be much in the way of communication of information and instructions flowing upwards and downwards and also a great deal of interdepartmental and interdivisional correspondence, reports, and memoranda. In addition there may be voluminous records of scientific and economic research and analysis. There is a miscellany of other business records. Invaluable are legal records, such as charters or articles of incorporation, records of ownership, deeds, leases, contracts of all kinds, and records of law suits. Important also are organization charts, price data, tax records, individual records of employees, reports of investigations and analyses of specific problems, printed materials for stockholders (annual reports), employees (house organs), and customers (publicity), and so on. Not to be overlooked are pictures of executives, employees, buildings, machines, products, and operations. The private papers of business men are also valuable to research in business history. They are especially useful for the study of the man—his private business interests and his nonbusiness activities—as distinguished from his work as a business administrator. Private letters and other manuscripts are not necessarily separate from the business records of petty and mercantile capitalists, that is, where ownership and administration have been one; but with the corporation comes a clear break. Private manuscripts may be of different kinds. They may be a record of private investments—most business administrators are investing capitalists as well as business executives—personal letters, memoranda, deeds, inventories of a man's property, copies of wills, and so on. Sometimes they include a diary or autobiography of some man or a manuscript history of a business enterprise, all of which are valuable to the historian. Few original manuscript records of business units or men are available in print for the reader or íesearcher to use. Indeed, relatively few of such records are found in public depositories, mainly records valued because of their age or because of the public importance of the man in whose business they originated ; they are chiefly records of petty and mercantile capitalists and only occasionally of industrial capitalists. Although few original business records are found in books, the discussion of those records has been inserted above to point to their significance in the writing of business his-

26

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

PART I

tory. The reader of business history should bear their importance in mind in evaluating the books he reads. Published writings of business men should not be overlooked. Business men have, on the whole, not written much about business but even those publications which are not concerned with his work may reveal the man himself. Difficulty arises for the historian when a ghost writer or a collaborator has been employed. In the works of Andrew Carnegie and Henry Ford, to give examples, what is Carnegie and what is Bridge, and what is Ford and what is Crowther? Some important works on business have, of course, been written by business men, especially in later decades when the trained scientist and engineer and the economist have held an important place in business. The writings of business men offer an interesting subject for research; we know far too little about them. Very illuminating at times are the addresses of business men before meetings of business groups. These have appeared in books and, more largely, in trade-association publications, trade journals, and pamphlets. Occasional addresses are in the nature of reminiscences but most of them deal with contemporary matters; some deal with policy but more with management and are often highly specialized and concerned with specific problems. Generally those addresses reveal something of the philosophy and attitudes of the man and not a little of his personality and character. A vast amount of published material is issued by companies. This material is an important source of information but it has limited value unless supplemented and checked by other sources, especially by original business records. No business historian should overlook this type; yet he must not depend on it alone. The reason for this is that the company publication usually has a special purpose; whatever is put into a given publication is selected and presented so as to serve that special purpose. Its objectivity must therefore always be tested, and its accuracy as well. The largest and the oldest type of publication for the corporation is the regular and special report addressed to stockholders or officers and directors. The annual report, made up primarily of a balance sheet and income statement, varies in fullness, breadth of coverage, and reliability with time, circumstance, and man; if used critically by someone quite familiar with the given concern, the report may be very helpful. Valuable also are occasional reports of engineers, consultants, and committees—majority and minority reports. Both published annual reports and committee reports should be regarded as special pleading, that is, as furthering or supporting a particular position, and not as an objective statement. Such reports were published by canals and railroads from their early years but did not appear

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MATERIALS FOR RESEARCH IN BUSINESS HISTORY

27

in any large number for manufacturing concerns till near the end of the nineteenth century. There are several other types of business publications which are useful and even important if used with discretion. Among the early ones are information to customers in the form of trade cards, advertisements in the periodical press, and, somewhat later, catalogs listing and describing a concern's products. Another type, issued by corporations from early days, was that intended for potential investors, such as the prospectus of a company and its banker's publicity in the form of advertisements in the press and pamphlets in support of the sale of securities. About a generation ago company publications which were intended to build up good will among the general public appeared on a considerable scale. The company "house organ" was designed to do the same thing first for employees of a company, later for its stockholders, and last for the general public. Occasionally, too, appeared statements defending a company from what was considered an unfair attack by some agency of the government or by the press. Trade-association publications, especially records of meetings including addresses, discussion, and reports of committees, contain much that is important about the given industry as well as information about individual companies and men. They are invaluable for information concerning the industry: the condition of competition in an industry and cooperative efforts to curb competition ; efforts to build up uniform ethical standards and practices; cooperative collecting of information; prevailing policies and management methods and techniques; industry-wide cooperation for protection against consumers, labor, and government and for securing benefits from government. Besides, those publications are revealing of the business, social, and political philosophies of business men. They are, of course, biased in favor of their own interests and the interests of those whom they represent. Chamber of commerce and board of trade publications report cooperative efforts of business men to aid business on a community or a national scale. From the time of their origin, local bodies have published commercial statistics and rules of trading in the market or markets which are covered, and have worked to further the interests of the area represented. The regional and national boards or chambers have been less of the nature of business organizations and more in the nature of pressure groups seeking government support, and their publications are therefore of limited value in the study of business administration or operation. They do reflect the prevailing position of business groups on government policy. Somewhat similar to association publications in their usefulness to re-

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GENERAL INTRODUCTION

PART

I

search in business history, b u t on t h e whole more valuable in f a c t u a l cont e n t , a r e t r a d e a n d financial j o u r n a l s . T h e s e j o u r n a l s differ g r e a t l y a n d a given j o u r n a l m a y even change radically over a period of t i m e ; the only generalization o n e can m a k e concerning t h e m is t h a t m a n y h a v e value for t h e s t u d y of a n i n d u s t r y in itself or as b a c k g r o u n d for the s t u d y of a comp a n y in t h a t i n d u s t r y . Some are g e n e r a l ; m a n y specialize in engineering, m a n a g e m e n t p r o d u c t i o n , m a r k e t i n g , finance, a n d so on. Some contain a w e a l t h of news a b o u t men a n d firms, while o t h e r s c a r r y mostly general articles. G o v e r n m e n t materials a r e a v a s t miscellany. T h e y h a v e been used extensively b y t h e economic h i s t o r i a n , b u t t h e business historian soon becomes so strongly aware of their weaknesses t h a t h e uses t h e m sparingly a n d w i t h suspicion, possibly falling f a r short of exploiting their full possibilities. G o v e r n m e n t materials h a v e considerable v a l u e to business h i s t o r y ; t h e p r o b l e m is to know how to use t h e m . I t is well to r e m e m b e r t h a t such m a t e r i a l s a r e rarely original sources, t h a t t h e y do n o t give complete inform a t i o n , a n d t h a t f r e q u e n t l y t h e y a r e intended to prove something r a t h e r t h a n to p r e s e n t all the evidence. T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n local, S t a t e , or federal g o v e r n m e n t d o c u m e n t s which h a v e a definite a n d u n q u e s t i o n e d value. A m o n g t h e m are vital records ( d a t e s of t h e b i r t h a n d d e a t h of i n d i v i d u a l s ) , p r o b a t e records (wills a n d inventories of e s t a t e s ) , records of ownership, of mortgages, a n d of incorp o r a t i o n , t a x records (individual income, corporate, real estate, tariffs, et c e t e r a ) , s t a t u t e s , a n d even census reports. T h e s e records sometimes c o n t a i n v a l u a b l e a n d unexpected i n f o r m a t i o n . U s e f u l to business history a r e records of cases in court involving business. T h e s e r u n t h r o u g h t h e whole of American history f r o m t h e early Colonial d a y s to the present, f r o m t h e local courts to the S u p r e m e C o u r t of t h e U n i t e d States. Significant i n f o r m a t i o n , o f t e n not available elsewhere, c a n b e d r a w n f r o m t h e t e s t i m o n y a n d s u p p o r t i n g exhibits presented in t h e course of a trial—in the g r e a t a n t i t r u s t cases such m a t e r i a l s r u n i n t o a large n u m b e r of volumes. T h i s k i n d of record m u s t , however, be used w i t h c a r e ; t h e m a t e r i a l included was selected p r e s u m a b l y to s u p p o r t a position, e i t h e r for or against t h e business concern or individuals which were a p a r t y or parties to t h e case in q u e s t i o n . R e p o r t s of commissions, d e p a r t m e n t s , a n d b u r e a u s of S t a t e or federal g o v e r n m e n t s , w h i c h f r o m t h e early d a y s were set u p or i n s t r u c t e d to collect i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t aspects of business or k i n d s of business, v a r y in their v a l u e to business history. O f t e n t h e y give only statistical m a t e r i a l — s u c h as s u m m a r i e s or figures especially for individual b a n k s , railroads, a n d in-

PART I

MATERIALS FOR RESEARCH IN BUSINESS HISTORY

29

surance companies. Those reports are very useful though their usefulness is impaired by changes from time to time in the statistical methods employed. Generally those materials also record the development of the concern of the government body with the policy and management methods of business as these affect the services or the charges to users or consumers. This type of material is in most instances useful mainly for the picture it gives of the public aspects of the operations of an industry, and its reliability must always be questioned. Even where the reporting government official tries to be most objective, he may be limited greatly by his own unfamiliarity with business and influenced by his own economic or social philosophy. Sometimes, however, a commissioner of this type gives information that shows rare insight into business policy, management, and problems. The reports of public utility commissions, for example, are indispensable in the study of the utilities. In the published proceedings of a government investigation of an industry or given business firm—such as appeared under industrial capitalism, grew under financial capitalism, and reached a high point under the New Deal—the business historian can find invaluable material. Notable are the investigations made and the cases heard by such regulatory or administrative bodies as the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Securities Exchange Commission, and useful also are records of special investigating commissions and committees (particularly legislative) of States and federal government from about the middle of the nineteenth century onward. The testimony and especially the exhibits in the published proceedings of such investigations contain much information concerning individual business men and firms. Alone they have little value because they are not placed in their larger business setting or relationship, but they are useful as a supplement to information from other sources. They must always be used critically, however, for even the testimony of a business man may be bent by the government questioner so as to seem to mean something which the witness did not intend to say. These records have another very important meaning. They reveal in their larger aspects the maladjustments—business, general economic, social, and political—that have come with the rapid economic development of this country and indeed of the world ; they also reveal changes in business organization, policy, and practice which were cause and effect of that development, and they illustrate the growth of government regulation and control which have accompanied it. The student must remember that there is one special danger in using these records as evidence: they rarely if ever

30

GENERAL

PART I

INTRODUCTION

reveal anything fully or in its true perspective, partly because it is difficult if not impossible to do so but even more because a government investigation generally has a political objective and bends evidence to its own ends. There is a miscellaneous assortment of other publications which are useful in research in business history. Among them are directories, encyclopedias, dictionaries, manuals, handbooks, and periodical business information services. The publications of genealogists are filled with information for the business historian. Antiquarian historians, who have mined industriously in source materials, have brought forth nuggets for the business historian. Regional and local histories, though often commercial products rather than the result of serious research, should not be overlooked by the business historian. TREATISES A N D

TEXTBOOKS

There is a large and useful class of books which are neither history nor primary material. They were written about business mostly as of the time of writing and were designed for popular sale, for use as textbooks in teaching, or for the use of business men or others concerned with some phase of business. They vary greatly in content and quality; many such works are very useful, and they all serve to indicate and emphasize problems, issues, and developments which have occurred in business. For instance, the large number of books about the psychology of salesmanship early in the present century point to and throw some light on an important emphasis in selling. As a whole this literature ranges from the works of distinguished business economists and engineers, who write critically from experience, observation, and study, to superficial textbooks which show little acquaintance with business. The historian should use this literature to its fullest extent but should use it judiciously. Such, then, in summary, are the principal types of materials available for study and research in business history. Those materials are varied in quality and content and widely scattered. The most valuable—indeed, indispensable—for research in business history are the original records of business. This the reader, as well as the writer, of business history should keep in mind, for if a work is not well founded it cannot be reliable as history. 4 . C O N T E N T AND O R G A N I Z A T I O N OF T H I S

GUIDE

This volume is not a bibliography but a guide to business history and to the materials from which business history is written. In other words, it is not designed primarily to present a full or selected list of materials on the

PART I

CONTENT AND

ORGANIZATION

31

topics covered; it is intended rather to serve as a guide to a cross section of the existing literature on the history of business, to business history as a field for research and study, and to the various types of materials useful to research in the history of business. It is meant to serve a variety of users: business men or others having a general or a special interest in business history, students and teachers of the subject, and others interested in research and writing in the field. The range of the topics covered is broad because the ramifications of business are broad. Since the heart of business history is the administrator and administration, the contents of the GUIDE have been focussed on those topics. It should be noted that on many topics very little material is indicated, but still it has been considered worth while to carry the topic. No attempt has been made in this volume to deal with the flow of influence in the past from business to contemporary political, social, and American cultural life. The impact of American business on American life has obviously been important at all times; sometimes it has undoubtedly been the strongest conditioning factor. This is, however, a subject which the student of those other fields of history should handle. The business historian hopes that by providing facts and generalizations he will help political, social, and cultural historians to write more intelligently about business and business men as these touch their various fields. He should not attempt to do this himself. We have at hand an example of the going over from the core of a subject to its ramifying results in the case of economic history, which has to too large an extent become identified with social history. It is to be hoped that business history will not suffer the fate of virtually being turned away from its essential function. It has obviously been impossible, without the continuous cooperation of several people over a number of years, to make a full coverage of the many topics included, or even to be certain of selecting the best works on the various subjects for the purposes of business history. Accordingly, the plan has been followed of using the information about the various types of materials collected by my colleagues and myself in the course of our research, and of drawing on the libraries of Harvard University, especially Baker Library of the Graduate School of Business Administration. An effort has been made to include examples of the various types of materials of use to research in business history. While the major attention has been given to general books and monographs and articles, at the same time research materials, that is, trade journals, company publications, pamphlets, government documents, and a miscellany of printed materials and some manuscript records have been included with a view to acquainting

32

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

PART I

the reader and the researcher in the field with the nature and the value of the various types of materials from which business history is written. Because the volume could present only a cross section or samples of the various types of records, an effort has been made to include guides to depositories and collections and especially bibliographies. These are scattered in their appropriate places throughout the GUIDE, and general bibliographies and information helpful in locating classes or types of materials are presented in Part VII. The classification followed has been quite arbitrary; some other arrangement might have served as well. The main divisions are as follows: Part II (the first to include lists of materials) contains works on the general historical development of business and the historical background and setting of American business. Part I I I is devoted to autobiographies, biographies, and other materials about individual business men. Part IV is devoted similarly to business units. Part V contains materials dealing with aspects of the history of functional divisions of business and selected industries. Part VI deals with general topics in business history. Part VII, as»noted above, is devoted to reference and research materials. The problems arising in the classification of the material have been many and difficult to solve. One general problem that has persisted throughout the whole book has been that of classifying the works of economic historians and economists. A large part of the secondary materials listed in the GUIDE—historical surveys and monographs and economic treatises—were written within the thought structure of economic historians and economists and did not fit logically into a business history classification. The result has been far from satisfactory, in many cases a compromise which clearly fits the concepts of neither economic nor business history. A clear-cut and refined classification, one followed consistently, was impossible of attainment. Another difficulty has been the fact that, since business history is so young a discipline, few if any materials were available on many topics on which the business historian desires information. Even to search out research materials was impossible to any large extent. The rounding out of the classification must wait till further research has been done in the field. The main divisions and many subdivisions bear introductory notes. These are intended to point to the most important works or types of research materials on the subject concerned, to suggest wherein further research is necessary, and at times to indicate how further work may be done. These notes must be regarded as only partial and tentative; they are intended to be suggestive and useful rather than definitive or complete.

PART I

CONTENT AND

ORGANIZATION

33

The GUIDE lists about five thousand items. Most of them are precise references to printed materials or manuscripts. A few are merely general references to types of materials. The objective in so far as the form of the bibliographical statement is concerned has not been to be technically correct according to the most exacting bibliographical standards but rather to be reasonably helpful to the user of the GUIDE without taking up too much space. Descriptive and, frequently, critical comments accompany most of the titles. In fact more attention has been given to the effort to describe and evaluate the materials listed, from the point of view of business history, than to securing an adequate or balanced coverage of the various topics. It seemed especially important to do this in view of the fact that most of the general works and monographs were not written to be used in the study of business history. There are two keys to the contents of this volume. One is the table of contents, which indicates the topical divisions of the book. The other is the index. Both should be consulted freely. Because it has not been feasible to do extensive cross-referencing within the book, the index is the only key to materials on any given topic which may appear elsewhere than where that topic is given a special place as indicated in the table of contents. This volume lays no claim to completeness or to finality in the selection and organization of the items included or in the judgments expressed. The book is presented with the hope that it may be useful to those who are interested in business history at this stage of its development and with the expectation that before many years have passed most of its sections will be out of date. In various places throughout the GUIDE where broad themes have been dealt with, I have emphasized the necessity of doing research in original records. Not many manuscripts have been listed, however, because they are not available to the vast majority of researchers. A large part of the book has, therefore, been devoted to the less important materials useful to study and research in business history, namely, various types from other disciplines. While these materials are individually of less importance, collectively they constitute a background that is indispensable. As the study of business history proceeds, there will be the problem of a larger synthesis in which the biographies and histories of individual business men and companies will have to be correlated with the work of economists, economic historians, and others in the field of the social sciences.

PART II HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND SETTING OF AMERICAN BUSINESS

BUSINESS is historically a part of a broad and continuous stream of phenomena which are constantly undergoing change and which affect each other directly or indirectly in varying degree. These phenomena are not only material but also social, political, and cultural. Their nature and relationship are at any given time conditioned by the past and by each other and are subjected to change under the impact of divergent factors or influences. A grasp of this concept of change and historical relativity is essential in the study of the history of business. The object of Part II is to present books and articles (i) which give some insight into the process of historical development and change with special reference to business, and (2) which contain information concerning the history of the various institutions, factors, or influences which have been significant to business, that is, the material, cultural, social, and political framework within which business has operated. Calling these the framework of business does not imply that they rigidly set the bounds for business—the influence obviously flowed both ways. There is no thought in this introductory section of giving a full or rounded coverage of the various topics. Some have been dealt with more fully and carefully than others; some have been included in order to call attention to them rather than to present a complete or a carefully selected list of books and articles dealing with them. Unfortunately, most historical research and writing has not given much consideration to business or even had business in mind. Therefore, the reader must, himself, often supply the connection with business if he is to see any relationship at all. Indeed, those materials quite generally illustrate the fact that research and writing in the history of business and the relationship of business to other historical phenomena are still largely an open field for scholars. One book listed below should be read by all who are interested in the history of business and the meaning of business in history: Business and Capitalism, by N. S. B. Gras.

CH. 1

BUSINESS AND CAPITALISM

35

C H A P T E R 1. O R I G I N A N D D E V E L O P M E N T OF BUSINESS AND CAPITALISM For a hundred years economists and historians have been interested in the origin and development of capitalism, or the business system, and in evaluating its social significance. The first to have a strong and enduring influence was Karl Marx, whose Communist Manifesto, written jointly with Friedrich Engels, and Capital supplied the first influential theory of economic development and nurtured much writing in the general field of the history of capitalism; the Marxians have emphasized the destructive qualities of modern business. Next came the German historical economists, of whom Gustav Schmoller was most influential, who sought to study business enterprise historically from original records; interested chiefly in the over-all study of economic life as an integral part of society, the historical economists emphasized institutions and organizations. A late member of this school, Werner Sombart, who was first influenced strongly by Marxian thought and later by modern psychology, was interested in the business man; he was concerned with the "spirit" of the man under the drive of great external forces. Lastly came the business historians, led by N . S. B. Gras, who seek to find in the past a perspective on the present and who hold that the essence of business history is the history of the administration of business units in operation. Three words used by economists and historians in writing about the history of business and capitalism should be carefully noted at this time, for each is weighted with heavy intellectual and emotional content. Business as used by the business historians refers to the administration and operation of business units and of the whole system in the combining of labor, natural resources, and capital in the production and exchange of goods with a view to earning money or social profits. In the use of this word Americans have a great advantage over those who must rely upon several words, such as commerce, industry, agriculture, banking, and the like. Enterprise is used by economists and economic historians to designate the spirit behind private business as well as the business unit and the business system. Capitalism generally refers to the over-all system. Since capitalism is a much-used and an especially controversial word, it requires special attention. The books on the history of capitalism follow essentially the individual author's basic concepts of capitalism. Those basic concepts may be classified as follows: ( i ) the technological concept, namely, that capitalism is a system which uses capital in the form of machinery for the production of goods and services; (2) the capital concept, that is, capitalism is a system

36

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N B U S I N E S S

of production in which capital predominates;

PART II

(3) the ownership concept,

according to which capitalism represents individual as distinguished from communal ownership;

(4)

the ethical (or exploitation)

concept, which

regards capitalism as a system b y which the capitalist takes unto himself the value created b y the worker; and ( 5 ) the administrator concept, which looks upon capitalism as a system of economic production in which the administrator brings land, labor, and capital together and guides them in production and exchange. T h e first four of these concepts do not constitute a satisfactory approach to, or basis for, the study of business history, though the studies made under them are often illuminating and helpful and h a v e contributed to the development of business history. Of course there can be no capitalism w i t h o u t capital, and machines (technology) are invaluable tools, b u t capital and machines tell only a part of the story and are inert in themselves; studies of these factors are useful to business history b u t are in themselves not enough. T h e ownership concept is confusing, for the essentials of the capitalist system and process m a y exist regardless of whether ownership is private, partially under the state, or communal.

T h e historical material

which follows the M a r x i a n concept of exploitation is decidedly questionable: it usually points everything toward the question of sharing-distribution, thus dealing with results rather than with production itself ; it begins with the assumption that capitalism is a system of exploitation, and it is founded on the philosophy of materialistic determinism.

This

GUIDE

ac-

cepts the administrator as the coordinating and guiding, that is, the k e y factor in the system of capitalism and regards administration as the central thread in its history. T h e administrator concept of capitalism marks a relatively new approach. T h e chief works based on this concept are the articles b y N . S. B . Gras and his volume entitled Business

and Capitalism,

below. G r a s divides the his-

tory of capitalism as follows: Pre-business capitalism P r i v a t e business capitalism, divided into stages or systems as follows: P e t t y capitalism M e r c a n t i l e capitalism Industrial capitalism Financial capitalism N a t i o n a l capitalism Public business capitalism T h e r e are no general studies of these systems of capitalism apart from G r a s ' Business

and

Capitalism.

CH. 1

BUSINESS AND

CAPITALISM

37

Below are listed general works and monographs which deal with the origin and development of capitalism or aspects of its history. Some are theoretical, wholly or largely; some present differing points of view about the origin and others about the development of capitalism; a few deal with business in various stages of development. Altogether they represent the various types of thought and effort in attempting to understand the history of business. 1. BLOOM, HERBERT I. The economic activities of the Jews of Amsterdam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Williamsport, Pa.: Bayard Press, 1937. Pp. xviii, 332. Tables, bibliog., apps. A scholarly w o r k that examines the place of Jews in Amsterdam business in 17th and 18th centuries. Whereas Sombart said that where Jews went, prosperity followed, in this case Amsterdam blossomed forth and Jews flocked to it, thus refuting S o m bart's close association of the Jews with the origins of capitalist enterprise.

2. BRENTANO, L u j o . Die Anfänge des modernen Kapitalismus. München: G. Franz, 1916. Pp. 199. 3. BUCHANAN, DANIEL HOUSTON. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t of capitalistic e n t e r -

prise in India. N . Y.: Macmillan, 1935. Pp. ix, 497. A scholarly w o r k which describes in detail and evaluates, in its historical perspective, the business system of an oriental country still largely petty capitalist but in the process of industrialization.

Interesting and suggestive as a contrast with

"the

West," especially the U. S.

4. CALHOUN, GEORGE M. The business life of ancient Athens. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press [c. 1926]. Pp. x, 175. Brief survey of economic and business development in Athens from pre-Hellenic times to 4th century B.C. Pre-business capitalism; petty capitalism—traveling merchants (grain dealers), shipowners, money-changers, investing capitalists (loans and insurance) ; glimpses of mercantile capitalists ; and beginnings of industrial specialization on a large scale in banking and mining. Business men, business organization, techniques, and ethics.

5. COMMONS, JOHN R. The legal foundations of capitalism. N . Y.: Macmillan, 1924. Pp. χ, 394. A n historical and theoretical analysis of the institutional basis of capitalism as found especially in legal precedents " f r o m Coke to T a f t . "

Examines the evolution and a p -

plication of such concepts as value, property, and liberty in relation to business operations and transactions.

Author, a prominent American economist, was intellectually

descended from the German historical economists.

6. DOBB, MAURICE. Capitalist enterprise and social progress. (Studies in economics and political science no. 81, edited by the director of the London

38

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N

BUSINESS

PART

II

School of Economics and Political Science.) London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1925. Pp. x, 409. This is an interesting attempt to use history and theory to guide thinking on the problems of our business system. Part 1 deals with theories concerning the entrepreneur, the working of capitalist enterprise, and the relation of economic to social change. Part 2 traces the history of private capitalistic enterprise from its early medieval beginnings in Europe. Part 3 considers critically, in the light of history and theory, assumptions and programs of groups of opinion about the evils in our present system and urges the importance of studying the entrepreneurial function. Throughout, the author emphasizes the importance of the "spirit of enterprise" to social progress and its dependence on the complex nature of the social organism in which it operates. EHRENBERG, RICHARD. Grosse Vermögen: ihre Entstehung und ihre Bedeutung. 2 vols. Jena: G. Fischer, 1902-05. Pp. viii, 210; xi, 150. 7.

These volumes illustrate the interest in Germany in the history of German industrial and other business families and business concerns. Vol. ii deals with the House of Parish in Hamburg, an important German mercantile-capitalist firm. 8 . G R A S , Ν . S. B. Business and capitalism: an introduction to business history. N . Y . : Crofts, 1939. Pp. xxii, 408. Ulus., charts, bibliog.

An early w o r k in a new field, this is the only book that traces the evolution of business from its beginnings through the successive stages of its development. It describes the systems of private business capitalism—petty, mercantile, industrial, financial, and national—as to type of business man, the organization of business, functions, and administration (policy, management, and control) ; and it evaluates the different systems as to their weakness and strength. Though difficult to read because its approach to history is new and because it is packed with unfamiliar facts and new ideas, this book has more to offer the thoughtful reader of business history than any other work thus far published. Indeed, it constitutes an introduction to business history which should be a challenge to historical scholarship for years to come. Minor corrections were made in the new impression issued in 1946. 9 . GRAS, Ν . S. B . "The rise of big business," Journal of economic and business history, vol. iv, no. 3 (May, 1932), pp. 381-408.

The nature, functions, and activities of the dominant types of business men in the order of their appearance, historically: traveling merchant, sedentary merchant, the industrial specialist, and, later, the new integrators or consolidators. This article set forth the first broad generalization of business development which was later refined and extended in Gras' Business and Capitalism. 10.

GRAS, Ν .

S.

B.,

R A Y M O N D DE R O O V E R , a n d

HENRIETTA

M.

LARSON.

"Capitalism—concept and history," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xvi, no. 2 (Apr., 1942), pp. 21-42. Considers various concepts and holds that the essential element in the system of capitalism is administration, as seen in various stages in the history of business.

CH. 1

BUSINESS A N D

39

CAPITALISM

11. HEYNEN, REINHARD. Zur Entstehung des Kapitalismus in Venedig. Stuttgart: J . G. Cotta'sche, 1905. Pp. 129. Evidence that the views of Werner Sombart do not apply to medieval Venice. special study of the Mairano family, 1150-1200.

A

12. HOBSON, JOHN A. The evolution of modern capitalism: a study of machine production. N. Y . : Scribner's [c. 1916]. Pp. xvi, 488. Tables. An institutional history of capitalism, chiefly from the 18th century onward, which deals mainly with the structure of economic society in its various divisions, that is, manufacturing, finance, marketing, etc., and is social in its point of view. Stresses the growth of large combinations and more intense competition. Introductory chapter is based on Sombart's work on the origin and early history of capitalism and repeats Sombart's mistakes. Contains almost nothing on administration or on the functional aspect of business. First published in 1906, it has been very influential in academic circles. 13. MARX, KARL, a n d FRIEDRICH ENGELS.

M a n i f e s t o of the

communist

party. Authorised English translation edited and annotated by Friedrich Engels. London: William Reeves, 1888. Pp. 31. First published in German and French in 1848, and in English in 1850 (in Woodhull and Clafiin's Weekly in N . Y . in 1872), this statement of a platform for the " C o m munist League," a German workingmen's association of 1848, states a theory of economic development which has had a revolutionary effect on economic thought and policy the world over. Its philosophy of economic determinism and concept of the class struggle make it the most influential w o r k from the point of view of economic history published in the 19th century. T h e pattern of economic development which it drew supplied the framework for much subsequent writing, notably on the history of capitalism. See also Marx's Capital ( 1 1 5 ) .

14. MITCHELL, WESLEY C. "Sombart's Hochkapitalismus," Quarterly journal of economics, vol. xliii, no. 2 (Feb., 1929), pp. 303-323. A critical review of Der thesis.

moderne

Kapitalismus

which outlines Sombart's

main

15. NUSSBAUM, FREDERICK L. A history of the economic institutions of modern Europe. An introduction to Der moderne Kapitalismus of Werner Sombart. N . Y . : Crofts, 1933. Pp. xvi, 448. Illus., maps, charts, bibliogs. Economic history of Europe from the time of "precapitalistic economy" to recent times; follows Sombart closely, accepting his concept of stages of economic development.

16. PIRENNE, HENRI. Medieval cities: their origins and the revival of trade. Translated from the French by Frank D. Halsey. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1925. Pp. 249. Bibliog.

40

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N BUSINESS

PART II

Lectures delivered in American universities by one of Europe's most distinguished economic historians in the medieval field in recent decades. The Islamic conquest of the 7th and 8th centuries closed the Mediterranean Sea to trade and made the Empire of Charlemagne into a non-commercial state (only local trade and no gold coinage). The Crusades rolled back the Islamic peoples, and trading towns, especially in Italy, again began to flourish. In the 12th century came the unfolding of commercial capitalism. The merchant classes blossomed in Venice and spread to other towns rather than springing from the countryside. The growth and spread of the merchant classes gave rise to town life and civilization. This little book presents much general background material for a study of the rise of the traveling merchant. A list of valuable works for the general student w h o reads French and German is included (pp. 245-249).

17. ROBERTSON, H. M. Aspects of the rise of economic individualism: a criticism of Max Weber and his school. Cambridge, England: University Press, 1933. Pp. xvi, 223. Criticism of the religio-sociological school of Weber and others. Finds idea of "calling" in Jesuits and Jansenists as well as in Protestantism. Attributes the rise of spirit of capitalism to capitalism itself and treats it as a secular force. A critical review of this book, by Talcott Parsons, appeared in the Journal of Political Economy, Oct., 1935.

18. SCHMOLLER, GUSTAV. "Die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Unternehmung," in Schmoller's Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Vervaltung, und Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich, vols, xiv-xvii ( 1 8 9 0 - 9 3 ) , passim. A series of articles on the development of business enterprise which are significant as an early recognition of the historical importance of business.

19. SCHMOLLER, GUSTAV. Grundriss der allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre. 2 vols. [Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1901, 1904.] Pp. xiii, 482; x, 719. This w o r k is a milestone in historical economics and the first historical work to deal on a broad scale with business as an integral part of economic history. It is a synthesis of Schmoller's research and thinking. The first part explains the guiding concepts and methods, the factors in economic life (land, people, and technology), and the organization of economic life; under the last topic the author considers at length the history of the organization of business enterprise. The second part deals with the process of exchange (the market and trade, competition, money and prices, etc.), the distribution of income, and the larger social results of economic organization and activity.

20. SEE, HENRI. Modern capitalism: its origin and evolution. (Translated by Homer B. Vanderblue and Georges F. Doriot.) N . Y.: Adelphi, 1928. Pp. xvi, 225. Illus., chap, notes, bibliog. Capitalism is held to be large-scale enterprise and to have gone through four stages: commercial, financial, industrial, and now all combined. A readable introduction to the literature of economic history rather than a reasoned exposition of the growth of

CH. 1

41

BUSINESS AND CAPITALISM

capitalism. Little insight into administrative problems. Farther from business history than Sòmbart. Author's concept of industrial capitalism is untenable, and the rise of financial capitalism is misunderstood and placed in the Middle Ages rather than in the late 19th century.

21. SELIGMAN, E. R. A. The economic interpretation of history. N. Y . : Columbia Univ. Press, 1902. Pp. ix, 166. A useful criticism of Marxian theory of historical development.

2 2 . SIEVEKING,

HEINRICH.

Wirtschaftsgeschichte.

(Enzyklopädie

der

Rechts- und Staatswissenschaft. Vol. xlvii.) Berlin: Verlag von Julius Springer, 1935. Pp. vii, 209. Section bibliogs. A concise and comprehensive survey of the economic history of the Western World from ancient times to 1935, with an emphasis upon the development of capitalism.

23. SOMBART, WERNER. "Capitalism," Encyclopaedia of the social sciences, vol. iii (1930), pp. 195-209. Useful as an introduction to the subject. The periods of capitalistic development are not very cogent. A helpful but incomplete bibliography is appended.

24. SOMBART, WERNER. The Jews and modern capitalism. Translated by M. Epstein. London: T. Fisher Unwin [c. 1913]. Pp. xvi, 402. Notes, refs. Contribution of the Jews to modern economic life, an enumeration and appraisal of their characteristics and teachings which foster the capitalistic spirit, and the origin of the Jewish genius. Includes historical material, 16th century to the present. Accounting, aggressive selling, shoddy, etc., are considered. A genetic study, brilliant and suggestive, but not altogether convincing. For instance, the chapter on the significance of Jewish religion suffers, as do many other studies of the relationship of religion and business, from the failure to consider the teachings of other faiths—the writings of Thomas Aquinas show on some fundamental points close similarity to the Judaic position.

25. SOMBART, WERNER. Der Moderne Kapitalismus: Historisch-systematische Darstellung des gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Dritte unveränderte Auflage. 2 vols, in 4 parts. Pp. xxii, vii, 919; χ, ix, 1229. Munich: Duncker & Humblot, 1919 [c. 1916]. Tables, bibliogs. An influential work by a German scholar, the first edition of which appeared in 1902 when the author was writing under the influence of Marxian thought. Views capital as a functional thing belonging exclusively within the capitalist system. His concept of stages in economic development has been followed by many students of economic history, especially German but also American (15). On the factual side this work has been criticized: the .author's position that business first rose out of the

42

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N

BUSINESS

PART

II

unearned increment of rising rents and land values has been proved largely wrong; and, failing to see how highly developed business really was in the Middle Ages, Sombart exaggerated the difference between medieval and modern economic life. The particular contribution of the author to business history lay elsewhere, after he substituted the psychological for the Marxian approach. He then emphasized enterprise and the entrepreneur, and particularly the "spirit" of the capitalist, which was in sharp contrast with Marx's materialism. This emphasis on the man as distinct from the force pointed toward business history.

26. SOMBART, WERNER. The quintessence of capitalism: a study of the history and psychology of the modern business man. Translated and edited by M. Epstein. N . Y.: Dutton, 1915. Pp. 382. Notes, refs. A pyschological analysis of the mind of the business man, in the light chiefly of external forces and factors which the author thinks have historically influenced the development of the capitalist spirit, seeing the man as the driving power in the capitalist system. A stimulating book that has had an important influence, though its facts and conclusions have not altogether stood up under later research and criticism. Should be read in connection with his Luxus und Kapitalismus and Krieg und Kapitalismus (Munich, 1913).

27. STRIEDER, JACOB. "Origin and evolution of early European capitalism," Journal of economic and business history, vol. ii, no. 1 (Nov., 1929), pp. 1-19. A survey which finds the beginnings of large capital accumulations in trade and traces their growth in the business of medieval Italian and South German merchants and bankers.

28. STRIEDER, JACOB. Studien zur Geschichte kapitalistischer Organisations-formen. Munich: Duncker & Humblot, 1914. Pp. xxix, 486. Disagrees with Sombart's view that urban rent was the origin of modern capital accumulation. Period covered, 1300-1800. Early corporations, monopolies, cartels. Part played by mining in the development of capitalism.

29. STRIEDER, JACOB. Zur Genesis des modernen Kapitalismus. Forschungen zur Entstehung der grossen Kapitalvermögen am Ausgange des Mittelalters und zu Beginn der Neuzeit, zunächst in Augsburg. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1904. Pp. xiv, 233. The main theory of Sombart that capital arose from ground rents does not hold good for medieval Augsburg.

30. TAWNEY, R. H. Religion and the rise of capitalism; a historical study. (Holland memorial lectures.) N . Y.: Harcourt [c. 1926]. Pp. x, 337. An English social economist writes on the influence of religion, particularly Protestantism, on the beginnings of modern capitalism. A stimulating book, of the Weber (3 2 -33) persuasion, that has been widely used and criticized.

CH. 2

GENERAL AND EUROPEAN

BACKGROUND

43

Industrial organization in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1904. Pp. vii, 277. 3 1 . U N W I N , GEORGE.

Written in a most difficult style, this book in substance carries the story f u r t h e r t h a n anyone h a d done before in t h a t it looks inside the business unit. A u t h o r w a s a scholar of first r a n k a n d h a d a rare sense of t h e dynamic in business—learned f r o m a n effort to understand w h a t was involved in w o r k , reaching f r o m labor u p t o w a r d m a n agement. I n his comprehension of the larger issues in history he was a philosopher even more t h a n an historian. This book traces the genesis of modern industrial organization f r o m the b r e a k u p of the medieval craft organization in England into commercial and industrial capitalist groups a n d through the gradual differentiation of the industrial into owner-administ r a t o r a n d employee groups, the basis of change being functional. I t is an indispensable introduction to the study of industrial capitalism a n d the Industrial Revolution a n d can be fully understood only a f t e r reading chapters iii a n d iv of N. S. B. Gras' Business and Capitalism (8). 3 2 . W E B E R , M A X . General economic history. (Tr. by Frank H . Knight.) N. Y.: Greenberg, 1927 [ist German ed., 1924]. Pp. xviii, 401.

A German sociologist explores medieval life in search of the beginnings of capitalism. 3 3 . W E B E R , M A X . The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. (Tr. by Talcott Parsons.) N. Y.: Scribner's [1930]. Pp. xi, 292.

Considers the influence on the capitalist spirit of the P r o t e s t a n t movements a n d ideas, especially Calvinism, which h a d their source in the R e f o r m a t i o n . Stresses the importance of the Calvinist idea of a calling. Challenging in its main thesis, this w o r k aroused much consideration by scholars of the relation of religion to capitalism a n d to other aspects of m o d e m life.

CHAPTER 2. GENERAL AND EUROPEAN HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AMERICAN BUSINESS American business can be seen in its true perspective only as a part of the world community within which it has existed and operated. The colonization of America was a part of the expansion of European trade which occurred in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; the promoters of several colonies were sedentary merchants of London and other European centers of trade. The business practices and tools, as well as the economic and political organization and the culture of the colonists, were the product of centuries of development in Europe—the Levant, Italy, France, the Netherlands, and Britain. From the time of settlement to the present, American business has been affected in greater or less degree by developments and conditions in the Western World and, indeed, in the Far East as it came within the orbit of the West.

44

BACKGROUND OF AMERICAN BUSINESS

PART

II

The books listed below contain bibliographies and references which will serve as a guide to the larger literature from which these were chosen. A . ECONOMIC HISTORY

Hereunder are general works which deal with economic development and change but are not focussed on business or capitalism. They are on the whole narrative and descriptive rather than analytical. They follow largely the thought patterns of the classical-liberal, historical, and non-Marxian social economists (see Part I, section 2). To the student of business history they are of value in two ways: they present generalizations and historical facts which are useful and often important to research and study in the history of business; and they illustrate different points of view on the part of historians toward business and economic life, to some extent in the order of their historical beginnings and development. Clive Day's History of Commerce (35) is a very useful survey of the history of European trade from ancient times, and his Economic Development in Europe (34) is especially helpful for recent decades. Mantoux's Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century (40) is valuable as a story of the flow of technical effort which was a key factor in the revolution. Arnold Toynbee's Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England (58) pioneered in the field of the social effects of the revolution. Pirenne's Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe (43) is an excellent introduction. Rostovtzeff's History of the Ancient World (47) is an imaginative work that is rewarding, though not easy, reading. Many of the works listed below are useful because of the information which they contain concerning social results and public policy; Cunningham (51), Clapham (50), and Ogg and Sharp (41) deal to a considerable extent with government policy and regulation. For bibliographies in economic history, see below: Gino Luzzato (65) for Italian history, Charles Gross' (52) and Judith Blow Williams' (59) volumes for English history, and Dahlmann-Waitz (61) for German, and the various histories listed. See also Chapter 1, above. Monographs in European economic history are also listed in Parts I I I - V of the GUIDE. I. GENERAL EUROPEAN

34. DAY, CLIVE. Economic development in Europe . . . . millan, 1942. Pp. xxii, 746. Tables.

N. Y.: Mac-

A useful survey (a revision and extension of Economic Development in Modern Europe published in 1933) of the development of the institutions of agriculture and

CH.

GENERAL

2

manufacturing,

especially

in

AND

EUROPEAN

England,

France,

4S

BACKGROUND Germany,

Russia,

and

Italy,

from

m e d i e v a l t i m e s to a b o u t 1940, w i t h a t t e n t i o n to the relations of e c o n o m i c l i f e t o p o l i t i cal a n d social c o n d i t i o n s of the times.

1800 on Spain a n d

Ireland.

L i m i t e d in s c o p e b u t w r i t t e n w i t h a j u d i c i o u s n e s s t h a t reflects the m a t u r e

A l s o c h a p t e r s to

scholar.

C o n t a i n s u s e f u l classified references, p p . 705-738, a n d c h a p t e r readings.

T h e references

s h o u l d be especially h e l p f u l on C o m m u n i s m , N a z i s m , a n d F a s c i s m a n d a f t e r W o r l d W a r 1 of v a r i o u s E u r o p e a n

the

history

countries.

D A Y , C L I V E . A history of commerce. Ν . Pp. χ, 676. Maps, tables, chap, refs., bibliog.

35.

A n e l e m e n t a r y , b u t g o o d historical s u r v e y ,

first

Y.:

Longmans [c.

p u b l i s h e d in 1907.

1922].

Ancient

times

to a b o u t the d a t e s of p u b l i c a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g m o s t of E u r o p e , w i t h a t t e n t i o n to t r a d e o r g a n i z a t i o n — m a r k e t s , fairs, traders, e t c . — w a r e s of c o m m e r c e , m e t h o d s of routes,

commercial

centers,

commercial

tion, a n d g e n e r a l i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t .

associations,

commercial

policy

payment,

and

regula-

M o r e a s e g m e n t of e c o n o m i c h i s t o r y

than

of business h i s t o r y b u t v e r y u s e f u l to t h e business h i s t o r i a n as a g e n e r a l s u r v e y . D O P S C H , A L F O N S . The economic and social foundations of European civilization. Ν. Y.: Harcourt, 1937. Pp. xi, 404. 36.

A s h o r t e n e d t r a n s l a t i o n of Die päischen

Kulturentwicklung

wirtschaftlichen

und

sozialen

Grundlagen

der

w h i c h d e a l s w i t h the p r e - C a r o l i n g i a n p e r i o d a n d

s o m e of the older c o n c e p t i o n s of t h e " D a r k A g e s . "

V a l u a b l e f o r the s t u d y of

eurorevises town

life in its e c o n o m i c aspects in the t r a n s i t i o n f r o m A n c i e n t T i m e s to the M i d d l e A g e s . 37.

and BARBARA. The rise of modern industry. Pp. 2 8 1 .

HAMMOND, JOHN L . L E B .

Ν. Y.: Harcourt [c.

1926].

T w o l e a d i n g E n g l i s h s o c i a l - e c o n o m i c h i s t o r i a n s s u r v e y the c h a n g e a n d c o n f u s i o n t h a t c a m e w i t h the d e v e l o p m e n t of c o m m e r c e b e f o r e the I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n a n d w i t h t h e R e v o l u t i o n , s h o w i n g the b a d social results w h i c h f o l l o w e d . A c h a l l e n g i n g w o r k .

38. H E A T O N , H E R B E R T . Economic history of Europe. Ν. Y.: Harper, Pp. xiv, 775. Chap, refs., maps.

1936.

H i s t o r i c a l s u r v e y , ancient p e r i o d to t h e p r e s e n t , b a s e d on s t a n d a r d w o r k s in e c o n o m i c history

a n d the results of r e c e n t r e s e a r c h e s in business h i s t o r y .

Chapter

references

FELIX

FLÜGEL.

refer to recent articles a n d b o o k s . 39.

KNIGHT,

MELVIN

M.,

HARRY

ELMER

BARNES,

Economic history of Europe. Boston: Houghton [c. Chap, refs., maps. S i n g l e - v o l u m e s u r v e y t h a t c o n t a i n s little o n business.

and

1928.]

Pp. ix,

813.

R o m a n p e r i o d to d a t e of p u b -

lication.

The Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century. (Tr. by Marjorie Vernon.) Rev. ed. Ν. Y.: Harcourt [c. 1 9 2 7 ] . Pp. 539. Maps, charts, bibliog. 40. M A N T O U X , PAUL.

46

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N

BUSINESS

PART

II

Invaluable, the English edition being better than the French. A n economic history of the Industrial Revolution in the tradition of classical economics—concerned with flow of technical effort and the individuals who played a part in it—business (especially policy and management) not being emphasized. The next contribution of this scope on the subject would be a volume on the Industrial Revolution written from such business records as exist (Unwin started it in Samuel Oldknow and the Ark•wrights). We need more information about the handling of machines, especially the development of skill and steadiness of work, about difficulties and costs of operation, and particularly about the financing of the individual business units. Somebody should tell us how petty capitalists carried through an economic, business, and social revolution, thus securing for themselves the only social justice they had known in four or five centuries. 4 1 . OGG, FREDERIC A U S T I N , a n d WALTER R I C E SHARP. m e n t of modern E u r o p e .

R e v . ed.

Economic develop-

Ν . Y . : Macmillan, 1926.

Pp. xvi, 861.

T a b l e s , chap. refs. Chiefly since 1800, and limited to United Kingdom, France, and Germany. A n economic history of agriculture, industry, and trade, and history of labor legislation and organization and of socialism and social insurance. Emphasis on techniques, organization, and government policy. Illustrates tendency in economic history to go over to social results. 42.

PACKARD, L A U R E N C E B .

T h e commercial revolution, 1 4 0 0 - 1 7 7 6 ;

c a n t i l i s m — C o l b e r t — A d a m Smith. 43. PIRENNE, HENRI. Ν . Y.: Harcourt

Ν . Y . : H o l t [c. 1 9 2 7 ] .

E c o n o m i c a n d social h i s t o r y of M e d i e v a l

[1937].

P p . ix, 243.

mer-

P p . vii, 105. Europe.

Bibliog.

A valuable short survey. The author drew from an extensive literature on economic history—richly from the work of the historical economists—and used the materials critically and in the light of recent scholarship. 4 4 . T H O M P S O N , JAMES WESTFALL. Middle Ages [c. 1 9 2 8 ] .

(300-1300).

P p . ix, 900.

a.

A n e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l h i s t o r y of t h e

(Century

historical

series.)

N.

Y.:

. E c o n o m i c a n d social h i s t o r y of E u r o p e in the L a t e r

Ages (1300-1530). P p . viii, 545.

Century

M a p s , bibliog.

( C e n t u r y historical series.)

Middle

N . Y . : C e n t u r y [c. 1 9 3 1 ] .

M a p s , classified bibliog.

Deals with Continental Europe chiefly. Concerned with trade, markets, etc., and institutions and techniques; not with administration or, to any considerable extent, operation. Recognizes importance of partnership in medieval business. 2. 4 5 . FRANK, TENNEY. centennial

publications

A N C I E N T WORLD

A n e c o n o m i c h i s t o r y of R o m e . of

The

Johns

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1927.

Hopkins

2d ed., rev.

University,

[c. 1920.]

(Semi-

1876-1926.)

P p . xi, 5 1 9 .

CH. 2

GENERAL AND EUROPEAN

BACKGROUND

47

I m p o r t a n t for certain aspects of commerce and manufacturing. Good deal of material on Italian towns. Prehistoric times to first century A.D. GLOTZ, GUSTAVE. Ancient Greece at work: an economic history of Greece from the Homeric period to the Roman conquest. (The history of civilization.) (Tr. by M. R. Dobie.) N. Y.: Knopf, 1926. Pp. xii, 402. Illus., bibliog.

46.

Broad, scholarly treatment of economic history of ancient Greece, 12th to first centuries, B.c., based on an extensive use of contemporary literature: industrial stages, labor, industries and trade, monetary system, social classes, etc. Various types of laborers—serf, slave, and free—and their occupations are considered. Some information about wages and apprentices included.

47. ROSTOVTZEFF, M I K H A I L IVANOVICH'. A history of the ancient world. 2 vols. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1 9 2 6 - 2 7 . Pp. 4 0 6 ; 3 7 6 . Illus., maps. T h e work of an imaginative and dynamic scholar who had done a great deal of research in the original sources. A mine of information and interpretation, strong on the economic aspects though with the focus on social results rather than on business. 3 . ENGLAND AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE

The economic development of India. London: Longmans, 1929. Pp. χ, 581. Maps, tables. 4 8 . A N S T E Y , VERA.

Deals chiefly with the then recent developments and problems—economic, political, and social.

49. ASHLEY, W. J. An introduction to English economic history and theory. London: Longmans [vol. i, pt. 1, n t h impression, 1923, ist ed., 1 8 8 8 ; vol. i, pt. 2 , 10th impression, 1 9 2 5 , ist ed., 1 8 9 3 ] . Pp. xv, 2 2 7 ; xii, 501. Chap. refs. This book has the merit of treating facts and theory in parallel fashion and including both English and Continental experience. The weakest part is the chapter (part 2) on agriculture, and almost everywhere the book is out of date. At times the a u t h o r did see business men at work, but he did not pursue the subject far. The past generation of economic historians was brought u p on Ashley, and the book served its purpose brilliantly. Based on printed materials.

50. CLAPHAM, J. H. An economic history of modern Britain. 3 vols. Cambridge, England: University Press, 1926, 1932, 1938. Pp. xviii, 623; xiii, 554; xiv, 577· Charts, app. Early nineteenth century to present. A detailed, scholarly w o r k in the classical tradition, chiefly on organization of transportation, factory production, commerce, finance, and labor, with much on public policy and regulation. Especially useful for

48

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N

BUSINESS

PART

II

comparison, by topics or industries, with American development in the same time. Weak in private finance. London's financial hegemony in imperial and world affairs neglected. 5 1 . C U N N I N G H A M , W I L L I A M . The growth of English industry and commerce . . . . 2d ed. 2 vols. Cambridge, England: University Press, 189092. Pp. XV, 626; xvi, 771. Bibliogs. f T h e first and smaller edition of this w o r k , published in 1882, was concerned with the Middle Ages, while the edition of 1890-92 brought the story down to about mid19th century. These two editions were a very influential pioneer effort to trace the economic history of England. T h e y present a description of general economic development, with much attention to public policy ; the underlying thought is that of classical economics and the framework that of political history. 5 2 . GROSS, CHARLES. Sources and literature of English history from the earliest times to about 1885. 2d ed., rev. and enl. London: Longmans, 1915. Pp. xxiii, 820. Scholarly but not strong on economic or business history.

53. HEWINS, W. A. S. English trade and finance chiefly in the seventeenth century. London: Methuen & Co., 1892. Pp. xxxv, 174. Monopolies, trading companies, working classes, and commercial treaties.

54. KNOWLES, L. C. A. The economic development of the British overseas empire. London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1924. Pp. xv, 555. Maps. A useful survey.

55. LIPSON, E. An introduction to the economic history of England. 3 vols. London: A. & C. Black, Ltd., vol. i, 1923, pp. viii, 552; vol. ii, 1931, pp. viii, 464; vol. iii, 1931, pp. ν, 542. Bibliog., vols, i and iii. Covers Middle Ages and age of mercantilism. One of the texts on which economic historians of this generation in England have been brought up. Better documented than Ashley, but does not deal with Continental analogies. Characterized by emphasis on forms and institutions and by lack of emphasis on function. 5 6 . REDFORD, A R T H U R . The economic history of England (1760-1860). London: Longmans, 1931. Pp. ix, 221. Classified bibliog. Readable, brief account based chiefly on the conclusions of recent monographs and other authoritative works. Economic history, not business.

57. SEELEY, J. R. The expansion of England: two courses of lectures. London: Macmillan, 1895. Pp. viii, 359. a. . The growth of British policy. 2 vols. Cambridge, England : University Press, 1911. Pp. xxiv, 436; 403.

CH. 2

GENERAL AND EUROPEAN BACKGROUND

49

Holds that the Empire is chiefly the result of economic growth and need—an u n planned development which grew out of mercantile capitalism. 5 8 . TOYNBEE, ARNOLD. Lectures on the industrial revolution in England; popular addresses, notes and other fragments . . . . London: Longmans, 1884. Pp. xxxvii, 256. This work h a d a great influence on the study of economic history f r o m the point of view of social well-being. T o y n b e e may be called the first of the English social economists and historians. 5 9 . WILLIAMS, JUDITH BLOW. A guide to the printed materials for English social and economic history, 1 7 5 0 — 1 8 5 0 . (Records of civilization: sources and studies.) 2 vols. Pp. xxiii, 535; 653. N. Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1926. An invaluable bibliography a n d guide to materials on British development in commerce and commercial policy, communication, prices, money a n d banking, and industry, including books t h a t h a d a great influence in America. 4.

CONTINENTAL EUROPE AND ASIA

Social and economic history of Germany from William II to Hitler, 1 8 8 8 - 1 9 3 8 : a comparative study . . . with a foreword by J. F. Rees. Cardiff: University Press Board, 1938. PD. xv, 201. Bibliog. 6 0 . BRUCK, WERNER FRIEDRICH.

Economic history and its interpretation in the light of certain theoretical concepts by one who k n e w German economic life f r o m research a n d first-hand experience.

61. Dahlmann-Waitz Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte. 9 aufl. unter Mitwerkung von Ernst Baasch, Max V. Bahrfeldt . . . . Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1931. Pp. xl, 992. T h e s t a n d a r d guide to materials on German history. Relatively weak on economic history; see Wirtschaftsgeschichte for the various periods. 6 2 . DAWSON, WILLIAM HARBUTT.

The evolution of modern Germany.

N. Y.: Scribner's. Pp. xvi, 503. Economic, social, a n d political history; reprint of the L o n d o n edition of 1908.

63. HAN jo, EIJIRO. Social and economic history of Japan. Kyoto: Institute for Research in Economic History of Japan, 1935. Pp. xii, 410. Usually considered the best general discussion in English of this topic. T h e glossary is especially valuable. A more detailed treatment is t h a t of Takekoski.

64. HEYD, W. Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen-âge. French ed., rev. and enl., published under the patronage of La Société de l'Orient

SO

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N B U S I N E S S

PART I I

Latin by Furcy Raynaud. 2 vols. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1923. Pp. xxiv, 554; 799. A long and authoritative work on the subject. Vol. i includes information about commercial manuals; also has bibliographical notes. Originally published in German, 1879; n o w somewhat out of date.

"The study of medieval economic history in Italy: recent literature and tendencies," Journal of economic and business history, 6 5 . LUZZATO, G I N O .

vol. iv, n o . 2 ( A u g . , 1932), p p . 708-727. A valuable survey by a leading Italian historian.

66. MAVOR, J A M E S . An economic history of Russia. Dutton, 1925. Pp. XXXV, 6 1 4 ; xxii, 630.

2

vols.

2d

ed. Ν . Y.:

From the 8th century to 1905-07. Valuable for the study of economic, social, and political (governmental policy especially) background of communist Russia.

67. SEE, HENRI. Histoire économique de la France. 2 vols. Paris: Colin, 1939·

68. Z I M M E R N , H E L E N . The Hansa towns. London: T. Fisher Unwin; Ν . Y.: Putnam, 1889. Pp. xvii, 389. Illus., map. History of the Hanseatic League, 13th to 17th centuries chiefly: purposes, organization, activities, regulation, commodities dealt in, and regions traded with, etc., with general historical background. Includes also a description of community and life in the Steelyard in London, and an explanation of the decline of the League. B.

STATISTICAL HISTORICAL W O R K S

In the nineteenth century historians adopted statistics as a measure of certain aspects of economic change, notably the trend of prices and wages. Rogers in England and D'Avenel in France published pioneer works which have been widely used. In recent years have appeared in Europe and America under the International Scientific Committee on Price History a number of volumes on the history of prices in various countries by scholars trained in statistical techniques. Such statistical works are invaluable to business history because they throw light on the trends in prices and wages and because they are a useful means of measuring general economic and business conditions and changes over a period of time, especially in the study of cyclical changes and general trends. Though the business historian finds such works useful, he must use them with care and discrimination. 69.

A V E N E L , GEORGES

D'. Historie économique de la propriété, des solaires,

CH. 2

GENERAL A N D E U R O P E A N BACKGROUND

SI

des denrées, et de tous les prix en général, depuis l'an 1200 jusqu'en l'an 1800 . . . . 4 vols. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1894-98. The French classic in price history. 7 0 . BEVERIDGE, WILLIAM H E N R Y , and others. Prices and wages in England from the twelfth to the nineteenth century. Vol. i. Price tables: mercantile era . . . . London: Longmans, 1939. Pp. Ix, 756. Tables. Publication of the International Scientific Committee on price history based almost wholly on primary material.

71. ELSAS, Ν. J. Umriss einer Geschichte der Preise und Löhne in Deutschland vom ausgehenden Mittelalter biszum Beginn des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts. Erster band. Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff's Uitgwersmaatschappy Ν. V., 1936. Pp. χ, 808. Tables. A publication of the International Scientific Committee on Price History.

American treasure and the price revolution in Spain, 1501-1650. Cambridge: Harvard, 1934. Pp. xv, 428. Tables, charts. 7 2 . HAMILTON, EARL J .

A valuable study, from contemporary documents and account books, of the price revolution that came with the import of South and Central American treasure.

. . . Recherches et documents sur l'histoire des prix en France de 1500 à 1800 . . . . Paris: Les Presses Modernes, 1936. Pp. 522. Tables. 7 3 . HAUSER, H E N R I .

Publication of the International Scientific Committee on Price History. 7 4 . ROGERS, JAMES E. THOROLD. A history of agriculture and prices in England from the year after the Oxford Parliament (1259) to the commencement of the Continental war (1793) ; compiled entirely from original and contemporaneous records. 6 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1866. Tables. A monumental work (about 5,000 pages) on prices in England that was a pioneer quantitative study. Agricultural technique, production, trade routes, markets, weights and measures, currency, wages and their purchasing power, social distinctions and the distribution of wealth, profits, transportation costs, military, political, and economic events, and, chiefly, tables of prices with some information about the records used.

75. TOOKE, THOMAS. A history of prices, and of the state of the circulation, from 1793 to 1837 . . . . 2 vols. London: Longman, 1838. [Second and altered edition of a work first published in 1823.] Pp. viii, 376; iv, 420. Tables.

52

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N

BUSINESS

PART

II

a. -— . A history of prices, and of the state of the circulation, in 1838 and 1839 . . . . London: Longman, 1840. Pp. iv, 298. Tables. b. . A history of prices, and of the state of the circulation, from 1839 to 1847 · · · · London: Longman, 1848. Pp. xvi, 500. Tables. c.

a n d WILLIAM NEWMARCH.

A

h i s t o r y of prices, a n d of

the

state of the circulation, during the nine years 1848-1856. In two volumes; forming the fifth and sixth volumes of the history of prices from 1793 to the present time. London: Longman, 1857. Pp. xxiii, 666; xv, 981. Tables. Index to the 6 volumes in vol. vi, pp. 877-981. A famous work on English price history, useful to American business history for comparison and English background. C.

ECONOMIC

STAGES

A valuable logical tool in thinking about economic development is the concept of stages, that is, that economic life has evolved through successive systems of production and exchange. While the stages are envisaged as nearly universal in their application, any one region or country may skip a stage, may lag behind other places, or may even revert to an earlier stage. Moreover, transition from stage to stage is a gradual process and not a clean break. The development of the idea and the use of stages—of the historians' effort to reduce the chaos of historical facts to some order or form that the mind could grasp—is critically reviewed in N . S. B. Gras' "Stages in Economic History" (79). The concept has been used by many historians. The attention of the reader is called to three other works: Von Thünen's Der Isolirte Staat (3966), Carl Bücher's Industrial Evolution (76), and Ν. S. Β. Gras' Introduction to Economic History (78). The last-named volume, which holds that the market was the most dynamic factor in economic development, presented that development as a succession of stages characterized as collectional, cultural nomadic, settled village, town, and metropolitan economies. Those five stages provide suggestive background for the history of business. For other works presenting economic history in the form of stages see Ashley's Introduction to Economic History and Theory (49), Cunningham's The Growth of English Industry and Commerce ( 5 1 ) , Marx and Engels' Manifesto (13), Marx's Capital ( 1 1 5 ) , Sombart's Moderne Kapitalismus (25), Nussbaum's History of Modern Economic Institutions ( 1 5 ) , and Blanche Hazard's Organization of the Boot and Shoe Industry (2478). See also Gras' Business and Capitalism (8).

CH. 2

GENERAL AND EUROPEAN

BACKGROUND

S3

7 6 . B Ü C H E R , CARL. Industrial evolution. (Translated from the third German edition by S. Morley Wickett.) Ν. Y.: Holt, 1901. Pp. xi, 393. Tables.

States a u t h o r ' s concept of stages in industrial evolution, which has had a strong influence on later w o r k in economic history. First published in G e r m a n y in 1893.

77. GRAS, Ν. S. B. Industrial evolution. Cambridge: Harvard, 1930. Pp. 259. Illus. Describes the various stages in industrial evolution: u s u f a c t u r e ; retail h a n d i c r a f t ; wholesale handicraft—independent phase ; wholesale h a n d i c r a f t — d e p e n d e n t phase ; and factory. Contains chapters on the industrial revolution in the textile industry, on the shoe, iron and steel, chemical, a n d electrical industries, on the Dennison M a n u facturing C o m p a n y , a n d on changes, government aid, associations, and a r t in industry. 78.

[c.

GRAS, Ν . S . B . 1922].

Pp. xxiii,

An introduction to economic history. 3 5 0 . Tables, maps, chap. refs.

Ν . Y.:

Harper

Genetic survey of economic history which looks upon the m a r k e t as the dynamic force in economic life. Divides economic history into five stages, t h a t is, collectional, cultural nomadic, settled village, town, a n d metropolitan e c o n o m y ; pictures economic life as changing a n d functioning and not as static. Illustrative material d r a w n p a r ticularly f r o m English and American experience. M u c h of the business development involved in the changes described in this book is set f o r t h in the a u t h o r ' s Business and Capitalism (8). 7 9 . GRAS, Ν . S. B . "Stages in economic history," Journal of economic and business history, vol. ii, no. 3 (May, 1 9 3 0 ) , pp. 3 9 5 - 4 1 8 .

A valuable critical discussion of the development of the concept of stages in economic history. 8 0 . TURNER,

FREDERICK

Ν. Y.: Holt [c.

1920].

JACKSON.

Pp.

The frontier in American history.

375.

A collection of essays a n d addresses published between 1893 a n d 1918. T h e first essay expresses T u r n e r ' s concept of economic stages as repeated in the various waves of settlement. A valuable expression of the historical thinking a n d concepts of the f o u n d e r of an i m p o r t a n t "school" of American historians, those interested in the study of " t h e West." D.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

An economic system may be considered as a composite of the following elements: economic organization—industrial, commercial, financial, etc.— with its contemporary government policy, theories, thought, and ethical

54

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N B U S I N E S S

PART II

codes. When viewed from the standpoint of genesis, each economic system may be regarded as an economic stage. Few writers have attempted to synthesize the elements which constitute a system, and the terminology itself is indefinite. Although very little has been written on the subject, the concept of a system within which business operates seems of enough importance to give it a place in this volume even though it be little more than a topic. Gustav Schmoller's Mercantile System (83) is an early synthesis of some òf the factors in one important system. "The Business Man and Economic Systems," by N. S. B. Gras (82), is a survey of the various systems with special reference to economic theory and policy. The same writer included considerable material on various aspects of economic systems in an earlier work, An Introduction to Economic History (78). In the Casebook in American Business History (254), pages 98-116 and 745-765, with a diagram on page 99, are discussions of systems including recent ones. These should be correlated with the various forms of capitalism in Business and Capitalism (8). For works on economic organization, see Chapter 1 and sections A and C above, especially the last. Works on economic thought, ethics, and government policy and regulation or control follow in the sections below. 81. "Early economic systems, especially mercantilism," Casebook in American business history [254], pp. 98-116. Shows how the medieval economic thought of the Church was, under the drive of public administrators and English sedentary merchants, supplanted by mercantilist thought and policy. Quotations from writings of "Hales," Mun, Child, North, and others.

82. G R A S , Ν . S. B . "The business man and economic systems," Journal of economic and business history, vol. iii, no. 2 (Feb., 1931), pp. 165-184. An historical survey and evaluation of "the various schools of economic policy and theory, from the standpoint of the participation of the business man," the 4th to the 20th centuries.

83. S C H M O L L E R , G U S T A V . The mercantile system and its historical significance illustrated chiefly from Prussian history: being a chapter from the Studien über die Wirthschaftliche Politik Friedrichs des Grossen. (Economic classics edited by W. J. Ashley.) N. Y.: Macmillan, 1902. Pp. ix, 95· Development of regulation under the political and economic organization of village, town, territory, and nation, Middle Ages to 18th century, chiefly on the Continent, with emphasis on the mercantile system as an expression of national policy. Published in 1884 in the first issue of Schmoller's Jahrbuch.

CH. 2

GENERAL AND EUROPEAN BACKGROUND E.

SS

RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY

American business developed within the framework of western philosop h y and religion; it was an heir, as was A m e r i c a n civilization in general, to the Judaic-Greek-Christian system of thought and values.

The

full

significance of this relationship for business history could perhaps best be conveyed b y comparative studies of religions and systems of thought in the Orient and the W e s t with special reference to economic life and business. T h e Judaic-Greek-Christian system of thought has accepted private property as of the natural order and has emphasized the importance of the individual.

I t s various component groups h a v e stood for a general moral

order and h a v e striven to establish or define standards of conduct in the economic as in other spheres, though the exact interpretation and application of the fundamentals of western philosophy and religion have varied as between different times and conditions, philosophers, and churches or sects. T h e position of the M e d i e v a l C h u r c h and the schoolmen on economic questions is considered among others b y A s h l e y ( 4 9 ) , M o n r o e ( 1 0 3 ) , H u b bard ( 9 9 ) , and O ' B r i e n ( 1 0 4 ) . A number of scholars h a v e been interested in the subject chiefly from a n interest in the origins of capitalism.

Som-

bart has emphasized the influence of the Jews and Judaic thought

(24);

T a w n e y (30) and Weber ( 3 3 ) h a v e stressed the influence of religious concepts that appeared in the Protestant Reformation. T h e position of religiosociological writers has been challenged b y Robertson ( 1 7 ) , w h o holds that capitalism and its basic concepts grew out of the circumstances of economic life itself. T h e R o m a n Catholic C h u r c h has persisted in its attempt to develop codes for business and to control business conduct. T h o m a s A q u i n a s interpreted the Church's position on ethical questions in the M i d d l e A g e s ( 8 9 ) .

The

papal encyclicals of 1891 and 1 9 3 1 , discussed b y N e l l - B r e u n i n g (88), illustrate the C h u r c h ' s championing in our times of the p e t t y capitalist and laborer as contrasted with industrial and financial capitalists. H o w far the Protestant churches h a v e gone in the same direction it is impossible to say, though the "social gospel" has tended to have the same effect. Studies of the Quaker M o v e m e n t , the Baptist, Methodist, and other churches and sects in this relation would be enlightening. T h e attrition of the old faiths and philosophies which gathered momentum in E u r o p e in the nineteenth century has a significance to business and economic well-being which needs to be considered. O n l y a scholar trained in philosophy could find his w a y through the confusing maze and only one also trained in the realities of modern business and economic life could begin to evaluate the significance of w h a t has been happening.

BACKGROUND OF AMERICAN BUSINESS

56

PART I I

A few works are listed below. N o attempt has been made to include such as are not specifically related to economics or business. This excludes all works on philosophy, except Lodge's work which is listed elsewhere ( 3 5 7 9 ) . See also the section, below, on economic theory. 8 4 . EMDEN, PAUL H . ment.

Quakers in commerce, a record of business achieve-

London: Sampson, Low, Marston & Co., Ltd.

[c. 1 9 3 9 ] .

Pp. x,

2 7 3 . Illus., app., bibliog. Pages 1 3 - 1 5 contain a suggestive discussion of "business mentality" which considers Quaker attitudes toward business and the importance of Quaker ethics. The remainder consists of short biographies of Quaker business men in England. 8 5 . FANFANI,

AMINTORE.

Catholicism,

protestantism

and

capitalism.

(Translation of L e origini dello spirito capitalistico in Italia. 1933.)

Milan:

Ν . Y . : Sheed & Ward, 1 9 3 5 . Pp. ν, 224.

An historical exposition of the position of the Catholic Church on the question of economic effort and of the origin and growth of economic rationalism. Opposes Weber's and Sombart's explanations of the rise of the capitalist spirit. Suggestive. 8 6 . HUSSLEIN, JOSEPH. T h e world problem: capital, labor, and the church. N . Y . : P. J . Kenedy & Sons, 1 9 1 8 . Pp. xii, 296. A Roman Catholic sociologist writes about capitalism, monopolistic prices, business ethics, labor, etc. Plea for Christian Democracy to stand between socialism and "rationalistic capitalism." 8 7 . HYMA, ALBERT. Christianity, capitalism, and communism: a historical analysis. Ann Arbor: George Wahr, 1 9 3 7 . Pp. 3 0 3 . Considers writings of churchmen from the time of the medieval Church to the "sitdown strike." Differs with Weber and Troeltsch in interpretation of influence of Calvin on capitalism. 8 8 . NELL-BREUNING, OSWALD VON.

Reorganization of social economy:

the social encyclical developed and explained. b y Bernard W . Dempsey, S. J . )

(English edition prepared

Ν . Y . : Bruce, 1 9 3 6 . Pp. xiii, 4 8 5 . Illus.

Contains two important types of material: full text, translated into English, of two great papal encyclicals relating to economic life and business, Rerum Novarum of Leo XIII, issued in 1891, and Quadragesimo Anno of Pius xi, issued in 1931; and detailed commentaries and explanations of the latter encyclical, and, to some extent, of the former. Book may be regarded as an exposition of modern Catholic economic thought; author of the commentaries is a Jesuit scholar of high standing within the Church. 8 9 . RICKABY, JOSEPH.

Aquinas ethicus . . .

a translation of the princi-

pal portions of the second part of the " S u m m a Theologica."

Vols, i and

ii. London: Burns & Oates, Ltd., 1 8 9 6 . Pp. xxviii, 4 2 6 ; xxvii, 4 5 9 .

CH. 2

GENERAL A N D EUROPEAN

BACKGROUND

57

Thomas Aquinas, one of the greatest exponents of medieval Christian thought, discusses private property on pp. 5.3-55 of volume ii and just price and usury on pp. 91-104. More important perhaps than these specific points is the general emphasis of the Summa, as shown in these two volumes, on self-control and other Christian virtues.

90. R Y A N , J O H N A. Distributive justice: the right and wrong of our present distribution of wealth. Ν . Y.: Macmillan, 1916. Pp. xviii, 442. An American Catholic left-wing economist considers the distribution of wealth, applying moral and welfare criteria, and points to existing moral wrongs in the operation of the system. Recognizes the complicated nature of the problems involved and suggests no single remedy, but pleads for a more nearly just distribution, using as the chief criterion of justice the needs of the individual.

91. T R O E L T S C H , E R N S T . T h e social teachings of the Christian churches. (Tr. by Olive Wyon.) 2 vols. N . Y.: Macmillan, 1931. Pp. 445; 4 5 5 1019. A translation of a German work that should not be overlooked by anyone interested in the relationship between religion and economic life. Vol. i deals with the early and medieval Church and vol. ii with Protestantism. F.

ECONOMIC T H O U G H T AND T H E O R Y

Successive systems of economic thought and theory have arisen in the medieval and modern world: Church thought (patristic, scholastic, and canonist), mercantile economics of towns and the new national states in early modern times, physiocratic theory, classical and liberal, neo-mercantilist, socialist, and various forms of national capitalist thought. Reviews of these systems are found in "The Business Man and Economic Systems" (82) and on pages 98-116 and 745-765 of the Casebook (254) ; in section G, below, are found several volumes in which the emphasis is on governmental policy. Classical and neo-classical writers, such as Adam Smith and Alfred Marshall, have provided the most sympathetic theoretical background for individualistic business. Socialist economists, such as Marx and Sombart, have been highly critical of private business, emphasizing its negative or destructive qualities and deeds, and have contributed to the thought foundation of collectivist systems. This section is not a bibliography of economic thought. Its first concern is to present surveys of the history of the subject which contain bibliographies for the person who wishes to read widely. Several surveys are listed below; they differ from one another in organization and emphasis, as is indicated in the comment on each work. Valuable chapters or sections are also found in a number of books, including Ashley's Introduction to

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N

58

BUSINESS

PART

II

Economic History and Theory (49) and Cunningham's English Industry and Commerce (51). In addition are listed; below, a small number of works on theory that have been of outstanding importance in their influence on economic thought and policy. I. 92.

SURVEYS AND COMMENTARIES:

GENERAL AND EUROPEAN

A review of economic theory. London: P. Pp. x, 4 4 8 .

CANNAN, E D W I N .

& Son, Ltd.,

1929.

S.

King

A systematic treatment of the history of economic theory by a follower of Adam Smith. Introduction deals with the origin of economic theory. 93.

COLE, G . D . H .

309, vi. Bibliog.

What Marx really meant.

N. Y.:

Knopf,

1934.

Pp.

A suggestive interpretation of Karl Marx and of recent developments in Europe in the light of Marxian thought. Deals with growth and changes in capitalism and economic classes, with Marxian theory of value, and with Marxian method, holding that M a r x must be explained and interpreted in the light of changing conditions. G I D E , C H A R L E S , and C H A R L E S R I S T . A history of economic doctrines from the time of the physiocrats to the present day. (Translated from the second revised and augmented French edition of 1913 by R. Richards.) N. Y.: Heath. Pp. xxiii, 672. 94.

A comprehensive, incisive, and useful survey.

History of economic thought: a critical account of the origin and development of the economic theories of the leading thinkers in the leading nations. Rev. ed. Ν. Y.: Macmillan, 1924 [c. 1911 and 1 9 2 0 ] . Pp. xix, 6 7 7 . Bibliog. 9 5 . HANEY, LEWIS H .

A useful summary of the development of economic thought from ancient times up to about 1900. Has little direct relation to business history.

96. HAYEK, F. A. VON, editor. Collectivist economic planning: critical studies on the possibilities of socialism by N. G. Pierson, Ludwig von Mises, Georg Halm, and Enrico Barone. London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1935. Pp. ν, 293. Diags., selected bibliog. Valuable analyses of

economic problems in planning

economy, by five leading opponents of planning:

and operating

a

planned

an Englishman, a Dutchman, an

Austrian, a German, and an Italian.

97. H I G G S , H E N R Y . The Physiocrats: six lectures on the French économistes of the 18th century. London: Macmillan, 1897. Pp. x, 158. A useful summary of the ideas of the Physiocrats.

GENERAL AND EUROPEAN

CH. 2

98. HOMAN, PAUL T . 1928.

Pp. xi,

BACKGROUND

Contemporary economic thought.

Ν. Υ.:

59

Harper,

475.

A n interestingly written survey of the economic writings and theories of the influential economists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with an explanation of the influences shaping the theories: John Bates Clark, Thorstein Vehlen, Alfred Marshall, John A. Hobson, and Wesley C. Mitchell.

99. HUBBARD, JOSEPH B. Economic thought in patristic literature. [Manuscript Ph.D. thesis, Widener Library, Harvard University], 1923. Pp. 275. Classified bibliog. "Survey of the economic thought of Christian writers to the time of Gregory the Great [about 540-604] in the west and of John of Damascus [died in 754] in the east." Treats of economic structure and functions, value, just price, capital, interest, wages, occupations, etc.

100. JOHNSON, E. A. J. Predecessors of Adam Smith: the growth of British economic thought. Ν. Y.: Prentice-Hall, 1937. Pp. xii, 426. A scholarly and very readable w o r k on the theories of M u n , Malynes, Petty, Steuart, and others. Interest is in theory ; fails to place them clearly in the business setting of their time.

101. LAIDLER, HARRY W. A history of socialist thought. Ν. Y.: Crowell, 1933. Pp. xxii, 713. Illus. From Plato to 1920's. Author is a socialist. 102. LEVY, HERMANN.

Economic liberalism. London: Macmillan, 1 9 1 3 [first pub. by Gustave Fischer, Jena, 1902, under the title of Die Grundlagen des ökonomischen Liberalismus]. Pp. xi, 124. A study of English historical origins and foundations in the 17th and 18th centuries. 103. MONROE, ARTHUR E L I , editor. Early economic thought: selections from economic literature prior to Adam Smith. Cambridge: Harvard, 1924. Pp. viii, 400. Bibliog. Selections (in English translation) from Aristotle, Xenophon, St. Thomas Aquinas, Oresme, Molinaeus, Bodin, Serra, MUA, Petty, von Hornick, Cantillon, Galiani, Hume, Quesnay, Turgot, von Justi. 104. O'BRIEN, GEORGE. An essay on mediaeval economic teachings. N. Y.: Longmans, 1920. Pp. viii, 242. Economic doctrines of the medieval schoolmen, to end of 15th century: right of private property and the duties this right entailed ; just price and prohibition of usury. A product of town economy.

60

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BUSINESS

PART

II

105. ROLL, E R I C H . A history of economic thought. London: Faber & Faber, 1938. Pp. 430. A recent work, notable chiefly because of its long and sympathetic treatment of Marx. 1 0 6 . SCOTT, WILLIAM A . The development of economics. (Century studies in economics.) N . Y.: Century [c. 1933]. Pp. xii, 540. Bibliog. A readable textbook in which the topics are grouped "around the development of the Classical Political Economy of England by considering first, the background of that development in the economic life and thought of the preceding period [mercantile and physiocratic systems] ; second, the development of the Classical Political Economy itself; third, its early critics [nationalists, old historical school, optimists, and socialists in particular] ; and fourth, attempts to reconstruct the science in the post-classical, including the contemporary, period, and critics of these attempts." 1 0 7 . WHITTAKER, E D M U N D . A history of economic ideas. N . Y . : Longmans, 1940. Pp. xii, 766. Charts, bibliog. A useful topical or ideological rather than chronological treatment. Attempts to relate the idea to its setting and the conditions under which it rose and lived, and hence draws on anthropology and social, legal, and political history and thought. Comprehensive but general. Topics: social evolution and social thought, wealth and human industry, economic individualism, property and distribution of wealth, movements toward social reform, economic nationalism, population, production, value, rent, interest, wages, profits, money, business prosperity and depression, and the scope and method of economics. Footnotes and bibliography give a key to an extensive literature. 2.

SELECTED WORKS I N ECONOMIC THEORY

1 0 8 . B Ö H M - B A W E R K , E U G E N VON. The positive theory of capital. by W. Smart.) London: Macmillan, 1891. Pp. xl, 428.

(Tr.

A statement of his theory by an early leader of the Austrian School. Sets forth theories on capital and interest that differ from those of prevailing English and Continental economists and have had a wide influence on American economists.

109. HOBSON, J . A. Work and wealth: a human valuation. N . Y.: Macmillan, 1914. Pp. xvi, 361. ". . . an early—perhaps a premature—attempt to reduce the current social-reform movement to a definite theoretical statement." (Walton Hamilton in Journal of Political Economy, vol. xxiii, p. 583.) A later presentation and evaluation of the humanist approach to economic thought and policy by this English leader of the socio-ethical school is found in Hobson's Economics and Ethics: a Study in Social Values, published about 1929. 110.

K E Y N E S , J O H N MAYNARD.

The end of laissez-faire. 2d impression.

CH. 2

GENERAL AND EUROPEAN BACKGROUND

61

London: pub. by Leonard and Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press, 1926. Pp. S3· Significant comments on the origins and development of laissez-faire, 18th century to the present. Based on two of the author's lectures. The author was a leading influence in the 1920's and thereafter, in England and the United States, in laying the theoretical foundation for the great extension of government regulation and control of business.

1 1 1 . KEYNES, JOHN MAYNARD. A treatise on money. 2 vols. N. Y.: Harcourt [first pub. 1930]. Pp. xvii, 363; viii, 424. Tables, charts. a. . The general theory of employment, interest, and money. N. Y.: Harcourt, 1936. Pp. xii, 403. The first of these is one of the most influential books in the field of economic theory published in recent decades; it laid a theoretical foundation for the monetary management of the 1930's. In the later book the author pushes the analysis further back and develops a more general theory.

112. LIST, FREDERICK. National system of political economy. (Translated from the German by G. A. Matile, including the notes of the French translation by Henri Richelot.) Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1856. Pp. Ixxxiv, 61-497. The author, who had been in business in the U. S. and Germany and who had observed the "American System" in operation, wrote this first strong attack on the free trade teachings of the laissez-faire economists.

113. MALTHUS, THOMAS ROBERT. An essay on the principle of population, as it affects the future improvement of society . . . . London: printed for J. Johnson, 1798. Pp. ix, 396. Malthus' theory of population, as popularly understood, had a strong influence on the thinking of the business man as well as the economic and social theorists in the 19th century.

114. MARSHALL, ALFRED. Principles of economics. 8th ed. [ist ed., London and New York: Macmillan, 1890. Pp. xxviii, 754·] London: Macmillan, 1920. Pp. xxxiv, 871. For a generation a standard work used as a general introduction to economic science. The author began as a mathematician, became interested in economics because of its social importance, was a close observer of business, and was always the scholar. Throughout the book run the concepts of the Marginal School. Important not only for its theory, which is conservative and has given strong support to contemporary laissez-faire philosophy, but also for its description and interpretation of contemporary business organization and, to a lesser degree, operation. See pages 754769 for section on growth of economic science.

62

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PART

II

The author further expanded his consideration of business organization in his Industry and Trade (3812) and Money, Credit, and Commerce.

115. MARX, KARL. Capital: a critique of political economy, the process of capitalist production. (Trans, from 4th German ed. by Eden and Cedar Paul.) London: George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. [c. 1928]. Pp. xvi, 927. Bibliog. An annotated, scholarly, and convenient edition of Marx's Capital, the most influential w o r k on economic theory published since Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations in 1776. T h e former provided a system of thought for the worker as the latter had done for the employer. In it Marx elaborated his theory of surplus value and worked out the theoretical foundation for the attack on capitalism and capitalist society which had been announced in Marx and Engels' Communist Manifesto (13) in 1848. Socialism, communism, and anti-capitalist thought of the past 75 years have largely drawn on M a r x for authority and inspiration.

116. MILL, JOHN STUART. Principles of political economy with some of their applications to social philosophy. 2 vols. Boston: C. C. Little & J . Brown, 1848. This work, though not deviating from the predominating theory, may be said to denote an early attempt to bring the broader social or humanist approach into the study of economics.

117. ROBBINS, L . An essay on the nature & significance of economic science. 2d ed. London: Macmillan, 1935. Pp. xviii, 160. An influential work by an English neo-classicist.

118. SAY, JEAN-BAPTISTE. A treatise on political economy; or the production, distribution and consumption of wealth. (Transi, from the 4th ed. of the French, by C. R. Prinsep.) 4th American ed., containing a translation of the introduction, and additional notes, by Clement C. Biddle. Philadelphia: John Grigg, 1830 [Traite d'économie politique, Paris, 1803]. Pp. lvii, 455. Tables. A w o r k which served to popularize classical theory.

119. SMITH, ADAM. An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. London: Methuen & Co., 1904. 2 vols. Pp. xlviii, 462 ; vii, 506. One of the most influential books on economic thought and policy ever written. First published in 1776, it became the foundation of 19th century thought and policy; it was the "bible" of the 19th century business man as interpreted by industrial capitalists w h o wanted freedom to operate without governmental restrictions. Though Adam Smith was not so complete a "laissez-fairist" as popularly believed, he came to stand as a sponsor of freedom for business and thus helped to prepare the w a y for industrial capitalism; his book received a tremendous fillip from the fact that it gave

GENERAL AND EUROPEAN

CH. 2

BACKGROUND

a theoretical foundation to w h a t industrial capitalism needed.

T h e Wealth

63

of

Na-

tions, furthermore, expressed a theory of value from which M a r x developed his labor theory of value. M a n y criticisms may be made of this book from the standpoint of business history. It expresses too narrow a conception of mercantilism as a governmental policy, as has been shown by Roscher and Schmoller. Also, Smith did not understand the business régime of his own day, namely, mercantile capitalism dominated by the sedentary merchant.

He saw chiefly the petty-capitalist craftsman, w h o w a s concerned largely

with production (capital and labor) ; his failure to see the sedentary merchant, whose concern was mainly with administration and financial considerations, may account for the fact that he did not adequately recognize administration in economic life, while he stressed labor. It might be equally urged that the reason he did not recognize the elements of administration and control was that he had had no experience with administration as such. Moreover, he lived in a confused t i m e — a time of fundamental change, when old forms of business were disintegrating and new ones were coming i n — and he did not see the big change that was taking place, from mercantile to industrial capitalism. This failure to see and understand has been one of the greatest subjective facts of modern history. T h e book is not easy to read, and it is diffusive and sometimes illogical. T h e edition b y E d w i n Cannan is widely used.

T h e book exists in many editions in many lan-

guages. There is a notable collection, made by Homer Vanderblue, n o w deposited in the Baker Library at Harvard. G.

P O L I T I C A L T H O U G H T AND P O L I C Y

Below are listed books which have to do with the history of the relations of business and government and underlying factors. In most western countries there has been a fairly regular pattern of general systems of thought and policy, of course with variations in form and timing as between the various countries. A t first there was the regulation of medieval town business by municipality and gild ; then came national mercantilism in its various phases or manifestations; this was followed by laissez-faire, which in turn was replaced by neo-mercantilism; late in the nineteenth and early in the twentieth century came social politics, or regulation in the interest of the labor and the poorer groups in society; the latest phase is national capitalism in its various forms—democratic in England and the United States and autocratic in Germany and Italy (Nazism and Fascism). For suggestions as to the correlation of business and social conditions and systems with these various systems of political thought and policy, see Gras' "Economic Systems" (82) and Casebook in American Business History (254), pages 9 8 - 1 1 8 and 745-765. Below are listed a few books which deal with some of the main currents in thought and forms of policy. For the economic theory underlying political thought and policy, see the section, above, on theory. For details as to the relations of government and business see section A above on economic

64

BACKGROUND OF A M E R I C A N

BUSINESS

PART

II

history, especially the works by Cunningham, Clapham, Ogg and Sharp, Day, Bruck, Dawson, and Mavor. Those volumes also contain bibliographies or references which serve as a guide to general works and monographs. 1 2 0 . B E E R , GEORGE L . Origins of the British colonial system, 1578-1660. N . Y.: Macmillan, 1908. Pp. viii, 438.

a. . millan, 1912. b. -. 1907. Pp. χ,

The old colonial system, 1660-1754. 2 vols. N. Y.: MacPp. xvi, 381; vii, 382. British colonial policy, 1754-1765. N. Y.: Macmillan, 327.

A valuable series on British regulation of colonial business.

121. DICEY, Α. V. Lectures on the relation between law & public opinion in England, during the nineteenth century. 3d ed. London: Macmillan, 1926 [ist ed., 1905]. Pp. xciv, 506. An honest effort to understand w h a t the relationship has been between opinion and democratic processes, on the one hand, and legislation, on the other. Main currents: Old Toryism, Benthamism (or Individualism) and Collectivism. Still one of the most rewarding books to read on social and economic thought and its influence, particularly as background for understanding the present trend of government in relation to business and social well-being. 1 2 2 . F I C H T E , J O H A N N GOTTLIEB. Der geschlossne Handelsstaat. Tübingen: J. G. Cotta, 1800. Pp. ii, 290. [A copy is in the Kress Collection, Baker Library.]

An early w o r k which sets u p a scheme for a planned and self-sufficient economy on an exclusively national scale. T h e a u t h o r concluded t h a t it was impossible to have a planned economy in a competitive international state. His closed state is a forerunner of the self-sufficient state as planned under the recent autarchies in Europe and the N e w Deal in America. 1 2 3 . GROSS, CHARLES. The gild merchant: a contribution to British municipal history. 2 vols. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1890. Pp. xxii, 332; xi, 447. Bibliog., glossary.

A scholarly and f u n d a m e n t a l study of the development of the gild merchant, especially in E n g l a n d ; author displays a wealth of information about Continental background and sets f o r t h the documentary evidence for English development. Deals with function of gild merchant in trade and his relationship to municipal government; the book practically closed a controversy as to the origin of the gild merchant and its relation to municipalities. Vol. ii consists of original documents. 1 2 4 . HAMBURGER, L . How Nazi Germany has controlled business. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1943. Pp. 101.

GENERAL AND EUROPEAN

CH. 2

BACKGROUND

65

A chronological and analytical report of the aims and techniques of Nazi economic administration with regard to production, supply of raw materials, labor supply, labor conditions, wages, prices, profits, and business organizations. 125.

HAYES,

1913].

CARLTON

P p . xi,

J.

H.

British social politics.

Boston: Ginn [c.

580.

A n excellent summary of attempts in England in 1905-12 to regulate wealth in the interest of unpropertied and small propertied people through social legislation.

Rec-

ommended f o r comparison with the N e w Deal. 1 2 6 . H E C K S C H E R , E L I FILIP. Mercantilism. (Authorized translation by Mendel Shapiro.) 2 vols. London: G. Allen & Unwin, Ltd. [1935]. Pp. 472;

A

419.

distinguished

Swedish

economist

emphasizes

the political

role as against

the

economic part played by mercantilism. A detailed and scholarly study beginning with the change f r o m municipal to state policy and tracing the later development, with special emphasis on Britain and France. First edition, Stockholm, 1931.

127. HORROCKS, J . W. A short history of mercantilism. London: Methuen & Co., Ltd. [first pub., 1 9 2 5 ] . Pp. viii, 2 4 9 . Bibliog. A useful summary of aims and methods of different countries in controlling "economic life in the interests of political and national strength and independence" from the time of Elizabeth in England.

128. HUBBARD, LEONARD E. Soviet trade and distribution. London: Macmillan, 1938. Pp. xiv, 381. Tables. A study chiefly of principles of organization and policy f r o m the time of the B o l shevik Revolution. 1 2 9 . LAIDLER, H A R R Y W . Social-economic movements. An historical and comparative survey of socialism, communism, co-operation, Utopianism; and other systems of reform and reconstruction. N. Y.: Crowell [c. 1 9 4 4 ] . Pp. XX, 8 2 8 .

A recent survey by

a socialist of social-economic

thought and organization

for

social reconstruction. 1 3 0 . M C H E N R Y , D E A N E . The Labour party in transition, 1 9 3 1 - 1 9 3 8 . London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd. [ 1 9 3 8 ] . Pp. xii, 3 2 0 . Bibliog.

A detailed study of the structure, organization, and problems of a present-day B r i t ish political party and of its auxiliary or supporting organizations. T h e references at the end of each chapter will guide readers to earlier histories and treatises concerning the rise of the L a b o u r P a r t y and its relationships with trade unions and with w o r k ing classes.

66

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N

BUSINESS

PART I I

131. NEF, JOHN υ . Industry and government in France and England, 1540-1640. (Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, vol. xv.) Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1940. Pp. x, 162. A study of the growth of industry in France and England, based chiefly on primary sources. Concludes royal assistance was not effective. Pre-Industrial Revolution in England. Patents, monopolies, gilds, petty capitalists.

132. OPPENHEIMER, FRANZ. The state: its history and development viewed sociologically. (Authorized translation by John M. Gitterman.) N . Y.: Vanguard, 1926. Pp. xv, 302. Sees the state historically as the political means used for attaining economic ends by those who could not attain them by economic means.

133. REDLICH, FRITZ. "German economic planning for war and peace," Review of politics, vol. 6, no. 3 (July, 1944), PP· 3!5~335· Deals with the beginning of planning in Germany during and after World War I.

134. SARGENT, A. J. The economic policy of Colbert. London: Longmans, 1899. Pp. vii, 138. Bibliog. A short description and evaluation of Colbert's theories and their application in France to taxation, industry, and trade.

135. SMITH, NEIL SKENE. Economic control: Australian experiments in "rationalisation" and "safeguarding." (Studies in economics and political science . . . the London School of Economics and Political Science.) London: P. S. King & Son, Ltd., 1929. Pp. xv, 306. Illus., map, tables, classified bibliog. A general discussion of forms of "economic friction"—ignorance, anti-social preferences, monopoly, inequality of incomes, etc.—and methods used in overcoming their effects; and a study of Australia's experiences in economic control.

136. SPENCER, HERBERT. The man versus the state . . . . liams & Nongate, 1884. Pp. ii, 113.

London: Wil-

A strong attack on government economic and social regulation which sets forth briefly the principles of a British popularizer of individualist philosophy. Spencer had a strong influence on American business men and on American thought in the last quarter of the 19th century.

1 3 7 . WEBB, SIDNEY a n d BEATRICE.

T h e d e c a y of c a p i t a l i s t civilization.

Ν . Y.: Harcourt [c. 1923]. Pp. xvii, 242. A n effective statement of intellectual socialists' objections of the 1920's to private capitalism in England. Authors' A Constitution for the Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain is a plan of reconstruction.

CH. 3

A M E R I C A N SETTING

67

1 3 8 . W E L K , W . G . Fascist economic policy: an analysis of Italy's economic experience. (Harvard economic studies.) Cambridge: Harvard, 1938. Pp. XX, 365. Tables. 139. WITHERS,

HARTLEY.

Nash & Grayson, Ltd. [c.

The case for capitalism. London: Eveleigh, Pp. ix, 2 7 7 .

1920].

A defense of capitalism, especially against gild socialism in England, with some consideration of the weaknesses of capitalism and capitalists. Nontechnical and popular in style, but well reasoned and based on a knowledge of how business operates. The material and experience in this book are English.

CHAPTER 3. AMERICAN SETTING What have been the foundation stones of American business? A few may be noted: one of the greatest expanses of rich resources made available for exploitation in a short time under one stable government; a large petty-capitalist middle class, ambitious, self-reliant, and willing to work hard and take risks; a rapidly growing population and a large labor reserve in Europe; a system of law and government which protected private property and which, especially after Independence, gave the individual nearly unlimited freedom in the conduct of his affairs; a period, from 1783 to 1914, of freedom from involvement in long, exhausting wars and from the need of spending heavily for defense; a rapid technological development drawing from mechanical experience and European scientific advance; the concurrence of rapid economic development with an increase in demand for agricultural products in Western Europe and for manufactured goods throughout the world. The books listed below deal with aspects of the large American development of which business was a part. The reader should be warned that there is no general synthesis of American history that places business in that development. The books listed have been selected rather as materials —facts, generalizations, and interpretations—and guides to further materials out of which the reader must make his own synthesis. A.

GENERAL HISTORIES

The works below are especially recommended because they bring together many facts and ideas about American economic, social, cultural, and political history. The series edited by Schlesinger contains critical bibliographies which should be very helpful.

68

BACKGROUND OF AMERICAN BUSINESS

PART

II

CHARLES M . T h e colonial period of American history. (Published on the Louis Stern Memorial fund.) 4 vols. N e w H a v e n : Yale U n i v . Press [c. 1 9 3 4 ] . Pp. xiv, 551; 4 0 7 ; xiii, 354; xi, 477. 1 4 0 . ANDREWS,

An outstanding general work on the history of the English colonies in America (including the islands) and of English commercial and colonial policy. Valuable for its economic history and contains much information on the business background of settlement in America and the part played by business companies. Interest is in organization and in political, social, and general economic results of business enterprise and not to any great extent in administration and operation. The last volume deals with British colonial policy and administration. 141. N E T T E L S , CURTIS P. T h e roots of American civilization: a history of American colonial life. N . Y.: Crofts, 1938. Pp. xx, 748. Illus. A good general text containing chapters on Colonial economic development. 1 4 2 . SCHLESINGER, A R T H U R M., and D I X O N R Y A N FOX, editors. A history of American life. 12 vols. N . Y.: Macmillan, 1 9 2 7 - 1 9 4 4 . Illus., critical bibliog.

This, the most recent cooperative history of the United States, is a scholarly series which emphasizes the social and cultural, deals with the political, and also contains useful chapters on the economic. Attention given to business varies greatly as between volumes. The bibliographies are valuable as guides to further materials. The authors, titles, and periods covered are as follows: Vol. i. The Coming of the White Man, 14Q2—1848, b y Herbert I. Priestley. Vol. ii. The First Americans, 1607-1690, b y Thomas J. Wertenbaker. Vol. iii. Provincial Society, 1690-1763, b y James Truslow Adams. Vol. iv. The Revolutionary Generation, 1763-1790, by Evarts B. Greene. Vol. v. The Completion of Independence, 1790-1830, by John Allen Krout and D i x o n R y a n Fox. Vol. vi. The Rise of the Common Man, 1830-1850, by Carl Russell Fish. Vol. vii. The Irrepressible Conflict, 1850-1865, by Arthur Charles Cole. Vol. viii. The Emergence of Modern America, 1865-1878, by Allan Nevins. Vol ix. The Nationalizing of Business, 1878-1898, b y Ida M . Tarbell. Vol. χ. The Rise of the City, 1878-1898, b y Arthur Meier Schlesinger. Vol. xi. The Quest for Social Justice, 1898-1914, by Harold U . Faulkner. Vol. xii. The Great Crusade and After, 1914-1928, b y Preston W . Slosson.

CH. 3

AMERICAN SETTING Β.

69

ECONOMIC HISTORY

Research and writing in the field of American economic history has not been the specialty of historians in the United States that it has been, especially, in England and Germany; and we do not have great works covering the economic development of the United States based on a lifetime of sustained research and thinking comparable with the works of Cunningham, Ashley, Clapham, Schmoller, and others in Europe. With few exceptions, those who have written general works on American economic development have been economists or political or social historians in origin, and they have written textbooks rather than scholarly treatises. Below are listed books representing various points of view and different approaches in the writing of American economic history (the reader is referred to section 2 of the Introduction to the GUIDE for suggestions as to differences). Bowden's volume is recommended as the most useful to the student of business history; Wright's is a scholarly work of a high order in the classical tradition; Bining's contains an especially helpful bibliography. 1 4 3 . B I N I N G , A R T H U R CECIL. The rise of American economic life. Ν . Y . : Scribner's [c. 1 9 4 3 ] . Pp. xii, 7 3 2 . Pages 673-706 contain a series of chapter bibliographies, arranged topically, which should be a helpful guide to books on American economic history including recent publications.

144. BOWDEN, W I T T . The industrial history of the United States. Ν. Y.: Adelphi [c. 1 9 3 0 ] . Pp. 5 1 1 . Bibliog. A valuable survey, perhaps the most penetrating and balanced with respect to business of the general economic histories of the United States. 1 4 5 . BRUCE, P H I L I P ALEXANDER. Economic history of Virginia in the seventeenth century: an inquiry into the material condition of the people, based upon original and contemporaneous records. 2 vols. Ν. Y.: Macmillan, 1907. Pp. xix, 634; vi, 647. Bibliog. A scholarly general economic history that is especially useful to the business historian interested in the settlement and the early years of the colony and in its money and currency. 1 4 6 . CALLENDER, G U Y STEVENS. Selections from the economic history of the United States, 1 7 6 5 - 1 8 6 0 . Boston: Ginn, 1 9 0 9 . Pp. xviii, 8 1 9 . Tables, maps. Chiefly from contemporary letters, pamphlets, and books. Population, general social and economic conditions (panics), products, trade, transportation, manufactures,

70

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N B U S I N E S S

PART

II

labor, public policy, currency, etc. Little on business. Has exerted much influence on later writers.

147. COREY, LEWIS. The decline of American capitalism. N. Y.: Covici Friede [c. 1934]. Pp. viii, 622. Tables, charts, bibliog. A Marxian interpretation of American business and economic life in the 1920's and chiefly the early 1930's. An interesting reflection of a period of gloom in which people lost their perspective and Marxians had their hopes renewed. One-sided, but challenging.

148. DAY, CLIVE. History of the commerce of the United States. N . Y.: Longmans [c. 1925]. Pp. vi, 394. Illus., diag. 1 4 9 . FAULKNER, HAROLD UNDERWOOD. American economic history. Harper [c. 1924]. Pp. 721. Tables, charts, maps, bibliog.

N . Y.:

Deservedly one of the most popular economic history texts. Contains little on business administration and is strong in its social emphasis. 1 5 0 . F I T E , EMERSON DAVID. Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1910. Pp. vii, 318. A useful volume describing economic conditions and developments during the Civil War—especially as to plant and facilities, organization, and product—in agriculture, mining and lumbering, transportation, manufacturing, and trade. Also, chapters on capital, labor, education, luxuries and amusements, and charity. 1 5 1 . FREDERICK, J O H N H . The development of American commerce. N. Y.: Appleton [c. 1932]. Pp. xx, 390. Illus., tables, diags. Domestic, foreign, and coastwise commerce; the merchant marine; commercial policy and treaties.

152. H A W K , EMORY Q. Economic history of the South. Foreword by Tipton R. Snavely. (Prentice-Hall history series.) N. Y.: Prentice-Hall, 1934. Pp. xvii, 557. Tables, charts, maps, bibliog. A general economic history with chapters on land and population, agriculture, finance, industry, transportation. More economic than historical, this work is not much concerned with business. 1 5 3 . H U M P H R E Y , EDWARD F R A N K . An economic history of the United States. (Century historical series.) N . Y.: Century [c. 1931]. Pp. ix, 639. Illus., maps, tables, charts, bibliog. A survey that attempts to depart from the traditional political and economic history approach and to give attention to the business man and his work. Though the author was limited by the absence of adequate monographic studies of business history, his book is useful and suggestive.

AMERICAN

CH. 3

1 5 4 . KIRKXAND, EDWARD e . A m e r i c a n history series.)

71

SETTING

A h i s t o r y of A m e r i c a n e c o n o m i c l i f e .

(Crofts

Ν . Y.: Crofts, 1932. Pp. xv, 767. Tables, maps,

bibliog. A readable, often interpretative, survey based on a careful use of a wide range of secondary a n d some primary material. Concerned with institutions and techniques, social rather t h a n administrative or functional. 1 5 5 . SCHLESINGER,

ARTHUR

MEIER.

American Revolution, 1763-1776. lic l a w . )

The

Colonial

merchants

and

the

( S t u d i e s in history, economics and pub-

Ν . Y.: Columbia Univ., 1918.

Pp. 647.

Classified bibliog.

British legislation affecting Colonial commerce and the Colonial merchants' o p p o sition to i t ; non-importation, especially under the Continental Association, and its administration, enforcement, and effects, and the struggle with the East I n d i a C o m p a n y . T h r o u g h o u t this study of "the p a r t which the colonial merchants played . . . in bringing a b o u t the separation of the thirteen colonies f r o m the mother c o u n t r y , " are stressed the various interests of the Southern planters and N o r t h e r n merchants, and the radicals a n d moderates. 1 5 6 . SIMONS, A . M .

Class struggle in America.

Chicago: Kerr (c. 1 9 0 6 ) .

Pp. 64. An early interpretation of American history eral idea of the economic interpretation of Charles A. Beard. Simons expanded this early American History, published b y Macmillan, have been i m p o r t a n t in their influence. 1 5 7 . WEEDEN, WILLIAM B . 1620-1789.

2 vols.

according to Marx. Sets forth the genthe Constitution later elaborated b y sketch into a textbook, Social Forces in 1911. Both books are unscholarly b u t

E c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l h i s t o r y of N e w E n g l a n d ,

Boston: Houghton, 1890.

Pp. xvi, 4 4 7 ; xiv, 4 4 9 - 9 6 4 .

Economic history: land tenure, agriculture, animal industries, domestic and foreign commerce, transportation, communication, manufacturing, money a n d banking, labor, government regulation of economic life, social history, and biographies. Prices, 16301789. Little on men and firms a n d administration of business. More useful for the economic than the business historian. 1 5 8 . WILLIAMSON, HAROLD F . , e d i t o r .

T h e g r o w t h of t h e A m e r i c a n e c o n -

o m y : a n i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e e c o n o m i c h i s t o r y of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . N . Y . : Prentice-Hall, 1944.

Pp. xiii, 8 0 4 .

T a b l e s , charts, chap. refs.

Economic history as viewed chiefly by economists, t h a t is, as the w o r k of large forces, especially physical environment, technology, and social environment. Business administration is envisaged only slightly. 1 5 9 . WRIGHT,

CHESTER

W.

Economic

(Business and economics publications.) xxviii, 1120.

Charts, maps, bibliog.

history

of

the

United

States.

N . Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1941.

Pp.

72

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N

BUSINESS

PART

II

Begins with the European background of the Colonies and ends about 1940. Written in the tradition of classical economic history, this w o r k contains very little on business ; but as an economic history of the United States it merits the highest rank. C.

ECONOMIC T H O U G H T AND T H E O R Y

For materials o n the economic thought of business men, see the works of individual business men in Part III and Chapter 48 B. I.

SURVEYS AND COMMENTARIES

160. DORFMAN, JOSEPH. T h e Economic mind in American civilization, 1 6 0 6 - 1 8 6 5 . 2 vols. N . Y.: Viking, 1946. Pp. xii, 499, xxxi; vii, 587, lv. Bibliog. notes. Attempts to summarize individually the economic doctrines of selected pamphleteers, textbook writers, university teachers, business men, etc., and to point out the interaction of their economic thought and public questions. Probably not very useful to the business historian either as background or as aid in using his own materials.

161. DORFMAN, JOSEPH. Thorstein Vehlen and his America. N . Y.: Viking, 1934. Pp. 556. A n interpretative biography of an economist who w a s an outstanding and influential critic of American business. Considers the state of economic thought and teaching in the United States in the second half of the 19th century.

162. HUTCHESON, HAROLD. Tench Coxe: a study in American economic development. (Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1938. Pp. ix, 227. Bibliog. The economic thought of a Philadelphia merchant who helped to shape government economic policy beginning in the 1780's. Contains almost nothing on his business.

163. JOHNSON, E. A. J. American economic thought in the seventeenth century. London: P. S. King & Son, Ltd., 1 9 3 2 . Pp. xi, 292. Bibliog. Such subjects as just price, usury, and, in general, the morality of the market place are considered, often giving specific case with issue and solution as in the case of R o b e r t K e a y n e . A useful descriptive survey of ideas. Especially valuable as the only monograph on the subject.

164. KAPLAN, A. D . H . Henry Charles Carey: a study in American economic thought. (Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1 9 3 1 . Pp. 96. A critical survey of the development of the economic doctrines of an economist and business man w h o was an early ádvocate of protection. Seen against the economic development and theory of his times, 1830's to 1870's.

CH. 3

73

AMERICAN SETTING

1 6 5 . NEILL, CHARLES PATRICK. D a n i e l R a y m o n d : a n e a r l y c h a p t e r i n t h e

history of economic theory in the United States. (Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, June, 1897. Pp- 63. R a y m o n d ' s economic theory with attention to c o n t e m p o r a r y American economic t h o u g h t and the influence of American conditions, chiefly 1820's to 1840's. A short study of an early American o p p o n e n t of laissez-faire a n d extreme economic individualism and, said to be, a f o r e r u n n e r of Friedrich List.

166. O'CONNOR, M . G. L. Origin of academic economics in the United States. Ν . Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1944. Pp. x, 367. A study of the economics t a u g h t in American schools in the first half of the 19th century. 1 6 7 . ROWE, K E N N E T H WYER.

M a t h e w C a r e y : a s t u d y in American eco-

nomic development. (Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1933. Pp. 140. Table, classified bibliog. of M . Carey's writings. Biographical sketch and critical survey of a Philadelphia publisher's economic opinions a b o u t protection, m a n u f a c t u r e s , internal improvement, etc., as they developed. 1820's and 1830's, in the course of "his search into the science of promoting nationnl prosperity a n d happiness." 2.

ECONOMIC TREATISES

168. BOWEN, FRANCIS. T h e principles of political e c o n o m y applied to the condition, the resources, and the institutions of the American people. Boston: Little, Browa, 1856. Pp. xxv, 546. An influential treatise in the mid-icjth century. 1 6 9 . CARVER, THOMAS N I X O N .

T h e present e c o n o m i c revolution in

the

United States. Boston: Little, Brown, 1925. Pp. viii, 270. Tables. Shows the laborer becoming a capitalist as evidenced by g r o w t h of savings deposits, investment in shares of corporations, a n d g r o w t h of labor banks. An a t t e m p t to show t h a t the solution of the labor problem is not f o u n d in Marx, in communism, or in other political means, b u t in the economic strength of the individual. 1 7 0 . CLARK, JOHN BATES. T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of w e a l t h : a t h e o r y o f w a g e s ,

interest and profits. Ν . Y.: Macmillan, 1899. Pp. xxviii, 445. Diags. This is the first edition of a w o r k , t h e latest edition of which w a s published in 1924, by an influential American economist of the neo-classical school. 1 7 1 . CLARK, JOHN B . , a n d FRANKLIN A . GIDDINGS.

utive process.

T h e modern distrib-

Studies of competition and its limits, of the nature and

74

BACKGROUND

OF A M E R I C A N

P A R T II

BUSINESS

amount of profits, and of the determination of wages, in the industrial society of today. Boston: Ginn, 1888. Pp. viii, 69. T h e s e c h a p t e r s illustrate t h e r e v i s i o n of e c o n o m i c t h e o r y w h i c h w a s in process l a t e in t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y u n d e r t h e i m p a c t of business c h a n g e , w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e i n t o t h e business d e v e l o p m e n t s of t h e time.

Clark's chapter, "Profits under

C o n d i t i o n s , " stresses the c o m p o s i t e n a t u r e of t h e e n t r e p r e n e u r a n d t h e n a t u r e of the p r o b l e m of p r o f i t s . Journal

of Economics

insight Modern

complicated

See also t h e s a m e a u t h o r s ' articles in the

Quarterly

of M a r c h , 1887.

1 7 2 . E L Y , R I C H A R D T . An introduction to political economy. (Chautauqua literary and scientific circle.) N . Y . : Chautauqua Press, 1889. Pp. 358. Bibliog. T h i s b o o k is r e w a r d i n g r e a d i n g f o r those interested in the " n e w e r " t h i n k i n g o n " p o litical e c o n o m y " in A m e r i c a in t h e l a t e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y .

A u t h o r brings much

economic

t h o u g h t of t h a t c e n t u r y i n t o a k i n d of s y n t h e s i s t h a t h a d its s o u r c e in t h e w o r k of the G e r m a n historical e c o n o m i s t s , n o t a b l y

Schönberg.

T h e b o o k c h a l l e n g e s s o m e of

earlier theories, i n d e e d m u c h in b o t h t h e t h e o r y a n d m e t h o d of classical

the

economics,

b u t is especially n o t e w o r t h y as p r e s e n t i n g t h e s u b j e c t in a b r o a d p e r s p e c t i v e , b o t h historically

and contemporaneously.

A

v e r y i n f l u e n t i a l w o r k in t h e b r e a k i n g d o w n

of

l a i s s e z - f a i r e a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of the idea of using t h e state f o r the p u r p o s e s of social w e l f a r e in t h e U . S. Business

I t m a k e s a s t r i k i n g c o n t r a s t t o W o o d ' s Natural

Law

in

(3599).

173. E L Y , RICHARD T .

Property and contract in their relations to the dis-

tribution of wealth. 2 vols. N . Y . : Macmillan, 1922 [c. 1 9 1 4 ] . Pp. xlvii, 474; vii, 475-995· Tables, bibliog. T h e g r o u n d s f o r the m a i n t e n a n c e of p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y , a c o n s i d e r a t i o n of its present and future development, and the economic

aspects of c o n t r a c t .

Holds that

private

p r o p e r t y is the basis of l i b e r t y . 1 7 4 . G E O R G E , H E N R Y . Progress and poverty: an inquiry into the cause of industrial depressions, and of increase of want with increase of wealth. San Francisco: W . M . Hinton & Co., 1879. Pp. 512. T h e t h e o r y b e h i n d the s i n g l e - t a x m o v e m e n t f o r d o i n g a w a y w i t h p o v e r t y . 175. H A N E Y , LEWIS H .

" T h e social point of view in economics," Quar-

terly journal of economics, vol. xxviii, nos. 1 and 2 (Nov., 1913, Feb., I

9 I 4 ) J PP. ΙΙ5-Γ39,

292-321.

S i g n i f i c a n t as a r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e g r o w i n g interest in t h e " s o c i a l p o i n t of v i e w " in economic

discussion, p a r t i c u l a r l y

t h o u g h t o n the s u b j e c t .

as t o t h e e n t r e p r e n e u r , a n d of

c h a o s in

economic

A u t h o r r e j e c t s b o t h p o p u l a r o r g a n i c c o n c e p t of society

a t o m i s t i c i n d i v i d u a l i s m as w e l l as ethical a n d Utopian h y p o t h e s e s .

and

T a k e s position that

b o t h i n d i v i d u a l a n d society are i m p o r t a n t , a n d p r o p o s e s " i n d i v i d u a l - s o c i a l " p o i n t of v i e w , t h a t is, v a l u a t i o n s a n d a c t i v i t i e s of i n d i v i d u a l s l i v i n g in a g r o u p .

CH. 3

AMERICAN

SETTING

75

1 7 6 . H A N S E N , ALVIN HARVEY. Economic stabilization in an unbalanced world. Ν. Y.: Harcourt [c. 1932]. Pp. xi, 384. An analysis and interpretation of world conditions in the depression of 1930-31 a n d the contributing factors, with proposals as to h o w to achieve a measure of economic stability. A most influential w o r k in its effect on public thinking and policy in t h e U. S. in the 1930's. T h e policy and theory of this w o r k can be better understood by a study of the theories of J o h n M a y n a r d Keynes ( n o a n d i n ) . 1 7 7 . HAWLEY, FREDERICK BARNARD. Enterprise and the productive process: a theory of economic productivity presented from the point of view of the entrepreneur and based upon definitions, secured through deduction (and presumably, therefore, precise and final) of the scope and fundamental terms of the science of economics. N . Y.: Putnam, 1907. Pp. xiv, 467. F . H . Knight calls this "the most complete exposition of Hawley's theory," t h a t the profit of an undertaking is the reward of the risks a n d responsibilities t h a t the entrepreneur subjects himself to. Some of the ideas advanced appeared in articles p u b lished earlier in the Quarterly Journal of Economics. Largely theory, a protest against the "scholasticism" of much economic theory. 1 7 8 . VEBLEN, THORSTEIN. Absentee ownership and business enterprise in recent times: the case of America. N. Y.: Huebsch, 1923. Pp. 445. An analysis of American society in recent decades t h a t emphasizes the growing differences between absentee-ownership management and technical-industrial m a n a g e ment of production. A book t h a t transformed contemporary feeling and opinion into positive statements and t h a t has had a considerable influence.

"Industrial and pecuniary employments" (pp. 190-235 in Publications of the American Economic Association, 3d series, vol. ii, no. ι, Feb., 1901). N. Y.: Pub. for the Assoc. by Macmillan, 1901. 1 7 9 . VEBLEN, THORSTEIN.

Concerned with the growing division, since the time of A d a m Smith, between t h e pecuniary (business) a n d the industrial (production of economic goods) in m o d e r n economic life, t h a t is, the separation, resulting f r o m specialization, of the supplying of capital a n d administration f r o m the labor function, a n d the social results of t h a t division. An early recognition of the effect, on the idea of property and on private enterprise, of a large non-administrative group. 1 8 0 . VEBLEN, THORSTEIN. The place of science in modern civilization and other essays. N. Y.: Huebsch, 1919. Pp. 509. A late statement of Veblen's philosophy. Shows clearly the basis of his difference f r o m the classical and neo-classical economic theory. I m p o r t a n t .

181. VEBLEN, THORSTEIN. The theory of business enterprise. Scribner's, 1923 [c. 1904]. Pp. vi, 400.

N . Y.:

76

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N B U S I N E S S

PART II

Presentation of a theory of modern "business enterprise in outline sufficiently full to show in what manner business methods and business principles, in conjunction with the mechanical industry, influence the modern cultural situation." Sees business as a disintegrating force in modern society. A socio-economic work which has had a strong influence on historians' writing and thinking about business. The author knew business only from the outside.

182. WALKER, AMASA. The science of wealth: a manual of political economy. Boston: Little, Brown, 1866. Pp. xxxi, 478. Charts. One of the few outstanding works on economic thought by American business men —contains a clear statement of the nature and function of the entrepreneur as found in a petty or industrial capitalist system. Author is especially known for his ideas on credit and currency.

183. WALKER, FRANCIS A. Political economy. (American science series.) 3d ed., rev. N . Y . : Holt, 1888. Pp. vi, 537. Tables, diag. A textbook that differs at many points with classical theory, especially on the function of the entrepreneur, profits, and wages. Recognizes imperfect working of competition. Author, then president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, checked his theory with facts more than did some of his contemporaries. D.

SOCIAL AND C U L T U R A L H I S T O R Y

See also the History 0} American Lije (142), Faulkner's Economic History (149), Schlesinger^ Political and Social Growth (221), and Bryce's American Commonwealth (214). I. SOCIAL 1 8 4 . COCHRAN,

THOMAS

HISTORY

C., and WILLIAM

MILLER.

The

a g e of

enter-

prise: a social history of industrial America. N . Y . : Macmillan, 1942. Pp. X, 3 9 4 · An interpretation of American business and social development which regards the growth of an increasingly complex business organization under the Industrial Revolution as the main force in the development of bad social and political conditions, rigidity in business, and a poor distribution of income. Challenging and suggestive; founded on inadequate materials on the history of business and influenced by current thought.

1 8 5 . MCMASTER, JOHN BACH.

A history of the people of the U n i t e d

States. 8 vols. N . Y . : Appleton, 1890-1913. Begins in 1780's and ends with the coming of the Civil War. A badly organized work which contains much information that is useful to business history, especially in connection with the social and political background of business and aspects of problems and developments in business. Based largely on printed materials—newspapers, magazines, published works, etc. The first scholarly attempt at writing American social history.

CH. 3

77

AMERICAN SETTING 2.

GENERAL THOUGHT

1 8 6 . BERNARD, L . L . and JESSIE. Origins of American sociology: The social science movement in the United States. Ν . Y.: Crowell [c. 1943]· Pp· xiv, 866.

A valuable survey of a 19th century movement in the United States, based largely on English and French liberal democratic ideas, which had a considerable influence on the social a n d economic philosophy of business men, especially those who attended college in the last third of the century. 1 8 7 . CARGILL, OSCAR. Intellectual America: ideas on the march. Macmillan, 1941. Pp. xxi, 777. Bibliog.

Ν.

A history of basic ideas or concepts, their origin, expression, and influence. lenging and helpful to the informed and critical.

Y.:

Chal-

188. CURTÍ, MERLE. The growth of American thought. N . Y.: Harper [c. 1943]. Pp. XX, 848. Illus., bibliog. A general history of American t h o u g h t with a social emphasis. Contains a chapter (pages 507-527) which discusses the intellectual character and influence of the " m a s ters of capital," the effect of the new materialistic emphasis in American life, and the reaction of the intellectuals to 19th century developments in business. Points to an i m p o r t a n t subject and is evidence of how little is actually k n o w n a b o u t it.

189. REGIER, C. C. The era of the muckrakers. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1932. Pp. xi, 254. Bibliog. A useful book, sympathetic rather than critical, dealing with a "school" of critics of business w h o in the early 20th century helped to lay the basis for governmental regulation of business and social politics.

190. SCHLESINGER, A R T H U R M., JR. The age of Jackson. Boston: Little, Brown, 1945. Pp. xiv, 577. Bibliog. A few chapters (on the second B a n k of the United States, Panic of 1837, a n d Jacksonian politics) have value for business history, n o t in so f a r as facts of business are presented b u t for the world of social t h o u g h t a n d political agitation in which business functioned. N o t a p r o f o u n d or original piece of research b u t a compilation of men's opinions. Popular a n d interesting. Contains m a n y leads to current literature.

191. S H A W , ALBERT. The outlook for the average man. N . Y.: Macmillan, 1907. Pp. vii, 240. Valuable as an intelligent, balanced appraisal of business, economic, and social developments and conditions a n d their implications in the midst of the muckraking of the early 20th century.

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N

78

1 9 2 . SUMNER, WILLIAM GRAHAM.

BUSINESS

PART

II

What social classes owe to each other. Pp. 169.

1920, 1 8 8 3 ] .

N . Y.: Hayes & Bros. [c.

A vigorous statement of the individualistic philosophy of a teacher at Y a l e University w h o long had a strong influence in academic circles and outside. Written in answer to the social reform movement under w a y b y the 1880's, this book considered the logical fallacies and the unrealistic assumptions of much contemporary thinking on social problems. 1 9 3 . VEBLEN, THORSTEIN. The theory of the leisure class: an economic study of institutions. N . Y.: Macmillan, 1 9 1 2 [first edition, 1 8 9 9 ] . Pp. viii, 404. T h e "place and value of the leisure class as an economic factor in modern life." A social, psychological, and economic study that has been very influential among social economists, historians, and journalists. A critical w o r k which is challenging and stimulating but far f r o m objective. Several subsequent editions.

194. WRIGHT, CHESTER W . "American materialism: an economist's interpretation," a chapter in Facts and factors in economic history. Cambridge: Harvard, 1932. A n explanation of American absorption with material things and the generally f a v o r able social attitude toward the business man. 3.

DESCRIPTIONS AND APPRAISALS OF AMERICAN PEOPLE AND LIFE

We have for the United States no work comparable to Charles Booth's Life and Labor of the People of London, published in 8 volumes in 1 8 9 2 - 9 6 and followed by a recent study of 9 volumes in 1 9 3 0 - 3 5 , directed by H. L. Smith. 1 9 5 . MARTIN, EDGAR W .

of Chicago Press [c.

The standard of living in Pp. x, 4 5 1 . Tables.

I860.

Chicago: Univ.

1942].

A careful w o r k that gives for about the year i860 much information on money wages and income (not from profits) and on costs and nature of housing, clothing, food, medical care, recreation, education, etc. Gives a good picture of level of living for different places, incomes, etc., and is excellent for comparison with present.

196. Recent social trends in the United States: report of the President's Research Committee on Social Trends. 2 vols. N . Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1933. Pp. xcv, vi, 1568. Tables, maps, diags., charts. I n his " F o r e w o r d " President Hoover stated of the study: " I t should serve to help all of us to see where social stresses are occurring and where major efforts should be undertaken to deal with them constructively." T h e two volumes are made up of studies b y individual scholars of different aspects of social and economic changes in recent decades, particularly since World W a r I. A m o n g the studies are the following:

AMERICAN

CH. 3

SETTING

79

Warren S. Thompson and P. K . Whelpton, " T h e Population of the N a t i o n " ; "Utilization of Natural Wealth," pt. i , "Mineral and Power Resources," b y F. G. T r y o n and Margaret H. Schoenfeld and pt. 2, "Agricultural and Forest L a n d , " by Ο. E. B a k e r ; W. F . Ogburn, with the assistance of S. C. Gilfillan, " T h e Influence of Invention and D i s c o v e r y " ; Malcolm M . Willey and Stuart A . Rice, " T h e Agencies of Communication"; Edwin F. G a y and Leo Wolman, "Trends in Economic Organization"; Ralph G. Hurlin and Meredith B. Givens, "Shifting Occupational Patterns"; R . D . M c Kenzie, " T h e Rise of Metropolitan Communities" ; T . J. Woofter, Jr., " T h e Status of Racial and Ethnic G r o u p s " ; Leo Wolman and Gustav Peck, " L a b o r Groups in the Social Structure"; Robert S. L y n d , with the assistance of Alice C. Hanson, " T h e People as Consumers"; J. F. Steiner, "Recreation and Leisure Time Activities"; Carroll H. W o o d d y , " T h e G r o w t h of Governmental Functions"; Clarence Heer, " T a x a tion and Public Finance"; Leonard D. White, "Public Administration"; C. E. M e r riam, "Government and Society." N o t business history but much background for it. T h e w o r k of Edwin F. G a y lies buried in the compilation. 1 9 7 . T O C Q U E V I L L E , A L E X I S DE. Democracy in America. 2 vols. (Revision by Francis Bowen of translation by Henry Reeve.) Cambridge: Sever & Francis, 1864. Pp. xiv, 559; xiv, 499.

Volume ii of this famous work, written by a Frenchman w h o traveled in America in 1831-32, is a remarkably penetrating description of the American people. It is concerned primarily with describing and analyzing the people and their thinking, ambitions, and w a y of working and living, which are significant to the business historian. Shows American business to have been highly speculative and the people generally restless, driving, given to intense competition, and anxious to rise but not ambitious to rise very far. 4.

POPULATION:

STATISTICS

AND

MONOGRAPHS

1 9 8 . G R E E N E , E V A R T S B . , and V I R G I N I A D . HARRINGTON. American population before the federal census of 1790. N. Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1932. Pp. xxii, 228.

199. S U T H E R L A N D , S T E L L A H. Population distribution in Colonial America. N. Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1936. Pp. xxxii, 353. T H O M P S O N , W A R R E N S., and P. K . W H E L P T O N . Population trends in the United States. N. Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1933. Pp. x, 415. Tables, charts. 200.

An invaluable work on population growth, composition and distribution from C o lonial times, with special emphasis on the 1920's. 2 0 1 . T U C K E R , GEORGE. Progress of the United States in population and wealth in fifty years, as exhibited by the decennial census. N. Y.: Press of Hunt's Merchants' Magazine, 1843. Pp. xii, 211. Tables.

Each census, 1790-1840, and its plan discussed, then consideration of various topics: increase in population, emigration, slavery, distribution of political power, cities.

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N

80

BUSINESS

PART

II

towns, distribution of industrial classes, education, products of industry, and increase of wealth.

202. [U. S.] BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. A century of population growth. . . . 1 7 9 0 - 1 9 0 0 . Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1909. Pp. 303. Maps, tables. Contains much information on population of various political units of the 17th century and of the 18th before the first federal census, and detailed tables on population from 1790 to 1900. 203.

[U. S.]

BUREAU OF T H E C E N S U S .

[ D e c e n n i a l c e n s u s e s of

U.S.A.—

Population. ] Washington : [ 1 7 9 1 — J . T h e history of the information on population in the census reports f r o m 1790 to the present is that of increasing detail in the statistics of population and in information that throws light on the social, cultural, and economic conditions of the people of the United States. The reports of the first five censuses are made up of statistics b y age groups, sex, and color of the inhabitants of States and territories, counties and usually towns. The sixth census, 1840, marks the beginning of more detailed information about occupations and employment, giving statistics f o r industries, learned professions, and engineers. The reports f o r 1850 are even fuller, giving information about moral and social conditions, newspapers and periodicals, and home manufactures, as well as the usual population figures by towns, counties, etc. T h e report f o r 1870 is still more inclusive; it reports the usual population figures and also statistics on school attendance, and illiteracy, schools, libraries, newspapers and churches, pauperism and crime, families, and dwellings. T h e introduction to the volume entitled Statistics of Population f o r 1880 surveys "the progress of the nation f r o m 1790 to 1880." The reports on population for succeeding censuses became increasingly complex, those f o r 1930 containing 6 volumes. It should also be noted that periodic and special reports have been issued since 1930 by the Division of Population. T h e census reports of 1880 and 1890 included separate volumes on social statistics of cities, and beginning with 1902-03 the Census Bureau has issued annual reports on the statistics of cities. All census figures must be used with careful attention to the scope and meaning of the various categories and the differences in apparently similar categories from one census to another. Consult the introduction to the population section of each census f r o m which figures are taken.

204. [ U . S . ] BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. Topical index of population census reports, 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 3 0 . [Cooperation of the Committee on social statistics of the Social Science Research Council and the Institute of Social and Religious Research.] Washington: 1934. Pp. 76. A comparative index, presented in tabular form, to the population volumes of the decennial censuses of 1900, 1 9 1 0 , 1920, and 1930, together with the Abstracts of 1920 and 1930, the Report on Unemployment of 1930, and the Special report on occupations of 1900. Such an index indicates the comparable tables and data secured recurrently or

CH. 3

81

AMERICAN SETTING

sporadically in those various censuses. The introduction to this index is especially valuable as a brief discussion of the special problems involved in using statistical data from several censuses. E. In the American rials.

Nation

GOVERNMENT AND LAW series the reader will find guides to source mate-

T h e volumes in the series that deal with European

backgrounds

( C h e y n e y ' s ) , the making of the U . S. Constitution ( M c L a u g h l i n ' s ) , and the establishment of the federal government and its early policies ( B a s s e t t i ) are especially recommended for information and materials on the foundations of the government of the United States. T h e American

Lije

series ( 1 4 2 ) is the product of more recent scholar-

ship. V o l u m e s iv and ν are valuable for the s t u d y of the founding of the government; volume viii deals with a period of significant development after the C i v i l W a r ; volume xi treats of the movement to curb business as seen from the " l i b e r a l " and the petty-capitalist point of view. B o o k s and articles devoted to developments in government and

law

which h a v e special reference to business are listed in C h a p t e r 64 A .

For

bibliographies and other guides to government materials see C h a p t e r 75. I.

POLITICAL THOUGHT AND THEORY

2 0 5 . ADAMS, HENRY C . Relation of the state to industrial action. lications of the American Economic Association, vol. i, no. 6.)

(Pub-

Baltimore:

American Economic Association, 1887. P p . 85. Critical analysis of the doctrine of laissez-faire in the light of current problems in relations between business and society. Sets forth principles that should control industrial legislation. Represents a strong movement then getting under way among American economists subject to German influence, urging use of state to conserve democracy and to avoid extremes of individualism or of socialism. In a sense an answer to Herbert Spencer's Man versus the State ( 1 3 6 ) . 2 0 6 . COLE, ARTHUR HARRISON, editor. Industrial and commercial correspondence of A l e x a n d e r Hamilton, anticipating his report on m a n u f a c tures.

Published under the auspices of the Business Historical

Society,

Inc. C h i c a g o : A . W . Shaw Co., 1928. P p . xxviii, 334. Portrait, app. Important because of the insight which it gives into the business thought, and its sources, of a leader in the formulation of early federal economic policy. Should be read together with Hamilton's reports on manufactures, the bank, and public credit. 2 0 7 . MERRIAM, CHARLES EDWARD. A history of American political theories. Ν . Y . : M a c m i l l a n , 1903. P p . x v , 364. a.

—·.

Bibliog.

A m e r i c a n political ideas: studies in the development

of

A m e r i c a n political thought, 1 8 6 5 - 1 9 1 7 . Ν . Y . : M a c m i l l a n , 1920. P p . 4 8 1 .

82

B A C K G R O U N D OF A M E R I C A N B U S I N E S S

PART

II

208. ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN D. On our way. Ν . Υ.: John Day Co., 1934. Pp. viii, 300. An exposition of New Deal policy in the first year of the Roosevelt administration with respect to the Volstead Act, banks, investment securities, Tennessee Valley Authority, transportation, National Recovery Act, veterans' relief, foreign policy, labor, etc. Quotes fully from the President's speeches and messages.

209. SNYDER, CARL. Capitalism the creator. Ν . Y.: Macmillan, 1940. Pp. xii, 473. Frontis., charts, bibliog. A spirited defense, following Adam Smith's principles, of individualism and free enterprise. Far from adequate and convincing, it points to the need of unbiased, realistic, and mature consideration of the issue. 2 1 0 . TUGWELL, REXFORD GUY, THOMAS MUNRO, a n d ROY E . STRYKER.

American economic life and the means of its improvement. 3d ed. Ν . Y.: Harcourt [c. 1925 and 1930 by Rexford Guy Tugwell], Pp. ix, 737. Ulus., maps, tables, charts, forms. A descriptive survey of the current economic organization and activities with emphasis on the social-economic aspects—levels and standards of living, income, etc.— and some attention to economic development and thought and proposed reorganization of our economic system.

211. WALLACE, HENRY A. New frontiers. Ν . Y.: Reynal & Hitchcock [c. 1 9 3 4 ] . Pp. vi, 314. Tables, charts. The social-economic philosophy of a leading "New Dealer," and an account of the background—especially in 1920's—of reform efforts. [WILSON, WOODROW.] President Wilson's addresses. Edited by George McLean Harper. Ν . Y.: Holt [c. 1918]. Pp. xvii, 3 1 1 .

212.

Favored national policies in the United States which looked toward the attainment of the " N e w Freedom"—the protection of the small business man and labor against large combinations. 2.

POLITICAL HISTORY

213. BINKLEY, WILFRED E. American political parties; their natural history. Ν . Y.: Knopf, 1943. Pp. xi, 407. An historical description of American political parties, including the economic and social characteristics of various groups and the process of their combination into parties under leaders from Alexander Hamilton to Franklin D. Roosevelt.

The American commonwealth. 2 vols. 2d ed., rev. Vol. i: The national government—the state governments. Vol. ii: The party system—public opinion—illustrations and reflections—social institutions. London: Macmillan, 1891. Pp. xix, 724; vii, 764. Map, app. 2 1 4 . BRYCE, JAMES.

CH. 3

83

AMERICAN SETTING

As a classic description and interpretation, by a foreign observer, of American life— economic, political, social, and cultural—toward the end of the 19th century, this w o r k should not be overlooked by the student of American business history. Contains short chapters on railroads, Wall Street, and the Philadelphia Gas Ring, which bear directly on business, and is especially valuable as a commentary on American political institutions and the formation of public opinion and policy. 2 1 5 . B U C K , SOLON J . politics.

T h e agrarian crusade: a chronicle of the farmer in

(Chronicles of A m e r i c a . )

[c. 1 9 2 0 ] .

P p . xi, 2 1 5 .

N e w H a v e n : Y a l e U n i v . Press,

1921

Ulus., bibliog.

A convenient summary of petty-capitalist farmer a t t e m p t s in 1860-1900 to find strength in organization f o r protection, by economic and political means, against the growing power of industrial capitalism. Description of movement without a t t e m p t to study underlying conditions or factors. 2 1 6 . B U C K , SOLON JUSTUS.

T h e granger movement: a study of agricul-

tural organization and its political, economic, and social manifestations, 1870-1880.

(Harvard

historical

studies.)

Cambridge:

Harvard,

1913.

P p . xi, 3 8 4 . M a p s , tables, charts, classified bibliog. Organization, political and legislative influence, especially in the Granger railway legislation ; business cooperation, social and educational features ; and the significance of the movement. Based on an extensive use of government and organization documents and publications, periodicals, histories of organizations, etc. T h e study does not a t t e m p t to place this, the first great farmers' movement in U. S. to fight " m o n o p o l y " (the petty capitalist producer blaming the corporate carrier and distributor for his difficulties), in its larger economic and business setting (world changes in agricultural production and prices and in business organization and m e t h o d s ) . 2 1 7 . HART, ALBERT B U S H N E L L , editor. American nation: a history. vols. Ν . Y . : Harper, 1 9 0 4 - 0 8 , and 1 9 x 8 .

27

Bibliogs.

A cooperative work of leading scholars in American history of a generation ago. I t s emphasis is on political history, and its bibliographies are a valuable guide to further materials. T h e following volumes are especially recommended: Cheyney, European Background of American History; McLaughlin, The Constitution and the Confederation; Bassett, The Federalist System; Turner, Rise of the New West; MacDonald, Jacksonian Democracy ; Dunning, Reconstruction, Political and Economic. 218. HICKS, JOHN D . ance and [c. 1 9 3 1 ] .

T h e populist revolt: a history of the farmers' alli-

the people's p a r t y . P p . xiii, 4 7 3 .

Minneapolis:

U n i v . of

Minnesota

Press

Ulus., map, tables, chart, classified bibliog.

Petty-capitalist farmers in Middle West, suffering from h a r d times, organized to attack industrial capitalism, particularly in the field of credit control. A political rather t h a n an economic study, with little on the business and economic setting, conditions, a n d issues involved.

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219. HILLQUIT, MORRIS. History of socialism in the United States. 5th rev. and enl. ed. Ν . Y . : Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1910. Pp. 389. Diag. History of the socialist movement as a political and social movement. Contains examples of economic planning (socialistic or communistic experiments, cooperation, etc.), 1820's to 1850's, which, though local in practice, in some cases contemplated world-wide expansion, in Chaps, ii and iii.

220. ROGIN, LEO. " T h e New Deal: a survey of the literature," Quarterly journal of economics, vol. xlix, no. 2 (Feb., 1935), pp. 325-355. The thought and policy of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the movement which he led.

221. SCHLESINGER, ARTHUR M. Political and social growth of the American people, 1865-1940. 3d ed. Ν. Y . : Macmillan, 1941. Pp. xxi, 783. Illus., maps, chap, bibliogs. 222. WALLACE, SCHUYLER C. The New Deal in action. Ν . Y.: Harper, 1934. Pp. χ, 243. Charts. A readable and useful survey of the program of the early part of the administration of F. D. Roosevelt and the organization set up to carry it out, in finance, agriculture, industry, home-owning, transportation and communication, water power, and relief and public works, with attention to "the reasoning upon which these efforts are based." 3.

ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF U N I T E D STATES LAW

223. BUCHANAN, JOHN G. "Sources of the development of Pennsylvania equity," Univ. of Pittsburgh law rev., vol. 8 (Nov., 1941), pp. 1-20. Traces the historical development of courts of equity and equity law in Pennsylvania from 1681 through the early 19th century. Between 1806 and 1820 English Chancery law was more and more frequently introduced into equity proceedings.

224. CORBIN, ARTHUR L. " T h e laws of the several States," Yale law review, vol. 50 (Mar., 1941), pp. 762-777. An analysis of the legal concept of "federal general common l a w " which traces the history of that concept from Swijt v . Tyson, 1842, to Erie R. R. v . Tompkins, 1938, and other even more recent cases.

225. CORWIN, EDWARD S. " T h e doctrine of due process of law before the Civil War," Harvard law rev., vol. 24 ( M a r - A p r . , 1 9 1 1 ) , pp. 366-387, 460-479. Traces the historical development of the "due process of l a w " clauses in State and federal court decisions from 1787 to i860, contrasting the decisions reached under Marshall before 1837 with the later decisions under Taney. The doctrine of "vested rights" had a constrictive effect under the "power of eminent domain" and "the police power." The history of the "law of the land" doctrine is also traced.

CH. 3

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226. CORWIN, EDWARD S. John Marshall and the Constitution. (Chronicles of America.) New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1921. Pp. 242. Illus., bibl. note. A valuable short study b y chapters entitled " T h e Tenets the bibliographical note. F o r The Lije of John Marshall is

an a u t h o r i t y on constitutional law. See especially the of Nationalism" a n d " T h e Sanctity of Contracts" and a detailed biography of Marshall, Albert J. Beveridge's recommended.

2 2 7 . D A L E , R . C. "Adoption of the common law by the American colonies," American law register, vol. xxi ( 1 8 8 2 ) , pp. 553-574.

A good general statement of w h a t p a r t of the English common law, including mercantile law, was adopted by the Colonies and to w h a t extent Spanish and French law prevailed. 228.

History of English law. 1 2 vols. London: (vols, i-ii) ; Boston: Little, Brown, 1 9 2 5 - 1 9 2 7 ,

HOLDSWORTH, WILLIAM.

Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1938 (vols, iii-xii).

1903

Volumes x-xii, published in 1938, which bear the subtitle "Centuries of Settlement a n d R e f o r m , " a t t e m p t to present a complete legal history of 18th century England. Vol. χ contains an historical account of the development of public law in England, while vol. xi describes the extension of t h a t legal system to all p a r t s of Great Britain, the Colonies, a n d India. P p . 3 5 - 1 3 9 trace those developments in the American Colonies through t h e period of the American Revolution. T h e section entitled " C o n t r i b u t i o n of 18th Century Statutes to Legal Development," pp. 387-632 (vol. xi), analyzes the b o d y of the law as it was a t the close of the 18th century, while pp. 387-527 deal expressly with business law. A very detailed table of contents will be f o u n d at the f r o n t of each volume as well as a table of cases and list of statutes. Vol. xii bears the subtitle of "Professional Development of the L a w " and in t u r n is subdivided under t h e subheadings of "legal profession," "reports, abridgements, dictionaries and indices," " e q u i t y , " "common law," "relations between law and equity," "sphere of the civilians' practice," and "Blackstone a n d his commentaries." A detailed index is printed in each volume. Any complete study of a topic in American law should at least include consulting vols, x-xii. 229.

ISAACS, N A T H A N .

economy, vol. xxiii, no.

"The merchant and his law," Journal of political (June, 1 9 1 5 ) , pp. 5 2 9 - 5 6 1 .

6

Survey of the English and American writings on merchant law since the 17th cent u r y : contents a n d general trends. Helpful bibliographical references. 2 3 0 . JAMES, ELDON REVARE. "A list of legal treatises printed in the British Colonies and the American States before 1 8 0 1 , " pp. 1 5 9 - 2 1 1 in Harvard legal essays. Cambridge: Harvard, 1934.

This list, based on an intensive search, gives an excellent idea of books on business law used till 1801. (All b u t f o u r n o t e d are in the Library of the H a r v a r d L a w School.) M o s t of the works listed t h a t were useful in business were for the " Y o u n g Clerk"—

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nos. 42, 49, 50, 75, 92, 99, 1 0 3 , 120, 1 3 3 , 1 3 7 ; many of these were new editions, and they contained chiefly legal forms with something on law. A f e w works apparently give forms only—nos. 1 2 2 , 128. Several are on the law of bills of exchange and promissory notes—nos. 70, 100, 126, 128. Treatises on marine insurance are listed, beginning in 1799—nos. 1 3 2 , 1 3 4 - 1 3 6 . One is a treatise on the law of partnerships—no. 106, by William Watson of Lincoln's Inn. Another is a practical treatise upon the Bankrupt Law 0} the United States—no. 140. Under the y e a r 1799 is listed the second American edition of Blackstone's Commentaries. M a n y of these treatises were for the layman (merchant, farmer, artisan) and not for the professional lawyer.

231. Law: a century of progress, 1 8 3 5 - 1 9 3 5 , contributions in celebration of the ι ooth anniversary of the founding of the School of Law of New York University. 3 vols. N . Y.: New York Univ. Press, 1937. Pp. xxx, 387; 438; 475. Noteworthy essays f o r business history including: Vol. i: R . Pound, " A Hundred Y e a r s of American L a w " ; W . R . Riddell, "Progress of L a w in . . . Ontario . . . during the Past C e n t u r y " ; P . J . Eder, " L a w and Justice in L a t i n A m e r i c a " ; W. Simons, "One Hundred Years of German L a w " ; J . H. Beale, " H i s t o r y of Legal E d u c a t i o n " ; A . T . Vanderbilt, "One Hundred Y e a r s of Administrative L a w " ; N . Isaacs, "Implementing of Arbitration Statutes"; Vol. ii: W. M . Wherry, "Public Utilities"; E . S. Corwin, " T h e Schechter Case . . . " ; M . Radin, " R i v a l r y of Common-law and Civil L a w Ideas in the American Colonies"; Vol. iii, entitled " P r i v a t e L a w , " traces the historical growth of the law of torts, contracts, equity, estates, business associations, admiralty, and conflict of laws. MORRIS, RICHARD B . Studies in the history of American law, with special reference to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. N . Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1930. Pp. 285. Bibliog.

232.

A group of studies in early American legal history, including " A n Introduction to the E a r l y History of American L a w , " "Colonial L a w s Governing the Distribution and Alienation of L a n d , " "Reponsibility f o r Tortious Acts in E a r l y American L a w " ; and annotated bibliographical essay with a general as well as a special section in which both primary and secondary materials are grouped by States. Detailed index. 2 3 3 . POPE, H . "The English common law in the United States," Harvard law review, vol. xxiv ( 1910-11 ), pp. 6-30. Deals with the diversity in the acceptance of English common law in the various States after they became independent of England. P O U N D , ROSCOE. Formative era of American law. Brown, 1938. Pp. x, 188.

234.

Boston: Little,

A brief study in legal history from the American Revolution to the Civil War. T h e topics treated are natural l a w , legislation, judicial decision, and doctrinal writing. T h e last-named will be especially helpful to the historian w h o wishes to know what were the available American legal treatises, or those most widely used, at a given date between 1805 and 1883, as well as the 18th century English law treatises still used and cited in America in the early 19th century.

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P O U N D , ROSCOE. "The place of Judge Story in the making of American law," American law review, vol. xlviii ( 1 9 1 4 ) , pp. 676-697. 235.

His influence in the w o r k of receiving and adopting the English common law a n d developing a system of American law, of which business law was an important element. See also Story's Commentaries. SCOTT, H E N R Y W . The courts of the State of N e w York: their history, development and jurisdiction, embracing a complete history of all the courts and tribunals of justice, both Colonial and State . . . . Ν . Y.: Wilson, 1909. Pp. 506. 236.

237. Select essays in Anglo-American legal history by various authors, compiled and edited by a committee of the Association of American Law Schools. 3 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, 1909. Some bibliog. refs. T h e following articles deal with the early English or American basis of aspects of American business law: Beai, J . H., Jr., " T h e History of t h e Carrier's Liability"; Baldwin, S. E., "History of the L a w of Private Corporations in the Colonies and S t a t e s " ; Brodhurst, B. E. S., " T h e Merchants of the S t a p l e " ; Burdick, F. M., " C o n tributions of the L a w M e r c h a n t to the C o m m o n L a w " ; Carr, C. T., "Early F o r m s of Corporateness" ; Cranch, William, "Promissory Notes before and after Lord H o l t " ; Holdsworth, W. S., " T h e Development of the L a w M e r c h a n t a n d Its C o u r t s " ; Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., " T h e History of Agency"; H u l m e , E. W., " T h e Early History of the English P a t e n t S y s t e m " ; Jenks, E d w a r d , " T h e Early History of Negotiable I n s t r u m e n t s " ; Mitchell, William, " E a r l y F o r m s of P a r t n e r s h i p " ; Salmond, J . W., " T h e History of C o n t r a c t " ; Scrutton, T . E., "General Survey of the History of the L a w M e r c h a n t " ; Vance, W . R., " T h e Early History of Insurance L a w " ; Williston, Samuel, " T h e History of the L a w of Business Corporations before 1800."

238. W A L S H , W M . F. A history of Anglo-American law. 2d ed. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1932. Pp. xix, 447. Bibliog. A textbook for American law students. P a r t 11 on law of p r o p e r t y contains chapters on ownership, freehold estates, conveyancing of land, estates in equity, co-ownership, f u t u r e estates, incorporeal interests (rents, profits, easements), a n d inheritance and wills. Chaps, x i x - x x n deal with contracts, commercial law, a n d equity jurisdiction. 2 3 9 . W A R R E N , CHARLES.

A history of the American bar. Boston: Little,

Brown, 1911. Pp. x, 586. A valuable general work. Contains chapters of special use in the study of business, as, for example, on the rise of railroad and corporation law, 1830-60. Provides a key to books i m p o r t a n t to the history of business law a n d other types of law. CHARLES. The Supreme Court in United States history. 2 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, 1935. Pp. xiv, 814; x, 812. Illus.

2 4 0 . WARREN,

Traces the p a r t played b y t h e C o u r t in building t h e legal f r a m e w o r k within which American business has operated. Deals with the C o u r t ' s position on corporate char-

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ters and bankruptcy, the B a n k of the United States, the steamboat monopoly case, State powers and commerce, the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to business, etc. F.

GEOGRAPHY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

Semple's work is an historical analysis of geographic influences. Chisholm's is in large part historical as is Lippincott's. Smith's in its various editions contains useful bibliographies. Havemeyer's and Van Hise's works are useful introductions to the problems of conservation in the second and third decades of the century. Special works on resources and conservation are listed in Part V under industries with which they are concerned. For historical atlases, see the books numbered from 4899 through 4903. C H I S H O L M , GEORGE G . Handbook of commercial geography. Rev. ed. London: Longmans, 1925. Pp. xv, 825. Tables, charts, maps, apps. 241.

A useful historical economic geography, particularly f o r information as to where different commodities were produced and the general course of trade in them at time of publication of book. First edition in 1889.

242. COLBY, CHARLES C., editor. Source book for the economic geography of North America. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press fc. 1022]. Pp. xvi. 460. Tables, maps. HAVEMEYER, LOOMIS, editor, and others. Conservation of our natural resources, based on Van Hise's The conservation of natural resources in the United States. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1930 [c. 1910 and 1930]. Pp. xvii, 551. Illus., maps, tables, charts. 243.

This revised edition, which w a s undertaken by " a n expert in each of the four fields, namely the minerals, the waters, the forests, the lands," with a section on the conservation of wild life added, retains many of the historical data of the first edition. C . R . V a n Hise's work ( 2 5 2 ) , copyrighted in 1 9 1 0 , " w a s the first popular presentation of the subject." I t w a s based on the exhaustive report of the National Conservation Commission. Introduction surveys the conservation movement briefly. H U N T I N G T O N , ELLSWORTH, and F R A N K E . WILLIAMS, with the cooperation of Robert M. Brown and Lenox E. Chase. Business geography. N . Y.: Wiley, 1926. Pp. xvi, 616. Tables, maps, charts, chap, notes. 244.

Geographic factors influencing business, location of natural resources, transportation, and lines of communication, location of industries and cities, character of manufacturing communities, etc. Uses "business" where earlier geographies would have used "commercial." 2 4 5 . JONES,

CLARENCE

FIELDEN,

and

GORDON

GERALD

DARKENWALD.

Economic geography. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1945 [c. 1941]. Pp. 629. Illus.

CH. 3

AMERICAN SETTING

89

A good text giving a world view of the earth's resources and their economic utilization.

Economic resources and industries of the world. Ν. Y.: Appleton, 1929. Pp. xxii, 656. Illus., tables, chap. refs. 2 4 6 . L I P P I N C O T T , ISAAC.

Factors in development, distribution, and history of development, and resources a n d their use in specific countries.

247. Report of the National Conservation Commission. 60th Cong., 2d sess., Senate doc. no. 676. 3 vols. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1909. Presents the first over-all inventory of the n a t u r a l resources of the U. S. a n d considers w h a t has been used and how long the resources will last. T h e Commission grew o u t of the conservation movement which developed in reaction to the reckless spending of our n a t u r a l wealth. 2 4 8 . S E M P L E , E L L E N C H U R C H I L L . Influences of geographic environment on the basis of Ratzel's system of anthropo-geography. N . Y.: Holt [c. 1911, 1925]. Pp. xvi, 683. Maps, chap, bibliogs. This w o r k , which follows b u t checks u p o n the w o r k of the German a n t h r o p o geographer, Friedrich Ratzel, is a scholarly exposition, perhaps the most influential statement in America, of geographic influences on economic development.

249. SMITH, J . RUSSELL. I n d u s t r i a l a n d commercial geography.

N. Y.:

Holt [c. 1913]. Pp. xi, 914. Illus., charts, maps, bibliog. Contains some history of " h u m a n activities as affected by the earth," t h a t is, of industries, trade routes, a n d trade centers t h r o u g h o u t the world. Useful descriptive survey. Later and revised editions have been published.

250. TRYON, F. G. "Conservation," Encyclopaedia of the social sciences, vol. iv (1931), pp. 227-230. [ U . S.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Select list of references on the conservation of natural resources in the United States. [Compiled by Hermann H. B. Meyer.] Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1912. Pp. n o . a. ·. Division of bibliography. Conservation of natural resources in the United States: a selected list of recent writings; compiled by . . . [Anne L. Baden and Florence S. Hellman], [Washington ( ? ) : 1934.] Pp. 65. 251.

The conservation of natural resources in the United States. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1916. Pp. xiv, 413. Illus., charts, maps, apps. 2 5 2 . V A N H I S E , CHARLES RICHARD.

L o n g a s t a n d a r d text on our n a t u r a l resources, which emphasizes the need of conservation of those resources. See Havemeyer, above.

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253. ZIMMERMAN, ERICH W. World resources and industries: a functional appraisal of the availability of agricultural and industrial resources. N . Y . : Harper, 1933. Pp. xix, 842. Illus., maps, tables, diags., charts. A n excellent w o r k ; thoughtful, historical, and of value to the student of business history. Good bibliography.

P A R T III BUSINESS ADMINISTRATORS: BIOGRAPHICAL A N D AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, AND ARTICLES THE KEY FACTOR in business is the administrator. As an individual or as one of a group of executives, administrators formulate policies and plans and direct the combination of factors in the process of producing and distributing economic goods and services. For general works on administrators and their function, see Chapters 48 and 49. T h e object of this part is to present books, pamphlets, and articles which contain information about American business administrators and a few Europeans for comparison. Students interested in research materials concerning business men should consult Part I, section 3 and Part V I I ; the general reader may also find it helpful to read section 3 of Part I. The materials presented below vary greatly in quality and content. An attempt has been made to include the most useful works; many have been included which have some information to contribute concerning the business character and career of the subject though they are not business biographies; others have been included to illustrate what a biography should not be. T h e distinction between business biographies and biographies of business men should be noted. T h e business biography focusses its attention on the man's business career; the designation, biographies of business men, is a general one and may connote any number of approaches to the subject. There are general biographies which attempt to present all aspects of a man's life without any particular emphasis; most works, however, are focussed on some one thing, be it a man's business career, his private life, his charities and philanthropies, and so on. T o the student of business history, the business biography as a type is more satisfactory though other works may be very useful. T h e usefulness of any type is of course dependent in large measure on its quality as an historical work. What are the criteria of a good business biography? First of all, the work must have been constructed according to the canons of good scholarship: the materials from which the study was written must have been obtained largely from the most important primary sources, that is, the original records of the subject's life and career; those materials must have been used critically and objectively; and they must be presented in good form.

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Secondly, a good business biography is a rounded and balanced treatment of the subject's business career and his qualities which have a bearing on his work. And, thirdly, it presents its subject against the background of his times—general business, social, political, and cultural—in the way and the degree to which these affect the man and his work. Very few if any biographies fulfill these criteria. Only a small number have been written to record a man's business career, and even fewer have been written with objectivity and with an effort to be scientific. Biographies of business men are as varied as the motives that led to their writing: to emulate, to criticize negatively, to illustrate a theory of historical evolution, to make money from the writing of books which appeal to prejudice or popular interest, to evaluate the man and his career, or to contribute toward a better understanding of business in the past and the present. Biographies vary with the times when they were written—there are fashions in biography as in other things. For a discussion of the history of the biography of business men see Porter's article on that subject (256). The materials in this part are arranged according to Gras' classification of business men. These men do not always fall into neat categories—some belong to a transitional stage, most of them progressed from one class to another in the course of their career, and a few could equally well be placed in either of two classes. It should be noted, moreover, that those classes have not always followed each other and then disappeared in historical progression. The only one who can for all practical purposes be said to be off the stage of business today is the mercantile capitalist. The oldest and still the most numerous is the petty capitalist. Next to the petty capitalist, as a type, in age and number is the industrial capitalist. The financial capitalist, who came into prominence near the close of the nineteenth century, has in a measure given way to the newest class, that of the national capitalist. For a discussion of the evolution, the character, and significance of each of those classes, see Gras' Business and Capitalism (8).

CHAPTER 4. GENERAL The only work on the history of the biography of American business men is the article by Kenneth W. Porter. The subject should be studied further; such a study would throw light on the changing attitude of the public, over a hundred years, toward business and the business man. The Casebook in American Business History contains many short studies

CH. 4

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93

of individual business men classified by the stage of business to which they principally belonged; the book also contains an introductory sketch of those various stages of business and business men. See also articles in Chapter 69 on the writing of business history. 2 5 4 . GRAS, Ν . S . B . , a n d HENRIETTA M . LARSON. C a s e b o o k in A m e r i c a n

business history. Ν . Y . : Crofts, 1939. Pp. viii, 765. Frontis., bibliog. Contains a general introduction to business history, an outline of a course in the subject (including a bibliography), and 43 case studies, mostly in American business history. The larger number are studies of individual men or companies under mercantile, industrial, and financial capitalism. The treatment is generally to trace the history of the business of the m a n or firm, with emphasis on problems and policy and some attention to operations and management. The cases do not constitute a cross-section of American business at any time: they give little attention to the petty capitalist and touch u p o n only a limited range of industries under industrial a n d financial capitalism; they deal on the whole with companies and men t h a t were leaders in each stage. Case studies of the following subjects are included: Mercantile Capitalism: Sir T h o m a s Smythe and the Virginia Company, 1558(?)— 1625; William Fitzhugh's Proposals f o r a Constant Factorage in Virginia, 1683-1687; Robert Keayne, Boston Merchant, 1596-1656; J o h n Hancock, 1737-1793; J o h n J a c o b Astor, 1763-1848; Early Economic Systems, Especially Mercantilism. Industrial Capitalism: J o h n P. Cushing as an Investor, 1828-1862; T h o m a s Willing & Company, a Study of Early M a r i n e Underwriters in Philadelphia; The Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses f r o m Loss by Fire, 1752-1938; T h e Massachusetts Bank, 1784-1903; The Second Bank of the United States, an Experiment with Branches; Boulton & W a t t , 1775-1800; Samuel Slater and the American Textile Industry, 1789-1835; Josiah Wedgwood & Sons, Ltd., 1759-1920; J o h n Law, Financier and Speculator; William Duer, Contractor and Speculator, 1747-1799; J a y Cooke & Company, 1861-1873; The Development of the New York Stock Exchange; New Y o r k Transatlantic Packet Services, 1817-1837; Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1794-1877; Cincinnati Southern Railway, Struggle between T w o Rival Cities for Metropolitan Dominance, 1860-1929; The Development of Internal M a r kets, Metropolitan E c o n o m y ; J a m e s J . Hill and the Great Northern Railway, 18781916; Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, 1852-1938; Dennison M a n u facturing Company, 1844-1938; N. W. Ayer & Son, Advertising Agency, 1869-1939; J o h n Wanamaker, 1838-1922. Financial Capitalism—Combination in Business: T w o Metropolitan Banks, First National Bank of Boston and First National Bank of New Y o r k ; T w o Life Insurance Companies, the M u t u a l and the Equitable, of New York, 1842-1938; J . Pierpont Morgan, 1837-1913; T h e International Mercantile Marine Company, 19011937; Elbert H. Gary and the United States Steel Corporation, 1901-1938; Armour & Company, 1867-1938; Hugo Stinnes, German Industrialist. Secular Trends in Business History: Introduction to the Cases on Business T r e n d s ; Business Difficulties and the Emergence of Specialization in a Period of Declining Prices, 1815-1843; Business Prosperity and the Victory of Specialized Business in a Period of Rising Prices, 1843-1866; Business Difficulties, with a Tendency to Combine and Integrate, in a Period of Declining Prices, 1866-1897; Business Pros-

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perity and the Recombination of Business Functions in a Period of Rising Prices, 1897-1920. National Capitalism: Recent Economic Systems. 2 5 5 . O ' N E I L L , EDWARD H . Biography by Americans, 1 6 5 8 - 1 9 3 6 . A subject bibliography. Phila.: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1939. Pp. x, 465. The most comprehensive bibliography of American biographies, including over 700 collective biographies. Arranged alphabetically by name of subject of biography but gives no key to what the subject was or did.

"Trends in American business biography," Journal of economic and business history, vol. iv, no. 2 (Aug., 1 9 3 2 ) , 2 5 6 . PORTER, K E N N E T H WIGGINS. pp. 584-610. A description and appraisal of biography beginning in the early 19th century. Valuable.

CHAPTER 5. PETTY CAPITALISTS The earliest, the largest, and the most enduring class of American business man has been the petty capitalist. Yet, as a business man—individual and class—he has not fared well at the hands of the historian. To be sure, records of many pioneer men of this type have been preserved in the manuscript collections of libraries, especially of historical societies; and, as the idol of Jeffersonian democracy and the object of solicitude of Wilson's New Freedom and to some extent of Roosevelt's New Deal and as the largest group in the middle class, the petty capitalist has received much recognition from historian and politician, alike. But as the man who has contributed largely in that production of goods and services which has been basic in American life and whose work has been a preparation for business men of all kinds, he has received little attention. The petty capitalist in the past has taken many forms, as he does today, but generally speaking he is the business man who is at one and the same time—to greater or lesser degree—owner, worker, and administrator. The farmer, the plumber, the tailor, and countless others, who operate on a small scale, do some or all of their own manual work, and manage their own business, are all petty capitalists. They are often specialists, and in town communities individuals may have assumed on a small scale something of the function of the financial capitalist though even so their position has usually been well rooted in some one line of business, such as a general store or a bank. The number of works on petty capitalists, below, is short, and most of

P E T T Y CAPITALISTS

CH. 5

95

them are but fragments and not full biographies. Here is an opportunity for the historian, particularly in rural regions and town communities. The petty capitalist has not been much of a record-keeper (see Part I, section 3 ), but some of his records have been preserved by State and local historical societies and in manuscript collections of other libraries while many are in the hands of private individuals. What do those records reveal about the petty capitalist's policies and management, his points of strength and his weaknesses? The class should be studied with reference to the saving of resources and the saving of capital in small amounts which in the total has been great. The petty capitalist has saved for old age, to meet possible disaster, or to go on into industrial capitalism. He has certain psychological qualities which are of great significance. The heterogeneity of the class sometimes obscures his essential characteristics, and for stretches of time he may be submerged and become a laborer but only to become a petty capitalist again when he has the capital and opportunity so to do. He is not only the mainstay of democracy but also in total a great'capitalist and the reservoir from which society draws business men of all kinds. At the same time the petty capitalist as a class has psychologically and politically been opposed in considerable degree to mercantile, industrial, and financial capitalists and their business systems. A.

CRAFTSMEN AND TRADESMEN

See also the works of Hoopes (2606) and Sturt (2611). 2 5 7 . BATHE, GREVILLE and DOROTHY. Jacob Perkins: his inventions, his times & his contemporaries. Philadelphia: pub. by Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1943. Pp. xiv, 215. Illus., diags., maps, apps. Biography of a petty and incipient industrial capitalist, outstanding inventor, and manufacturer, Newburyport, Mass., 1778-1815, and Philadelphia, 1815-19, who moved to England where he continued his work from 1819 to his death in 1849. In America he manufactured nails, engraved banknotes, etc., but he gradually became more a student of science and an inventor.

258. Biography of Zadock Pratt, of Prattsville, Ν. Y. [Undated; publisher not given.] Pp. xxv, 506. Illus., tables, app. A mid-nineteenth-century biography Eulogistic and platitudinous.

of

a leather manufacturer and

politician.

2 5 9 . CLARKE, H E R M A N N FREDERICK, and H E N R Y WIEDER FOOTE. Jeremiah Dummer, colonial craftsman and merchant, 1645-1718. Boston: Houghton, 1935. Pp. xiv, 208. Illus.

BUSINESS

96

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

Deals mostly with the articles he made as an outstanding Massachusetts silversmith. Mentions his investments, especially in ships. N o t so much merchant as silversmith who operated in a mercantile-capitalist setting.

260. G U M M E R E , A M E L I A M., editor. The journal and essays of John Woolman. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1922. Pp. xxii, 643. Illus. Woolman, born in 1720 in N e w Jersey where he lived most of his life, worked for a time as assistant and bookkeeper to a shopkeeper and retailer, learned the tailor's trade and followed it for years, did some legal work, and bought a farm, which he managed while carrying on his tailoring. For a time he also taught school and, b y writing and preaching, he worked for individual and social reform. His Journal gives an excellent picture of a sensitive and unusually conscientious Quaker's attitude toward business.

261. H A N S O N , C H A R L E S LANE, editor. A journal for the years 1 7 3 9 - 1 8 0 3 by Samuel Lane of Stratham, New Hampshire. Concord : New Hampshire Historical Society, 1937. Pp. vi, 115. Illus. Gives something of a picture of the w o r k and management of a petty capitalist farmer-tanner-surveyor in furai 18th-century N e w England.

262. J E R O M E , C H A U N C E Y . History of the American clock business, for the past sixty years, and life of Chauncey Jerome written by himself. New Haven: pub. by F. C. Dayton, Jr., I 8 6 0 . Pp. 1 4 4 . Illus. Autobiographical data, 1793-1860, of life as a carpenter and clockmaker. Partnerships, failure, and considerable information about the manufacture and marketing of wooden and brass clocks and profits in the business in Connecticut and the South. Eli T e r r y , N e w Haven Clock Co., James E . English, H. M . Welch, John Woodruff, Hiram Camp, Philip Pond, Charles L . Griswold, L. F. Root, Benedict & Burnham, Arad W . Welton, Seth Thomas & Co., William L . Gilbert, Beach & Hubbell, Ireneus Atkins. P E R R Y , J O S E P H A M . "Samuel Snow, tanner and cordwainer," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xiv, no. 6 (Dec., 1 9 4 5 ) , pp. 263.

183-193· T h e w o r k and business of a Maine village shoemaker of the first half of the 19th century as found in his account books. B.

FARMERS AND PLANTERS

See also Chapters 13 and 28. 2 6 4 . C O U L T E R , E . MERTON. Thomas Spalding of Sapelo. University, La.: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1940. Pp. xiii, 334. Illus.

A n excellent picture of a typical petty-capitalist leader in early American communities on the w a y to becoming an industrial capitalist. A Southern planter,

CH. S

PETTY

97

CAPITALISTS

1774-1851, w h o led in Georgia in introducing and developing new crops

(sea-island

cotton, sugar cane) and in establishing banks, railroads, etc., to serve his c o m m u n i t y . N o t based on private or business records.

265. [FITZHUGH, WILLIAM.] "Letters of William Fitzhugh," Virginia magazine of history and biography, vols, i-vi (1893-99), passim; "Fitzhugh family genealogy," ibid., vol. vii (1898-99), passim. Valuable information, chant.

1679-99, concerning

a Virginia

lawyer, planter, and

mer-

Dealt in real estate, grew and b o u g h t tobacco for export, sold imports to his

neighbors, and probably handled bills of exchange. stant f a c t o r a g e " or mercantile business.

Proposed to establish a " c o n -

A petty capitalist w h o

flourished

in an age

of mercantile capitalism and w h o planned to become a mercantile capitalist himself, but

through

circumstance

was

forced

to

remain

a planter.

Had

his

plantation

business g r o w n he might have become an industrial capitalist, b u t again circumstance prevented him f r o m developing in that direction.

266. Minnesota farmers' diaries: William R . Brown, 1845-46, Mitchell Y . Jackson, 1852-63. With an introduction and notes by Rodney C. Loehr. (Publications of the Minnesota Historical Society, Narratives and documents, vol. iii.) St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1939. Pp. ιχ,.247. Illus., map, app. Contains some information on the management of pioneer farms. 2 6 7 . STEPHENSON, WENDELL HOLMES.

"A

quarter-century

of a

Missis-

sippi plantation: Eli J. Capell of 'Pleasant Hill'," Mississippi Valley historical review, vol. xxiii, no. 3 (Dec., 1 9 3 6 ) , pp. 355-374. A n interesting account of Capell's management of his Mississippi plantation, 184267, based on his diary and other records in the Louisiana State University L i b r a r y .

268. "William Fitzhugh's proposals for a constant factorage in Virginia, 1683-1687," Casebook in American business history [254], pp. 45-52. Letters of a planter-merchant which show h o w he tried to set up in the colony a permanent mercantile business to engage in British-Virginia trade.

Early

example

of failure in South to acquire the trade necessary to the g r o w t h of towns.

269. WRIGHT, LOUIS B., editor. Letters of Robert Carter, 1720-172 7. San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1940. Pp. xiv, 153. Letters b y a Virginia cavalier, written mostly to his L o n d o n agents.

Carter w a s

a plantation-owner, business agent of the F a i r f a x estate, and a merchant, to

England

local

produce

(tobacco)

which

he produced

or

purchased.

sending Contains

something on land business, purchase and sale of slaves, but gives only partial picture of Carter's interests and activities. marketing system and method.

Revealing of character of Carter and of Virginia

BUSINESS

98 C.

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

MERCHANTS AND STOREKEEPERS

See also Chapter 17 for the history of firms which had petty capitalist beginnings and Chapter 31 D for general histories. 270. ATHERTON, LEWIS E. "James and Robert Aull—a frontier Missouri mercantile firm," Missouri historical review, vol. xxx, pp. 3-27. 271. BASSETT, J. S. "The relations between the Virginia planter and the London merchant," American Historical Association report for 1901, vol. i, pp· 551-575· T h e handling of trade between London and 17th-century Virginia, especially the w o r k of Fitzhugh, petty-capitalist planter and factor, in Virginia.

Interesting as an

early effort of an historian to consider business history.

272. BAXTER, WILLIAM T. "Daniel Henchman, a colonial bookseller," Essex Institute historical collections, vol. lxx ( 1 9 3 4 ) , pp. 1 - 3 0 . A Boston merchant, 1713-61, w h o published, imported, and sold books

(wholesale

and retail), participated in foreign ventures, o w n e d shares in ships, w a s a partner in a paper mill, etc.

273. GOULD, R. E. Yankee storekeeper. N . Y.: Whittlesey House, McGraw-Hill, 1946. Pp. 195. T h e experiences and observations, mostly in the 1920's, of a general storekeeper in Maine. P a c k e d with statements about policy and buying and selling methods and with much shrewd wit. A n invaluable picture of a petty capitalist trader. 2 7 4 . HALEY, J. EVETTS. Charles Schreiner, general merchandise: the story of a country store. Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1944. Pp. x, 70. A n appreciative history of a Texas general store, which has been functioning since 1869, and its service to its region.

275. "Henry Knox and the London Book-Store in Boston, Proceedings, Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. lxi, pp.

1771-1774," 225-303.

Letters show business methods and connections. Imported, retailed, and supplied country b o o k sellers, for himself and as agent, for cash and on credit. M u c h business on order. 2 7 6 . HOWE, HERBERT BARBER.

Jedediah Barber, 1 7 8 7 - 1 8 7 6 ; a footnote to the history of the military tract of central New York. N . Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1939. Pp. xiv, 237. Illus. T h e life of an early business man in central N e w Y o r k , w h o was a successful generalstore retailer, an unsuccessful private banker, and a strong supporter of local institu-

CH.

S

PETTY

99

CAPITALISTS

tions. From scattered source material, liberally quoted. Though not based on accounts (missing), excellent on policy and management.

2 7 7 . HUBBARD, GURDON SALTONSTALL.

The

autobiography

of

Gurdon

Saltonstall Hubbard. Chicago: R . R . Donnelley & Sons Co., 1911. xxvii, 182. Portrait.

Pp.

Introduction contains brief biography of outstanding early merchant and banker of Chicago. This autobiography deals with his early years in business, 1816-31, most of the time in frontier posts of American Fur Co., when as a petty capitalist he was laying the foundation for his later business.

2 7 8 . LEE, JAMES. Twenty-five years in the mail order business. Chicago: Arthur E. Swett [c. 1902]. Pp. 176. Illus. Author's own experiences and those of others told to him or observed by him. By mail-order business is meant selling small articles (patent medicines, puzzles, jewelry, songs, books, pictures, subscriptions, etc.) or providing services (your fortune told by mail if you send in ten cents and date of birth, or a husband supplied for ten dollars). Advertised in newspapers or magazines. Also some supplying of doorto-door pedlars ("canvassers") or men selling at county fairs, etc., either selling to pedlars and others outright or on commission through agents. Describes many "schemes" used in selling, such as contests, and fake products, like galvanic batteries. A straightforward discussion of policy and management—advertising, selling techniques, control of agents, etc.—in a sort of undercover business on a pettycapitalist scale.

2 7 9 . MORISON, SAMUEL ELIOT. Builders of the Bay Colony. Houghton, 1930. Pp. xiv, 365. Illus.

Boston:

Contains a chapter on John Hull, early colonial business man of Boston—a merchant who also minted coins, an incipient mercantile capitalist.

2 8 0 . QUAIFE, M . M . , editor. The commerce of the prairies, by Josiah Gregg. Chicago: R . R . Donnelley & Sons Co., 1926. Pp. xxxii, 343. Map. First published in 1844 as Commerce of the Prairies: or the Journal of a Santa Fé Trader during Eight Expeditions across the Great Western Prairies and a Residence of Nearly Nine Years in Northern Mexico, this has become one of the classics on the early trade in the Southwest. An edition by R. G. Thwaites appeared in 1905· Gregg was one of the earliest itinerant traders or traveling merchants in the Southwest. The book illustrates the trials of a petty capitalist, 1831-40, in which physical struggle was blended with commercial effort. Could be compared with similar ventures in Europe, 800-1200. Deals with commodities, price mark-up, caravans, fairs, pack mules and wagons, and wholesale and retail selling.

281. RAU, LOUISE. "John Askin, early Detroit merchant," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. x, no. 6 (Dec., 1936), pp. 91-94.

100

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART

III

T h i s brief sketch calls attention to the business records of a frontier merchant w h o engaged in the government supply business, Indian and fur trade, land speculation, lakes transportation, etc.

282. REDLICH, FRITZ. "Some remarks on the business of a New York ship chandler in the i8io's," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xvi, no. 5 (Nov., 1 9 4 2 ) , pp. 9 2 - 9 8 . Functions and activities of an unnamed chandler. Based on a daybook, 1 8 1 1 - 1 5 .

283. "Robert Keayne, Boston Merchant, ican business history [ 2 5 4 ] , pp. 5 2 - 6 1 .

1596-1656,"

Casebook in Amer-

Concerns a case in court, involving a Boston importer and retailer, in which the issue of just price vs. market price w a s decided in favor of the latter.

284. T00KER, ELVA. "A Kentucky merchant's problems in the early nineteenth century," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. viii, no. 5 (Oct., 1 9 3 4 ) , pp. 8 1 - 8 8 . Correspondence between Christian Schulz of Maysville and Nathan Trotter & Co., a metal-selling firm of Philadelphia, 1819-25. 285. WOODWARD, CARL

R. "Rural economy in Rhode Island 200 years ago, as revealed in the account books of Benoni Waterman of Warwick, 1 7 3 3 - 1 7 4 0 , " Rhode Island history, vol. iv, no. 4 (Oct., 1 9 4 5 ) , pp. 9 7 - 1 0 6 . Reproduces the accounts of several persons with the store, including that of a weaver w h o paid for his purchases by weaving cloth for Waterman. Original is in the collection of the Rhode Island Historical Society. D.

PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS

See also Chapter 22 for the history of firms which had petty capitalist beginnings and also books numbered 295, 2907, 2909, 2 9 1 3 , and 2914. 286. FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN.

The autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Edited with an introduction by Percy H. Boynton. N. Y.: Harcourt [c. 1 9 2 6 ] . Pp. xxxii, 218. A remarkably detailed and candid account by a petty capitalist in business around the middle of the 18th century. Tells of apprenticeship and the carrying on of a printing and publishing business; analyzes qualities of character required in business, ethics, etc. 2 8 7 . MARBLE, ANNIE RUSSELL. From 'prentice to patron: the life story of Isaiah Thomas. N. Y.: Appleton-Century, 1935. Pp. xii, 362. Illus., bibliog.

PETTY

CH. S

101

CAPITALISTS

B i o g r a p h y of a g r e a t A m e r i c a n p r i n t e r , a n d a p i c t u r e of p r i n t i n g a n d p u b l i s h i n g in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f r o m a b o u t 1750 to 1830 w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n o n prices, p u b l i c a t i o n s , and prominent men. OSWALD, J O H N C L Y D E . Benjamin Franklin, printer. Ν . Y . : Published by Doubleday, Page & Co., for The Associated Advertising Clubs of the World, 1917. Pp. xv, 244. Illus. 288.

O n t h e w o r k of F r a n k l i n as a successful printer w i t h s o m e t h i n g on his p a r t n e r s h i p s , policies, m a n a g e m e n t , a n d profits.

289. Theodore Low de Vinne, printer. Pp. 104. Portrait, bibliog. P r i n t e d St. 1876).

Nicholas

(established in 1872)

Ν . Y.: privately printed, 1915.

a n d Scribner's

Monthly

(established

in

B i o g r a p h i c a l s k e t c h , resolutions a n d t r i b u t e s of c o r p o r a t i o n s , i n d i v i d u a l s , the

press, etc. E.

MISCELLANEOUS

Α . , compiler. The John Tipton papers, 3 vols., (Indiana historical collection, vols, xxiv, xxv, xxvi.) Indianapolis: Historical Bureau, 1942. Pp. xix, 909; xi, 947; ix, 927. 290.

BLACKBURN, GLEN

1809-1839.

A n i n t r o d u c t i o n b y P . W . G a t e s s u m m a r i z e s the l i f e of T i p t o n , a large l a n d mill o w n e r a n d I n d i a n a g e n t .

and

V a l u a b l e on business in a n e w c o m m u n i t y .

H O L M E S , OLIVER W . "Levi Pease, the father of New England stagecoaching," Journal of economic and business history, vol. iii, no. 2 (Feb., 291.

1 9 3 1 ) , PP·

241-263.

E s t a b l i s h m e n t a n d o p e r a t i o n of a line f r o m B o s t o n to N e w Y o r k ,

1783-1810.

editor. The first international railway and the colonization of N e w England: life and writings of John Alfred Poor. Ν . Y.: Putnam, The Knickerbocker Press, 1 8 9 2 [c. 1 8 8 9 ] . Pp. v, 400. Bibliog., app. 2 9 2 . POOR, L A U R A E L I Z A B E T H ,

A p p r e c i a t i v e b i o g r a p h y a n d w r i t i n g s of e a r l y M a i n e r a i l r o a d p r o m o t e r a n d a d m i n i s t r a t o r ( " t h e f a t h e r of the r a i l r o a d s y s t e m of M a i n e , especially in its relations t o B r i t i s h North America"—including of

which

the W e s t ) .

his b r o t h e r b e c a m e

editor.

P o o r p u r c h a s e d American This book

Railway

Journal,

d r a w s a n interesting p i c t u r e of

a

s m a l l - t o w n l a w y e r a n d p e t t y capitalist, w i t h s t r o n g intellect, i m a g i n a t i o n , e n e r g y , a n d p u b l i c spirit, w h o w a s a c t i v e in h e l p i n g to p l a n t h e m a i n lines of o u r railroad s y s t e m . 293.

[pseud.]. Life of Asa G . Woburn, Mass.: Ε. T. Moody, printer, Journal Press, 1862.

[ S H E L D O N , A S A G . ] W I L M I N G T O N FARMER

Sheldon. Pp· 374·

102

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

The autobiography, covering years 1788 to about 1862, of a construction manager and contractor w h o moved Pemberton Hill in Boston and built bridges and roadbeds for early railroads in eastern Massachusetts. A n interesting picture of a petty capitalist.

Incidents of real life. Montpelier, Vt.: Argus & Patriot Book and Job Ptg. House, 1883. Pp. 92. 294.

TARBELL, DANIEL.

A farmer, produce dealer, building contractor, banker, etc., in N e w Hampshire, 1830's on, tells story of his life. M u c h on petty-capitalist business methods (ethics) ; fight with Suffolk B a n k on banknote redemption. Unusual. 295.

W E B S T E R , SAMUEL C H A R L E S .

Mark Twain, business man.

Boston:

Little, Brown, 1946. Pp. 409. This is a collection of hitherto unpublished letters, chiefly of M a r k T w a i n , primarily of the 1880's. The letters are designed to show that the publishing venture of M a r k T w a i n was wrecked by his own incompetence, not that of his partner; that M a r k T w a i n ' s memory was entirely at fault in accusing his partner (Mark could remember "only what didn't happen"). M a r k T w a i n w a s a petty capitalist much influenced b y his get-rich-quick generation. While he attracted business to the publishing firm, he took too much of the earnings out of it for his running expenses and to meet the costs of other business ventures that were hopeless from the start. T h e author, who is the grandnephew of M a r k T w a i n and the son of the latter's partner, is inclined to regard the case as M a r k T w a i n vs. M a r k T w a i n . W I L B U R , MARGUERITE E Y E R , editor. A pioneer at Sutter's Fort, 1846—1850: the adventures of Heinrich Lienhard. (Calaña Series.) Los Angeles: The Calaña Society, 1941. Pp. xix, 291. Illus., bibliog. 296.

Diary of a Swiss associate of Sutter showing beginnings of gold mining in California and something of the business connected with it. Chiefly social history.

C H A P T E R 6. M E R C A N T I L E

CAPITALISTS

Historically petty capitalists built town communities and mercantile capitalists built the trade which united distant towns and regions and countries. But mercantile capitalists were not only traders, for they had to provide ships and warehouses, carry on foreign exchange and banking, and even go indirectly into manufacturing. Reaching out for new trade, European mercantile capitalists helped European petty capitalists to establish new colonies and towns in America. Late in the seventeenth century mercantile capitalists began to develop in the British colonies, and a century later they were engaged in practically all the occupations of a full-fledged sedentary merchant. After Independence they built for the United States a great foreign trade. They assem-

CH. 6

103

MERCANTILE CAPITALISTS

bled America's surplus products and found markets for them abroad, while they brought home necessities and luxuries from Europe and from the Orient, with which they began to trade in the late 1780's. They also provided a cultural bridge to foreign lands. For a general treatment of mercantile capitalists and capitalism, see Chapter HI of Gras' Business and Capitalism (8 ). A number of works on European mercantile capitalists are presented below for background and comparison. Baxter's The House 0j Hancock (309) tells of the rise of a colonial mercantile capitalist firm; McMaster's The Lije and Times oj Stephen Girard (324) and Porter's two studies, John Jacob Astor (330) and The Jacksons and the Lees (329), deal with American mercantile capitalism at its height and in transition to industrial capitalism. A Pioneer Merchant oj St. Louis (323) shows the same figure at work tying a petty capitalist western frontier town to eastern metropolitan centers. For the British counterpart of colonial mercantile capitalism see, especially, Hewins' English Trade and Finance (53) and the books, below, by Donnan (299), Guttridge ( 3 0 1 ) , and Sutherland (306). The essence of the work of the mercantile capitalist was the administration of a diversified business. He had a complicated organization sometimes made up of partners and junior partners but always of agents and correspondents in foreign markets, ship captains, supercargoes, and common seamen. He was always owner or part owner of the business he administered. This category of business man has long been recognized as a general merchant; but his functions have not been adequately analyzed and his strategic and dynamic place in history has not been fully recognized. It is important to see his relationship with exploration and colonization and with international rivalries and conflict. It is also important to see his contribution toward the development of large-scale business. Indeed, he was the first business man to develop a large business organization, to use capital in large amounts, and to develop techniques of large-scale administration. In the tendency of the highly developed mercantile capitalist to go over into banking, shipping, and manufacture lay the beginning of industrial capitalism. A.

EUROPEAN MERCHANTS

See also books numbered 621-629 and Chapter 31 A. 2 9 7 . BOURNE, H E N R Y

RICHARD

FOX.

English

merchants:

memoirs

in

illustration of the progress of British commerce. London: Richard Bentley, 1866. 2 vols, [unpaged.]

104

BUSINESS A D M I N I S T R A T O R S

PAKT I I I

Brief histories of about three dozen merchants or mercantile families that were important in the early English mercantile capitalism from which American business directly descended. Also chapters on general development of English commerce. Something on policy, little on management, and summary of activities or business interests of merchants. A scholarly w o r k ; not based on private business records.

2 9 8 . DE ROOVER, FLORENCE EDLER. "Francesco Sassetti and the downfall of the Medici banking house," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xvii, no. 4 (Oct., 1943), pp. 65-80. How a fifteenth-century merchant accumulated a fortune and how his policies as general manager contributed to the failure of the Medici, a sedentary merchant-banking house with many branches.

2 9 9 . DONNAN, ELIZABETH. "Eighteenth-century English merchants: Micajah Perry," Journal of economic and business history, vol. iv, no. 1 (Nov., 1931), pp. 70-98. This article on a London merchant throws light on Colonial business and busness men in America.

3 0 0 . ESPINAS, GEORGES. Les Origines du capitalisme. 2 vols. (Bibliothèque de la Société d'Histoire du Droit des Pays Flamands . . . , vols, vii, and ix.) Lille: E. Raoust, 1933-36. Valuable studies of three different kinds of medieval business men, including Jehan Boinebroke, a French sedentary merchant and cloth manufacturer of the 13th century, who illustrates the mercantile capitalist's control of manufacture.

3 0 1 . GUTTRIDGE, G. H . ; editor. American correspondence of a Bristol merchant, 1766-1776: letters of Richard Champion. (Univ. of California publications in history.) Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1934. Pp. 71. Letters to Caleb and John Lloyd of Charleston and Willing and Morris of Philadelphia.

3 0 2 . JAMESON, J . FRANKLIN. Willem Usselinx, founder of the Dutch and Swedish West India Companies. (Papers of the American Historical Association, vol. ii, no. 3.) N . Y . : Putnam, 1887. Pp. 234. Born at Antwerp in 1567, then the leading commercial city in Europe, the merchant Usselinx was a strong promoter of colonization in America through commercial companies.

3 0 3 . ROSE-TROUP, FRANCES. John White, the patriarch of Dorchester [Dorset] and the founder of Massachusetts, 1575-1648, with an account of the early settlements in Massachusetts, 1620-1630. N . Y . : Putnam, 1930. Pp. xii, 483. Illus.

MERCANTILE

CH. 6

105

CAPITALISTS

This biography of an English clergyman who furthered settlement in N e w England, financially and otherwise, contains much information on the business side of colonization, including the Dorchester, N e w England, and Massachusetts B a y companies and M a t t h e w Cradock and other merchants and tradesmen w h o were interested in the companies. 304. "Sir

Thomas

Smythe and

the Virginia C o m p a n y ,

C a s e b o o k in A m e r i c a n b u s i n e s s h i s t o r y [ 2 5 4 ] , p p .

iS58(?)-i625,"

29-52.

Study of the settlement of Virginia, 1607, b y a company of London merchants, problems in the administration of the colony, and financial failure. Illustrates a type of effort of English mercantile capitalists which established several colonies in America. 3 0 5 . STRIEDER, JACOB. Augsburg, 1 4 5 9 - 1 5 2 5 . p h i [C. 1 9 3 1 ] .

J a c o b Fugger the rich:

merchant and banker

Translated by Mildred L . Hartsough.

P p . XXV, 2 2 7 .

N. Y.:

of

Adel-

Ulus., table, bibliog.

An unusual development, late 15th to early 16th centuries, of a typical sedentary merchant and banker who came to be influential in the Church and for a time in international politics. Sometimes thought of as the last medieval and the first modern rich man. Includes information about partnerships, marketing, corners, mining, international organization for trade and banking, etc. 3 0 6 . SUTHERLAND, L U C Y STUART. ford, E n g l a n d : P p . viii, 1 6 4 .

A London merchant,

Oxford Univ. Press;

London:

Ox-

1695-1774.

Humphrey Milford;

1933.

Tables, apps.

Study of William Braund, merchant, shipowner, ship insurer, and director of the E a s t India Company and the Sun Fire Office. Based on original papers—mostly accounts—for the years 1 7 4 1 - 7 4 . Valuable to American business history for background and comparison and not because of direct connection with American trade. 3 0 7 . Y U L E , HENRY, editor. T h e book of Ser M a r c o P o l o . ed. L o n d o n : J o h n M u r r a y , 1 9 2 1 .

P p . cii, 4 6 2 ; x x i i , 6 6 2 .

2 vols.

3d rev.

Illus., m a p s .

Experiences of Venetian merchant and his father and uncle in 13th century, in China chiefly, India, and other places. Apparently sedentary merchants traveling to establish agencies. Much on courts—because distant trade was largely in luxuries it w a s important to establish contacts with courts and court life. Description of countries and their life, of production of goods and trade; something on money and exchange. B. 3 0 8 . AMES, SUSIE M . ary era:

AMERICAN MERCHANTS

" A typical Virginia business m a n of the Revolution-

N a t h a n i e l L i t t l e t o n S a v a g e and his a c c o u n t

book," Journal

of

e c o n o m i c a n d b u s i n e s s h i s t o r y , v o l . iii, n o . 3 ( M a y , 1 9 3 1 ) , p p . 4 0 7 - 4 2 3 . The business activities of Nathaniel Littleton Savage, Colonial landowner and merchant, as seen f r o m his account book f o r 1768-85. Member of partnerships engaged in trade, manufacture of salt and rum, shipbuilding, and privateering; also dealt in

106

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

real estate, and bought and sold specie certificates, made loans, and carried on other banking functions. T h e house of Hancock: business in Boston,

3 0 9 . BAXTER, WILLIAM T . 1724-1775.

(Harvard studies in business history.)

1 9 4 5 . Pp. xxvii, 3 2 1 .

Cambridge: Harvard,

Illus.

The business history of the 18th century Boston sedentary merchants, Thomas Hancock and his nephew John. Presents a valuable picture of the beginnings of Colonial merchants and of their contribution to Colonial economic life. Emphasis is on problems met, policies, and techniques employed in the operation of the business by the two merchants. Excellent style. See also author's "Credit, Bills, and Bookkeeping in a Simple Economy," Accounting Review, vol. xxi, no. 2 (Apr., 1946), pp. 154-166. 3 1 0 . BISHOP, ELSIE HIGHT. " T h e business man as a business historian," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xii, no. 2 (Apr., 1 9 3 8 ) , pp. 17-24. Calls attention to the papers in Baker Library of the Heards, a family of merchants in the oriental trade, and illustrates the value of John Heard's memoirs as a source of information concerning trade with China, about 1841-1870. 3 1 1 . BROWN, KENNETH L .

"Stephen Girard, promoter of the second

Bank of the United States," Journal of economic history, vol. ii, no. 2 ( N o v . , 1 9 4 2 ) , pp. 1 2 5 - 1 4 8 . 3 1 2 . BUCK, CHARLES N . Walnut House, 1 9 4 1 .

Memoirs of Charles N . Buck.

Pp. 209.

Philadelphia:

Illus.

Memoirs, 1791-1841, of a Philadelphia merchant from Hamburg, engaged for several decades, beginning in 1797, in German trade at Philadelphia. Something on mercantile policy and methods, revealing statements about individual mercantile capitalists, and much on their homes, social activities, etc. Written from memory, apparently from notes. Not a little on a forgotten part of our history, the importation of linens—German to Philadelphia and Irish to Baltimore. Illustrates aspects of life of Philadelphia business men at that time not elsewhere described, namely the high society of the merchants (a good foil to the simplicity of another Philadelphia merchant, Girard). 3 1 3 . BYARS, WILLIAM V., editor. B . and M . Gratz: merchants in Philadelphia, 1 7 5 4 - 1 7 9 8 .

Jefferson City, M o . : Hugh Stephens Ptg. Co., 1 9 1 6 .

Pp. 386. Personal and, chiefly, business papers of a Philadelphia family with introductory biographical section on B. and M. Gratz and frequent explanatory notes. Valuable material on important mercantile capitalist firm engaged in foreign and domestic trade and investing heavily in western lands.

MERCANTILE

CH. 6

3 1 4 . CARY, THOMAS G . extracts 304.

107

CAPITALISTS

M e m o i r of T h o m a s H a n d a s y d P e r k i n s ;

from his diaries and letters.

Boston:

Little,

Brown,

containing 1856.

Pp.

Frontis., app.

A memoir of one of Boston's outstanding mercantile capitalists, a leader in its foreign trade f r o m 1790's to about 1830, w h o early entered trade w i t h China and the Southwest Pacific islands.

Contains little on business except stating his connections f r o m

time to time and reproducing some valuable letters. B u t it is very revealing of the man, his cultural interests, his activities for the government, his philanthropies (notably Perkins Institute f o r the B l i n d ) , and his travels. L a r g e part of the book consists of selections f r o m his journal and letters. 3 1 5 . CLEVELAND, RICHARD J . prises.

N a r r a t i v e of v o y a g e s a n d c o m m e r c i a l enter-

C a m b r i d g e : J o h n O w e n , 1842.

P p . x v i , 240.

A n account of the commercial voyages and enterprises of a Salem merchant, w h o in 1795-1836 traveled the w o r l d over as a merchant and as an agent of American sedentary merchants. A rare picture of the business of a traveling merchant under mercantile capitalism. 3 1 6 . EDELMAN, EDWARD. " T h o m a s H a n c o c k , c o l o n i a l m e r c h a n t , "

Journal

o f e c o n o m i c a n d b u s i n e s s h i s t o r y , v o l . i, n o . 1 ( N o v . , 1 9 2 8 ) , p p .

77-104.

Table. A sketch of the business career of a Boston sedentary merchant f r o m 1720's to 1764. B o o k trade, general foreign trade, commission buying, wholesale and retail selling, agent for government (supply merchant, contractor, 317.

GRAS, Ν . S . B .

financier).

" A n e a r l y s e d e n t a r y m e r c h a n t in the M i d d l e

West,"

Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xviii, no. 1 ( F e b . ,

1944),

pp. 1-9. A sketch of the business career of Henry Shaw of St. Louis from records at Baker Library, H a r v a r d University. 3 1 8 . GRAY, EDWARD. W i l l i a m G r a y o f S a l e m , m e r c h a n t . ton, 1914.

Boston:

Hough-

P p . viii, 124.

Biographical sketch of a leading N e w England mercantile capitalist and foreign merchant of late 18th and early 19th centuries. Letters quoted are revealing of the man and his business.

Appendix has list of ships owned b y Gray.

N o adequate business

biography possible because accounts were burned in the great fire of 1872. 3 1 9 . HALL, CHARLES SWAIN. and American businessman. 375.

B e n j a m i n T a l l m a d g e : R e v o l u t i o n a r y soldier N. Y.:

Columbia Univ. Press,

1943.

Pp.

x,

Illus.

A general biography which contains several chapters dealing ineffectively with the business activities of a merchant-banker and investor in western lands and trading ventures, 1778-1835, of the firm of B . Tallmadge & Co., Litchfield, Connecticut.

108

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

[ H O W E S , OSBORN.] Osborn Howes: an autobiographical sketch edited by his children. Boston: L. Barta & Co., 1894. Pp. 53. Illus. 320.

A Boston merchant's agent, supercargo, captain, and merchant.

321. Incidents in the life of Jacob Barker, of New Orleans, Louisiana: with historical facts, his financial transactions with the government, and his course on important political questions, from 1800 to 1855. Washington, 1855. Pp. ν, 285. Illus. Ill-arranged but valuable collection of information in regard to activities and interests—largely business—of a late mercantile capitalist of New Y o r k and N e w Orleans in commission business, shipping, private banking, etc. Written largely in defense of Barker. A collection of his letters and a number of pamphlets by and about him have also been published. J E N N I N G S , SISTER M A R I E T T A . "Notes on Joseph Herzog, an early Philadelphia merchant," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xiv, no. 5 (Nov., 1 9 4 0 ) , pp. 6 5 - 7 6 . 322.

A Philadelphia wholesaler, 1793-1827, with a branch in St. Louis, w h o had correspondents and agents in larger eastern and western marketing centers.

323. J E N N I N G S , SISTER M A R I E T T A . A pioneer merchant of St. Louis, 1 8 1 0 1820: the business career of Christian Wilt. (Studies in history, economics and public law.) N. Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1939. Pp. 219. Bibliog. A study of a wholesale merchant in a frontier community who was similar to the mercantile capitalists of the eastern commercial ports. Contains valuable information on the merchant: the organization of business, his policies, methods, and problems. Participated in the manufacture of lead. 3 2 4 . M C M A S T E R , J O H N BACH. The life and times of Stephen Girard, mariner and merchant. 2 vols. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1918. Pp. viii, 489; 481. Illus.

T h i s is a useful study of the activities of one of the most important American business men of the early 19th century. Its emphasis is on government policy and wars, and it fails utterly to see Girard as a business administrator. A first-rate analysis of his policy and management should be made from the splendid collection of his business papers in Girard College.

325. Nathaniel Goddard: a Boston merchant, 1 7 6 7 - 1 8 5 3 . Boston: printed at the Riverside Press for private distribution, 1906. Pp. viii, 272. Illus., apps. A biography containing Goddard's own " N a r r a t i v e " (pp. 44-135) and many business letters sent by him. Goddard managed a general store at Passamaquoddy in

MERCANTILE

CH. 6

109

CAPITALISTS

Maine, 1790-96; thereafter he was an importing merchant in Boston until in the 1840's. Owned Union and Constitution w h a r v e s in Boston. A copy is in Baker L i b r a r y , H a r v a r d University.

3 2 6 . NOLTE, VINCENT. F i f t y years in both hemispheres or, reminiscences of the life of a former merchant.

( T r a n s l a t e d from the German.)

N. Y.:

Redfield, 1854. P p . xix, 484. A p p . Reminiscences of the author, who was a combination of international adventurer, agent

for

European banking houses in American

(1820's and 1830's). depression.

ventures, and cotton

speculator

N e w Orleans, Hope & Co., Barings, D a v i d Parish, panics, and

Valuable picture of international

finance

in early

19th century and of

banking in transition from mercantile to industrial capitalism.

3 2 7 . OBERHOLTZER, ELLIS PAXSON. R o b e r t Morris: patriot and

financier.

N . Y . : M a c m i l l a n , 1903. P p . xi, 372. Illus., bibliog. Concerned chiefly with Morris' financing of American Revolution and slightly with his private business (chiefly investments in land companies in 1790's) as mercantile capitalist of Philadelphia.

A u t h o r missed opportunity to deal with the business of

an important American foreign merchant.

Based on Robert Morris papers not avail-

able to earlier biographers.

3 2 8 . PEABODY, ROBERT E .

M e r c h a n t venturers of old Salem: a history

of the commercial v o y a g e s of a N e w England family to the Indies and elsewhere in the x v m century. B o s t o n : Houghton, 1 9 1 2 . P p . 168.

Illus.,

tables. Business activities of Richard D e r b y , 1712-83, shipmaster and owner and

Salem

merchant, and of his sons, particularly of Elias Hasket D e r b y , 1739-99: trade with Europe, the West Indies, Cape of G o o d Hope, Canton, Batavia, and India, and information about commodities, payments, trade methods, particular voyages and ships, privateering, and trade under war conditions.

Very little on policy or management.

A u t h o r used Derby papers.

3 2 9 . PORTER, KENNETH WIGGINS. T h e Jacksons and the L e e s : two generations

of

Massachusetts

studies in business history.) xiii, 7 7 3 - 1 6 2 5 .

merchants,

1765-1844.

2 vols.

C a m b r i d g e : H a r v a r d , 1937.

(Harvard

Pp. xx,

772;

Illus.

A documentary study of mercantile-capitalist families centering in Boston, some of w h o m entered manufacture.

T r a d e with the Orient (especially I n d i a ) , family groups

engaged in trading enterprises, business ethics, business background for N e w England's industrial revolution, cultural activities. A general introduction

(pages 3-150)

is devoted

to the sedentary merchant

in

Massachusetts, 1765-1844. T h e documents, chiefly letters, illustrate trade routes, shipping, types of goods handled, captains employed, etc. largely in private hands and hitherto unpublished.

T h e manuscripts used

are

110

BUSINESS A D M I N I S T R A T O R S

PART I I I

330. PORTER, KENNETH WIGGINS. John Jacob Astor: business man. 2 vols. (Harvard studies in business history.) Cambridge: Harvard, 1931. Pp. xxvii, 585; xiii, 5 8 9 - 1 3 5 3 . Illus., bibliog., chap. refs. A definitive business biography well documented. Astor in London and New Y o r k , early activity in petty retailing and the local fur trade, the expanding fur trade, the China trade, and the real-estate business constitute the chief interest. Many old tales concerning Astor exploded. Facts concerning Astor's real-estate policy and management disclosed for the first time. Shows Astor progressing from petty to mercantile to industrial capitalist. Astor's cultural interests also set forth. N o one helped New Y o r k so much to grow and no one succeeded in getting such a reward for his services. 3 3 1 . REDLICH, FRITZ.

"The business activities of Eric Bollmann, an international business promoter, 1 7 9 7 - 1 8 2 1 , " Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xvii, no. 5 (Nov., 1 9 4 3 ) , pp. 8 1 - 9 1 , and no. 6 (Dec., 1 9 4 3 ) , PP· 1 0 3 - 1 1 2 . A German's efforts to develop the business of importing capital from Germany to the United States and of acting as agent for German merchants in American trade; and to promote new enterprises in America and Germany. Exemplifies late mercantile capitalism as it was shading off into industrial capitalism. 332. [SANFORD, PELEG.] The letter book of Peleg Sanford of Newport, merchant . . . 1 6 6 6 - 1 6 6 8 . Transcribed from the original manuscript in the Massachusetts Archives by Howard W. Preston, with an introduction and notes by Howard M. Chapin, and additional notes by G. Andrews Moriarty, Jr. Providence: printed for the Rhode Island Historical Society, 1928. Pp. vi, 84. Illus. These letters give some insight into the w a y small native merchants in N e w England participated in the growing Colonial trade while that trade was still dominated by British merchants.

333. SAVELLE, M A X . George Morgan, colony builder. N. Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1932. Pp. xiv, 266. Illus., bibliog. A general biography of a Philadelphia merchant (of Baynton, Wharton & Morgan) engaged in trading, investing in land, colonizing, provisioning the army, and Indian affairs in the West, 1763-1791. Useful, but sketchy and general on business and omits London end of the trade.

334. SMITH, ARTHUR D. H. John Jacob Astor, landlord of New York. N . Y.: Lippincott, 1929. Pp. 296. Interesting, better than some of the Astor biographies; accepts old legends about Astor.

CH. 6

MERCANTILE

3 3 5 . SUMNER, WILLIAM GRAHAM.

American Revolution. ν, 330. Tables.

111

CAPITALISTS

The

financier

and the

finances

of

the

2 vols. N . Y.: Dodd, Mead, 1891. Pp. viii, 309;

A financial history of the American Revolution and the part played in it by Robert Morris, a Philadelphia mercantile capitalist who was Superintendent of Finances beginning in 1 7 8 1 . Not very useful on private business (mercantile banking and lands) of Morris. Author used printed and some manuscript sources.

335a. T00KER, ELVA C. "A merchant turns to money-lending in Philadelphia," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society," vol. xx, no. 3 (June, 1946), pp. 7 1 - 8 5 . A valuable article on Nathan Trotter's money-lending from 1 8 1 8 to 1853. Contains a table f o r those years, compiled from original records, showing amounts loaned, yearly profits, etc.

336. TRAIN, GEO. FRANCIS. An American merchant in Europe, Asia, and Australia: a series of letters . . . . N . Y.: Putnam, 1857. Pp. xxi, 512. Tables. Evidently published at the suggestion of Freeman Hunt, who urged the creation of a commercial literature. Author a young Boston merchant, who later specialized in company promotion. He established a mercantile house in Melbourne and writes about his observations concerning business and government, social conditions, etc., in countries in which he traveled in the 1850's. There is some question as to the author's credibility.

337. VoLwiLER, ALBERT T. George Croghan and the westward movement, 1 7 4 1 - 1 7 8 2 . Cleveland: Arthur A. Clark Co., 1926. Pp. 370. Maps, bibliog. A valuable study of an Indian trader, Indian agent, land speculator, and projector of colonies in the Ohio River country who had a number of trading houses and was interested in several large land companies. Shows business man leading the w a y in the expansion westward of the English colonies.

338. WALLACE, DAVID DUNCAN. The life of Henry Laurens, with a sketch of the life of Lieutenant-Colonel John Laurens. N . Y.: Putnam, 1 9 1 5 . Pp. xi, 539. Illus., apps., bibliog. Biography of a merchant of Charleston, South Carolina. Dealt in commodities, indentured servants, and slaves, serving as commission merchant and factor and buying and selling on his own account ; and engaged in shipping. Investments in plantations. Not a business biography, but interesting on kinds of business done, with something on policy and management. Strength of the book lies especially in the picture it gives of the man and his place and efforts in the Revolutionary W a r and the making of peace. A valuable study of an American 18th-century mercantile capitalist.

112 339.

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

WALTERS, P H I L I P G . , a n d RAYMOND WALTERS, J R .

P A R T III

"The

American

career of David Parish," Journal of economic history, vol. iv, no. 2 (Nov., 1 9 4 4 ) , PP· i 4 9 ~ I 6 6 . A n excellent summary of the American career of a member of a German (Hamburg) mercantile family, drawn largely from the original letters of Parish and also of Girard and Astor. See also " D a s Haus Parish in H a m b u r g " in Richard Ehrenberg's Grosse Vermögen, Ihre Entstehung und Ihre Bedeutung, 2d edition, Jena, 1925.

340.

[WATTS, JOHN.]

L e t t e r book of J o h n W a t t s , m e r c h a n t a n d coun-

cillor of New York, January 1, 1762-December 22, 1765. (Collections of the New-York Historical Society.) N. Y . : printed for the Society, 1928. Pp. xvi, 448. Business correspondence of prominent merchant in N e w Y o r k . 341.

W I L D E S , HARRY EMERSON.

Lonely Midas:

t h e s t o r y of S t e p h e n G i -

rard. Ν. Y . : Farrar & Rinehart [ 1 9 4 3 ] . Pp. xii, 372. Frontis., illus., bibliog. A piece of journalism in which the personal life of Girard is made to loom larger than his business career. Though the author used the Girard Papers, the point of view and emphasis of the book (debunking and Freudian) unfit it for serious consideration as a biography of such a man as Girard. Calling Girard a masterful administrator, a Midas, misses the main points of his career. T o find implications which could not possibly be k n o w n is disconcerting to the critical reader. Whether correct or not, the author's treatment of the man Girard is worthy of consideration.

342. "William Duer, contractor and speculator, 1 7 4 7 - 1 7 9 9 , " Casebook in American business history [254], pp. 276-296. Government supply contracting, speculation in federal securities, and the promotion of the Scioto land scheme and of the Society for the Establishing of Useful M a n u f a c tures. Based largely on Davis' Essays (1015). Duer was not a sedentary merchant but belonged to the system.

C H A P T E R 7. I N D U S T R I A L C A P I T A L I S T S In providing an expanding market for the petty capitalists' products, mercantile capitalists prepared the way for the rise of industrial capitalists, who eventually destroyed mercantile capitalism. Some younger mercantile capitalists joined in the promotion and management of specialized enterprises and old ones invested in the new undertakings; mercantile capitalists participated especially in the development of specialized banking, shipping, and some lines of manufacture. The petty capitalist, who was experienced in management on a small scale and in handling machines and

CH. 7

113

INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISTS

who possessed some capital and the will to rise, came to be responsible for much of the large-scale specialization. H e was thus able, as never before, to m a k e h e a d w a y along specialized lines and on a larger scale. T h e new industrial capitalists were specialists in that they carried on chiefly one line of business as contrasted with the mercantile capitalists, w h o were merchants, shipowners and operators, bankers, and even manufacturers; like the mercantile and unlike the p e t t y capitalists, the industrial capitalists operated on a relatively large scale so that they devoted their time to administration.

T h e essence of the industrial

capitalist's

work has been the promotion and the administration of large specialized concerns

in

manufacture,

transportation,

plantation

ranching, mining, trade, banking, and other

management

and

fields.

T h e Industrial R e v o l u t i o n has received so m u c h attention that this much larger movement, the development of industrial capitalism, has been overlooked b y economic historians. T h e first cannot be understood without the second, of which it was a part. F a r too little is known about the history of industrial specialization but some issues and developments are apparent. Specialization on a large scale obviously has had its weaknesses as well as points of strength. T h e high tempo of technological change and the rapid expansion of business in the nineteenth century put h e a v y strains on the industrial specialists as administrators;

competition was ruthless and d e s t r u c t i v e — t h i s at a time

when the industrial capitalists knew far too little about large-scale administration.

I n the later phase of industrial capitalism managerial compe-

tence increased under the leadership of a few

financially

minded industrial

capitalists on the inside a n d investment bankers on the outside.

Then,

after a period of apprenticeship on the part of the bankers, industrial capitalists found themselves faced with extensive regulation on the part of the government. A s illustrations of books or articles that throw light on the history of the industrial capitalists, see the following : the short study of Samuel Slater in the Casebook

in American

Business

History

(254) shows the mechanic be-

coming a specialist on a large scale in manufacture ; The Jacksons Lees

industrial capitalism; The Whitesmiths town

and the

(329) deals with a number of men in transition from mercantile to craftsmen who went

oj Taunton

into m a n u f a c t u r e ;

( 8 5 7 ) deals with small

Cyrus

Hall

(448) is another important study of a m a n u f a c t u r e r ; Jay Cooke

McCormick ( 3 5 1 ) is

the story of a bank clerk w h o became the first large A m e r i c a n investment b a n k e r ; the books on John W a n a m a k e r (374, 3 7 5 , 743) and on M a c y ' s of N e w Y o r k (748) deal with large specialized retailing; the study of James

114

BUSINESS A D M I N I S T R A T O R S

PART I I I

J. Hill (526) is a case in transportation; and the biography of John D . Rockefeller (481) presents the story of a man who rose from a petty to an industrial capitalist and who brought other petty and small industrial capitalists together into a great integrated concern. Rockefeller represents the most highly developed type of industrial capitalist, one who combined great financial strength and independence with ability to manage operations on a large scale. A number of autobiographies are listed below, and also some pamphlets and other materials which contain information or guides to information about individual men. Of the latter type is the "bibliographical memoir" of Albert Fink (508). See Gras' Business and Capitalism (8) for a chapter on industrial capitalism. A.

A G R I C U L T U R E : PLANTATION AND R A N C H

See also Chapters 13 and 28. 3 4 3 . CLAY, JOHN. M y life on the range. [c. 1924]. Pp. 365. Illus., tables.

Chicago: privately printed

Promotion and management of ranch cattle companies on the Plains, particularly men and finances, Cattle Ranch and Land Co. and Swan Land and Cattle Co., Ltd., i87o's-I92o's. Also something on activities of Wyoming Cattle Growers' Association. Author, a Scotsman who was manager of company interests (largely British) in Wyoming, wrote largely from memory, using printed materials and manuscript records in par.t. Unusual and valuable.

3 4 4 . DAVIS, EDWIN ADAMS. Plantation life in the Florida parishes of Louisiana, 1836-1846, as reflected in the diary of Bennet H. Barrow. N . Y . : Columbia Univ. Press, 1943. Pp. xvi, 457. Illus., apps. This diary contains many scattered entries about plantation production, labor, and finance. A long introduction gives a useful picture of the planter and the management of his plantations. The appendices reproduce the inventory of Barrow's estate, the "Rules of Highland Plantation," some accounts, 1838-45, copied in tabulated form at the end of the diary, and a table of cotton sales, 1839-45. Valuable.

3 4 5 . HALEY, J . EVETTS. Charles Goodnight, cowman & plainsman. Boston: Houghton, 1936. Pp. xiii, 472. 3 4 6 . HALEY, J . EVETTS. George W . Littlefield, Texan. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1943 [c. 1936, Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston; c. 1929, The Lakeside Press, Chicago], Pp. xiv, 287. Illus. General biography, with much on business, of a southerner, 1842-1920, who was a planter, Texas trail driver, cattle rancher in Texas and New Mexico, and also something of a merchant and banker, and who became a benefactor of the University of

CH. 1

INDUSTRIAL

CAPITALISTS

IIS

Texas. Written largely from manuscripts and information supplied by persons who knew Littlefield well.

347. STEPHENSON, WENDELL HOLMES. Isaac Franklin: slave trader and planter of the Old South. University, La.: Louisiana State Univ. Press, 1938. Pp. xi, 368. Illus., bibliog. A valuable study, with emphasis on business, of a commission merchant in the domestic slave trade, about 1819-35, who became a large Louisiana and Tennessee planter. Pages 3-94 are narrative, "Slave Trader and Planter"; pages 123-191, " C o n veyances and Inventories, 1835-1850," reproduce documents; pages 195-399, "Financial Records, 1846-1850," are from original sources.

348. TREADWELL, EDWARD F. The cattle king: a dramatized biography. Ν . Y.: Macmillan, 1931. Pp. x, 367. Illus., maps. The life of Henry Miller (born Heinrich Alfred Kreiser), 1827-1919, chiefly in California, 1850's on, as a butcher, dealer in cattle, owner of ranches in California, Oregon, and Nevada, owner of canal and irrigation systems. Material on partnerships, management, public policy, thrift maxims, and the mind of the capitalist. B.

BANKING

See also Chapters 14 and 32. 349. BRAYER, HERBERT O. "Boom-town banker—Central City, Colorado, 1880," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xix, no. 3 (June, 1 9 4 5 ) , PP· 6 7 - 9 5 · Joseph Addison Thatcher's guide to the cashier of his bank for the operation of the bank in Thatcher's extended absence. Valuable on loan policy and practice.

349a. FORGAN, JAMES B. Recollections of a busy life. N . Y.: T h e Bankers Pub. Co., 1924. Pp. 335. Illus. The business recollections of a banker, born and educated in Scotland, who received his early training in banking in Canada, was for a time cashier of the Northwestern National Bank of Minneapolis, in 1891 entered the First National Bank of Chicago as vice-president, and became the president of that institution and a leading banker in Chicago. A personal, not an institutional, business history, that gives much insight into the making and the personality and character of a successful, conservative banker. Also contains many of author's addresses on banking. Does not stress results so much as policy and management in bank operation.

350. HIDY, MURIEL EMMIE. George Peabody, merchant and financier, 1829-1854. [Manuscript Ph.D. thesis, 1939, in the Radcliffe College Library.] A business biography of an American merchant w h o established a banking house in London which served Anglo-American trade and finance and from which J. P. M o r gan & Co. developed. Based in large part on original records.

116

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

351. LARSON, HENRIETTA M. Jay Cooke, private banker. (Harvard studies in business history.) Cambridge: Harvard, 1936. Pp. xvii, 512. Illus., map, chap. refs. A business biography of the first American private banker to specialize on a large scale in the distribution of securities, a forerunner of the active investment banker of the period of financial capitalism. Developed his marketing methods as agent of United States government in Civil W a r loans and applied them to financing railroad promotion until his banking houses failed in the panic of 1873. A fully documented treatise, based primarily on the Jay Cooke papers and contemporary journal and other material. 352. MCELROY, ROBERT. Levi Parsons Morton: banker, diplomat, and statesman. N. Y.: Putnam, 1930. Pp. xvi, 340. Illus. Devotes only two chapters to the business career of a partner in important New Y o r k and London private banking houses beginning in 1863. 353. MELLON, THOMAS. Thomas Mellon and his times. Pittsburgh: privately printed by Wm. G. Johnston & Co., 1885. Pp. 648, vii. Illus. Author was a lawyer, judge, and banker of Pittsburgh w h o fathered a family and a fortune that became of outstanding importance in American business. A n excellent statement of the beginning of the fortune and training of men for business and very revealing of the philosophy of the writer. Valuable. A copy is in the Library of Congress. Selections from this book were published in the Bulletin Society, vol. xvii, pp. 145-154.

of the Business

Historical

354. OBERHOLTZER, ELLIS PAXSON.

Jay Cooke: financier of the Civil War. vols. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co. [c. 1 9 0 7 ] . Pp. xi, 658; vi, 590. Illus., tables. 2

A n authorized biography of an outstanding American private banker w h o was agent of the United States in the sale of Civil W a r loans and w h o financed postwar railroad building. Contains much on non-business life as well as business. Chronological and not analytical or critical, but packed with detail and especially valuable because of careful and voluminous quotations from Cooke papers. One of the first biographies of business men written by scholars.

355. PENROSE, BOIES. "The early life of F. M. Drexel, 1 7 9 2 - 1 8 3 7 , " Pennsylvania magazine, vol. lx, no. 4 (Oct., 1 9 3 6 ) , pp. 3 2 9 - 3 5 7 . T h e pre-business career of the founder of a Philadelphia private banking house.

356. Sketch of the life of J. F. D. Lanier. N. Y.: privately printed, 1870. Pp. 66. A n Indiana banker w h o became a partner in a N e w Y o r k private banking firm (Winslow, Lanier & C o . ) , which pioneered in the sale of western railroad securities. Slight but useful.

CH. 7

INDUSTRIAL

CAPITALISTS

117

357. TILTON, CECIL G. William Chapman Ralston, courageous builder. Boston: The Christopher Publishing House [c. 1935]. Pp. 474. Illus., chap, notes. Biography of a business man, not a business biography. Useful for information f r o m newspapers and published sources, on business of individuals w h o took p a r t in Central American and, chiefly, Californian trade and business in third quarter of 19th century. Quotations f r o m sources and references also helpful. Journalistic rather t h a n a closely knit study in business development. Readable.

Schliemann's first visit to America, 1 8 5 0 - 1 8 5 1 . (Published for the American School for Classical Studies at Athens.) Cambridge: Harvard, 1942. Pp. ix, i n . 3 5 8 . WEBER, SHIRLEY H.

Selections for 1850-51 f r o m diary of a German who had made a fortune in trade, mostly in Russia, who won fame as the excavator of Troy. Unusual descriptions of observations in New York, travel via P a n a m a to California, and experiences and observations as a private banker in Sacramento. Purchased gold and sold exchange on United States and Europe. C.

COMMUNICATION

See also Chapters 15 and 29. 3 5 9 . JUDSON, ISABELLA FIELD, editor. Cyrus W. Field: his life and work,

1 8 1 9 - 1 8 9 2 . Ν . Y.: Harper, 1896. Pp. 332. Illus., map. Chiefly on Atlantic cable; not much about business. 3 6 0 . MACKENZIE, CATHERINE. Alexander Graham Bell, the man who con-

tracted space. Boston: Houghton, 1928. Pp. xiii, 382. Illus. T h e story of his career by one who worked with him, 1914-22, in compiling and editing his biographical materials. Deals largely with his experiments and inventions, emphasizing the telephone ; also beginnings of the telephone business. 3 6 1 . PAINE, ALBERT BIGELOW. In one man's life, being chapters from the personal & business career of Theodore N . Vail. Ν . Y.: Harper, 1921. Pp. 359. Illus. T h e author, who had an understanding interest in the story of business but a p parently no special knowledge of it, emphasizes the man (character, work, and p l a y ) . One of the notable biographies of a business man b u t not devoted wholly to business. Shows Vail in Washington, D. C., in Boston (and at his Vermont f a r m ) , South America, and New York. Only superficial analysis of Vail's contribution to the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. Provides background for the transition f r o m industrial to financial capitalism. 3 6 2 . [WATSON, THOMAS Α . ] Exploring Life: The autobiography of Thomas A. Watson. Ν . Y.: Appleton, 1926. Pp. 3 1 5 . Illus.

118

BUSINESS

PART I I I

ADMINISTRATORS

A well-written and authoritative story of a self-made man w h o obtained his education b y working and by adult study. He was primarily a practical engineer but also a business man. He helped Bell and the telephone and, after traveling abroad, with capital amassed in the telephone industry he helped to establish the Fore River Ship and Engine Co. (now the Fore River Shipbuilding Corporation at Quincy, Massachusetts) . His heart w a s in devising new mechanisms. T h e petty capitalist became an industrial capitalist but remained a student. Also, a valuable close-up picture of the early development of Bell Telephone. D.

CONSTRUCTION:

S H I P S , BRIDGES, R A I L R O A D S ,

BUILDINGS

See also Chapters 16 and 30. 3 6 3 . B U E L L , A U G U S T U S C. The memoirs of Charles phia: Lippincott, 1906. Pp. xi, 269. Illus.

H.

Cramp. Philadel-

Poorly organized and contains almost no business history ; it gives some biographical items about a Philadelphia naval architect and shipbuilder, 1828-1890's. Quotes from his writings. 364.

with the collaboration of L E W I S E . MYERS. Sixty Chicago: A. Kroch & Son, 1942. Pp. ix, 388.

E R I C S S O N , HENRY,

years a builder . . . .

The autobiography of Ericsson, a Chicago building contractor.

365. P A R R Y , ALBERT. Whistler's [c. 1 9 3 9 ] . Pp. XX, 3 6 8 . Bibliog.

father.

Indianapolis:

Bobbs-Merrill

Deals chiefly with the work of an American engineer in the construction of Russian railroads in mid-nineteenth century. Written in part from manuscript records.

366. P E R K I N S , J. R. Trails, rails and war: the life of General G. M. Dodge. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill [c. 1 9 2 9 ] . Pp. xix, 3 7 1 . Illus., bibliog. Emphasis on public service of an important engineer in western railroad construction, but useful as source of railroad information, especially for Union Pacific and Southern Pacific. Defends Dodge's relation with Crédit Mobilier. SCHUYLER, HAMILTON. The Roeblings: a century of engineers, bridge-builders and industrialists. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1931. Pp. XX, 425. Illus., diags. 367.

History went into wire and agement.

of three generations of a family, 1831-1931, that began as engineers and manufacture; prominent in the fields of suspension-bridge construction and cable manufacture in the United States. Considerable on policy and manD r a w n largely from source materials but not documented.

368. S T E I N M A N , D. B. The builders of the bridge: the story of John Roebling and his son. N. Y . : Harcourt [c. 1945]. Pp. xi, 457. Illus., bibliog.

CH. 7

INDUSTRIAL

119

CAPITALISTS

An excellent biography stressing engineering rather t h a n business. Based on Roebling papers and engineering and scientific journals and books. Bibliography, pp. 421-445, arranged by chapters, is also useful on the subject of bridge engineering and construction. 3 6 9 . THOMPSON, MARGARET JEFFERDS.

Captain Nathaniel Lord

s o n of K e n n e b u n k , M a i n e , a n d t h e s h i p s h e b u i l t , Lauriat, 1937.

P p . xix, 140.

1811-1889.

ThompBoston:

Illus.

N o t a business history, b u t gives a little information a b o u t a Yankee builder of sailing vessels a n d actual construction; and much on the vessels he built and, notably, on their performance. 3 7 0 . TURNBULL, ARCHIBALD DOUGLAS. ord. N . Y . : Century, 1928.

John Stevens: an American

P p . xvii, 545.

rec-

Illus.

T h e life of J o h n Stevens, 1749-1838, and his sons—Edwin Augustus, James Alexander, J o h n Cox, a n d R o b e r t Livingston—and their connection, as inventors a n d promoters, with t r a n s p o r t a t i o n development in t h e United States. Interested in stagecoach lines, turnpikes, ferry lines, steamboat lines, and railroad lines, steam engines a n d their application to ferries, boats, a n d locomotives. Source material used. 3 7 1 . VOSE, GEORGE L . A s k e t c h of t h e l i f e a n d w o r k s of G e o r g e W . W h i s tler, c i v i l e n g i n e e r .

Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1887.

Pp. 45.

Frontis.

An appreciative sketch of the life, 1800-44, of an American engineer who pioneered in railroad construction in the United States a n d Russia. Tells w h a t concerns he worked for and w h a t he did. Contains very little on business. E.

DISTRIBUTION

I. S e e a l s o H o w e r ' s History 31 F

of an Advertising

Agency

( 7 5 9 ) and Chapter

ι.

3 7 2 . HOPKINS, CLAUDE C . 1927].

ADVERTISING

My

life in advertising.

N.

Y.:

Harper

[c.

P p . vii, 206.

Biography of m a n prominent in advertising a n d advertising agencies. Developments since a b o u t 1895. Relations of agency with clients. Interesting but not so detailed a n d candid as Rowell's, below. 3 7 3 . ROWELL, 1865-1905.

GEORGE PRESBURY.

Forty

N . Y . : F r a n k l i n P u b . Co., 1926.

years

an

Pp. 517.

advertising

agent,

Portraits.

A useful source of i n f o r m a t i o n on American advertising agencies for 1860-1905: persons, firms, and methods, a n d life and w o r k of a f a m o u s pioneer in advertising; also newspapers, publishers, a n d advertisers. A u t h o r founded advertising agency of Geo. P. Rowell & Co. in 1865, Rowell's American Newspaper Directory in 1869, and Printers' Ink in 1881. Excellent index.

120

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

2. RETAIL DISTRIBUTION

See also Chapters 17 Β and 31 D. 3 7 4 . APPEL, JOSEPH H .

The business biography of John Wanamaker, founder and builder; America's merchant pioneer from 1861 to 1922; with glimpses of Rodman Wanamaker and Thomas B. Wanamaker. Ν. Y.: Macmillan, 1930. Pp. xxvi, 471. Illus. A n illuminating exposition of Wanamaker's character by one w h o worked with him. 3 7 5 . GIBBONS,

HERBERT ADAMS. John Wanamaker. Harper, 1926. Pp. xvi, 398; ix, 497. Illus., bibliog.

2

vols.

Ν.

Y.:

A friendly but discriminating general biography of an industrial capitalist w h o pioneered in the development of the department store. Volume i is the more valuable on business. Compared attainments of Wanamaker with those of other merchants. Used Wanamaker's own papers. 3 7 6 . [KILNER, WILLIAM H . B . ] Arthur Letts, 1 8 6 2 - 1 9 2 3 . [Privately ptd. by Young & McCallister, Inc., Los Angeles, July, 1 9 2 7 . ] Pp. xvi, 273. Illus. A n appreciative biography of the founder of the Broadway Department Store, Los Angeles, written by the secretary-treasurer of the store w h o had worked with the Letts since 1900. A sympathetic picture of a successful merchant, which stresses the qualities of the man. Also gives much on his policies in administration of his store and something on management. Very little on actual store operation or finance. Undocumented and without index. 3 7 7 . MARLIN,

JANE, compiler and arranger. Reminiscences of Morris Steinert. N . Y.: Putnam, 1900. Pp. x, 267. Illus. Autobiography of a German musician who came to the United States in the midnineteenth century. In 1865 he opened a music store in N e w Haven, Connecticut, which w a s the beginning of an important N e w England musical-instrument selling house developed by his sons.

378. [PENNEY, J. C.] J. C. Penney: the man with a thousand partners. An autobiography of J. C. Penney as told to Robert W. Bruère. Ν. Y.: Harper, 1931. Pp. xv, 222. Illus. T h e founder of a chain-store firm tells of his experience in "mass distribution." Selection of and training of men, building an organization, policies, management, and ethics. 3 7 9 . THOMPSON, ROBERT ELLIS, editor. The life of George H . Stuart, written by himself. Philadelphia: J. M. Stoddard & Co., 1890. Pp. 383. Illus.

INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISTS

CH. 7

121

A famous importer and retailer writes, mostly, of his church interests and reveals much about the business man's concern with religion and philanthropy in his time. Contains very little on business. 3 8 0 . WERNER, M . R .

Julius Rosenwald: the life of a practical humani-

tarian. N . Y . : Harper, 1 9 3 9 . Pp. xiv, 3 8 1 . Illus., bibliog. A general biography of a leading figure in the development of the mail-order house of Sears, Roebuck & Co. Sketches history of the company and gives some insight into its policy; most of the book is devoted to the non-business interests of the subject. F i v e and ten: the fabulous life of F . W . Wool-

3 8 1 . WINKLER, JOHN K .

worth. N . Y . : Robert M . M c B r i d e & Co. [c. 1 9 4 0 ] . Pp. 256. Illus. A journalistic account with emphasis on the personal and little on the business. Gives some information probably not available elsewhere. 3.

WHOLESALE DISTRIBUTION AND FOREIGN TRADE

See also Chapters 1 7 A and 3 1 B . 3 8 2 . BIEBER, RALPH P., editor. Adventures in the Santa Fé Trade, 1 8 4 4 1 8 4 7 , by James Josiah Webb.

(Southwest historical series, vol. i.)

dale, Calif.: T h e Arthur H . Clark Co., 1 9 3 1 .

Pp. 3 0 1 .

Glen-

Illus., map.

A wholesale merchant in the Santa Fé trade, carrying goods mostly between Independence, Kansas, and Mexican territory, describes his experiences. Very little on actual buying and selling but much about experiences on trails, with customs officers, etc. 3 8 3 . BOGIGIAN, HAGOP.

In quest of the soul of civilization.

Richmond,

V a . : Whittet & Shepperson [c. 1 9 2 5 ] . Pp. 2 5 5 . Not a business biography but contains some information on author's business (an Armenian in Boston) as oriental rug importer, wholesaler, and retailer. Tells of fraud on part of sellers and bad ethics of some buyers. 3 8 4 . EMBLETON, W M . K .

T h e lengthened shadow of a man.

Norfolk

Downs, Mass.: privately ptd. by the Pneumatic Scale Corp., Ltd., 1 9 2 7 . Pp. 3 6 .

Illus.

A slight history of the firm of William S. Scull, Camden, New Jersey, which packaged and wholesaled groceries, specializing in coffee and tea. 3 8 5 . FORBES, ROBERT B .

Personal reminiscences.

Little, Brown, 1 8 8 2 [c. 1 8 7 6 ] .

2d ed., rev.

Boston:

Pp. x, 4 1 2 . Illus., tables, app.

Interesting reminiscences of author's life, 1804-70's; training and experiences as captain in the China trade and trade with Batavia, South America, and Europe, chiefly 1817 to the 1830's, and as a merchant and partner of Russell & Co., with some in-

122

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATORS

PAKT I I I

formation about that house and a list of the partners, 1824-79. Some material on family connections, philanthropy, business conditions and methods in the China trade, etc., is included. Contains pictures of Houqua, ships, etc.

386. HAGEDORN, HERMANN. Brookings: a biography. N. Y . : Macmillan, 1937. Pp. xi, 334. Illus., bibliog. A n appreciative general biography of a St. Louis wholesale merchant, 1850-1932, in the woodenware trade. An interpretation of the man rather than a study of the merchant and his business policy and methods. Emphasis is on his "public" work, especially on the Brookings Institution.

387. HART, RICHARD H. Enoch Pratt: the story of a plain man. Baltimore: Enoch Pratt Free Library, 1935. Pp. 121. Illus., map, bibliog. A slight biography of the hardware wholesale merchant and investing capitalist of Baltimore, from 1831 to 1896, w h o had endowed, fifty years earlier, the great public library in Baltimore bearing his name. Much on non-business interests and no continuous picture of business.

388. HEATON, HERBERT. "Benjamin Gott and the Anglo-American cloth trade," Journal of economic and business history, vol. ii (Nov., 1929), pp. 146-162. T h e relations of a Leeds woolen merchant and manufacturer with American importing firms.

389. HILLYER, WILLIAM HURD. James Talcott, merchant, and his times. N . Y . : Scribner's, 1937. Pp. viii, 197. Illus. Biography of the founder of one of the oldest and largest factoring firms in the country, James Talcott, Inc., of N e w Y o r k . Became a selling agent in 1854, a dry-goods commission merchant in 1859, and a general factor in the 1890's.

390. LAWRENCE, WILLIAM. "Memoir of Amos Adams Lawrence," Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. xii, 2d series (Jan., 1898), pp. 130-137. Contains surprisingly little on business of selling agent for cotton mills.

391. LAWRENCE, WILLIAM R., editor. Extracts from the diary and correspondence of the late Amos Lawrence. Boston: D. Lothrop & Co.; Dover, N. H.: G. T . Day & Co. [ 1 8 5 5 ? ] . Pp. viii, 369. This b o o k reveals the character and personality of a prominent Boston industrial capitalist (chiefly in wholesale distribution of cotton goods). Little on actual business done, but significant statements on business policies and ethics.

392. MARTYN, CARLOS. William E . Dodge: N . Y . : Funk & Wagnalls, 1890. Pp. viii, 349.

the Christian

merchant.

CH. 7

123

INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISTS

An appreciative general biography of a partner, from 1833, in Phelps, Dodge & Co., an important N. Y. metal firm. 3 9 3 . N E V I N S , ALLAN, editor. The diary of Philip Hone, vols. N . Y.: Dodd, Mead, 1927. Pp. xxvii, 962. Illus.

1828-1851.

2

A successful auction and commission merchant in N. Y., dealing in domestic and imported goods, Hone retired in 1821. His manuscript diary, which is in the library of the New-York Historical Society, covers 28 quarto volumes averaging 400 pages each. This edition contains so much about business in the years covered that no student of the period should overlook it; since the editor was not especially interested in business, the manuscript presumably contains still more on the subject.

394. NORVELL, SAUNDERS. Forty years of hardware. Hardware Age [c. 1924]. Pp.443. Illus.

N.

Y.: pub. by

Author entered hardware as clerk for the Simmons Hardware Company of St. Louis, a jobbing firm, in 1881, became traveling salesman, head of a sales territory, sales manager of the firm, and finally an executive of another firm. Writes about the business as he experienced and observed it. This book is packed with information on the history of hardware wholesaling and retailing through the beginning of mail-order retailing and the attempt to set up a wholesale combine in hardware in 1902 and other joint efforts. It is rich in ideas on sales and personnel management. Much concerning the executives and administration of many wholesale and retail firms.

395. PAGE, JOEL C. Recollections of sixty years in the shoe trade. Edited by Arthur L. Evans. Originally published in issues of The Shoeman. Boston: The Arthur L. Evans Co. [c. 1916]. Pp. 215. Illus. Pp. i l to 61 are the recollections of a man who entered the shoe business in a shop in Vermont in 1846; entered a Boston wholesale house in 1852 as salesman and porter, in December starting (he claims) the selling of shoes to retailers by sample by traveling salesman; from 1856 to 1864 conducted a retail shoe store in Montpelier, Vermont; and thereafter worked most of the time until his retirement in 1900 as traveling salesman for shoe manufacturers. Helped establish The Boot and Shoe Travelers' League in 1885. Pp. 64-209 give short biographical sketches by A. W. Gage and reproductions of tintypes or photographs of some 350 traveling shoe salesmen. 3 9 6 . T H O M A S , JAMES A . A pioneer tobacco merchant in the Orient. Durham, N. C.: Duke Univ. Press, 1928. Pp. 339. Illus.

Experiences of a tobacco salesman and merchant in the later part of the 19th century, in America and the Orient. Also some material concerning James B. Duke as an administrator and his tobacco business in the Far East. 3 9 7 . TRAIN,

lands . . . .

GEORGE FRANCIS. My life in many states and in foreign N. Y.: Appleton, 1902. Pp. xxi, 348. Illus.

Author was an American promoter of 1850's to 1870's who worked in America, England, and Australia in trade, company promotion, etc. This book, dictated in his

124

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

seventy-fourth year, seems to be a strange mixture of what the author experienced and what he observed.

Interesting, not without value, but not to be used without check-

ing. See also his earlier book ( 3 3 6 ) . F.

INSURANCE

See also Chapters 18 and 36. 398. Henry Baldwin H y d e : a biographical sketch. N . Y.: De Vinne Press, 1901. P p . 244. Illus.j tables. Interesting biographical material on one of the most important men in life insurance history in America, the founder of the Equitable Life Assurance Society. Armstrong Investigation

See also

(2189).

3 9 9 . H O P K I N S , C A S P A R T H O M A S . Autobiography of . . . a California pioneer. Dated February 17, 1889. [A typed copy of the original is in Baker Library.] A

general autobiography

by

the founder of

the California Insurance

Company

(marine) which contains miscellaneous information about business on the Coast and the author's business career.

400. S T E V E N S , B E N J A M I N F . Reminiscences of the past half century: April 9, 1847, t 0 April 9, 1897, by Benjamin F. Stevens, president of the N e w England M u t u a l Life Insurance Company. Boston: [ N . Sawyer & Son], 1897. Pp. 44· Ulus., tables. Reveals the man more than the business or the company. G.

INVESTMENTS:

I N V E S T I N G CAPITALISTS, TRADERS, AND BROKERS

T h e investing capitalist belongs to all stages and systems in the history of American business. If he makes his business chiefly that of investing and operates on a large scale, then he becomes an industrial capitalist. See also books on mercantile capitalists (Chapter 6) for their investing, for example, Astor (330). See Chapter 32 Q for materials dealing with the investing of funds. 401. FULLER, O. M . John Muir of Wall Street: A story of thrift. N . Y.: Knickerbocker Press, c. 1927. P p . viii, 325. Illus. A slight biography of a Canadian who held executive positions with some of the leading American railroads and became an odd-lot broker on the N e w Y o r k Stock E x change.

402. L A R S O N , H E N R I E T T A M . " A China trader turns investor—a biographical chapter in American business history," Harvard business review, vol. xi, no. 3 (Apr., 1934). P p . 345-358. Tables.

CH. 1

INDUSTRIAL

125

CAPITALISTS

T h e i n v e s t m e n t b y W i l l i a m Sturgis of J o h n P. Cushing's capital w i t h d r a w n foreign trade: h o w managed, in w h a t invested, and yields.

from

T a b l e s show a n n u a l in-

come, 1 8 3 6 - 5 1 , f r o m fixed interest investments and equities: government and railroad bonds, c o m m o n stock of railroads, manufactures, banks, and insurance, and real estate.

A v a l u a b l e illustration of investment m a n a g e m e n t and of a mercantile capitalist

changing to an investing capitalist. 403.

LAWSON,

C o . , 1905.

THOMAS

W.

P p . x i x , 559.

Frenzied

finance.

Ν.

Y.:

Ridgway-Thayer

Frontis.

W r i t t e n f r o m m e m o r y , deals w i t h preceding t w e l v e years' experience of a B o s t o n promoter, stockbroker, and operator w h o h a d been in the securities business f o r 34 years.

A u t h o r w a s sensational in his methods, appealing particularly

to the

small

( p e t t y capitalist) investor, b u t had a reputation f o r unusual cleverness at j u d g i n g the m a r k e t and bargaining.

T h o u g h written

apparently

in retribution

for w r o n g s

the

a u t h o r claimed to have suffered at the hands of the " S t a n d a r d Oil g r o u p " in connection w i t h A m a l g a m a t e d C o p p e r C o m p a n y , this b o o k deals w i t h evils t h a t actually existed. I t is at least debatable w h e t h e r he carries t o o f a r the idea of the seller's responsibility. 404.

LORING,

Appleton,

SUSAN M . ,

1786-1862.

editor.

Boston:

Selections

from

the diaries of

p r i v a t e l y p r i n t e d , 1922.

P p . 250.

William Illus.

Contains m u c h on kinds of business done, investments, profits, and business c o n d i tions. G i v e s a g o o d picture of the character and interests of a successful merchant and investing capitalist of Boston. 405.

S P A R K E S , B O Y D E N , a n d S A M U E L T A Y L O R MOORE.

witch of W a l l

Street.

N.

Y.:

Doubleday,

Doran,

Hetty Green: P p . 338.

1935.

the Illus.

A journalistic biography of an eccentric w o m a n traditionally a v e r y successful i n v e s t i n g capitalist.

Based largely on secondary materials, and gives little insight into

M r s . Green's investment policy and management. 406.

ROBBINS,

CHANDLER.

"Memoir

of

Hon.

William

Appleton,"

Pro-

ceedings of t h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , vol. vi ( F e b . , 1863), p p . 430-469. A B o s t o n foreign merchant and president of the B o s t o n B r a n c h of the second B a n k o f the U . S. H.

MANUFACTURING I.

AUTOMOBILES

S e e a l s o C h a p t e r s 19 A a n d 37 407.

C.

CHRYSLER, W A L T E R P . , in c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h BOYDEN SPARKES.

of an American

workman.

Philadelphia:

Curtis Pub. Co.,

1938.

Pp.

Life 45.

Illus. Special edition of articles published in 1937 b y Saturday personal and business life of the automobile manufacturer.

Evening

Post.

Sketches

BUSINESS

126 408.

GRAVES, R A L P H H .

ADMINISTRATORS

PART III

T h e triumph of an i d e a : the story of H e n r y F o r d .

Garden City, N . Y . : Doubleday, Doran, 1 9 3 4 .

Pp. 184.

Illus.

A slight, publicity type of booklet that traces growth of Ford production and describes plants and processes. 4 0 9 . LEONARD, J O N A T H A N NORTON. T h e t r a g e d y of H e n r y F o r d . Putnam, 1 9 3 2 .

Pp. 245.

N. Y.:

Frontis.

A series of critical, biographical chapters that constitute an interpretation of the character and personality of F o r d and, in a sense, of his business policies. Considers his labor policy, relations with his associates, the "peace ship," Ford's attitude toward financial capitalists, etc. 410.

SIMONDS, W I L L I A M

genius.

ADAMS.

Henry

Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill

Ford:

[c. 1 9 4 3 ] .

his l i f e — h i s Pp.365.

work—his

Illus., bibliog.

An appreciative and defensive biography, including personal and business life. E m phasis on last twenty years, with much on "peace ship," N R A , Ford's alleged antiSemitism, labor relations, etc. Bibliography of books, articles, pamphlets, and radio talks on Ford and his firm. 411.

SLOAN, A L F R E D P . , J R . , in collaboration w i t h BOYDEN S P A R K E S .

v e n t u r e s of a white-collar m a n . XV, 2 0 8 .

N.

Y.:

Doubleday, Doran,

1941.

AdPp.

Illus.

A readable narrative of a business man's experience, an American engineer who became general manager and president of a firm making auto parts (Hyatt Roller B e a r ing Co.) and finally chief executive of General Motors. Shows how an administrator helped to reorganize General Motors so that decentralization with effective cooperation could bring about efficiency. A first-class study of policy, much too brief. 2.

CLOTHING AND SHOES

S e e also textiles (section 7, below, a n d C h a p t e r s 1 9 I a n d 3 7 N ) . 412.

BORGENICHT, LOUIS.

T h e happiest m a n : the life of L o u i s B o r g e n i c h t

a s told to H a r o l d F r i e d m a n .

N . Y . : Putnam [c. 1 9 4 2 ] .

P p . xi, 4 1 4 .

Illus.

Autobiography (with photograph) of a Polish immigrant, 1889, who, beginning as a pedlar in N e w Y o r k City, became one of its early and important garment manufacturers. Much on business, with insight into larger developments and issues. Especially valuable because little has been written on the history of the garment industry. 413.

D I X , M A R K H . A n A m e r i c a n business v e n t u r e : the s t o r y of H e n r y A .

Dix.

Ν . Y . : Harper, 1928.

P p . viii, 1 8 1 .

Illus.

Author, who worked with his father in their garment-manufacturing plant from its establishment in 1896, tells of their policies, the growth of the business, some of his experiences, and transfer of the concern to its factory managers in 1922. Interesting and valuable.

CH. 7

INDUSTRIAL

127

CAPITALISTS

414. JOHNSTON, JOHN T. M. A man with a purpose. Chicago: Donnelley, 1906. Pp. 176. Illus. Biography of Alanson D a v i d B r o w n , 1847-1906, by his pastor: b o y h o o d on a N e w Y o r k f a r m , experiences as a shoe merchant and m a n u f a c t u r e r in St. Louis f r o m the 1870's to 1906, religion, practices in hiring a n d promoting employees, training salesmen, business maxims a n d mottoes, etc. Emphasizes thrift, industry, honesty, and the like, as elements making for success. While useful, not a penetrating biography such as the subject deserves. 4 1 5 . PEARSON,

H E N R Y GREENLEAF. William Howe McElwain, 1908. Boston: privately ptd., 1917. Pp. 188. Illus., apps.

1867-

Business biography of a N e w E n g l a n d shoe m a n u f a c t u r e r . Began as a clerk in 1883, a n d f r o m 1894 to 1907 built u p his own m a n u f a c t u r i n g concern. Almost nothing on finance, interesting for marketing policy a n d valuable for labor policy and management and factory management in general. General rather t h a n detailed, partial in coverage of business, appreciative, useful. 4 1 6 . UPDEGRAF, ROBERT R .

The story of two famous hatters. Ν . Y . : privately printed by the Co., 1926. Pp. 76. Illus. Charles Knox's a n d R o b e r t D u n l a p ' s place in the history of a f a m o u s h a t - m a n u facturing concern. 4 1 7 . WARNER, L U C I E N C A L V I N .

The story of my life during seventy eventful years, 1 8 4 1 - 1 9 1 1 . Ν. Y.: privately ptd., 1 9 1 4 . Pp. xi, 2 4 3 . Illus., app.

General autobiography of a physician w h o became a business m a n . Chapter vi gives brief b u t good account of the building of a successful concern t h a t m a n u f a c t u r e d corsets, which began as a partnership of two brothers in 1874 a n d was incorporated in 1894 as Warner Brothers Co. M a n u f a c t u r e , marketing, advertising, sales, welfare work. Also chapter on business investments a n d mistakes. A study of petty capitalist enterprise that became industrial capitalist. 3 . ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

See also Chapters 19 C and 37 F. 4 1 8 . D Y E R , F R A N K L E W I S , a n d THOMAS COMMERFORD M A R T I N .

WILLIAM

H E N R Y MEADOWCROFT,

collaborator. Edison: his life and inventions. 2 vols. Ν. Y.: Harper, 1929. Pp. vii, 1063. Largely autobiographical. Presents the business as well as the technical aspects of Edison's work. N o t written for business, b u t valuable.

419. L E U P P , FRANCIS E. George Westinghouse, his life and achievements. Boston: Little, Brown, 1918. Pp. ix, 304. Illus. Sympathetic story of Westinghouse as a typical industrial capitalist, competent in production b u t not in finance. M u c h non-technical i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t the inventions

128

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

of Westinghouse, b u t less on business. I n f o r m a t i o n f r o m recollections of Westinghouse's friends, f r o m local tradition, court records, corporate reports, partnership acc o u n t books, journals, and scrapbooks. N o t the history of a business b u t a personal biography of an inventor a n d business man.

420. 1922

G. A life of George Westinghouse. N. Y.: Scribner's, Pp. xii, 3 7 5 . Illus., app.

PROUT, H E N R Y

[c.

1921].

Biography of f a m o u s inventor-business man—one of America's great industrial capitalists, w h o was strong in production and sales a n d in handling men b u t weak in finance. Chapters on air brake, electric activities, use of alternating current, induction motor, electric traction, etc. ; also chapters on E u r o p e a n enterprises, financial policies a n d methods, personality a n d character of Westinghouse (valuable on employee relationships) and the "meaning of George Westinghouse." Appendix lists his p a t e n t s a n d describes the most i m p o r t a n t ones. While it contains little a b o u t Westinghouse's w o r k as the organizer a n d head of great concerns having to do w i t h m a chines f o r power (including light) production and use, it does show basic w o r k in inventions a n d business policies a n d methods. D r a w n largely f r o m m e m o r y of men w h o k n e w a n d worked with Westinghouse. 4 . FOODS AND TOBACCO

See also books numbered 895, 910, and 914 and Chapter 37 B. B A T H E , GREVILLE, and DOROTHY BATHE. Oliver Evans: a chronicle of early American engineering. Philadelphia: pub. by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1935. Pp. xviii, 362. Illus., maps, diags., apps. 421.

Annalistic biography of a great American inventor, engineer, a n d promoter of m a n u facturing, particularly in flour-milling, by the use of w a t e r power a n d steam. Stresses subject's very i m p o r t a n t w o r k as inventor and engineer, b u t contains little on his activities as a business m a n . As a business m a n illustrates petty capitalist in transition to industrial capitalism.

Fox, W I L L I A M SHERWOOD, editor. Letters of William Davies, Toronto, 1 8 5 4 - 6 1 . Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press, 1 9 4 5 . Pp. xiii, 1 4 4 . Illus. 422.

T h e petty-capitalist beginnings of a Canadian port packer: his policies, methods, and accomplishments. H U N T , GAILLARD. Israel, Elihu, and Cadwallader Washburn: a chapter in American biography. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1925. Pp. vi, 397.

423.

Contains a few pages on the business interests of C. C. W a s h b u r n , w h o w a s a leader in the establishment of the flour-milling industry in Minneapolis. 4 2 4 . J E N K I N S , J O H N WILBER. James B . Duke, master builder: the story of tobacco, development of Southern and Canadian water-power and the

CH. 7

INDUSTRIAL

CAPITALISTS

129

creation of a university. Ν. Y.: George H. Doran Co. [c. 1927]. Pp. xvi, 302. Illus. Contains much information on the organizations for m a n u f a c t u r i n g tobacco and electric power t h a t Duke built u p a n d something on his policies. Also chapters on D u k e , the m a n , and his gifts for education, hospitals, etc. Undocumented, uncritical, b u t useful. N o t indexed.

and JOHN CHARLES CARROLL. Armour and his times. N. Y.: Appleton-Century, 1938. Pp. ix, 377. App., bibliog. 4 2 5 . LEECH, HARPER,

Especially valuable in t h a t it quotes liberally f r o m Philip D. A r m o u r ' s letters, which reveal not a little a b o u t his w o r k as a business administrator, his policies a n d management.

426. MCCAFFERTY, E. D. Henry J . Heinz: a biography. N. Y.: Bartlett Orr Press, 1928. Pp. 233. Illus. Interesting on business policy of the m a n w h o established the canning concern of H. J . Heinz Co. 4 2 7 . SNAVELY, JOSEPH RICHARD.

Milton S . Hershey, builder. Hershey,

Pa., 193s· Pp. xviii, 237. Illus. An appreciative biographical sketch of a m a n u f a c t u r e r of chocolate, emphasizing Hershey Industrial School a n d c o m m u n i t y interests of Hershey. 4 2 8 . SWIFT, LOUIS F., in collaboration with ARTHUR V A N VLISSINGEN, JR. The Yankee of the yards: the biography of Gustavus Franklin Swift. Chicago: A. W. Shaw Co., 1927. Pp. viii, 218. Illus. An appreciative biography t h a t contains m u c h of value concerning Swift, the business man, a n d pertaining to his w o r k in building u p a leading meat-packing concern. Gives insight into policy and operation in production, distribution, a n d finance. P e r sonal, factual, anecdotal. H o w a petty captalist became an industrial capitalist. E m phasis on economy, pushing sales, integrity, a n d direct oversight a n d control. 5 · IRON AND STEEL

See also Chapters 19 D and 37 G. BERNARD. Andrew Carnegie: the man and his work. N. Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1908. Pp. xi, 231. Illus.

4 2 9 . ALDERSON,

An appreciative general biography, a b o u t a third of which is concerned with business, chiefly with labor policy a n d conflicts with labor. 4 3 0 . BORTH, CHRISTY. True steel: the story of George Matthew Verity and his associates. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill [c. 1941]. Pp.319. Illus. An appreciative, undocumented biography of an American steel executive. E n t e r e d steel business in 1887 as manager of small steel roofing mill in Cincinnati, and with his

130

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

associates—department heads and others (R. B . Carnahan, C. R . H o o k , J. B. T y t u s , J o h n Hogan, e t c . ) — b u i l t American Steel Roofing Co. and its successor, the American Rolling Mill Co., in 1899. Holds that Verity and his men pioneered in linking openhearth furnace to sheet mill in 1901, in steel research, in supplying steel products to South American trade, and in industrial relations.

Something on finances, little on

marketing, chiefly production. Emphasizes cooperation and good relations of management and men as factor in growth of Armco.

431. C A R N E G I E , ANDREW. Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie. Boston: Houghton [c. 1 9 2 0 ] . Pp. xii, 3 8 5 . Illus., bibliog. A n industrial capitalist's narrative of his o w n life, with much on business philosophy and policy and indication of the sources f r o m which they c a m e — f o r example, he speaks of his indebtedness to Herbert Spencer. Written with the help of J o h n C. V a n D y k e . 4 3 2 . D A V I S , J A M E S J . The iron puddler: my life in the rolling mills and what came of it. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill [c. 1 9 2 2 ] . Pp. 2 7 5 .

A thoughtful autobiography of an iron puddler w h o became a "small capitalist," a philanthropist, ancLU. S. Secretary of Labor. 4 3 3 . E V A N S , H E N R Y OLIVER. Iron pioneer: Henry W . Oliver, 1 8 4 0 - 1 9 0 4 . N. Y.: Dutton, 1942. Pp. xiii, 370. Illus., maps, apps., bibliog.

A n appreciative biography dealing largely with the business career of an important American industrial capitalist in the iron business. D r a w n chiefly f r o m printed materials—a f e w Oliver papers were used—it is a narrative of Henry W . Oliver's business connections (with something on policy) in iron and steel, railroads, copper, etc., rather than a systematic consideration of his w o r k as a business administrator.

434. G I R D L E R , T O M M., in collaboration with B O Y D E N SPARKES. Boot straps: the autobiography of Tom M. Girdler. N. Y.: Scribner's, 1943. Pp. 4 7 1 . 435. H A R V E Y , GEORGE. Henry Clay Frick, the man. N . Y.: Scribner's, 1928. Pp. 382. Illus. A general biography which defends Frick as a business man.

Considers his part in

the Homestead strike and his break with Carnegie as well as his interest in the U . S. Steel Corporation, the Equitable Assurance Society, and railroad investments.

Useful,

but not a final estimate of Frick. H A S E N C L E V E R , ADOLF. Peter Hasenclever aus Remscheid—Ehringhausen, ein deutscher Kaufmann des 18. Jahrhunderts. Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes A. G., 1922. Pp. viii, 252. Illus., tables. 436.

Short biography, memorials, and letters of a son of a German sedentary merchant, w h o in 1764-73 started projects for mining and manufacturing iron, making potash, and producing flax and hemp in N e w Y o r k and N e w Jersey. Also had large real-estate investments.

CH. 7

INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISTS

131

The life of Andrew Carnegie. 2 vols. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Doran, 1932. Pp. xv, 434; 425. Ulus.

4 3 7 . HENDRICK, BURTON J .

An appreciative personal biography of a leading American industrial capitalist which is concerned mostly with Carnegie's non-business interests, activities, and associations. Several chapters deal with his business but without any satisfactory analysis of his w o r k as a business administrator or investing capitalist.

"Recollections and conclusions from a long business life," Western Pennsylvania historical magazine, vol. 23, no. 4 (Dec.,

4 3 8 . KING, WILLIS S . 1 9 4 0 ) , pp.

223-242.

A steel man's recollections, containing some striking comments on methods, problems, a n d leaders (Carnegie, Schwab, Gary, B. F. Jones, Frick, Oliver, Snyder, Laughlin, Farrell) in American steel industry, 1869-1936. Valuable.

Abram S . Hewitt, with some account of Peter Cooper. N. Y.: Harper, 1935. Pp. xiii, 623. Illus. 4 3 9 . NEVINS, ALLAN.

A biography of two N e w Y o r k - N e w Jersey manufacturers of iron and iron products of the 2d and 3d quarters of the 19th century. Useful accounts of their business, with emphasis on public benefactions and careers of the two men.

440. RAYMOND, ROSSITER W. 1 9 0 1 ] . Pp. xiii, 1 0 9 . Illus.

Peter Cooper.

Boston: Houghton

[c.

One chapter on business ventures. Author worked with Cooper. 6.

MACHINES

See also Chapters 19 E and H and 37 F and I. 441. BLAKE, W. P. "Sketch of the life of Eli Whitney," Papers of the New Haven Historical Society, 1 8 9 4 , vol. v, pp. 1 0 9 - 1 3 1 . Invention of cotton gin and difficulties with patents; m a n u f a c t u r e of firearms using standard interchangeable parts, which Whitney is said to have originated.

442. CASSON, HERBERT N. Cyrus Hall McCormick: his life and work. Chicago: McClurg, 1909. Pp. xii, 264. Illus. A popular account with something on business: the invention, manufacture, and improvement of the reaper; location in Chicago; marketing, with information a b o u t methods, credit terms, advertising, agency system, and e x p o r t ; company organization; struggle over patents; and the effects of the reaper. 4 4 3 . CRISSEY, FORREST. Alexander Legge, 1 8 6 6 - 1 9 3 3 . Chicago: privately ptd. by the Alexander Legge Memorial Committee, 1936. Pp. xiv, 232. Illus. An appreciative biography. Subject joined the McCormick Harvester Co. as a rural collector in 1891 and later became general manager of the International Harvester Co.

BUSINESS

132

ADMINISTRATORS

PART

III

Also served U . S. Government on W a r Industries Board, 1917-18, and the Federal Farm Board, 1929-31. Gives insight into the policies and methods of a successful administration and illustrates the intense market competition which developed in industrial capitalism and the resulting need of consolidation. 444.

CROWTHER, SAMUEL. John H . Patterson, pioneer in industrial welfare. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923. Pp. viii, 364. Illus.

A n enthusiastic and laudatory biography (one of Crowther's best) of the man w h o built the National Cash Register Co. and is said to have trained many important business executives. D r a w s a vivid picture of the promoter and top administrator, an industrial specialist in the manufacture and sale of a machine useful in a rapidly expanding large-scale system of business. Neither finance nor routine management figures much in the picture.

445. DRAPER, WILLIAM F. Recollections of a varied career. Little, Brown, 1909. Pp. 411. Illus.

Boston:

Author a N e w England manufacturer of textile machinery and textiles. Shows much of private life and non-business activities (Congressman, ambassador, traveler, and so on) and of the business, social, and political philosophies of a prominent industrial capitalist.

446. neer,

HINCHMAN, WALTER 1793-1866.

S., editor. Holmes Hinkley, an industrial pioCambridge: Riverside Press, 1 9 1 3 . Pp. v, 42. Illus.

Contains a biographical and an autobiographical sketch of a petty craftsman w h o became one of the early important locomotive builders in America as "principal manager" of the Boston Locomotive works and, later, the Hinkley and Williams works. 447. HOLDING, ROBERT S.

"George H . Corliss of Providence, inventor," Rhode Island history, vol. v, no. 1 (Jan., 1 9 4 6 ) , pp. 1 - 1 7 . Sketch of life of famous inventor and head of Corliss Steam Engine Company.

448. HUTCHINSON, WILLIAM T .

N. Y.: Century [c. bibliogs.

1930-35].

Cyrus Hall McCormick . . . . 2 vols. Pp. x, 4 9 3 ; viii, 793. Illus., charts, maps,

A highly detailed and objective biography—based on letters, accounts, court records, and other sources—of one of America's leading industrial capitalists, w h o invented a mechanical reaper and developed a strong organization for its manufacture and sale (a forerunner of the International Harvester C o . ) . While the material may not always be analyzed and organized as effectively as might be, the volumes reveal the personality and character of the man and the great range of his work and interests and give much information on policy and management. A study that no student of American business history should neglect. 449. JOHNSON, R A Y W . , and RUSSELL W . L Y N C H . The sales strategy of John H. Patterson, founder of the National Cash Register Company. N . Y.: Dartnell Corp. [c. 1 9 3 2 ] . Pp. 344. Illus.

CH. 7

INDUSTRIAL

CAPITALISTS

133

The sales policies and management of an industrial-capitalist manufacturer w h o was a great sales promoter. An impressive picture of a successful self-made individualist. Not documented.

450. Life and work of George H. Corliss. Privately prepared and printed for Mary Corliss. Ν. Y.: American Historical Society, 1930. Pp. 87. Illus. An appreciative biography of a country storekeeper, inventor and engineer, and manufacturer of engines (Corliss, Nightingale & Co.). MARCOSSON, ISAAC F . Wherever men trade. The romance of the cash register. Ν. Y.: Dodd, Mead, 1945. Pp. viii, 263. Illus. 451.

A popular history of the National Cash Register Company with emphasis on the founder J o h n Henry Patterson, deceased 1922, w h o m the author had known personally. Anecdotal and personal. Evolution of the cash register, patent war and competition, sales, revolution in accounting through office machinery, employee relations, and management policies. M C C O R M I C K , CYRUS. The century of the reaper: an account of Cyrus Hall McCormick, the inventor of the reaper; of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, the business he created; and of the International Harvester Company, his heir and chief memorial. Boston: Houghton, 1931. Pp. xiv, 307. Illus. 452.

By a grandson of the inventor of the reaper and founder of the company, w h o became active in the business in 1915. Most of the book is concerned with the history of the McCormick Company (after the death of its founder in 1884) and of its successor, International Harvester. Production, marketing, general administration, the growth of the f a r m machinery market, and general business conditions are given much attention. 4 5 3 . OLMSTED, DENISON.

Memoir of Eli Whitney. New Haven: Durrie &

Peck, 1846. Pp. 80. Illus. A biographical sketch which tells of Whitney's a t t e m p t to manufacture cotton gins, his patent suits, and m a n u f a c t u r e of muskets for the U. S. through making standard parts. An early industrial capitalist. VAUCLAIN, S A M U E L M. Steaming up! The autobiography of Samuel M. Vauclain written in collaboration with Earl Chapín May. N. Y.: Brewer & Warren, Inc., 1930. Pp. 298. Illus.

454.

7. TEXTILES

See also Chapters 19 I and 37 N. BAGNALL, W I L L I A M R . Samuel Slater and the early development of the cotton manufacture in the United States. Middletown, Conn., 1890. Pp. 70. Illus. 455.

134

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

A sketch of the introduction and development, chiefly in Pawtucket, R . I., late i8th and early 19th centuries, written for the cotton centenary celebration held at Pawtucket in 1890.

456. EDGAR, W I L L I A M C. Judson Moss Bemis: pioneer. Minn.: The Bellman Co., 1926. Pp. xvi, 340. Illus.

Minneapolis,

The story, 1 8 3 3 - 1 9 2 1 , of pioneering boyhood, experiences as clerk for a Chicago steamboat agent, warehouseman, and forwarder and as a manufacturer of cotton and jute bags in St. Louis and in branches elsewhere. Information about production, procurement of raw material, markets and marketing, raw-cotton purchases during the Civil War, etc., included. Little on finance.

457. GREGG, W I L L I A M C. M y business career: family letters and records. Hackensack, Ν . J.: privately published, 1933. Pp. xv, 364. Illus. Traveling salesman, wholesale manager, manufacturer beginning in 1881. M I T C H E L L , BROADUS. William Gregg, factory master of the old South. (Univ. of North Carolina social study series.) Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1928. Pp. xi, 3 3 1 . Illus., chap, notes. 458.

Though written without benefit of business records (they had been destroyed), this is a notable biography of a pioneer industrial capitalist in South Carolina, an early advocate and promoter of cotton manufacture in the old South and the founder of the Graniteville Manufacturing Company.

459. "Samuel Slater and the American textile industry, 1 7 8 9 - 1 8 3 5 , " Casebook in American business history [254], pp. 209-230. A case study in the establishment of power-machine textile manufacture by a mechanic (Slater) and sedentary merchants (Almy & Brown) and the development of the former as an industrial capitalist.

460. S M I T H , CHARLES C . "Memoir of John Amory Lowell, LL.D.," Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. xii, 2d series (Jan., 1898), pp. 1 1 3 - 1 2 9 . Something on business of one of the founders of the Suffolk Bank, who was also president of Pacific Mills and other Boston concerns. W H I T E , GEORGE S. Memoir of Samuel Slater, the father of American manufactures. Connected with a history of the rise and progress of the cotton manufacture in England and America. With remarks on the moral influence of manufactories in the United States. Philadelphia: printed at no. 46, Carpenter St., 1836 [c. 1835]. Pp. 448. Illus., tables, diags. 461.

Author was an English clergyman in Rhode Island. This book is valuable because of its first-hand record of Slater's life and work and extensive quotations from his letters and other sources and because it reveals something of the process of contempo-

CH. 7

INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISTS

13S

rary t h o u g h t in justifying m a n u f a c t u r e f r o m the social and, especially, moral points of view. 4 6 2 . WINTHROP, ROBERT C .

" M e m o i r of H o n . N a t h a n A p p l e t o n , "

Pro-

c e e d i n g s of t h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , v o l . ν ( O c t . , 1 8 6 1 ) , p p . 249-290. Contains some i n f o r m a t i o n on Appleton's w o r k in early textile m a n u f a c t u r e in Boston area. 8.

MISCELLANEOUS

S e e also C h a p t e r 1 9 B , G, a n d J, a n d C h a p t e r 3 7 Β 4, D , L, a n d M . 4 6 3 . ACKERMAN, CARL W .

George Eastman.

W i t h an introduction

B o s t o n : H o u g h t o n , 1 9 3 0 . P p . xviii, 522.

Edwin R. A. Seligman.

by

Illus.

A general biography, based on the original E a s t m a n records, which contains several chapters on the invention and m a n u f a c t u r e of the kodak a n d film and on E a s t m a n ' s contributions to education (music, science, medicine, engineering). Valuable, b u t n o t a business biography as defined in this GUIDE. 4 6 4 . BARKER, P . W .

Charles Goodyear, Connecticut Y a n k e e and rubber

pioneer: a biography.

B o s t o n : p r i v a t e l y printed for G o d f r e y L. C a b o t , I n c .

[c. 1 9 4 0 ] . 465.

P p . xi, 109.

[ D E N N I S O N , HENRY STURGIS.]

wood, Mass.: Plimpton Press, 1 9 1 6 .

E. W . Dennison: a memorial. Pp. 103.

Nor-

Illus.

This short biography concerns mainly the w o r k of the m a n who, in 1850-85, led in the development of a small household enterprise into the great Dennison M a n u f a c t u r ing Co. Describes g r o w t h of business and contains something on administration. Quotes f r o m letters. 4 6 6 . FIRESTONE, HARVEY S., i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h SAMUEL CROWTHER. M e n a n d r u b b e r : t h e s t o r y of b u s i n e s s . Page, 1926.

Pp. 279.

Garden City, Ν . Y.:

Doubeday,

Illus.

Reminiscences of a m a n u f a c t u r e r containing much on business policy. H . S. Firestone's experiences in production, marketing, and finance, as a m a n u f a c t u r e r of rubber tires for carriages a n d automobiles, chiefly a f t e r 1900. 4 6 7 . HEIGES, GEORGE L . H e n r y W i l l i a m S t i e g e l : t h e l i f e s t o r y of a f a m o u s American glass-maker.

M a n h e i m , Penna.: pub. b y the author, 1 9 3 7 .

Pp.

80. I l l u s . , b i b l i o g . A biography which contains much i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t the business of a f a m o u s Colonial ironmaster a n d glassmaker. Partnerships and partners, product, prices, finance, etc. 4 6 8 . JAMES, MARQUIS. A l f r e d I . d u P o n t , t h e f a m i l y r e b e l . Ν . Y . : Merrill, 1 9 4 1 .

Pp. 599.

Bobbs-

136

BUSINESS A D M I N I S T R A T O R S

PART I I I

A biography of a business man, 1864-1935, which, though not a business biography, gives much information about an outstanding business administrator and his work. Detailed and convincingly true to life. An interesting story brilliantly set forth. Based on primary sources, including interviews. 4 6 9 . M a r c e l l u s H a r t l e y : a brief m e m o i r . N . Y . : p r i v a t e l y p t d . , 1903. P p . xi, 149. Illus., a p p s . Brief biography which outlines business career of New York importer and manufacturer of sporting goods and guns and gives a little on policies and methods. Entered father's mercantile business in 1844; clerk, bookkeeper, and traveling salesman for hardware and sporting goods importers from 1847 to 1854; partner of sporting goods importing firm established in 1854; purchasing agent (guns and ammunition) for United States government in Europe, 1862-64; manufacturing of ammunition and guns from 1867, in Union Metallic Cartridge Co., Bridgeport Gun Implement Co., and Remington Arms Co. Also concerned in manufacture of electric appliances and equipment, New York Times, Equitable Life Assurance Society, and other companies. Useful book, but subject deserves full-length business biography. 4 7 0 . MOORE, C . W .

" T h e rise of a n industrial e x e c u t i v e , " H a r v a r d busi-

ness review, vol. xviii, no. 1 ( A u t u m n , 1939), pp. 82-93. Career of Andrew Dennison, who with his sons took the first step in the development of the Dennison Manufacturing Company. Illustrates early process of change from a petty-capitalist handicraft system of production in the home to the industrialcapitalist factory system. 471. Oakes Ames:

a m e m o i r w i t h a n a c c o u n t of t h e d e d i c a t i o n of the

O a k e s A m e s M e m o r i a l H a l l a t N o r t h E a s t o n , M a s s . , N o v e m b e r 17, 1881. C a m b r i d g e : R i v e r s i d e P r e s s , 1883. P p . v, 143.

Illus.

Largely sentimental and personal but also a defensive memorial of a man who figured in a famous case in the history of American business ethics (3437). No one should judge the case without reading this book. 4 7 2 . PERRY, JOSEPHA M .

" S k e t c h of t h e life a n d work of M i l t o n P r i n c e

H i g g i n s , 1 8 4 2 - 1 9 1 2 , " Bulletin of t h e B u s i n e s s H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , vol. xviii, no. 3 ( J u n e , 1944), PP- 3 3 ~ 5 4 · Higgins was a teacher (superintendent of the Washburn Shops at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute), an industrial administrator (Norton Emery Wheel Co.), and a promoter of the trade-school movement. 473.

ROHAN, JACK. Y a n k e e a r m s m a k e r .

T h e incredible c a r e e r of S a m u e l

C o l t . N . Y . : H a r p e r [ c . 1935]. P p . xii, 301. 4 7 4 . WASHBURN, ROBERT COLLYER. T h e life a n d times of L y d i a E . P i n k ham.

Ν . Y . : P u t n a m , 1931. P p . χ, 22i.

Illus.

A popular biography of the founder of the Pinkham Medicine Co. Stresses advertising.

CH. 7

INDUSTRIAL I.

CAPITALISTS

137

MINING

See also Chapters 20 and 38. 4 7 5 . HAGEDORN, HERMANN. The magnate: William Boyce Thompson and his time [1869-1930]. N. Y.: Reynal & Hitchcock [c. 1935]. Pp. 343. Ulus.

A sympathetic biography of a promoter of copper-mining companies, a leader on Wall Street in refinancing a n u m b e r of large concerns, Hayden, Stone & Co., Midvale Steel, American Woolen, etc. Early favored American recognition of the Soviet.

Autobiography of John Hays Hammond. Illustrated with photographs. 2 vols. N. Y.: Farrar & Rinehart [c. 1935]. Pp. xiii, 813. 4 7 6 . H A M M O N D , J O H N HAYS.

An American mining engineer, whose career began in 1879 and took him into the world's great mining areas in a period of exploration and development by great companies. Contains a chapter on author's connections with the Guggenheim Exploration Co. Valuable.

476a. M A N G A M , W I L L I A M D . The Clarks: an American phenomenon. N. Y.: Silver Bow Press, 1941. Pp. ix, 257. Ulus. An amazing book, the history of a family beginning with the story of how its founder made a fortune in mining in M o n t a n a . I t s emphasis is on the political and social sins of William A. Clark and his descendants. The book is not convincingly objective or scholarly; it seems to have been influenced by personal animus, and it lacks balance and perspective.

The honorable Peter White: a biographical sketch of the Lake Superior iron country. Cleveland: Penton Pub. Co. [c. 1907]. Pp. xiv, 286. Ulus., map, diags., plans. 4 7 7 . WILLIAMS, R A L P H D .

The business activities and philanthropy of Peter White in the Lake Superior region, with considerable information about the industrial history of the region, 1840's to about 1905: discovery of iron ore, development of ore-mining and pig-iron manufacture, persons, companies, transportation, markets, capital, copper-mining, f u r trade, shipping, construction of Sault Ste. Marie Canal, etc. J. PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

See also Chapters 21 and 40. 478. A L L E N , W I L L I A M H. Rockefeller: giant, dwarf, symbol. N. Y.: Institute for Public Service, 1930. Pp. xviii, 619. Ulus. An interpretation of J o h n D . Rockefeller the man, the business administrator, and the money-giver. N o t a chronological study but contains much history—on business the author takes a position similar to t h a t of Tarbell and especially Lloyd ( W e a l t h vs.

138

BUSINESS A D M I N I S T R A T O R S

PART III

Commonwealth) and is quite one-sided. Devotes large section to the administration of foundations established by Rockefeller. As a caustic criticism of a business man this book can hardly be surpassed in American business biography.

479. F L Y N N , J O H N T. God's gold: the story of Rockefeller and his times. N . Y.: Harcourt [c. 1932]. Pp. ix, 520. Illus., classified bibliog. Written chiefly from published sources, this book adds little that is new as to facts, and its treatment of the business of Rockefeller stresses combination and conflict. It does, however, come nearer to being objective and draws the picture of the man, Rockefeller, more effectively than some have done. 4 8 0 . H O F F M A N N , FRITZ L . "Edward L . Doheny and the beginnings of petroleum development in Mexico," Mid-America: an historical quarterly, vol. xxiv (new series 13, 1941), pp. 96-108. Valuable. Author used Doheny papers.

481. N E V I N S , A L L A N . John D. Rockefeller: the heroic age of American enterprise. 2 vols. N . Y.: Scribner's, 1941. Pp. xiii, 683; x, 747. Illus. General biography emphasizing business career. Detailed, scholarly, readable, judiciously critical, and based on exhaustive study of legal records, published materials, and family papers, but few, if any, original business records. Though it deals inadequately with administration and fails to treat the man and his w o r k adequately against the business background of his time, it is to date by far the best study of the business of America's leader in the development of the oil industry. ROBERTS, G L Y N . The most powerful man in the world: the life of Sir Henri Deterding. N . Y.: Covici, Friede [c. 1938]. Pp. 448. Frontispiece, bibliog. 482.

Describes rise of an international figure, 1866-1939, in the oil industry, and the entry of foreign capital and management into American oil business. A piece of journalism the historian can use with difficulty.

483. ROCKEFELLER, J O H N D . Random reminiscences of men and events. N . Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1909. Pp. ix, 188. Frontis. Contains very few facts not already known, but is significant in that it gives some insight into Rockefeller's general philosophy and his policies in business and philanthropy.

484. W I N K L E R , J O H N K. John D.: a portrait in oils. N . Y.: Vanguard, 1929. Pp. ix, 256. This book is not convincingly accurate as to facts nor well founded in its judgments. Gives evidence of little if any real research on a most complicated and controversial subject in which almost no fundamental research had been done. The author did not see Rockefeller in his larger business setting.

INDUSTRIAL

CH. 7 Κ.

CAPITALISTS

139

PRINTING AND PUBLISHING

See also Chapters 22 and 41. an autobiography: founder of the Farm Journal. Philadelphia: Wilmer Atkinson Co., 1920. Pp. xviii, 375. Illus., app. 4 8 5 . ATKINSON, WILMER:

T h e founder a n d long the head of the Farm Journal reveals something of the editorial a n d financial policies which m a d e this a successful business enterprise.

486. [BOK, EDWARD.] The Americanization of Edward Bok: The autobiography of a Dutch boy fifty years after. 30th ed. Ν. Y.: Scribner's, 1924. Pp. xxiii, 461. Illus. Gives much on editorial policies and personality of editor, 1 8 8 9 - 1 9 1 9 , of an influential American women's magazine (Ladies' Home Journal). N o t h i n g on finance. 4 8 7 . BRADLEY, EDWARD SCULLEY. Henry Charles Lea: a biography. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1931. Pp. 391. Frontis., bibliog. Biography of a Philadelphia publisher w h o was a notable historian and an o u t s t a n d ing figure in public affairs (interested in protection, civil service reform, municipal reform, etc.). Very little on business.

H. Memories of a great printer: biographical sketches of the career of Charles Francis. Ν . Y.: Charles Francis Press [1922?]. Pp. χ, 357. Frontis. 4 8 8 . COCHRANE, CHARLES

Author does n o t indicate sources b u t obviously used Francis' Printing for Profit (490) and, as secretary to employing printers' organizations, had a long and wide acquaintance in the industry. Book is n o t well arranged and is not indexed. 4 8 9 . D E N N I S , CHARLES H . Victor Lawson: his time and his work. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press [c. 1935]. Pp. xi, 471. Illus. A biography of the publisher of the Chicago Daily News. Contains much i n f o r m a tion on policy a n d management, quoting liberally f r o m L a w s o n ' s letters. Valuable.

490. FRANCIS, CHARLES. Printing for profit. Ν. Y.: Charles Francis Press [c. 1917]. Pp. 396. Illus. A f a m o u s book on business m a n a g e m e n t and the business autobiography of a leading American printer a n d f o u n d e r of the Charles Francis Press. Considers all aspects of the business: the printer as business administrator, finance, production, purchasing, labor relations, marketing, evolution of media, trade associations (especially the Printers' League of America), ethics, etc.

491. GARDNER, GILSON. Lusty Scripps: the life of E. W. Scripps [18541926]. Ν. Y.: Vanguard, 1932. Pp. xv, 274. Frontis., app.

BUSINESS

140

ADMINISTRATORS

PART

III

A general biography of a leading American newspaper publisher which gives much insight into his business policy and contains something on management but which is notable f o r the picture it gives of the man. Author was a newspaper man w h o worked with Scripps a long time and w h o had access to his autobiography, letters, and other writings.

S. The life and times of Samuel Bowles. N. Y.: Century, 1885. Pp. xi, 419; vii, 519. Frontis. 492.

M E R R I A M , GEORGE

On the business side of publishing and editing the great Springfield

2

Republican

vols. see,

especially, Chaps, x x x and XL.

493. "M. E. S.," his book: a tribute and a souvenir of the twenty-five years, 1 8 9 3 - 1 9 1 8 , of the service of Melville E..Stone as general manager of the Associated Press. N. Y.: Harper, 1918. Pp. xii, 362. Illus., app. M a d e up of writings of an outstanding business leader in newspaper field. He gave to the A P of N e w Y o r k a firm foundation in the world of news-gathering. A n aggressive individual w h o had capacity for doing new things in a strong and effective w a y .

Charles H . Taylor, builder of the Boston Globe, on the fiftieth anniversary of his editorship, 1 8 7 3 - 1 9 2 3 . [c. (Boston?), 1 9 2 3 , James Morgan.] Pp. 213. Illus. 4 9 4 . M O R G A N , JAMES.

T h e man and general policies. Became editor and manager of the Globe in 1873. O L D E R , M R S . FREMONT. William Randolph Hearst. ton-Century, 1936. Pp. xxiii, 581. Portraits. 495.

N.

Apple-

Y.:

A biography that shows Hearst as a crusader, a misunderstood leader, w h o w a s serving society.

L i f e of an industrial capitalist whose stock in trade w a s to war against

industrial and

financial

capitalists;

through mounting circulation of his papers he

apparently made high profits (the author gives them little attention) and gained prestige and power. Valuable for business and political history and eminently readable. Though not critical, serves to offset some of equally uncritical works on the other side. 496.

[PAGE, WALTER H I N E S . ]

day, Page [c.

1905].

Pp.

176.

publisher's confession. Frontis.

A

Business and, chiefly, relations with authors.

N.

Y.:

Double-

Later edition not anonymous.

4 9 7 . P U T N A M , GEORGE HAVEN. Memories of a publisher, N . Y.: Putnam, 1915. Pp. x, 492. Frontis.

1865-1915.

T h e history of the Putnam publishing firm f r o m 1872 but mostly an account of relations with authors, publications of the firm, and interests of the author outside of business. Contains a chapter on the fight for copyrights, 1886-1915. A n earlier edition appeared in 1903.

Cu. 7

INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISTS

141

498. ScuDDER, HORACE E. Henry Oscar Houghton: a biographical outline. Cambridge: Riverside, 1897. Pp. vii, 160. Portraits. T h e development of a business enterprise; its various partnerships and m e m b e r s ; something on policy and management. 4 9 9 . SEITZ, D O N C. The James Gordon Bennetts, father and son: proprietors of the New York Herald. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill [c. 1928]. Pp. 405. Illus.

A history of the building of a p o w e r f u l newspaper and of its decline under the o w n e r ship and administration of father and son. Emphasis is on editorial policy with little on financial or other aspects of management. Shows t h a t as a source of i n f o r m a t i o n on business the Herald is i m p o r t a n t , especially under the elder Bennett. H e himself for a time wrote its f a m o u s " m o n e y article," which he started in 1835, and as an independent he often differed with such established papers as the Journal of Commerce a n d the Courier and Enquirer. 5 0 0 . W I N K L E R , J O H N K . W . R . Hearst: an American phenomenon. Simon & Schuster, 1928. Pp. 354. Illus.

N. Y.:

An early nonofficial biography of America's most aggressive business man in newspaper field. Personal life as well as business. A t t e m p t s to be fair. L.

REAL ESTATE AND COLONIZATION

See also Chapters 24 and 43 and books numbered 620a, 625, and 630a. 5 0 1 . COWAN, H E L E N I . Charles Williamson, Genesee promoter—friend of Anglo-American rapprochement. (The Rochester Historical Society publications.) Rochester, N . Y.: published by the Society, 1941. Pp. xiv, 356.

A valuable study, brilliantly written, of the w o r k of the manager of the British investments of the Pulteney associates in western N e w Y o r k in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. A chapter on the p r o m o t i o n of settlement b y E u r o p e a n capital a n d management. 5 0 2 . MORGENTHAU, HENRY [SR.], in collaboration with F R E N C H STROTHER. All in a life-time. Garden City, N . Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1923. Pp. 454. Illus., app.

This general autobiography of a N e w Y o r k lawyer, prominent in business, philant h r o p y , and foreign relations, contains t w o valuable chapters on business. One is concerned with the a u t h o r ' s interest in the purchase a n d sale of real estate in N e w Y o r k City in the last q u a r t e r of the 19th century. T h e other deals with financing the realestate business, the men (James Hazen H y d e , J a m e s Stillman, Frederic P. Olcott, etc.) and institutions concerned (Equitable Life, M u t u a l Life Insurance Co., Lawyers' Title Co., Title G u a r a n t y & T r u s t Co., Central T r u s t Co., Central Realty Bond & T r u s t Co., K u h n , Loeb & Co., e t c . ) , a n d the m e t h o d s used.

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATORS

142

PART I I I

503. WILSON, CAROL GREEN.

ness pioneer. Illus.

California pioneer: William Staats—busiClaremont, Calif.: Saunders Press, 1946. Pp. xviii, 184.

A Connecticut Y a n k e e business man, William R. Staats, w h o was heavily interested in real estate in L o s Angeles and Pasadena, 1886-1928. M u c h general information about many business men, such as Henry E . Huntington, and business concerns, such as the Shell-Union Oil Co., with w h o m Staats came into contact or w h o operated in his environs. Shows many relationships between business and cultural institutions. Interestingly written. M.

RECREATION INDUSTRIES

See also Chapter 44. 504. [BARNUM, P. T.] Life of P. T. Barnum, written by himself. N. Y.: Redfield, 1855. Pp. viii, 404. Illus. A famous Y a n k e e showman and circus proprietor tells of his experiences and observations, beginning as a clerk in a small-town general store, explaining some of the hoaxes and commenting on genuine entertainers (Jenny Lind) who made high profits for him. Contains much information on petty capitalists, lotteries, general stores, pedlars, using publicity to get business, etc. Barnum's rules for success in business. Valuable. 505. DRINKWATER, JOHN. The life and adventures of Carl Laemmle. N. Y.: Putnam, 1931. Pp. xii, 288. Illus. Biography of a founder and leader in the motion-picture industry. Theater operator, film distributor, and film manufacturer.

506. GRIFFITH, LINDA ARVIDSON. When the movies were young. N. Y.: Dutton [c. 1 9 2 5 ] , Pp. viii, 256. A general biography of D. W. Griffith, an early producer, that gives some attention to his w o r k as a producer and his contribution to the industry. Mostly about plays and actors. Written by his divorced wife, w h o was an actress.

507. WERNER, MORRIS R. P. Pp. viii, 381. Illus. A popular biography.

T.

Barnum.

N. Y.:

Harcourt [c.

1923].

Contains a list of Barnum's writings. N . TRANSPORTATION

See also Chapter 46. Ι.

RAILROADS

See also Chapters 25 Β and 46 G and book numbered 962. 508. Albert Fink, October 27, 1827-April 3, 1897, a bibliographical memoir of the father of railway economics and statistics in the United States.

CH. 7

INDUSTRIAL

CAPITALISTS

143

Distributed in mimeographed form by the Library, Bureau of Railway Economics, Washington, D. C., 1927, with additional issue in 1941. [v. p.] Bibliography of writings of Albert Fink a n d of books and articles giving i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t him. Fink was one of the most i m p o r t a n t figures in the financial m a n a g e m e n t of American railroads in the 1870's and i88o's. Especially strong on cost accounting and rate questions. Trained as an engineer in Germany, he started on the B. & O., became vice-president and superintendent of the L. & N., and later head of railroad traffic associations.

509. CLARK, GEORGE T. Leland Stanford, war governor of California, railroad builder and founder of Stanford University. Stanford Univ., Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1931. Pp. xv, 491. Illus. N o t a business biography though it contains chapters on business activities of S t a n ford. W r i t t e n f r o m printed sources a n d some manuscript railroad records.

510. "Cornelius Vanderbilt, 1794-1877," Casebook in American business history [254], pp. 359-373· An a t t e m p t to give, f r o m inadequate sources, some insight into the character, business policy, a n d methods of an outstanding industrial capitalist in transportation.

511. CROFFUT, W. A. The Vanderbilts and the story of their fortune. Chicago: Bedford, Clark & Co., c. 1886. Pp. xii, 310. A "success" type of biography, with emphasis on business. Contains much i n f o r m a tion apparently gathered f r o m persons w h o k n e w the Vanderbilts a n d their w o r k in railroads. 5 1 2 . C U N N I N G H A M , W I L L I A M J. "James J. Hill's philosophy of railroad management," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xv, no. 5 (Nov., 1941), pp. 65-72.

Notes on an interview with Hill in 1916. 5 1 3 . E M E R S O N , HARRINGTON. Col. J . M . Schoonmaker and the Pittsburgh & Lake Erie Railroad: a study of personality and ideals. N. Y.: Engineering Magazine Co., 1913. Pp. vii, 152. Illus.

An authority on efficiency in the light of his own ideas writes with praise a b o u t the policies and management of a railroad administrator. Contains an interesting chapter on executive personnel b y Katherine M . H . Blackford.

514. F A R N A M , H E N R Y W. Joseph Earl Sheffield: the father of the Sheffield Scientific School. Reprinted from New Haven Colony Historical Society transactions, vol. vii (1907). Pp. 119. Frontis. A f r a g m e n t a r y b u t valuable account of the business life of the founder of the Sheffield Scientific School a t Yale. Born in Connecticut in 1793; made f o r t u n e as merchant,

144

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

chiefly in cotton, in South, 1 8 0 7 - 3 5 ; and in 1 8 3 5 - 5 5 participated in canal and railroad promotion in N e w England and the West (financed and managed building of the R o c k Island f r o m Chicago to Mississippi). Contains facts on business activities with something on policy and the business philosophy and character of Sheffield.

515. FULLER, ROBERT H. Jubilee Jim: the life of Colonel James Fisk, Jr. N . Y.: Macmillan, 1928. Pp. viii, 566. Illus. Highly dramatized personal career of a notorious figure in Wall Street railroad finance in 1860's and early 1870's. 5 1 6 . HALSTEAD, M U R A T , a n d J . F R A N K BEALE, JR.

L i f e of J a y

Gould.

. . . Philadelphia: Edgewood Pub. Co., 1892. Pp. vi, 490. Illus. Superlatively appreciative, but useful if used critically.

5 1 7 . HEDGES, JAMES BLAINE.

H e n r y Villard a n d t h e r a i l w a y s of

Northwest. (William McKean Brown memorial publication fund.) Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1930. Pp. 224. Maps, classified bibliog.

the

New

Factual and scholarly account, based largely on Villard Papers, of w o r k of Villard in railroad finance and administration in Pacific Northwest, 1874-93. Began as agent of German bondholders to protect interest in small company in Northwest Coast region and became dominant figure in early 'eighties in the section, serving f o r a time as president of Northern Pacific, completed to the Coast in 1883.

518. HILL, JAMES J. Highways of progress. 1 9 1 0 . Pp. χ, 353.

N . Y.: Doubleday, Page,

A collection of addresses and articles, based on Hill's experiences. Statistical, economic, and philosophical treatment of transportation. Considers also agriculture, trade and commerce, reciprocity, irrigation and drainage, waterways, and conservation.

519. HUNGERFORD, EDWARD. Daniel Willard rides the line: the story of a great railroad man. N . Y.: Putnam, 1938. Pp. ix, 3 0 1 . Illus., bibliog. A personal, eulogistic biography that reveals little about the subject's work as a railroad administrator.

520. "James J. Hill and the Great Northern Railway, 1 8 7 8 - 1 9 1 6 , " Casebook in American business history [254], pp. 4 0 3 - 4 2 1 . A study of the w o r k as an administrator, especially policy, of an outstanding railroad builder, operator, and financier.

521. JOHANSEN, DOROTHY 0 . "Simeon G. Reed, pioneer," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. x, no. 3 (June, 1 9 3 6 ) , pp. 3 7 - 4 3 . A promoter of companies, chiefly f o r transportation, in the Pacific Northwest, 1 8 5 4 1895. Written from business records of Reed in Reed College.

CH. 7

INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISTS

14S

Commodore Vanderbilt:

an epic of the steam

5 2 2 . LANE, W H E A T O N J .

age. N . Y . : K n o p f , 1 9 4 2 . P p . xiv, 3 5 7 , xii. Illus., maps, bibliog. Emphasizes business career and gives a picture of Vanderbilt, an early industrial capitalist specializing in transportation. Failing to find much of original records, the author largely used published materials, some quite unreliable, b u t on the whole he used these materials judiciously. Contains a bibliographical note for each chapter. F r o m the point of view of business history this is the best book t h a t has appeared on Vanderbilt, but it is far f r o m being wholly satisfactory. 5 2 3 . L E W I S , OSCAR.

T h e big four:

the story of Huntington,

Stanford,

Hopkins, and Crocker, and of the building of the Central Pacific. N . Y . : Knopf, 1938.

P p . xi, 4 1 8 , vi. Illus., bibliog.

Biographical sketches of T. D. J u d a h , an early railway promoter and builder in California, of Charles Crocker, M a r k Hopkins, Leland Stanford, and Collis P. H u n t ington, who were the financiers and controllers of the Central and Southern Pacific, and of a later associate, David D. Colton. Also chapters on the history of the Big Four's railroad interests. Written mostly f r o m published materials, this w o r k gives little insight into the administration of the railroads concerned or the business policy and methods of the men. 5 2 4 . NORTHROP,

HENRY

DAVENPORT.

Life

and

achievements

of

Jay

Gould, the wizard of W a l l Street, being a complete and graphic account of the greatest financier of modern times:

. . .

a remarkable story abound-

ing in fascinating incidents, thrilling episodes, and marvelous

achieve-

ments. Philadelphia: S . M . Southard P u b . C o . [c. 1 8 9 2 ] . P p . 5 1 2 . Useful to the discriminating and critical student because it contains facts and observations that may not be found elsewhere. 5 2 5 . PEARSON, H E N R Y GREENLEAF. M u r r a y Forbes.

A n American railroad builder:

Boston: Houghton, 1 9 1 1 .

P p . vii, 1 9 6 .

John

Frontis., maps,

app. Brief biography, f r o m original letters (Forbes) and other sources, dealing chiefly with work in financing mid-western railroad promotion and construction (Michigan Central and Chicago, Burlington & Quincy). Gives picture of the m a n rather than of his w o r k as a business administrator. Shows long-time point of view of sedentary merchant as compared with short-time view of industrial capitalists. 5 2 6 . PYLE, J O S E P H G I L P I N . D o u b l e d a y , Page, 1 9 2 6 .

T h e life of J a m e s J . Hill.

P p . xi, 4 9 8 ; vii, 4 5 9 .

2 vols.

N.

Y.:

Illus.

Biography, chiefly 1873-1912, of one of America's outstanding railroad administrators, who was important in the settlement and economic growth of the N o r t h w e s t . Concerned largely with development and operation of the Hill System (Great N o r t h e r n , and later, Northern Pacific a n d Burlington). Organization, construction, operation: policies and management with respect to finance, development of traffic, competition,

146

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

etc. Prepared at Hill's initiative and expense by librarian of Hill Reference Library in St. Paul w h o had access to Hill papers. A notable business biography, favorable to Hill and containing little on management. Weak on labor. The book seems to have had parts excised before publication.

527. SEMMES, JOHN E . John H. B. Latrobe and his times, 1803-1891. Baltimore: Norman, Remington Co. [c. 1917]. Pp. viii, 601. Illus. Biography of an early corporation lawyer of Baltimore, who was counsel for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad from 1827 to 1891.

5 2 8 . SMITH, ARTHUR D . HOWDEN.

C o m m o d o r e V a n d e r b i l t : an epic of

American achievement. N . Y . : McBride, 1927. Pp. 339. Illus. Vanderbilt, 1794-1877, as ferryman, owner of steamboats on the Hudson and Sound and of the Accessory Transit Company across Nicaragua and allied steamship lines, and consolidator (in the 1860's) of a railroad system in New Y o r k which included the Harlem, the N e w Y o r k & Hudson River, and the New Y o r k Central and later extended to Chicago. Biography in a vivid style, appreciative rather than critical. No references given.

529. TAUSSIG, F. W. " M y father's business career," Harvard business review (Winter number, 1941), pp. 177-184. A famous economist's sketch of the career of a German scientist who became a leader in transportation (Terminal Railroad Association) at St. Louis. Especially valuable as an interpretation.

530. [VILLARD, HENRY.] Memoirs of Henry Villard, journalist and financier, 1835-1900. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton, 1904. Pp. xi, 393; vi, 393. Illus., maps. Vol. ii, pp. 267-376, contains a short account of the work of the author, a German immigrant of 1853, in American corporation organization and finance. Agent of German bondholders and Deutsche B a n k ; leader in financial rehabilitation of the Kansas Pacific, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Co., and the Northern Pacific; helped to organize the Edison General Electric Co. 5 3 1 . WARSHOW,

ROBERT

IRVING.

Jay

Gould:

the

story

of

a

fortune.

N . Y . : Greenberg [c. 1928]. Pp. 200. Illus. Attempts to interpret Gould and explain his success in building a great fortune.

532. WHITE, BOUCK. The book of Daniel Drew: a glimpse of the FiskGould-Tweed regime from the inside. Garden City, N. Y . : Doubleday, Page, 1911. Pp. x, 423. » Written in the form of an autobiography, this book about Daniel D r e w is a mixture of reality and fiction. It seems to catch much of the "spirit" of one of the early great operators on the New Y o r k stock market, w h o is especially known for his efforts (together with Gould and Fisk) to control Erie. Often quoted as though authoritative.

CH. 7

INDUSTRIAL

CAPITALISTS

147

2. SHIPPING

See also Chapters 25 C and 46 F. 5 3 3 . HULDERMAN, BERNHARD. Albert Ballin. Trans, from the German by W. J. Eggers. . . . London: Cassell & Co., Ltd., 1922. Pp. viii, 326. Biography of leading German shipping executive. Valuable f o r information on international competition in shipping a r o u n d 1900 a n d on International Mercantile M a r i n e C o m p a n y as well as G e r m a n shipping in American trade.

534. LAW, GEORGE. A sketch of events in the life of George Law. N . Y.: J. C. Derby, 1855. Pp. 96. Frontis. Short biography of New Y o r k f a r m boy w h o rose f r o m laborer to subcontractor, contractor, engineer, a n d administrator·—from p e t t y capitalist in construction to industrial capitalist in administration of railroads a n d shipping lines in 1840's a n d 1850's. N e w Y o r k Evening Mirror quoted as backing him for presidency because of his great administrative capacity. 5 3 5 . POND, EDGAR L . Junius Smith: a biography of the father of the Atlantic liner. N . Y.: Grafton Press [c. 1 9 2 7 ] . Pp. ix, 292. Illus., bibliog. Biography O f an American, 1780-1853, m e r c h a n t in England, engaged in AngloAmerican trade, w h o was a p r o m o t e r of transatlantic navigation. Volume consists largely of quotations f r o m his letters a n d speeches. 5 3 6 . SMYTH, G . HUTCHINSON. The life of Henry Bradley Plant, founder and president of the Plant system of railroads and steamships and also of the Southern Express Company. N . Y.: Putnam, 1898. Pp. xi, 343. Illus. A eulogistic biography of a N e w Englander, b o r n in 1819, w h o became a leader in the express, railroad, steamship, and hotel (Florida) business in the South. 5 3 7 . STANTON, LEWIS E . An account of the dedication of Morgan School building, Clinton, Conn., Thursday, December 7th, 1 8 7 1 . N . Y.: Francis Hart & Co., 1872. Pp. 88. Illus. A brief sketch of the life of Charles M o r g a n , w h o was an i m p o r t a n t figure in coastwise steamship lines as f a r south as the Gulf of Mexico a n d in N e w Y o r k shipbuilding. An early example of a financial industrial capitalist. Built a n d endowed a p r e p a r a t o r y school in Connecticut. 3.

MISCELLANEOUS

538. DORSEY, FLORENCE L. Master of the Mississippi: Henry Shreve and the conquest of the Mississippi. Boston: Houghton, 1941. P p . 3 0 1 . Illus., bibliog. A u t h o r used Shreve family letters including those of H e n r y Miller Shreve, w h o w a s i m p o r t a n t in the development a n d operation of s t e a m b o a t transportation on the River.

BUSINESS A D M I N I S T R A T O R S

148

PART I I I

5 3 9 . FREDERICK, J . V . Ben Holladay, the stagecoach king. A chapter in the development of transcontinental transportation. Glendale, Calif.: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1940. Pp. 334. Illus. Though the Holladay business records were destroyed in the San Francisco fire, the author has written a history of a notable stagecoach firm which gives much information about its organization, administration, and operation and presents a striking picture of the man who owned and administered it.

"Great American fortunes and their making: street-railway financiers," McClure's magazine, vol. xxx, pp. 33-48 (Nov., 1907), PP··236-245 (Dec., 1907), and 323-378 (Jan., 1908). 5 4 0 . H E N D R I C K , BURTON J .

Short biographies of Thomas F. R y a n , Peter A. B. Widener, William L. Elkins, William C. Whitney, and others, and an account of their acquisition and administration, with emphasis on finance, of street railways in N e w Y o r k , Philadelphia, and Chicago. Also work of Elihu Root as Whitney's counsel, and connections with bankers (including Jacob H. Schiff and August Belmont) and Morton Trust Co., and Ryan's purchase of James Hazen Hyde's interest in the Equitable Assurance Society. 5 4 1 . "YERKES, C. T . "

Encyclopaedia of the social sciences, vol. xiv [c.

1934], PP. 513-514· Sketch, with bibliography, of an important figure in late 19th century American street railway reorganization and finance who was also connected with the promotion of railways in London. Said to be the "original" of Theodore Dreiser's The Financier and The Titan. O.

MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL

CAPITALISTS

542. B U S H , IRVING T. Working with the world. Doubleday, Doran, 1929. Pp. 315.

Garden City, N . Y.:

Rambling autobiography of the Bush Terminal Company's (warehousing) founder.

543. CROLY, HERBERT. Marcus Alonzo Hanna: his life and work. N . Y.: Macmillan, 1919. Pp. xiii, 495. Illus. N o t a business biography but an excellent general biography of a business man. Devotes 60 pages to Hanna's business career mainly in coal, iron, and transportation (shipping and street railway) in Cleveland, including a chapter on policy and methods. Concerned mainly with his work as a leader of the Republican Party and as Senator and his position on economic issues. Contains an appraisal of his character and leadership, relating him to his times. Valuable. 5 4 4 . FAGAN, JAMES O . The autobiography of an individualist. Houghton, 1912. Pp. 290.

Boston:

A n observant, thoughtful, and articulate railroad employee on the operating end tells the story of his life, particularly of his work (as telegraph operator in South America,

CH. 7

149

INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISTS

as a trader—traveling merchant—in South Africa, and after 1881 on New England railroads) and also of the growth of his own philosophy and character. Description a n d evaluation of management problems and methods, stressing the human aspect of railroad operation. Impression of Charles S. Mellen, president of New Haven. While n o t an industrial capitalist, the a u t h o r worked much of his life within industrial capitalism. This is a rare and valuable type of book. No student of the history of railroad management can afford to miss it. See also books numbered 3334 and 3335. 545.

[HEVNER, PETER.]

pirate of Peru.

[1888.]

A

one-sided history of William

R.

Grace, the

Pp.21.

An exposé of the methods allegedly used by member of Grace Brothers, of New York, in conducting business in Chile and Peru. Author was a construction contractor on Chilean and Peruvian railroads who came in conflict with the Graces over a contract. Completely prejudiced and unreliable though not always inaccurate.

F. DE. Sixty-six years business record. Biglow & Co., 1904. Pp. 93.

5 4 6 . NAVARRO, JOSÉ

N.

Y.: L.

H.

A clear-cut analysis of the various undertakings of a promoting industrial capitalist, with successes and failures set forth. The spirit of enterprise in 19th century America is clearly illustrated, showing importance of imagination, willingness to take risk, and integrity. Author a Spanish Cuban working in Cuba and New Y o r k City. Interested in Commercial Warehouse Co., Ingersoll Rock Drill Co., Central Park Apartments, New York Elevated Railways, Portland Cement, coal pulverizing stokers, steamship business, etc. 5 4 7 . S T E P H E N S O N , ISAAC. Recollections of a long life, cago: privately printed, 1915. Pp. 264. UIus.

1829-1915.

Chi-

Activities as "cookee" in logging camp, logger on contract, mill owner and manager, and woodenware m a n u f a c t u r e r ; and participation in politics (Wisconsin Assembly and United States Congress). Presents part of the story of transfer of labor and capital f r o m New Brunswick and Maine to Wisconsin and Michigan. Interesting on organization and w o r k of lumber industry, but little on administration of the business.

548. [ T A P P A N , LEWIS.] The life of Arthur Tappan. N. Y.: Hurd & Houghton, 1870. Pp. 432. Illus. Intimate commercial and religious experiences of a New Englander, 1786-1885, in various places, but chiefly New York, 1815-54, mainly in wholesale dry-goods trade. Established a daily newspaper and a mercantile credit agency in New York. A high ethical attitude. Bankruptcy in 1837 but repayment to debtors. Evils of credit system indicated. Biography by brother and partner. 5 4 9 . T H O M P S O N , ROBERT T . Colonel James Neilson: a business man of the early machine age in New Jersey, 1 7 8 4 - 1 8 6 2 . New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1940. Pp. xiii, 359. Illus., apps., bibliog.

ISO

BUSINESS A D M I N I S T R A T O R S

PART

III

A case study, from manuscript sources, in the history of American business in transition from mercantile to industrial capitalism. Neilson was interested in banking, turnpike, canal, stage, and steamboat companies, development of water power and manufacturing, and real estate. Concerned with promotion, investment, and policydetermination rather than management. Also, influence of the business man on social and cultural life of his community.

C H A P T E R 8. F I N A N C I A L C A P I T A L I S T S The financial capitalist arose out of the difficulties which engulfed many industrial capitalists in the late nineteenth century. As specialized investors and investment middlemen close to the larger sources of investment capital, they became active in the reorganization and administration of transportation and industrial concerns which got into trouble and also in the promotion of new ones. To protect their own and their clients' investments, they took an active interest in the administration of companies, usually in the selection of top administrators and in the area of policy. They also served the government in a similar capacity, taking the place at times of a central bank. The financial capitalist has been the most controversial business man in the history of American business. He was long the object of political attack, culminating in federal legislation in the 1930's which greatly weakened him. Yet he performed a very important function. Unfortunately there is no important American business man about whom we have so little reliable and balanced information. The measure of his work and his influence on American business should not be taken from popular books and government investigations which emphasize the negative aspects of his operations. Objective studies of him and his work as found in his business records and related closely to the setting within which he operated are very much needed. Below are listed books dealing with several important financial capitalists and men, such as Gary and Young, who worked within the orbit of financial capitalism. Most of the biographies were written by admirers or authorized biographers and deal inadequately with business; a few journalistic works apparently attempt to appeal to popular prejudice. It is fair to say that not one autobiography or biography in this group deals adequately with the business career of its subject. See also Chapter 14 D, Corti's book on the Rothschilds (620), and records of certain government investigations (1655-1659). For a description and analysis of financial capitalists and capitalism, see Chapter vi of Gras' Business and Capitalism (8).

CH.

8

FINANCIAL A.

See also books numbered

ISl

CAPITALISTS

BANKERS

664, 6 7 6 - 6 7 8 ,

686-688.

550. A D L E R , CYRUS. Jacob H. Schiff: his life and letters. 2 vols. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday, Doran [c. 1 9 2 8 ] . Pp. x, 3 9 8 ; 3 9 6 . Illus. A biography, written largely f r o m letters, of a leading partner in K u h n , Loeb & Co., investment banking firm of N e w Y o r k over a period in which Schiff and his company probably stood second only t o J. Pierpont M o r g a n and Morgan's company in importance among financial capitalists in the United States. M o s t of volume i is concerned with business, dealing with Schiff's (and his firm's) financial relations with railroads, traction companies, insurance companies, manufacturing concerns, and A m e r ican foreign investments. C o n t a i n s much on business policy, something on managem e n t ; interesting statements on contemporary business men (e. g., E . H. Harriman) and their work. Part of bot'h volumes is concerned with political, philanthropic, and charitable interests and activities of Schiff. T h e high value of this w o r k lips chiefly in the fullness of its quotations from Schiff's papers, especially letters. T h e author has not tried to write a rounded business biography, nor has he adequately painted the background against which the subject worked. 551.

BURR, A N N A

1850-1918.

ROBESON.

N. Y.: Duffield,

The portrait of a banker: James Stillman, Pp. ix, 3 7 0 . Illus.

1927.

Biography of N e w Y o r k b a n k e r and financial capitalist—president of National City B a n k , 1891-1909.

Little on Stillman's w o r k as bank administrator; chiefly his per-

sonality and non-business interests, and connections with dramatic events, companies, and men. Almost useless as business biography. 552.

[CooLiDGE,

idge,

1831-1920.

A

first-rate

T. JEFFERSON.] The autobiography of T. Jefferson CoolBoston: Houghton, 1 9 2 3 . Pp. 3 1 1 . Portrait, app.

business executive, of the active investing-capitalist type, who was also

a commercial banker and p l a y e d a part in the development of financial capitalism in America, describes his third-rate, non-business experiences in a factual w a y .

T h e au-

thor shied a w a y f r o m writing a b o u t business as he observed it f r o m 1857 and seldom dealt with it to the end of his business career in 1900. Reflects the common attitude of business men in thinking t h a t only such fields as politics, science, and art are important.

Illustrates a t y p e of business man found more in N e w England than else-

where in America.

553. H O V E Y , CARL. The life story of J. Pierpont Morgan. & Walton, 1912. Pp. 352. Illus.

N. Y.:

Sturgis

A straightforward biography t h a t pictures the elder J. Pierpont Morgan as a d y namic genius who was unconsciously the chief human agent in bringing about the necessary combination and unification of American industry. N o t a rounded and critical work.

152

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

554. KAHN, OTTO H. Reflections of a financier: a study of economic and other problems. London: Hodder & Stoughton, Ltd., 1 9 2 1 . Pp. xiv, 438. Frontis. a. . Of many things: being reflections and impressions on international affairs, domestic topics and the arts. N. Y . : Boni & Liveright, 1926. Pp.437· Important books because they reveal something of a financial capitalist's (partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Co.) experience, observations, and thought on business and its place in society.

555. LAMONT, THOMAS W . Henry P. Davison: the record of a useful life. N. Y . : Harper, 1933. Pp. xxii, 373. Illus., apps. A business biography, sympathetic but factual, of a partner in J. P. Morgan & Co. Contains not a little about the firm and J. P. Morgan, Sr. Exposes the theory of "the money trust." Shows the work of a Morgan partner in the merging of banks, the rescuing of small banks in 1911, banking reform, Chinese consortia, arranging for the British and French buying commissions in World War I, and heading the American Red Cross. Author a journalist w h o became a partner in J. P. Morgan & Co. shortly after Davison had entered the firm.

556. LOVE, PHILIP W . Andrew W . Mellon: the man and his work. Baltimore: F. Heath Coggins & Co., 1929. Pp. 3 1 9 . Illus. This book deals especially with the subject's career as secretary of the Treasury, containing much on policy in Treasury administration. Very little on the business of an outstanding financial industrialist. Sympathetic and appreciative rather than critical.

5 5 7 . NICHOLSON, HAROLD. D w i g h t M o r r o w .

N . Y . : H a r c o u r t [c. 1 9 3 5 ] .

Pp. xvi, 409. Illus. Written by an English journalist and diplomatist. Shows insight into character. Although the book gives interesting details about the business of of Morgan, in which Morrow was a partner, 1914-27, the main interest of lies in foreign loans during and after the first World War and in American lations. Based on much first-hand information. Valuable.

Morrow's the House the author foreign re-

558. O'CONNOR, HARVEY. Mellon's millions: the biography of a fortune. N. Y . : John D a y Co. [c. 1 9 3 3 ] . Pp. xv, 443. Illus., apps. Growth of the Mellon (Thomas and his son, Andrew, of Pittsburgh) fortune and interests and Andrew Mellon's public career. Banking, public utilities, coal and oil, iron and aluminum manufacture, etc. Of "control" and exposé schools of business biography ; little interest in administration.

559. PAINE, ALBERT BIGELOW. George Fisher Baker: a biography. N. Y.: Knickerbocker Press, 1 9 2 0 . Privately printed and limited to 25 copies. Pp. 355. Illus., app.

CH. 8

1S3

FINANCIAL CAPITALISTS

Not a business biography but devoted to the personal and family relations of one of the outstanding American financial capitalists. Occasional information about business events but not a sustained interest in business. Not designed to be critical and not based on profound research. Typed addendum of 5 4 pages carries the biography on from 1 9 1 8 to death of Baker in 1931, with a concluding chapter on personal qualities and characteristics. Copy in Baker Library. 5 6 0 . PEARSON, HENRY GREENLEAF. Son of N e w England: James Jackson Storrow, 1 8 6 4 - 1 9 2 6 .

Boston: Thomas Todd Co., printers, 1 9 3 2 .

Pp. v,

292. Illus., chart. An intimate general biography of a Boston investment banker, company promoter and organizer, and civic leader, based on letters, statements of friends, etc. Chapters on his work with Lee, Higginson & Co. (especially on management of personnel and sales), the financial reorganization of General Motors, and the Report of the Joint New England Railroad Committee to the Governors 0) the New England States, 1 9 2 3 , for which he was chiefly responsible. Appendix on Charles Storer Storrow (grandfather) and James J . Storrow, Sr. 5 6 1 . PERRY, BLISS.

L i f e and letters of Henry L e e Higginson.

Atlantic Monthly Press [c. 1 9 2 1 ] .

Pp. viii, 5 5 7 .

Boston:

Illus., app.

Pages 2 3 8 - 2 9 0 deal with Higginson's business career, particularly as a partner in the Boston private banking firm, Lee, Higginson & Co. Mostly concerned with his travels and his support of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and Harvard College. Contains scattered letters of Higginson and other business men about business and public policy toward business. Excellent study of the personality and character of the man. 5 6 2 . SATTERLEE, HERBERT L .

J . Pierpont Morgan, an intimate portrait.

Ν . Y . : Macmillan, 1 9 3 9 . Pp. xvi, 5 9 5 . Illus. Written by a son-in-law, who used original material accessible only to the family, this book contains new information on Morgan and is especially useful as an intimate portrait of the man. It does not deal fully with Morgan's business, but it contains much that is valuable on the work of Morgan and his firms. An earlier volume ( T h e Life of J. Pierpont Morgan, privately printed, 1 9 3 7 ) , which ends in 1 8 6 6 , gives a more intimate and detailed picture of Morgan to that time. It contains one chapter on his early business career. 5 6 3 . SCOTT, JAMES BROWN. Robert Bacon: life and letters. Garden City, N . Y . : Doubleday, Page, 1 9 2 3 . Pp. xix, 4 5 9 . Illus. A readable, but far from profound, study of Bacon's career, particularly on the ness side. The chief activities of Bacon as a Morgan partner, as here set forth, participation in relief of government credit in 1 8 9 s , formation of the United States Corporation, and establishment of the Northern Securities. Less about business public service—political administration, diplomacy, and war.

busiwere Steel than

5 6 4 . VANDERLIP, FRANK Α., in collaboration with BOYDEN SPARKES. From farm boy to financier. Ν . Y . : Appleton-Century, 1 9 3 5 .

Pp. vi, 3 1 2 .

154

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

Autobiography of Vanderlip, a financial journalist w h o became head of the National City B a n k . Interesting characterizations of important business men (James Stillman, William Rockefeller, and others) and generalizations about business. Something on author's o w n policies as a banker.

565. W A S H B U R N , C H A R L E S G. The life of John W . Weeks. With an introduction by Calvin Coolidge. Boston: Houghton, 1928. Pp. xix, 349. Illus., app. Biography of a partner in Hornblower & Weeks, a B o s t o n investment-banking firm. Contains only a f e w pages on business and is devoted mainly to the subject's public services. 5 6 6 . W A S S O N , R . GORDON. The Hall carbine affair: a study in contemporary folklore. Ν. Y.: privately ptd., 1941. Pp. 184. Illus., forms, apps., bibliog.

Part ι examines in detail the facts and evidence in the " H a l l carbine affair," which certain biographers of the elder J. Pierpont Morgan have used as evidence of Morgan's alleged bad business character. Part I I examines the g r o w t h of the legend of Morgan culpability in the affair, beginning with Gustavus M y e r s in 1910 (History of Great American Fortunes), and shows how M y e r s ' statements have been used by subsequent writers (Louis Corey, John M . Winkler, M a t t h e w Josephson, and others). Though the author, a member of the staff of J. P. M o r g a n & Co., presumably w a s not without bias in the matter, he examined the issue in such detail and supported his statements so effectively that the book merits the attention of all w h o are interested in the history of M o r g a n and his firm. Part II is strongly recommended as the best study that has been made of the questionable technique of many writers in handling the origins and operations of American financial capitalism. 567.

Morgan the magnificent: the life of J . Pierpont Ν. Y.: Vanguard [c. 1 9 3 0 ] . P p . 3 1 3 . Portrait.

WINKLER, JOHN K .

Morgan,

1837-1913.

Biography of the first J. Pierpont Morgan, chiefly concerned with business. Rarely gives references to sources ; apparently has depended almost wholly on secondary works and has accepted their facts and generalizations as correct. Theme: " T h i s man, part poet, part pirate, grew (in the estimation of himself and others) almost into a G o d ; and, as a God, ruled for a generation the pitiless, predatory world of cash." This is, of course, arrant nonsense. B. 568.

PROMOTERS A N D A D M I N I S T R A T O R S

C O T T E R , ARUNDEL.

The Gary I knew. Boston: Stratford Co.,

1928.

Pp. vi, 136. Illus. A n intimate and friendly picture of Elbert H. G a r y , an executive of U . S. Steel. F L I N T , CHARLES R . Memories of an active life. 1923. Pp. xviii, 349. Illus., portraits.

569.

Ν.

Y.:

Putnam,

FINANCIAL

CH. 8

ISS

CAPITALISTS

A n industrial capitalist, w h o became a promoter of consolidations under

financial

capitalism and of American 'interests abroad, writes from memory, letters, speeches, etc., about his experiences. Poorly organized and diffuse, the book gives a dramatic picture of the individualistic, daring, driving American business man of the promotional type of the late 19th century. Author has no great interest in business administration; illustrates type of business man w h o mingles social intercourse and sports with business. A valuable book. 5 7 0 . GARY, ELBERT H . [Addresses and statements, A collection of pamphlets in Baker Library.]

1904-1927.

8

vols.

A valuable source of information about policies of U. S. Steel as well as an important

financial-capitalist

executive.

5 7 1 . GIFFORD, W A L T E R S . Addresses, papers, and interviews. place, publisher, or date of publication.] Pp. 254; v, 228. F o r years 1913-37.

Illuminating as to policies.

2

vols. [ No

Often presents essential facts of

growth. Illustrates the mind and attitudes of a business statesman rather than a " c a p tain of industry." 5 7 2 . K E N N A N , GEORGE. E . H. Harriman: a biography. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton, 1922. Pp. xvi, 421; viii, 421. Illus., tables, map. A gripping narrative that from b o y h o o d to end of the life of Harriman reveals with clarity and conviction the personality and w o r k of an outstanding railroad administrator and financial capitalist. Gets essence of the man. Appreciative and understanding rather than critical. A rare business biography. 573.

TARBELL,

IDA M .

Ν. Y.: Appleton [c.

The life of Elbert H . Gary: the story of steel. Pp. xii, 3 6 1 . Illus.

1925].

G a r y is made the hero, the United States Steel Corporation the stage. G a r y is presented as the protagonist of the new order in business, one that believed in cooperative competition in the industry and cooperation with the government. T h e emphasis is on policy rather than management.

Little is said concerning production or sales, that is,

the w o r k of subsidiary companies (much emphasis on labor). T h e weaknesses of G a r y are not perceived. T h e author used the corporation's records, government investigations, and

Gary's

speeches. T h e thesis is that Gary was an industrial statesman w h o introduced into big business the Golden Rule of conduct. T h e book illustrates the transition f r o m

financial

to national capitalism. It is not based on prolonged or profound research.

574. T A R B E L L , IDA M. Owen D. Young, a new type of industrial leader. Ν. Y.: Macmillan, 1932. Pp. xiv, 353. Illus. A n appreciative biography which stresses the character and personality of an industrial leader, in a financial capitalist concern, w h o in business and public affairs emphasized the importance of the individual and of social well-being. Considers his legal

156

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

career, policies as an executive of General Electric, work on Reparations (Dawes Plan and Y o u n g Plan) in the 1920's, interest in education, arid experience as a " f a r m e r . " Contains much that was gathered from conversations with people who knew Young. N o t a definitive biography, but an important description and estimate of a new type of business leader (a professional administrator) by a writer who had known many outstanding business men from the early 1900's. 5 7 5 . W A R S H O W , R O B E R T IRVING. Bet-a-million Gates: the story of a plunger. N. Y.: Greenberg [c. 1932]. Pp. 187. Portrait. A n undocumented biography of a leading Wall Street speculator in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Promoted the American Steel and Wire Company of N e w Jersey ; participated in the Northern Pacific Corner of 1901 ; and in Tennessee Coal and Iron Co. pool.

CHAPTER 9. NATIONAL CAPITALISTS This type of administrator is in the making. As a class he was introduced in the United States by the Roosevelt revolution of the 1930's, which placed in the hands of politicians and political administrators power which amounted to a measure of control of policy-formulation for large areas of business, leaving management or operation in the hands of owners or their chosen managers. The national capitalists are not investing capitalists. The old concept of the entrepreneur does not include them. There are four principal categories, as follows: 1. Legislators and judges formulating top business policy. 2. A political group exercising the control of business and made up of (a) politicians, especially those elected to national office, for example, the President and his chosen aides, whether in the cabinet or in special bureaus; (b) the serried ranks of the bureaucrats; and (c) the party chieftains, who in America and Russia control some of the other two groups. In America these chieftains are organized in the national committees of the political parties. 3. The top business executives still determine some policies and exercise some control over operations. And 4. The business managers, such as departmental heads and superintendents, carry on the actual operations or management, subject to the policies and controls of the three groups listed above. For a chapter on National Capitalism see Gras' Business and Capitalism (8). See also books on the New Deal (for example, 222) and the relations of government to business, Chapter 64.

CH. 10

COLLECTIVE BUSINESS

BIOGRAPHIES

157

C H A P T E R 10. C O L L E C T I V E B U S I N E S S B I O G R A P H I E S A N D BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARIES Below is a sampling of a large and varied literature which has been in the making since Freeman H u n t published his Lives o) Merchants (589). T h e y are of uneven value to business history. I t would be helpful to consult in this connection Porter's " T r e n d s in American Business Biography" (256).

See also business directories (Chapter 54 E 4) and genealogies, biographical dictionaries, general collective biographies, and regional histories in P a r t VII. 5 7 6 . [ B E A C H , M O S E S YALE.] Wealth and biography of the wealthy citizens of New York City, comprising an alphabetical arrangement of persons estimated to be worth $100,000, and upwards. With the sums appended to each name; being useful to banks, merchants, and others. 6th ed., enlarged to ten times the original matter, and now containing brief biographical and genealogical notices of the principal persons in this catalogue. N . Y.: pub. at the Sun Office, 1845. Pp. 34. Valuable as source of information about New Y o r k "capitalists" of the second quarter of the 19th century, with some items about the source of their wealth, partnerships, business activities, etc. Individual sketches brief, sometimes merely estimate of subject's wealth. Several later editions issued, first in 1842. 5 7 7 . B U R N L E Y , JAMES. Millionaires and kings of enterprise. London: Harmsworth Brothers, Ltd.; Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1901. Pp. ix, 508. Illus., portraits, cartoons, diags. A British journalist writes—from interviews, hearsay, printed materials—short biographies of outstanding business men with a view particularly to explaining their success. Not well organized but useful.

578. Catalogue of portraits in the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York. N . Y.: copyrighted by the Chamber, 1924. Pp. 99. Illus. Copies of 233 portraits, chiefly of business men, with brief biographical sketches.

579. Famous leaders of industry. [1934-45 (c. 1 9 2 0 - 4 5 ) ] . Illus.

5 vols.

Boston: L. C. Page & Co.

Five volumes have appeared so far, the first two written by Edwin Wildman, the third by T . M . White, the fourth by H. I. Shumway, and the fifth (326 pages) by Joseph A . Moore. Intended for boys.

158

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

The fifth volume includes the biographies of A. Lincoln Filene, Andrew J. Higgins, William M . Jeffers, Henry J. Kaiser, and Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. The personality, education, chief policies, and hobbies are set forth. Interesting and popular. Photographs of the leaders. 5 8 0 . [FORBES, A B N E R . ] The rich men of Massachusetts. 2d ed. Boston: printed for Redding & Co., Hotchkiss & Co., Fetridge & Co., and W. V. Spencer, 1852. Pp. viii, 224. List, by counties, of about 2,000 persons reputed to be worth $50,000 or more, with brief biographical and character sketches of nearly 1,500. Largest number were merchants, next rich were farmers, lawyers, manufacturers, shoemakers, brokers, etc. Interesting summary table, p. 223. Valuable. 5 8 1 . FORBES, B . C. Men who are making America. ed., 1917; 5th ed., 1921]. Pp. xi, 442. Ulus.

N. Y.:

Forbes [ist

Articles on Otto H. Kahn, J. H. Schiff, Paul M . Warburg, and others.

582. FORBES, B. C. Men who are making the West. N. Y.: Forbes [c. 1923]. Pp.343· Ulus. Impressionistic sketches of western business administrators, promoters and specialists, some of whom became financial capitalists. Useful chiefly because of quotations from interviews with subjects of sketches and observations of author, who had a considerable acquaintance with business.

5 8 3 . FORBES, B. C., and O. D. FOSTER. Automotive giants of America.

N. Y.: Forbes [c. 1926]. Pp. x, 295. Portraits. Short biographical sketches of twenty leaders in the automobile industry. FREUND, M I R I A M K . Jewish merchants in Colonial America; their achievements and their contribution to the development of America. N. Y.: Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1939. Pp. 127. 584.

585. GRAYSON, THEODORE J. Leaders and periods of American finance. N. Y.: Wiley, 1932. Pp. xiii, 566. Biographical sketches, from secondary works of Robert Morris, Stephen Girard, John Jacob Astor, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, Andrew Carnegie, James J. Hill, E d w a r d H. Harriman, J. Pierpont Morgan, Elbert H. Gary, and others. 5 8 6 . H A L L , JOSEPH D., editor. Biographical history of the manufacturers and business men of Rhode Island at the opening of the twentieth century. Providence: J. D. Hall & Co., 1901. Pp. 432. Illus. Short historical sketches of men and companies.

CH. 10

COLLECTIVE BUSINESS

BIOGRAPHIES

1S9

5 8 7 . H A R R I N G T O N , JESSIE. Silversmiths of Delaware, 1 7 0 0 - 1 8 5 0 . Old church silver in Delaware. National Society of Colonial Dames of America in the State of Delaware, 1939. Pp. x, 132.

Biographical sketches and description of w o r k of 33 smiths. 588. HOUGHTON, WALTER R . Kings of fortune, or the triumphs and achievements of noble, self-made men. Chicago: Century Book and Paper Co., 1889. Pp. 621. Illus.

A reprinting of M c C a b e ' s b o o k (593), bringing biographies of living men up to date, omitting and adding a few. 5 8 9 . H U N T , FREEMAN, editor. Lives of American merchants. Ν. Y.: Derby & Jackson, 1858. Pp. xlvii, 608; 605. Illus.

2

vols.

In 1839 H u n t gave a significant impetus to business biography by beginning to publish biographies of business men in his new Merchants' Magazine. In 1855 and 1857 these, somewhat expanded, were published collectively with an introductory essay of 40 pages concerning biographies of business men, mostly mercantile capitalists with a few industrial capitalists. M a n y of the biographies are character sketches, some valuable, of men rather than accounts of their business and a f e w — n o t a b l y those of Stephen Girard and Elias Hasket D e r b y — a r e valuable as business biographies. Others worthy of note include T h o m a s H. Perkins, T h o m a s P y m Cope, Patrick T r a c y Jackson, Judah T o u r o . While uneven in value and not always accurate as to facts, these sketches are important for w h a t information they have salvaged, and they constitute a landmark in business biography. 5 9 0 . K I R K L A N D , FRAZAR [pseud, for R . M . Devens]. Cyclopaedia of commercial and business anecdotes . . . . 2 vols. Ν. Y.: Appleton, 1864. Pp. xxviii, 3 8 7 ; xii, 3 9 1 - 7 7 9 . Illus.

Brief biographical sketches, chiefly of famous merchants and bankers, from the time of K i n g Solomon to the time of publication ; anecdotes of business ; illustrations of successful qualities of business m e n ; anecdotes of "business immoralities"; etc.

Unusual,

interesting, and in parts valuable. 5 9 1 . L O M A S , JOHN, and A L F R E D S . PEACE. The wealthy men and women of Brooklyn and Williamsburgh. Brooklyn, N. Y.: A. S. Peace, 1847. Pp. 4 8 .

Alphabetical list with estimated wealth of each and brief biographical notes on a few professional men, merchants, politicians, etc., petty, mercantile, and industrial capitalists. Supplements, for later N e w Y o r k boroughs, Beach's Wealth and Biography Wealthy

Citizens

of New

York

of the

(576).

592. Manufactories and manufacturers of Pennsylvania of the nineteenth century. Philadelphia: Galaxy Publishing Co., 1875. Pp. 533. Short sketches of men and firms. Useful.

BUSINESS

160

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

5 9 3 . M C C A B E , J A M E S D . , JE. Great fortunes and how they were made, or the struggles and triumphs of our self-made men. Philadelphia: George MacLean, 1871. Pp. 633. Illus.

Offered as "the story of the Genius

of America,"

and made up mostly of short biog-

raphies of business men: Girard, Astor, Stewart, A m o s Lawrence, Chickering, L o n g w o r t h , C y r u s W . Field, Goodyear, James Harper, James Gordon Bennett, etc. L a u d a t o r y , unreliable, but useful.

Represents type of publication that was fairly

c o m m o n and a step in development of business biography, and reflects the growing respect for business achievement.

594. M I N N I G E R O D E , MEADE. Certain rich men: Stephen Girard, John Jacob Astor, Jay Cooke, Daniel Drew, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, Jim Fisk. N. Y.: Putnam, 1927. Pp. xi, 210. Illus., bibliog. Emphasizes the colorful and dramatic; based on the more reliable, though by no means altogether accurate or unbiased, secondary sources; is chiefly interested in giving psychological pictures of the men. 595.

[c.

PARTON, 1884,

c.

Captains of industry. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Pp. viii, 3 9 9 ; iv, 3 9 3 . Illus.

JAMES.

1891].

Brief, popular, "inspirational" sketches of men in various lines of w o r k , including a few business men who were petty capitalists and industrial capitalists, stressing their poverty in y o u t h , hard work as apprentices, and stalwart character. Important as type of biography rather than for information given.

596. Progressive men of northern Ohio. Cleveland: Plain Dealer Pub. Co., 1906. Pp. 264. Illus. Photographs, chiefly of prominent business men; classified according to business, with brief biographical notes giving business connections.

Similar w o r k published for

other States or metropolitan areas, such as Illinois, Pittsburgh district, etc. 5 9 7 . R E D M O N D , GEORGE F. Financial giants of America. Stratford, 1922. Pp. 388; 349. Illus.

2

vols. Boston:

Short biographies and interpretations of sixty outstanding wealthy business men, most of them active in American business after the Civil War, some at height of careers at time of publication. T h o u g h the book gives much information on individuals and an interesting total picture of leadership in American industrial and financial capitalism of later 19th and early 20th centuries, it is too laudatory and uncritical to be sound business biography. Written apparently for the most part f r o m secondary sources and hearsay but some information obtained from subjects or f r o m men close to them.

598. [ S C O V I L L E , J O S E P H Α.] The old merchants of New York City. By Walter Barrett, clerk [pseud.]. 5 vols. Ν. Y.: John W. Lovell Co., c. 1899 [c. 1 8 6 2 , 1 8 8 5 , and 1 8 8 9 ] . Pp. xx, 4 5 2 ; xviii, 3 8 7 ; xiii, 2 4 1 ; xvii, 3 3 3 ; xii, 2 9 5 .

COLLECTIVE

CH. 1 0

BUSINESS

BIOGRAPHIES

161

A n u n o r g a n i z e d , f r e q u e n t l y unreliable c o l l e c t i o n of gossip a n d h i s t o r i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t m o s t of the p r o m i n e n t N e w Y o r k m e r c h a n t s ( m e r c a n t i l e c a p i t a l i s t s ) of t h e half of the 1 9 t h c e n t u r y .

F i r s t p u b l i s h e d in t h e New

t e m p o r a r y source, b u t s h o u l d be used c r i t i c a l l y .

York

Leader.

first

V a l u a b l e as a c o n -

S i g n i f i c a n t in the h i s t o r y of business

b i o g r a p h y as e v i d e n c e of a n increasing i n t e r e s t in business m e n . 5 9 9 . S M I T H , M A T T H E W H A L E . ("Burleigh" of the Boston Journal). Successful folks. How they win. Illustrated in the career of eight hundred eminent men. Hartford, Conn.: American Pub. Co., 1878. Pp. vi, 505. Illus. S h o r t sketches of scores of A m e r i c a n business m e n ( m e r c a n t i l e a n d e a r l y

industrial

c a p i t a l i s t s ) : e v e n t s in career, a n e c d o t e s , a n d s t a t e m e n t s o n c h a r a c t e r a n d business p o l i c y or practice.

Scrappy but suggestive.

600. Some merchants and sea captains of old Boston: being a collection of sketches of notable men and mercantile houses prominent during the early half of the nineteenth century in the commerce and shipping of Boston. Boston: printed for the State Street Trust Co. [c. 1 9 1 8 ] . Pp. vii, 5 3 . Illus. B r i e f s k e t c h e s of lives of m e r c h a n t s ,

firms,

a n d sea c a p t a i n s w i t h m a n y

culled f r o m the m e m o r y of i n d i v i d u a l s a n d n o t f o u n d e l s e w h e r e .

anecdotes

L a r g e l y s t a t e m e n t of

w h e n , w h e r e , a n d in w h a t ships t h e y t r a d e d , w i t h little o n business o p e r a t i o n .

601. STODDARD, Pp. 317. Illus.

WILLIAM

O. Men of business. N. Y.: Scribner's,

1893.

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e t h e n p o p u l a r t y p e of collective b i o g r a p h i e s — m a d e u p of m a terial of

an anecdotal and

traditional

character

with

much

distortion

of

fact

i m a g i n a t i v e d r e s s i n g — w h i c h h a d as an o b j e c t the t e a c h i n g of v a l u a b l e lessons of t h r i f t , h a r d w o r k , h o n e s t y , e t c . ) .

and

(value

I n d u s t r i a l capitalists h a v e a p r o m i n e n c e in this

v o l u m e n o t g i v e n t h e m in similar earlier collections.

602. V A N S L Y C K , J. D . Representatives of New England: Manufacturers . . . . Boston: Van Slyck & Co., 1879. Pp. xii, 555. Illus. S h o r t b i o g r a p h i c a l sketches.

P i c t u r e s of m e n a n d p l a n t s .

603. [ W I L S O N , T H O M A S L. V.] The aristocracy of Boston: who they are, and what they were: being a history of the business and business men of Boston, for the last forty years. By one who knew them. Boston: pub. by the author, 1848 [c. Thomas L. V. Wilson], Pp. 32. A u t h o r f o r " u p w a r d s of f o r t y y e a r s " a B o s t o n m e r c h a n t w h o k n e w " s o m e t h i n g of the business a n d s o c i e t y of B o s t o n " a n d w h o w r o t e f r o m experience a n d r e c o l l e c t i o n . S k e t c h e s s o m e t w o h u n d r e d m e n — m o s t l y s h o r t n o t e s on each, g i v i n g the k i n d of i n f o r m a t i o n a business m a n m i g h t r e m e m b e r :

origin, f a m i l y , c h a r a c t e r , business

tions, o u t s t a n d i n g business policies, successes a n d failures, political a n d social

connecstand-

162

BUSINESS

ADMINISTRATORS

PART I I I

ing in community, etc. An interesting work on a group of business leaders who had recently developed out of petty capitalists.

604. [WINSLOW, S. N.] Biographies of successful Philadelphia merchants. Philadelphia: James K. Simon, 1864. Pp. xii, 245. Illus. Short biographies of business men including little on business. Inspired by series of sketches of bank presidents and cashiers of Philadelphia which appeared in the Commercial List, 1860-61. Reflects predominantly mercantile capitalism.

C H A P T E R 11. MISCELLANEOUS The books listed below contain much biographical information, some of them dealing with groups of men within a given system of business. An example of a volume concerned with a group is Harrington's excellent study of sedentary merchants of New York. East's volume similarly deals with companies and men who were in the late eighteenth century laying the foundation for industrial capitalism. Bridge's is a useful interpretation of several business men in the late nineteenth century by one who knew them well. Josephson's work exaggerates the negative aspects of nineteenth-century industrial capitalists, Rochester's is an exaggerated Marxian interpretation, and Myers' is basically Marxian in its thinking. These books highlight the need of balanced and scholarly studies of industrial and financial capitalists. 6 0 5 . BRIDGE, J A M E S H O W A R D . Millionaires and Grub Street; comrades and contacts in the last half century. N . Y.: Brentano's, 1931. Pp. xii, 304. Illus. Chapters on Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, and Elbert Gary, whom the author knew well. Was secretary to Carnegie and collected information for his books; had also been secretary to Herbert Spencer.

A. Business enterprise in the American Revolutionary era. N. Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1938. Pp. 387. App., bibliog. 6 0 6 . EAST, ROBERT

A description and analysis of the trend in business organization in the 1770's and 1780's with attention to the rise of large units, new types of business, and joint-stock companies, and with emphasis on change from personal to institutional business. A study in the beginnings of industrial capitalism while mercantile capitalism was still dominant. Information drawn from original business records, but not based on a rounded or sustained study of the work of individual business men or firms.

The New York merchant on the eve of the Revolution. (Studies in history, economics and public law.) N . Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1935. Pp. 389. Tables, classified bibliog. 6 0 7 . HARRINGTON, VIRGINIA D .

CH. 11

MISCELLANEOUS

163

An excellent picture of a group of sendentary merchants and their business organization and activities, based largely on business records. Shows strength and weakness of sedentary merchant; place of the merchant in provincial life, organization and conduct of business; investment of merchants' surplus; trade and business, overseas and with continental colonies; government and business; war-time prosperity; business on the eve of the Revolution. 608.

The robber barons: the great American capΝ . Y . : Harcourt [c. 1 9 3 4 ] . Pp. viii, 4 7 4 .

JOSEPHSON, M A T T H E W .

italist,

1861-1901.

A history of American business leadership which overemphasizes the destructive and disregards the constructive work of the men considered and fails to take into account the times and conditions under which they worked. 609.

C. Shipmasters of Cape Cod. Boston: Hough-

KITTREDGÈ, H E N R Y

ton, 1935. Pp. 360. Illus, A history of the activities o f men from the Cape who engaged in the Lai Ly "»6 nuUt by sailing ships in the 18th a n d 19th centuries. K O H L E R , MAX. " T h e Jews in Newport," Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society, vol. vi ( 1 8 9 7 ) , pp. 6 1 - 8 0 . 610.

Moses and Aaron Lopez, Jacob R. Rivera, Moses Michael Hays, Myer Pollock, Abraham and Judah Touro, Moses Seixas, and others who at some time in 17th century or later were in business in Newport.

611. M A R T I N , M A R G A R E T E. "Merchants and trade of the Connecticut River Valley, 1 7 5 0 - 1 8 2 0 , " Smith College studies in history, vol. xxiv, nos. 1 - 4 (Oct., 1 9 3 8 - J u l y , 1 9 3 9 ) , pp. vii, 2 8 4 . (No. 5 in the Council of industrial study series.) Tables, map, bibliog. In contrast with studies of great foreign merchants, this book considers as a group smaller mercantile capitalists of an inland valley who engaged in foreign and domestic trade. Contains short biographies of individual merchants (Jeremiah Wadsworth; Silas, Barnabas, and Simeon. Deane; Josiah and Jonathan Dwight; Levi Shepard) and good chapters on mercantile organization and the merchant at work (purchasing, selling, payments, financing, a n d physical handling of goods). A useful and interesting book which, however, does n o t go far in considering policy and management. 612.

M Y E R S , G U S T A vus.

Chicago: Kerr [c.

History of the great American fortunes. Pp. vi, 2 9 6 ; 3 6 8 ; 4 1 3 . Illus.

3

vols.

1907-10].

An interpretation of meth: 1106. Tables. 4 1 4 1 . COVER, J O H N H .

1916-31. A statistical and qualitative study.

4142. FITZPATRICK, P A U L J. The problem of business failures. Philadelphia: Dolphin Press, 1936. Pp. xi, 157. A statistical study of failures, 1900-35.

Mortality of business firms in Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Duluth, 1926-1930. (Bulletins of the Employment Stabilization Research Institute, vol. ii, no. 1.) Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota Press, 1933. Pp. 30. Tables.

4 1 4 3 . HEILMAN, ERNEST A .

A study made largely from the local files of R. G. Dun & Co. and from information obtained from former owners, creditors, trustees, business bureaus, etc. 4 1 4 4 . HUTCHINSON,

RUTH

GILLETTE,

ARTHUR

R.

HUTCHINSON,

and

"A study in business mortality: Length of life of business enterprises in Poughkeepsie, New York, 1843-1936," American economic review, vol. xxviii, no. 3 (Sept., 1938), pp. 497-514.

MABEL NEWCOMER.

Tables show high mortality rate of establishments in different kinds of business, largely of petty capitalists.

and ROBERT T . W I L L I A M S . Causes of commercial bankruptcies. A study made in cooperation with the Institute of Human Relations and the Law School of Yale University. (U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Domestic commerce series, no. 69.) Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1932. Pp. iv, 52. Tables.

4 1 4 5 . SADD, VICTOR,

Statistical analysis of 570 concerns in the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy courts of Middlesex, Norfolk, and Suffolk counties, Mass., 1930-31. B.

BANKRUPTCY AND RECEIVERSHIP

There is a large literature on the law of bankruptcy and receivership. Warren's, Noel's, and Dunscomb's works are useful historical studies of the history of insolvency and bankruptcy in the United States. Treatises on bankruptcy are listed below to represent various steps in the changes of federal bankruptcy legislation. High's and Tracy's works deal especially with the law of corporate receiverships. There is a dearth of studies of the actual conditions as to bankruptcy and receivership in business and the administration of the law. Lowenthal's work deals with weaknesses in railway receivership. The U. S. Congressional hearings of 1933 give further information about the conditions which called for new legislation.

872

G E N E R A L TOPICS

PART VI

Law and practice in bankruptcy. The practice in bankruptcy, with the bankrupt law of the United States as amended, and the rules and forms; together with notes referring to all decisions reported to January i, 1877. 9th ed. Ν. Y.: Baker, Voorhis & Co., 1877. Pp. xliii, 989.

4 1 4 6 . B U M P , ORLANDO F .

The law and practice in bankruptcy under the National Bankruptcy Act of 1898. 4th ed. by William H. Hotchkiss. 10th ed., with amendments of statutes and rules, and all decisions to April ι, 1914, by Frank B. Gilbert. Albany, N. Y.: Matthew Bender & Co., 1914 [c. 1898]. Pp. lxxx, 1513. 4 1 4 7 . COLLIER, W M . MILLER.

Detailed consideration of text of National Bankruptcy Act of 1898, section by section, and of practice as illustrated by cases. First published in 1898, this book has appeared in many subsequent editions which have brought the material up to date. Arranged topically and well indexed. Appendix contains Bankruptcy Acts of 1800, 1841, 1867, and 1898.

S. W H I T N E Y , JR. Bankruptcy: a study in comparative legislation. (Studies in history, economics and public law.) N. Y.: Columbia College, 1893. Pp· vii, 191-349. 4 1 4 8 . DUNSCOMB,

A consideration of bankruptcy in general—its effects, operations, and termination— with illustrations from European experience, and a survey of the national bankruptcy law and the insolvent laws of the several States.

4149. H I G H , JAMES L. A treatise on the law of receivers. 4th ed. Edited by Shirley T. High. Chicago: Callaghan & Co., 1910. Pp. lxvi, 1102. An important work on receivership published at a time when large corporate receiverships were becoming a great problem in law.

4150. LEWIS, ELMER Α., compiler. Bankruptcy laws of the United States. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1940. Pp. 278. Contains federal laws on bankruptcy from 1898 to 1940.

4151. LOWENTHAL, M A X . The investor pays. Ν. Y.: Knopf, 1933. Pp. 496, ix. Presented as a case study in receiverships: The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co., 1 9 2 5 - 3 1 .

"The recognition of American arrangements abroad," Univ. of Pennsylvania law review, vol. 90 (May, 1942), pp. 780808. 4 1 5 2 . NADELMANN, K U R T H .

A survey of the recognition by foreign countries of bankruptcy proceedings in U. S. courts and in general of the extraterritorial effects of bankruptcy. The history of

CH. 57

873

BUSINESS FAILURES

international efforts, especially f r o m 1879 to 1939, to secure treaty covering b a n k r u p t c y , is traced.

arrangements

A history of the bankruptcy law. Washington: Chas. H. Potter & Co., 1919. Pp. 209. Bibliog. 4 1 5 3 . N O E L , F . REGIS.

Historical sketch, ancient times to 20th century, chiefly the outstanding provisions of State a n d federal legislation in the United States since the Colonial period, with attention to sources and development of principles. 4 1 5 4 . O W E N , SAMUEL. A treatise on the law and practice of bankruptcy, with reference to the General Bankrupt Act, supported and illustrated by the English and American authorities. . . . N . Y.: John S. Voorhies, 1842. Pp. xxxii, 298. App.

Author h a d had experience in English courts in b a n k r u p t c y and insolvency. Written to explain national b a n k r u p t c y law of 1842 a n d the principles in English a n d American practice applicable under this Act. M a n y subsequent editions, revised as laws changed.

Corporate foreclosures, receiverships and reorganizations. Chicago: Callaghan & Co., 1929. Pp. xxiv, 647. Forms. 4155.

TRACY, J O H N EVARTS.

A textbook on practice for lawyers, with 143 forms given on pp. 409-621. Includes chapters on bondholders' protective committees, powers and duties of receiver, etc.

4156. [U. S.] CONGRESS. Investigation of bankruptcy and receivership proceedings in the United States courts : hearings before a special committee on investigation of bankruptcy and receivership proceedings in United States courts. U. S. Senate, 73d Congress, 2d sess., pursuant to S. Res. 78, a resolution authorizing the appointment of a special committee to investigate the administration of bankruptcy proceedings in United States courts, June 14 to November 22, 1933. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1934. Pp. iii, 1645· Record of hearings held in 1933-34. Contains some information, particularly on the financial side, a b o u t the administration of individual companies preceding b a n k r u p t c y , and especially on administration under receivers a n d trustees in b a n k r u p t c y under federal courts.

Bankruptcy in United States history. bridge: Harvard, 1935. Pp. 195. 4 1 5 7 . W A R R E N , CHARLES.

Cam-

Amplification of a series of lectures dealing with the history of b a n k r u p t c y under the Constitution, Congress, a n d the Supreme Court, and under State insolvency legislation. Relates b a n k r u p t c y law to conditions of the time, particularly to depressions. W r i t t e n by a lawyer and legal historian.

874

G E N E R A L TOPICS

PART VI

4 1 5 8 . WILLISTON, SAMUEL, editor. Selected cases and statutes on the law of bankruptcy. Cambridge: Harvard Law Review Publishing Association, 1902. Pp. xix, 646.

C H A P T E R 58. E D U C A T I O N FOR BUSINESS The most important school of business has always been business itself. T h a t is a fundamental fact which must be recognized in any consideration of the subject. Training in the area of skills over long periods in the past has been obtained largely through apprenticeship, and training in the area of administration has been a matter of experience in the management end of business. Beginning somewhere in medieval times, however, specialized efforts developed outside business for preparing young men for business. It was under mercantile capitalism, beginning in the Italian towns, that training for business came to be thought of as something to be done apart from business. In this system arose both a literature and specialized schools. Private schools (usually a single master) first arose in Italian mercantile cities, and then in the Low Countries, England, France, and the English colonies in America. These generally taught writing, bookkeeping, commercial law, commercial practices, commercial geography of a kind, foreign weights and measures, and so on. Training in the trades continued to be the function of apprenticeship. Under industrial capitalism training in both trade and business skills was done more and more in successive decades in specialized schools, at first outside business and later also within it. The place of apprenticeship was taken by a variety of schools: mechanics institutes, trade schools of various kinds (public, private, and charity), and company and industry or association schools. Higher technical training, which under mercantile capitalism had been the concern of government military schools, under industrial capitalism came to be provided by specialized technical and engineering schools. At the same time training of the clerk grew in several directions: (1) single and chains of private commercial schools or "colleges," even in thirdrate towns; (2) commercial courses in public secondary schools; and (3) correspondence schools. The correspondence school, which like the public secondary school served both the mechanic and the clerk, had a rapid growth from about the end of the nineteenth century. I t became the school of the petty capitalist, mechanic, and clerk in town communities and even of many ambitious petty capitalists and also industrial and clerical workers in large business concerns in metropolitan centers.

CH. 58

EDUCATION FOR BUSINESS

87S

None of the above types of schools gave formal training for business administration. Top administrators were trained within business whether they entered as engineers, lawyers, graduates of liberal arts colleges, or without advanced education. Formal education for administration was the last to be provided for. The first effort in this direction in the United States was the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, established in 1881. The Wharton School and others established later, including the Graduate School of Business Administration at Harvard University, early began to give courses in business organization, public policy, economic resources, and accounting, but the teaching in most of the schools was dominated by university departments of economics. The Harvard Business School also offered instruction in accounting, production, marketing, and finance; other schools developed in the same direction. It is a moot question whether those schools have really taught business administration in such a way as to train top administrators. Unquestionably some of the business education at the university level has in the last decade or two added to training in certain basic skills the study of policy and of over-all administration. The materials on education for business do not fall into neat categories. Books of a general nature or covering several kinds of schools or training are found in the first section; others are listed under the type of school with which they chiefly deal. A useful, brief, descriptive survey is A History oj Business Education by Haynes and Jackson. A more extended treatment is Leverett S. Lyon's Education for Business. There is no recent general book. There is a dearth of good general studies or monographs in this field. Material exists—pamphlet materials, government records, and the records of schools—from which studies could be made which would throw light on the history of both education and business. Only a few samples of such materials are listed below. A . GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

See also Hunt's Worth and Wealth (4237). 4159. HAYNES, B E N J A M I N R . , and HARRY P. JACKSON. A history of business education in the United States. Cincinnati: South-Western Pub. Co. [c. 1935]. Pp. 159. A useful historical survey, Colonial period to the present, of schools, texts, teachers, curriculum, students, aims, etc. Deals largely with business education in public secondary schools and correspondence schools; contains one chapter on collegiate schools of business. Based on monographs and other secondary works.

876

G E N E R A L TOPICS

PART VI

4160. H E R R I C K , C H E E S M A N A. Meaning and practice of commercial education. Ν. Y.: Macmillan, 1904. Pp. xv, 378. A plea for a broader education for business men.

4161. L Y O N , LEVERETT S. Education for business. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press [c. 1931, ist ed., c. 1922]. Pp. xvi, 586. Tables, charts, forms. Chapters on current organization and work, with something on history, of types of schools training for business: private commercial or business schools, correspondence schools, company training, public secondary courses and schools of commerce, and collegiate schools of business. Mostly concerned with education on the clerk level.

Industrial education: a system of training for men entering upon trade and commerce. (Hart, Schaffner & Marx prize essays.) Boston: Houghton, 1907. Pp. 86. Charts. 4 1 6 2 . PERSON, HARLOW STAFFORD.

Chief value is that it shows recognition of need of training in management.

4163. SMITH, J . G. "Education for business in Great Britain," Journal of political economy, vol. xxxvi (1928), pp. 1 - 5 2 . Partly historical description of training for business at secondary and university levels. Useful for comparison with American. 4 1 6 4 . [U. S.] BUREAU OF LABOR. Twenty-fifth annual report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1910: Industrial education. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1911. Pp. 822. Tables. Philanthropic, Y.M.C.A., public industrial, correspondence, university, and apprentice (company) industrial schools. Chiefly courses of instruction. Bibliography on schools and instruction in U. S. and Europe. Similar reports also issued in 1892 and 1902. B.

APPRENTICESHIP

The history of gilds gives some insight into early apprentice training. T h e story of educational and legal aspects of Colonial apprenticeship is told by Robert Francis Seybolt in Apprenticeship & Apprenticeship Education in Colonial New England & New York. American Apprenticeship and Industrial Education by Paul H. Douglas surveys historically this form of education. The Engineering Magazine, which was established in 1891, contains a number of articles on apprenticeship systems in specific firms. Statistics on apprenticeship are found in the decennial census reports as follows: i860, pp. 5 6 5 - 6 7 7 ; 1880, vol. i; 1890, vol. iii; 1900, vol. ii; and 1910, vol. iv. EDWARD W . "Relation of trades-unions to apprentices," Quarterly journal of economics (Oct., 1891), vol." vi, pp. 76-93.

4 1 6 5 . BEMIS,

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E D U C A T I O N FOR

877

BUSINESS

American apprenticeship and industrial education. (Studies in history, economics and public law.) Ν. Y.: Columbia Univ., 1921. Pp.348. Tables, classified bibliog.

4 1 6 6 . DOUGLAS, P A U L H .

The development and decline of apprenticeship, chiefly Colonial days to 20th century, and a survey of modern substitutes and the educational requirements of modern industry. JAMES M . Apprenticeship in American trade unions. (Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1907. Pp. 122.

4 1 6 7 . MOTLEY,

An historical account (chiefly 19th century), with information about specific trades; and a survey of the extent, nature, and purpose of current union apprenticeship regulations.

Apprenticeship & apprenticeship education in Colonial New England & New York. (Teachers College, Columbia University, contributions to education.) Ν. Y.: Teachers College, Columbia Univ., 1917. Pp. 121. Classified bibliog. 4 1 6 8 . SEYBOLT, R O B E R T F R A N C I S .

A description of the system, chiefly of its legislative and educational aspects, the English system and its modification in the Colonies. Based on a study of Colonial records, wills, indentures, etc. C.

C O M P A N Y AND ASSOCIATION

SCHOOLS

Greene's book, below, is mostly concerned with recent training. Lyon's Education for Business ( 4 1 6 1 ) contains some information on company schools. Nystrom's Economics of Retailing ( 1 2 9 2 ) contains a survey of the history of retail store training. Below are listed only a few samples from an extensive specialized, mostly recent, literature. 4 1 6 9 . AMERICAN BANKING.

INSTITUTE

Catalogue,

OF B A N K I N G ,

THE

GRADUATE SCHOOL

OF

1935—.

Announcement, with descriptions of courses, of short summer session and extension work from August to June, giving courses in administrative problems in banking and trust institutions designed for bank officers and graduates from the regular course of the Institute. Faculty from universities, chiefly, and business. BEATTY, A L B E R T J A M E S . Corporation schools. Bloomington, 111.: Public School Publishing Co., 1918. Pp. 152. Diag., bibliog. a. . A comparative study of corporation schools as to their organization, administration, and methods of instruction. [Urbana, 111., 1 9 1 8 . ] P p . 1 1 6 . Diag., bibliog. 4170.

4 1 7 1 . G R E E N E , J A M E S H. Organized training in business. Rev. ed. Harper, 1937. Pp. xxi, 350. Tables, charts, apps., bibliog.

Ν.

Y.:

G E N E R A L TOPICS

878

PART V I

Current analysis of objectives, problems, organizations, and methods in training for business by schools and training on the job by companies. Based in large part on materials supplied by business men with interest and experience in the field.

4172. HASKINS, C. W. The scope of banking education: an address before the New York Chapter American Institute of Bank Clerks, New York, November 21, 1901. Reprinted from Bankers' magazine, December, 1901. Ν . Y.: Bradford Rhodes & Co., 1901. Pp. 11. A brief survey of banking education in colleges and universities. 4 1 7 3 . NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CORPORATION T R A I N I N G .

Annual Pro-

ceedings. 1 9 1 3 - 1 9 2 1 . Ν . Y . Excellent for the study of corporation schools. D.

PRIVATE B U S I N E S S SCHOOLS

There is no separate study of individual schools or general work on the privaté business school or "college." Since those schools have given to a large number of men and women the only formal training they have had, this lack is a serious one. Besides the items below, see books in section A, above. and JAMES ROYSTON. The British mercantile academy: or the accomplished merchant. London: J. & P. Knapton, 1750. Pp. 54. 4 1 7 4 . POSTLETHWAYT, MALACHY,

Holds that training in counting houses may or may not be adequate and proposes plan for a school to train merchants in accounting, business correspondence, arithmetic, foreign money values, exchange, foreign customs and trade regulations and law, shipping, work of factors and agents, knowledge of domestic "funds and stocks," etc. Represents type of business education useful in mercantile capitalism. 4 1 7 5 . SEYBOLT, ROBERT FRANCIS. Source studies in American colonial education: the private school. (Bureau of Educational Research, College of Education, Bulletin no. 28.) Urbana, 111.: Univ. of Illinois, 1925. Pp. 109. a. . The evening school in Colonial America. (Bureau of Educational Research, College of Education, Bulletin no. 24.) Urbana, 111.: Univ. of Illinois, 1925. Pp. 68. Chap, ra in Bulletin 28 and Bulletin 24 give names of masters, fees, and subjects taught in private day and evening schools in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston, S. C. Training given in technical and mercantile subjects, chiefly for foreign shipping and trade: geometry, trigonometry, navigation, astronomy, and surveying; arithmetic, penmanship, bookkeeping, accounting, business instruments, and languages. Schools similar to those in English port towns in 17th and 18th centuries.

CH. 58

EDUCATION FOR BUSINESS

879

4 1 7 6 . WATT, THOMAS. An essay on the proper method for forming the man of business. London, 1716. Pp.43. A teacher, w h o prepares young m e n for w o r k in merchants' countinghouses in his school, which he calls " T h e Accountants' Office for Qualifying Young Gentlemen for Business" (boarding and day school), explains w h a t is taught—writing and correspondence, arithmetic, accounting, geography. P r o b a b l y typical of private schools in p o r t or mercantile t o w n s preparing for business. E.

ENGINEERING INSTITUTES AND UNIVERSITY SCHOOLS

No attempt has been made to cover below the vast literature on higher engineering education but merely to give a few samples of materials. A chapter in American education: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1824-1924. N. Y.: Scribner's, 1924. Pp. ix, 170. 4 1 7 7 . BAKER, RAY PALMER.

Sketches the history of instruction a t the "first college devoted to the sciences which has existed continuously for a hundred years. . . . " A chapter on "Business and I n d u s t r y " illustrates the importance of its technically trained men to business f r o m early days. ISAAC EDWARDS. Industrial and technical training in schools of technology and in United States Land Grant Colleges. Part 4 of Art and industry: Education in the industrial and fine arts in the United States. U. S. Bureau of Education. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1898. Pp. Ivi, 1020. 4 1 7 8 . CLARKE,

A mine of i n f o r m a t i o n on technological a n d t r a d e schools in United States, G r e a t Britain, a n d Germany. Statements of leaders in such schools a b o u t objectives a n d methods, reports on w o r k done and methods used in individual schools, etc. Worcester Polytechnic, Rose Polytechnic (Terre H a u t e ) , Sheffield Scientific School, university technological schools, etc. Shows need for men in industry with specialized training in mechanical " a r t s " and engineering. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Annual catalogue. 1865/66—, a. . Annual report of the president and treasurer. 1871/72—.

4 1 7 9 . MASSACHUSETTS

I m p o r t a n t series for the study of the development of engineering education. 4 1 8 0 . MENDENHALL, T . C. "Scientific, technical, and engineering education," pages 551-592 in Monographs on education in the United States, edited by Nicholas Murray Butler. Albany, N. Y.: J. B. Lyon Co., 1900.

4181. PARK, CLYDE W. Ambassador to industry: the idea and life of Herman Schneider. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill [1943]. Pp.324. Illus.

880

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

A pioneer in industrial education w h o devised a plan for the University of Cincinnati of cooperating with local manufacturing concerns in part-time w o r k and parttime schooling in engineering.

4182. TAYLOR, HERBERT FOSTER. Seventy years of the Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Worcester, Mass.: printed by the Davis Press, 1937. Pp. vii, 415. Illus., diag. F.

T R A D E A N D C O M M E R C I A L S C H O O L S ON T H E S E C O N D A R Y L E V E L

See also "Scientific, Technical, and Engineering Education" ( 4 1 8 0 ) . 4183.

A M E R I C A N A C A D E M Y OF P O L I T I C A L AND S O C I A L S C I E N C E .

Industrial

Education. Philadelphia: The Academy, 1909. Pp. iii, 224. Articles b y authorities on the following: the National Society for the Promotion of Industrial E d u c a t i o n ; vocational and trade teaching in public schools; elementary trade teaching;

the Secondary

Industrial School of

Columbus, Georgia;

part-time

trade schools; public evening trade schools; the short-course trade school; technical education at

the Polytechnic

Institute, B r o o k l y n ;

company

apprentice and

trade

schools; labor unions and industrial education; etc.

4184. ANDERSON, LEWIS FLINT. History of manual and industrial school education. N . Y . : Appleton [c. 1926]. P p . xiii, 251. Illus., table, chap, refs. A brief survey of development—of ideas particularly—in Europe and America, 17th to 20th century.

4 1 8 5 . BENNETT, CHARLES ALPHEUS.

H i s t o r y of m a n u a l a n d

industrial

education up to 1870. Peoria, 111.: Manual Arts Press [1926]. Pp. 461. Illus., chap, bibliog. a. . History of manual and industrial education, 1870 to 1917. Peoria, 111.: Manual Arts Press [c. 1937]. Pp. 566. Illus., chap, bibliog. T h e first volume is a useful survey of development of ideas and institutions in Europe and America. School substitute for apprenticeship, mechanics' institute m o v e ment, lyceum movement, higher technical education

(civil and mechanical engineer-

ing, especially), shows growth of recognition of new needs under industrial capitalism. T h e second volume carries the story to the 1930's.

4 1 8 6 . BRUNDAGE, H . D . , a n d C . R . RICHARDS. " A selected b i b l i o g r a p h y on

industrial education," National Education Association Proceedings, 1910, pp.

116-123.

F o r secondary schools, only.

C h . 58

EDUCATION FOR BUSINESS

881

4187. CARLTON, F R A N K T. Education and industrial evolution. Ν. Y.: Macmillan, 1913 [c. 1908]. Pp. xiv, 320. A useful general work. CLARKE, ISAAC EDWARDS. Industrial and manual training in public schools. Part 2 of Art and industry. (U. S. Bureau of Education.) Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1892. Pp. cxlviii, 1338. 4188.

Contains material f r o m report of Industrial Education Association, reports f r o m public schools on their work in industrial education, statements from prominent men, description of manual training in United States and abroad. A cross section of opinion and practice t h a t gives much evidence on the whole industrial education movement on the secondary school level. GRAHAM, JESSIE. The evolution of business education in the United States and its implications for business-teacher education. (Southern California education monographs.) Los Angeles, Calif.: Univ. of Southern California Press [c. 1933]. Pp. xxiii, 228. Tables, forms, classified bibliog. 4189.

Study of changing aims and curricula in business education in secondary schools in the U. S., Colonial days to present. Based on printed materials. H A Y N E S , B E N J A M I N R., and JESSIE GRAHAM. Research in business education. Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles: C. C. Crawford [c. 1932]. Pp. 232. Bibliog. 4190.

Considers the condition of American business education on the clerk level. 4 1 9 1 . JAMES, E D M U N D J . The education of business men: a view of the organization and courses of study in the commercial high schools of Europe. A report to the American Bankers' Association. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1898. Pp. xxi, 232. Illus., bibliog.

A report of the author's investigations of European institutions—history, origin, development, curricula, etc.—made for the Association. Shows leadership of Germany and Austria as compared with France and especially Great Britain, in careful training for the clerk and lower management levels. A partial report of this investigation had been published in the Proceedings of 1892 and separately as Education of Business Men—in. A plea for the establishment of Commercial High Schools (American Bankers' Association, Ν. Y., 1893, pp. 1 7 1 ) . Some of those European schools later developed a more advanced education for business. 4 1 9 2 . K A H N , JOSEPH, and JOSEPH J . K L E I N . Principles and methods in commercial education. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1916. Pp. xiv, 439. Chap, notes, bibliogs.

An excellent description and appraisal of current principles and methods in commercial education in secondary schools. Emphasis on broad training as contrasted with t h a t of "business colleges."

GENERAL

882

TOPICS

PART V I

4193. K E L L Y , ROY WILLMARTH. Training industrial workers . . . . Ν. Y.: Ronald, 1920. Pp. xxi, 437. Illus., diags., bibliog. 4 1 9 4 . MARVIN, CLOYD HECK. Commercial education in secondary schools. Ν . Y.: Holt, 1922. Pp. vii, 216. Tables, charts, bibliog. Historical and current surveys of courses and curricula of schools, together with factors influencing them.

Good chronological summary of development in 19th and

20th centuries.

J. B. The retail selling course in Pittsburgh high schools. (General series no. 2.) Prepared by the Research Bureau for Retail Training. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Carnegie Institute of Technology [c. 1 9 2 1 ] . Pp. ix, 54. Table.

4 1 9 5 . MINER,

Problems of starting, and a description of the methods and curricula of, such a course. Represents a new development in business training in secondary schools.

4196.

EDUCATION ASSOCIATION. Addresses and proceedings. Washington: National Education Association.

NATIONAL

1892—.

Contains addresses delivered at the annual meetings of the Business

Education

Department which point to changes in business training on the secondary school level.

4197. PROFITT, MARIS MARION. Private and endowed schools offering trade and industrial courses . . . . Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1928. Pp. iii, 50. Directories of trade schools, industrial education, and technical education in U . S.

4198. RICHARDS, CHARLES RUSSELL. Industrial training. Albany, N. Y.: State Department of Labor, 1909. Pp. vi, 394. " A selected bibliography on industrial education," pages 357-394.

4199. ROMAN, FREDERICK W. The industrial and commercial schools of the United States and Germany. A comparative study. N. Y.: Putnam, 1 9 1 5 . Pp. XV, 382. P p . 158-382 deal historically with American schools and types of schools.

Trade

schools: endowed by individuals, aided b y State and municipality, charity

schools,

Y . M . C . A . and Y . W . C . A . schools, private industrial schools, correspondence

schools.

Commercial schools: private "colleges," commercial high schools, departments in high and normal schools. Ends w i t h an analysis of existing industrial education as author saw it, pointing out needed changes.

The roots of vocational education; a survey of the origins of trade and industrial education found in industry, education, legislation and social progress. N . Y.: Wiley, 1931. Pp. xi, 310. 4200. SEARS, WILLIAM PAUL.

Classified bibliography, pages 295-304.

CH. 58

E D U C A T I O N FOR BUSINESS

883

4 2 0 1 . U N I T E D STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION. A n n u a l r e p o r t s of t h e C o m -

missioner of Education. 1868-1917. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off. Reports contain chapters and statistics on business education. 4 2 0 2 . UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, SCHOOL OF BUSINESS. P r o c e e d i n g s of the

University of Chicago Conference on Business Education: Reconstruction of business education in secondary schools. Ν. Y . : Gregg Publishing Co. [c. 1933]. Pp. vi, 99. Addresses at annual conferences on business education in secondary schools conducted by School of Business, Chicago University. Interest in (1) training for business, and (2) education of general public to understanding of business. Topics: teaching business subjects, consumer education, money management, business education for everybody, business as a social institution.

G. 4203.

Y.M.C.A.

[YOUNG M E N ' S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION.]

E d u c a t i o n a l w o r k in t h e

Young Men's Christian Association . . . , by E. L. Shuey, and a discussion, at the International convention . . . , Indianapolis, Ind., May 10-14, 1893. P p · I 0 · a. . Association educational work for men and boys . . . [by] Geo. B. Hodge. . . . Ν . Y . : Association Press [c. 1912], pp. 256. Illus. b. . Educational work of the Young Men's Christian Association, 1916-18, by William Orr. (U. S. Bur. of Educ., Bulletin, 1919, no. 53.) Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1919. Pp. 60. c. . Educational work of the Young Men's Christian Association, by William F. Hirsch. (U. S. Bur. of Educ., Bulletin, 1923, no. 7.) Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1923. Pp. 25. Y.M.C.A. has been a leader in the development of adult night-school training for business. See also the annual reports of the Educational Department, especially for 1905 and 1915-16. Many textbooks and series of books have been published by the Association Press in New York on foremanship, salesmanship, foreign trade, public utilities, real estate business, etc. H.

CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS

The correspondence school deserves more consideration from the historian than it has received. T o be sure neither the quality of the work nor the ethics of some such schools has been creditable, but certain correspondence schools have placed splendid materials in the hands of ambitious men whose only opportunity for book training has come in that way. Examples of those materials are listed below. For a general treatment of the schools see Lyon's Education for Business

884

GENERAL TOPICS

PART V I

(4161). Consult Moody's Industrials for textbook companies affiliated with correspondence schools. For a bibliography, see Solow, below. 4204. Business administration. 18 vols. Chicago : La Salle Extension Univ. T h e volumes in this outstanding series of books used in correspondence courses are: Business Psychology, 1915, by Hugo Münsterberg; Personal Efficiency, Applied Salesmanship, and Sales Administration, 1921, by Irving R . Allen; Business Law I and Business Law II, by Samuel D. Hirsch; Business English, 1914, by Edwin Herbert Lewis; Business Economics, 1915, by Ernest Ludlow Bogart; Industrial Organization and Management, 19x5, by Hugo Diemer; American Banking, 19x6, by Henry Parker Willis; Investments and Speculation, 1920, by Louis Guenther; Organizing a Business, 1915, by Maurice H. Robinson; Financing a Business, 1920, by Elmer H. Y o u n g m a n ; Advertising, 1918, by Ε. H. Kastor; Retail Store Management, 1917, by Paul N y strom; Credits and Collections, 1916, by Edward M . Skinner, R. S. White, and H. E . Kramer; Railway Regulation, 1915, by I. L . Sharfman; Ocean Traffic and Trade, by B. Olney H o u g h ; Principles of Accounting, by Stephen Gilman; and Office Organization and Management, 1918, by C. C. Parsons. M a n y of the volumes or parts of volumes were written by outstanding specialists, educators, and business and professional men. On the whole, this course represents a high level of correspondence school work. The above dates may not represent the earliest editions. Courses were also offered in foremanship, accounting, secretarial work, engineering, etc.

4205. Complete bulletin of the American School. Published quarterly. Chicago: American School. Established in 1897 in Boston and moved to Chicago in 1902, this is one of the oldest commercial correspondence schools in the country. A school for vocational training by mail, in business and various mechanical or engineering lines as well as high school preparation. The Complete Bulletin over a period shows nature of courses offered, the quality of the work, and changes in the work of the School from time to time. 4 2 0 6 . D I E M E R , H U G O , MEYER BLOOMFIELD, D A N I E L BLOOMFIELD, E .

F.

DAHN, and others. Modern foremanship course. Chicago: La Salle Extension Univ., 1921. A b o u t 15 manuals have been issued dealing with the work force, leadership, foreman's training, the foreman and job analysis, the flow of work, foreman as stockkeeper, etc. The first book gives a brief but concise analysis of the foreman's job as a whole. 4 2 0 7 . FOSTER, T H O M A S J . Examples of success by correspondence training. Scranton, Pa. [c. 1912 by International Textbook Co.]. Pp. xxviii, 232. Author, president of International Correspondence Schools, Scranton, Pa. Brief history of the school, short sketches of 1,000 former students of the school, indicating

CH. 58

885

EDUCATION FOR BUSINESS

name, location, age, position and salary at time of enrollment in course, and nature of position and work at the time reporting. Gives excellent indication of the types of persons and occupations served by the school. 4 2 0 8 . INTERNATIONAL

LIBRARY

OF

TECHNOLOGY.

Foreign

exchange,

money and currency, Canadian banking. Scranton, Pa.: International T e x t book Co. [c. 1 9 0 8 ] . v.p. a.

. T h e making of an executive.

Scranton, Pa.: International

Textbook Co., 1 9 2 2 . v.p. These are only two examples of a large series distributed by the International Correspondence Schools of Scranton, Pa. The first book is designed to give working knowledge of foreign exchange and general banking. Defines terms, explains methods and techniques, gives examples of business instruments, sketches historical background, etc. Well planned and presented. Useful on clerk level. The second book is on a higher level, that of manager. It considers the qualifications of the executive and his work, personnel relations, organization methods, and operating techniques in various types of work and departments. Scores of such volumes, published by the International Textbook Co., were used by the International Correspondence Schools and other schools. See Business Man's Pocketbook (4087), for brief history of I.C.S. and statement of courses it offered in various fields of mechanical work and engineering, architecture, metal work, commerce, languages, etc. 4 2 0 9 . JOHNSON, JOSEPH FRENCH, first editor-in-chief. Modern Business. A series of texts prepared as part of the modern business course and service. Ν . Y . : Alexander Hamilton Institute. The Alexander Hamilton Institute was organized in 1909 to supply materials (correspondence courses) for the study of business on the part of those already in executive or semi-executive positions and "young men who have brains and ambition to become business executives." Its founder was Joseph French Johnson of the New York University School of Commerce, who was long the editor-in-chief of its publications. The book Forging Ahead in Business, first published by the Institute in 1913 explains (p. 119) the work of the Institute and gives a note on each member of the advisory council and staff, which were made up of business and professional men and university specialists in business subjects. The first texts were issued in 1909 and new ones were issued from time to time. The following list gives the texts, written mostly by members of faculty of New York University, as issued by 1911: Economics of Business, Edward Sherwood Meade; Organization and Management, Lee Galloway; Selling, R. S. Butler; Credits, Lee Galloway; Traffic, Philip B. Kennedy; Advertising, Lee Galloway; Business Correspondence, G. B. Hotchkiss; Accounting Practice, Leo Grecndlinger ; Corporation Finance, William H. Lough ; Money and Banking, Earl Dean H o w a r d ; Banking Practice, H. M. Jefferson; Foreign Exchange, Franklin Escher; Investment and Speculation, Thomas Conway and Albert W. Atwood; Insurance, Edward R. H a r d y ; Real Estate, Walter Lindner; Auditing, Seymour Walton; Cost Accounts, Stephen Gilman; Commercial Law, Charles W. Gerstenberg.

GENERAL

886

PART V I

TOPICS

Changes h a v e since been made in the authors, titles, and content of the volumes. These changes h a v e been in the direction of greater emphasis on marketing, investm e n t finance, and management (including labor) and of m a r k e d specialization within the various functions. A student could take a general course or a specialized one. In the history of business this series is significant: it s h o w s w h a t w a s being taught, a n d inferentially w h a t not, to hundreds of thousands of "business executives" or a m bitious y o u n g m e n ; it reflects changes in business since 1909; and it reflects business thought of the time.

4 2 1 0 . SOLOW, HERBERT. "Correspondence Schools," Encyclopaedia of the social sciences, vol. i ν ( 1 9 3 1 ) . U s e f u l , w i t h b i b l i o g r a p h y listing several good

I.

articles.

U N I V E R S I T Y SCHOOLS OF B U S I N E S S

N o one has traced the history of the university schools of business, though such a history would fill an important chapter in the history of business education. Study of the catalogs of the Wharton School founded in 1881 at the University of Pennsylvania would illustrate the beginnings and development of a pioneering and important college of commerce; study of similar publications of the Graduate School of Business Administration founded in 1908 at Harvard University would illustrate a somewhat different trend in business education, that is, with the emphasis on the teaching of business administration and the use of materials drawn directly from business. See also L y o n ' s Education 4211.

AMERICAN

Proceedings.

for Business

ASSOCIATION

OF

(4161).

COLLEGIATE

SCHOOLS

OF

BUSINESS.

1919.

Addresses a n d discussion on objectives, issues, curricula, methods of teaching, etc. R e v e a l s something of philosophy financial

fessional level. 4212.

of business and business education in periods of

a n d national capitalism and of m o v e m e n t to put business education on pro-

THE

Valuable. ASSOCIATION

OF

COLLEGIATE

SCHOOLS

OF

BUSINESS.

Social

studies in secondary schools: the commission on correlation of secondary and collegiate education, with particular reference to business education. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press [c. 1 9 2 2 ] . Pp. x, 1 1 7 . Tables, classified bibliog. A report in connection w i t h a study of appropriate correlation of secondary and collegiate education.

Emphasizes preparatory

list of b o o k s and articles.

work

for collegiate school.

Extensive

CH. 58

EDUCATION FOR BUSINESS

887

BOSSARD, JAMES H . S., and J . FREDERIC DEWHURST. University education for business: a study of existing needs and practices. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1931. Pp. xii, 578. Tables. 4213.

A comprehensive "fact-finding r e p o r t " of an investigation made for and under the auspices of the faculty of the W h a r t o n School of Finance and Commerce, which surveys the demands and occupational opportunities of modern business and the training and qualifications necessary. T h e study is based on "information obtained by the authors f r o m collegiate and university schools of business and their graduates, f r o m men of affairs, and f r o m the study of books." P a r t HI deals with the development of higher education f o r business; p a r t iv, on " T h e curricula of the collegiate schools of business," contains information on specific subjects, their content and number, and the hours, years, and where they are taught, fields of specialization, and so on.

4214. B O W I E , JAMES A. Education for business management: the case for the further development of educational facilities. London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1930. Pp. viii, 200. Bibliog. A t h o u g h t f u l consideration of the new responsibilities of business and the kind of education for management needed under changed industrial and business conditions in the United States and Great Britain.

4215. [Business education, collegiate and secondary.] Journal of political economy, vol. xxi ( 1 9 1 3 ) , pp. 97-135 and 185-242. Contains articles on: collegiate training in commerce and business at Chicago University (Leon C. Marshall), the W h a r t o n School of Pennsylvania University (Roswell M c C r e a ) , the Amos T u c k School of D a r t m o u t h College (H. S. Person), Wisconsin University (William A. Scott), and Northwestern University (Willard E. Hotchkiss) ; high school commercial education, especially at the New Y o r k High School of Commerce ( J a m e s J . S h e p p a r d ) , and at the Boston High School of C o m merce (James E. Downey) ; and "Some Propositions concerning University Instruction in Business Administration," by E d w a r d D. Jones of the University of Michigan. These articles give much insight into the then current or developing ideas on the objectives and content of business education and the actual courses, organization of schools, etc. Valuable. D O N H A M , WALLACE B . "Business teaching by the case system," American economic review, vol. xii, no. 1 (Mar., 1922), pp. 53-65. 4216.

An early statement of a new method of teaching business developed under the influence of the teaching of law by the case method. D O N H A M , WALLACE B . "The emerging profession of business," and "The social significance of business," Harvard business review, vol. v, no.

4217.

4 (July, 1927), PP· 401-419·

888

GENERAL TOPICS

PART

VI

Emphasizes necessity of training business men to take social point of view and develop professional standards of conduct and to supply leadership in the change in society resulting f r o m rapid scientific advance. Holds t h a t bar, church, and medicine can no longer give necessary leadership, b u t t h a t "business men have the effective control over the mechanisms produced by science and therefore for the type of control exercised." D O N H A M , WALLACE B . "The unfolding of collegiate business training," Harvard graduates' magazine, Mar., 1921, pp. 333-347. 4218.

Aims, courses of study, educational methods, and some problems in training for business.

4219. Education of business men. An address before the convention of the American Bankers' Association at Saratoga, September 3, 1890, by Edmund J. James . . . . Plan of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy. Proceedings of the Association relative to the address of Professor James, and upon the founding of schools of finance and economy. Ν. Y.: pub. by William B. Greene, secretary, 1891. Pp. 39. M e m b e r of faculty of first collegiate school of commerce speaks on the education of business men in U. S. and the nature of the training given by, and objectives of, the W h a r t o n School of Finance and Economy. Sees limitations of liberal arts college and ordinary business school in training for business. Appendix lists and describes courses, etc. WILLARD EUGENE. Higher education and business standards. (Barbara Weinstock lectures on the morals of trade.) Boston: Houghton, 1918. Pp. 109. 4 2 2 0 . HOTCHKISS,

A university ent, some of training as an intelligent and

director of business education considered, in America's past and presthe larger ethical problems of business and pointed to professional aid in solving them. Stressed scientific approach to business and more sympathetic handling of h u m a n relations, which was his special field.

4 2 2 1 . M A R S H A L L , L . C., and others, editors. The collegiate school of business: its status at the close of the first quarter of the twentieth century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press [c. 1928]. Pp. ix, 468. Tables, charts.

A collection of previously published articles on education in the United States and Europe, with some historical material included. Its chief contribution is a survey of aims, curriculum, etc., based on returns of a questionnaire.

4222. Proceedings of the Stanford conference on business education. (Stanford business series, no. 1.) Stanford Univ., Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press [c. 1926]. Pp. x, 214. Apps.

CH. 59

"SUCCESS" A N D S E L F - H E L P L I T E R A T U R E

889

Conference of members of administration and faculties of collegiate schools of business and business men on the subject of advanced education for business on the occasion of the opening of the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University. Critical analysis and appraisal of the work of the graduate schools of business with respect to needs and opportunities in business, particularly at the executive level.

4223. U N I V E R S I T Y OF ILLINOIS. Conference on commercial education and business progress, in connection with the dedication of the commerce building, April sixteen and seventeen, nineteen hundred and thirteen. UrbanaChampaign, 111.: The University, 1913. Pp. 157. Illus. "Origin and progress of business education in the United States," by Edmund J. James (pp. 51-66) deals with some of the early experiences and problems of the Wharton School of Finance and Economy.

4224. V A N D E R L I P , F R A N K A. Business and education. N . Y.: Duffield & Co., 1909. Pp. 562. A banker, who was much inclined to be liberal on social questions, talks about business and society early in the century. Education of business man, expansion of America's foreign trade, social legislation in Europe (especially old-age pensions), business conditions in Europe. Especially interested in larger problems in the relations of society and business.

D . "Dedication address," Harvard business review, vol. ν, no. 4 (July, 1 9 2 7 ) , pp. 385-394. 4 2 2 5 . YOUNG, OWEN

Sees emergence of the profession of business and the need of business men's assuming group responsibility in regard to conflicts and problems in society.

C H A P T E R 59. " S U C C E S S " A N D S E L F - H E L P L I T E R A T U R E FOCUSSED ON BUSINESS Below are samples of a stream of books which had its source in mercantile capitalism. T h e extent and influence of this literature there is no way of measuring, but that its influence has been considerable there is no doubt. T h e business historian finds in these books suggestions as to what have from time to time been considered the necessary knowledge and the personal qualities contributing to business success. Especially significant is the "success" literature, one of the lucrative fields of literary effort in the past two generations. T h e Alger books represent one type; the works of Samuel Smiles in the nineteenth century, Orison Swett Marden in the early twentieth, and, more recently, H . N . Casson represent another, as do also Dale Carnegie's writings of recent years. This literature has generally been directed toward the enterprising white-collar

890

G E N E R A L TOPICS

PART

VI

worker or the petty capitalist. Its central thread is administration, particularly its management aspects. It has drawn on prevailing ethical and social ideals and practical common sense in setting forth the qualities that make for success. Much of it is superficial and may have done more harm than good from the individual as well as the social point of view. T o the student of business history, however, it is useful not only as an indication of an influence working on the young man of the time but also as a mirror of social attitudes toward business and contemporary mores with respect to business. There is another type of literature which has had a more tangible influence, that varied assortment of special sets of business books known as "executive libraries," "businessmen's reading courses," etc., which first appeared in noticeable volume when correspondence schools began to flourish. Many are superficial, some are excellent; the sum total indicates a recognition of a real need. Many of this latter type are scattered throughout the GUIDE.

4226. BOK, EDWARD. The young man in business. (Character and wisdom series.) Ν . Y . : H. M . Caldwell Co. [c. 1900]. Pp. 30. A n interesting statement by a publisher, apparently based on experience, of what makes for success in business. Qualities of personality and character, use of time, education, morals and ethics, etc.

4227. CARNEGIE, ANDREW, and other contributors. Personality in business. (Business man's library.) Chicago: The System Co., 1910. Pp. vii, 197. Portraits. Emphasizes the human elements in business, reflecting experience and current popular thought: personal influence of executive and employee, good public relations, judgment of men, and policy and management in general. Probably written from interviews with contributors.

4228. CASSON, HERBERT N . The axioms of business, [ist ed., 1915.] London: The Efficiency Magazine [1936 ( ? ) ] . Pp. 135. States and explains sixteen "axioms," simple and practical lessons of experience, that should be remembered by business men. One of "70 Casson Books and 40 Bulletins," published by The Efficiency Magazine, listed in the back of this book. Casson success books were also published in America by B. C. Forbes Publishing Co., New Y o r k (see, for instance, Making Money Happily, 1926). These constitute an important group in popular (and influential) business success literature, which shows the adoption of American methods in England. The author, who was born in Canada and worked in America and England as editor and writer, was an exponent of the personal efficiency movement.

CH. 59

"SUCCESS" AND SELF-HELP

LITERATURE

891

Acres of diamonds; or, how men get rich honestly. . . . Philadelphia: Temple Magazine Pub. Co. [c. 1893]. Pp. 482, 10. Illus., forms. 4 2 2 9 . C o N W E L L , RUSSELL H .

Success in life comes f r o m seizing everyday opportunities. Inspirational chapters, based on t h e story, "Acres of Diamonds," a n d illustrated by examples of men w h o became rich. Topics include: how to find riches; general rules of success; wealth f r o m m a n u f a c t u r i n g , farming, inventing, railroads and hotels; profitable w o r k f o r women ; success in professions. A u t h o r (a Methodist minister and president of Temple College, Philadelphia) was for a generation one of America's most popular lecturers. [ D E FOE, D A N I E L . ] The complete English tradesman, in familiar letters; directing him in all the several parts and progressions of trade. Viz. . . . III. Of diligence and application, as the life of all business. IV. Cautions against over-trading. . . . IX. Of the customary frauds of trade, which even honest men allow themselves to practise. X. Of credit, and how it is only supported by honesty. XI. Directions for book-keeping, punctual paying bills, and thereby maintaining credit. . . . Calculated for the instruction of our inland tradesmen; and especially of young beginners. London: printed for Charles Rivington, 1726. Pp. xv, 447. 4230.

Advice on business policy a n d m a n a g e m e n t to the young m a n a b o u t to enter business as tradesman (including m e r c h a n t ) a f t e r completing his apprenticeship. Based, in part, on experience of a u t h o r during the time of mercantile capitalism in England in late 17th and early 18th centuries. 4231.

Advice to a young tradesman. Written by (Photostat Americana. Second series.) [Boston,

[FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN.]

an old one. [ 1762 ( ?).] 1940.] Pp. 4.

Photostatic copy of the original in the Massachusetts Historical Society. A petty capitalist's advice concerning the use of time, money, and credit. B E N J A M I N . Prefaces, proverbs and poems, originally printed in Poor Richard's Almanacs, 1733-1758. Collected and edited by Paul Leicester Ford. N. Y.: Putnam [intro., 1889]. Pp. 288. 4 2 3 2 . FRANKLIN,

4233. FREEDLEY, E D W I N T. A practical treatise on business: or how to get, save, spend, give, lend, and bequeath money: with an inquiry into the chances of success and causes of failure in business. . . . Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1854 [c. 1851]. Pp. 352. With the 1854 edition this book reached the 28,000 m a r k (published in L o n d o n in 1853) ; it w a s designed especially for "those w h o are fitting themselves for business pursuits." Contents: facts, maxims, principles; business education, choice of business, h a b i t s of business, ethics (including unwritten codes and market price) ; management for profits in farming, merchandising, speculation, b a n k i n g ; opinions of

892

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

rich men on how to become a millionaire; failures and their causes; legal advice; a list of Α χ wholesale houses in Philadelphia. A valuable book that contains much on business practice and thought and the underlying philosophy of the time. Author studied law at Harvard and for a time was proprietor of a marble mill in Cincinnati. Other books by same author: Business Man's Legal Advisor, published in 1854; Leading Pursuits and Leading Men, 1856; Philadelphia and Its Manufacturers, 1857, 1867; Opportunities for Industry, 1858; History of American Manufacturers, 3 vols., 1867; and Common Sense in Business, 1877. The last book, also published in France, contains interesting chapters on morals and ethics in business, principles of success in business (as illustrated by anecdotes or estimates of successful men), success in trades (petty capitalists) and manufacturing, cardinal principles of trade, points for retailers and buyers, selling at wholesale, forwarding goods, failing in business, etc.

4 2 3 4 . HADDOCK, FRANK CHANNING.

B u s i n e s s p o w e r : a practical m a n u a l

in financial ability and commercial leadership. (Power-Book Library.) Meriden, Conn.: Pelton Pub. Co., 1920. Pp. xix, 556. Charts. An example, above the average, of a considerable literature published between World War 1 and 1929 on how to acquire success in business through the development of personality and personal force. Applies popular psychology of success to business.

4235. HANSFORD, J. E. The business guide or, safe methods of business. Toronto: J. L. Nichols & Co., 1898. 8th ed. Pp. 403. Fifty-five thousand copies were sold in Canada before this edition. Proverbs, personal qualities that make for success, penmanship, letterwriting, receipts, contracts, some law, bookkeeping, etc. On the clerical level.

4236. Hints to young tradesmen, and maxims for merchants. Boston: Perkins & Marvin, 1838. Pp. 96. Keep your credit good, be industrious, be methodical and punctual, avoid speculation, etc. " M a x i m s for merchants." "Rules for Retail Dealers." "Franklin's advice to young Tradesmen." Some interesting points on mercantile practices. This booklet came from the press of a publishing firm that issued several books on the level of clerks or aspiring young petty capitalists. Also published B. F . Foster's: The Counting House Manual; A Concise Treatise on Book-keeping: Elucidating the Principles and Practise of Double Entry, and the Modern Methods of Arranging Merchants' Accounts; The Clerk's Guide: Comprising Letters of Introduction, Credit and General Business, Forms of Invoices, . . . &c; The Art of Rapid Writing Illustrated and Explained.

4237. HUNT, FREEMAN. Worth and wealth: a collection of maxims, morals and miscellanies for merchants and men of business. N . Y.: Stringer & Townsend, 1856. Pp. xx, 504. Teaching by example from lives of merchants and other business men. Author in preface urges study of science of business: "Such a system would embrace a code

CH. 59

"SUCCESS" AND SELF-HELP

LITERATURE

893

of business ethics, including the Morals and M a n n e r s of Trade, the rationale of business management, a n d a course of business education, including the study of the resources of nations, and Commercial Geography, the processes of production, a n d the Laws of Wealth. . . ." This miscellaneous collection, says the a u t h o r , is concerned with the "science of business" rather t h a n that of political economy. 4 2 3 8 . K N O X , GEORGE H .

Ready money. Des Moines: Personal Help Pub.

Co., 1 9 0 5 . Pp. 3 1 7 . This volume is which the a u t h o r of Achievement," h a b i t s t h a t make

one of m a n y published by the Personal Help Publishing Co., of was president. He also was founder of " T h e Personal Help School which conducted correspondence courses. Deals with qualities and for success, following closely pattern of earlier writers.

Personal efficiency. N . Y . : Gregg Pub. Co. [c. 1 9 1 9 ] , Pp. 2 5 4 . Ulus., forms, app.

4 2 3 9 . K N O X , JAMES SAMUEL.

A textbook, on the secondary school level, on h o w to develop personal efficiency, the qualities that lead to success in business. Shows impact of study of psychology on "success" books.

4240. The man of business, considered in his various relations. N. Y.: Anson D. F. Randolph, 1 8 5 7 [c. 1 8 5 6 ] . [About 3 2 7 pp.] A collection of essays by p r o m i n e n t clergymen: advice to the y o u n g clerk; a consideration of the position, influence, a n d duties of men of business; their responsibilities to government, church, a n d benevolent institutions; their perplexities a n d t e m p t a t i o n s ; and their home responsibilities and culture. This is an early a n d interesting a t t e m p t to point out the significance of business to society a n d to guide business men to an appreciation of their social responsibilities a n d of the requirements of business in the way of intellect and character. 4 2 4 1 . MARDEN, ORISON SWETT. 1905,1921],

Choosing a career. N . Y . : Crowell [c.

Pp. iv, 3 2 5 . Frontis.

Analysis of qualities t h a t make for success, chiefly in business. Probably influential in its time, and historically interesting.

The exceptional employee. N . Y . : Crowell [c. 1 9 1 3 ] . Pp. xvi, 2 0 2 . Frontis.

4 2 4 2 . MARDEN, ORISON SWETT.

Advice to young men in business on how to get ahead. Reflects growing popularity of the time of the psychological a p p r o a c h in business.

4243. MARDEN, ORISON SWETT. Selling things. N. Y.: Crowell [c. 1 9 1 6 ] . Ρρ· 2 75· H o w to sell and train oneself for selling. M u c h popular psychology and common sense.

R. Alger: a biography without a hero. N . Y . : Macy-Masius, 1928. Pp. 241. Illus. 4 2 4 4 . MAYES, HERBERT

894

GENERAL

PART V I

TOPICS

A critical study of the life, work, and influence of Horatio Alger, America's famous writer of stories for boys, whose influence, 1870-1900, helped to spur youth on to effort and success in business. Probably well beyond 20,000,000 copies of his books were sold. Alger was a petty capitalist who pointed the w a y for boys to become such and indicated how they might even become industrial capitalists. The romance of life lay at hand and in business. Contains what is probably a complete list of Alger books. A useful review of this biography by Frederick Lewis Allen appeared in The Saturday Review of Literature, Sept. 17, 1938, vol. xviii, pp. 3-4, 16-17. 4 2 4 5 . M I L L S , JAMES D . T h e a r t o f m o n e y m a k i n g ; o r t h e r o a d t o f o r t u n e : a u n i v e r s a l g u i d e for h o n e s t s u c c e s s . 1872].

P p . xxii, 4 3 5 .

Ν. Y.:

International Pub. Co.

[c.

Illus.

Typical of a considerable literature, teaching philosophy of self-reliance and reflecting contemporary optimism. Chapters on: morals in business, industry, method, perseverance, prudence, punctuality, economy, temperance, politeness, knowledge of bookkeeping and arithmetic; duties of employer and employed, partnership, capital and credit, investment and speculation, bankers and banking, advertising, insurance. Also short biographies, to show reasons for success, of Peter Cooper, Horace B. Claflin, Cyrus Hall McCormick, A. T . Stewart, George Peabody, Robert Bonner. 4 2 4 6 . T h e model m e r c h a n t , or m e m o i r s of Samuel B u d g e t t . P r e s b y t e r i a n B o a r d of P u b l i c a t i o n [c. 1 8 5 8 ] .

Pp.

Philadelphia:

187.

Thrift and religious maxims interspersed with items about an English wholesale merchant, of the first half of the 19th century, who began as a poor boy. 4247.

P U R I N TON, EDWARD E A R L E .

P e r s o n a l efficiency in b u s i n e s s .

Ν. Y.:

M c B r i d e , 1 9 2 0 . P p . v, 3 4 1 . Scientific management applied to the individual in business. Author prominent in a movement emphasizing personal efficiency, which reached its height about 1920. 4248.

READE, H . L .

S u c c e s s in b u s i n e s s , o r m o n e y , a n d h o w t o m a k e it

. . . w i t h s u g g e s t i o n s a s t o l e n d i n g m o n e y , a n d its e x p e n d i t u r e . C o n n . : S. S. S c r a n t o n & Co., 1 8 7 5 .

Pp. xxxiv, 605.

Hartford,

Illus.

An optimistic volume, characteristic of its time, written for the poor but ambitious young man. Assures success in business (agriculture, manufacturing, trade) to all who learn and practise the right principles. Maxims. The wife's place and part. 4249.

ROSENGARTEN, WILLIAM. C h o o s i n g y o u r life w o r k . N . Y . :

Hill, 1 9 2 4

[c. 1 9 2 2 ] .

McGraw-

Pp. xxii, 3 2 3 .

Partly devoted to an analysis of various occupations with chapter bibliographies which include articles from periodicals. 4 2 5 0 . SMILES, SAMUEL. and perseverance.

Self-help; with illustrations of character, conduct,

London: John Murray, 1857.

P p . xii, 3 4 3 .

CH. 60

OCCUPATIONS IN BUSINESS

895

This was the first of a series, the last of which appeared in the U. S. in 1921: Pushing to the Front, Thrift, Character, Success, Rising in the World, He Who Thinks He Can, Ambition and Success, Masterful Personality. These books had a wide circulation in the U. S. where they were issued by American publishers. The author, an Englishman, was an outstanding popularizer of the middle-class virtues of thrift, honesty, perseverance, etc. Self-help contains chapters on "Men in Business" and " M o n e y — I t s Use and Abuse" and is perhaps the best expression of his optimistic individualistic philosophy applied to business; his later works reflect the influence of popular psychology. Smiles knew much a b o u t business, as is shown by his 3-volume Lives of the Engineers, published in 1861 and 1862. 4 2 5 1 . W A R R E N , WALDO PONDRAY.

Thoughts on business. Chicago: Forbes

& Co., 1907. Pp. 237. An interesting collection of a business man's short notes which for the most p a r t he originally wrote for publication, one a day, in a number of newspapers. Based on the philosophy that a man's success or failure is in large measure determined by his doing the right thing springing from the right thinking. Thoughts on selfimprovement, on methods, on developing the workers, on the manager, on buying and selling. Gleanings or epigrams. 4 2 5 2 . [ W E L L S , SAMUEL R O B E R T S . ] HOW to do business: a pocket manual of practical affairs, and guide to success in life; embracing principles of business; advice in reference to a business education; choice of a pursuit; buying and selling; general management; manufacturing; mechanical trades; farming; book and newspaper publishing; miscellaneous enterprises; causes of success and failure; how to get customers; business maxims; letter to a young lawyer; business forms; legal and useful information; and a dictionary of commercial terms. Ν. Y.: Fowler & Wells [c. 1857]. Pp· i 5 6 . Tables, forms, apps.

Advice for the young m a n (petty capitalist) in business or considering entering business. Informational and inspirational (success) in a simple, obvious way. A practical guide to business. Philadelphia: Fergus & Co., 1875. Pp. iii, 426. Illus., tables, forms.

4 2 5 3 . W E L S H , LEWIS G .

J. G.

Advice on ethics, personnel management, financial management, and so forth, and samples of contracts, business letters, and legal documents. Something on business law, arithmetic, and business terms. Useful to petty capitalist. Secondary school level of interest and attainment.

CHAPTER 60. OCCUPATIONS I N BUSINESS A N D DIVISION OF LABOR These references are useful not only for the study of the historical evolution of the division of labor; they are also useful to the research student

GENERAL

896

PART V I

TOPICS

w o r k i n g o n t h e h i s t o r y o f a firm o r i n d u s t r y f o r i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t s p e c i f i c j o b s or occupations at a n y given time. 4254.

A L L E N , FREDEEICK J. A g u i d e t o t h e s t u d y of o c c u p a t i o n s : a s e l e c t e d

c r i t i c a l b i b l i o g r a p h y of t h e c o m m o n o c c u p a t i o n s w i t h s p e c i f i c r e f e r e n c e s for their study. Guidance,

(Prepared

Graduate

under

School

bridge: Harvard, 1921.

t h e a u s p i c e s of

of

Education,

P p . xiii,

the

Bureau

Harvard

of

Vocational

University.)

Cam-

183.

Lists books and trade journals, published between 1900 and 1920, giving information on various types of w o r k .

Classified according to main

census

occupational

groups. 4255.

ANDERSON,

H.

DEWEY,

and

PERCY

E.

DAVIDSON.

t r e n d s in t h e U n i t e d States.

Stanford University, Calif.:

Press

Tables, charts.

[c. 1 9 4 0 ] .

P p . x, 618.

Occupational Stanford

Univ.

B y industries, 1870-1935. T h e o c c u p a t i o n a l progress of w o m e n , 1 9 1 0

4256.

DEMPSEY, MARY V.

1930.

( U . S. D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r , B u l l e t i n of the W o m e n ' s B u r e a u

104.)

Washington:

Govt. Pr. Off., 1933.

to no.

P p . v , 90. T a b l e s , diags., c h a r t s .

A statistical study of changes in the number and proportion of w o m e n gainfully employed in the different occupations as reported in the Census, and comparisons w i t h changes in the occupations of men. Includes professional groups. While this is as authoritative a study as Hill's Women

in Gainful

Occupations,

1870 to IÇ20, its

different method of analysis does not allow it to be readily used as a continuation of the earlier w o r k . 4257.

DEXTER, ELISABETH ANTHONY.

C o l o n i a l w o m e n of affairs: a s t u d y

of w o m e n in business a n d the professions in A m e r i c a b e f o r e 1 7 7 6 . Houghton, 1924. Women

petty

P p . xvii, 203.

capitalists

Boston:

Illus., bibliog.

conducting

business in Colonial

times, chiefly in

New

England, N e w Y o r k , and Pennsylvania of the 18th century: the tavern-keeper, shopkeeper, artificer, landed proprietor. Brief descriptions of their w o r k , based mostly on newspapers.

Presents w h a t seems to have been typical of petty capitalism generally.

4 2 5 8 . ECKLER, 1850-1920." 77-89.

A.

Ross.

"Occupational

changes

in

the

United

States,

R e v i e w of e c o n o m i c s t a t i s t i c s , v o l . xii, no. 1 ( F e b . , 1 9 3 0 ) , p p .

Charts.

General changes in the number gainfully employed in six groups of occupations: primary

production, manufacturing, trade, transportation, professional service, and

domestic and personal service based on Census statistics. 4 2 5 9 . HAZEN, (Harper's Illus.

EDWARD.

Popular

family library.)

technology:

2 vols. Ν . Y . :

or, professions and

Harper,

1841.

Pp.

trades.

261;

275.

CH. 60

897

OCCUPATIONS IN BUSINESS

An i m p o r t a n t contribution to the study of occupations in the United States in the first half of the 19th century; of value for information about contemporary and past technique in various industries and commercial activities. The Book of Trades; or, Young British Tradesmen: Being a Library of the Useful Arts, for Commercial Education (London: Sherwood, Gilbert, & Piper, 1835) presents contemporary conditions in England. 4 2 6 0 . H I L L , JOSEPH A .

W o m e n in g a i n f u l o c c u p a t i o n s , 1 8 7 0 to 1 9 2 0 :

a

s t u d y of t h e t r e n d of r e c e n t c h a n g e s in t h e n u m b e r s , o c c u p a t i o n a l d i s t r i b u tion, a n d f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s h i p of w o m e n r e p o r t e d in t h e c e n s u s as f o l l o w i n g a gainful occupation. ix.)

( U . S . B u r e a u of t h e C e n s u s .

Census monographs,

W a s h i n g t o n : G o v t . P r . Off., 1 9 2 9 . P p . xvi, 4 1 6 . T a b l e s , charts.

A comprehensive statistical analysis of the trend of changes. Includes professional and administrative occupations of women. The textual comments are confined to explanations, interpretations, and conclusions directly associated with the data presented. 4 2 6 1 . P E N N Y , VIRGINIA.

5 0 0 e m p l o y m e n t s a d a p t e d to w o m e n , m a r r i e d or

s i n g l e . I n a l l b r a n c h e s of t h e a r t s a n d s c i e n c e s , t r a d e s , p r o f e s s i o n s , a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d m e c h a n i c a l p u r s u i t s , etc., e t c . w i t h the a v e r a g e r a t e of p a y in each. Philadelphia: J o h n E . P o t t e r & C o . [c. 1 8 7 0 ] . P p . xxiii, 500.

Illus.,

tables, app. A remarkable little book t h a t describes all kinds of employments for women in the United States and abroad. Also considers effect on health, preparation and qualifications necessary, hours, wages. 4 2 6 2 . SALZ, ARTHUR.

" O c c u p a t i o n , " E n c y c l o p a e d i a of the social s c i e n c e s ,

vol. xi, 1 9 3 3 . Theory a n d history of development of occupations and occupational differentiation and conditions out of which they rose, with something on results. History of occupational statistics. Bibliography especially full on statistics. 4263.

[ U . S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS.

Occupations and employment.]

D e c e n n i a l c e n s u s e s of U . S . A . —

Washington:

[1904—].

Census reports contain information f r o m which changes in the occupational structure of the American population can be studied as well as the conditions of employment for the whole population and specific industries. T h e figures must, h o w ever, be used with care. The census report for 1820 is the first to give any statistics on the distribution of population by economic groups—it gives the totals employed in agriculture, commerce, and manufactures. The report of 1840 breaks down the figures into various industries within the large categories, as does t h a t of 1850; t h a t of i860 (volume on population, and the volume entitled Statistics . . .) gives statistics for 587 occupations. Volume i of the census of 1870 reports the occupation for i860 and 1870 of male and female workers, 10 years or more of age, for 338 occupations by States

GENERAL

898 and territories.

TOPICS

T h e tenth census, 1880, in Statistics

PART

of Population,

pp.

VI

703-909,

gives the number of persons in selected occupations in 50 cities and 265 occupations. T h e eleventh census, 1890, volume on population lists under occupations the number of persons employed in the following: fessional service;

domestic

service;

trade

agriculture,

and

fishing,

transportation;

and mining;

pro-

manufacturing

and

mechanical industries; and in each of 218 specified occupations, including months of unemployment. Beginning with the census for 1900, a separate volume is devoted to occupations; it is a special report (763 pp.), which contains information about occupations compiled f r o m preceding censuses beginning with 1820 as well as detailed figures collected for the t w e l f t h census.

Volumes are devoted to occupations in succeeding censuses

(in 1910 for 5,000 occupations), and information on the subject also appears in the report of the Census

oj Partial Employment,

Unemployment,

and Occupations:

1937

(4301a). See also Circular

of Information

concerning

Census

Publications

(4746).

4264. [UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE.] Dictionary of occupational titles. Prepared by the Job Analysis and Information Section, Division of Standards and Research [for the] United States Department of Labor [and the] United States Employment Service. [Four parts issued in 4 vols.] Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1939 [and following years]. Pp. xxxii, 1287; xxvi, 330; [and v. p . ] . T h e standard systematic classification and description of occupations in U. S. A . f o r all industries. Part 1, Definitions

of Titles,

alphabetically lists and assigns a code

number to over 17,000 separate jobs but also lists and cross-references the various alternative job titles for each of them. under the main title entry.

A detailed description of the job is given

N o conscious historical approach was used in making

the compilation, but the attempt to include all job titles n o w in use was bound to reflect the historical development. Part 11, Group and Codes

Arrangement

of Occupational

Titles

is especially useful because closely allied jobs in an industry or related

industries are grouped under the decimal classification scheme.

Part i n ,

Supplement,

lists newly accepted job titles and recently created jobs, thus reflecting technological and administrative changes during W o r l d W a r 11. P a r t IV. Entry cation,

attempts

to group jobs requiring

similar

Occupational

aptitudes, interests,

or

Classifipartially

developed skills. A similar dictionary of British occupations w a s published in 1927 b y the British Ministry of L a b o u r .

C H A P T E R 61. LABOR: C O N D I T I O N S , O R G A N I Z A T I O N , A N D GOVERNMENT REGULATION The social and institutional economists stemming largely from Richard T. Ely and John R. Commons have been the most active students in the United States in the field of labor history. Their interest has been almost exclusively in the labor problem as a workers' problem, and in the means

CH. 61

LABOR

899

for improving the condition of the worker, through labor organization and legislation. They have produced many works which are invaluable in the study of the history of labor. Unfortunately there has been no comparable interest in studying the worker as a worker, the conditions under which he has worked, and his relations with his employer; nor has there been much interest in the larger social, economic, and cultural conditions which have had a bearing on the employer-employee relations from time to time. There is a great need for historical studies along these lines. A.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

See also Reynolds and Killingsworth's guidebook and index to trade union publications (4329). Many of the books in this chapter of the GUIDE contain useful specialized bibliographies. 4 2 6 5 . B L A C K , J. W I L L I A M . References on the history of labor and some contemporary labor problems. (Oberlin College Library bulletin.) Oberlin, Ohio, 1893. Pp. 43. Limited in scope but useful. Emphasis on problems and their solution. Literature of second half of 1 9 t h century, classified. Includes references to some State publications and articles as well as books. 4 2 6 6 . B R I S S E N D E N , P A U L F . , compiler. "Labor turnover—a selected bibliography," Monthly labor review, vol. xxiv, no. 4 (Apr., 1 9 2 7 ) , pp. 8 4 2 857Classified, occasionally descriptive. 4 2 6 7 . M A R O T , H E L E N , compiler. A hand book of labor literature: being a classified and annotated list of the more important books and pamphlets in the English language. Philadelphia: Free Library of Economics and Political Science, 1899. Pp. vi, 96. A classified, descriptive bibliography including an unusually wide range of topics, e.g., labor songs.

Unemployment compensation: a chronological bibliography of books, reports, and periodicals, in English, 1 8 9 1 - 1 9 2 7 . Ν. Y.: Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., 1928. Pp. v, 117. [Mimeographed.] 4 2 6 8 . MORLEY, LINDA H .

Comprehensive, arranged

chronologically.

4269. Selected bibliography: unemployment prevention, compensation and relief, company, trade union, and public programs. Prepared by the Indus-

900

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

trial Relations Section, Department of Economics and Social Institutions, Princeton University, September, 1931. Pp. 31. A useful, descriptive and critical classified bibliography. N o v . 2 0 , 1 9 3 1 , Jan. 2 8 , 1 9 3 2 , and July, 1 9 3 3 . 4270.

[U.

S . B U R E A U OF LABOR S T A T I S T I C S . ]

Supplements

L i s t of

published

labor papers

and

journals and other periodicals featuring labor matters received currently in the Department of Labor library. From the Monthly labor review (June, 1919) of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Pp. 20. Grouped b y countries. Title; editor, owner, publisher, or controlling person or organization ; place and frequency of publication ; and subscription cost. 4271.

[ U . S . B U R E A U OF LABOR S T A T I S T I C S . ]

S u b j e c t i n d e x of t h e p u b l i -

cations of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May 1, 1915. (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Misc. series no. 11, Bulletin no. 174.) Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1915. Pp. 233. Chronological list of publications since its organization in 1 8 8 5 — a n n u a l , special, and miscellaneous reports, bimonthly bulletins, series, and bulletins—and a detailed index to their contents. 4272.

[ U . S . C O M M I S S I O N E R OF L A B O R . ]

A n a l y s i s a n d i n d e x of all reports

issued by bureaus of labor statistics in the United States prior to November ι , 1892. Third special report of the Commissioner of Labor. Prepared under the direction of Carroll D. Wright. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1893. Pp. 376. Tables. Descriptive analysis of the reports of federal and State labor bureaus followed by a detailed index covering both the original report and this volume. Continued in 1 9 0 2 , with some changes in the report. 4273.

[ U . S . ] D E P T . OF LABOR, D I V I S I O N OF P U B L I C A T I O N S AND S U P P L I E S .

Publications of the Department of Labor. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., June ι , 1935. P p . 4 6 . a. . Publications of the Department of Labor. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., July 1940. Pp. iv, 60. Titles and dates of issue of regular and special publications of Department of Labor, including Bureau of Labor Statistics, available for distribution at the time, from 1 8 8 6 to 1 9 3 s in the first publication and to 1 9 4 0 in the later one. Annual reports, working conditions, U . S. employment service, depressions, convict labor, strikes and lockouts, mediation and arbitration, labor in given industries, building and loan associations, labor laws, health and accidents, compensations, industrial education, housing, hours, wages, profit-sharing, working conditions, living costs, industrial communities, w o m a n and child labor, employers' liability, prices and living standards, immigration, etc.

CH. 61

901

LABOR

[ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, D I V I S I O N OF B I B L I O G R A P H Y . List of references on unemployment insurance. (Supplement to previous lists.) [Washington], 1930. Pp. 10. a. . List of recent references on unemployment insurance and reserves (supplementary to previous lists; compiled by F. S. Hellman). [Washington], 1935. P p . 4 3 · 4274.

[ U . S.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, D I V I S I O N OF B I B L I O G R A P H Y . Select list of reference on boycotts and injunctions in labor disputes. Compiled under the direction of Herman H. B. Meyer. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1 9 1 1 . Pp. 69. 4275.

4 2 7 6 . [ U . S.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, D I V I S I O N OF B I B L I O G R A P H Y . Select list of references on employers' liability and workmen's compensation. Compiled . . . [by] H. H. B. Meyer. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1 9 1 1 . Pp. ix, 196. a. . Select list of references on workingmen's insurance; general, United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium. Compiled . . . [by] A. P. C. Griffin. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1908. Pp. 28.

[U. S.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, D I V I S I O N OF B I B L I O G R A P H Y . Select list of references on industrial arbitration. Compiled . . . [by] A. P. C. Griffin. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1903. Pp. 15. 4277.

4278.

[WORKS

PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL

RESEARCH

PROJ-

ECT.] Industrial change and employment opportunity—a selected bibliography. Prepared under the supervision of Alexander Gourvich. . . . Philadelphia, 1939. Pp. XV, 254. This is a selected bibliography containing much historical material. It lists books, articles, reports, etc., and covers a wide range of topics though its focus is on employment opportunities under industrial change. It contains sections on background —general economic history and trends, economic theories, statistical measurements of national wealth and income, volume of production, capital formation, labor supply, employment and unemployment, labor turnover, etc.; also changes in methods of production—historical development of technology, changes in organization and structure of industry, and changes in location; changes in labor supply (by types or groups), in employment, and in unemployment and conditions of w o r k ; attitudes of labor toward technological changes; and adjustments and remedies, such as regularization of employment, dismissal wage, unemployment insurance, and other forms. B.

H I S T O R Y OF LABOR C O N D I T I O N S

See Chapters 68 A and C for materials on the history of wages and hours. For materials dealing with working conditions see Chapter 37 Q. See also the general materials dealing with employee relations in Chapter 49 E 6.

902

G E N E R A L TOPICS

PART V I

There is a large amount of information about labor conditions in the Reports of the Industrial Commission (3876). Women in industry: a study in American economic history. Ν . Y.: Appleton, 1910. Pp. xxii, 408. Tables, bibliog. 4 2 7 9 . ABBOTT, EDITH.

A history of women workers on mill and factory level in various types of work, with some statistics on occupations and wages in the United States since the Colonial period. Attention given to popular attitude toward such work.

and HELEN L. SUMNER. Labor problems: a text book. Ν . Y.: Macmillan, 1919 [c. 1905], Pp. xv, 5-79. Tables, chap, notes, apps. 4 2 8 0 . ADAMS, THOMAS SEWALL,

A very influential early, 1905, text on the labor problem under industrial capitalism. Represents the social economist's view of the various components of labor's problem as to work, working conditions, and remuneration and how conditions might be improved by labor organizations, arbitration, profit-sharing, cooperation, industrial education, legislation, etc. Historical, with emphasis on conditions at time the book was written.

Labor and (Annals. . . .) Philadelphia: The Academy, 1909. Pp. iii,

4 2 8 1 . AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE.

wages. . . . 260.

Addresses on employment bureaus, employees' benefit association of International Harvester, pension department of Pennsylvania R . R., conditions of labor in southern mills, in steel industry, in mines in Pittsburgh district, in mercantile houses in Pittsburgh, etc. 4 2 8 2 . AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE. T h e o u t -

look for industrial peace. . . . (Annals. . . .) Philadelphia: The Academy, 1912. Pp. vi, 209. Discussions of problems and how to meet them with examples of efforts that had proven helpful. Among speakers were Foerster, Groat, Diemer, and other leading figures in the movement for better employer-employee relations. 4 2 8 3 . BAKER, ELIZABETH FAULKNER. Displacement of men by machines: effects of technological change in commercial printing. N . Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1933. Pp. xxii, 284. Illus., tables, diags., charts, bibliog. A study dealing with "changing technology and labor displacement in representative plants," in New Y o r k and Chicago particularly, and "subsequent economic history of the men displaced," chiefly 1912-29. "Statistical, descriptive, and inferential" methods used. Includes information about labor associations and employer associations.

4284. BARNETT, GEORGE E. Chapters on machinery and labor. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 1926. Pp. vii, 161. Tables.

CH. 61

903

LABOR

An examination of the displacement of skill by machinery in the introduction of the linotype, 1887-1903, the stone-planer, chiefly 1890-1915, and the bottle m a chine, 1897—. Contains estimates of potential and actual displacement, policy of the trade union concerned, and a s u m m a r y of the effects on the wages and other conditions of employment of the hand-workers left in employment. 4 2 8 5 . BERRIDGE, WILLIAM States, 1 9 0 3 - 1 9 2 2 . Research.)

A.

Cycles

of

unemployment

in the

United

( P u b l i c a t i o n s of t h e P o l l a k F o u n d a t i o n f o r E c o n o m i c

Boston: Houghton, 1923.

P p . xiv, 88.

Table, charts.

Relation between u n e m p l o y m e n t and the business cycle as shown by the changes in the relative intensity of employment, and detailed description of methods. 4 2 8 6 . BEZANSON, A N N E .

" S o m e h i s t o r i c a l a s p e c t s of l a b o r t u r n o v e r , " p p .

6 9 2 - 7 0 8 in F a c t s a n d f a c t o r s i n e c o n o m i c h i s t o r y .

Cambridge:

Harvard,

1932. An historical appraisal of labor turnover in the United States in the light of the experience of one plant, 1854-70. 4 2 8 7 . CAHILL, MARION COTTER. since the Civil War.

S h o r t e r h o u r s : a s t u d y of t h e m o v e m e n t

( S t u d i e s in history, e c o n o m i c s and public law.)

Columbia Univ. Press, 1 9 3 2 .

Ν. Y.:

Pp. 300. Tables, bibliog.

A chronological account of the reduction of hours of labor by legislative, t r a d e union, and voluntary action of employers, with something on w h a t brought the changes in general and particular. Holds t h a t lack of material dealing with employers' reduction of hours made it impossible to write with certainty on t h a t subject. 4 2 8 8 . CHENERY, WILLIAM L . fare library.)

Industry and h u m a n welfare.

Ν . Y.: Macmillan, 1922.

P p . xii, 1 6 9 .

(Social wel-

Tables.

A sketch of the history of t h e laborer and working conditions in the United States since before the Industrial Revolution. Differs f r o m most histories of labor in t h a t its interest is not in organization. 4 2 8 9 . COMMONS, JOHN R . , ULRICH Β . PHILLIPS, EUGENE A . HELEN L . SUMNER, a n d JOHN B . ANDREWS, e d i t o r s . t o r y of A m e r i c a n i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t y .

10 vols.

GILMORE,

A d o c u m e n t a r y his-

Prepared under the auspices

of t h e A m e r i c a n B u r e a u of I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h , w i t h t h e c o - o p e r a t i o n of t h e C a r n e g i e I n s t i t u t i o n of W a s h i n g t o n . Co., 1 9 1 0 - 1 1 .

Cleveland, Ohio: Arthur H . Clark

Table, chart, bibliog.

A valuable collection of original documents, letters, accounts, advertisements, editorials, court records, etc., illustrating many phases of the history of labor in the United States f r o m pioneer days to 1880. Vols, i and ii, " P l a n t a t i o n and frontier," 1649-1863, treat of plantation management, slave crime, free and indented whites, migration, frontier society, and m a n u f a c t u r i n g and t o w n labor—all in the South and Southwest. Vols, iii and iv, " L a b o r conspiracy cases" (open a n d closed s h o p ) , 1806-

904

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART

VI

1842, reproduce all the legal reports k n o w n in this field and period with the exception of the f e w available in most public law libraries.

Vols, v - x , " L a b o r

deal w i t h the efforts of free labor throughout the country

Movement,"

to meet the

changing

industrial and political conditions f r o m 1820 to 1880, especially through trade unions and legislation.

Considerable material on organized effort of employers to import

labor. While the editors of this series were, with the possible exception of U . B . Phillips, interested mainly in labor organization, most of the volumes are broader than that interest w o u l d imply. agement in a petty

Phillips' volumes are invaluable on labor conditions and mancapitalist and plantation economy.

T h e volumes on the con-

spiracy cases reveal much on w o r k i n g conditions, attitudes of labor and employers, and methods of early labor organizations.

T h e series on the whole should not be

neglected b y anyone interested in the history of labor, whether f r o m employee or management point of view. Detailed tables of contents and index add to the usefulness of this w o r k .

4 2 9 0 . [GREAT BRITAIN. BOARD OF TRADE.] Cost of living in American towns. Report of an enquiry . . . into working class rents, housing and retail prices, together with the rates of wages in certain occupations in the principal industrial towns of the United States of America. . . . London: H. M . Stationery Off., printed by Darling & Son, Ltd., 1 9 1 1 . Pp. xcii, 533. Tables, maps. 4 2 9 1 . HERRICK, CHEESMAN A. White servitude in Pennsylvania: indentured and redemption labor in colony and commonwealth. Philadelphia: John Joseph M c V e y , 1926. Pp. ix, 330. Illus., classified bibliog. T h e story of the sources, w o r k done, need, etc., of one t y p e of labor, Colonial d a y s to a b o u t

1831.

4 2 9 2 . KING, WILLFORD ISBELL. Employment hours and earnings in prosperity and depression: United States, 1920-1922. Ν . Y . : National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1923. Pp. 147. Tables, charts. Deals w i t h conditions in different industries and in large- and small-scale businesses ; shifts between industries; seasonal changes in agricultural l a b o r ; and part-time employment. 4 2 9 3 . L A U C K , W . J E T T , a n d EDGAR SYDENSTRICKER.

C o n d i t i o n s of

labor

in American industries: a summarization of the results of recent investigations. Ν . Y . : Funk, 1 9 1 7 . Pp. xi, 403. Tables, bibliog. D a t a secured b y an investigation of w a g e earners in manufacturing and mining, 1900-15: unionization, earnings, regularity of employment, w o r k i n g conditions, family income, standard of living and health, and relation of income to adequate subsistence, a well-organized statement of facts, w i t h o u t

interpretation.

4 2 9 4 . L E W I S O H N , SAM Α . , E R N E S T G . DRAPER, J O H N

R . COMMONS,

and

CH. 61

90S

LABOR

D O N Β . LESCOHIER. [c. 1 9 2 5 ] .

C a n business prevent unemployment?

Ν. Y.:

Knopf

Pp. 226.

A survey of w h a t business has done to prevent unemployment and of public efforts to relieve unemployment, and consideration of unemployment insurance. A useful, classified bibliography. 4 2 9 5 . L U M P K I N , KATHARINE D U P R É , and MABLE V . COMBS.

Shutdowns

in the Connecticut V a l l e y : a study of worker displacement in the small industrial community.

(Smith College studies in history, vol. xix, nos. 3 - 4 ,

A p r i l - J u l y , 1 9 3 4 , pp. 1 3 9 - 2 7 0 . )

N o r t h a m p t o n , M a s s . M a p s , tables, chart,

form. A statistical study of the extent of shutdowns, 1929-33 ; and of effects on community and worker as illustrated in a study of one (unnamed) town. 4 2 9 6 . M C K E E , SAMUEL, J R . L a b o r in colonial N e w Y o r k , 1 6 6 4 - 1 7 7 6 .

(Co-

lumbia U n i v . studies in history, economics and public law.) Ν . Y . : C o l u m bia U n i v . Press, 1 9 3 5 . P p . 1 9 3 .

Bibliog.

A study of the "theoretical and actual position" of free labor, apprenticeship, indentured servants, and slave labor as "related parts of the whole institution of labor," with emphasis on abuses. I n f o r m a t i o n about general economic background, legislation, wages, occupations, and tradesmen's organizations. Based on contemporary government records, newspapers, manuscripts, and monographs. 4297.

[ M C N E I L L , GEORGE E . , editor.]

T h e labor movement. T h e problem

of to-day. Comprising a history of capital and labor, and its present status. Ν . Y . : M . W . H a z e n Co., 1 8 8 8 . P p . χ [ 6 4 3 ] .

Illus., tables, charts.

"This book is an a t t e m p t to contribute something to the peaceful solution of the Labor problem." Chapters by scholars, a minister, and legislators (Edmund J . James, Franklin H . Giddings, R . Heber Newton, Congressman M o r r o w , etc.) on historical background, cooperative movement (producers, consumers, credit, etc.), profit-sharing, arbitration, industrial education, Chinese and labor question, and so on; chapters by labor leaders on various labor organizations (T. V. Powerly, heads of unions, etc.) ; and a chapter by Henry George on " T h e L a n d Question." A sincere a t t e m p t to describe the problems of labor and its position in society and describe and evaluate different efforts for improving the situation of labor. Contains short biographies of labor leaders. Particularly valuable for the insight it gives into emotions and attitudes and also conditions of 1880's. 4 2 9 8 . MASSACHUSETTS BUREAU OF STATISTICS AND INDUSTRIES,

1920—.].

Annual

[DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

reports on the statistics of

labor.

1870—. a. b. ers. c.

. L a b o r bulletins. 1 8 9 7 — . . Quarterly reports on unemployment of organized wage-earn1908-14. ·. [Miscellaneous special reports.]

906

GENERAL

PART V I

TOPICS

The publications of the Bureau are an outstanding official source of information concerning various aspects of labor history since 1870, notably for the years 1 8 7 3 - 8 8 when Carroll D. Wright headed the Bureau. Touch on wide range of topics bearing on the general question of the well-being of the worker: wages, hours, cost of living, savings banks, consumers' cooperatives, labor education, unemployment, strikes, labor organization, nationality, labor laws, insurance, housing. For a descriptive list of individual publications see Gettemy's work ( 4 7 3 3 ) . [ N A T I O N A L B U R E A U OF E C O N O M I C R E S E A R C H . ] Business cycles and unemployment: report and recommendations of a committee of the President's conference on unemployment, including an investigation made under the auspices of the National Bureau of Economic Research. Ν . Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1923. Pp. xl, 405. Tables, charts. 4299.

Report of an investigation of unemployment following the depression of 1921 and causes of unemployment with recommendations. M . , in collaboration with J E A N N E C . B A R B E R , and M A R G A R E T L . S T E C K E R . Unemployment benefits in the United States, the plans and their setting. Ν. Y.: Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., 1930. Pp. xviii, 727. Tables, charts, apps.

4300.

STEWART,

BRYCE

MARY Β . GILSON,

Part ι deals with historical experience and general background and with American experience with unemployment and ways of meeting it. Part 2 considers specific trade unions, joint agreement, and company unemployment-benefit and employment-stabilization plans and proposed legislation.

[U. S.] B U R E A U OF T H E C E N S U S . Fifteenth census of the United States: 1930. Unemployment. Vol. i, Unemployment returns by classes for States and counties, for urban and rural areas, and for cities with a population of 10,000 or more. Vol. ii, General report, unemployment by occupations, April, 1931, with returns from the special census of unemployment, January, 1931. Prepared under . . . Leon E. Truesdell. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1932. Pp. ν, 1112; 618. Tables. a. — : . Census of partial employment, unemployment, and occupations: 1937. . . . 4 vols. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1938. 4301.

4302.

[U. S.]

B U R E A U OF T H E C E N S U S

[AND]

D E P T . OF

AGRICULTURE.

Changes in distribution of manufacturing wage earners, 1899-1939. Prepared by Harold D. Kube and Ralph H. Danhof. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1942. Pp. vii, 268. Illus., tables, diags. B y geographic divisions, industrial and non-industrial areas, by size of city groups, and by 24 industries.

4303. [U. S.] B U R E A U OF L A B O R . Fourth annual report of the commissioner of labor, 1888. "Working women in large cities." Washington: Govt. Pr. Off. Pp. 631. Tables.

CH. 61

LABOR

907

4304. YOUNG, EDWARD. Labor in Europe and America; a special report on the rates of wages, the cost of subsistence, and the condition of the working classes, in Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, and other countries of Europe, also in the United States and British America. (U. S. Bureau of Statistics.) Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1876. Pp. vi, 864. Tables. Pp· 7 3 7 - 8 7 6 deal with the United States. Wages of labor by industry, type of work, and place, 1860-74. F a r m labor, "mechanical" (blacksmiths, bricklayers, painters, carpenters, coopers, etc.), factory (cotton mills, woolen mills, iron a n d steel industries, machine shops, hardware, shipbuilding, clothing, boot a n d shoe, tobacco, glass-works, carriages, etc.). Also, a t t e m p t to indicate living costs by giving prices of provisions, groceries, dry goods, house rent, etc., a t specified places, chiefly 1860-74. Mostly statistical information obtained f r o m employers a n d firms, sometimes giving name. This study does n o t d r a w any conclusions as to the real income of labor or make comparisons between labor conditions in the United States, Europe, or other American countries; it merely presents data to meet the demand for information because of the increasing conflict between capital and labor. C.

LABOR ORGANIZATION AND CONFLICT

There is an extensive literature made up of books dealing with the history of individual unions, a few of which are listed in the GUIDE. The works below deal mainly with over-all studies of labor movements and works on the A. F. of L. and the I. W. W. and outstanding labor leaders. Reynolds and Killingsworth's list of trade union publications should be noted. See also Documentary History of American Industrial Society (4289) and works dealing with strikes in section B, above. There is a great deal of information about labor organization in the Reports of the Industrial Commission (3876). Report of proceedings. 1881—. Washington. a. . American federationist. 1894—. b. . Weekly news service. 1911—.

4 3 0 5 . AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR.

The Federation also issues reports and periodicals for various trades.

The I . W . W . : a study of American syndicalism. (Studies in history, economics and public law.) N. Y.: Columbia Univ., 1920 [pref. to ist ed. of 1918]. Pp. 438. Tables, charts, bibliog. 4 3 0 6 . BRISSENDEN, PAUL FREDERICK.

Descriptive a n d historical sketch, 1905-1917, dealing with forerunners, philosophy of I. W. W., organization, activities, aims. Detailed and scholarly. GRAHAM. American Syndicalism: the I . W . N. Y.: Macmillan, 1913. Pp. 264. Classified bibliog. 4 3 0 7 . BROOKS, JOHN

W.

908

G E N E R A L TOPICS

PART

VI

This book deals with the forerunners of the I. W. W., the social, economic, psychological, and philosophical factors behind the American syndicalist movement, and the composition and techniques of American syndicalism. The author, who has been close to the men and events in the movement, writes with feeling. Valuable as revealing the early crystallization in the U. S. of "anti-capitalist" ideas and attitudes. 4 3 0 8 . CARLTON, FRANK TRACY. The history and problems of organized labor. Rev. ed. Boston: Heath [c. 1920 and 1911 ]. Pp. xi, 559. Chap, refs. Useful but now out of date. COMMONS, J O H N R . , editor. Trade unionism and labor problems. (Selections and documents in economics.) Boston: Ginn [c. 1905]. Pp. xiv, 628. 4309.

Reprints from reports and periodicals dealing with unions in various trades, labor conditions in some industries, apprenticeship (in Baldwin Locomotive Works by S. M . Vauclain), Slavs in coal mining, employers' liability and accident insurance, unemployment insurance, employment offices, etc. COMMONS, J O H N R . , and others. History of labor in the United States. 4 vols. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1918, 1935. Pp. xxv, 623; xx, 620; xxx, 778; viii, 683. 4310.

The two volumes published in 1918 deal primarily with the origins, ideals, philosophies, and manifestations of the successive labor movements from Colonial days to 1896. Vols, iii and iv record developments in the labor movement from 1896 to 1932. An unusually detailed table of contents is provided for vol. ii to cover the period 1860-96. Each volume, with the exception of the first, contains a bibliography. 4 3 1 1 . CROOK, WILFRID HARRIS. The general strike: a study of labor's tragic weapon in theory and practice. Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1931. Pp. xvi, 649. Apps., classified bibliog. A world survey of the general strike from 1840's to 1920's. Evolution of the theory of the general strike in France, and consideration of great strikes in various countries (beginning with the first general strike in Great Britain in 1842) and their background and result. A chapter on the Americas. A scholarly and useful work.

4312. E L Y , RICHARD T. The labor movement in America. N. Y.: Crowell [c. 1886]. Pp. xvi, 372. A pioneer book in the study of the "labor problem" in the U. S. Contains information about the history of labor organization and about the condition of the workers, presented in the light of the author's own social-economic philosophy and his eagerness to help improve the conditions of the workers.

4313. GALENSON, WALTER. Rival unionism in the United States. N . Y.: American Council on Public Affairs, 1940. Pp. 317. Bibliog.

CH. 61

909

LABOR

4 3 1 4 . GAMBS, J O H N S .

T h e decline of the I . W . W .

economics and public law.)

(Studies in history,

Ν . Y . : Columbia U n i v . Press, 1 9 3 2 .

Pp. 2 6 8 .

Diag., tables, classified bibliog. History of decline, 1917-1931. left off. Factual and objective. 4 3 1 5 . GOMPERS, SAMUEL. b y H a y e s Robbins. series.)

Carries on from a b o u t where Brissenden

L a b o r and the employer.

(4306)

Compiled and edited

( L a b o r movements and labor problems in A m e r i c a

N . Y . : D u t t o n , 1 9 2 0 . P p . vii, 3 2 0 .

Selections from the printed writings, addresses, and testimony, and private reports of Samuel Gompers of the period 1890-1920, classified according to the specific problem of labor relations with which they deal and dated and arranged chronologically within each group. Valuable as expression of policy of Gompers and A. F . of L. 4 3 1 6 . GOMPERS, SAMUEL. Seventy years of life and labor: an autobiography.

2 vols. N . Y . : D u t t o n [c. 1 9 2 5 ] .

P p . x x x i v , 5 5 7 ; xxvii, 6 2 9 .

Illus.

Gompers' own story of his life's work and aspirations, 1850-1924, gives a good idea of the labor movement in the United States as a growth and as a result of the environment in which it developed. The index offers easy reference to the multitudinous names of individuals, organizations, labor laws, and problems discussed throughout the text. 4 3 1 7 . GRIFFIN,

John

I.

Strikes:

a

study

in

(Studies in history, economics and public law.)

quantitative

economics.

N. Y.:

Columbia U n i v .

A valuable statistical study of strikes in the U. S. since 1880: relationship to strategic variables; cause, duration, and results; Also study of strikes in Mass. and trends in m a j o r industries in T h e bibliography is a very helpful guide to materials on strikes publications.

annual fluctuations; unions and strikes. Mass. and N. Y. in State and federal

Press, 1 9 3 9 .

P p . 3 1 9 . T a b l e s , diags.

4 3 1 8 . GROAT, GEORGE GORHAM. A n introduction to the study of organized labor in America. . . . N . Y . : Macmillan [c. 1 9 1 6 ] .

Pp. xv, 494.

Read-

ings. A text widely used in colleges and universities in the 1920's. Illustrates the common approach to the study of labor. 4 3 1 9 . H O X I E , ROBERT F R A N K L I N .

T r a d e unionism in the United States.

N . Y . : Appleton, 1 9 2 3 [c. 1 9 1 7 ] . P p . xxxix, 4 6 8 . C h a p . refs. Chiefly notes and lectures given by R . F. Hoxie during his last year of teaching at the University of Chicago. A functional and genetic account of American labor unions, emphasizing especially the cultural influences at w o r k as contrasted with a

910

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

narrow economic interpretation. In a sense, a study in group psychology. Among topics considered are definition of the problem, an historical review, present union groups (railway brotherhoods and A. F . of L . ) , I. W . W. and revolutionary unionism, leaders and the rank and file, employers' associations, the law and labor, collective bargaining and trade-union program, scientific management and labor, social control.

Histoire des classes ouvrières et de l'industrie en France avant 1789. Deuxième édition, entièrement refondue. 2 vols. Paris: Arthur Rousseau, éditeur, 1900-01 [pref. to ist ed. of 1859], Pp. lxxxviii, 715; 988. Tables. a. . Histoires . . . de 1789 à 1870. Deuxième édition. 2 vols. Paris: Arthur Rousseau, éditeur, 1903-04 [pref. to ist ed. of 1864]. Pp. ciii, 719; 912. Tables. 4 3 2 0 . LEVASSEUR, E .

These four volumes furnish an economic history of France since the Roman Conquest: industry, commerce, labor, industry and government regulation, social conditions, economic thought, and, briefly, finance. Based on an extensive survey of contemporary material. Especially useful for a general study of the history of labor. 4 3 2 1 . L O R W I N , L E W I S L., with the assistance of JEAN ATHERTON F L E X N E R . The American Federation of Labor. (Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution.) Washington: Brookings Institution, 1933. Pp. xix, 573. Tables, apps., bibliog. A history, dealing with the development of the A. F. of L., its policies, record of success or failure, effect on American labor movement, how it operates, etc. 4 3 2 2 . O R T H , SAMUEL P. The armies of labor: a chronicle of the organized wage-earners. (Chronicles of America series.) New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1921. Pp. ix, 279. Illus., bibliog. Elementary historical survey, 19th and 20th centuries, of organized labor.

4323. PARKER, CARLETON H. The casual laborer and other essays. Ν. Y.: Harcourt, 1920. Pp. 199. Tables. Four essays on the casual laborer and the I. W . W . which made a significant contribution toward the understanding of the migratory laborer and his unrest. Chiefly psychological and social factors.

history of trade unionism in the United States. Ν. Y.: Macmillan, 1923. Pp. viii, 313. Bibliog. 4 3 2 4 . P E R L M A N , SELIG. A

T h e standard text summarizing Commons' History of Labour and continuing the story to 1922. T h e evolution of the objectives and methods of trade unions is amply illustrated by specific accounts of their relations with employers, politics, and the courts. The last section of the book gives a general interpretative summary of the movement.

CH. 61

LABOR

911

F L O R E N C E . Strikes in the United States, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 6 . (U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin no. 651.) Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1938. Pp. vi, 183. Tables, diags. 4 3 2 5 . PETERSON,

4 3 2 6 . POWDERLY, T E R E N C E V . The path I trod; the autobiography of Terence V. Powderly, edited by Harry J. Carman, Henry David, and Paul N . Guthrie. (Studies in American culture.) Ν. Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1 9 4 0 . Pp. xiv, 4 6 0 .

4327. P O W D E R L Y , T E R E N C E V. Thirty years of labor, bus, O.: Rankin & O'Neal, 1890. Pp. iii, 693. Illus.

1859-1899.

Colum-

Indispensable for the study of the Knights of Labor—the first considerable labor organization in the U. S.—its objectives and its leadership. 4 3 2 8 . R E E D , L O U I S S. The labor philosophy of Samuel Gompers. (Columbia Univ. studies in history, economics and public law.) Ν. Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1930. Pp. 190. Classified bibliog. A critical study of the ideas and policies of one of America's outstanding labor leaders, and of his activities in helping to found and lead the A. F. of L. R E Y N O L D S , LLOYD G . , and C H A R L E S C . K I L L I N G S W O R T H . Trade union publications. The official journals, convention proceedings, and constitutions of international unions and federations, 1 8 5 0 - 1 9 4 1 . 3 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1944. Pp. xxxii, 416; lvii, xv, 931. 4329.

A detailed guidebook and subject index to the publications of trade unions. Vol. i, "Description and Bibliography" of the publications, lists chronologically about 275 trade unions. A brief analytical and historical description is also presented of the publications of each of the 50 trade unions covered by the subject index. 4 3 3 0 . [ R O B E R T S , W I L L I A M C., compiler.] American Federation of Labor: history, encyclopedia, reference book. 2 vols. Washington: American Federation of Labor, 1 9 1 9 - 1 9 2 4 . Pp. 5 1 5 , v; 3 3 9 , v. Illus., tables, chart. Convenient alphabetical arrangement of the large number of topics or questions considered at the sessions of the Federation, 1881-1918 (vol. i) and 1919-23 (vol. i i ) , with opinions expressed and date of consideration.

4331.

S E I D M A N , HAROLD.

Labor czars. Ν. Y.: Liveright [c.

1938].

Pp.

χ, 317· Labor racketeering since 1886. 4 3 3 2 . [U. S.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Strikes in defense industries. Statement showing certain basic data for the formulation of a policy toward strikes in defense industries in the United States . . . together with a sum-

GENERAL

912

TOPICS

PART

VI

mary of federal law and jurisprudence. . . . Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1941. Pp. vii, 299. Tables. 4333. W A R E , N O R M A N J. The labor movement in the United States, 1 8 6 0 1895: a study in democracy. N. Y.: Appleton, 1929. Pp. xviii, 409. Forms, bibliog. A l t h o u g h this c o v e r s the same p e r i o d a s v o l u m e ii of C o m m o n s ' History

of

Labour

( 4 3 1 0 ) , it is p r i m a r i l y a s y m p a t h e t i c t r e a t m e n t of the h i s t o r y of the K n i g h t s of L a b o r , its o r g a n i z a t i o n , p u r p o s e s , activities, etc. 4334.

WEBB,

and B E A T R I C E . The history of trade unionism. [ist ed., London, 1 8 9 4 ] . Pp. xviii, 7 8 4 .

SIDNEY,

N. Y.: Longman's,

1920

T h e best historical s t u d y of the B r i t i s h t r a d e - u n i o n m o v e m e n t .

Valuable for com-

p a r i s o n w i t h A m e r i c a n experience a n d as b a c k g r o u n d f o r recent political d e v e l o p m e n t s in E n g l a n d .

The growth of American trade unions, 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 2 3 . . . with a foreword by Wesley C. Mitchell. (Publications of the National Bureau of Economic Research.) N. Y.: The Bureau, 1924. Pp. 170. Tables, charts. a. . Ebb and flow in trade unions. (Publications of the National Bureau of Economic Research.) N . Y.: The Bureau, 1936. Pp. xv, 251. Tables, diags. 4335. WOLMAN, LEO.

T h e s e v o l u m e s c o n s t i t u t e f o r 1 8 8 0 - 1 9 3 4 a v a l u a b l e statistical s t u d y of t h e m e m b e r ship of

Also

the

g r o w t h of t h e w o r k i n g p o p u l a t i o n a n d their d i s t r i b u t i o n in e m p l o y e r , salaried,

a l a r g e n u m b e r of

and

wage-earning

unions, unions by

industries, a n d affiliations.

classes.

Z I M A N D , SAVEL. Modern social movements: descriptive summaries and bibliographies. N. Y.: Wilson, 1921. Pp. vii, 260. 4336.

C l a s s i f i e d , f r e q u e n t l y descriptive a n d critical, list g r o u p e d u n d e r t r a d e u n i o n i s m , the cooperative

movement,

proposed

experiments

in

industrial

ship, n a t i o n a l i n d u s t r i a l councils, a n d the P l u m b P l a n

democracy—copartner-

( r a i l r o a d e m p l o y e e ' s s h a r e in

m a n a g e m e n t ) , t h e single t a x , socialism, g u i l d socialism, s y n d i c a l i s m , b o l s h e v i s m , a n a r c h i s m in E u r o p e a n d the U n i t e d S t a t e s .

l i o g r a p h i e s , to g e n e r a l , theoretical, l e g i s l a t i v e , a n d h i s t o r i c a l w o r k s , periodicals, D.

LABOR AND T H E

and

E a c h g r o u p includes references to b i b etc.

GOVERNMENT

4337. B E R M A N , EDWARD. Labor and the Sherman Act. N. Y.: Harper, 1930. Pp. xviii, 332. Apps. A c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the p u r p o s e of the A c t w i t h respect to restraint of l a b o r , a d e tailed

survey

of

its a p p l i c a t i o n

to l a b o r

activities,

1890 t o

1927, a n d

a

classifica-

t i o n of t h e a c t i v i t i e s a f f e c t e d b y the A c t , w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s f r o m specific l a b o r cases.

CH. 61

LABOR

913

and DOROTHY VAN DOREN, editors. Labor and the government: an investigation of the role of government in labor relations. N. Y.: published for the Twentieth Century Fund, Inc., by McGraw-Hill, 1935. Pp. xii, 413. Charts. 4 3 3 8 . BERNHEIM, ALFRED L.,

An a t t e m p t to examine and evaluate past experience as a basis for suggestions for new federal legislation. M a n y of its suggestions were embodied in the W a g n e r Connery bill. 4 3 3 9 . BOYD, JAMES HARRINGTON. Workmen's compensation and industrial insurance under modern conditions. . . . 2 vols. Indianapolis: BobbsMerrill [c. 1913]. Pp. xviii, 1622. Chap. I, distinctions between common law, employer's liability laws, w o r k m e n ' s industrial insurance laws, workmen's compensation laws; Chap. 11, historical sketch of the development of workmen's industrial insurance and compensation laws in U. S. T h e remainder deals with laws in G e r m a n y , various States of U. S., etc. A valuable w o r k for the early period.

Compulsory insurance in Germany, including an appendix relating to compulsory insurance in other countries in Europe. (Fourth special report of Com. of Labor.) Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1893. Pp. 370. 4 3 4 0 . BROOKS, JOHN GRAHAM.

First record of governmental interest in the problem in the U. S. See also Willoughby, below.

4341. BURNS, E. M. "Minimum wage," Encyclopaedia of the social sciences, vol. χ, 1933. Excellent s u m m a r y of world experience with m i n i m u m wage legislation a n d its administration. Comprehensive bibliography.

4342. "Collective bargaining under the Wagner Act," pp. 175-333 of vol. ν of Law and contemporary problems. Durham, N. C.: Duke Univ. Press, 1938. A symposium concerning the problems arising in the administration of this law, a study of collective agreements, the machinery for adjusting disputes, enforcement of agreements, a n d the effects of the Act on industrial relations.

R., and JOHN Β . ANDREWS. Principles of labor legislation. Rev. ed. Ν. Y.: Harper [c. 1916, 1920, 1927]. Pp. xvi, 616. Classified bibliog. 4 3 4 3 . COMMONS, JOHN

A general text on labor law. Gives the historical background and the legislative remedies for the various labor problems—individual a n d collective bargaining, wages, hours, unemployment, safety and health, social insurance and administration.

914

GENERAL TOPICS

PART

VI

4 3 4 4 . DAVIS, ELEANOR. Minimum wage legislation in the United States: summary of fact and opinion. Princeton Univ., Industrial relations section, 1933. Lithoprinted by Edwards Bros., Inc. Pp. iii, 29. Bibliog. A compact introduction to the subject.

4 3 4 5 . FISHER, THOMAS RUSSELL. Industrial disputes and federal legislation, with special reference to the railroad, coal, steel and automobile industries in the U. S. since 1900. . . . (Studies in history, economics and public law.) N. Y . : Columbia Univ. Press, 1940. Pp. 370. Considers not only federal legislation and its administration but also efforts of States and private efforts of companies and labor to settle disputes, with results, as background for federal entry into the field of labor relations. 4346.

F R A N K F U R T E R , F E L I X , a n d N A T H A N GREENE. T h e l a b o r i n j u n c t i o n .

N . Y . : Macmillan, 1930. Pp. 343. Tables, charts, forms. A scholarly treatise stressing the social importance of the labor injunction. The allowable area of economic conflict, procedure and proof underlying labor injunctions, scope of labor injunctions and their enforcement, legislation affecting them, and the underlying issues are discussed with a proposed federal labor injunction bill. 4347.

FRANKFURTER, FELIX, M A R Y W . DEWSON, and JOHN R . COMMONS.

State minimum wage laws in practice. [N. Y . ] : National Consumers' League [foreword, 1924]. Pp. 179. Tables, charts. A brief in defense of the California minimum wage law together with a study of the results of the operation of the California, Wisconsin, and Massachusetts minimum wage laws.

4 3 4 8 . GOLDMARK, JOSEPHINE. Fatigue and efficiency: a study in industry. N . Y . : Charities Publication Committee, 1912. Pp. xvii, 591. Tables, charts. A pioneer work that has been influential. The author sought to find a sound basis for labor legislation by showing what fatigue is and what its effect is on working people. Based on inspection of conditions in many factories and American and European published materials, especially official reports of factory inspection and investigations and other government materials.

4 3 4 9 . [INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE.] Women's work under labour law: a survey of protective legislation. (Studies and reports, series 1 — Employment of women and children—no. 2.) Geneva: pub. for the International Labour Office (League of Nations), 1932. Pp. iv, 264. Tables. A topical survey of current legislation especially designed to protect the women workers of various countries, with a chronological list by countries of such acts.

CH. 61

LABOR

91S

4350. LANDIS, JAMES M. Cases on labor law. Chicago: Foundation Press, Inc., 1934. Pp. xiv, 718. Table of cases, bibliog. footnotes. a. . Supplement . . . 1934-37, by Nathan Witt. Chicago: Fpundation Press, Inc., 1937. Pp. vii, 177. and ARTHUR WUBNIG. Labor relations boards; the regulation of collective bargaining under the National Industrial Recovery Act. . . . Washington: Brookings Institution, 1935. Pp. xiv, 477.

4 3 5 1 . LORWIN, LEWIS L . ,

Analysis of effects of Section 7 (a) of the National Recovery Act on the development of the theory of collective bargaining and on administrative institutions to put statutory requirements into operation.

4352. "Minimum wage: wage-fixing legislation in the United States," Monthly labor review, vol. xxix, no. 5 (Nov., 1929), pp. 1067-1077. Tables. Survey of current legislation. 4 3 5 3 . MORRIS, RICHARD B . Government and labor in early America. N. Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1946. Pp. xvi, 557. A careful, detailed study based on numerous legal cases in Colonial and early American courts of inferior record as well as on 17th and 18th century statutes, town ordinances, vestry books, contemporary newspapers, travelers' accounts, diaries, letter books, and business papers. T h e study analyzes the legal and social status of both free and bound workers, including maritime workers, in regard to regulation of wages, terms and conditions of employment, and collective action of workers. A complete index with numerous cross references is included. 4 3 5 4 . NELLES, WALTER. "Commonwealth v. Hunt," Columbia law review, vol. xxxii, no. 7 (Nov., 1932), pp. 1128-1169. Explanation of the famous labor case decision in terms of its social and economic milieu, especially the textile interests' need for tariff protection.

4355. RHODES, J . E., 11. Workmen's compensation. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1917. Pp. 300. History in U. S. and basic principles. 4 3 5 6 . SELEKMAN, BENJAMIN M., and SYLVIA K . "Matthew Carey," Harvard business review, vol. xix, no. 3 (Spring number, 1941), pp. 326-341. An excellent discussion of the ideas and efforts of a Philadelphia business man, 1820's and 1830's, in behalf of a wiser poor and unemployment relief. D r a w n chiefly f r o m subject's writings.

Chronological development of labor legislation for women in the United States. (U. S. Women's Bureau, Bulletin no.

4 3 5 7 . SMITH, FLORENCE P .

916

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART VI

66, p p . 1 3 5 - 2 8 5 . ) W a s h i n g t o n : Govt. P r . Off., 1929. [Published with Hist o r y of labor legislation for w o m e n in three States, b y Clara M . B e y e r . ] A digest summarizing chronologically under State name all laws governing the employment of women, with regard to hours, night work, types and conditions' of employment, and the permission to use seats. Minimum wage laws were not included since they are covered in detail in Bulletin no. 61. See publications of the Bureau (4365) for other studies in this area. 4 3 5 8 . TEAD, OEDWAY a n d H E N R Y C . METCALF.

L a b o r relations under

the

recovery act. Ν . Y . : M c G r a w - H i l l , 1 9 3 3 . P p . xii, 259. Selected refs. "Aims to supply practical aid to trade associations and to employees concerning improved methods of conducting their labor relations—especially as these are affected by the National Industrial Recovery Act."

4 3 5 9 . [ U . S. BUREAU OF LABOR.] L a b o r laws of the U n i t e d States. . . . (Second special report of t h e Commissioner of L a b o r . ) 2d ed. rev. . . . W a s h i n g t o n : G o v t . P r . Off., 1896. P p . 1383. 4 3 6 0 . [ U . S.] BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. M o n t h l y labor review. J u l y , 1915—. W a s h i n g t o n : G o v t . P r . Off. Information on current labor topics and results of investigations: current statistics of prices, wages and hours, strikes, etc. Subject indexes to the Review are in U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin no. 695 for 1 9 1 5 - 2 0 , and no. 696 for 1921-40. Indexes have been published semiannually since 1941 as a special supplement to the magazine.

4 3 6 1 . [ U . S. CONGRESS.] W o r k m e n ' s c o m p e n s a t i o n . H e a r i n g s b e f o r e t h e C o m m i t t e e o n t h e J u d i c i a r y , H o u s e of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , sixty-first Congress o n H . R . ι , F e b r u a r y 17 a n d M a r c h 1 5 , 1910. W a s h i n g t o n : G o v t . P r . Off., 1910. P p . 183. 4 3 6 2 . [ U . S. CONGRESS.] W o r k m e n ' s c o m p e n s a t i o n . R e p o r t u p o n o p e r a tion of S t a t e laws. Investigation b y commission of t h e A m e r i c a n F e d e r a tion of L a b o r a n d the N a t i o n a l Civic F e d e r a t i o n . Commission's findings, views of e m p l o y e r s a n d w o r k m e n , digest of laws, rules of S t a t e b o a r d s of a w a r d . 63d Cong., 2d Sess., Sen. D o c . no. 419. W a s h i n g t o n : Govt. P r . Off., 1 9 1 4 . P p . 255. 4363.

[ U . S . ] D E P A R T M E N T OF C O M M E R C E AND LABOR. C o m p e n s a t i o n f o r

i n j u r i e s to employees of the U n i t e d States arising f r o m accidents occurring b e t w e e n A u g u s t 1, 1908, a n d J u n e 30, 1 9 1 1 . W a s h i n g t o n : Govt. P r . Off., 1 9 1 3 . P p . 234. Report of the operation of the first compensation law in the U. S., a federal act of 1908.

CH. 61

917

LABOR

[U. S.] DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. Bulletins. 1 8 9 5 — . Govt. Pr. Off.

4364.

Washington:

This is a very useful series of government publications on labor: wages a n d hours, strikes, wholesale a n d retail prices (living costs), labor legislation, etc., including results of m a n y special investigations. Bulletins i - x o o were published bimonthly with articles on various topics in each issue; beginning with 101 they were issued irregularly, each issue dealing with one topic only. A complete list of Bulletins issued is given in the Publications of the Department of Labor, 1940.

4365. [ U . S . ] WOMEN'S BUREAU. Bulletins. 1 9 1 9 — . Washington: Govt. Pr. Off. A series of hundreds of special publications, which have appeared frequently b u t irregularly, t h a t deal with w o m e n in industry—work conditions, wages, industrial accidents, legislation relating to women in industry, etc. Bureau publishes The Woman Worker regularly.

S. Labor problems and labor administration in the United States during the world war. 2 parts. (Univ. of Illinois studies in the social sciences, vol. viii, nos. 3 and 4 , Sept. and Dec., 1 9 1 9 . ) Pp. 2 4 7 .

4 3 6 6 . WATKINS, GORDON

T h e attitude of American labor t o w a r d the war, labor conditions in relation to production, analysis of current industrial unrest, and the development of war labor administration. A general study written f r o m printed materials. 4 3 6 7 . WILLOUGHBY, WILLIAM FRANKLIN.

Workmen's insurance. Ν . Y . :

Crowell [c. 1 8 9 8 ] . Pp. xii, 3 8 6 . T h e history of old-age, accident, and sickness insurance in France, Belgium, Germ a n y , Austria, Italy, England, and United States. Represents efforts of U. S. Dept. of L a b o r to arouse interest in the problem. E.

MISCELLANEOUS

4368. The American labor year book. . . . 18 vols., 1 9 1 6 - 1 9 3 2 . By the Labor research department of the Rand School of Social Science. Ν. Y.: Rand School Press. A convenient collection of statistics and factual items on industrial a n d social conditions, trade-union organization, strikes and lockouts, labor politics a n d legislation, foreign labor legislation, court decisions affecting labor, civil liberties, workers' education, labor banking and insurance, cooperation, international relations of labor, labor abroad, new books and pamphlets, and an international labor directory. F r o m socialist-labor point of view. Does n o t touch upon work. 4 3 6 9 . DOUGLAS, PAUL H . , CURTICE N . HITCHCOCK, a n d WILLARD E . A T -

KINS. The worker in modern economic society. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1923. Pp. xxxii, 929. Tables, chap. refs.

GENERAL

918 Selections

of

readings on the w o r k e r

TOPICS

in modern

PART V I society

arranged

under

topics:

h u m a n nature and industry ; the d e v e l o p m e n t of economic organization ; the w o r k e r in relation to his m a r k e t ; security and risk ; the w o r k e r ' s a p p r o a c h to his problems ; the e m p l o y e r ' s a p p r o a c h ; the c o m m u n i t y ' s a p p r o a c h .

Reflects p o i n t of v i e w of social

economists.

4370. F I T C H , JOHN A. T h e causes of industrial unrest. Ν . Y.: Harper, 1924. Pp. xiv, 424. A suggestive presentation of the economic and p s y c h o l o g i c a l causes and character of the s t r u g g l e — t h e b a c k g r o u n d , point of v i e w , and circumstances " o u t of w h i c h the l a b o r struggle emerges."

4371. HOBSON, 1922. Pp. 157.

J.

A. The economics of unemployment. Ν . Y.: Macmillan,

T h e s i s is t h a t the n o r m a l cause of cyclical depression and u n e m p l o y m e n t is underc o n s u m p t i o n , w h i c h is the result of o v e r - s a v i n g — d i s p r o p o r t i o n

between saving and

s p e n d i n g — a r i s i n g f r o m a maldistribution of income, w h i c h leads to a large a m o u n t of a u t o m a t i c a c c u m u l a t i o n and i n v e s t m e n t of unearned and excessive w e a l t h . on experience, chiefly in E n g l a n d .

or w r o n g l y , has come to be w i d e l y accepted. Employment,

Interest,

and Money

Draws

A n effective presentation of a thesis w h i c h , rightly See also K e y n e s ' General

Theory

of

(ma).

4372. Labor terminology. Publication of the Bureau of Business Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, vol. vii, no. ι (Mar., 1921), Bulletin no. 25. Pp. 108. U s e f u l definition or explanation of terms, as of 4373.

LEES-SMITH, H . B.,

ment.

3

1920.

editor. T h e encyclopaedia of the labour movevols. London: Caxton Pub. Co., Ltd. [about 1 9 2 6 ] .

" C o v e r s e v e r y i m p o r t a n t subject w h i c h is of concern to the L a b o u r

Movement.

E a c h subject has, as far as possible, been explained b y the chief expert on it in the country."

E a c h v o l u m e contains a classified guide to readings on i m p o r t a n t subjects

included in the v o l u m e .

4374.

R Y A N , JOHN

[c. 1906].

P p . ix,

A. A living wage. Rev. ed. Ν . Y.: Macmillan,

1920

182.

Urges minimum wage.

Based on assumption t h a t laborer has a moral claim

a t least a decent living w a g e . "

A p p l i c a t i o n of C a t h o l i c doctrines to a problem

"to of

economic life.

C H A P T E R 62.

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND

DISEASE

T h e history of accidents in all types of industry—manufacture, construction, public utilities, transportation, mining, fishing, and agriculture—and

CH. 62

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASE

industrial diseases should be investigated b y the historian.

919

T h e cost of

American b u s i n e s s — t o individuals, society, and business i t s e l f — i n terms of lives and injuries was apparently v e r y high in the nineteenth century and in the early part of the twentieth. T w o significant developments should be studied in the twentieth c e n t u r y : the placing on business of considerable responsibility for accident prevention and industrial hygiene and for compensation where injury occurs; and the safety and health movements. T h e s e movements have been furthered b y municipal, State, and federal agencies (notably the U . S. B u r e a u of Mines, the U . S. D e p a r t m e n t of L a bor, and public health agencies), b y insurance companies and associations, the N a t i o n a l S a f e t y Council and other s a f e t y organizations, philanthropic foundations, and engineering and medical schools. C o m p a n y records—especially legal records from the later part of the nineteenth c e n t u r y — c o n t a i n information about accidents; for the last two decades or so the keeping of accident and illness records has become necessary in m a n y States because of compensation and other laws. T h e research student should consult publications of the U. S. Bureau of L a b o r Statistics, which has published m a n y bulletins on accident and disease in industry ( C h a n e y prepared m a n y bulletins on accidents beginning with 1908), and federal and State bureaus of mines as well as the publications of other organizations working on problems of health and accidents in industry. B o o k s on industrial management and industrial hygiene should also be used for descriptions of problems and methods and as a k e y to the literature for a given time. Excepting the bibliography listed below, the references listed are merely examples of a scattered literature. See also Annals of Risks

in Modern

Industry

(2278).

4 3 7 5 . A M E R I C A N A C A D E M Y OF P O L I T I C A L A N D S O C I A L S C I E N C E .

Industrial

s a f e t y . Philadelphia: T h e A c a d e m y , 1926. P p . x, 239. Illus., diags. C o n t a i n s articles dealing w i t h v a r i o u s aspects of industrial accidents and their p r e vention.

See also an earlier p u b l i c a t i o n of the A c a d e m y o n t h e s a m e subject

4 3 7 6 . AMERICAN ENGINEERING COUNCIL.

(2278).

Safety and production; an engi-

neering and statistical study of the relationship between industrial s a f e t y and production ; a report . . . . Ν . Y . : Harper, 1928. 4377.

NATIONAL SAFETY

cago,

1913—·

COUNCIL.

Transactions.

Proceedings of a n n u a l m e e t i n g s cover all industrial s a f e t y and an interest in s a f e t y .

fields

Pp.414.

Annual,

1912—.

Chi-

in general p r o m o t i o n of

T h e Council also issues o t h e r special a n d

regular

GENERAL

920

PART VI

TOPICS

reports, including the annual Green Book, started in 1923, which contains statistics of railroad accidents. Originally, Council called Co-operative Safety Congress. T H O M P S O N , W . G I L M A N . The occupational diseases; their causation, symptoms, treatment and prevention. N. Y.: Appleton, 1914. Pp. xxvi, 724. Illus., diags. 4378.

[ U . S . BUREAU or LABOR S T A T I S T I C S . ] Books and periodicals on accident and disease prevention in industry in the library of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. [Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1916.] Pp. 23. 4379.

VAN SCHAACK, DAVID, editor. Safeguards for the prevention of industrial accidents. Hartford, Conn.: Aetna Life Insurance Co. [c. 1910]. Pp. 174. Illus. 4380.

An early book on accident prevention.

CHAPTER 63. GENERAL TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT A.

BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND COLLECTIONS

The Engineering Index is especially useful. Important collections of technological materials which are of high value to the historian are those of the older engineering schools, for example, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 4381.

. . . .

[AMERICAN SOCIETY OF C I V I L E N G I N E E R S . ]

Catalogue of the library

2 vols. N. Y.: The Society, 1902.

COWING, H E R B E R T L., compiler. One thousand technical books: a selected list with annotations emphasizing especially elementary practical books. Washington: American Library Association, 1919. Pp. 123.

4382.

Lists books published mostly from 1910 to 1919 which are useful for men without formal technical training. Civil, mechanical, electrical, building, mining, and metallurgical engineering.

4383. Engineering index, 1884—. N. Y.: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. A bibliography of current engineering material published in United States, Canada, Great Britain, India, France, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Useful as a guide to technical material on architecture, construction engineering, electricity, marine engineering and architecture, mining, railroading, etc. First volume issued in 1892, for the years 1884-91, by the Association of Engineering Societies under the title of Descriptive Index of Current Engineering Literature. Subsequently issued at various times (annually beginning 1906) as Engineering Index or Engineering Index Annual.

CH. 63

GENERAL TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

921

4384. N E W Y O R K P U B L I C LIBRARY. Catalogue of the William Barclay Parsons collection. N . Y.: The Library, 1941. Pp. 108. Sections on civil engineering and railroads. [ U . S . ] D E P A R T M E N T OF COMMERCE. Bibliography of scientific and industrial reports. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., Jan. 11, 1 9 4 6 — . 4385.

A weekly publication listing scientific and technological reports of German or U. S. origin classified by industry groups. The reports listed are chiefly those of government agencies or of research performed by private agencies for the government. The German reports are those captured after World War n's armistice. While the reports listed are of recent origin, some are in part historical. B.

G E N E R A L H I S T O R Y OF I N V E N T I O N AND E N G I N E E R I N G

The first three books below are useful reference books for different periods in American mechanical and engineering development. Usher's work is the best general work though it fails to relate developments to business. Kaempffert's deals broadly with American invention. Mumford's contains a useful chronology. None of the works relates inventions or engineering development so closely to business as to be most helpful to the student of the history of business. Materials on specific fields of technological development are scattered elsewhere in the GUIDE. See especially Chapters 37, 38, and 40, and biographies of inventors and engineers—Edison ( 4 1 8 ) , Oliver Evans ( 4 2 1 ) , Hammond ( 4 7 6 ) , and Westinghouse ( 4 1 9 , 4 2 0 ) . 4 3 8 6 . ADAMS, H E N R Y . Cassell's engineer's handbook. Comprising facts and formulae, principles and practices, in all branches of engineering. Philadelphia: D. McKay, 1907. Pp. 576. A revised edition of an influential work.

4387. ANTISELL, T. Hand-book of the useful arts; including agriculture, architecture, domestic economy, engineering, machinery, manufactures, mining, photogenic and telegraphic art: being an exposition of their principles and practice and a compend of American and European invention. (Putnam's home cyclopedia, vol. iii.) Ν . Y.: George P. Putnam, 1852. Pp. vii, 692. Illus., tables, diags. Of value only as it pictures contemporary techniques, especially mechanical. Ure's (2670) is a much better work.

chemical

and

4388. Appleton's cyclopaedia of applied mechanics: a dictionary of mechanical engineering and the mechanical arts, illustrated with nearly five thousand engravings. Edited by Park Benjamin. 2 vols. N . Y.: Appleton, 1 8 8 9 [c. 1 8 7 8 ] . P p . 9 6 0 ; 9 5 9 . Illus., diags.

922

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

Extremely useful for descriptions of machines, tools, and mechanical processes of the times.

T h e preface states that it is " a n entirely new w o r k " and not a revision of

the publisher's Dictionary

of Machines,

Mechanics,

Engine-work

and

Engineering,

1855· 4389.

B Y R N , EDWARD W .

P r o g r e s s o f i n v e n t i o n in t h e n i n e t e e n t h

century.

Ν . Y . : M u n n & C o . , 1900. P p . viii, 4 7 6 . Chapters on the technical history of important inventions. 4390.

COCHRANE, CHARLES H E N R Y .

T h e w o n d e r s of m o d e r n

mechanism.

A r é s u m é o f r e c e n t p r o g r e s s in m e c h a n i c a l , p h y s i c a l a n d e n g i n e e r i n g s c i e n c e . P h i l a d e l p h i a : L i p p i n c o t t , 1896. P p . 402. I l l u s . , d i a g s . A useful book for the person w h o w a n t s reliable but not too technical descriptions of important inventions and their use, and of general progress in applied science in late 19th century.

A u t h o r was a mechanical engineer.

T h e author's Modern

Industrial

Progress,

published in 1904, is larger and brings

the subject up to date. 4391.

C R E S S Y , EDWARD.

tury.

2d e d . , r e v .

1923.

Discoveries a n d inventions of the twentieth cen-

L o n d o n : George R o u t l e d g e & Sons, L t d . ; Ν . Y . :

P p . x x i i i , 458.

Dutton,

Illus., diags.

Does for 20th century what Routledge (4399) did for the 19th. 4392.

HOWE, HENRY.

M e m o i r s of the m o s t eminent A m e r i c a n

also, lives of distinguished E u r o p e a n m e c h a n i c s . Pp.482.

mechanics:

. . . Ν . Y . : H a r p e r , 1858.

Illus.

Short biographies of mechanics, most of w h o m were also business men.

Contains

anecdotes revealing character and personality and information about inventions and business connections of John Fitch, Benjamin Franklin, Oliver Evans, Samuel Slater, Eli Whitney, Robert Fulton, and others. 4393.

I L E S , GEORGE. L e a d i n g A m e r i c a n i n v e n t o r s .

Ν . Y . : Holt (c.

1912).

P p . XV, 447. I l l u s . , d i a g . Biographies of inventors and engineers: J o h n and Robert L. Stevens, Robert Fulton, Eli

Whitney, Thomas Blanchard,

Samuel F .

B.

Morse,

Charles

Goodyear,

John

Ericsson, C y r u s H. M c C o r m i c k ,

Christopher

L. Sholes, Elias H o w e , Benjamin

Tilghman, Ottmar Mergenthaler.

Explains inventions and how arrived at and gives

C.

something on inventor's management of the business of making and selling inventions or products of inventions.

Undocumented but apparently carefully done; drawn in

part f r o m primary sources. 4394.

K A E M P F F E R T , WALDEMAR. A p o p u l a r h i s t o r y o f A m e r i c a n i n v e n t i o n .

Ν . Y . : S c r i b n e r ' s , 1924.

2 vols. P p . xvi, 5 7 7 ; xiv, 457. Illus., diags.

Non-technical history of inventions for different kinds of transportation, communications, power production, exploiting natural resources (mining, oil, etc.), and auto-

CH. 63

GENERAL TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

matic labor-saving devices. on administration.

923

Considers organization for m a n u f a c t u r e b u t very little

4 3 9 5 . KIEBY, RICHARD S., a n d P H I L I P G . LAURSON. m o d e r n civil engineering.

T h e early y e a r s of

N e w H a v e n : Yale Univ. Press, 1932.

Pp. xvi,

324· Useful for information concerning early American engineers as well as E u r o p e a n background. Chapter bibliographies. 4 3 9 6 . KIRKPATRICK, S . D . , e d i t o r . T w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s of c h e m i c a l e n g i n e e r ing progress. Engineers.)

( S i l v e r a n n i v e r s a r y v o l u m e , A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e of

Chemical

Philadelphia: T h e Institute, 1933. Pp. 373.

Articles in layman's language on chemical engineering developments in various fields. Written by specialists; general introduction b y A r t h u r D. Little. 4 3 9 7 . MUMFORD, LEWIS. 1934].

P p . xi, 4 9 5 .

Technics and civilization.

Ν . Y.: Harcourt

[c.

Illus.

History of technological development and its impact on society and its institutions. Emphasis on contemporary problem of social control arising f r o m highly complicated machine production. Chronological list of inventions f r o m 10th century. Useful bibliography. 4 3 9 8 . NASON, HENRY B . , e d i t o r .

B i o g r a p h i c a l r e c o r d of t h e o f f i c e r s a n d

g r a d u a t e s of t h e R e n s s e l a e r P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e , 1 8 2 4 - 1 8 8 6 . T r o y , Ν . Y . : William H . Young, 1887.

P p . viii, 6 1 4 .

Valuable f o r information a b o u t the business activities of a technically group, the engineers. 4 3 9 9 . ROUTLEDGE, ROBERT. century.

London:

trained

D i s c o v e r i e s a n d i n v e n t i o n s of t h e n i n e t e e n t h

George Routledge & Sons, 1886.

P p . xiii, 594.

Illus.,

diags. This is a late 19th century edition of an English book t h a t is useful for the person w h o needs a detailed but not overly technical description of significant inventions and the nature a n d extent of their use. 4 4 0 0 . THOMPSON, HOLLAND. T h e a g e of i n v e n t i o n : a c h r o n i c l e of m e c h a n ical c o n q u e s t . Press, 1 9 2 1 .

( C h r o n i c l e s of A m e r i c a s e r i e s . )

N e w Haven:

Yale

Univ.

P p . ix, 267. Classified bibliog.

Development a n d effect in the United States of certain basic mechanical inventions or developments: cotton gin, steam power, textile machines, electricity, rubber, etc. 4 4 0 1 . USHER, ABBOTT PAYSON. A h i s t o r y of m e c h a n i c a l i n v e n t i o n s . M c G r a w - H i l l , 1 9 2 9 . P p . xi, 4 0 1 .

N.Y.:

Illus., tables, diags., classified bibliog.

T w o t h o u g h t f u l introductory chapters on t h e "place of technology in economic history" and " t h e process of mechanical invention." Surveys the history of inventions,

924

GENERAL TOPICS

PART

VI

beginning with ancient times. Topical in organization. Sees invention as a part of the larger intellectual or cultural process, but does not closely relate it to the economic or business setting or attempt to consider its results. A book that- should not be overlooked by those interested in the subject. C.

SERIAL PUBLICATIONS

The transactions of the three engineering societies listed below represent broadly technological development from about the middle of the nineteenth century. The same is also true of the journals listed, though they are more popular in nature than the engineering publications. Publications which are more specialized are listed throughout the GUIDE under the subject to which they apply. For help in finding publications see Union List of Serials (4833). 4 4 0 2 . AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERS.

Transactions. An-

nual, 1908. N. Y. The technical addresses and papers published in this series record problems and developments in chemical engineering which help the research student to date important events in the field. See also Kirkpatrick's history of the Institute (4396). 4 4 0 3 . AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.

Transactions. Monthly,

1867—. N . Y . Contains technical addresses and papers including those delivered at international engineering congresses. Occasional indexes. The Society also published a Yearbook from 1872-1932 and Proceedings from 1873-1938. The publications of this Society are especially important for its early decades when civil engineers were the trained engineers used in railroad construction and other fields. 4 4 0 4 . AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS.

Transactions. An-

nual, 1880-1926; monthly or irregular, 1927—. N. Y. Index of vols, i - x l v published in 1924. The articles are chiefly technical, but particularly for the period of popularity of scientific management they contain considerable on industrial management. Volumes xxxiv, xxxix, and xliv contain valuable articles and reports on the management of industrial plants, including personnel.

4405. Journal of the Franklin Institute devoted to science and the mechanic arts. Monthly, 1826—. Philadelphia. Especially valuable in its early decades, when it was a pioneer and leader as a technical journal. Contains much information on processes and patents. Over the years it reflects the larger developments in applied science and technology.

4406. Mechanics magazine and register of inventions and improvements. Monthly, 1833-38. N. Y. Merged into American

Railroad

Journal.

CH. 63

GENERAL TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

925

4407. Popular science monthly. 1872—. Ν . Y. Important as an indication of h o w scientific information was spread through a magazine that was widely read.

4408. Scientific American. Weekly, 1845—· Ν . Y. Useful to the student of business history w h o wants a not-too-technical record of scientific advance over the past hundred years. D.

PATENTS

Randall and Watson's Finding List should be consulted for aid in locating information about a given patent or trade-mark in the maze of government documents. Toulmin's book is a useful introduction to patent law. Ladas' is helpful on international patent protection. H a r t ' s and Pollard's are indispensable guides to decisions in patent cases. See also Trade-marks in Chapter 3 1 G 6. 4 4 0 9 . C A M P B E L L , L E V I N H . P a t e n t system of the United States so far as it relates to the granting of patents: a history. Washington: McGill & Wallace, 1891. Pp. 55. 4 4 1 0 . F O L K , GEORGE E . Patents and industrial progress; a summary, analysis, and evaluation of the record on patents of the Temporary National Economic Committee. Ν . Y.: Harper, 1942. Pp. xiii, 393. An evaluation of the testimony presented in the hearings of the T.N.E.C. concerning patents by the special patent adviser for the National Association of Manufacturers.

Digest of decisions of law and practice in the P a t e n t Office and the United States and State courts in patents, trademarks, copyrights, and labels, 1886-1898. Chicago: Callaghan & Co., 1898. Pp. xxvi, 385. 4 4 1 1 . H A R T , AMOS W I N F I E L D .

For later digests see Pollard, below.

Bibliography of journals, books, and compilations (American and foreign) which list and abstract patents. (Reprinted from the Journal of the Patent Office Society, Oct., 1935-Feb., 1936.) Baltimore: Special Libraries Association, 1936. Pp. (6), 70. 4 4 1 2 . H O H E N H O F F , E L S A VAN.

T h e journals and other publications, including both books and pamphlets, of private and government agencies are listed. A useful guide to sources of information concerning patents, etc.

P. International protection of industrial property. Cambridge: Harvard, 1930. Pp. xiii, 972. Bibliog. 4 4 1 3 . LADAS, S T E P H E N

GENERAL

926

TOPICS

PART V I

A treatise concerning the origin, history, and status of the international protection of patents, industrial designs and models, trade-marks, and trade names, especially after 1873. A special chapter covers Pan-American international conventions on industrial property. 4414.

M E Y E R S , E R N E S T S., a n d SEYMOUR D . L E W I S .

" T h e patent

chise' and the antitrust laws," Georgetown law journal, Dec., J a n . , 1 9 4 2 , vol. 3 0 , pp. 1 1 7 - 1 4 8 ;

'fran-

1941,

and

260-275.

An article on the history of the patent laws and of their interrelationship with regulation of competition under the antitrust laws. 4415.

P a t e n t a n d t r a d e m a r k review.

Monthly, 1 9 0 2 — .

Ν. Y.

L a w cases and legislation, U . S. and foreign. 4416.

P H I L L I P S , WILLARD.

L a w o f p a t e n t s for i n v e n t i o n s ;

r e m e d i e s a n d l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s in r e l a t i o n t o p a t e n t r i g h t s . ican Stationers' Co., 1 8 3 7 .

Pp. xv, 540.

including Boston:

the

Amer-

A p p . , b i b l i o g . , list o f c a s e s c i t e d .

A n early 19th century American legal treatise concerning the process of patenting an invention, patent laws, the legal interpretations of patent laws, and the procedures f o r redressing grievances arising out of patent infringements. 4417.

POLLARD, WILLARD LACY.

D i g e s t of d e c i s i o n s o f l a w a n d p r a c t i c e in

t h e P a t e n t Office a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d S t a t e c o u r t s in p a t e n t s , t r a d e m a r k s , copyrights, a n d labels, 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 1 2 . 1886-1898. a.

.

Digest

J . B y r n e & Co., 1 9 2 0 . 4418.

A supplement to H a r t ' s Digest,

W a s h i n g t o n : J . B y r n e & Co., 1 9 1 2 . of

Pp. xxxvi, 644.

decisions . . . 1 9 1 2 - 1 9 1 9 .

RANDALL, M E R L E , a n d E V E L Y N B . WATSON.

S t a t e s p a t e n t , design, t r a d e - m a r k , numbers.

. . .

Washington:

Pp. xx, 119. F i n d i n g list for U n i t e d

reissue, l a b e l , p r i n t , a n d p l a n t

B e r k e l e y : U n i v . of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , 1 9 3 8 .

patent

Pp. 31.

A concise guide to sources for use in locating specific patent information. The data are subdivided by periods ( 1 7 9 0 - 1 8 3 5 , 1 8 3 6 - 7 1 , and 1 8 7 2 — ) according to the patenting procedures in U. S. T h e serial number of Congressional documents, the document number, year, patent, design, reissue, and additional improvement are shown in tabular form f o r period 1 8 3 6 - 7 1 . F o r the recent period the Finding List shows volume number of the Official Gazette, date, patent, design, trade-mark, reissue, label, or print numbers. 4419.

[RICHARDS, W I L L I A M E . ]

practice.

a n d OSCAR A . G E I E R .

4 t h ed. Ν . Y . : R i c h a r d s & Geier, 1 9 2 8 .

Pp. 48.

Patents:

law and

Tables.

Handbook by two patent and trade-mark attorneys. 4 4 2 0 . TOULMIN, HARRY A . 1936.

Pp. xx, 399.

Invention and the law.

N. Y.:

Prentice-Hall,

CH. 63

GENERAL TECHNOLOGICAL

DEVELOPMENT

927

A useful historical and analytical study of the background of patent laws, especially in U. S. a n d Great Britain. T h e chapters on " W h a t Is I n v e n t i o n " a n d " W h a t Is N o t I n v e n t i o n " citing legal precedents are especially useful. T h e bibliography (pp. 3 1 7 - 3 4 7 ) to American, British, French, and German literature a b o u t patents and p a t e n t law covers both private and governmental publications. T h e "List of Cases Cited" and " P a t e n t s involved in Litigation" are also useful.

4421. [U. S. CONGRESS.] Report of the investigation of the United States Patent Office made by the President's commission on economy and efficiency, December, 1912. Ó2d Cong., 3d sess., H. R. Doc. no. m o . Pp. 624. Illus., tables, diags., charts, bibliog. Investigation made to determine adequacy of "methods, personnel, equipment, and buildings," with recommendations. A brief history of the patent system of the United States is included (pp. 2 1 3 - 2 4 0 ) , as well as considerable i n f o r m a t i o n about organization, regulation, publications f r o m 1789 to 1912 (pp. 477-495), etc., some of which is historical.

4422. United States patent law sesquicentennial celebration. A record of the proceedings commemorating the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the first United States patent law, 1790, Apr. 10, 1940. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1941. Pp. vii, 72. A concise statement of the history of U. S. p a t e n t laws and of the P a t e n t Office.

[U. S. P A T E N T OFFICE.] Catalogue of the library of the United States Patent office. Compiled under authority of the Commissioner of Patents. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1878. Pp. 2717. a. . Catalogue of additions to the library of the United States Patent office from May 1, 1878, to May r, 1883. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1883. Pp. iv, 452· 4423.

An a u t h o r , title, and subject index which is useful as a guide to the printed books and pamphlets available in 1878 and 1883. T h e subject classification adds to its usefulness to the historian. 4424.

V A U G H A N , FLOYD L .

Economics of our patent system.

N. Y.:

Mac-

millan, 1925. Pp. XV, 288. A treatise concerning U. S. p a t e n t law, including its history, with emphasis on the trends of development and their influences. Special chapters treat such topics as pools, consolidations, unfair competition, suppression, litigation, a n d delay in granting. T h e bibliography, although not a n n o t a t e d , is especially useful. 4 4 2 5 . VOJACEK, JAN. Survey of the principal national patent systems. N. Y.: Prentice-Hall, 1936. Pp. xviii, 209. Bibliog.

A recent general survey of p a t e n t laws, international in scope, with special historical surveys of the laws in Great Britain, U. S., Canada, France, Italy, Spain, G e r m a n y ,

G E N E R A L TOPICS

928

PART V I

Russia, and Japan. Appendix I — a discussion with maps of patent territories throughout the world now under the several international agreements protecting patent rights, as well as the areas with no patent protection—is especially useful.

4426. WEBER, GUSTAVUS A. The patent office: its history, activities and organization. (Institute for Government Research, Service monographs of the United States Government no. 31.) Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Press, 1924. Pp. xii, 127. Tables, classified bibliog. A study of the administration of "the laws governing patents, trade-marks, prints, and labels."

CHAPTER

64.

RELATIONS

OF

GOVERNMENT

AND

BUSINESS

The significance of the relation of government to business is a theme which runs through nearly the whole of this volume. In Part II, Chapters 2 and 3, are listed works which deal with the general political institutional framework within which business has historically operated; in Part IV several legal cases involving individual companies are referred to; in Part V are listed materials which show the relationship of government to specific industries; in Chapter 61 are listed works dealing with the relationship of government to labor; in Chapter 51 those dealing with government's position with regard to trusts and combinations; in Chapter 63 materials on patents and the patent system ; and in Chapter 65 the general place of government in relation to planning in economic affairs. In this chapter are listed books and articles which deal with the relationship of government and business in a general way. Section A deals with government regulation and control of business; B, with government aids to business; C, with public finance; and D, with government business enterprise. A.

GENERAL W O R K S ON GOVERNMENT REGULATION AND CONTROL

The books listed below deal mostly with recent relations of government and business, but most of them do give considerable historical background and serve as guides to source materials and monographs. Hall's Concept of a Business Affected with a Public Interest and Wyman's The Special Law Governing Public Service Corporations are valuable historical studies. See also Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 E. 4427. ADLER, EDWARD A. "Business jurisprudence," Harvard law review, Dec., 1914, vol. 28, pp. 135-163.

CH. 64

RELATIONS OF G O V E R N M E N T AND BUSINESS

929

a. . "Labor, capital, and business at common law," Harvard law review, Jan., 1916, vol. 29, pp. 241-276. An historical legal discussion of the inherent nature and characteristics of business and its relationship with the public. T h e evolution of concepts concerning business in common law as well as in the law merchant are traced.

"The origin of the peculiar duties of public service companies," Columbia law review, 1911, vol. ii, pp. 514-531, 616638, 743-764· 4 4 2 8 . BURDICK, CHARLES K .

An historical study of this legal concept as shown by an analysis of legal cases in England and America, 17th through 19th centuries.

Social control of business. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press [c. 1926]. Pp. xviii, 483. Chap, refs., charts. 4 4 2 9 . CLARK, JOHN MAURICE.

"A search for principles of control"—and a consideration of "a related group of definite and tangible problems: those of price control, public utilities, and trusts, introduced by a survey of the underlying conditions furnishing the framework of these problems." A second edition appeared in 1939. 4 4 3 0 . CUSHMAN, ROBERT E . The independent regulatory commissions. Ν. Y.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1941. Pp. xiv, 780. Traces the historical development and analyzes the present functions and organization of such commissions as the Interstate Commerce Commission, Federal Reserve Board, Federal T r a d e Commission, U. S. Shipping Board, U. S. Maritime Commission, Federal Power Commission, Federal Radio Commission, and similar federal governmental agencies in U. S. A. and Great Britain.

4431. The ethical problems in relations of business to government: lectures delivered in 1931 on the William A. Vawter Foundation on Business Ethics. Northwestern University School of Commerce. Ν . Y.: Ronald Press Co. [c. 1932]. Pp. 174. Vanderveer Custis, Relations between business and government in the United States ; Julius Klein, Factors in business behavior; W. E. H u m p h r e y , Business ethics and the Federal Trade Commission; Alben W. Barkley, The business lobby (some historical m a t e r i a l ) ; J o h n N. Van der Vries, Collective business: its methods and objectives; W. J . Donald, T h e management point of view. MERLE, and LINCOLN GORDON. Government and the American economy. Ν. Y.: Norton [c. 1941 ]. Pp. xvii, 863. 4 4 3 2 . FAINSOD,

An excellent textbook, emphasizing the recent but including much historical background. Contains a well-selected bibliography classified by chapters.

4433. GRAS, Ν. S. B., LINCOLN GORDON, CHARLES CORTEZ ABBOTT, and C. O. RUGGLES. "Shifts from government regulation to government control

930

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

of business," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xx, no. 2 (Apr., 1946), pp. 35-68. Historical B a c k g r o u n d (Gras) ; G o v e r n m e n t Controls in W a r and Peace ( G o r d o n ) ; G o v e r n m e n t a l A c t i v i t y in the Financial Field

( A b b o t t ) ; Public Utilities

(Ruggles).

H A L L , FORD P. Concept of a business affected with a public interest. Bloomington, Ind.: Principia Press, Inc., 1940. Pp. 223. 4434.

A legal monograph discussing all the more important cases pertaining to this concept decided in federal and State courts before 1910; and all important cases since 1910, as well as m a n y decisions of public service commissions since 1915. T h e volume contains chapters a b o u t the nature and historical development of public business, kinds of public business, kinds of regulations, and the several factors considered b y courts in distinguishing public f r o m private business. Appendices contain a short bibliography ; a list of State laws regulating business (except banks and insurance companies) as of 1939 a n d stating w h i c h businesses in each State are thus regulated; and tables of court and commission cases.

4435. H A L L , FORD P. Government and business. N . Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1939. 2d ed. Pp. xii, 455. Offers a s u m m a r y v i e w of State and federal government control over business and over the several industries thus regulated. Also includes chapters concerning constitutional limitations upon control of business, the commerce clause, types of and machinery for control, antitrust laws, Federal T r a d e Commission, regulation

through

taxation, bankruptcy administration, patents, copyrights, trade-marks, government aids to business, and government operation and ownership of businesses.

References to

cases, books, and legal articles are given for each chapter.

4436. J E N K S , J E R E M I A H W. Business and the government. (Modern business, vol. xxiv.) N . Y.: Alexander Hamilton Institute [c. 1917]. Pp. xxi, 353While better b o o k s on the subject are n o w available, this v o l u m e is important as an early treatment for business men.

Considers taxation, public business, public aids to

business, and regulation (particularly that affecting l a b o r ) . K E E Z E R , D E X T E R MERRIAM, and STACY MAY. The public control of business: a study of antitrust law enforcement, public interest regulation, and government participation in business. N . Y.: Harper, 1930. Pp. xi, 267. 4437.

A useful discussion of methods of control:

their introduction, development,

and

limitation b y judicial decisions. 4438.

K O O N T Z , HAROLD DAYTON.

ton: Houghton, 1941. Pp. xiv, 937.

Government control of business. Bos-

CH. 64

R E L A T I O N S OF G O V E R N M E N T A N D B U S I N E S S

931

A survey of American experience with government intervention in business and the significance of controls—with special reference to transport agencies, public utilities, the enforcement of competition, financial and exchange institutions, extractive industries, and labor—and of government promotion and ownership of business. Selected bibliographies by chapters. 4 4 3 9 . LYON, LEVERETT S . , MYRON W . W A T K I N S , and VICTOR ABRAHAMSON. Y o u r government and economic life; development and current issues of American public policy. 1939-40.

2 vols.

Washington:

Brookings

Institution,

P p . xvi, 5 1 9 ; xi, 5 2 1 - 1 3 0 1 .

Valuable. Footnotes are a useful guide to books and articles. 4 4 4 0 . SCHMECKEBIER, LAURENCE F .

N e w federal organizations: an out-

line of their structure and functions.

(Institute for Government Research,

Studies in administration.) ix, 1 9 9 .

Washington: Brookings Institution, 1 9 3 4 .

Pp.

Tables.

Concerning each of the federal organizations established f r o m March 4, 1933, until September, 1934: a brief account of its purpose, the authority for its creation, its field organization, and statistics on its activities. Various loan and insurance organizations, labor relations boards a n d employment service, economic emergency organizations, coordinating and planning organizations, and other permanent (including F.C.C., National Archives, S.E.C., T.V.A.) and temporary organizations. 4 4 4 1 . TUGWELL,

REXFORD

G.

The

economic

basis of

public

interest.

( P h . D . thesis, U n i v . of Pennsylvania.) M e n a s h a , W i s . : George B a n t a P u b . Co., 1 9 2 2 .

P p . ix, 1 3 8 .

Classified bibliog.

An a t t e m p t to define the qualities which make a business subject to regulation, with a critical consideration of judicial definitions and legal theorists' interpretations of public interest. 4442.

[ U . S . | LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, DIVISION OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. L i s t of

references on federal control of commerce and corporations, . . . .

[ist

edition, 1 9 0 3 , b y A . P . C . Griffin; 3 d ed., with additions, Η . Η . Β . M e y e r , 1913.] a.

Washington: G o v t . P r . Off., 1 9 1 3 .

P p . iii, 1 6 4 .

. L i s t of references on federal control of commerce and cor-

porations; special aspects and applications. Compiled Meyer.

Washington: G o v t . P r . Off., 1 9 1 4 .

. . . [by] Η. Η. Β.

Pp. 104.

These lists supplement one another. The first contains references to the more general works concerning the regulation of interstate commerce ; the second contains references to federal control of express companies and the telegraph and telephone business. 4 4 4 3 . W Y M A N , BRUCE. T h e special law governing public service corporations and all others engaged in public employment. Voorhis & Co., 1 9 1 1 .

2 vols. Ν . Y . :

P p . ccxvii, 7 0 6 ; xxvi, 7 0 7 - 1 5 1 7 .

Forms.

Baker,

932

GENERAL

PART V I

TOPICS

A treatise on the law, with a brief summary of regulation from medieval times to date of publication, based on legal cases. Deals with establishment of public callings; obligations to the public and justification for refusing service;

conduct of

public

e m p l o y m e n t ; and regulation of public service—restriction of charges and prevention of discrimination.

B.

GOVERNMENT AIDS TO B U S I N E S S

T h e r e is no history of the assistance given to business b y State and federal governments.

Such assistance has taken m a n y forms, becoming par-

ticularly varied in the twentieth century. T h e following illustrate the range of government aids and facilities: Financial assistance b y bounties, subsidies, stock purchases, land grants, credits, and so on. Investigation or research services b y the Bureau of Standards, agricultural experiment stations, m a r k e t surveys, geological and geodetic surv e y s , and other means. Information services, such as weather information, census publications, Federal R e s e r v e publications, B u r e a u of Foreign and D o m e s t i c C o m merce publications, consular reports, and so on. Inspection services for mines, machines, commodities, health conditions and facilities, and the like. Licensing professional and other trained persons as an indication of a given standard of proficiency. P r o v i d i n g standards of weights and measures and uniform coinage and currency. Providing certain general facilities of use to business, n o t a b l y postal facilities and public highways. Below are a f e w works dealing with the subject. Franc's alone is general. See also the publications, listed throughout the GUIDE, of the U . S. Census B u r e a u , the D e p a r t m e n t of Commerce, the D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r , the F e d eral R e s e r v e System, the B u r e a u of Mines, etc., and the w o r k s listed in section A , above. 4 4 4 4 . ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY. R e p o r t upon weights and measures prepared in obedience to a resolution of the Senate of the third M a r c h , 1 8 1 7 . W a s h ington: Gales & Seaton, 1 8 2 1 . P p . 245.

Tables.

*

A valuable historical specific Colonies.

survey,

Colonial

period

to

1820, with information

about

4 4 4 5 . CUSHING, MARSHALL. T h e story of our post office: the greatest government department in all its phases. Boston: A . M . T h a y e r & Co., 1893. Pp. 1034. Illus., maps, tables, forms. A detailed description of the current organization, services, and operation considerable anecdotal material.

with

CH. 64

R E L A T I O N S OF G O V E R N M E N T A N D B U S I N E S S

9,53

4 4 4 6 . DAVID, PAUL T . T h e economics of air mail transportation.

ings Institution . . . publications.) 1934. Pp. xii, 235. Bibliog.

Washington:

(Brook-

Brookings Institution,

4 4 4 7 . FRANC, ALISSA. U s e y o u r g o v e r n m e n t : w h a t y o u r g o v e r n m e n t does

for you. N . Y . : Dutton [c. 1 9 1 8 ] . Pp. xvi, 374· Illus., map, tables, charts. A survey of current kinds (particularly publications) of assistance in marketing, production, and finance, in tariff protection, information, etc., to the farmer, w o u l d be settler, man in business, working man, and others.

4 4 4 8 . H A F E N , LEROY R . T h e o v e r l a n d mail, 1 8 4 9 - 1 8 6 9 : promoter of set-

tlement, precursor of railroads. P p . 3 6 1 . Illus., tables, bibliog.

Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1926.

A careful study of the pack-horse, stagecoach, and pony-express stages of the mail service to the Pacific Coast, based on government documents, contemporary periodicals, memoirs, etc. Considerable information about legislation, routes, mail companies, and contractors—especially John Butterfield, John S. Jones, William H. Russell, Alexander Majors, Ben Holladay and D . A. Butterfield. 4 4 4 9 . H A L L O C K , W I L L I A M , a n d H E R B E R T T . W A D E . O u t l i n e s of t h e e v o l u -

tion of weights and measures and the metric system. N . Y . : Macmillan, 1906. Pp. xi, 304. Tables, diags. A survey of European and American development from ancient times. 4450. RICH,

WESLEY

EVERETT.

The

history

of

the United

States

post

office to the year 1829. (Harvard economic studies.) Cambridge: Harvard, 1924. Pp. vii, 190. Bibliog. 4451.

ROOT, FRANK Α . , a n d WILLIAM ELSEY CONNELLEY.

The

overland

stage to California: personal reminiscences and authentic history of the Great Overland Stage Line and Pony Express from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean. Topeka, K a n . : pub. by the authors, 1901. Pp. xvii, 630. Illus., map, table. Information about traffic, operation, organization, and adventure—1857-65—chiefly on the Missouri River to Denver section. R o o t was an express messenger and agent in charge of mail transportation.

4 4 5 2 . ROPER, DANIEL C .

T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s post office; its past record,

present condition, and potential relation to the world era. Ν . Y . : Funk, 1917. Pp. xvii, 382. Bibliog. 4453.

[ U . S. CONGRESS.] R a i l w a y mail p a y : report of the j o i n t commission

to investigate the postal service. Testimony taken by the commission to investigate the postal service. 3 vols. 56th Cong., 2d sess., Senate doc. no. 89. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1901. Pp. 50, v, 908; 791; 480.

934

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

Contains the testimony of J o h n J . Valentine, president of Wells, Fargo & Co., taken at San Francisco, August 19, 1898. Also contains material on agreements with the Atchison, T o p e k a , & Santa F e and the Southern Pacific and on services, rates, and labor policy. 4454.

[ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, DIVISION OF BIBLIOGRAPHY.

list o f r e f e r e n c e s o n p a r c e l s p o s t .

Compiled

W a s h i n g t o n : G o v t . P r . Off., 1 9 1 1 .

Pp. 39.

4455.

. . . [by]

[ U . S. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS.]

H. H. B.

Select Meyer.

National directory

of

c o m m o d i t y s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , classified a n d a l p h a b e t i c a l lists a n d b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n s o f s p e c i f i c a t i o n s of n a t i o n a l r e c o g n i t i o n p r e p a r e d b y P a u l A . C o o l e y and A n n E . R a p u z z i under the direction of A . S. McAllister.

. . . National

B u r e a u of S t a n d a r d s Miscellaneous publication Μ 1 7 8 superseding M i s c e l laneous publication M Pp. 1311.

130.

Washington:

G o v t . P r . Off., 1 9 4 5

[3d

ed.].

Index.

This standard commodity classification, first published in 1925 attempts to list all specifications that have "national significance" ; it also provides a convenient means f o r locating and comparing commodity specifications of trade associations, technical societies, and other private or semi-public organizations, as well as governmental agencies. 4456.

[ U . S . ] POSTMASTER GENERAL.

Annual report, 1 8 2 3 / 2 4 — .

Wash-

ington. Statistics on growth of postal service, postal savings, money orders, etc. Also valuable as a long series of reports on the administration of a government "business." 4457.

[ U . S . RAILWAY M A I L SERVICE.]

H i s t o r y of the R a i l w a y M a i l Serv-

i c e ; a c h a p t e r in t h e h i s t o r y o f p o s t a l affairs in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . t o n : G o v t . P r . Off., 1 8 8 5 . 4458.

Pp. 214.

W E B E R , GUSTAVUS A .

ties a n d organization.

T h e B u r e a u of S t a n d a r d s : its history, activi-

( I n s t i t u t e for G o v e r n m e n t R e s e a r c h , S e r v i c e m o n o -

g r a p h s of the U n i t e d States G o v e r n m e n t , no. 3 5 . ) kins Press, 1 9 2 5 .

Washing-

Illus., tables, charts, apps.

Pp. xv, 299.

Baltimore: Johns Hop-

Tables.

Establishment and history of the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce, 1 9 0 1 - 2 5 , the origin and history of its predecessor, the Office of Standard Weights and Measures of the Treasury Department, 1830's to 1 9 0 1 , and official attention to standard weights and measures. Bibliography includes information about its publications and references to articles and books about the Bureau's work. C. The

finances

P U B L I C FINANCE

o f C o l o n i a l , l o c a l , S t a t e , a n d f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s h a v e in

s o m e f o r m o r o t h e r t o u c h e d b u s i n e s s s i n c e i t s b e g i n n i n g in t h i s c o u n t r y ,

CH. 64

RELATIONS OF G O V E R N M E N T A N D BUSINESS

935

but there are no general works or monographs that deal adequately with the subject. The most useful survey is Dewey's Financial History of the United States (1511) ; Bolles' ( 1 5 0 9 ) and Noyes' ( 1 5 1 6 , 1 5 1 7 ) financial histories are also helpful. The materials below consist mostly of monographs dealing with taxation and with the history of the finances of several colonies and municipalities. For information about the tariff see Chapter 31 G and on government relations with banking see various sections of Chapter 32. I.

TAXATION

There are no monographs or surveys of the history of taxation in the United States written with special reference to business and the effect on business. A number of historical monographs published late in the nineteenth and early in the twentieth centuries are useful in the study of business history and have therefore been listed below. There is a wealth of special studies of taxation and tax problems as of a given time—largely in the past quarter-century—but it was not deemed feasible to attempt to cover that literature herein. The Blakeys' Digest and Schmeckebier and Eble's Bureau of Internal Revenue are useful guides to publications. For State publications on taxation, consult especially the regular and special reports of State tax commissioners. See also Dunbar's Economic Essays ( 1 7 0 9 ) . Taxation in the United States, 1 7 8 9 - 1 8 1 6 . (Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science.) Baltimore: N. Murray, publication agent, 1884. Pp. 79. Tables.

4 4 5 9 . ADAMS, H E N R Y CARTER.

4460. BLAKEY, ROY G . , and GLADYS C. Digest and index, 1 9 0 7 - 1 9 2 5 . N. Y.: National Tax Association, 1927. Pp. x, 519. Digest and index of annual proceedings of the National Tax Association, 1907-25 ; of special conferences on inheritance and State taxation; of Bulletin, 1916-26. A useful guide to the publications of the Association. 4 4 6 1 . BUTTERS, J O H N K E I T H , and J O H N L I N T N E R . Effect of federal taxes on growing enterprises. Boston: Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, 1945. Pp. ix, 226. Tables, diags. 4 4 6 2 . FRIEDMAN, HARRY GEORGE. The taxation of corporations in Massachusetts. (Studies in history, economics and public law.) N . Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1907. Pp. 177.

936

G E N E R A L TOPICS

PART VI

4463. HOLLANDER, J . H., editor. Studies in State taxation with particular reference to the southern States. (Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1900. Pp. 253. Bibliog. notes. 4 4 6 4 . SCHMECKEBIER, LAURENCE F . , a n d FRANCIS X . A . EBLE.

The

Bu-

reau of Internal Revenue: its history, activities, and organization. (Institute for Government Research, Service monographs of the United States Government.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1923. Pp. xiii, 270. Tables, apps. Contains a chapter on the history of the Bureau from the administrative standpoint and a bibliography of official documents (laws, reports of commissioners, etc.), books, and articles. 4 4 6 5 . SCHWAB, J O H N CHRISTOPHER.

H i s t o r y of t h e N e w Y o r k

property

tax. An introduction to the history of state and local finance in New York. [Baltimore] : American Economic Association, 1890. Pp. 108. 4 4 6 6 . SELIGMAN, EDWIN R . A .

E s s a y s in taxation.

Ν. Y.:

Macmillan,

1895. Pp. x, 434. Contains a bibliography of American works on the general property tax and of American reports on taxation. This w a s the first of 10 editions of this work d o w n to 1925 which constitute an important series in the history of American taxation. 4 4 6 7 . SELIGMAN, E D W I N R . A .

T h e income tax:

a s t u d y of t h e h i s t o r y ,

theory, and practice of income taxation at home and abroad. 2d ed., rev. and enl. N . Y . : Macmillan, 1 9 1 4 . Pp. 743. Tables, classified bibliog. American section treats of Colonial, federal, State, and Confederate history. 4 4 6 8 . S M I T H , HARRY E D W I N .

T h e U n i t e d States federal internal tax his-

tory from 1861 to 1 8 7 1 . (Hart, Schaffner & Marx prize essays.) Houghton, 1 9 1 4 . Pp. xix, 357. Bibliog. 4469.

[TWENTIETH

CENTURY

income-tax

FUND.]

Studies

in c u r r e n t

tax

Boston:

problems

. . . . Research director, Carl Shoup; associate directors, R o y Blough . . . Mabel Newcomer. . . . N . Y . : Twentieth Century Fund, Inc., 1937. Pp. xxiii, 303. Bibliog. a. . Facing the tax problem; a survey of taxation in the United States and a program for the future. . . . N. Y . : The Fund, 1937. Pp. xxiii, 606. Diags., bibliog. Goes back to about 1920.

CH. 64

R E L A T I O N S OF G O V E R N M E N T A N D B U S I N E S S

937

[ U . S . BUREAU OF T H E C E N S U S . ] Assessed valuation of property and amounts and rates of levy. 1860-1912. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1915. Pp. 176. Tables. 4470.

See also earlier and later reports on wealth, debt, and taxation issued by Bureau (see 4746).

the

4471.

list

[ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, D I V I S I O N OF BIBLIOGRAPHY.

A

of references on taxation of intangibles. |Washington], 1932. Pp. 11. | U . S.j LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, D I V I S I O N OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Sales tax in the United States and foreign countries; a list of recent writings; compiled by A. L. Baden. . . . [Washington], 1934. P p . 2 9 . 4472.

Supplements were issued in 19,35

an

d

1

929-

[U. S.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, D I V I S I O N OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. State taxation: a bibliographical list of recent writings; compiled by A. L. Baden. . . . [Washington], 1932. Pp. 52. a. . State income taxes: a bibliographical list of writings [supplementary to the mimeographed list, Jan. 9, 1932]; compiled by A. L. Baden. . . . [Washington], 1934. Pp. 21.

4473.

4474. [U. S. O F F I C E OF I N T E R N A L R E V E N U E . ] Annual report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. 1862/63—. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1864—. a. . Statistics of income. Annual, 1916—. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off. b. . Treasury decisions under internal revenue laws of the United States. 1898-1941/42. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1899—. The Annual Report of the Commissioner is a source for income tax data f o r the years when such a tax was levied through 1 9 1 5 , and from 1 9 1 6 such data have appeared in the Statistics of Income. 2.

MISCELLANEOUS WORKS

4475. [ A M E R I C A N ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION.] Papers and proceedings of the thirteenth annual meeting, Detroit and Ann Arbor, Mich., Dec. 27-29, 1900. 3d series, vol. ii, no. 1. Ν. Y.: pub. for the Assoc. by Macmillan, Feb., 1901. Pp. 292. Apps. Subject is municipal management: the budget, administration of finances, financial records, and notes on the history of finances. Important for the history of public municipal business.

938

GENERAL TOPICS

PART

VI

4476. BULLOCK, CHAELES J. The finances of the United States from 1775 to 1789, with especial reference to the budget. (Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, Economics, political science, and history series.) Madison, Wis.: pub. by the Univ., June, 1895. Pp. viii, 117-273. Classified and chap, bibliogs., tables. Revenues (Continental currency, domestic and foreign government loans, taxes, etc.), expenditures, administration and control of finances, and the history of budgetary methods and development of a budget system. Valuable background for study of private finance of the time.

Financial history of Massachusetts from the organization of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to the American Revolution. (Studies in history, economics and public law.) N. Y.: Columbia Univ., 1897. Pp. 148. Classified bibliog.

4 4 7 7 . DOUGLAS, CHARLES H . J .

Taxation, lotteries, currency, and banking. Emphasis on administrative features. H U S E , CHARLES PHILLIPS. The financial history of Boston from May ι, 1822, to January 31, 1909. (Harvard economic studies.) Cambridge: Harvard, 1916. Pp. ix, 395. Tables, apps., bibliog.

4478.

Useful study of public financial management. Taxes and other income and expenditures for public institutions, parks, schools, police, etc. RICHARDSON, WILLIAM ADAMS. Practical information concerning the public debt of the United States, with the national banking laws. 2d ed. Washington, D. C.: W. H. & O. H. Morrison, 1873. Tables.

4479.

Laws, court decisions, etc., on outstanding public debt and on national banks. Table gives title of loan, date of authorization act, and amount issued of all debts contracted by United States government from 1776 to 1870. Author was secretary of the Treasury at time book was written. Useful for reference. See also a publication of the Monetary Commission containing debt statistics and consult Circular of Information concerning Census Publications (4746) for statistics on State and federal indebtedness. R I P L E Y , WILLIAM ZEBINA. The financial history of Virginia, 16091776. (Studies in history, economics and public law.) N. Y.: Columbia College, 1893. Pp. 170. Bibliog.

4480.

Interesting and scholarly exposition of how a community in the wilderness solved its common financial problems. Direct taxation, quit rents, customs duties, the budget, hard money, and paper money. 4481.

[ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, DIVISION OF BIBLIOGRAPHY.

A se-

lected list of references on the cost of government in the United States: federal, State, county, and municipal . . . . [Washington (?), 1934.] Pp. 38.

CH. 64

RELATIONS OF G O V E R N M E N T A N D BUSINESS

4 4 8 2 . WETTEREAU, JAMES O .

"Notes and documents:

939

letters f r o m

two

business men to Alexander Hamilton on federal fiscal policy, November, 1 7 8 9 , " Journal of economic and business history, vol. iii, no. 4 (Aug., 1931 ), pp. 667-703. Letters sent by a prominent Philadelphia merchant, William Bingham, and a Boston merchant, Stephen Higginson, to Alexander Hamilton in 1789 show that the Secretary of the Treasury was soliciting and receiving advice from business men concerning federal fiscal policy. D.

GOVERNMENT BUSINESS ENTERPRISE

There are probably very few instances in which the government participated in business enterprise for its own sake; generally its object has been to provide a needed facility, a yardstick, a measure of control of or competition with private enterprise, and so on. Below are listed a few works dealing with the subject or aspects of it. T h e only general work is Persons', which is useful but inadequate. There is no general work treating of the very greatly increased participation of the federal government in business in the 1930's, as for instance in the R.F.C., the T.V.A., the F.H.A. This is a subject which is greatly in need of investigation. See also State-owned banks (Chapter 32 H ) . 4483. CALLENDER, G. S. " T h e early transportation and banking enterprises of the States in relation to the growth of corporations," Quarterly journal of economics, Nov., 1902, vol. xvii, pp. 111-162. Jefferson and Gallatin and the government-built or subsidized system of canals and roads; State support of the Baltimore & Ohio and the Erie; State subscription to bank stock. Importance of State financing, personal savings, and foreign loans.

4484. COOKE, GILBERT W. " T h e N o r t h D a k o t a State mill and elevator," Journal of political economy, vol. xlvi, no. 1 (Feb., 1938), pp. 2 3 - 5 1 . Study of the financial history and results of ". . . an outstanding example in the United States of governmental operation of an industrial enterprise," 1922-1937.

4485. GAYER, ARTHUR D . Public works in prosperity and depression. Ν . Y.: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1935. Pp. xx, 460. In the U. S., 1919-30; city, State, and federal. 4 4 8 6 . PERSONS, WARREN

M.

Government

experimentation

in

business.

Ν . Y.: Wiley, 1934. P p . xi, 268. Chap. refs. A broad listing and superficial survey of the federal and State governments' ventures in transportation, banking, reclamation projects, etc., 1776 to 1933, to discover whether

940

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

"the planning, construction, and operation of federal and State business undertakings, on the whole, fall short of the reasonable standards of efficiency which are accepted for private undertakings," and whether there "appear to be any persisting reasons, under our form of government, for the continuance of the relative inefficiency of political management of business undertakings." EDGAR B . " T h e government factory system among the Indians, 1 7 9 5 - 1 8 2 2 , " Journal of economic and business history, vol. iv, no. 3 (May, 1 9 3 2 ) , pp. 4 8 7 - 5 1 1 . Tables, map. 4 4 8 7 . WESLEY,

An early example of the federal government in business (the Indian trade). The effort was unsuccessful as to profits, successful as an instrument of Indian diplomacy and as a check on unscrupulous private traders. Contains information on administration, especially management, and results.

C H A P T E R 65. E C O N O M I C A N D B U S I N E S S P L A N N I N G All forms of economic or business enterprise must plan—and carry out their plans—if they are to be successful over a period of time. T h e first unit for conscious planning was the household, as is illustrated in Xenophon's Economist. In the early middle ages the feudal manor—lay or ecclesiastical —was the usual planning and control unit. As towns rose, the town under gild control—first the merchant and later the craft gild—became the unit for planning. Planning on a metropolitan or regional basis was established by the sedentary merchants, as in the case of the Hanseatic merchants. National planning was instituted by the mercantilist state, for example, England beginning in the sixteenth century: Its emphasis, however, was on the production and accumulation of national wealth rather than on distribution and consumption. Seventeeth-century England planned coinage, a strong navy, employment to prevent social troubles at home, all with a view to strengthening itself as against other countries with the objective of increasing its own economic strength. One of the greatest planners of all times was John Law who tried to develop a system of economic development and control in France through the national control of credit (see pages 2 5 1 - 2 7 6 of the Casebook in American Business History—254). All these systems of planning and administration of plans (Law's failed of its own weight) eventually led to restrictions on freedom which brought attempts to escape or reaction. T h e manor was gradually supplanted by the town and the town by the mercantilist state. When the restrictions of the state became too confining, individuals began to oppose them, and so the mercantilist writers of the seventeenth century opposed regulation by the government in matters, chiefly internal, which limited their activities.

CH. 65

ECONOMIC A N D BUSINESS P L A N N I N G

94)

T h e climax came with the relaxation of internal controls in E n g l a n d a n d e v e n t u a l l y of external controls except those which had to do w i t h the maintaining of British power in foreign trade and foreign political relations. T h e m o v e m e n t was crystallized in theory b y the publication of A d a m S m i t h ' s Wealth

of Nations,

w h i c h b e c a m e in itself a force in the b r e a k d o w n of the

restrictions of the mercantilist state. T h e nineteenth c e n t u r y w a s characterized b y the absence of over-all economic planning and controls. T h e n economic planning became the function almost wholly of the individual business man or unit.

Indeed, t h r o u g h o u t

the c e n t u r y business men in A m e r i c a had nearly complete freedom in the planning and control of business.

Business planning in the U n i t e d States

reached an especially high d e v e l o p m e n t within the business unit in industrial m a n a g e m e n t .

B u t late in the nineteenth c e n t u r y business ran into

trouble in m a n y w a y s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in its inability to drive costs d o w n fast enough to meet increasing competition under a condition of falling prices. T h e result w a s t h a t planning and control for a large number of the industrial capitalist concerns w a s t a k e n over b y industrial capitalists with great

financial

financial

interests, t h a t is, b y

strength and b a n k s and b a n k e r s

w h o o w n e d or controlled large investment funds. T h i s m o v e m e n t was in time limited b y the S h e r m a n A n t i t r u s t A c t and the F e d e r a l R e s e r v e S y s tem. T h e o b j e c t i v e of business planning w a s the well-being of the unit or combination.

Business men and economists w i d e l y held t h a t this w a s , even

for the good of society as a w h o l e , the most effective planning because it brought a b o u t high production of w e a l t h . N i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y freedom from over-all g o v e r n m e n t planning and controls w a s not w i t h o u t opposition. In 1800 Johann F i c h t e published a brief treatise, Der Geschlossne

Handelsstaat

( 1 2 2 ) , in w h i c h he set up a scheme

for a planned e c o n o m y on an e x c l u s i v e l y national scale, a self-sufficient commercial state quite different from the competitive mercantilist

state.

I t is significant that F i c h t e concluded that it w a s impossible to h a v e a planned e c o n o m y in a c o m p e t i t i v e international state. W h i l e F i c h t e ' s proposal w a s not then tried out, his " c l o s e d s t a t e " w a s a theoretical forerunner of the self-sufficient state envisaged b y some leaders in f o r m u l a t i n g the N e w D e a l philosophy and in large part realized under L e n i n , M u s s o l i n i , and Hitler. T h e nineteenth c e n t u r y witnessed the rise of a m o v e m e n t w h i c h stood for g o v e r n m e n t a l social planning. T h o m a s M o r e in his Utopia

T o be sure, in the sixteenth

century

had proposed an ideal planned state, b u t the

nineteenth-century m o v e m e n t w a s essentially a reaction to c o n t e m p o r a r y

942

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

problems. The so-called Utopian Socialists proposed ideal communities, but it was the Fabian and Marxian socialists who became the leading promoters of what was essentially state or collective planning in the last twenty years of the nineteenth century. The idea of collective planning and control made strong headway after World War i. As an emergency measure it had come into wide use during the war, and in Germany Rathenau had suggested the need of planning in his Von Kommenden Dingen published in 1915. After the war planning took the form of the rationalization movement (see Brady's study, below), which increased the area of control by the business unit or group. National planning and control was later centralized under the Nazis. The communist state had arisen in Russia during the War and the fascist state in Italy in the early 1920's. In the United States the planning movement in the 1920's took the form of discussion and research in city and regional planning, while the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce took a stronger hand in business. The panic of 1929 and the depression which followed precipitated a strong economic planning movement in the United States. By 1931-32 interest in so-called economic planning had become almost a popular craze. Socialists, liberals, and business men joined in the movement, though the methods they proposed were not the same. A committee of the Chamber of Commerce of the U. S. A. proposed a plan for stabilizing employment on the part of business; the establishment of a national advisory economic council was proposed; the Swope Plan (3955a) looked toward a system of self-regulation of business; W. B. Donham, then dean of the Harvard Business School, called on business men to give thought to planning with consideration of the social relations and functions of business. Socialists and reformers of the Left, on the other hand, proposed over-all national planning and controls. The proposals of the Left for national economic planning became in part a political reality in the New Deal of 1933-34. The P.W.A., the N.R.A., the A.A.A., the National Resources Planning Board, and other national agencies were set up to plan and implement economic planning on a national scale. Much of the New Deal mechanism for economic planning and control lasted only a few years. What will remain permanently it is too early to say. A counter movement has attained some significance, that is, the answer of business men to government planning and control of economic life. Many to be sure had supported parts of the New Deal reforms; a large portion

CH. 65

ECONOMIC A N D BUSINESS PLANNING

943

held out for a return to planning and control by business men and units as in the nineteenth-century system. A considerable number—as for instance those represented by the Committee on Economic Development led by Paul G. Hoffman—urged planning b y business to offset socialist state planning, planning not only for high production but also with a view to consumption and distribution and general social security and well-being. T h e materials below have to do particularly with the movement or efforts which in the 1920's and early 1930's—especially in the United States— drove toward the abandonment of the traditional planning by business units and the development of group planning in business and, especially, national economic planning. Homan's article is a useful introduction to an extensive literature. See also Chapters 2 G, 3 E, and 64. 4488.

[AMERICAN

ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL S C I E N C E . ]

tional and world planning. 1932. P p . 1-180. Charts.

Na-

(Annals. . . .) Philadelphia: T h e Academy,

Reports of a conference in depression times on economic planning.

4489. BEARD, C H A R L E S Α., editor. America faces the future. Houghton, 1932. Pp. viii, 416. App.

Boston:

A collection of papers by editors, journalists, and politicians which roughly marks the beginnings of popularizing in America the idea of public planning and of N e w Deal philosophies.

4490. BRADY, ROBERT A. The rationalization movement in German indust r y : a study in the evolution of economic planning. Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press, 1933. P p . xxi, 446. 4 4 9 1 . C H A M B E R OF COMMERCE OF T H E U N I T E D STATES OF AMERICA.

Re-

port of the Committee on the Continuity of Business and Employment. Washington, 1931. [Mimeographed.] Pp. 57. Represents the interest of business in an effort to plan for continuous employment. 4 4 9 2 . FREDERICK, J . GEORGE. Readings in economic planning: the backgrounds, the details, the tendencies in all kinds of planning, left and right. Ν . Y.: Business Bourse, 1932. Tables, diags., charts, bibliog. Author's object is to present "a clear and comprehensive idea of the fundamental issues involved in economic planning in general, and to classify and present the outlines of the more prominent economic ideas which have been put forward." 4 4 9 3 . GIDEONSE, HARRY D . "National collectivism and Charles A. Beard," Journal of political economy, vol. xliii, no. 6 (Dec., 1935), pp. 778-799.

944

GENERAL

PART VI

TOPICS

A strong criticism of Beard's position regarding social planning and control with special reference to A Charter 4494.

[HAAN, HUGO.]

for the Social

Sciences

in the

Schools.

A m e r i c a n planning in the w o r d s of its p r o m o t e r s :

a bird's-eye survey expressed in quotations collected by Hugo Haan. Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1932. Pp. viii, 51. Classified bibliog. A convenient summary and comparison of "the significant features" of economic planning proposals current in the United States in 1932. Author was head of a section of the International Management Institute at Geneva.

4 4 9 5 . HOMAN, P . T .

" E c o n o m i c p l a n n i n g : the proposals and the litera-

ture," Quarterly journal of economics, vol. xlvii, no. 1 (Nov., 1 9 3 2 ) , pp. 102-122.

Bibliog.

A valuable introduction to the literature of planning. 4496.

HUBBARD, THEODORA K I M B A L L , a n d K A T H E R I N E MCNAMARA.

Man-

ual of planning information; including manual of information on city planning and zoning, 1923, by Theodora Kimball, and supplement, Planning information up-to-date. (Harvard city planning studies.) Cambridge: Harvard, 1928. P p . 188; 103. 4 4 9 7 . LAIDLER, H A R R Y W . , e d i t o r .

Socialist planning and a socialist

pro-

gram: a symposium with an introduction by Norman Thomas. Ν . Y . : F a l c o n P r e s s [ c . 1 9 3 2 ] . P p . xiii, 2 5 5 . Sponsored b y the League for Industrial Democracy. Contains articles by Stuart Chase, Pierce Williams, Eveline M . Burns, Clair Wilcox, R e x f o r d G . Tugwell, Frederick V. Field, Paul Blanshard, and others. Valuable as an expression of the moderate socialist attitude toward contemporary problems and proposals for attacking them. 4498.

MCNAMARA, KATHERINE.

Bibliography of planning, 1 9 2 8 - 1 9 3 5 ;

a

supplement to Manual of planning information, 1928, by Theodora K i m ball Hubbard and author.

(Harvard city planning studies.)

Cambridge:

Harvard, 1936. Pp. viii, 232. Indexes. 4 4 9 9 . Regional plan of New York and its environs . . . .

Thomas Adams,

general director of plans and surveys. 8 vols, [issued in 10 vols.|. Ν. Y . : [ T h e author, 1 9 2 4 - 1 9 3 1 ] ,

M a p s , diags., c h a r t s , t a b l e s .

A notable survey intended as the basis for planning a great metropolitan center and its suburbs. Includes surveys by social and engineering experts on land utilization, transportation, housing, etc., as well as a three-volume survey edited by R o b e r t M . Haig and Roswell C. M c C r e a entitled Regional Survey of New York and Its Environs: Economic and Industrial Survey. Vol. 1 describes the major economic

CH. 66

BUSINESS A N D ECONOMIC

factors in metropolitan economic activities.

growth

CONDITIONS

945

and arrangement, being a study

of

the trends

in

Vols, IA and IB contain a series of m o n o g r a p h s on the chemical,

metal, w o o d , tobacco, printing, f o o d , clothing, and textile industries as well as studies of wholesale and retail trade and the

financial

district.

E a c h monograph

trends and probable f u t u r e developments as well as contemporary

discusses

conditions.

4 5 0 0 . SOULE, GEORGE. A planned society. Ν. Y . : Macmillan, 1932.

Pp.

ix, 295. Chap. refs. " A n effort to explain planning, to convince readers of the need for it, to explore some of its conditions

and its possibilities."

Contains suggestive

chapters

on

the

philosophy of the 1920's, the dilemma of liberalism, and the alleged failure of regulation. Represents moderate socialist point of v i e w .

4 5 0 1 . [U. S. CONGRESS.] Establishment of national economic council. Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Manufactures, United States Senate, 72d Cong., ist session on S. 6215 ( 7 1 s t Congress), a bill to establish a national economic council, October 22 to December 19, 1931. U. S.: Govt. Pr. Off., 1932. Pp. 776. A n y o n e studying the development of the idea of national planning before the N e w Deal should not overlook this v o l u m e . Contains testimony of prominent business men, economists, and others on the contemporary situation and h o w to improve it. 4502.

[U. S.]

L I B R A R Y OF CONGRESS, DIVISION OF B I B L I O G R A P H Y .

A

se-

lected list of recent references on economic planning with a section on economic councils; compiled by Florence S. Hellman. 1935·

[Washington

(?)J,

PP- 39·

4 5 0 3 . WALLACE, HENRY A. New frontiers. N . Y . : Reynal & Hitchcock IE· 1934]-

PP·

3M·

A plea for a balanced economy acquired by means of g o v e r n m e n t a l plans and controls.

C H A P T E R 66.

G E N E R A L BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

There is a wealth of material on the history of general economic conditions which is based largely on quantitative measures of prices, wages, production, failures, and other aspects of economic life. Very little research has been done on profits, so that it is impossible to compare the change in profits over a period of time with other changes in economic or business conditions or to compare profit changes of different industries (young and old, for instance) or within a given industry. The ac-

946

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART

VI

counting difficulties in the study of profits may be too great to make possible the construction of statistical series. There is a dearth of qualitative studies, that is, of the actual situations as reflected particularly in the experience and condition of individual business firms from time to time or over periods of time. The lack is partly balanced by recorded observations of conditions, particularly at times of crises. Nevertheless, until a considerable number of qualitative studies have been made to supplement the statistical materials, it will be impossible to generalize with any degree of certainty concerning the condition of specific industries or even concerning over-all economic conditions. For materials on wages and profits see Chapter 68. A.

H I S T O R Y OF C R I S E S , D E P R E S S I O N S , AND G E N E R A L AND E C O N O M I C

BUSINESS

CONDITIONS

On panics see also Davis' Essays (1015) and Gibbon's The Banks of New-York (1736). The Review of Economic Statistics, below, contains a large number of studies of fluctuations in prices, wages, production, bond yields, etc. Bradstreet's Weekly, Dun's Review, Hunt's Merchants' Magazine, and The Commercial & Financial Chronicle are important sources of information about business conditions. 4504.

[ A M E R I C A N ACADEMY OF P O L I T I C A L AND SOCIAL S C I E N C E . ]

Lessons

of the financial crisis. Philadelphia: The Academy, 1908. Pp. vi, 169. Frank A . Vanderlip, The Panic as a World Phenomenon; M y r o n T . Herrick, The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons; William Barret Ridgely, A n Elastic Credit Currency as a Preventive of Panics; Charles H. Treat, The Readjustment of Our Banking System and the Unification of the Currency; George E. Roberts, The Need of a Central B a n k ; George H. Earle, Jr., A Central Bank as a Menace to Liberty; William A . Nash, Clearing-house Certificates and the Need for a Central B a n k ; Isaac N . Seligman, Foreign Experience a Guide to Currency R e f o r m ; Jacob H. Schiff, Relation of a Central Bank to the Elasticity of the Currency; Andrew J. Frame, Diagnosis of the World's Elastic Currency Problems; Henry W . Yates, Panic Preventions and Cures; A . L. Mills, The Northwest in the Recent Financial Crisis; F. A. Cleveland, Neglected Aspects of Currency and Banking; S. Wexler, The Lessons of the Panic of 1907; L y m a n J. Gage, The Obstacles to Currency R e f o r m ; J. M . Elliott, A National Clearing House as a Safeguard against Panics; A . S. Frissell, Trust Companies and Reserves.

4 5 0 5 . ANDERSON, MONTGOMERY D .

" A n agricultural theory of business

cycles," American economic review, vol. xxi, no. 3 (Sept., 1931), pp. 427449. Charts. A n attempt to measure the response of general business to the vicissitudes of agriculture in the United States, 1921-30, by the use of an index of agricultural purchasing power.

CH. 66

BUSINESS A N D ECONOMIC

CONDITIONS

4 5 0 6 . ANDERSON, MONTGOMERY D . " E c o n o m i c s of b u s i n e s s

947

fluctuation

in

the United States, 19x9-1925," American economic review, vol. xvii, no. 2 (June, 1927), pp. 230-271. Tables, charts. Examination of the relation of consumer income—agricultural and factory-employee purchasing power in particular—and demand to volume of manufactures, and department-store and mail-order-house sales; also to deposits in New Y o r k savings banks.

4507. BLACKETT, O. W. Measures of business conditions in Michigan. (Michigan business studies.) Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan, 1928. Pp. v, 44. Tables, charts. 1920-28. Brief statement of local conditions, with indices of labor hours worked in Michigan factories, industrial consumption of electric power, and bank debits in Michigan cities; and a description of sources, data, and procedure. 4508.

[BOSTON BOARD OF TRADE.]

R e p o r t of the c o m m i t t e e of the B o s t o n

Board of Trade, appointed at the annual meeting, January 20, 1858, "to make a deliberate and thorough investigation into the causes of the recent monetary difficulties and mercantile embarrassments, with a view to the adoption of such remedies as the nature of the case will allow." Boston: Press of T . R. Marvin & Son, 1858. Pp. 20. Causes of panic of 1857: tariff of 1846, foreign trade, gold discoveries, ocean freight rates, wages, abuses of credit system, speculation prices, crops, railroads, and banking system; and suggested remedies. An interesting contemporary appraisal.

4509. CAREY, HENRY C. Financial crises: their causes and effects. Philadelphia: Henry Carey Baird, 1864. Pp. 58. Twelve letters to W. C. Bryant of the New Y o r k Evening Post, written December 27, 1859, to March 21, i860, presenting the view that the tariff of 1846 was the chief cause of instability and depression. Author was a publisher, economist, and leader of the protection movement. Compare with M . Carey's Crisis, published in 1823.

4510. DAVIES, G. R., and G. W. MITCHELL. Business activity in Iowa. (Iowa studies in business.) Iowa City: State Univ. of Iowa, 1928. Pp. 53. Tables, charts. Statistical series and brief comments: bank debits, 1920-28; building contracts awarded, 1919-28; retail sales, 1921-28; life insurance sales, 1921-28; electric power production, 1919-28; new automobile sales, 1921-28; employment data, 1921-28; and commercial failures, 1919-28; a composite of these eight series; and a statement of sources and methods used.

4511. "Did the government bring on the hard times?" Penn monthly, May, 1877, PP· 338-347·

GENERAL

948

TOPICS

PART V I

Considers government financial policy bad. Recommends that funding be stopped at once; make government bonds desirable domestic investments, even though higher interest p a i d ; and make national currency a n d bank notes convertible into government bonds. T y p i c a l .

4512. DUNBAR, CHARLES F . " T h e crisis of 1 8 5 7 " and " T h e crisis of i 8 6 0 " in Economic essays, pp. 2 6 6 - 3 1 3 . Ν. Y . : Macmillan, 1904. Description of incidence and course of panics, depression, and recovery, with attempt to explain.

Factual.

4513. ECKLER, A. ROSS. "A measure of the severity of depressions, 1S73— 1 9 3 2 , " Review of economic statistics, vol. xv, no. 2 ( M a y , 1 9 3 3 ) , pp. 7 5 8 1 . Tables, chart. 4514. ELY, RICHARD T . Hard times—the way in and the way out; with a special consideration of the "seen and the unseen." A program for action based on research. N . Y . : Macmillan, 1 9 3 1 . Pp. 193. App., bibliog. Suggestive brief survey of some social, psychological, and economic causes of and remedies for depressions, with emphasis on need f o r research and economic planning. Appendix contains: Address of T h o m a s W. L a m o n t before the Academy of Political Science, on hard times; Program f o r relief as presented at a recent annual meeting of the American Federation of L a b o r , 1 9 3 0 ; Program of American Association f o r L a b o r Legislation f o r unemployment insurance; and " W h a t can insurance d o ? " by W . A. Berridge, with references to recent books and articles on unemployment insurance, pp. 1 9 0 - 1 9 3 .

4515. EVANS, D . MORIER. The commercial crisis, 1 8 4 7 - 1 8 4 8 ; being facts and figures illustrative of the events of that important period, considered in relation to the three epochs of the railway mania, the food and money panic, and the French Revolution. To which is added an appendix, containing an alphabetical list of the English and foreign mercantile failures, with the balance sheets and statements of the most important houses. London: Letts, Son, & Steer, 1848. Pp. viii, 1 5 1 , lxxx. Tables. U s e f u l description of English conditions with information about bank failures.

4516. EVANS, D . MORIER. The history of the commercial crisis, 1 8 5 7 - 5 8 , and the stock exchange panic of 1859. London: Groombridge & Sons, 1859. Pp. viii, 2 1 2 , ccxlvii. Tables. Chiefly descriptive of crisis in England. Section 5 deals with the American crisis of 1857 and its results. Considers that panics arise from abstraction of gold f r o m B a n k of E n g l a n d , contraction of credit capital, and combined results of contraction of credit capital and scarcity of bullion in bank vaults. Appendix lists suspensions in the United States and Great Britain, 1849-58, with brief statements about some bankrupts. Especially valuable as background f o r American business troubles of the tirile.

CH.

BUSINESS AND

66

ECONOMIC

CONDITIONS

949

4517. F I S H E R , IRVING. The stock market crash—and after. Ν . Y.: Macmillan, 1930. Pp. xxvi, 286. Charts. A n e c o n o m i s t ' s a p p r a i s a l of the g r e a t p a n i c of 1929 a n d w h y it came. H A N S E N , A L V I N H A R V E Y . Cycles of prosperity and depression in the United States, Great Britain and Germany: a study of monthly data, 19021908. (Univ. of Wisconsin studies in the social sciences and history, no. 5.) Madison, Wis., 1921. Pp. 112. Tables, charts, bibliog. 4518.

M o n t h l y d a t a a n d a c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s w i t h general description of p e r i o d ; IV,

"The

1903-15.

theory

of

prosperity

cycles,"

classifies

and

examines

theories

Chap.

advanced

C o n c e r n e d w i t h an i m p o r t a n t period in A m e r i c a n business.

H I R S T , F R A N C I S W. Wall Street and Lombard Street: the stock exchange slump of 1929 and the trade depression of 1930. Ν . Y.: Macmillan, 1931. Pp. xi, 180. Tables. 4519.

Author

was

formerly

editor

of

the Economist.

Events

in the N e w

York

stock

m a r k e t d u r i n g the s p e c u l a t i v e b o o m a n d collapse, 1 9 2 7 - 3 0 , causes, a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s , with

current

periodical quotations.

Includes information

about

the m o n e y

b a n k i n g , w o r l d - t r a d e depression in 1930, s p e c u l a t i o n , t a r i f f , w a r debts, s t a b i l i z a t i o n , a n d c u r r e n c y on basis of a p r i c e - i n d e x

market,

international

number.

The causes of the panic of 1 8 9 3 . (Hart, Schaffner and Marx prize essays.) Boston: Houghton, 1907. Pp. xiii, 122. Tables, charts. 4520. LAUCK, W . JETT.

C a u s e s of industrial,

panics of

1890 a n d

1884-93, m o v e m e n t s

icals, business

1893, w i t h e x a m i n a t i o n at home and abroad.

reports, g o v e r n m e n t

publications,

and

of

financial,

1872-93,

B a s e d on c o m m e r c i a l secondary

works.

and

period-

Inadequate.

L E I G H T N E R , O T T O C. The history of business depressions: a vivid portrayal of periods of economic adversity from the beginning of commerce to the present time. N. Y.: Northeastern Press [c. 1 9 2 2 ] . Pp. 4 5 4 . Maps, tables, charts, bibliog.

4521.

A n c i e n t times to present, b u t chiefly U n i t e d S t a t e s in t h e 19th a n d 20th centuries. D e s c r i p t i v e w i t h s o m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of causes. credit, b a n k i n g , d o m e s t i c dustry, gration,

agriculture, and

and

labor,

bankruptcies.

C o m m e n t s o n m o n e y , interest, prices,

foreign t r a d e , s p e c u l a t i o n in l a n d s a n d securities,

legislation, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , "Weather

barometer"

should be c o m p a r e d w i t h T h o r p ' s Business

Annals

construction,

of

our

(4549).

business

immigration, history,

Incomplete and

p.

inmi123,

popular

in s t y l e b u t u s e f u l .

4522. M C C A R T N E Y , E. R. Crisis of 1 8 7 3 . Minneapolis: Burgess Tub. Co., mimeograph publishers, 1935. Pp. v, 151. Bibliog.

9S0

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART

VI

[ M C C U L L O C H , H U G H . ] Address delivered by Hugh McCulloch, late secretary of the U. S. Treasury, at Woodstock, Connecticut, July 4th, 1878. Brooklyn: Alex. McPhail, printer, 1878. Pp. 24. 4523.

Deals with currency and labor aspects of the depression, 1873-78. 4 5 2 4 . M C G R A N E , REGINALD CHARLES. The panic of 1837: some financial problems of the Jacksonian era. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press [c. 1924]. Tables, classified bibliog. Chiefly descriptive, with emphasis on the political. Chap, n , " L a n d Speculation"; and Chap, vi, " T h e United States B a n k and the Resumption of Specie Payment." Based on government documents, manuscripts, memoirs, biographies, periodicals, etc.

The story of gold. 1908. Pp. XV, 206. Illus., maps, diags., app.

4 5 2 5 . MEADE, EDWARD SHERWOOD.

Ν . Y.:

Appleton,

An historical sketch, chiefly since 1850, in which the author attempts "to present the development of the modern gold mining industry, with especial reference to the connection between its development and the ebb and flow of business prosperity [the price of g o l d ] " ; mining and milling technique, production costs, transportation, legislation, etc. Not a history of firms.

4526. MILLS, F. C. Economic tendencies in the United States: aspects of pre-war and post-war changes. Ν. Y.: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1932. Pp. XX, 639. Charts. Volume and character of production, commodity prices, capital and credit, etc. [NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARD.] A picture of world economic conditions. Ν. Y.: The Board, 1928. Pp. xi, 119. Tables, bibliog.

4527.

First of a series published in 1928-32 on world economic conditions, development, and problems. Comments and statistics concerning employment, wages, cost of living, production, prices, foreign trade and loans, etc. [ O H L I N , BERTIL GOTTHARD.] The course and phases of the world economic depression. Report presented to the assembly of the League of Nations. Geneva: Secretariat of the League of Nations, 1931 (American ed. . . . distributed by World Peace Foundation, Boston, Mass.). Pp. 355. Tables, charts. 4528.

Report prepared by a Swedish economist. Treats of supply, demand, and prices of crude-goods industries, production of raw materials, and manufacturing industries; financial conditions; changes in the structure of the economic organization; description and analysis of the depression with indices of production, records of unemployment, statistics of stock, foreign trade and shipping; and a comparison with earlier depressions. Information on wages, cost of living, general price level, business-cycle tendencies, 1 9 2 8 - 3 1 . Valuable for comparison with American situation.

CH. 66

951

BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

4 5 2 9 . PERSONS, W A R R E N

"The

MILTON.

crisis of

1920

in the

United

States: a quantitative s u r v e y , " A m e r i c a n economic review, Supplement, vol. xii, no. ι ( M a r . , 1 9 2 2 ) , pp. 5 - 1 9 .

T a b l e s , charts.

Brief survey of events and illustrative charts, 1 9 1 9 - 2 1 , dealing with prices, wages, cost of living, production, domestic and foreign trade, credit and banking. 4 5 3 0 . PERSONS, W A R R E N M I L T O N .

" A n index of general business condi-

tions, 1 8 7 5 - 1 9 1 3 , " R e v i e w of economic statistics, vol. ix, no. r ( J a n . , 1 9 2 7 ) , pp. 2 0 - 2 9 . T a b l e s , charts. 4 5 3 1 . PERSONS,

WARREN

MILTON,

PIERSON

M.

TUTTLE,

and

EDWIN

F R I C K E Y . " B u s i n e s s and financial conditions following the Civil W a r in the United S t a t e s , " R e v i e w of economic statistics, Supplement, 1 9 2 0 .

Pp. 55.

T a b l e s , charts. Description of conditions in 1865 ; and a useful survey of the period 1866-80, with statistical data on commodity prices, physical production, interest rates, security prices, and banking; and a comparison of post-Civil War period with current conditions. Includes important material for a study of secular trend, cycles, and seasonal variations; and information concerning sources of statistical data. 4 5 3 2 . PHILLIPS, WILLARD.

M a n u a l of political economy, with particular

reference to the institutions, resources, and condition of the United States. B o s t o n : Hilliard, G r a y , L i t t l e , & W i l k i n s , 1 8 2 8 .

Pp. 278.

Chap, m treats of the relation of speculation to a rise in prices and to the commercial crisis. Chap, x i treats of regularity and phases of cycles. 4 5 3 3 . PIKE, JAMES S.

The

financial

crisis:

its evils and their

remedy.

N . Y . , 1 8 7 8 . P p . 3 8 ; 5 2 ; 44Three articles previously published. Criticism of greenbacks and the banking system and advocacy of resumption with volume of money fixed by volume of trade. Some attention to the panic of 1873. 4 5 3 4 . PRESIDENT'S CONFERENCE ON U N E M P L O Y M E N T . Chairman.

Herbert

R e c e n t economic changes in the United States.

McGraw-Hill, 1929.

Pp. xxxvi, 950.

Hoover,

2 vols. N . Y . :

T a b l e s , charts, apps.

This study, like David A. Wells' forty years earlier (4558), deals with a period of change. Consists of chapters, written by experts in various fields, which as a whole make a useful general background against which to study business of the period and which in the following cases are of particular value in the study of business: Henry S. Dennison, Management; Melvin T. Copeland, Marketing; O. M . W. Sprague and W. Randolph Burgess, Money and credit and their effect on business; and William J . Cunningham, Railways. Others of value to business history: Leo Wolman, L a b o r ; Edwin G. Nourse, Agriculture; Morris A. Copeland, The national income and its distribution; Frederick C. Mills, Price movements and related industrial changes; Leo

952

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART

VI

Wolman, Consumption and the standard of living ; James Harvey Rogers, Foreign markets and foreign credits; Dexter S. Kimball, Changes in new and old industries; Willard L . Thorp, The changing structure of industry ; J o h n M . Gries, Construction ; and L . P. Alford, Technical changes in manufacturing industries. The introduction is by E d w i n F . G a y .

4535. Review of economic statistics. Quarterly, 1919—. Cambridge: Harvard University. Periodicity of publication has varied somewhat. Contains many historical articles which give series of business statistics extending over considerable time periods and also some articles which describe general economic conditions and developments over a period of time. REZNECK, SAMUEL. "The depression of 1819-1822, a social history," American historical review, vol. xxxix, no. 1 (Oct., 1933), pp. 28-47. a. . "The social history of an American depression, 1837-1843," American historical review, vol. xl, no. 4 (July, 1935), pp. 662-687. 4536.

Excellent articles on the progress of two great depressions, their impact on society, and efforts to alleviate their bad effects. HANS. Die Weltwirtschaftskrisis von 1857-1859. Stuttgart, Germany: W. Kohlhammer [1934]. Pp. 210. Tables.

4 5 3 7 . ROSENBERG,

Useful for larger background against which to see the panic of 1857 in the United States.

"On the crises of 1837, 1847, and 1857, in England, France, and the United States," University [of Nebraska] studies, vol. v, no. 2 (Apr., 1905), pp. 143-189. Tables, charts, bibliog. 4 5 3 8 . R Y N E R , IRA.

An analysis and comparison. value.

Causes, characteristics, etc.

Superficial and of little

4539. SCHUCKERS, J. W. The New York National Bank presidents' conspiracy against industry and property: a history of the panic of 1893; its organization and methods. Chicago: pub. by the American Bimetallic Union [c. 1894]. Pp. 80. Attributes panic to a Wall Street conspiracy to create financial trouble to bring about repeal of the Silver Act. A point of view widely held at the time. Author had been private secretary to Salmon P. Chase.

4540. SEAMAN, EZRA C. "The panic and financial crisis of 1857," Hunt's merchants' magazine, vol. xxxvii, no. 6 (Dec., 1857), pp. 659-668. Tables. Enumeration and brief consideration of causes- -unfavorable balance of trade, railroad investments, speculation, security depreciation resulting from calling demand

C H . 66

BUSINESS A N D

ECONOMIC

CONDITIONS

953

l o a n s m a d e on s t o c k s a n d b o n d s as s e c u r i t y , a n d r a p i d spread of b a d n e w s b y t e l e g r a p h a n d brief c o m p a r i s o n w i t h earlier panics.

V a l u a b l e as a c o n t e m p o r a r y

analysis.

SELIGMAN, E D W I N R. Α . , and others. The currency problem and the present financial situation: a series of addresses delivered at Columbia University, 1 9 0 7 - 1 9 0 8 . Ν . Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1 9 0 8 . Pp. xxvii, 1 7 0 . 4541.

Edwin

R . A. Seligman, I n t r o d u c t i o n — T h e

crisis of

1907 in the light of

Frank A. Vanderlip, The Modern B a n k ; T h o m a s F. Woodlock, T h e Stock a n d the M o n e y rency;

Albert

Market;

A. Barton Hepburn, Government

Strauss, G o l d

Movements and Foreign

Currency

Exchanges;

vs.

history; Exchange

Bank

William A.

CurNash,

T h e N e w Y o r k C l e a r i n g H o u s e ; J a m e s G . C a n n o n , C l e a r i n g H o u s e s a n d the C u r r e n c y ; Paul M . W a r b u r g , American and E u r o p e a n C o m p a r e d ; George W . Perkins, The M o d e r n

Banking Methods and Bank

Legislation

Corporation.

4542. SLICHTER, SUMNER H. "The downturn of 1 9 3 7 , " Review of economic statistics, vol. XX, no. 3 (Aug., 1 9 3 8 ) , pp. 9 7 - 1 1 0 . F a c t o r s b e h i n d the change. F R A N K L I N W . The hard times. Agricultural development the true remedy. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1877. Pp. 94. Illus., tables, charts. 4543. SMITH,

C a u s e s , a n d such remedies as r e s u m p t i o n of specie p a y m e n t s a n d the r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of l a b o r , especially to a g r i c u l t u r e , w i t h the assistance of g o v e r n m e n t

funds.

S M I T H , W A L T E R E . The recent depression of trade: its nature, its causes, and the remedies which have been suggested for it. (Oxford Cobden prize essay for 1 8 7 9 . ) London: Trübner & Co., 1 8 8 0 . Pp. 1 0 7 . Tables. 4544.

T r e a t s of

w o r l d c o n d i t i o n s ; is interesting in its i n f o r m a t i o n on c o n d i t i o n s in

the

U . S. a n d , especially, in E n g l a n d a n d the effect of each on the o t h e r .

4545. SPRAGUE, O. M. W. "The crisis of 1 9 1 4 in the United States," American economic review, vol. v, no. 3 (Sept., 1 9 1 5 ) , pp. 4 9 9 - 5 3 3 · Relation

of

events,

1914-15:

financial, w i t h

attention

e.'ichange, a n d b a n k i n g s i t u a t i o n s ; i n d u s t r i a l ; a n d

to

foreign-exchange,

stock-

commercial.

"Analysis of the phenomena of the panic in the Quarterly journal of economics, vol. viii, no. 2 1 1 7 - 1 4 5 . Tables, app.

4 5 4 6 . STEVENS, ALBERT C .

United States in (Jan., 1 8 9 4 ) , pp.

1893,"

C o n d i t i o n s p r e c e d i n g the panic a n d a d e s c r i p t i o n of the s p r e a d i n g of failures a n d depression t h r o u g h o u t the c o u n t r y , and steps in

recovery.

4547. '37 and '57. A brief popular account of all the financial panics and commercial revulsions in the United States, from 1690 to 1857: with a more

9S4

GENERAL

PART V I

TOPICS

particular history of the two great revulsions of 1 8 3 7 and 1 8 5 7 . B y members of the New-York Press. N . Y . : J . C. Haney, 1 8 5 7 . Pp. 59. Tables. Events, opinions, causes, and remedies with quotations from periodicals, speeches, and official statements.

On p. 16 is a list of real estate sales in N e w Y o r k by James

Bleecker & Sons on February 23, 1836.

4 5 4 8 . THOMAS, DOROTHY SWAINE. Social aspects of the business cycle. London: George Routledge & Sons, Ltd.; Ν . Y . : Dutton, 1 9 2 5 . Pp. xv, 2 1 7 . Tables, charts. Statistical analysis of the effects of the British business cycle, about 1855 to 1 9 1 3 , on marriages, births, deaths, pauperism, alcoholism, crime, and emigration;

and a

previously published article by W m . F . Ogburn and D . S. Thomas on " T h e influence of the business cycle on certain social conditions," which is a statistical study of the relation of marriage, divorce, birth, death, death from tuberculosis, infant mortality, suicide, and convictions for crime to the business cycle in the United States, 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 2 0 .

4 5 4 9 . THORP, WILLARD LONG. Business annals: United States, England, France, Germany, Austria, Russia, Sweden, Netherlands, Italy, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Australia, India, Japan, China. (Publications of the National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.) N . Y . : The Bureau 1926. Pp. 380. Tables, charts, classified bibliog. Valuable summary of business conditions for periods ranging from 36 to 1 3 6 years (United States, 1 7 9 0 - 1 9 2 5 ) , based on contemporary statements in commercial and trade journals, reviews, magazines, papers, consular and diplomatic reports, and government records.

Information on duration and frequency of phases of business cycles.

Annual summaries dealing with "fluctuations in manufacturing, construction

work,

employment, domestic and foreign trade, prices, speculation, financial operations, and agriculture," and "most important events of a non-economic sort." regional

Often misses

fluctuations.

4 5 5 0 . TRAIN, GEORGE FRANCIS. Young America in Wall-Street. N . Y . : Derby & Jackson, 1 8 5 7 . Pp. 406. App. A n impatient effort of a young American foreign merchant and promoter to explain the forces and factors behind the panic of 1 8 5 7 .

4 5 5 1 . [ U . S . ] BUREAU OF LABOR. First annual report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1886.

"Industrial depressions."

Washington:

Govt. Pr. Off.,

1886. Pp. 496. Tables. A collection of facts and opinions about industrial depressions in Great

Britain,

France, Belgium, Germany, and the United States, 1 8 3 7 - 8 6 , with a study of alleged causes, duration, severity, periodicity, etc.; suggested remedies; statistics on production (particularly cost), railroads, bank deposits, prices, and wages; and (Appendix C ) a synopsis of labor legislation in each State of the United States. Carroll D . Wright w a s the commissioner.

CH. 66

BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

9SS

4 5 5 2 . [ U . S . CONGRESS.] Investigation by a select committee of the House of Representatives relative to the causes of the general depression in labor and business, etc. 45th Cong., 3d sess., House Misc. Doc. no. 29. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1879. Pp. 675. Tables, chart.

Report of hearings held in 1878. Valuable collection of contemporary opinions on the causes and remedies of the depression, particularly f r o m the labor point of view, and picture of conditions in various industries. Especially worth noting are the views of Charles H . Marshall on the state of shipping and the commission business, pp. 234-266; of E d w a r d Atkinson on capital, and the New England cotton industry especially, pp. 433-463; and of Horace White, pp. 564-582.

4553. [U. S. CONGRESS.] Investigation into the causes of the gold panic. Report of the majority of the committee on banking and currency, March ι, 1870 [and the views of the minority]. 41st Cong., 2d sess., House Rep. no. 31. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1870. Pp. 487. Tables. Testimony of prominent bankers, brokers, and merchants, J a n u a r y 1 5 - F e b r u a r y 15, 1870, before the Committee directed "to investigate the causes t h a t led to the unusual and extraordinary fluctuations of gold in the city of New York, f r o m the 2ist to the 27th of September, 1869." Includes a brief history of events. A capital source of information. Committee examined the following topics: history, character of ordinary operations, a n d relations of the Gold Exchange and the Gold Exchange Bank to the gold panic; alleged conspiracy, instrumentalities used, and persons engaged in i t ; and whether any officers of the national government were directly or indirectly engaged. 4 5 5 4 . V A N VLECK, GEORGE W . The panic of 1857: an analytical study. Ν. Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1943. Pp. ix, 126. Bibliog.

Stresses European conditions and their effect in the U. S.

The nature and uses of money and mixed currency, with a history of the Wickaboag Bank. Boston: Crosby, Nichols & Co., 1857. Pp. 83. Tables. 4 5 5 5 . W A L K E R , AMASA.

Description of events under an inflated currency—chiefly a picture of cycle phases a n d how caused by inflation; effects on prices, wages, foreign trade, industries, debts, banks, and interest rates. Considers cycle usually about seven-year period. WARD, GEORGE S . "Causes that produced the crisis of 1857 considered," Hunt's merchants' magazine and commercial review, vol. xl, no. 1 (Jan., 1859), pp. 1 9 - 3 7 . Tables. 4556.

Considers, two years after the panic, such causes as banks, banking, or monetary system; the tariff; speculation and over-trading; and the credit system. 4 5 5 7 . W A T K I N S , M Y R O N W . "Literature of the crisis," Quarterly journal of economics, vol. xlvii, no. 3 (May, 1933), pp. 504-532.

Critical and descriptive comments on outstanding books published in 1932.

956

GENERAL

PART

TOPICS

4 5 5 8 . W E L L S , D A V I D A. Recent economic changes. Ν . Y . : Appleton, Pp. xii, 493. Tables. A

survey

of

American

economic

development

and

problems.

Considers

1890.

recent

c h a n g e s in p r o d u c t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n , p a n i c s a n d depressions, t h e m o n e t a r y tion, a n d l a b o r p r o b l e m s .

tion.

ques-

A liberal, W e l l s d e f e n d e d the c a p i t a l i s t s y s t e m as it then

existed a n d s a w p r o g r e s s i v e e c o n o m i c a n d social i m p r o v e m e n t — a n mists a n d r e f o r m e r s .

VI

a n s w e r to

pessi-

A n a m a z i n g b o o k t h a t is v a l u a b l e in b o t h f a c t a n d i n t e r p r e t a -

S h o u l d be c o m p a r e d w i t h the r e p o r t , a b o v e , of the P r e s i d e n t ' s c o n f e r e n c e

on

unemployment. 4559.

view,

" T h e financial crisis in America," Fortnightly re-

W H I T E , HORACE. 1876,

Survey

vol. XXV, pp.

810-829.

Tables.

of e v e n t s a n d causes of p a n i c of

1873 a n d the f o l l o w i n g depression.

excellent d e s c r i p t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s b y a c o m p e t e n t c o n t e m p o r a r y

4560.

WIRTH,

Geschichte der Handelskrisen.

MAX.

An

observer.

Frankfurt:

J.

D.

Sauerländer's Verlag, 1874. Pp. xxiii, 706. A n early

(first edition p u b l i s h e d in 1858)

detailed h i s t o r y of w o r l d ' s crises,

1700-

1873, i n c l u d i n g the crises of 1814, 1837, 1839, 1857, a n d 1873, in the U . S. 4561.

Cause and cure of hard times. Philadelphia: pub. by

WRIGHT, R . J.

the Philadelphia Social Science Association [about

1878].

Pp.

20.

A u t h o r considers i n f l a t i o n — i n c u r r e n c y , l a n d s , railroads, S t a t e , m u n i c i p a l , mercantile, a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g a f f a i r s — t h e cause of h a r d

times.

4 5 6 2 . Y O U N G , A L L Y N A. An analysis of bank statistics for the United States. Cambridge: Harvard, 1928. (Reprinted from Review of economic statistics, Oct., 1 9 2 4 , Jan., 1 9 2 5 , April, 1 9 2 5 , and July, 1 9 2 7 . ) Pp. vii, 78. Tables, charts. 1 8 6 7 - 1 9 2 6 : g e n e r a l m o v e m e n t of o p e r a t i o n s of n a t i o n a l b a n k s . and cyclical 14, a n d

fluctuations

regional

1867-1914:

seasonal

of b a n k i n g p h e n o m e n a in a n d o u t s i d e N e w Y o r k C i t y , 1 9 0 1 -

differences,

1901-14,

and

general

movement

of

the o p e r a t i o n s

of

n a t i o n a l b a n k s , 1 9 1 5 - 2 6 , c o n s i d e r i n g effects of F e d e r a l R e s e r v e S y s t e m o n the seasonal oscillations.

B.

HISTORY

OF BUSINESS

CYCLES

These works deal with cyclical change over a comparatively long period of time, chiefly in the United States. See also studies of wages in Chapter 68 C, and guides to business indices in Chapter 54 E 6. 4 5 6 3 . Books about business cycles. (Bureau of Business Research, Bulletin no. 22.) Urbana: Univ. of Illinois, 1928. Pp. 53.

CH. 66

BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC

CONDITIONS

957

Lists 364 books, articles, and government reports, published since 1800, alphabetically b y titles and language—English, French, and German. Materials deal with various crises and panics and with cycle theory.

4564. B U R T O N , THEODORE E. Financial crises and periods of industrial and commercial depression. Ν . Y.: Appleton, 1 9 1 0 [c. 1 9 0 2 ] . Pp. ix, 392. Tables, charts. Phases, causes, remedies, and a brief historical account, 1 8 1 4 - 1 9 0 1 . including periodical articles, 1837-99.

Bibliography,

An early study.

4 5 6 5 . CASSEL, GUSTAV. T h e theory of social economy. Translated b y Joseph McCabe. 2 vols. London: T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd. [ 1 9 2 3 ]. Pp. xi, 3 4 1 ; vii, 3 4 5 - 6 5 4 . Tables, charts. B k . IV is a study of world economic changes, 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 1 4 , under the influence of "conjunctures," with attention to crises—1873, 1882, 1890 (U. S., 1 8 9 3 ) , 1900 (U. S., 1 9 0 3 ) , and 1907—their characteristics and causes. Consideration of material production, labor, means of production, price, income, capital, and money-market fluctuations. Statistics for world and specific countries. Presents and tests the theory that cyclical movements are an expression of fluctuations in the production of fixed capital.

4566. CRUM, W. L. Interpretation of the index of general business conditions. (Reprinted from Review of economic statistics, Sept., 1 9 2 5 , pp. 2 1 7 235, with revisions to Oct., 1926.) Pp. 2 1 . Table, charts. Examination of some statistical indices of business conditions, chiefly 1 9 0 3 - 1 4 , and 1 9 1 9 - 2 6 , in order to show how they trace the course of business cycles, and to emphasize relations between cyclical movements in industry, commerce, and credit. FRICKEY, E D W I N . Economic fluctuations in the United States: a systematic analysis of long-run trends and business cycles, 1 8 6 6 - 1 9 0 4 . ( H a r vard economic studies.) Cambridge: Harvard, 1942. Pp. xxi, 375. Tables, charts, apps. 4567.

A detailed and highly technical investigation of series of statistical data: production, employment, railroad earnings, New Y o r k and other clearings, imports, immigration, railroad stock prices, industrial stock prices, sensitive commodity prices, wholesale commodity prices, commercial-paper rates, bank loans, bond prices, etc. Valuable as study of pattern of cyclical changes and secular trends.

Migration and business cycles. (Publications of the National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.) N . Y.: The Bureau, 1926. Pp. 256. Tables, charts.

4 5 6 8 . JEROME, HARRY.

Analysis of voluminous records of migration to and from the United States, 1 8 2 0 1924, and a comparison of these records with various indices of business activity. Author endeavored to learn to what extent fluctuations in migration are attributable

GENERAL

958

TOPICS

PART V I

to fluctuations in employment; also, to w h a t extent fluctuations in migration are an ameliorating influence or an aggravating factor in employment and unemployment fluctuations. 4 5 6 9 . JUGLAR, C L E M E N T .

A brief h i s t o r y of p a n i c s a n d their p e r i o d i c a l

o c c u r r e n c e in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . " E n g l i s h e d " a n d edited b y D e C o u r c y Thorn.

N . Y . : Putnam, 1893.

Pp. 150.

W.

Tables.

Chiefly financial aspects, 1 7 8 1 - 1 8 8 9 , with editor's addition of a brief account of the panic of 1890 and some tables. Translation of the part dealing with the United States of J u g l a r ' s larger w o r k , below. 4 5 7 0 . JUGLAR, C L E M E N T .

D e s crises c o m m e r c i a l e s et de leur r e t o u r pério-

d i q u e en F r a n c e , en A n g l e t e r r e et a u x É t a t s - U n i s .

Paris: Librairie Guillau-

m i n et C i e . , 1 8 8 9 [ i s t ed., i 8 6 0 ] . P p . x x , 5 6 0 . T a b l e s , c h a r t s . This treatise gives some attention to theory, but is chiefly an historical and statistical treatment. Considers periodicity, phases and their characteristics, causes, remedies, and aspects—chiefly banking, as manifested in the accounts of the B a n k of France, 1840-82, but also price, salary, interest, foreign exchange, and currency; and summary and comparative study of the commercial crises in France, England, and the United States, 1800-87, including 1 8 1 4 , 1 8 1 8 , 1825-26, 1 8 3 1 , 1 8 3 7 - 3 9 , 1848, 1857, 1 8 7 3 , and 1884. W . C. Mitchell called J u g l a r "the most distinguished pioneer" in exact observation and description of crises and depressions. 4 5 7 1 . MITCHELL, WESLEY C. fornia Press, 1 9 1 3 . a.

Business cycles.

P p . xviii, 6 1 0 .

Berkeley:

U n i v . of

Cali-

Tables, charts.

. B u s i n e s s c y c l e s : t h e p r o b l e m a n d its setting. N . Y . : N a t i o n a l

B u r e a u of E c o n o m i c R e s e a r c h , I n c . , 1 9 2 7 .

P p . xxii, 4 8 9 .

T a b l e s , diags.,

charts. b.

.

B u s i n e s s c y c l e s a n d their c a u s e s .

fornia Press, 1 9 4 1 .

Berkeley:

U n i v . of C a l i -

P p . xii, 2 2 6 .

T h e first volume is one of the most important contributions to cycle literature. It is theoretical, statistical, and historical in treatment. Contains a description and explanation of phases based on a detailed statistical study of cycles in the United States, England, France, and G e r m a n y , 1 8 9 0 - 1 9 1 1 . Also presents the statistical information with useful comments on the sources: commodity prices—producers', consumers', retail, wholesale, etc.; wages, interest, securities—stocks and bonds; volume of business—production, foreign and domestic commerce, railroad earnings, bank clearings, and bills of exchange; currency, banks, saving, investment, enterprise, speculation, profits, and bankruptcies. Consideration of the panic of 1 9 0 7 ; forecasting; and, pp. 1 7 7 - 1 8 7 , a table of relative prices of 40 transportation stocks, by months, 1 8 9 0 - 1 9 1 1 , with a statement concerning the current events affecting the stock market. N o student of American business history should neglect this w o r k . I n the second and third works the author brings the discussion and the factual information up to date with relatively more emphasis on the recent history and especially on theory.

BUSINESS A N D ECONOMIC

CH. 66

959

CONDITIONS

4572. SILBERLING, N O R M A N J. The dynamics of business: an analysis of trends, cycles, and time relationships in American economic activity since 1700 and their bearing upon governmental and business policy. Ν. Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1942. Pp. xii, 759. Charts. Wages, prices, money, trade, national income, building and real estate, agriculture, capital

financing,

commercial

banking,

international

finance,

interest

rates,

stock

speculations, corporate earnings, merchandising, labor productivity, employment, etc. 4 5 7 3 . S M I T H , W A L T E R B U C K I N G H A M , and A R T H U R HARRISON COLE. Fluctuations in American business, 1790-1860. (Harvard economic studies.) Cambridge: Harvard, 1935. Pp. xxix, 195. Tables, charts, apps. This is a useful book on general business conditions and on conditions in special fields.

Consists largely of quantitative studies of movement of prices of commodities,

stocks and bonds, bills on London, commercial paper rates, volume of trade, public land sales, also chapters on general economic setting. movements had been published earlier in the Review C.

T H E O R Y OF CYCLICAL C H A N G E I N

Some of material on price

of Economic

Statistics.

B U S I N E S S AND ECONOMIC

LIFE

Barnett's book, below, is helpful as a guide to the thinking in the U. S. on business cycles from i860 to 1900; for theories before i860 see Miller's study of banking theory (1717). Mitchell's works (4571) on business cycles present valuable historical surveys of cycle theory. For leading theories in the 1930's, see the recent treatises, below. See also the treatises of Keynes ( h i , 1528). 4574. A D A M S , A R T H U R B. Economics of business cycles. Ν. Y.: McGrawHill, 1925. Pp. xvi, 268. Tables, charts, classified bibliog. Useful description of nature and characteristics, with some historical

references;

analysis of causes and effects of cycle forces; attention to the modern business system; survey and criticism of current cycle theories (Chap, x ) ; and suggestions for control (Chap. x i ) .

See also author's Profits,

Progress,

and Prosperity,

published in 1927.

A F T A L I O N , A L B E R T . "The theory of economic cycles based on the capitalistic technique of production," Review of economic statistics, vol. ix, no. 4 (Oct., 1927), pp. 165-170. 4575.

A summary of author's theory of economic cycles as set forth in his Crises ques de surproduction

(Paris: Marcel Riviere et Cie., 1913).

responsibility for cyclical

fluctuations

périodi-

Holds that the chief

should be assigned to the long period required

for the production of fixed capital and the lag in the adjustment between consumption and production which leads to over-production.

4576. [ A M E R I C A N ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION.] Readings in business cycle theory, selected by a committee of the American Economic Association. Philadelphia: Blakiston Co., 1944. Pp. xvi, 494.

GENERAL

960

C o n t a i n s a classified bibliography

PART V I

TOPICS

of articles on business cycle theory, by H .

M.

Somers, pp. 443-487.

4 5 7 7 . BARNETT, PAUL. Business-cycle theory in the United States, 18601900. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press [c. 1941 ]. Pp. ix, 129. V a l u a b l e as a first b o o k for the student of business history to consult as to the nature of the theory at any given time in the decades covered.

Bibliography

lists

b o o k s and articles in the period dealing with cycles.

4 5 7 8 . BULLOCK, C . J., and H . L . MICOLEAU. "Foreign trade and the business cycle," Review of economic statistics, vol. xiii, no. 4 (Nov., 1 9 3 1 ) , pp. 138-159.

Charts.

A n a t t e m p t to measure the correlation between changes in the v o l u m e of foreign trade and cyclical m o v e m e n t s of business.

4 5 7 9 . CARVER, T . N . " A suggestion for a theory of industrial depressions," Quarterly journal of economics, vol. xvii, no. 3 ( M a y , 1903), pp. 497-500. H o l d s that a slight fluctuation

fluctuation

in the v a l u e of a product tends to produce a violent

in the v a l u e of the establishment

producing it.

vestors' m a r k e t is in large degree o w i n g to violent

fluctuation

of productive agent a b o v e the cost of using the agent.

T h e instability

of

in-

of excess of gross profit

Useful as an early statement.

4 5 8 0 . CROCKER, URIEL H . T h e cause of hard times. Boston: Little, Brown, 1895. Pp. 1 1 4 · A

B o s t o n l a w y e r discusses his o w n theory

of panic and depression in terms of

oversaving, overinvestment, and underconsumption, Boston

Daily

Advertiser

versus S p e n d i n g " in the Atlantic Excessive

Saving

the Wages Quarterly

a Cause

of Labor; Journal

first

proposed in a note in the

of A u g . 8, 1877, and discussed later in the f o l l o w i n g : " S a v i n g Monthly,

0} Commercial

1887, Over Production

of Economics

Dec., 1878; pamphlet published in 1884,

Distress;

1886, The Depression

and Commercial

Distress;

in Trade

in A p r . , 1887, on " G e n e r a l O v e r - P r o d u c t i o n , "

A p r . , 1892, on " T h e O v e r - P r o d u c t i o n F a l l a c y " ; and Social

Economist

and

articles in the and

of Apr., 1893,

on " D i m i n i s h i n g R e t u r n s f r o m I n v e s t m e n t . " T h e v i e w s of

the author w e r e opposed b y

most professional economists of

his

times b u t are similar to those held b y John A . H o b s o n , as expressed in Hobson's and A.

F.

Mummey's

Evolution forerunner

The

of Modern of

the

Physiology Capitalism,

oversaving,

of

Industry,

published

published in 1894. or

spending,

school

in

1889, and

Hobson's

C r o c k e r , like H o b s o n , w a s a of

economists

and

economic

theory w h i c h has p l a y e d so i m p o r t a n t a part in influencing national policy since the 1920's.

4 5 8 1 . EDIE, LIONEL D., editor. T h e stabilization of business. N . Y . : M a c millan, 1923. Pp. xii, 400. Tables, charts. Wesley

C . Mitchell, T h e Problem

of Controlling

Business C y c l e s ;

Irving

Fisher,

Stabilizing the D o l l a r ; F r a n k H a i g h D i x o n , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and the Business C y c l e ;

CH. 66

BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC

CONDITIONS

961

J o h n R . Commons, Unemployment—Prevention and Insurance; Lionel D. Edie, The Coordination of Production and Marketing; Edwin R . A. Seligman, International Problems in Business Stability; John B . Andrews, Public Works as an Agency of Control; Walter Dill Scott, The Psychological Factors in Stabilization; Henry S. Dennison, The Applied Technique of Stabilization. 4582.

ENGLAND, M I N N I E THROOP.

"Promotion

a s t h e c a u s e of

crises,"

Quarterly journal of economics, vol. xxix, no. 4 (Aug., 1 9 1 5 ) , pp. 7 4 8 - 7 6 7 . Examination of the extent to which promotion has been a factor in bringing about those failures which constitute a crisis.

4583. FISHER, IRVING. "Our unstable dollar and the so-called business cycle," Journal of the American Statistical Association, June, 1 9 2 5 , pp. 1 7 9 202. Charts. A statement by an economist who had urged stabilizing the value of the dollar as a means of decreasing economic fluctuations.

4584. HABERLER, GOTTFRIED VON. Prosperity and depression: a theoretical analysis of cyclical movements. Geneva: League of Nations, 1 9 3 7 . Pp. XV, 363. 4 5 8 5 . H A N S E N , A L V I N HARVEY.

Business-cycle

theory:

its

development

and present status. Boston: Ginn [c. 1 9 2 7 ] . Pp. x, 2 1 8 . Diags., bibliog. Useful classification, examination, and synthesization of "the views of those writers who have made . . . important contributions to the theory of the business cycle."

4586. HANSEN, ALVIN H. Fiscal policy and business cycles. N . Y.: N o r ton [c. 1 9 4 1 ]. Pp. ix, 462. Tables, diags. Statement of theory by the leading American exponent of using government spending and taxation to minimize cyclical fluctuations.

4587. HAWTREY, R. G. 1 9 3 7 . Pp. xi, 348.

Capital and employment.

London:

Longmans,

Examination by a prominent English economist, of certain widely accepted explanations of trade depression and unemployment as to certain "false assumptions in regard to the relation of credit regulation to the capital market." See also his earlier book, Good and Bad Trade: an Inquiry into the Causes of Trade Fluctuations, published in 1 9 1 3 . 4588.

HAYEK, FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON.

Profits, interest and

and other essays on the theory of industrial ledge & Sons, Ltd. [ 1 9 3 9 ] . Pp. viii, 266. Important recent exposition.

fluctuations.

investment,

London: G. Rout-

962

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

H U L L , GEO. H . Industrial depressions: their causes analysed and classified with a practical remedy for such as result from industrial derangements; or iron the barometer of trade. N. Y.: Stokes, 1911. Pp. xiv, 287. Tables, charts. 4589.

Critical analysis of alleged causes of industrial depressions; analysis of causes of industrial depressions, 1832-1908. Concludes that depressions which are not the result of external and recognized causes are the result of a variation in demand for investment construction as a result of high prices of construction; remedy lies in a national system for collection and publication of data relative to construction demand and capacity. Appendices contain tables of statistics of pig iron prices, production, and consumption in various places and for various times from 1799 to 1910 and a diagram of production, consumption, and prices of iron, 1800-1910.

4590. JEVONS , W. STANLEY. Investigations in currency and finance. Edited with an introduction by H. S. Foxwell. London: Macmillan, 1884. Tables, charts. Collection of papers, tracts, and letters, to a great extent previously published, relating to prices, commercial fluctuations, crises, international currency, etc. The papers on commercial crises relate to periodicity—monthly, quarterly, annual, and decennial variations ("meteorological variations depending upon cosmical variations of which the sun-spot variation is only one index"). Bibliography of writings on money and prices, chronologically arranged, pp. 363414, covering years 1568-1882. 4 5 9 1 . JONES, EDWARD D . Economic crises. (Citizen's library of economics, politics and sociology.) N. Y.: Macmillan, 1900. Pp. 251. Bibliog. Reviews critically 19th century theories as to crises and sets forth the author's own theories. Compare with Barnett, above.

The trade cycle: an account of the causes producing rhythmical changes in the activity of business. London: P. S. King & Son, 4 5 9 2 . LAVINGTON, F . Ltd., 1 9 2 5

[c. 1 9 2 2 ] .

Pp.

113.

Holds that causes of business fluctuations lie in the mind of the business man, in the influences which determine his confidence in the business future. MOORE, H E N R Y L U D W E L L . Economic cycles: their law and cause. N. Y.: Macmillan, 1914. Pp. viii, 149. Tables, diags., charts. 4593.

Presents view that fundamental cause of economic cycles is the cycles in crop yield, caused by the cyclical movement in the weather conditions represented by the rhythmically changing amount of rainfall. Based on investigation of correlation of cycles of rainfall in the Ohio River Valley, 1839-1910, and the crop yield, 18701911. See also author's Generating Economic Cycles (N. Y . : Macmillan, 1923) on meteorological cycles, influence of planet Venus, etc.

CH. 66

BUSINESS A N D ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

Industrial P p . xxii, 397. Tables, charts. 4 5 9 4 . PIGOU, A . C .

fluctuations.

London: Macmillan,

963 1927.

Cyclical fluctuations: their periodicity, amplitude, characteristics, and causes— harvest variations, inventions and discoveries, industrial disputes, changes in taste and foreign demands, monetary and price charges, and psychological factors (errors of optimism and pessimism) ; their effects on monetary and credit arrangements, especially in volume of credit and level of general prices; and remedies acting on long contracts, bank credit and discount policy, currency, wages, and labor.

Banking policy and the price level: an essay in the theory of the trade cycles. London: P . S. King & Son, Ltd., 1926. P p . 4 5 9 5 . ROBERTSON, D . H . Ν, 1 0 3 .

a. . Essays in monetary theory. London: P. S. King & Son, Ltd., 1940. Pp. ix, 234. Tables, charts. Author is an important recent British writer on business cycle problems and theory.

Overproduction and crises. Translated by Julia Franklin. Introduction by John Bates Clark. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd.; N . Y.: Scribner's, 1898. Pp. 140. Tables. 4 5 9 6 . RODBERTUS, J O H A N N K A R L .

Originally published in 1850-51 in German, this work is the earliest well-known attempt to relate crises to overproduction. 4 5 9 7 . SCHUMPETER, J O S E P H A . Business cycles: a theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process. 2 vols. N . Y.: McGrawHill, 1939. P p . xvi, ix, 1096. D.

SECULAR T R E N D S :

HISTORY AND T H E O R Y

Kondratieff's works, below, present the theory of long-time waves in economic life. T h e only important study of the subject historically with respect to American experience is Kuznets', below. See also Burns' Production Trends ( 1 0 2 3 ) and Mitchell's Business Cycles ( 4 5 7 1 ) . 4598. K o N D R A T i E F F , N . D . " D i e langen wellen der K o n j u n k t u r , " Archiv für Socialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, vol. Ivi, pt. 3 ( 1 9 2 6 ) , pp. 5 7 3 - 6 0 7 . a. . " T h e long waves in economic life," Review of economic statistics, vol. xvii, no. 6 (Nov., 1 9 3 5 ) , pp. 1 0 5 - 1 1 5 . The author's theory of the long wave, or secular trend, in economic life was first set forth in the German article and presented to the English reader in the later one.

"Retardation of industrial growth," Journal of economic and business history, vol. i, no. 4 (Aug., 1 9 2 9 ) , pp. 5 3 4 - 5 6 0 .

4 5 9 9 . K U Z N E T S , SIMON.

A technological interpretation of long-time change in agriculture, mining, and manufacture.

964

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART

VI

Secular movements in production and prices: their nature and their bearing upon cyclical fluctuations. (Hart, Schaffner & Marx prize essays.) Boston: Houghton, 1930. Pp. xxiv, 536. Tables, charts. 4 6 0 0 . K U Z N E T S , SIMON S.

Investigation of long-time movements in production and prices by means of statistical series, f r o m 1850's or 1860's to not later than 1920's. Trends in the production of selected agricultural staples and products of mining and manufacture, in the increase in railway mileage and shipping tonnage, in prices of selected production, and in the consumption of selected goods. The introductory chapter on retardation of industrial growth is valuable. Useful tables.

4601. "Secular trends in business history," pp. 661-744 of Casebook in American business history [see 254]. This is a series of studies of business conditions and trends as follows: "Business difficulties and the emergence of specialization in a period of declining prices, 1 8 1 5 1 8 4 3 " ; "Business prosperity and the victory of specialized business in a period of rising prices, 1 8 4 3 - 1 8 6 6 " ; "Business difficulties, with a tendency to combine and integrate, in a period of declining prices, 1 8 6 6 - 1 8 9 7 " ; "Business prosperity and the recombination of functions in a period of rising prices, 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 2 0 . " These short studies are tentative and experimental; they bring together a fair representation of the types of materials which are available and point to the need of f u r ther research. E.

SEASONAL C H A N G E S I N

ECONOMIC

LIFE

Few general studies have been made of seasonal changes in business activity. Statistical and social economists have been concerned with the subject but usually with reference to particular industries or problems. The problem of seasonal unemployment has been given much attention— for examples see books by Douglas (4678), Parker (4323), and Van Kleeck (2434), and the report of the President's Conference on Unemployment (4534) and resulting reports of investigations (Seasonal Operation in the Construction Industry and Report oj the United. States Coal Commission). Johnson and Huebner (3348) and Ripley (3424) deal with seasonal fluctuations in railroad transportation, and Haring (3549) in warehousing. Jevons (4590) considers seasonal commercial fluctuations. The most useful survey of the methods used by economists in the study of seasonal fluctuations and also of the literature on the subject may be found in pages 233-249 of Mitchell's Business Cycles: The Problem and Its Setting (4571a). 4602. H U N T E R , L O U I S C. Studies in the economic history of the Ohio Valley: seasonal aspects of industry and commerce before the age of big busi-

CH. 66

BUSINESS A N D ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

965

ness f a n d l the beginnings of industrial combination. (Smith College studies in history.)

N o r t h a m p t o n , Mass.: Smith College, 1933-34.

Effects of seasonal influences on river transportation ánd of the weather on overland transportation and power supply.

4603. KUZNETS, SIMON. Seasonal variations in industry and trade. ( P u b lications of the National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.) N . Y.: T h e Bureau, 1933. P p . xxiv, 455. Tables, charts, apps., bibliog. A statistical study of the seasonal changes in the flow of commodities—food products, cotton and cotton textiles, automobiles, gasoline, rubber, and construction—in industry and trade and in the demand for labor and credit, based on statistics, chiefly of the 20th century. Includes a brief survey of seasonal variations in prices, volume of business activity, credit, currency, speculation, dividend and interest incomes, employment, and payrolls ; and a consideration of regional aspects, seasonal similarities and differences among industries (car loadings, foreign trade, and wholesale and retail trade), changes in the seasonal pattern and amplitude, and the economic burden of seasonal variations. F.

P R I C E H I S T O R Y AND

THEORY

Price history is a subject t h a t the business historian should cultivate though the field has been well plowed by economists and economic historians. Beginning with such pioneers as D'Avenel a n d Rogers they have produced a wealth of historical studies of price history. There has been little study of the correlation, however, between price changes and business conditions. Prices began before business men came into existence. Under petty capitalism the customary price loomed large, but regulations were numerous and important in the case of foodstuffs. Under mercantile capitalism fluctuations became sweeping especially through the influx of Spanish colonial gold and silver. T h e work of Earl J. Hamilton (72) has profitably centered in price changes in Spain. Under industrial capitalism the price of m a n u factured goods gradually declined, though fluctuations were common. Until the twentieth century when national capitalism came in, price regulation was uncommon. I.

HISTORY OF PRICES I N T H E U N I T E D STATES

For European price history see Chapter 2 B. For recent price indices see Chapter 54 E 6. 4 6 0 4 . BERRY, THOMAS SENIOR. W e s t e r n p r i c e s b e f o r e 1 8 6 1 : a s t u d y of t h e

Cincinnati market. ( H a r v a r d economic studies.) Cambridge: 1943. Pp. xxi, 645. Tables, charts, map, apps., bibliog.

Harvard,

966

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART

VI

A scholarly study of prices in a western commercial community : general price movements and prices of groups of commodities and of individual commodities. Contains much information on transportation and transportation costs (especially from the seaboard), market structure, weights and measures, currency and banking, foreign and domestic exchange, and general fluctuations in business conditions. Also, considerable information about individual companies, as for instance in the salt trade. Valuable. 4605.

BEZANSON, A N N E , ROBERT D . GRAY, and MIRIAM H U S S E Y .

Prices

in Colonial Pennsylvania. (Industrial Research Department, Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, Univ. of Pennsylvania, Research studies.) Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1935. Pp. xix, 445. Tables, charts, classified bibliog. a. Wholesale prices in Philadelphia, 1784-1861. (Industrial Research Department, Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania, Research Studies.) Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1936. Pp. xxiii, 443. Tables, charts, classified bibliog. A n invaluable study of wholesale prices and price movements from 1720 to 1861 in an important American commercial center. Domestic and imported goods: products of farms, mines, and manufactured goods. Prices of specific commodities and groups, and general price behavior. 4 6 0 6 . BURTON, THEODORE E . , a n d

G . C . SELDEN.

A

c e n t u r y of

prices.

Ν . Y . : Magazine of Wall Street [c. 1919]. Pp. 118. Charts, bibliog. Useful charts showing: relation between American and foreign price levels and its effect upon American exports, 1875-1915; level of commodity prices, based on Falkner's index, 1845-89, and Dun's, 1889-1920; cash cotton at New Y o r k , 18201918; wheat no. 2 at Chicago, 1859-1918; corporation bond yields, 1860-1920; money rates on prime commercial paper (3 to 6 months), 1841-1918; and stock prices, 18601918 (20 railway stocks to 1912, and 25 rails and 25 industrials combined, 1912-18). Brief explanation of fluctuations and their correlation and comments on minor (3 to 4 years) and major (about 20 years) cycles and secular trend. 4607.

COLE,

ARTHUR

HARRISON.

Wholesale

commodity

prices

in

the

United States, 1700-1861. (Pub. under the auspices of the International Scientific Committee on Price History.) Cambridge: Harvard, 1938. Pp. xxiii, 187. Tables, charts, apps. a. . Statistical supplement. Actual wholesale prices of vario.us commodities. Cambridge: Harvard, 1938. Pp. x, 359. Tables, charts, diags. Vol. i: (1) A summary of the findings of studies of the movement of prices in Boston, N e w Y o r k , Philadelphia, Charleston, New Orleans, Cincinnati, and the Ohio River Valley. Research directed by Ruth Crandall, Herman M . Stoker, Anne Bezanson,

CH. 66

967

BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

George R . Taylor, and Thomas S. Berry. (2) Comparison of the course of prices in the six cities and the secular trends and cyclical movements. Statistical supplement: Price series by month and year for 45 different commodities in each of the six cities investigated chiefly cover the following: Philadelphia, 17001861 ; Charleston, 1 7 3 2 - 1 8 6 1 ; New Orleans, 1800-61; Cincinnati, 1816-60; and Boston, 1750-95· 4 6 0 8 . CRANDALL, R U T H .

" W h o l e s a l e c o m m o d i t y prices in Boston during

the eighteenth c e n t u r y , " R e v i e w of economic statistics, vol. xvi, no. 6 ( J u n e i 5 , 1 9 3 5 ) , PP· 1 1 7 - 1 2 8 , and no. 9 (Sept. 1 5 , 1 9 3 5 ) , pp. 1 7 8 - 1 8 3 .

Tables,

charts. A discussion of the available data and their sources, chiefly business records, and the method of handling a price index for 1752-95, statistical tables of priccs of individual commodities, 1750's to 1790's, and one for wheat and molasses, 1701-98. 4 6 0 9 . HALE, ROGER F . 1927.

Prices paid for M a r y l a n d f a r m products,

1851-

( U n i v . of M a r y l a n d Agricultural E x p e r i m e n t Station, Bulletin 3 2 1 . )

College P a r k , M d . : T h e Station cooperating with the U . S . D e p t . of A g r i culture, Sept., 1 9 3 0 .

P p . 2 1 0 . T a b l e s , charts, maps, bibliog.

Many of the tables include monthly prices for specific commodities in various towns and districts. 4 6 1 0 . HANSEN, ALVIN H .

" W h o l e s a l e prices for the United States,

1801-

1 8 4 0 , " Publications of the A m e r i c a n Statistical Association, new series, vol. xiv, no. 1 1 2

( D e c . , 1 9 1 5 ) , pp. 8 0 4 - 8 1 2 .

Author carried Roland Aldrich Report, covering using data from Boston port of the Secretary of

T a b l e s , chart.

Falkner's series of annual the period 1840-91, with newspapers for the period the Treasury for 1863 for

4 6 1 1 . M I L L S , FREDERICK C .

index numbers—prepared for the i860 as the base—"back to 1801, 1 8 0 1 - 2 5 and those from the R e the period 1825-40."

T h e behavior of prices.

N a t i o n a l B u r e a u of E c o n o m i c Research, I n c . )

(Publications of the

Ν . Y . : T h e Bureau,

1927.

P p . 5 9 8 . T a b l e s , charts. A study of seasonal, year-to-year, and cyclical movements and secular trend ; correlation between prices and production; regional differences; timing, duration, and amplitude of individual price changes during general price movements; the working of the price system and of the inter-relations between individual commodity prices; etc. Statistical and interpretative study of prices, chiefly for 1890's to 1925, usually taken from wholesale price bulletins of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. 4 6 1 2 . M I T C H E L L , W E S L E Y C . Gold, prices, and w a g e s under the greenback standard.

( U n i v . of C a l i f o r n i a publications in economics.)

versity Press, 1 9 0 8 . P p . x v , 6 2 7 . T a b l e s , charts.

Berkeley: Uni-

968

GENERAL TOPICS

PART

VI

An examination, for the years i860 to 1880, of the premium on gold and the specie value of the greenbacks; relative wholesale and retail commodity prices; relative wages; and the inter-relations between the fluctuations in the prices of gold and of commodities at wholesale and retail, and of labor. Prices and wage data based on " t w o reports from Mr. J. D. Weeks published in vol. xx of the Tenth Census, and the 'exhibits' of the Aldrich Report." Valuable.

History of prices during the W a r . Summary. (War Industries Board, Price bulletin no. 1.) Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1919. Pp. 95. Tables, charts.

4 6 1 3 . MITCHELL, WESLEY C .

A record and measurement of price fluctuations, 1913-18, with some comment. Summary of data published in 50 bulletins on important classes of commodities which included some discussion of the reasons why many individual commodities rose more or less than the average.

Historical study of prices received by producers of farm products in Virginia, 1801-1927. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station and Bureau of Agricultural Economics of U. S. Department of Agriculture cooperating. [About 1928.] P p . 218. Maps, tables, charts, bibliog. a. . "Wheat and corn prices received by producers in Virginia, 1801-1928," Journal of economic and business history, vol. ii, no. 2 (Feb., 1930), pp. 382-391. Map, charts. 4 6 1 4 . PETERSON, ARTHUR G .

The first is a study of prices, the factors affecting farm products—general price level, changes in production, supply and demand, transportation costs, and tariffs and foreign competition—and a description and analysis of farm-price data.

4615. SCUDDER,. M . L., JR. Congested Prices. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co., 1883. P p . 52. Comments on panics (chiefly 1873) with attention to effect of exchanges on prices, cycle theory of prices, dangers of artificially sustaining prices—especially in relation to labor, railroad stocks and bonds, and corners—and forecasting.

"Wholesale commodity prices at Charleston, South Carolina, 1732-1791," Journal of economic and business history, vol. iv, no. 2 (Feb., 1932), pp. 356-377. Tables, charts. a. . "Wholesale commodity prices at Charleston, South Carolina, 1796-1861," Journal of economic and business history, vol. iv, no. 4 (Aug., 1932), pp. 848-868. Tables, charts. 4 6 1 6 . TAYLOR, GEORGE ROGERS.

Price indices and tables based on newspaper prices-current, merchants' accounts and correspondence, with comments about significant developments. 4 6 1 7 . [U. S . ] B U R E A U OF LABOR STATISTICS. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. Bulletin no. 284 (revision of Bulletin no. 173). Pp. 350. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1921.

C H . 66

BUSINESS A N D ECONOMIC

CONDITIONS

969

Useful historical survey (by Wesley C. Mitchell) dealing with the making and use of index numbers in general and of specific indices. History of index numbers, i8th to 20th centuries; a consideration of how the various methods used in constructing general-purpose index numbers "determine the uses to which they are severally adapted"; a comparison of the leading American index numbers for the years 1890 to 1918; and a description of the important index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries, with some historical items—those for the United States are Bureau of Labor Statistics, Federal Reserve Board, War Industries Board, Food Administration, Senate Committee on Finance, Bradstreet, Dun, and Gibson indices.

4618. [U. S. CONGRESS.] Retail prices and wages. Report by M r . Aldrich, from the committee on Finance, July 19, 1892. 52d Cong., ist sess., Sen. rep. no. 986, 3 parts. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1892. Pp. cxxxv, 2224. Tables. This investigation into prices and wages on the first of each month, June, 1889, to Sept., 1891, presents statistics of retail prices of 215 articles in 70 cities; of wholesale prices for the same articles at 7 distributing centers; prices of leading farm products at representative points; wages in 15 general occupations and special industries ; the cost of living of working-men for 1890-91 ; and retail prices and wages in Great Britain for the same period.

4619. [U. S. CONGRESS.] Wholesale prices, wages, and transportation. Report by Mr. Aldrich, from the committee on Finance, March 3, 1893. S2d Cong., 2d Sess., Sen. rep. no. 1934, 4 parts. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1893. Pp. 1956. Tables. The most comprehensive collection of wage information for the period covered. "The course of wholesale prices of from two to three hundred articles in common use in distinctive markets" for the years 1840 to 1891; "the wholesale prices of agricultural products in New Y o r k , Chicago, and Cincinnati, for the same period"; and the wholesale prices for some articles for Oct., 1891, and Oct., 1892; wage rates in Jan. and July in some establishments in specific trades for the period ; prices and wages in some foreign countries; and a report upon changes in railway transportation rates on freight traffic throughout the United States, 1852 to 1893, with some data on ocean rates, 1866-92. Statistical tables include prices and wages and relative prices and wages. 4 6 2 0 . [U. S.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, D I V I S I O N OF BIBLIOGRAPHY. Select list of references on the cost of living and prices. Compiled [by] . . . Herman H. B. Meyer. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1910. Pp. v, 107. a. . Additional references on the cost of living and prices. Compiled [by] . . . H. H . B. Meyer. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1912. Pp. vi, 120.

A. PEARSON, and H E R M A N M . STOKER. Wholesale prices for 213 years, 1720 to 1932. (Cornell Univ., Agricultural Ex4 6 2 1 . WARREN, G . F . , F .

970

GENERAL TOPICS

PART

VI

périment Station, Memoir 142, Nov., 1932.) Ithaca, Ν . Y . : pub. by the University. Pp.222. Tables, charts, bibliog. Part ι, United States, 1797-1932; Part n, New York City, 1720-1800. The study aims "to present comprehensive index numbers to correspond with the present index numbers of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics." A monthly index of wholesale prices is given for all commodities and for each of ten groups— farm products, foods, hides and leather, textiles, fuel and lighting, metals and metal products, building materials, drugs and chemicals, house furnishings, spirits, and miscellaneous.

4 6 2 2 . WHITE, HENRY ELLIS. An economic study of wholesale prices at Cincinnati, 1844-1914. (Ph.D. thesis, Cornell Univ., Feb., 1935.) 2 vols. Ithaca, Ν. Y., 1935. Pp. 785. Maps, tables, charts. " A comprehensive group of index numbers of wholesale prices," including some for special groups; an examination of farm, wholesale, and retail supply-price relationships; and considerable economic background with information about some business groups, prices-current, transportation development, amount and value of commodities and merchandise received and shipped, monthly wholesale prices of many specific commodities, etc. Pp. 746-785 consist of a summary, based on prices-current, of financial and commercial information about Cincinnati and other markets. 2.

THEORY

See also economic treatises in Chapters 2 and 3 dealing with monetary theory. 4623. ANGELL, JAMES W. The theory of international prices. (Harvard economic studies.) Cambridge: Harvard, 1926. Pp. xiv, 571. Tables, charts, apps., bibliog. A good, critical, historical survey of price theory, particularly with respect to the connections between national price structures and the course of international exchange.

4 6 2 4 . FISHER, IRVING. Stabilizing the dollar: a plan to stabilize the general price level without fixing individual prices. Ν . Y . : Macmillan, 1920. Pp. xlix, 305. Tables, charts. Consideration of evils and causes of rising prices, proposed remedies for stabilization of prices, and details of a plan for adjusting the weight of gold in a monetary unit to an imaginary "goods-dollar" by the aid of an index number of prices. Bibliography on index numbers and plans to stabilize the dollar.

4625. FISHER, IRVING. Why is the dollar shrinking? A study in the high cost of living. Ν . Y . : Macmillan, 1914. Pp. ix, 233. Tables, diags., charts. The general principles which determine the scale of prices (that is, the reciprocal of the purchasing power of the dollar)—volume and velocity of money and bankdeposit circulation and volume of trade—and the manner in which these principles

CH. 67

WAR A N D BUSINESS

971

apply to the current high cost of living; a history of price levels, chiefly 1800 to the present; and a brief treatment of the credit cycle and its phases.

4626. LAUGHLIN, J . LAURENCE. "Gold and prices since 1873," Quarterlyjournal of economics, vol. i (Apr., 1887), pp. 3i9~355, 3&S~399· Holds supply of gold has less effect on prices than generally supposed. Coincidence that quantity of gold fell as prices fell; explanation of price change within individual commodity itself. An interesting contemporary view. 4 6 2 7 . WABREN, GEORGE F . , and FRANK A . PEARSON. Gold and prices. N . Y.: Wiley, 1935. P p . vii, 475. Tables, charts, chap. refs. While this work deals with the movement of prices in the United States from 1720 to 1932, its interest is primarily in theoretical generalizations which can be drawn therefrom. Contains tables of price indices from late 18th century, general and for specific commodities. See also the authors' Prices, published in 1933.

C H A P T E R 67. W A R A N D B U S I N E S S There has been no adequate historical study of the relations of war and business: the part played by business in bringing on war, the contribution of business to the prosecution of war, and the effect of war on business. A great deal has been written about the part played by business in bringing about wars, but it is difficult to sift the truth from the propaganda and to evaluate properly business or economic factors in comparison with psychological and political considerations. On this subject see: Schlesinger's The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution ( 1 5 5 ) ; standard works dealing with the conditions and events leading to the W a r of 1 8 1 2 and the Civil War (including Foner's study, below); and, on World W a r ι, reports of government investigations, including the munitions investigation (2414). Note especially Gras' article below. While it is obvious that business has contributed heavily to the prosecution of wars, relatively little has been written about how business was mobilized for war and what it did specifically in various wars. I t is an amazing fact that the historians of military events rarely record the business operations that made military movements possible. Besides the Readings by Clark and others, below, see biographies of Morris ( 3 2 7 ) , Stephen Girard (324), John Jacob Astor (330), Jay Cooke ( 3 5 1 ) , and of partners in J . P. Morgan & Co. (555, 563), and also Clarkson (2319) on industrial mobilization and direction during World War 1. There have already been published a large number of studies of the record of individual American companies' contribution to World War 11 (by American

972

G E N E R A L TOPICS

PART VI

Can, American Car & Foundry, Chrysler Corporation, Shell, Bausch & Lomb, U. S. Steel, and others). The study of the effect of war on business during and after the war has been woefully inadequate. To what extent have wars speeded up business development? See Nef's article, below (4640), Sombart's book (4638), and Fite's Social and Industrial Conditions in the North during the Civil War (150). To what extent and in what ways have wars created disequilibrium in business and brought trouble at the end of war? What is the real story as to inflation, deflation, panics, and depression? These and many other questions can be answered in a general way but not adequately. It is significant to note that at least from the eighteenth century wars have marked high points in the upward secular trend of prices and profits and that reaction has precipitated secular downward movements that lasted for a generation or so. One great change seems to have come over the past centuries: while wars used to provide opportunities for business, war today may provide gain for a short time but the net result tends to be a great loss. There are special problems which also need to be studied: for example, the handling of alien property during and after war, and the management of occupation in the Civil War and World Wars 1 and 11. BLOCH, H E N R Y SIMON, and B E R T F. HOSELITZ. Economics of military occupation: selected problems. Chicago: The Foundation Press, 1944. Pp. xxii, 141.

4628.

A book designed to be of assistance to those going into occupied territory. Deals with currency, exchange rates, banking, taxation, price control, and production control. Useful references to other materials on the subject.

4629. CLARK, J O H N M. The costs of the World War to the American people. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1931. Pp. xii, 316. Tables, diags. 4 6 3 0 . CLARK, J . MAURICE, WALTON H . HAMILTON, a n d HAROLD G . M O U L -

TON. Readings in the economics of war. Chicago: University of Chicago Press [c. 1918]. Pp. xxxi, 676. Tables, charts, map. Valuable collection of short excerpts from writings on economic background of war, war as a business venture, nature of modern war, resources, problem of industrial mobilization, war-time regulation of trade and industry, food and fuel, transportation, war finance, prices and price control, labor and war, and other topics. D R E W R Y , ELIZABETH B. "Historical units of agencies of the first world war," Bulletins of the National Archives, no. 4 (July, 1942), pp. 4631.

1-3 ΐΑ useful guide to publications concerning work of various agencies and departments.

CH. 67

973

WAR AND BUSINESS

4 6 3 2 . FONER, PHILIP S.

Business and slavery: the N e w York

merchants

and the irrepressible conflict. Chapel Hill: T h e University of North Carolina Press, 1941. Pp. ix, 356. Bibliog. T h e most detailed treatise on business men's politics leading u p to the Civil W a r . New Y o r k shown to be the metropolis of the South. Also considers regional and metropolitan effects of panic of 1857. T h e author is a good reporter and fair analyst. U n f o r t u n a t e l y he lumps New Y o r k business men under heading "merchants." T h e t r e a t m e n t of individual business men and firms makes this akin to business history. Sources: newspapers and manuscript collections.

4 6 3 3 . GRAS, Ν . S. B. "War and business," Bulletin of the Business H i s torical Society, vol. xx, no. 6 ( D e c . , 1 9 4 6 ) , pp. 1 6 5 - 1 8 9 . T h e thesis is t h a t there have been three century-long wars and that we are now in the midst of a f o u r t h . T h e first, 1337-1451, was dynastic b u t the results were conditioned by business a n d religious considerations; the second, 1536-1648, was religious on the surface but was in p a r t fundamentally a matter of freedom to carry on business; the third, 1652-1815, was openly commercial a n d basically imperial (the extension of mercantile capitalism in a colonial empire) ; and the f o u r t h , 1914—, is a struggle for the control of business on the p a r t of conflicting social classes. 4 6 3 4 . HIPPELHEUSER, RICHARD H . , e d i t o r .

American industry in the war:

a report of the War Industries Board (March 1921) by Bernard M . Baruch, chairman. Including . . . Mr. Baruch's own program for total mobilization of the nation as presented to the War Policies Commission in 1931, and current material on priorities and price fixing. With a foreword by Bernard M. Baruch. . . . Ν . Y.: Prentice-Hall, 1941. Pp. xii, 498. R e p o r t on industrial mobilization in World W a r 1 and proposals for f u t u r e mobilization in the event of w a r . 4 6 3 5 . LELAND, WALDO G . , a n d NEWTON D . MERENESS, c o m p i l e r s .

Intro-

duction to the American official sources for the economic and social history of the World War. N e w Haven: Yale Univ. Press, for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1926. Pp. xlvii, 532. 4 6 3 6 . M U R P H Y , MARY E .

T h e British war economy, 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 3 .

Ν . Y.:

Professional and Technical Press [c. 1 9 4 3 ] . Pp. xiv, 403. A s u m m a r y account of British economic mobilization for war.

4637. PERRIS, G. H. A short history of war and peace. Ν . Y.: Holt [c. 1921].

P p . vi, 256.

An outline of particular wars a n d battles, with emphasis on arms and the a r t of war. Economic factors are noted b u t not emphasized. Bibliography, pp. 253-254.

974

GENERAL TOPICS

PART

VI

4 6 3 8 . SoMBAKT, WEENER. Krieg und Kapitalismus. Munich: Duncker & Humblot, 1913. Pp. viii, 232. This is vol. ii of Studien zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des modernen Kapitalismus. Holds that war, with its spur to large-scale manufacture and commerce, was an important factor in the development of modern capitalism.

4 6 3 9 . STEIN, EMANUEL, and JULES BACKMAN, editors. War economics. Ν . Y . : Farrar & Rinehart [c. 1942]. An attempt "to describe the effects of the war on the economy"—the problems of transition to and the planning, directing, and controlling of war economy. Chapters by specialists (besides editors, Jules I. Bogen, Jessie V. Coles, William L. Grossman, Karl W. Kapp, and Robert F. Martin) deal with production, labor, finance, prices, foreign trade, transportation, business and finance under the U. S. defense program, industrial demobilization, and other subjects. Appendix contains selected legal materials and charts showing federal administrative organization of the war effort. The suggested readings provide a key to a large literature.

4 6 4 0 . WRIGHT, CHESTER W . , editor. Economic problems of war and its aftermath. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press [c. 1942]. Pp. xi, 197. A series of lectures including the following: "War and the early Industrial Revolution," by John U. Nef; "Economic Lessons from Previous Wars," by Chester W. Wright; "Price Controls," by Theodore O. Yntema.

C H A P T E R 68. N A T I O N A L W E A L T H A N D I N C O M E A N D T H E I R DISTRIBUTION For business history this subject is a vital one. The history of national wealth and income and their distribution provides background for the study of business and for measuring the effectiveness of business. Considering its importance to business and to national economic policy, the subject has not received adequate study, especially on the side of distribution. A.

GENERAL

So far there has appeared no comprehensive work dealing with wealth and income in the United States throughout its whole history. Early works on the subject presented chiefly the social aspects of inequalities in distribution and theoretical considerations of distribution. Next appeared statistical studies of national wealth and income based largely on census publications. Since the publication of federal corporation and individual income tax figures, important statistical studies have been made, chiefly under the National Bureau of Economic Research. A valuable source of information is the publications of the U. S. Office of

CH. 68

W E A L T H AND I N C O M E : T H E I R D I S T R I B U T I O N

975

Internal Revenue. For instance the Statistics of Income, published annually from 1916 (similar information was earlier contained in the reports of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue), contains information about salaries, wages, commissions, fees, profits, rents, royalties, dividends, etc., derived from individual, partnership, and corporation tax returns. State bureaus (especially tax commissioners) also regularly or occasionally publish statistics of income and wealth and distribution. An example of a valuable special report is the study of the value of estates probated in Massachusetts in 1829-31, 1859-61, 1879-81, and 1889-91 which was published in the Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Labor. Kuznets' short article listed below is a helpful introduction to the subject. Bowley's studies for Great Britain are valuable for comparison. 4641. BOWLEY, A. L., editor. Studies in the national income, 1924-1938. Cambridge, Eng.: University Press, 1942. Pp. ix, 255. Tables, apps. An incomplete statistical study of national income and wages in Great Britain, 1924-38, begun, as a comprehensive cooperative technical research project for the National Institute of Economic and Social Research but curtailed in scope by World War II. Contains a complete world-wide bibliography (pp. 201-248) arranged topically with sub-divisions by countries.

4642. BOWLEY, A. L. Wages and income in the United Kingdom since i860. Cambridge, Eng.: University Press, 1937. Pp. xix, 151. Tables, apps. A statistical history of wages and other income in England in various lines of work (agriculture, building trades, mining, etc.) which is a readable and non-technical book that summarizes a lifetime of research by Professor Bowley. Bibliography lists publications of author and others on wages, prices, and income and on standards of living in the United Kingdom from beginning of 19th century to 1937.

editor. The internal debts of the United States. Ν. Y.: published for the Twentieth Century Fund, Inc., Macmillan, 1933. Pp. XX, 430. Tables, charts. 4 6 4 3 . CLARK, EVANS,

" . . . a canvass of the United States in (private and public) late 1920's, and 1932

the amount of indebtedness of the various classes of debtors in relation to their 'capacity to pay' " by specific classes of debts outstanding in given years just before World War 1, early i92o's, or 1933.

The distribution of wealth: a factual survey based upon federal estate-tax returns. (Business research studies no. 13.) Bureau of Business Research, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, 1935. Pp. 24. Tables, charts. 4 6 4 4 . CRUM, WILLIAM LEONARD.

976

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

Analysis of estate-tax data f o r various periods between 1 9 1 6 and 1 9 3 3 : distribution as to size and as to form of p r o p e r t y ; evidences of cyclical fluctuations; and differences by sex, marital status, and age, and by vocation.

4645. DOANE, ROBERT R. The measurement of American wealth: a study of the monetary measures of the total wealth, income, expenditures, profits, losses, debts and savings of American producers, consumers and institutions, from i860 to 1 9 3 3 . Ν . Y . : Harper, 1933. Pp. xviii, 242. Tables, diags., charts. A "comprehensive record of correlated information" covering the period. and descriptive and interpretative comments. 4646.

E L L I O T T , MARGARET, a n d GRACE E . M A N S O N .

E a r n i n g s of

Statistics

women

in business and the professions. (Michigan business studies.) Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan, 1930. Pp. ix, 2 1 5 . Tables, charts, forms. T h e succinct summary and conclusions are supported by discussions and tables showing the relationship of the earnings of non-manual women workers to such f a c tors as general and special education, age, experience, savings, marital status, and size of community. Based on 14,000 questionnaires returned in 1926 b y members of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs. M a j o r occupational groups: clerical, teaching, sales and publicity, health w o r k , finance.

4647. FRIDAY, DAVID. Profits, wages, and prices. Ν . Y.: Harcourt, 1920. Pp. iv, 256. Tables. An attempt to set forth the facts as to prices and profits and wages and their distribution in the United States during and immediately after World W a r 1. Statistics for 1909-19.

4648. HEER, CLARENCE. Income and wages in the South. (Univ. of North Carolina social study series.) Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1930. Pp. 68. Tables. A statistical study, based on government statistics of the 1920's, chiefly.

4649. HOBSON, J . A. The industrial system: an inquiry into earned and unearned income. New and rev. ed. London: Longmans, 1 9 1 0 . Pp. xx, 338. Tables, diags. A study of how income is distributed in the current industrial system viewed " a s a single organic whole." A consideration of business structure—size, ownership and control, and relative importance of factors; trade groupings and relationships; p a y ments to workers, capitalists, landowners, and entrepreneurs; prices; markets; surplus; and unemployment and its causes. Contains a chapter on ability, which deals with the function and contribution of the entrepreneur (top industrial executive) to business organization and administration.

Cit. 68

W E A L T H AND INCOME: T H E I R DISTRIBUTION

4 6 5 0 . K I N G , WILLFORD ISBELL.

977

T h e wealth and income of the people of

the United States. Ν . Y . : M a c m i l l a n , 1 9 1 5 . P p . xxiv, 2 7 8 . T a b l e s , charts. Definition of wealth and income; a consideration of changes in social wealth of the American people; and the distribution of wealth (rent, interest, wages, and profits) among families. This study, which deals with the period 1850-1910 chiefly, is based on census figures, State reports, monographs, etc., though the basis of some material is not clear. 4 6 5 1 . K I N G , WILLFORD ISBELL, assisted b y LILLIAN E P S T E I N . tional income and its purchasing power.

The

na-

(Publications of the N a t i o n a l

Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., no. 1 5 . )

N . Y . : T h e Bureau,

1930.

Pp. 2 8 8 . T a b l e s , diags., charts. Income statistics for 1909-27, some of which revise the estimates of Income in the United States, 1921-22; in addition, estimates of gains of individuals f r o m corporate profits and mercantile industry are included. 4 6 5 2 . K U Z N E T S , SIMON. sciences, vol. xi, 1 9 3 3 .

" N a t i o n a l income," Encyclopaedia of the social

T a b l e s , charts, classified bibliog.

Treats of the concept and estimates and distribution of income. 4 6 5 3 . K U Z N E T S , SIMON, LILLIAN E P S T E I N , and ELIZABETH J E N K S . tional income and its composition, 1 9 1 9 - 1 9 3 8 .

2 vols.

Bureau of Economic Research, 1 9 4 1 . P p . x x x , 9 2 9 .

N. Y.:

Na-

National

Apps.

A scholarly statistical w o r k which contains tables of figures in dollars and percentages for various categories of the composition of the national income and its distribution. Valuable. 4 6 5 4 . LEVEN, MAURICE. Income in the various States: its sources and distribution, 1 9 1 9 ,

1 9 2 0 , and 1 9 2 1 .

Based upon estimates of the national

totals b y Willford Isbell K i n g . . . .

(Publications of the National B u r e a u

of E c o n o m i c Research, Inc., no. 7.)

N . Y . : T h e Bureau, 1 9 2 5 .

Pp. 306.

M a p s , tables, charts. National income totals; wages and salaries in industries covered by the census, in construction, trade, transportation, and miscellaneous industries; agricultural receipts and expenses, entrepreneurial and property income, and income f r o m miscellaneous sources, and a summary and analysis. 4 6 5 5 . M A R T I N , ROBERT F . 1938.

National income in the United States,

( N a t i o n a l Industrial Conference B o a r d studies, no. 2 4 1 . )

1799N.

Y.:

pub. b y the Board [c. 1 9 3 9 ] . P p . x v , 1 4 6 . Tables, charts. An a t t e m p t to assess the trend of change in national income, totals and by types and sources, in the United States.

978

GENERAL TOPICS

PART VI

4 6 5 6 . MITCHELL, WESLEY C., and others. Income in the United States:

its amount and distribution; 1909-1919. 2 vols. (Publications of the National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., nos. 1 and 2.) Vol. i, Summary. N. Y.: Harcourt [c. 1 9 2 1 ] . Vol. ii, Detailed report. N. Y.: The Bureau, 1922 [2d printing, 1926]. Pp. xvi, 152; xiv, 440. Tables, charts. A summary of the findings; and a presentation of the methods used and estimates of income. These figures are revised and continued in The National Income and Its Purchasing Power (4651).

4657. MYERS, GUSTAVUS. The ending of hereditary American fortunes. N. Y.: Julian Messner, Inc. [c. 1939]. Pp. vi, 395. Advocates the prevention of the inheriting of great fortunes just as the Americans early did away with primogeniture and entail. Great fortunes are regarded as the result of exploitation, and their continuance as privilege for their owners at the expense of the rest of society. Does not recognize inheritance as the price paid for the benefits of free private enterprise. Frankly pleading a cause and turning the material to that end, the book is challenging.

4658. SPAHR, CHAULES B. An essay on the present distribution of wealth in the United States. N. Y.: Crowell [c. 1896]. Pp. viii, 184. Tables. The first important study dealing with the distribution of property, income, and taxes in the United States. Is concerned with the 19th century chiefly and devotes attention to regional and class concentration. Based on census data, statistics for various cities and regions, and earlier special studies.

4 6 5 9 . STREIGHTOFF, FRANK HATCH. T h e distribution of incomes in the

United States. (Studies in history, economics and public law.) N. Y.: Columbia Univ. Press, 1912. Pp. 171. Tables, classified bibliog. A critical examination of federal and State income statistics, with some given for various periods between 1865 and 1911. Includes a consideration of previous treatments of American income and statistical sources.

4 6 6 0 . TUCKER, RUFUS S.

"The distribution of income among income

taxpayers in the United States, 1863-1935," Quarterly journal of economics, vol. Iii, no. 4 (Aug., 1938), pp. 547-587. Tables. An analysis of taxable income ($5,000 and over), spending power, and earning power with a view to showing the trend in distribution of income. A valuable article. Footnote references useful as a bibliography.

4 6 6 1 . [U. S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS.

Decennial census of

U.S.A.—

National wealth, public debt, and taxation.] Washington: [1884—]. Beginning with the census of 1850, census reports have contained an increasing amount of information on public finance and national, public, and private wealth in

CH.

68

WEALTH AND INCOME: THEIR

DISTRIBUTION

979

the U. S., for the U. S., States, territories, counties, and even divisions of counties. The first volume devoted to those subjects was the ioth census, 1880, Report on Valuation, Taxation, and Public Indebtedness in the United States (909 pages). A similar volume was issued under the n t h census together with special volumes on real-estate mortgages and the proprietorship and indebtedness of farms and homes. Regular and special volumes and bulletins on a great number of categories under the general subjects of public finance and wealth continued to be issued. For details see Circular of Information concerning Census Publications (4746). [ U . S . D E P T . OF COMMERCE.] National income, 1929-32. Letter from the acting secretary of Commerce transmitting in response to Senate resolution no. 220 (72c! Cong.) a report on national income, 1929-32. 73d Cong., 2d sess., Senate doc. no. 124. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1934. Pp. xi, 261. Tables, charts. 4662.

A report "prepared by the Division of Economic Research, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, in close cooperation with the National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., of New Y o r k City," in which income is classified by types of payment—labor, property, and entrepreneurial—and by industrial sources.

[U. S. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION.] National wealth and income. A report . . . in final response to Senate resolution no. 451. . . . 69th Cong., ist sess., Senate doc. no. 126. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1926. Pp. xviii, 381. Tables, charts. 4663.

An analysis of statistics collected by the Census Bureau, the Bureau of Internal Revenue, etc., for 1912-23.

4664. WATKINS, G. P. The growth of large fortunes: a study of economic causes affecting the acquisition and distribution of property. (Publications of the American Economic Association.) [Ν. Y.: pub. for the Association by Macmillan, c. 1907.] Pp. iv, 735-904. Classified bibliog. An examination of the "forms of ownership and the incidents of income from property" in the light of economic history; recent economic conditions and tendencies in production and exchange, especially in the U. S., as related to the growth of large fortunes; and chapter notes estimating corporate securities and evidences of indebtedness in the U. S., in 1904, and analyzing lists of millionaires in the U. S., 1892 and 1902, by occupations. B.

PROFITS

There is no useful and reliable study of profits in the United States for the years before 1916 except for national banks; and, therefore, there is no basis for general statements about profits of business concerns before that time. To be sure, profit figures were presented by census reports, but they are not sufficiently comparable from time to time or sufficiently accurate

980

GENERAL

TOPICS

PART V I

to bear much weight. Over a period of time dividends do mean something, but they do not record the use of profits for the extension of physical assets. T h e history of profits is a very important field for research in business history; but it is a very difficult field to cultivate because in dealing with the period before 1916 the work would have to be d o n e — t h a t is, with the possible exception of national banks and, for a few years, railroads—from private business records. T o determine profits from original business records generally presents very difficult accounting problems. But careful research in company history does yield information of value. For further information about profits, see also section A, above and company histories in Part I V . I . PROFIT

THEORY

Excellent histories of profit theory may be found in monographs on the subject (see Chapters 2 F and 3 C ) . Only a few recent works are listed below, among which those by K n i g h t and L y o n are especially recommended. 4 6 6 5 . CHAMBERLIN, EDWARD. T h e theory of monopolistic competition: a re-orientation of the theory of value. Cambridge: Harvard, 1938. Pp. xii, 241. Diags. W h i l e this treatise is concerned w i t h the theory of value, it challenges some of the validity of the old p r o d u c t i v i t y theory of

distribution.

4 6 6 6 . KNIGHT, FRANK H . Risk, uncertainty and profit. (Hart, Schaffner and M a r x prize essays.)

Boston: Houghton, 1921. Pp. xiv, 381.

Charts.

Presents an historical sketch of the treatment of profit theory in economic literature. Considers assumptions and conditions of perfect c o m p e t i t i o n ; imperfect

competition

t h r o u g h risk and uncertainty, w i t h chapters on the meaning of risk and uncertainty and structures and methods for meeting u n c e r t a i n t y ; and enterprise and profit, with an examination of the rôle of the entrepreneur and " t h e forces w h i c h fix the remuneration of his special f u n c t i o n . "

4 6 6 7 . LYON, WALTER HASTINGS. Risk, profit, and loss. N . Y . : J . Felsberg, Inc. [ 1 9 4 3 ] · Pp· xi», 105. A useful introduction to the concepts of risk and profit b y an economist acquainted w i t h both economic theory and business.

4 6 6 8 . SCHNITTKIND, LJUBOW. Unternehmergewinn.

Abriss einer Geschichte der Lehre vom

(Volkswirtschaftliche Studien.)

Berlin: Emil Eber-

ing, 1930. Pp. vi, 124. Bibliog. Classification and development of theories of entrepreneur's profits w i t h attention to his functions.

CH. 68

WEALTH AND INCOME: THEIR 2 . H I S T O R Y OF

981

DISTRIBUTION

PROFITS

4 6 6 9 . CRUM, WILLIAM LEONARD. Corporate earning power. (Stanford business series.) Stanford Univ., Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1929. Pp. xxiv, 342. Tables, charts. " A n a l y t i c a l examination into the corporation statistics regularly published b y the United States Treasury in its annual compilation, Statistics of Income," 1916-26. Presents change and diversity of the profit r a t i o — " p e r c e n t a g e ratio of net income minus income tax to gross income"—for industrial divisions, manufacturing groups, and States.

4 6 7 0 . CRUM, WILLIAM LEONARD. Corporate earning power in the current depression. (Bureau of Business Research, Business research studies.) Harvard Univ., Graduate School of Business Administration [c. 1 9 3 5 ] . Pp. 17. Tables. A record and interpretation of profit ratio, 1919-33, for industrial divisions and manufacturing groups and subgroups.

4 6 7 1 . EPSTEIN, RALPH C . "Industrial profits in 1 9 1 7 , " Quarterly journal of economics, Feb., 1925, vol. xxxix, pp. 241-266. Tables, chart. A n examination of the variation in earnings of different industries and trades and the range between individual firms in each industry, based upon the Treasury

tax

returns for 26,477 corporations. 4 6 7 2 . EPSTEIN, R A L P H C., assisted b y

FLORENCE M .

CLARK.

Industrial

profits in the United States. Ν . Y . : pub. by National Bureau of Economic Research in cooperation with the Committee on Recent Economic Changes, 1934. Pp. xi, 678. Tables, charts. A valuable statistical and interpretative study of the variation in the rates of profit which large and small corporations earned " u p o n their capital investments in various branches of manufacture, trade, finance and mining" during the period 1919-28.

There

are included a summary statement dealing with a general v i e w of industry ; earning rates and returns upon sales in different industries ; size and geographical location of corporations; cyclical

fluctuations

in profits; earnings of large corporations in various

fields and lines of production, trade, and

finance.

4 6 7 3 . MULLER, JEAN PAUL. Financial statistics of the leading industrial and mining companies in the United States for the fiscal years 1 9 1 1 , 1912, 1913 (prewar period) compared with the fiscal years 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918 (war period). Photolithograph copy. Washington, D . C . [c. 1 9 1 9 ] . Pp. 175. Tables, charts. Analysis and tabulation of published annual reports of over 250 companies and annual rates of return earned upon both net w o r t h and capital stock, grouped b y

982

GENERAL TOPICS

PART

VI

those producing or dealing in farm and household supplies, industrial material and equipment, and mining of bituminous coal. A 1920 issue enumerates 500 firms classified into four main groups.

4 6 7 4 . POWLISON, KEITH. Profits of the national banks. Boston: Richard G. Badger, publisher [c. 1 9 3 1 ] . Pp. 1 1 5 . Tables, charts. A n analysis of operating trends as reflected in earnings, 1917-26, and expenses, 1897-1925, with some statistics for the years 1870-1927, based on the annual reports of the Comptroller of the Currency.

4 6 7 5 . SLOAN, LAURENCE H . Corporation profits: a study of their size, variation, use, and distribution in a period of prosperity. Ν . Y . : Harper, 1929. Pp. ix, 365. Tables, charts. The composite balance sheet and income account of 54s industrial corporations— public utilities and railroads not included—based on their financial statements for 1926 and 1927, with an examination of the various balance sheet and income items and some information about specific companies. 4 6 7 6 . SLOAN, LAURENCE H E N R Y , a n d associates.

T w o cycles of

corpora-

tion profits, 1922-33, 1 9 3 4 — . Ν . Y . : Harper, 1936. Pp. vii, 428. Diags. Examination of the 1922-33 cycle in several important industries. Sloan was vicepresident of Standard Statistics Co. 4 6 7 7 . T U C K E R , R U F U S S., e d i t o r .

H o w p r o f i t a b l e is b i g b u s i n e s s ?

(Pre-

pared under the direction of the Corporation Survey Committee of the Twentieth Century Fund, Inc. . . .) N . Y . : T h e Fund, Inc., 1937. Pp. xviii, 201. Tables. C.

WAGES

A great deal of wage statistics may be found in federal and State publications for the second half of the nineteenth century; for an evaluation of such material see Douglas' work listed below. Extensive payroll records exist from which information about actual conditions as to wages, time worked, etc., may be drawn. Here is an opportunity for important fresh research from original sources. Rogers' work, below, was a pioneer study of wages in England. History 0} Wages, published by the U . S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, is fragmentary. Douglas' is invaluable for the period covered. See also section A, above, and materials on prices in Chapter 66 F, and in Chapter 2 B . 4 6 7 8 . DOUGLAS, PAUL H . Real wages in the United States, 1890-1926. Boston: Houghton, 1930. Pp. xxviii, 682. Apps., charts, tables.

CH.

68

WEALTH AND INCOME: THEIR

DISTRIBUTION

983

A scholarly b o o k that is invaluable on w a g e s — d o l l a r and real wages and in terms of a m o u n t of employment in the y e a r — i n the United States in the years covered: for w a g e earners in manufacture, transportation, public utilities, mining, agriculture, government employment, clerical w o r k , etc., and for w a g e earners as a class.

De-

tailed, containing excellent tables and graphs. Valuable summary chapter and chapter on causes and consequences of the increase in real wages. Comprehensive bibliography. 4679.

[NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CONFERENCE BOARD.]

W a g e s in t h e U n i t e d

States, 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 3 0 . Ν . Y . : T h e Board, 1931. Pp. xv, 226. Tables, diags., charts, forms. A statistical study of the recent changes in hourly and weekly money and real wages in various groups of industries, with

a statement of

the methods used in

collecting the basic data. Short discussions and m a n y tables. T h e material is continued in a supplementary report in 1931, and subsequently m a n y of the tables are continued annually as a supplement to the Conference B o a r d Service Letters.

4 6 8 0 . ROGERS, JAMES E. THOROLD. Six centuries of work and wages: the history of English labour. Ν . Y . : Putnam [1884?]. Pp. 591. A descriptive and analytic narrative of the conditions of agricultural labor of craftsmen and the trend of real wages in E n g l a n d , f r o m the 13th to the century

(from serfdom to trade unionism).

T h e discussions for the 13th

and 19th

through

16th centuries are based on the author's pioneer w o r k among original sources.

4 6 8 1 . [ U . S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. Reports on wages and employment. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1 8 8 6 — . ] In 1886 w a s published the first comprehensive census report on w a g e s ; it g a v e w a g e statistics for S3 mining, mechanical, and manufacturing industries, for specific c o m panies, and various dates f r o m

1850 to

1880.

I t also contained

retail prices

for

various sections of the country covering the same years. A second report prepared b y D a v i s R . D e w e y for the 1900 census, contained weekly and hourly rates, by age groups and sex, for a great number of types of establishments. A f t e r that time regular and special reports on the subject continued to be issued b y the census including a monograph on the earnings of factory workers, 1899-1927. F o r further information Circular

of Information

concerning w a g e information in census reports, see the

concerning

Census

Publications

4 6 8 2 . [U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.]

(4746).

History of wages in the

United States from Colonial times to 1928: revision of Bulletin no. 499 with supplement, 1929-1933.

(Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bulletin no. 604.

Wages and hours of labor series.) Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1934·

Pp·

ix, 574, v. Tables, forms, bibliog. A

statistical study

by

industries.

The

fragmentary

and discursive

character

of

the early source material necessitated a textual rather than statistical treatment of the period prior to 1840, but it m a y give a fair picture of the trend of money Should be used critically.

wages.

GENERAL

984 D.

TOPICS

EXECUTIVE

PART V I

SALARIES

T h i s subject has been studied inadequately. T h e few studies which have been made do not go farther back than the late 1920's. See also section A, above. 4683.

BAKER, J O H N CALHOUN.

E x e c u t i v e c o m p e n s a t i o n practices for re-

tail companies, 1 9 2 8 - 1 9 3 7 . (Harvard business research studies.) bridge: Harvard [c. 1 9 3 9 ] . Pp. vi, 50. Tables, chart.

Cam-

4684. BAKER, JOHN CALHOUN. Executive salaries and bonus plans. N . Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1938. Pp. xxiv, 274. Tables, charts, apps. F o r 1 9 2 8 - 3 6 presents details on corporate practices as to executive compensation in many companies and some industries, mostly from the reports of the Federal Trade Commission, and analyzes the question as a business problem. Though recent, useful to the historian as an introduction to the subject. Bibliography lists earlier material on the subject, including several articles by the author.

4685. BALDERSTON, C. CANBY. Managerial profit sharing: an examination of the technique of basing the extra compensation of executives and managers on profits. N . Y.: Wiley, 1928. Pp. xiii, 1 2 7 . Tables, chart, bibliog. " T h i s study grew out of the desire of the Business Problems Group, consisting of about one hundred and thirty Quaker employers in the vicinity of Philadelphia, to acquaint itself with all plans and policies of business management and organization that tend t o w a r d fuller justice and stability in the industrial world." A n attempt to choose the most suitable plan with considerable information about the plans of various concerns. Based on literature on the subject, interviews, and questionnaires. 4 6 8 6 . TAUSSIG, F . W . , a n d W . S . BARKER.

"American corporations

and

their executives: a statistical inquiry," Quarterly journal of economics, N o v . , 1925, vol. xl, pp. 1 - 5 1 . Tables, form. Statistical study of compensation, earnings, and control of executives of various sizes of corporations, 1 9 0 3 - 1 5 . Author found great variation within each group. 4 6 8 7 . WASHINGTON,

GEORGE THOMAS.

Corporate

executives'

compensa-

tion. N . Y.: Ronald, 1942. Pp. xii, 519. A careful study of the bonus and incentive compensation for management groups of corporations, especially as shown in judicial decisions since 1929 following legal suits by stockholders, and other forms of government controls over compensation.

P A R T VII

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE MATERIALS WHEREAS PAKTS II το VI, inclusive, are concerned chiefly with printed materials containing historical information on some aspect of the history of business or its historical setting, Part VII is concerned with research and writing in business history and the methods and materials useful thereto. For a general over-all view of the subject (its nature, origin, and growth) and its materials, the reader is referred to Part I. Chapter 69, below, deals with business history as a field for historical research and writing; Chapter 87 presents general reference materials; the remainder of Part VII is intended to serve as a guide to the finding and the use of a great variety of materials in research in the subject. C H A P T E R 69. T H E H I S T O R Y O F BUSINESS H I S T O R Y As a specialized field of historical research and study, business history had its beginning in 1925. The name was first used in that year and the Business Historical Society—the first organized effort to promote the collection of business records and the study of the history of business—had its beginning in the same year. Two years later a chair of business history, also the first in that field, was established at the Graduate School of Business Administration at Harvard University. For a definition and description of business history as the term is used in this volume and for a discussion of the roots of the subject in the long effort of scholars and others to study and understand the historical organization and functioning of economic life, the student is referred to Part I, sections 1 and 2. Below are listed a few works selected as examples of the approaches to the subject, objectives, techniques, and product. The reader is also referred to Gras' Business and Capitalism (8) and Casebook in American Business History (254). These works should give an indication of the process and the direction of the development of research in business history. See also Chapter 70, below, dealing with business manuscripts. 4688. Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. 1926—. Boston.

Six times a year,

986

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE MATERIALS

PART

VII

The Society was organized and incorporated in 1925 "to encourage and aid the study of the evolution of business in all periods and in all countries." It was for a time concerned mainly with the preservation and collection of business records, but later it came to emphasize research and writing in the history of business, and particularly the semination and distribution of books and articles on business history. The Bulletin is the first periodical devoted exclusively to business history and its materials. Its pages provide a fair record over the years of the development and progress of business history as a field for research and study. Many of its articles are listed separately in the GUIDE. 4689. GRAS, Ν . S. B. "Are you writing a business history?" Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xviii, no. 4 (Oct., 1944), pp. 7 3 - 1 1 0 . Designed to help those interested in writing the history of a firm, this work summarizes the experience and thinking of one who has written extensively on the subject and has directed the work of the authors of the Harvard Studies in Business History. It is valuable as an aid for those interested in writing business biographies and company histories and as a description of what constitutes useful biography and history from the point of view of business history. 4690. GRAS, Ν . S. B. "Business history," Economic history review, vol. iv, no. 4 (Apr., 1 9 3 4 ) , pp. 3 8 5 - 3 9 8 . An explanation of what business history is—its objective, content, materials—and its relation to other disciplines. 4691. GRAS, Ν . S. B. "What type of business history are you writing?" Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xx, no. 5 (Nov., 1 9 4 6 ) , pp. 1 4 6 - 1 5 9 · A brief and suggestive analysis of the various kinds of histories of business units— man, firm, and company. 4692. GRAS, Ν . S. B., editor. Harvard studies in business history. vols. Cambridge; Harvard, 1 9 3 1 — .

11

The first series of monographs in business history. The books are listed separately i n t h e GUIDE a s N o . GUIDE

309, 329, 330, 3 5 1 ,

650, 667, 748, 759, 8 5 7 , 9 ° 4 , a n d

2145.

The

is the twelfth volume. Further volumes are being prepared.

4693. HOWER, RALPH M. "The Boston conference on business history," Journal of economic and business history, vol. iii, no. 3 ( M a y , 1 9 3 1 ) , pp. 463-480. An early appraisal of the subject and of its possibilities. 4 6 9 4 . Journal of economic and business history. Quarterly. Cambridge: Harvard.

1928-1932.

A periodical devoted largely to economic history. Issued under the auspices of the Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, and the Business

987

BUSINESS M A N U S C R I P T RECORDS

CH. 70

Historical Society under the editorship first of Edwin F. Gay and then of N. S. B. Gras. Contained articles on ancient, medieval, and modern history. Articles listed separately in GUIDE.

4695. LARSON, HENRIETTA M . " D a n g e r in business history," H a r v a r d business review (Spring, 1944), pp. 3 1 6 - 3 2 7 . An attempt to show the lack of objective information about the history of American business and the need for research in the administration and operation of business units and in the work of individual administrators.

4696. PARGELLIS, STANLEY. T h e judgment of history on American business. Philadelphia: Newcomen Society, American Branch, 1943. P p . 24. a. . " T h e corporation and the historian," T h e tasks of economic history, a supplemental issue of J o u r n a l of economic history, Dec., 1944, pp. 29-37. An historian, librarian of Newberry Library, in these addresses urges research in the history of corporations as a means of overcoming the misinformation about business in history books and the prejudice resulting therefrom.

C H A P T E R 70. B U S I N E S S M A N U S C R I P T

RECORDS

An absolute essential to research in the history of business administration and operation, whether it be the business unit or the industry, is t h e original records of the business unit. T o be sure, the records of business alone are not enough, but without them the history of business cannot be written. I t is important that a balanced collection of business records be used; letter books and minute books are important but so also are accounting records and indeed operating records of various kinds. For a general description of business manuscript records, see P a r t I, section 3 of this volume. At this point the interest is more specifically in t h e problem of finding and gaining access to business manuscript records. T o locate a n d to gain access to business records is often difficult. T h e r e are only a few specialized public or semi-public depositories for original business records, among which are the business schools at H a r v a r d University, at the University of Illinois, and a t Stanford University. Cornell University's collection of regional historical records contains some original business records, and the N e w b e r r y Library in Chicago contains some valuable collections of records of railroad companies. Local and State historical societies and the Library of Congress have collected some business records, largely those which have been valued because of their age, such as the records of petty-capitalist pioneers and of eighteenth-century mercan-

988

RESEARCH A N D R E F E R E N C E MATERIALS

PART VII

tile capitalists, or because of the particular business man's importance in public life. In only rare instances have living companies deposited their records in public or semi-public depositories. Examples are the records of the Illinois Central and Burlington railroads in the Newberry Library and a few manufacturing and marketing concerns which have deposited some of their records in Baker Library at Harvard University. The vast bulk of business records would make it impossible to house in public depositories any considerable amount of business records without further provision for storage and upkeep, which to the present has not been forthcoming. The business historian must, therefore, depend to a large degree on records in private possession. Some are in attics and warehouses, and one may find them only by chance. Records in the possession of living companies, in so far as they have been saved, are available only through special arrangement with officers of the company. It is encouraging that a considerable number of companies have opened their archives to scholars. This will no doubt be done more and more as executives come to see the value of research in business history and at the same time become convinced of the scholar's objectivity and ability to use business records. The business records in public or semi-public depositories have, however, much to offer the student of business history. The petty capitalist can be studied in many places, and the mercantile capitalists especially in eastern port cities. The industrial capitalist is represented by records in several places. Only the financial capitalist seems not to have found his way into the public depositories for historical records. In section A, below, are listed guides to depositories and collections in which original business records may be found. Cusick's work (4699) contains a list of business manuscripts in the Baker Library at Harvard University. It should be noted that most of the publications listed are now quite out of date. A useful aid in locating collections or guides to depositories containing business records is the WPA Check List oj Historical Records Survey Publications (4754). See also guides to materials in the National Archives (4748) and Chapter 78 (Historical and Special Libraries). Section B, below, contains a pamphlet by Hower dealing with what business records to select for preservation. A similar work by McKenzie (3707) considers how to set up and manage a system of selection and preservation. A . COLLECTIONS AND DEPOSITORIES

4697. Brown Business Papers. Manuscript collection, John Carter Brown Library, Providence.

CH. 70

989

BUSINESS M A N U S C R I P T R E C O R D S

A notable collection, in both size (said to number a million items) and content, of business records of a famous mercantile-capitalist family of Providence which made a successful transfer to industrial capitalism. Covers a b o u t 1760-1860 and deals with foreign trade, shipping, manufacturing, and real estate. Possibly the most valuable single collection in the United States on mercantile capitalism and its decline and the rise of industrial capitalism. 4 6 9 8 . CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Collection of regional history: first report of the curator, 1 9 4 2 - 1 9 4 5 . Ithaca, Ν . Y . : published b y the University

[1945].

Pp. 56. A general collection which contains some business records, mostly those of petty capitalists (farmers, creameries, general stores, contractors, etc.). Account books predominate. 4 6 9 9 . CUSICK, MARGARET RONZONE, compiler.

L i s t of business

manu-

scripts in B a k e r L i b r a r y , H a r v a r d University, Graduate School of Business Administration,

George F .

B a k e r Foundation.

Boston:

printed for the

L i b r a r y , 1 9 3 2 . P p . xii, 1 1 2 . A classified list, with physical and occasionally analytical description, of an imp o r t a n t collection of source material for the study of business history. Unpublished typed lists keep the information up to date. 4 7 0 0 . FORBES, HARRIETTE MERRIFIELD. N e w E n g l a n d diaries, 1 6 0 2 - 1 8 0 0 . A descriptive catalogue of diaries, orderly books and sea journals. field, M a s s . : privately printed, Perkins Press, 1 9 2 3 . ]

[Tops-

P p . viii, 4 3 9 .

Lists manuscripts in private hands and public and semi-public depositories. descriptive notes.

Brief

4 7 0 1 . GREENE, EVARTS B . , and RICHARD B . MORRIS. A guide to the principal sources for early American history ( 1 6 0 0 - 1 8 0 0 ) in the C i t y of N e w York.

N . Y . : Columbia U n i v . Press, 1 9 2 9 .

Pp. xxv, 3 5 7 .

In public depositories and private possession. Chiefly New Y o r k material b u t also some f r o m other cities, Colonies, and States. Printed collections, public records, newspapers, etc. Manuscript materials of interest to business: on real estate (land companies, manor records, deeds, t o w n records, etc.), records of financing and provisioning armies in Revolution, court records, wills, and records of trade, insurance, m a n u f a c ture, agriculture, labor, etc. 4 7 0 2 . HOLBROOK, FRANKLIN F .

S u r v e y of activities of American agencies

in relation to materials for research in the social sciences and the h u m a n ities.

Compiled for the J o i n t committee on materials for research of the

American « Council of L e a r n e d Societies and the Social Science Council. Washington, 1 9 3 2 . P p . x i v , 1 8 4 . Index.

Research

990

RESEARCH AND R E F E R E N C E

MATERIALS

PART V I I

A descriptive guide to a selected group of the most important depositories of manuscript collections and libraries in U. S., grouped according to States. Although fewer collections are analyzed than in the several guides to similar materials f o r individual States listed in this section, the inclusion of specific information concerning the nature of the research materials cited makes this an invaluable reference tool for historians working in the field of American history. 4 7 0 3 . JONES, FRED M . "The collection of business records at the University of Illinois," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xiii, no. 6 (Dec., 1939), pp. 94-96. Brief description of a young but important collection, one of the few specializing in business records.

C. "Business history material in the Minnesota Historical Society," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xiv, no. 2 (Apr., 1940), pp. 21-28. 4 7 0 4 . LOEHR, RODNEY

Brief description and evaluation, with examples, of the materials dealing with f a r m ing, transportation, manufacturing, wholesaling and retailing, etc. 4 7 0 5 . N E W - Y O R K HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Survey of the manuscript collections in the New-York Historical Society. N . Y.: The Society, 1941. Pp. ν, 96. Arranged alphabetically by collections, surnames, business firms, organizations, governmental administrative units, place names, selected historical events, and selected subject classifications. In the last-named group the following entries would be of particular value f o r the business historian—"account b o o k , " "business papers," "diaries and travels," "inventories," and "receipt books."

and GERTRUDE W . A C K E R M A N N . Guide to the personal papers in the manuscript collections of the Minnesota Historical Society. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1935. Pp. x, 146. 4 7 0 6 . N U T E , GRACE L E E ,

A well-indexed, descriptive guide to a manuscript collection which contains a considerable volume of business records and papers of business men. Most of the material listed deals with petty capitalists (merchants, bankers, lumbermen, f u r traders, etc.), largely f r o m the pioneer period of Minnesota history. Records of industrial capitalists (transportation, lumber and flour manufacture, wholesaling, banking, etc.) are conspicuously absent.

4707. A reference list of manuscripts relating to the history of Maine, with an introduction on Maine maps. (University of Maine studies.) 2 vols. Orono, Me.: Maine Univ. Press, 1938. Pp. xx, 427; xxxv, 261. Survey of public and privately owned manuscripts located in Maine which was begun in 1 9 3 s under F E R A program. Lists some manuscripts useful to ^ s e a r c h in business history.

CH. 70

BUSINESS M A N U S C R I P T

RECORDS

991

4708. SMITH, ALICE E., editor. Guide to the manuscripts of the Wisconsin Historical Society. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1944. Pp. xiv, 290. Society has some valuable business records. 4 7 0 9 . SMITH, CHARLES W. A union list of manuscripts in libraries of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press., 1931. Pp. 57. 4 7 1 0 . [ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. List of manuscript collections in the Library of Congress to July, 1931. By Curtis Wiswell Garrison. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1932. Pp. 123-249. 4 7 1 1 . [U. S.] LIBRARY or CONGRESS, DIVISION OF MANUSCRIPTS. Manuscripts in public and private collections in the United States. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1924. Pp. χ, 98. Describes all sorts of depositories, private and public, and gives some indication of types of materials in them. A valuable guide to manuscript collections dealing with business in such depositories as the B u r t o n Collection of Detroit Public Library, the J o h n Crerar L i b r a r y in Chicago, the B a n c r o f t Collection at the University of California, a n d Girard College in Philadelphia. 4712.

[U. S.]

WORK PROJECTS ADMINISTRATION, DIVISION OF PROFES-

Guide to depositories of manuscript collections. (Pennsylvania bulletin, no. 774, Historical Commission series, no. 4.) Harrisburg, Penn.: Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1939. Pp. vi, 126. SIONAL AND SERVICE PROJECTS, THE HISTORICAL RECORDS SURVEY.

Sample entries of one of the more i m p o r t a n t W P A surveys: Altoona—Blair C o m p a n y Historical Society: several merchants' account books. Ambridge—Music Hall of Old E c o n o m y : H a r m o n y Society Mss. Athens—Tioga Point M u s e u m : materials relating to 18th and 19th century trade, industry, transportation, a n d land a n d colonization projects. F o r other similar publications see the Check List 0) Historical Records Survey Publications (4754). B . T H E PRESERVATION AND U S E OF BUSINESS RECORDS

4713. BRYANT, LYLE C., editor. The materials and uses of business history. (Indiana business reports, no. 7.) [Bloomington, Ind., 1941 ( ? ) . ] Pp. 19. Speeches delivered before a meeting of t h e Business History Society of I n d i a n a , the second such organization in the U. S., b y Lyle C. B r y a n t on the preservation of the materials of business history a n d by Clarence A. Jackson on a business man's use of business history.

992

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE

MATERIALS

PART V I I

4 7 1 4 . CLARK, T. D. "Records of little business as sources of social and economic history," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xix, no. 5 (Nov., 1945), PP· 151-158. The records of the general store, especially. C O L E , A R T H U R H . , and T H O M A S C. C O C H R A N . "Business manuscripts: a pressing problem—the accumulated development of unsolved problems; The New York Committee on Business Records," Journal of economic history, vol. v, pp. 43-64.

4715.

Efforts and problems in the collection and preservation of business records. H O W E R , R A L P H M . "The preservation of business records," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xi, nos. 3-4 (Oct., 1937), pp. 4716.

37-83· The first publication of its kind to be prepared for the use of business firms and libraries. Deals with the following topics: w h y business records should be preserved; what materials should be selected for preservation ; how records should be preserved ; when systematic preservation should be undertaken. Also published separately in 1940 and 1 9 4 1 .

CHAPTER 71. BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL MUSEUMS American business has shown little interest until recently in preserving the machines or other objects or tools useful in its work. In the past two decades, however, there has been a movement in the United States to preserve and exhibit evidence of technical development in the past. Richards' book, below, shows the beginning of organized effort in this direction; Coleman's records accomplishments by 1943 with particular reference to company museums; Kaempffert's deals with an effort to establish a museum of industry in the United States similar to the great European industrial museums. It is significant that the interest has been almost wholly in technological development and not in business development. The office of the business man, with its means of record-keeping and the tools and books used, has not been preserved. Nowhere, probably, in the United States could one find a faithful preservation or restoration of a great merchant's office of the period of mercantile capitalism, though Continental paintings and engravings are of great assistance in any effort at reconstruction. Even public museums which exhibit Colonial rooms and their furnishings and utensils do not have a restoration of the Colonial 'counting office.

CH. 72

COMPANY

993

PUBLICATIONS

LAURENCE VAIL. Company museums. Washington: American Association of Museums, 1943. P p . viii, 173. Illus., app. 4 7 1 7 . COLEMAN,

Chapters on company museums in the United States, their usefulness to company morale and public relations, objects preserved, methods of display, management, etc., written especially for business men. Pp. 9 6 - 1 6 1 contain brief histories and descriptions of individual company museums in the U. S. and Canada.

From cave-man to engineer. [Chicago] Museum of Science and Industry founded by Julius Rosenwald, an institution to reveal the technical ascent of man. Chicago, 1933. P p . 128.

4 7 1 8 . K A E M P F F E R T , WALDEMAR.

The origin, present condition, and plans for the future of an American museum inspired by the Deutsches Museum in Munich and the science museum in London. Also a descriptive catalog of a part of its exhibits.

M . " T h e armor business in the Middle Ages," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xiv, no. 4 (Oct., 1940), pp. 49-64. 4 7 1 9 . LARSON, H E N R I E T T A

Contains some information about the John Woodman Worcester Pressed Steel Co. 4 7 2 0 . RICHARDS, CHARLES R .

Higgins Armory of

the

T h e industrial museum. Ν . Y . : Macmillan,

1925. Pp. χ, 1 1 7 . Illus., app. The result of a study of museums of industry and of industrial arts in Europe. scribes the great technical museums in Paris, London, Munich, and Vienna.

C H A P T E R 72. C O M P A N Y

De-

PUBLICATIONS

For a brief statement as to the nature and value of company publications, see P a r t I, section 3. There are no published guides to company publications except that the Union List oj Serials (4833) is useful in locating house organs. For the most part the researcher must hunt for them, starting with the most likely places, such as the offices of the particular company being studied, libraries of the region, and large collections national in interest. Corporation reports (regular and special, including the prospectuses of promoters) have to some extent been saved by the larger city, university, and historical libraries, especially such reports as are considered rare because of their age. T h e Columbia University Library and the Baker Library at Harvard University have notable collections of printed reports, regular and special, and the American Antiquarian Society has a large collection.

994

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE MATERIALS

PART

VII

Trade cards, catalogs, and other similar materials have generally been considered too ephemeral in value to warrant the cost of saving them. There are some such materials in the library of the New-York Historical Society and in the Baker Library at Harvard University, and no doubt there are some other collections in public or semi-public depositories. Mrs. Bella C. Landauer and Mr. Irving Warshaw are outstanding collectors of this class of business record, and Professor John Worley of the University of Michigan has some of this type of material in his transportation collection. House organs have fared very badly at the hands of libraries and collectors, perhaps in large part because as a type of business publication they are relatively young. Occasional house organs are to be found in libraries, to be sure (there are a relatively small number in Baker Library at Harvard University), but for the most part they seem to have been saved only by the company which issued them. Though materials published by companies are difficult to locate, the researcher should be diligent in searching for them. While they must always be used critically as to facts, they should be used for whatever help they offer; they are in themselves invaluable as evidence of how the company was presented and interpreted to stockholders, employees, customers, and the public generally. CHAPTER 73. TRADE JOURNALS Trade journals are one of the important sources of information in research in business history. It needs to be emphasized, however, that they are not a substitute for original business records but useful as a supplement to them. Generally speaking, while the trade journals contain information about companies and men and policy and management (in varying degrees from time to time and journal to journal), they are most useful for the information that they offer about the given industry. Almost anything that concerns an industry—within that industry or external matters having a bearing on the industry, such as general business conditions, relations with government (regulation, taxation, etc.), and international relations—may be found in trade journals. There is no general rule as to their coverage or their reliability; each journal must be studied over scattered years before anything like an adequate evaluation of its coverage, editorial policy, and reliability can be made. Trade journals are found rather extensively in larger libraries. There is

GOVERNMENT MATERIALS

CH. 15

995

a large collection, in the Baker Library a t Harvard University. T h e Union List oj Serials (4833) is useful in locating such publications in the larger libraries of the country. T r a d e association offices and libraries frequently have collections of journals in their industry. The libraries of the Bureau of Railway Economics, in Washington, D . C., and the Automobile M a n u facturers Association, in Defroit, for example, have large collections. Because of the value of trade journals to business history and their relative availability, many have been listed under different industries in P a r t V. See also Chapter 54 E 7.

C H A P T E R 74. T R A D E A S S O C I A T I O N

PUBLICATIONS

For a summary of the nature and value of publications of trade associations, chambers of commerce, and boards of trade, see P a r t I, section 3. This is a type of material which is not found to any considerable extent in any but the larger general libraries. Board of trade and chamber of commerce publications are more easily located than trade association materials, and usually even those are kept mostly by libraries for their own city or region. T h e Baker Library of H a r v a r d University has a considerable amount of this type of material. T h e Union List of Serials (4833) should be consulted for the location of such publications in the larger libraries of the country. T h e boards, chambers, and associations themselves which are still in existence should be consulted for their own publications when those are not available elsewhere. For directories of associations, see publications numbered 3940 and 3955. Some specialized industry publications are scattered throughout the GUIDE, especially in Part V.

C H A P T E R 75. G O V E R N M E N T M A T E R I A L S For a brief statement concerning the use of government materials in business history research see Part I, section 3. Government publications on special subjects and guides to them have been placed in appropriate places throughout the GUIDE. A.

LAW AND LEGAL RESEARCH

T h e books listed below have been selected: (1) to give a sense of the growth of law; (2) to aid the student not trained in law to acquire some

996

RESEARCH AND R E F E R E N C E MATERIALS

PART V I I

u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e t e c h n i q u e s of legal r e s e a r c h ; a n d ( 3 ) to a i d in t h e s e a r c h f o r U . S. f e d e r a l a n d S t a t e a n d E n g l i s h l e g a l m a t e r i a l s . 4721.

[AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF LAW LIBRARIES.]

I n d e x to l e g a l pe-

riodicals and law library Journal. Quarterly, 1 9 0 8 - 1 9 3 5 .

Chicago.

4 7 2 2 . BRANDT, H E N R Y J . , editor. H o w to find the l a w . A c o m p r e h e n s i v e t r e a t m e n t of the p r o b l e m s of l e g a l r e s e a r c h w i t h i l l u s t r a t i v e p a g e s f r o m n u m e r o u s p u b l i c a t i o n s , t o g e t h e r w i t h a l e g a l b i b l i o g r a p h y for e a c h S t a t e and the federal government.

3d ed.

St. P a u l : W e s t P u b . Co., 1940.

Pp.

x i x , 923. The first edition, 1931, was edited by F. A. Eldean, but the present editor prepared the 1936 and 1941 editions. P a r t 1, .the general descriptive analysis of legal reference works and of legal research methods, has chapters concerning both State and federal legislative enactments, the search for judicial precedents, legal indices, legal digests, evaluation of precedents, and a chapter dealing with textbooks, encyclopedias, and legal periodicals. Ch. χ ι , "Outline of Synthesis of M e t h o d , " summarizes in outline form a technique of legal research. Ch. x i i , " H o w to Find the Law of Administrative Agencies," both State and federal, includes a special bibliography which offers especially helpful suggestions for research in business history. The illustrative pages selected f r o m the several types of legal materials discussed in the earlier chapters are likely to be especially helpful to the layman preparing for legal research. P a r t m , "General Tables," includes an annotated bibliography (pp. 653-780) ; a chart showing the divisions and sub-divisions of the l a w ; tables of legal abbreviations; and both an alphabetical and a chronological list of English reports. For the layman who has occasion to make a detailed search in legal publications such a volume as this will be very helpful. 4 7 2 3 . CHILDS, FRANK H . use of t h e l a w l i b r a r y .

W h e r e a n d h o w t o find the l a w , a g u i d e to t h e

Chicago: L a Salle Extension Univ., 1923. Pp. vi,

119. A simplified, concise description of the various types of legal books spective uses in legal research. A layman could use this small book himself with the elementary techniques of legal research, although it date. Should be supplemented by reference to other recently published

and their reto familiarize is not u p to books.

4 7 2 4 . H a r v a r d L a w r e v i e w c u m u l a t i v e i n d e x a n d t a b l e of cases, v o l u m e s one to

fifty,

1887-1937.

Cambridge: H a r v a r d L a w Review Assoc., 1938.

P p · 943· Author and subject index to leading articles and to books reviewed and index digest which breaks subjects down topically. 4 7 2 5 . HICKS, 3d ed. 659.

FREDERICK C .

Materials

a n d m e t h o d s of legal

research.

Rochester, N . Y . : L a w y e r s Co-operative P u b . Co., 1942. P p . xiv,

A p p . , bibliog.

CH. 75

GOVERNMENT

MATERIALS

997

An up-to-date, detailed textbook concerning law books and their history as well as the technique of legal research. Pt. n , "Research by Means of Law Books" (pp. 63-356), and Pt. iv, "Bibliographical Material" (pp. 430-653), are especially useful as guides for legal research. Pt. 11 contains chapters entitled "Statute Law and Statute Books," "Case Law and Law Reports," "English Law Reports," " L a w Reports in U.S.A.," "Administrative Agencies," "Legal Periodicals," "Legal dictionaries," "Legal Encyclopaedias," "Digests of Case L a w , " "Loose Leaf and Other Services," and "Search Books" including tables of statutes, citation books, subject indexes, indexes of statutes, indexes to periodicals, and lists and indexes of government publications. Pt. iv contains as App. π a "List of British Law Reports," giving the number of volumes and the years covered, arranged by name of court or administrative agency for each part of the British Commonwealth of Nations. App. i n , "List of American Law Reports," is subdivided as to federal and State reports. The latter has subdivisions for each of the separate States. App. iv is entitled "List of Anglo-American Legal Periodicals." App. ν offers an extensive list of Anglo-American legal abbreviations. 4 7 2 6 . JONES, LEONARD AUGUSTUS, and FRANK ELLSWORTH C H I P M A N .

An

index to legal periodical literature.

Co.

[ C . C . Soule for early v o l u m e s ] ,

4 vols.

Boston:

Boston Book

1888-1924.

Vol. i, prior to 1887; vol. ii, 1887-1898; vol. iii, 1898-1908; vol. iv, 1908-1922. 4 7 2 7 . K E I T T , LAWRENCE.

A n annotated bibliography of bibliographies of

statutory materials of the United States.

Cambridge: H a r v a r d , 1 9 3 4 .

Pp.

191. Historical. State and federal. 4728.

[ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Guide to the law and legal literature

of F r a n c e ;

prepared . . . b y G . W . Stumberg.

Washington:

Govt. Pr.

Off., 1 9 3 1 . P p . ν, 2 4 2 . a.

. Guide to the law and legal literature of G e r m a n y ; b y Ε . M .

Borchard. Washington: G o v t . Pr. Off., 1 9 1 2 . P p . 2 2 6 . b.

. Guide to the law and legal literature of Spain . . .

W . Palmer, J r .

Washington, 1 9 1 5 .

Pp.

; by T .

174.

4 7 2 9 . VANDERBILT, ARTHUR T . , editor. Studying law. Selections from the writings of Albert J .

Beveridge—John

Maxcy

Zane—Munroe

Smith—

Roscoe P o u n d — A r t h u r L . G o o d h a r t — E u g e n e W a m b a u g h — J o h n H . W i g m o r e — C h a r l e s B . Stephens. Ν . Y . : Washington Square P u b . Corp., 1 9 4 5 . P p . viii, 7 5 3 . Reprints of selections f r o m leading a u t h o r s on law in 19th and 20th centuries— " T h e Five Ages of the Bench and Bar of England," by J . M . Zane; "Elements of L a w , " by M u n r o e Smith (pp. 1 7 1 - 3 7 6 ) has chapters discussing the historical development of the various branches of l a w ; Roscoe Pound's "An Introduction to American

998

RESEARCH AND R E F E R E N C E MATERIALS

PART VII

Law" (pp. 379-435) traces the historical development of the common law in U.S.A.; and E. Wambaugh's "How to Use Decisions and Statutes" (pp. 537-598) is useful as a guide for legal students or laymen. 4 7 3 0 . WALKER, TIMOTHY.

Introduction to American law designed as a

first book for students. Philadelphia: P. H . Nicklin & T . Johnson, 1 8 3 7 . Pp. xxiv, 679. A popular treatise on the several branches of American law. This volume had many editions printed and used between 1837 and 1905, when the n t h edition was published. The author in 1833 became a teacher at Cincinnati Law School. Therefore the book is especially useful as a reference concerning laws of Ohio and neighboring States, although it was intended for wider use. Also serves as a useful guide to law books then commonly in use. 4 7 3 1 . WINFIELD, PERCY H . Chief sources of English legal history. bridge: Harvard, 1 9 2 5 .

Cam-

Pp. 3 7 4 . B . STATE RECORDS

See also the Check List of Historical Records Survey Publications, sued by the W P A

is-

(4754).

4 7 3 2 . BOWKER, R . R . , director of compilation. State publications: a provisional list of the official publications of the several States of the United States from their organization. 4 vols. N . Y . : Publishers' Weekly, 1 8 9 9 1908. Though not complete, this is a useful guide to State publications. Material arranged by subject under issuing bodies. 4 7 3 3 . GETTEMY, CHARLES F . 1869-1915.

T h e Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics,

A sketch of its history, organization and functions, together

with a list of its publications and illustrative charts. Potter, 1 9 1 5 .

Pp. 1 1 5 .

Boston: Wright &

Charts.

List of publications gives key to many works on labor and manufactures useful to business history. Many other States have series more or less similar to the ones published by this Massachusetts Bureau. 4 7 3 4 . HASSE, ADELAIDE R .

Index of economic material in documents of

the United States. Prepared for the department of economics and sociology of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

1 3 vols.

[Washington] : pub.

b y the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1 9 0 7 - 2 2 . This, the most important aid in locating materials in many States, covers the following States and years (date of publication in parenthesis) : California, 1849-1904 (1908); Delaware, 1789-1904 (1910) ; Illinois, 1809-1904 (1909); Kentucky, 17921904 (1910) ; Maine, 1820-1904 (1907) ; Massachusetts, 1789-1904 (1908) ; New Hamp-

CH. 75

GOVERNMENT

999

MATERIALS

shire, 1789-1904 (1907) ; N e w Jersey, 1789-1904 (1915) ; N e w Y o r k , 1789-1904 ( 1 9 0 7 ) ; Ohio, 1789-1904 (1912) ; Pennsylvania, 1790-1904 ( 1 9 1 9 - 2 2 ) ; R h o d e Island, 1789-1904 (1908); Vermont, 1789-1904 (1907). " T h i s index undertakes to deal only w i t h the printed reports of administrative officers, legislative committees, and special commissions of the states and with governors' messages f o r the period since 1789." Reports of bureaus of labor not indexed. 4735.

[ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, LEGISLATIVE R E F E R E N C E SERVICE.

Constitutional and statutory provisions of the States. . . . Prepared

by

the S t a t e law index of the L i b r a r y of Congress and b y the Council of S t a t e governments. 4736.

3 vols.

C h i c a g o : Council of State governments, 1 9 4 3 ·

[ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, LEGISLATIVE R E F E R E N C E SERVICE.

S t a t e law index; an index to the legislation of the States of the U n i t e d States

enacted

during

the

biennium . . . ( 1 9 2 5 / 2 6 — ) .

Washington:

G o v t . P r . Off., 1 9 2 9 — . T h e Library of Congress biennially issues this classified subject index to general laws enacted b y the several State and territorial legislatures of the United States during their regular legislative sessions. T h e material under the subject entries is arranged alphabetically by States a n d gives specific reference to Session L a w s of the several States as well as cross references to related subject entries. Subtitles have varied. F o r earlier legislation see indexes of successive codifications of laws of individual States. 4737.

[ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, LEGISLATIVE R E F E R E N C E SERVICE.

S t a t e law section.

State legislation of 1 9 4 5 : summaries of l a w s currently

received in the L i b r a r y of Congress.

[Monthly.]

Washington:

Govt. Pr.

Off. A classified subject index to current State legislation with a digest of each law (excluding minor changes in laws and laws of limited application). See also, as a reference guide to current legislation of the several States, State Law Index (4736)· 4738.

[ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.

cations.

1910—.

M o n t h l y check-list of S t a t e publi-

W a s h i n g t o n : G o v t . P r . Off., 1 9 1 2 — .

Lists the current publications of the various governmental agencies in all the States. T h e index, which is published annually, includes subject as well as a u t h o r a n d title entries. C . FEDERAL RECORDS 4 7 3 9 . AMES, J O H N

G.

Comprehensive index to the publications of

United States Government, 1 8 8 1 - 1 8 9 3 . 1905.

. . . Washington:

the

G o v t . P r . Off.,

2 vols. P p . 1 5 9 0 . Personal index.

Brief statement indicates the general contents, date of its publication, and a u t h o r as well as where it can be located a m o n g the government publications. As in Poore's Catalogue, n o t all government publications are listed.

1000

RESEARCH AND R E F E R E N C E MATERIALS

PART VII

United States government publications. rev. N . Y.: The H. W. Wilson Co., 1941. Pp. 548. 4 7 4 0 . BOYD, A N N E M .

2d

ed.,

An annotated descriptive guide to publications of the U. S. government arranged according to governmental agency, department, or branch. Bibliographical references at the end of each chapter, and there is a full index.

4741. FRY, C. LUTHER. "Making use of census data," Journal of American Statistical Association, vol. xxv, pp. 129-138. Emphasizes especially the value and use of unpublished data preserved by U. S. Bureau of the Census but available for restricted use only.

W. STULL. The Bureau of the Census: its history, activities, and organization. (Institute for Government Research, Service monographs of the United States government, no. 53.) Washington: Brookings Institution, 1929. Pp. χ, 224. Tables, apps. 4 7 4 2 . HOLT,

A brief b u t useful guide to contents of various censuses t h a t presents a running account of the history of the Bureau and its work. Excellent bibliography on the Census. Index.

"The historical records survey: activities and publications," Library quarterly, vol. xiii, pp. 136-149. 4 7 4 3 . KIDDER, ROBERT WILSON.

See also the Check

List

of Historical

Records

Survey

Publications,

published in

1943 (47S4)· 4 7 4 4 . P 0 0 R E , BENJAMIN P. A descriptive catalogue of the Government publications of the United States, September 5, 1774-March 4, 1881. . . . Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1885. Pp. iv, 1392. Index. Brief statements chronologically arranged indicate the contents, point of view, or period covered. All government publications were not listed.

4745. SCHMECKEBIER, LAURENCE F. Government publications and their use. 2d rev. ed. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1939. Pp. xv, 479. App. A valuable guide to federal government materials and guides to such materials. Does not give details of content of individual publications or series. [ U . S . ] BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. Circular of information concerning census publications, 1790-1916. Washington: [Govt. Pr. Off.], 1917. Pp. 1 2 4 . 4746.

A descriptive list of census-office publications f r o m 1790 to 1916, other than those released as parts of the decennial censuses, arranged according to topic and a second list covering the same material arranged chronologically.

CH. 75 4747.

GOVERNMENT

MATERIALS

1001

[ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, DIVISION OF DOCUMENTS.

A n ac-

c o u n t of g o v e r n m e n t d o c u m e n t b i b l i o g r a p h y in the U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d elsewhere.

By

Off., 1 9 3 0 .

J a m e s B . Childs.

Rev. July,

1930.

Washington:

Govt.

Pr.

Pp. 57.

An historical account and annotated guide to catalogs and bibliographies of government documents for the federal and the several State governments in U. S., including many of the federal departments, bureaus, and agencies from American Revolutionary period to the present. Also lists bibliographies to documents issued by foreign governments throughout the world and for the League of Nations. 4748.

[ U . S . ] NATIONAL ARCHIVES.

Archives.

( T h e National

G o v t . P r . Off., 1 9 4 0 .

G u i d e to the material in the N a t i o n a l

A r c h i v e s publications,

no.

14.)

Washington:

P p . xviii, 3 0 3 .

Manuscripts of federal government are listed and briefly described under the agency and its subdivision in which each manuscript originated. Items may be grouped according to the function served by them. Bibliographical references are given to guide the student to more detailed descriptions of the items, e.g., "Independent agencies, National Labor Relations Board, . . . Records. 1933-35 . . . containing reports of investigators, exhibits, correspondence, findings . . . regional files containing correspondence, findings . . . regional boards. . . . An identification of series report on the material has been prepared. These records are valuable for the study of labor problems in . . . special industries . . . as Weirton Steel Company, the Budd Manufacturing Company, and the Firestone Rubber Company." A detailed index refers only to those manuscripts, persons, business firms, etc., which chanced to be mentioned by name in this volume and makes no attempt to guide the student to all manuscripts in the National Archives pertaining to a given person, business firm, or industry. Nonetheless the titles chosen for the index will suggest to a student in business history the group classification in which material of special interest for a specific research topic would be likely to be found. A few firms and individual business men are listed by name in this index. 4749.

[U. S.]

NATIONAL ARCHIVES.

National Archives.

Your

g o v e r n m e n t ' s records in the

( N a t i o n a l A r c h i v e s publication, no. 4 6 - 1 8 . )

ington: G o v t . P r . Off., 1 9 4 6 .

Wash-

Pp. 8 1 .

Condensed statement and description of records by groups corresponding to the organization of the government. 4750.

[U.

S.]

SUPERINTENDENT

OF DOCUMENTS.

S t a t e s p u b l i c documents, 1 7 8 9 - 1 9 0 9 : Congress;

Departmental:

Checklist

Congressional:

of

to close of

United Sixtieth

to end of calendar y e a r 1 9 0 9 . 3 d ed., r e v . a n d

enl'd. W a s h i n g t o n : G o v t . P r . Off., 1 9 1 1 . P p . xxi, 1 7 0 7 . A comprehensive attempt to list all previously published government documents. T h e lists of Congressional documents are arranged chronologically by Congress and session, while all other publications are listed under the title of the department or agency that issued them.

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE MATERIALS

1002

PART V I I

4751. [U. S.] SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS. [Document catalogue.] Catalogue of the public documents of . . . Congress and of all departments of the government of the United States for the period from . . . (No. . . . of the "Comprehensive index" provided for by the act of Jan. 12, 1895.) Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1896—. A volume has been issued for each session of Congress since that of 1893-1895. Each volume is arranged under subject, author, and title entry with cross references to the main entry.

4752.

[ U . S . ] SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS.

[ D o c u m e n t Index, . . .

No. . . .] Index to the reports and documents of the . . . Congress, . . . Session . . . with numerical lists and schedule of volumes being No. . . . of the "Consolidated Index" provided for by the Act of January 12, 1895. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1897—. A volume has been issued for each session of Congress since that of 1893-1895 and is alphabetically arranged by subject, title, or author entries as well as document number.

4753.

[U.

S.]

SUPERINTENDENT

OF DOCUMENTS.

Monthly

catalogue

United States public documents (with prices). . . . Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1895—. Annual index. A monthly publication, with an annual index, supplements for more recent publications the Document Catalogue (above) until a new volume of that series becomes available for use. That series is preferable to this when available. 4754.

[U. S.]

W O R K P R O J E C T S ADMINISTRATION, D I V I S I O N OF SERVICE

PROJECTS. Check list of Historical Records Survey publications. (W. P. A. technical series, research and records bibliography no. 7, A5254, rev. April, 1943.) Washington, 1943. The final listing of all publications between 1936 and 1943 of the several Historical Records Survey projects programs and of the two related programs, the Survey of Federal Archives and the Inventory of American Imprints, before those programs were all discontinued in 1943. Presumably all publications in these programs for each State, including the political subdivisions of a State, are listed. Especially helpful as a guide to surveys of manuscript collections. 4 7 5 5 . W R I G H T , CARROLL D . , a s s i s t e d b y W I L L I A M C . H U N T . T h e h i s t o r y

and growth of the United States Census, prepared for the Senate committee on the Census. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1900. Pp. 967. Tables, apps. Contains a brief description of each census, stating its larger divisions and schedules under them, with some description of content of each and how information was obtained. Appendix, pp. 131-910, considers schedules fully. This is a useful guide to census materials. Unfortunately it contains no index.

CH. 75

GOVERNMENT D.

FOREIGN

RECORDS, C H I E F L Y

4 7 5 6 . ANDREWS, CHARLES M .

1003

MATERIALS GOVERNMENT

RECORDS

Guide to the materials for American his-

tory to 1873 in the Public Record Office of Great Britain. . . .

2 vols.

Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1912. 4757.

ANDREWS, CHARLES M . , a n d FRANCES C . DAVENPORT. G u i d e t o t h e

manuscript materials for the history of the United States to 1783 in the British Museum, in minor London archives and in the libraries of Oxford and Cambridge. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1908. Pp. 4 9 9 · 4758.

CLOKIE, HUGH M . , a n d J . WILLIAM ROBINSON.

Royal

Commissions

of inquiry; the significance of investigations in British politics. Stanford University, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1 9 3 7 . Pp. viii, 242. Tables, chart, app. The only historical, scholarly work ever to attempt to describe the origin, development, function, procedure, and

reports of

Royal

Commissions.

Five

charts

chronologically the names of the many commissions set up from 1800 to 1934.

list The

footnotes will assist the reader in locating materials on the reports of specific commissions which have value for research in American business history.

4 7 5 9 . [KING, P . S. & SON.]

Catalogue of parliamentary papers, 1 8 0 1 -

1900, with a few of earlier date. London: P . S. King & Son [ 1 9 0 4 ] . Pp. vii, 317· Series continued by supplements for later decades. 4760.

L E E S - S M I T H , HASTINGS

official papers . . . . 4761.

BERTRAND. A g u i d e t o p a r l i a m e n t a r y

and

London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1924. Pp. 23.

[ U . S . ] B U R E A U OF T H E C E N S U S , a n d L I B R A R Y OF CONGRESS.

Ref-

erence Dep't . . . General censuses and vital statistics in the Americas, an annotated bibliography of the historical censuses and current vital statistics of the 21 American Republics, the American sections of the British Commonwealth of Nations, the American Colonies of Denmark, France, and the Netherlands, and the American Territories and Possessions of the United States, prepared under the supervision of Irene B . Taeuber. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1943. Pp. iii-ix, 151. A series of separate reports for each nation, colony, or territory. Each report contains an historical note, an annotated list of published national population censuses, and an annotated list of the official publications of current vital statistics and population estimates. Whenever possible, a fourth section on other current national population statistics was included. The bibliography for U. S. census publications (pp. 7 4 - 9 1 ,

1004

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE MATERIALS

PART VII

and 1 4 1 - 1 5 1 ) covers all the decennial censuses from 1790 through 1940 but also indicates where data for the period before 1790 will be found. The items listed under each decennial census, as far as possible, are subdivided under such headings as manufacturing

(beginning with census 1810) ; agriculture, 1840;

population,

i860;

sta-

tistical atlas, 1 8 7 0 ; occupations, 1900; life tables, 1 9 1 0 ; monographs, 1920; and housing and business (each beginning with census of 1940).

C H A P T E R 76. DOCTORAL D I S S E R T A T I O N S In recent years topics in business history or closely related to business history have increasingly been the subject of theses of candidates for advanced degrees in departments of economics and history in American universities. Some theses are published, but the majority are deposited in typescript in the library of the university of their origin. The following publications are helpful in locating theses useful in business history. See also Beers, Bibliographies in American History (4870). 4 7 6 2 . A M E R I C A N E C O N O M I C A S S O C I A T I O N . "Doctoral dissertations in political economy in progress in American universities and colleges," American economic review, 1911—. Classified list published annually, generally in September issue. university.

Author, title, and

A M E R I C A N H I S T O R I C A L A S S O C I A T I O N . List of doctoral dissertations in history now in progress at universities in the United States and the Dominion of Canada. Supplement to American historical review. 1939—. Washington. 4763.

Author, title, and university.

Includes items on economic and social history.

C A R N E G I E I N S T I T U T I O N OF W A S H I N G T O N . List of doctoral dissertations in history now in progress at the chief American universities. Annual, 1918-38. Washington.

4764.

Appeared early each year.

Classified by major fields of history, author, title, and

university. Includes items on economic and social history. G I L C H R I S T , D O N A L D B . Doctoral dissertations accepted by American universities. Compiled for the National Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies. . . . 1933/34—. N. Y.: H . W. Wilson.

4765.

Classified, with author index. Includes items on economic and social history. P A L F R E Y , T H O M A S R . , and H E N R Y E . C O L E M A N , J R . Guide to bibliographies of theses, United States and Canada. Chicago: American Library Association, 1936. Pp. 46. 4766.

CH. Π

P U B L I C A T I O N S OF H I S T O R I C A L S O C I E T I E S

100S

The preface, as well as Part i, "General Lists," furnishes a guide to the earlier guides to theses. Part n , "Lists in Special Fields." Part m , "Institutional List," points out for many institutions of higher learning where the titles of both masters' and doctoral dissertations granted by a given institution are published.

4767. [U. S.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. List of American doctoral dissertations, printed. Annual, 1912—. Washington: Govt. P r . Off., 1913—. Author, title, classified, and subject index. history.

Includes items on economic and social

C H A P T E R 77. P U B L I C A T I O N S O F H I S T O R I C A L S O C I E T I E S Historical societies have not till recently had a n y significant interest in business history for its own sake, but they have collected not a little in t h e way of records of business men as pioneers and as public figures, and occasionally because of some personal interest or influence. Relatively less, moreover, of business materials has been published. I n the past 20 years, however, there has been a change. Specialized business history societies have been organized; the Business Historical Society has been active in the promotion of the publication of business history (see 4688). Other organizations have at the same time taken an increased interest in the publication of business history materials. Below are a few representative serial publications and magazines of more than regional importance. T h e student should consult the historical organizations and publications in the region or locality in which he is doing research. Griffin's bibliography, below, is an excellent guide to early p u b lications; there is nothing comparable for later years. M a n y examples of such publications are scattered throughout this volume. 4768. ESSEX INSTITUTE. Historical Collections. pub. by the Institute.

1859—. Salem, M a s s . :

Miscellaneous, with much genealogy and something on business (memoirs of sea captains, articles, etc.). Local. Published quarterly. 4769.

GRIFFIN, APPLETON

PRENTISS CLARK.

Bibliography

of

American

historical societies. (Annual report of the American Historical Association, 1905, vol. ii, 2d ed., rev.) Washington: Govt. P r . Off., 1907. P p . 1374. App. Gives table of contents for the publications of national, State, and local historical societies from beginning of publications to 1905. Index: ( 1 ) subject and author; (2) biographical; (3) societies represented.

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE

1006

MATERIALS

PART VII

While the amount of business material varies greatly from time to time and society to society, these periodical publications contain considerable on business. T h e less professional and local societies often contribute much because of their interest in all types of local leadership. See names of business men in biographical index.

4770. Magazine of western history. Monthly, 1884-91. Cleveland. A regional magazine—backed b y business men—containing frequent articles on business men and industries of the Great Lakes region chiefly. Continued, 1891-94, as the National Magazine, a Monthly Journal of American History.

4771. Mississippi Valley historical review. Quarterly, 1914—. A general historical periodical which contains occasional articles, especially on transportation and trade, dealing with the economic history of the central region of the United States.

4772. Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society. Baltimore: Published by the Society.

1893—.

T h i s series contains much scattered material and articles on leading American Jewish business men and families, such as H a y m Salomon, M . M . Hays, Lopez, Seligman, etc. Some source material printed.

CHAPTER 78. HISTORICAL A N D OTHER SPECIAL LIBRARIES A.

GUIDES TO LIBRARIES

CHARLES CHRISTOPHER, compiler and editor, and editorial associate. Historical societies in the United States and Canada. Washington: American Association for State and Local History, 1944. Pp. xi, 261.

4773.

CRITTENDEN,

DORIS GODARD,

A guide to historical societies, which is useful to the researcher in discovering manuscript and printed materials in his community or region.

4774. Special libraries directory of the United States and Canada. Compiled by Special Libraries Association, special committee, Eleanor S. Cavanaugh, chairman. N. Y.: Special Libraries Association, 1935. [ist ed., 1921; 2nd, 1925.] Pp. ix, 253. Subject index gives key to business libraries or collections under such headings as business administration, commerce and trade, finance, banking, insurance, public utilities, etc. Historical and technical libraries are also included. For each library are given date of establishment, number of volumes, important subjects, special collections, etc.

CH. 79

BIOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS A N D MATERIALS Β.

1007

CATALOGS OF LIBRARIES AND COLLECTIONS

See also catalogs and bibliographies of specialized libraries and collections appearing elsewhere in the GUIDE, for instance, the John Crerar Library, Library of Congress, the Bureau of Railway Economics Library, and so on. There are also libraries which do not publish catalogs but which are valuable for research in the history of business, for example the Baker Library at Harvard and the Scudder Library of Finance at Columbia. Reference to important special collections are scattered throughout Part V of t h e GUIDE.

4775. [AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY.] A guide to the resources of the American Antiquarian Society, a national library of American history. Worcester, Mass.: The Society, 1937. Pp. 98. Especially useful on State, county, and local histories and biographies and genealogies.

4776. [Harvard University.] The Kress library of business and economics; catalogue, covering material published through 1776, with data upon cognate items in other Harvard libraries. Boston: Baker Library, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration, 1940. Pp. 414. A collection of books and pamphlet materials mainly for 17th and 18th century England but also for Italy (16th century), Holland, Germany, and France. The collection is largely concerned with economic thought and public policy, much of which is valuable for research in business history ; it also contains some valuable works on business techniques and practices. Much of the material is generally available in modern editions. Many bound pamphlets on the South Sea Bubble, 1720.

4777. H E N R Y E. H U N T I N G T O N LIBRARY AND ART GALLERY. Huntington Library collections. Cambridge: Harvard, 1931. Pp. 214. A valuable collection containing some important business records and a considerable volume of printed material.

CHAPTER 79. BIOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS AND MATERIALS There is a wide variety of collections of biographies, ranging from local to national in coverage, from scholarly to commercial works, from specialized to general, and so on. Those dealing largely or wholly with business men are found in Chapter 10; below are examples of collections of biographies or biographical materials of leaders in various fields including business. The Dictionary of American Biography is a recent effort of scholars;

1008 Who's

RESEARCH AND R E F E R E N C E MATERIALS Who

in America

PART

is o b v i o u s l y u s e f u l ; A p p l e t o n ' s is a n old s t a n d b y ;

B a n c r o f t ' s is v e r y useful for the F a r W e s t ; History

of the City

of

Denver

is a g o o d e x a m p l e of local histories w h i c h c o n t a i n m u c h b i o g r a p h y ; of Massachusetts

VII

Men

is an e x a m p l e of a t y p e w h i c h w a s c o m m o n around 1 9 0 0 ;

H u b b a r d ' s a n d M a r d e n ' s w o r k s represent t h e short inspirational b i o g r a p h y w h i c h flourished a generation ago. L o c a l histories ( C h a p t e r 8 1 ) a n d g e n e a l o g i e s ( C h a p t e r 8 0 ) s h o u l d also be consulted. 4 7 7 8 . A p p l e t o n ' s c y c l o p e d i a of A m e r i c a n b i o g r a p h y . J a m e s Grant W i l s o n a n d J o h n F i s k e , editors. 7 vols. N . Y . : A p p l e t o n , 1 8 8 7 - 1 8 8 9 .

Illus.

Contains relatively few biographies of business men; even these are mostly for business men active in fields other than business. Fairly reliable. 4779.

BANCROFT, H U B E R T HOWE.

C h r o n i c l e s of t h e builders of the c o m -

m o n w e a l t h : historical character s t u d y . 7 vols. S a n F r a n c i s c o : T h e H i s t o r y Co., 1 8 9 1 - 9 2 .

Illus.

A biographical history of California, primarily, and of other western and mountain and coastal States. General historical sketches of industries and accompanying biographies, by States: Vol. in, Agriculture; Vol. iv, Mines [Petroleum] and Manufacturing; Vol. ν, Routes and Transportation (railway, steamship, telegraph, telephone, and express); Vol. vi, Commerce—Merchants, Bankers, and Insurance officials; Vol. vu, Society—Real Estate Owners, Capitalists. . . . There is no evidence of sources; should be used critically. 4 7 8 0 . T h e b i o g r a p h i c a l e n c y c l o p a e d i a of P e n n s y l v a n i a of t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y . P h i l a d e l p h i a : G a l a x y P u b l i s h i n g Co., 1 8 7 4 . P p . 6 7 2 .

Illus.

Contains short biographical sketches of a large number of Pennsylvania business men, chiefly petty and industrial capitalists. Gives business connections, but little else on business; considerable on character and interests. Typical commercial publication. 4 7 8 1 . A b i o g r a p h i c a l history of e m i n e n t a n d s e l f - m a d e m e n of t h e S t a t e of Indiana.

2 vols.

Cincinnati, Ohio: W e s t e r n Biographical P u b l i s h i n g Co.,

1 8 8 0 . v. p . I l l u s . A typical commercial publication of the time. Almost three thousand brief biographies of leading citizens of Indiana. Large proportion farmers and small-town business men, merchants, bankers, tradesmen, and manufacturers; mostly petty capitalists, some changing into industrial capitalists. Information on business, chiefly business connections. Much laudatory and uncritical comment on character. 4 7 8 2 . BOLTON, SARAH KNOWLES. Crowell [c. 1 8 9 6 ] . P p . x, 3 8 2 .

F a m o u s givers a n d their g i f t s . N . Y . :

Illus.

Brief biographies, chiefly of American business men, showing important gifts they made to educational and charitable institutions. Among the gifts considered are the

CH. 79

BIOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS AND MATERIALS

1009

Lowell Lectures; Girard College; t h e Carnegie, Crerar, Newberry, Astor, a n d Lenox libraries; Lick O b s e r v a t o r y ; Leland S t a n f o r d , Boston, and Chicago universities; technical schools endowed by Drexel, Case, Armour, Packer, a n d Rindge; Shaw G a r d e n s ; a n d museums endowed b y Corcoran and Smithson. Eulogistic b u t interesting a n d useful.

4783. Dictionary of national biography. First edition: Leslie Stephen, editor, assisted by Sidney Lee, 63 vols, and supplement. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1^85-1901. Reissue: Sidney Lee, editor, vols. 1-21, 22 (supplement) and vols. 1-3 (second supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1908-1912. Invaluable for British business men or statesmen concerned with American business. Business men are included largely because of non-business interests. 4 7 8 4 . GOODSPEED, T H O M A S WAKEFIELD. The University of Chicago biographical sketches. Vol. i, Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press [c. 1 9 2 2 ] . Pp. ix, 393. Illus.

Collection of biographies of men w h o contributed generously to the University of Chicago, including Marshall Field, William B. Ogden, E . Nelson Blake, Sidney A. Kent, George C. Walker, Charles J . Hull, Silas B. Cobb, Gustavus F . Swift, " D i a m o n d J o " Reynolds, La Verne Noyes, Eli B. Williams, Joseph Bond, a n d J o h n Crerar. Personal biography, with character sketches, a n d outline of business career with something on policy. Appreciative rather t h a n critical. M o r e readable t h a n most books of this type.

4785. H A L L , H E N E Y , editor. America's successful men of affairs. N. Y.: New York Tribune, 1895. Pp. 753, vii; 907, vi. Illus.

2

vols.

A national encyclopedia of American business men—apparently the first of its kind—edited b y business manager of New York Tribune. Volume 1, N e w Y o r k ; volume 11, United States outside N e w York. Short biographies, chiefly on business activities of thousands of business men, mostly living. On subject of biographies gives dates of life, family, business connections, and principal investments, something on success in business and charitable and philanthropic interests. M o s t of the sketches have little on policy a n d management b u t some contain excellent statements. Valuable particularly as representative of American industrial a n d financial capitalists a t the time. HARRISON, M I T C H E L L C . New York State's prominent and progressive men. 2 vols. N. Y.: New York Tribune, 1900. Pp. 390. 4786.

Short, sketchy biographies, with photographs. Large portion devoted to p r o m i n e n t business men, giving origin, training, and business connections. Emphasis on m a n u facturing a n d finance. 4787.

M I T C H E L L C., compiler. Prominent and progressive vols. N. Y.: New York Tribune, 1 9 0 2 - 0 4 . Pp. 2 4 7 ; 6 8 3 .

HARRISON,

Americans. Illus.

2

1010

R E S E A R C H AND R E F E R E N C E

MATERIALS

PART V I I

Brief, superficial biographies (with pictures of subjects), chiefly of living business men and lawyers, principally of New Y o r k . Interesting as indicating origin, education, and business connections. 4 7 8 8 . H E R N D O N , RICHARD, c o m p i l e r . tory and characteristics.

B o s t o n of t o d a y : a g l a n c e a t i t s h i s -

Boston: Post Publishing Co., 1892.

P p . vi, 4 6 1 .

Illus. Pages 120-456 consist of biographical sketches of about 800 leading business and professional men. Slight but useful. 4 7 8 9 . HERNDON,

RICHARD, a n d

RICHARD B U R T O N ,

compilers.

Men

of

p r o g r e s s , b i o g r a p h i c a l s k e t c h e s a n d p o r t r a i t s of l e a d e r s in b u s i n e s s a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l l i f e i n a n d of t h e S t a t e of C o n n e c t i c u t . M a g a z i n e , 1898. P p . 480.

Boston:

New

England

Illus.

A commercial publication consisting of short biographical sketches. Emphasizes genealogy and membership in clubs and churches; gives training and business connections of business men. Useful though not reliable as to facts. Less laudatory than most such works. Interesting collection of petty and industrial capitalists, including merchants, bankers, especially insurance officers, etc. 4 7 9 0 . H i s t o r y of

t h e c i t y of D e n v e r , A r a p a h o e

C h i c a g o : O. L . B a s k i n & Co., 1880. P p . vi, 652.

County, and

Colorado.

Illus.

Contains 5 short chapters on history of 4 railroads and Hill's Smelting Works. Pages 301-652 are made up of about 500 biographies of contemporaries, including sketches of business men and office workers which are mostly success stories of petty capitalists (carpenters, blacksmiths, etc.) who became important business men. Laudatory, should be used with care, but gives useful picture of business in a new mining city. A typical product of a commercial publisher of historical books. 4 7 9 1 . HOLLOW AY, LAURA C . have made them.

F a m o u s American fortunes and the men who

Philadelphia: Garretson & Co., 1885.

P p . 784.

Illus.

An extremely interesting collection of biographies, chiefly of industrial capitalists. Gives a few important facts on business life and something on policy of individual business men ; contains much information on business men's support of cultural institutions ; constitutes a list of important men of the time ; and gives view of the social standing and importance of business men. Of better type of commercial collective business biographies, though not critical or scholarly. 4 7 9 2 . HUBBARD, E L B E R T .

L i t t l e j o u r n e y s t o t h e h o m e s of g r e a t

m e n . E a s t A u r o r a , N . Y . : T h e R o y c r o f t e r s , 1909. P p . 190, iv.

business

Illus.

Twelve booklets published monthly, each on a famous business man: Robert Owen, James Oliver, Stephen Girard, Albert A. Pope, H. J . Heinz, Philip D. Armour, Mayer Rothschild, James J . Hill, John Jacob Astor, August Schilling, John Wanamaker, and Andrew Carnegie. Highly dramatized and colored by Hubbard's philosophy of success and not accurate as to fact. Contain many anecdotes that are revealing if true.

4793.

1011

BIOGRAPHICAL COLLECTIONS AND MATERIALS

CH. 79

H U R D , D . HAMILTON, compiler.

H i s t o r y of E s s e x C o u n t y , M a s s a -

c h u s e t t s , w i t h biographical s k e t c h e s of m a n y of its pioneers a n d p r o m i n e n t men.

2 vols. P h i l a d e l p h i a : J. W . L e w i s & Co., 1888. P p . c, 2 1 3 0 .

Illus.

Typical of local histories published by commercial publishers late in 19th century. Miscellaneous material on business of communities in Essex County, with long articles on trade and shorter ones on manufactures. Short biographical sketches of many prominent citizens, including leading merchants and manufacturers. Laudatory, interested chiefly in politics and culture. 4794.

J O H N S O N , A L L E N , D U M A S MALONE, a n d HARRIS E . STARR, editors.

D i c t i o n a r y of A m e r i c a n b i o g r a p h y . 1928-36,

21 vols., I n d e x .

Ν . Y.:

Scribner's,

1944.

The latest and most comprehensive collection of American biographies. The first 20 volumes contain a small number of biographies of business men, relative to the whole, and stress their non-business interests and activities. The value of many of the comments is vitiated by the use of unreliable sources and a loose use of business terms. The editors and contributors, with few exceptions, were untrained in problems of business or business history. The first supplementary volume (xxi) sets a new standard for business biographies —see, for example, the biographies of George F. Baker, Robert S. Brookings, and George Eastman. 4 7 9 5 . LEONARD, J O H N WILLIAM.

1909.

H i s t o r y of t h e C i t y of N e w Y o r k , 1 6 0 9 -

Ν . Y . : Journal of C o m m e r c e a n d C o m m e r c i a l Bulletin, 1 9 1 0 .

viii, 9 5 4 .

Pp.

Illus.

Pages 471-937 are made up of about 200 short, superficial biographies. Contains photographs and represents the general make-up of contemporary business leadership in New York. Financial predominates. 4 7 9 6 . LEONARD, J O H N W . , editor. M e n of A m e r i c a : a biographical d i c t i o n a r y of contemporaries. N . Y . : L . R . H a m e r s l y & Co., 1908. P p . 2 1 8 8 . Large proportion are business men of national or regional importance (bankers, manufacturers, merchants, etc.). Some sketches are summaries of business career and others mostly a list of charities, philanthropies, and clubs. Alphabetical by names and not classified or indexed. Useful but not important. 4 7 9 7 . Leslies' h i s t o r y of t h e greater N e w Y o r k — b i o g r a p h i c a l .

Ν.

Y.:

Arkell P u b . Co. U n d a t e d . P p . 4 3 2 . Illus. Short biographies, highly colored and biased, of prominent 19th-century business and professional men, including William Steinway, Collis P. Huntington, Henry Clews, Darius Ogden Mills, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and J . J . Astor. 4 7 9 8 . M A R D E N , ORISON SWETT, editor. L i t t l e v i s i t s w i t h great A m e r i c a n s .

N . Y . : T h e S u c c e s s Co., 1 9 0 5 . P p . 7 2 6 .

Illus.

1012

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE MATERIALS

PART V I I

Biographies, including business men (Andrew Carnegie, Hazen S. Pingree, Marshall Field, John Wanamaker, Darius Ogden Mills, Russell Sage, Lyman Gage, Cornelius Vanderbilt), attempting to explain success. Valuable in so far as based on personal interviews with subjects. Expresses Marden's philosophy and contemporary emphasis on success. 4 7 9 9 . M e n of Massachusetts. Boston: Published under the editorial auspices and direction of the Boston Press Club, 1903. Pp. xxiv, 385. Illus. Collection of portraits, with date of birth and professional or business connection, of representative men in business and professional life in Massachusetts (large number of industrial and financial capitalists). Index classified by occupations. 4 8 0 0 . M e n of the South. Compiled under direction of the James O. Jones Co. N e w Orleans: Southern Biographical Association, 1922. Pp. 792. Illus. A publicity volume that contains large photographs of southern business men (realtors, fruit growers, bankers, insurance men, manufacturers, merchants, etc.— petty and industrial capitalists), politicians, lawyers, and others, with biographical statements. An interesting picture of business and business men in the South early in this century. 4 8 0 1 . T h e National cyclopaedia of American biography. Vols. i-xix, Index and Conspectus (1906), current vols. A - Ε . N . Y.: James T . White & Co., 1 8 9 2 - 1 9 3 8 . Illus. Contains short popular biographies of a large number of business men, many not found elsewhere and not public figures. Useful but uneven in quality; should be used Critically. Index must be used. 4 8 0 2 . N o t a b l e men of Illinois & their State. Journal, 1 9 1 2 . Pp. 429. Illus.

Chicago: Chicago D a i l y

Photographs chiefly of prominent living men—a large proportion business men and lawyers—with brief biographical notes. 4803. N o t a b l e N e w Yorkers of 1 8 9 6 - 1 8 9 9 . N . Y.: Moses King [c. 1 8 9 9 ] . Pp. 616. Illus. Pictures of hundreds of business men with statement of business connections. Includes business men, lawyers, journalists, capitalists, bankers, shipping merchants, wholesale merchants, retailers, trust company officers, insurance company officers, manufacturers, theater managers, public utility officers, steamship officers, etc. 4804. Professional and industrial history of Suffolk County, Massachusetts. Vols, ii and iii. Boston: Boston History Co., 1894. Pp. 729; 690. Illus. Chapters on Boston give names of business men and of firms, dates, type of business carried on, etc. Much on banking—Clearing House, commercial and savings

CH. 80

GENEALOGIES

1013

banks, and trusts—also on wholesaling in shoe and textile industries. Short biographies of many business men. Little on administration. Useful for general picture and leads, but not wholly reliable· as to details. Not documented.

4805. Who's who in America. 1899/1900—. Chicago: A. N. Marquis Co. Biennial biographical dictionary of notable living men and women of the United States. General neglect of business leaders. The biographies of business men are the least satisfactory.

C H A P T E R 80. GENEALOGIES Genealogies are a very useful source of information about business men. Not only do they contain vital facts about individuals and information about their work but some of them also, in a sense, over the generations epitomize the human and social history of business. Excellent illustrations of this broad usefulness to the study of the history of business are Briggs' and Emery's volumes listed below. Included below are standard guides to genealogies and genealogical information in books, periodicals, local histories, and other printed materials. Among the best places in which to find genealogical information are the Library of Congress, library of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, the American Antiquarian Society (Worcester, Mass.), the NewYork Historical Society, the Long Island Historical Society, the Pennsylvania Historical Society, and the Newberry Library in Chicago. Some of these have printed catalogs of their genealogical collection, of which that of the Long Island Historical Society, below, is an example; some also have catalogs and indexes to their own collections. Genealogical materials are, on the whole, relatively well indexed and cataloged. State and local historical societies, generally, have at least some genealogies of families or persons of local importance. The larger public libraries also have more or less genealogical material. 4806. American genealogical index. Fremont Rider, editor. 19 vols. Middletown, Conn.: published by committee representing the cooperating subscribing libraries, 1942/46—. Index to books, not periodicals, etc. To date the volumes published cover the family names from "Aaron" through "Jeffreys." Indexes full names as well as surnames.

History and genealogy of the Cabot family, 1475-1927. 2 vols. Boston: Goodspeed, 1927. Pp. xxiv, 465; viii, 466-887. Illus. 4807.

B R I G G S , L . VERNON.

1014

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE

MATERIALS

PART V I I

General history (with emphasis on genealogy) of a family engaged in business in New England from about 1700. Gives considerable information about business, reproducing many business letters; material on business illustrates its nature and extent rather than giving insight into policy and management. Especially useful on two important merchants, Thomas Handasyd Perkins and Samuel Cabot. Gives a rare picture of an important American mercantile capitalist family. Unusual, scholarly, and valuable.

4808. Catalogue of American genealogies in the library of the Long Island Historical Society. Prepared under the direction of the librarian, Emma Toedteberg. Brooklyn: pub. by the Society, 1935. Pp. 660. Catalog of "one of the richest" collections in America consisting of 8,200 printed books and pamphlets and 850 manuscripts. This is the most recent publication of its kind. Valuable.

M. The Howland heirs. New Bedford, Mass.: E. Anthony & Sons, Inc., 1919. Pp. vii, 484. Illus. 4809.

EMERY

WILLIAM

A genealogy of a remarkable American family whose fortune had its foundation in the N e w Bedford whaling industry and which has produced a notable group of outstanding professional and business leaders. Contains a chapter on Isaac Howland, Jr., & Co., a whaling firm of New Bedford, and notes or sections on other members of the family, such as the Grinnells (New Y o r k merchants), and much information on Hetty Howland Robinson Green. Illustrates American business from petty capitalism through mercantile and industrial and into financial capitalism. 4 8 1 0 . JACOBUS, DONALD L I N E S .

Index to genealogical periodicals. New

Haven, Conn., 1932. Unpaged. This is a name and place and subject index to genealogical materials in regularly appearing historical periodicals. The first volume includes sets of publications of such important genealogical works as the New York Genealogical and Biographical Record (62 volumes through 1931) and the New England Historic and Genealogical Register (volumes 51 to 85 which ends in 1931, the earlier volumes having been covered by the Register's own index). Virginia genealogies were not included because they were covered by Stewart's Index and Swem's which was then in preparation. Fifty-one historical periodicals were included in this volume. In subsequent years a continuation of this index'has appeared once a year (April) in the American Genealogist. The compiler is the editor of this periodical. Index has not been consolidated.

4811. [ M U N S E L L ' S ] Index to American genealogies; and to genealogical material contained in all works such as town histories, county histories, local histories, historical society publications, biographies, historical periodicals, and kindred works, alphabetically arranged. Enabling the reader to ascertain whether the genealogy of any family, or any part of it, is printed, either by itself or embodied in other works. Fifth edition, revised, improved

CH. 81

REGIONAL, STATE, A N D LOCAL HISTORIES

1015

and enlarged, containing nearly 50,000 references . . . . Albany, Ν . Y.: Joel Munsell's Sons, publishers, 1900. P p . 352. a. . Supplement, 1900 to 1908, to the Index of genealogies published in 1900. Albany, Ν . Y.: Joel Munsell's Sons, 1908. Pp. 107. Indexed by family names with page references to sources. To materials published before 1908 these publications are an indispensable guide. 4 8 1 2 . [U. S.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. American and English genealogies in the Library of Congress. Compiled under the direction of the Chief of the Catalogue Division. 2d ed. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1919. Pp. iv, 1322.

Lists works, published in separate form, received up to May 1, 1910, and a few later accessions. Listed under names of families. Valuable.

C H A P T E R 81. R E G I O N A L , S T A T E , A N D LOCAL H I S T O R I E S Such histories, of which there is a great volume and variety, have much more to offer business history than is apparent on the surface. T o be sure, local histories have in large measure been written by persons not trained in scientific historical techniques and have also in no small measure been published for commercial purposes or for publicity rather than to add to our fund of information about the past. By virtue of the fact that they have not been written by professional historians, however, such works by and large contain considerable information about business and business men. One finds them rich in information—miscellaneous information, to be sure— about men, companies, industries, and the community. Indeed, some local histories afford valuable pictures of business in various types or stages of development. Such histories vary in historical accuracy; generally speaking all but works by scholars contain a large number of inaccuracies. Because they have been so largely based upon the memory of men, they cannot be regarded as wholly reliable as to dates or names; but from the very circumstance that they have been drawn from the memory of living men they come closer to recording reality than history built on printed sources. Note Buck's volume and the fourth volume of Winsor's great work, below, as examples of history drawn from the remembered observations and experiences of men. T h e works by scholars have value of a different kind. Pritchett's is a scholarly work, based largely on original records; it is in a real sense a case study in the history of colonization and the fur trade. Pierce's work, al-

1016

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE

MATERIALS

PART

VII

though an economic rather than a business history, affords invaluable background for the study of business in Chicago. Local histories should be sought, first, in the State or community of their origin. Large collections on a national scale are found in the Library of Congress and the library of the American Antiquarian Society; no doubt considerable collections could be found in other libraries which'collect historical materials on a large scale. Below are a few examples. The volumes of Bradford and Henkels and Flagg are useful as bibliographies and guides. See also Chapter 37 S on manufacturing communities. 4 8 1 3 . BRADFORD, T H O M A S L . , and STANISLAUS V . H E N K E L S . Bibliographers' manual of American history, containing an account of all State, territory, town and county histories relating to the United States of America, with verbatim copies of their titles, and useful bibliographical notes. . . . 5 vols. Philadelphia: S . V. Henkels & Co., 1 9 0 7 - 1 0 . Useful though incomplete. 4 8 1 4 . B U C K , J A M E S S. Pioneer history of Milwaukee . . . . waukee: Milwaukee News Co., 1 8 7 6 - 1 8 8 6 . Illus., maps.

4

vols. Mil-

Contains much miscellaneous information about business men, firms, and industries, and business development in general in Milwaukee, I84O'S-I87O'S.

4815. [ C A M P B E L L , H. C . ] Wisconsin in three centuries: vols. N. Y.: Century History Co. [c. 1 9 0 6 ] . Illus.

1634-1905.

5

Vol. i, Ch. xiii—France and the fur trade. Vol. ii, Ch. iii—British and American fur trade, 1765-1834. Vol. iv, Ch. i—growth of the cities (about 1830-1905) ; Ch. ii, Industrial expansion (chiefly 1870-1905) ; Ch. iii, Labor—in peace and in war (1880's) ; Ch. iv, Development of transportation facilities (1837-1905) ; Ch. ν, Banks and banking (1835-1905) ; and index of vols. i-iv. Vol. ν — S o m e biographies of business men.

4816. CHICAGO C H A M B E R OF C O M M E R C E . Historical outline of the growth of Chicago. Chicago: R. L. Polk Co., 1923. Pp. 906. Traces general development of industry in Chicago.

4817. C I S T , C H A R L E S . Cincinnati in 1 8 4 1 : its early annals and future prospects. Cincinnati: published for the author, 1841. Pp. xi, 300. Illus. Commerce of Cincinnati; companies and their officers ; detailed list of industrial products; canals, railroads, and turnpikes; about a hundred unnumbered pages of advertisements.

CH. 81

R E G I O N A L , S T A T E , A N D LOCAL H I S T O R I E S

1017

E M E R Y , SAMUEL HOPKINS. History of Taunton, Massachusetts, from its settlement to the present time. Syracuse, N. Y.: D. Mason & Co., 1893. Pp. 768; 116. Illus., tables, apps. 4818.

P t . ι deals with political, military, church, professional, and business history of the town, devoting over 100 pages to industries and specific business firms, with some information concerning transportation. Pt. 11 gives biographical sketches of prominent business and professional men of T a u n t o n in the 19th century.

4819. FLAGG, CHARLES Α., compiler. A guide to Massachusetts local history: being a bibliographic index to the literature of the towns, cities and counties of the State, including books, pamphlets, articles in periodicals and collected works, books in preparation, historical manuscripts, newspaper clippings, etc. Salem, Mass.: Salem Press Co. [c. 1907]. Pp. x, 256. Maps. Useful. Some business and economic history included, although books on industries, biographies, and family histories are omitted. GIDDENS, P A U L H . "Trade and industry in Colonial Maryland, 1753-1769," Journal of economic and business history, vol. iv, no. 3 (May, I 9 3 2 ) , PP· 512-538. Tables.

4820.

Transition f r o m a tobacco- to a grain-growing region; the beginnings of m a n u f a c t u r e ; and the rise of Baltimore as an emporium of trade. HARDENBROOK, W I L L I A M T E N EYCK. Financial New York: a history of the banking and financial institutions of the metropolis. Ν. Y.: Franklin Pub. Co., 1897. Pp. 382. Illus. 4821.

Largely a biographical work. Contains anecdotes and information gleaned f r o m men active in New Y o r k finance, or acquainted with it, as well as information f r o m primary and, chiefly, secondary historical sources.

4822. History of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Chicago: The Western Historical Society, 1881. Pp. 1663. Illus. A commercial type of w o r k which contains a great deal of historical information a b o u t men and business units in the following industries: shipping, banks and b a n k ing, insurance, trade and commerce (wholesale and retail), manufactures (foods, metals, leather, wool, hides, beer, etc.), communication and transportation. Also history of the Chamber of Commerce, statistics of trade, etc., and a chapter on "pioneer and representative men and events." Book gives a splendid picture of the development of a business community. M a n y of the data were apparently obtained f r o m business men ; should be checked for accuracy. KARGAN, E . D . Mercantile, historical, and professional Saint Louis. St. Louis: Nixon-Jones Ptg. Co. [1902?]. Pp. 673. Illus., advts. 4823.

1018

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE

MATERIALS

PART

VII

A n effort to publicize the city where the Louisiana Purchase Exposition w a s to be held. Short sketches of industry and of existing companies, contemporary descriptions and history. A typical publicity effort that should be used with care. 4824. LEONARD, J.

Elstner & Co. [c.

W. The industries of Detroit. Detroit, Mich.: Pp. 274. Ulus.

J.

M.

1887].

Obviously designed to attract new business to Detroit. Pages 9-70 sketch: Detroit's early history and present prospects; the organizations for the promotion of the business interests of the city (Board of Trade, Merchants' and Manufacturers' Exchange, Citizens' Association for the General Welfare of Detroit, Detroit Real Estate Board, Builders' Exchange, and Board of Fire Underwriters) ; transportation facilities; and trade. Pages 71-260 give sketches of history and current organizations and activities of leading merchants, manufacturers, bankers, etc., of Detroit. T h i s is an excellent example of the type: its brief notes on firms are useful; it gives a fair picture of the w o r k of an early industrial capitalist city in the Middle W e s t ; and it shows w h a t Detroit business was like just before it entered upon automobile manufacture. 4825. MEASE, JAMES. The picture of Philadelphia, giving an account of its origin, increase and improvements in arts, sciences, manufactures, commerce and revenue . . . . Philadelphia: B. & T. Kite, 1811. Pp. xii, 372. Illus., map, tables. Contains considerable information on trade regulations and institutions in a period of t o w n economy.

4826. PIERCE, BESSIE LOUISE. A history of Chicago. Vol. i, The beginning of a city, 1 6 7 3 - 1 8 4 8 . N. Y.: Knopf, 1937. Pp. xvii, 455, xxxi. Bibliog. A social, political, cultural, and economic history. commerce and banking and currency.

Contains chapters on trade and

4827. PRITCHETT, JOHN PERRY.

The Red River Valley, 1 8 1 1 - 1 8 4 9 : a regional study. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1942. Pp. xvii, 295.

A scholarly and well-written work, useful in the study of the business of colonization and the fur trade, both of which were promoted by T h o m a s Douglas, the Earl of Selkirk. 4828. SMITH, E . VALE. History of Newburyport, from the earliest settlement of the country to the present time: with a biographical appendix. Newburyport, 1854. Pp. viii, 415. Illus., table, bibliog. Commercial interest, 1633-1854, with information about shipbuilding, privateering, foreign trade, fishing, banking, manufacturing, transportation, publishing, insurance, and business men. Tonnage table, 1794-1853. 4829. THURSTON, GEORGE H .

Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the centennial year. Pittsburgh: A. A. Anderson & Son, 1876. Pp. 271. Illus., tables, maps.

CH. 82

PERIODICAL AND SERIAL PUBLICATIONS

1019

Contains much miscellaneous information on industries and firms in Pittsburgh from about 1804 to 1876; almost a directory, 1804-1876, of Pittsburgh business firms. Little on actual operation of business, but moving picture of development through petty into industrial capitalist stage of an important wholesaling and manufacturing center. 4830. THURSTON, GEORGE H . Pittsburgh as it is; or facts and figures, exhibiting the past and present of Pittsburgh, its advantages, resources, manufactures, and commerce, Pittsburgh: W. S. Haven, 1857* Pp• 204. Tables, map. Chapters on various types of manufactures in Pittsburgh, mercantile interests (notably wholesaling) and financial (both chartered and private banks), with directory of firms, amount and type of business, etc. Example of a kind of book, published at the time for many cities, that is valuable as giving good picture of work and structure of business of city with a little on larger policies of individual firms. Saw some of problems of growing industrial cities, for instance, lack of adequate operating capital. 4831. WINSOR, JUSTIN, editor. T h e memorial history of Boston including Suffolk County, Massachusetts. 4 vols. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1881.

Vol. iv, The Last Hundred Years, Special Topics, contains chapters on the following subjects: Industries, Carroll D. Wright and Horace Woddin; Boston as a Centre of Manufacturing Capital, by Edward Atkinson; Canal and Railroad Enterprise, by Charles F. Adams; Finance, by Henry P. Kidder and Francis H. Peabody; Insurance, by Osborne Howes, Jr.; and Trade, Commerce, and Navigation, by Hamilton Andrews Hill.

C H A P T E R 82. P E R I O D I C A L A N D S E R I A L P U B L I C A T I O N S See also Chapter 54 E 7 which lists periodical materials of use to the business man. A.

DIRECTORIES

The Union List is indispensable for the researcher as a guide to titles, years published, and present location in libraries of a wide range of periodicals and serials. 4832. ULRICH, CAROLYN F., editor. Periodicals directory. A classified guide to a selected list of current periodicals, foreign and domestic. N . Y.: R . R . B o w k e r C o . , 1938 ( i s t ed., 1 9 3 2 ) . Pp. 465. Lists a large number of trade journals and other business periodicals, stating when established. 4833. Union list of serials in libraries of the United States and Canada. Edited b y Winifred Gregory. N . Y.: Wilson, 1943. Pp. 3065.

1020

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE

MATERIALS

PART V I I

a. . Supplements, Jan. 1925-June 1936, July 1931-Dec. 1932 and Jan. 1941-Dec. 1943. Edited by G. E. Malikoff. N. Y.: Wilson, 1945. T h e most comprehensive list of serials published oftener than once a year. Gives catalog description of each and libraries where found. Especially useful for tradeassociation publications and trade journals. Invaluable. B.

INDEXES TO PERIODICAL

LITERATURE

Poole's is useful for the nineteenth century; the Annual Magazine Index and Readers' Guide are standard guides to more recent publications including some learned journals. See also Industrial Arts Index ( 4 0 2 5 ) . 4834. Annual magazine subject index, 1907—. Boston: F. W. Faxon Co. Selected American and English periodicals from their first issue to the date of first volume in 1907, and annual index thereafter. Invaluable for coverage of historical publications but not for trade or popular magazines found in Poole's Index or Readers' Guide. Yields little on business.

4835. International index to periodicals, 1907—. N . Y.: Wilson. A cumulative author and subject index listing occasional useful articles not appearing in American indexes on American business in foreign journals.

4836. Poole's index to periodical literature, 1802-1906. First vol., 1882, with later supplements to 1906 and revisions in 1891 and 1901. Boston: Houghton. A subject index to a comprehensive list of periodical publications, American and British. Includes periodicals important to business, such as Hunt's Merchants' Magazine, De Bow's Review, Niles' National Register, Bankers' Magazine (New Y o r k ) , as well as historical publications, such as the Magazine oj American History, New England Historic and Genealogical Register, and such magazines of general interest as the Atlantic Monthly.

4837. Readers' guide to periodical literature, 1900—. N . Y.: Wilson. A cumulative index (cumulative volumes, annual, and monthly). Started in 1901 as index of fifteen popular periodicals; in 1903 absorbed Cumulatine Index, which ran f r o m 1896; and in 1911 absorbed Annual Library Index. Very well done b y professional indexers. Each article entered under author, title, and subject. Covers some publications of national learned societies but important chiefly for listings from popular magazines. Lists occasional articles that are valuable for business history. C.

POPULAR M A G A Z I N E S AND R E V I E W S

Below are listed a few examples of a large periodical literature which has a place in research in the history of business. The more extreme propagan-

CH. 82

PERIODICAL A N D SERIAL PUBLICATIONS

1021

distic publications have not been included. This literature has two general uses in such research : it contains articles about business men or aspects of business ; and it throws light on the climate of opinion in which American business has operated. No rule can be laid down about the credibility of this literature except that it must be used with caution. Generally speaking each publication has been addressed to a particular class or type of reader, but its character also may change with editors and with the times. As the petty capitalist and wage-earning classes have entered the magazine market in increasing numbers, magazines have tended more and more to express the attitude of those classes toward industrial and financial capitalists. The research student, therefore, should use all such materials with close attention to their particular slant or prejudice. Certainly, they should not be relied on largely and yet they should not be overlooked. Useful indexes are listed in the preceding section. 4838. Fortune. Monthly, 1930—. Ν. Y.: Time, Inc. Contains frequent articles on business men and firms. Designed to appeal to business m e n ; written in journalistic style. E m p h a s i s on the spectacular.

Helpful if used w i t h

care. M a n y of its articles are listed in the GUIDE.

4839. The Nation. 1865—, Ν. Y. A

weekly

paper

on

current

events

and

social

and

economic

conditions

which

represents the attitude t o w a r d business, a n d social and economic issues arising o u t of business, of

the "liberal" intellectual

from the

1860's.

Valuable

for the s t u d y

of

changes in opinion on business and government.

4840. North American review. Monthly, 1815-1940.

Boston.

Carried occasional articles which are of interest to business history, general specific in content.

I m p o r t a n t chiefly as an indication of attitude t o w a r d

rather than for i n f o r m a t i o n concerning business.

or

business

A magazine appealing to the more

intellectual of the middle class. D.

L E A R N E D PERIODICALS:

ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL

SCIENCE

4841. The American economic review. Quarterly, 1911—. Evanston, Illinois: American Economic Association. M o r e eclectic than the Q.J.E.

in its articles, and as such more broadly representative

of academic economic thought and research.

Valuable to business history chiefly b e -

cause of its reviewing of current economic literature.

W a s preceded by other publica-

tions of the Association.

4842. The Journal of economic history. Semiannually, 1941—. Ν . Y.: Economic History Association.

1022

RESEARCH A N D REFERENCE MATERIALS

PART VII

Important for articles and reviews of books—the product of recent thinking and research—chiefly in economic history and occasionally in business history.

4843. Journal of political economy. Quarterly, 1892—. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. Articles on current economic theory, historical economics, and economic history.

4844. Political science quarterly: a review devoted to the historical, statistical and comparative study of politics, economics and public law. Quarterly, 1886—. N. Y. Contains articles on finance, currency, labor, industry, legislation, etc., with emphasis on the institutional. Edited for the Academy of Political Science by the faculty of political science of Columbia University.

4845. Quarterly journal of economics. Quarterly, 1886—. Cambridge: Harvard University. Contains occasional factual articles on business, but the emphasis throughout is on theory, chiefly in the classical tradition. T h e oldest existing journal of economic thought in America (the Political Science Quarterly appeared early in the same year but is broader in its interests), it is valuable as a record of an influential segment of academic economic theory.

CHAPTER 83. NEWSPAPERS The general newspaper—for specialized business journals see Chapter 54 E 7—is a very useful source but one of which the research student must be highly critical. Its uses are many; for instance, its advertisements are often valuable in what they reveal about a given company or industry, its news articles may contain information not available elsewhere, it may give leads helpful in placing events or developments in time, it may put the researcher on the track of something important, and it may reflect contemporary attitudes and opinions that are significant. But the student should always remember that the newspaper is only in small part a primary record ; and in the selection of news and in the interpretation of events it is influenced by its editorial policy, which is focussed on its advertisers and readers. The researcher should, therefore, not rely heavily on newspapers as a source and should use them in the light of their general editorial policy and check information taken from them with other sources. A.

GUIDES TO NEWSPAPERS

The libraries of historical societies, universities, and public and private libraries in cities usually have collections of newspapers, especially for their

CH. 83

1023

NEWSPAPERS

region or community. Below are several printed guides to collections and the papers they contain. 4 8 4 6 . American newspapers, 1 8 2 1 - 1 9 3 6 , a union list of files available in the United S t a t e s and Canada. Edited b y Winifred Gregory under the auspices of the Bibliographical Society of America.

Ν . Y . : Wilson,

1937.

P p . 191. 4 8 4 7 . BRIGHAM, CLARENCE S .

"Bibliography

of A m e r i c a n

Newspapers,

1 6 9 0 - 1 8 2 0 , " Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 1 9 1 3 - 1 9 2 7 . Brief historical sketches of newspapers printed in the United States, 1690-1820, stating libraries where each newspaper can be found. 4848.

[ U . S . ] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PERIODICAL DIVISION. A c h e c k l i s t o f

American eighteenth century newspapers in the L i b r a r y of Congress. Originally compiled b y J o h n V a n Ness I n g r a m .

[New ed., rev. and enlarged

b y H . S. P a r s o n s ] . W a s h i n g t o n : Govt. P r . Off., 1936. P p . vi, 4 0 1 . Citations to more than 500 separate newspaper files are classified by place of publication and are grouped by States. Each entry shows the issues of a given newspaper (including photostatic copies) available in the Library of Congress. 4849.

[ U . S . J LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, PERIODICAL DIVISION.

C h e c k list of

foreign newspapers in the L i b r a r y of Congress ; newly compiled . . . [ b y ] H . S. Parsons. . . . Washington, 1 9 2 9 . P p . vi, 2 0 9 . Β.

NEWSPAPER DIRECTORIES

4 8 5 0 . AYER & SON, Ν . W .

American newspaper annual and directory.

[ L a t e r Ν . W . Ayer & Son's D i r e c t o r y of Newspapers and Periodicals.] Philadelphia: N . W . Ayer & Son, I n c . , 1 8 8 0 — . Name, date of first issue, etc., of newspapers and trade publications.

4 8 5 1 . Rowell's American newspaper directory. Ν . Y . : Rowell, 1 8 6 9 - 1 9 0 8 . Illus. Annual, semi-annual, or quarterly directory of all newspapers and periodicals published in the United States, States and territories, the Dominion of Canada, and Newfoundland. Title varies. Merged in 1910 with Ayer's American Newspaper An-

nual and

Directory.

C.

INDEXES

M a n y newspapers have been indexed b y local or S t a t e libraries but such indexes are of uneven value—some are very well done and others are nearly useless.

1024

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE MATERIALS

PART VII

4852. New York Daily Tribune index, 1875-1906. Tribune Assoc., 18761907. 31 vols. N. Y. Brief but useful.

4853. The New York Times Index. 1913—. N. Y.: The New York Times Co. This detailed monthly and annual index to the New York Times is valuable as an index to that paper, and as a master key to other newspapers and periodicals in that it supplies dates of publishing American and foreign news.

CHAPTER 84. LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE No one has explored American literature and folklore as a source of information in the study of business history, yet these have much to offer. The term literature is used here in a broad way. A few general types and examples will be noted. There are, first, the works which deal with business and people in business. For example: the novels of Mary Wilkins, which faithfully picture the life of a certain industrial group; the works of Frank Norris, which are a mixture of truth, exaggeration, and misinterpretation in an effort to lay bare the evils of business ; and the works of Jesse Rainsford Sprague, which have the verisimilitude of business biography. There is also that large body of literature which does not deal directly with business but which is useful because it gives an insight into people in business and the setting of business. Some knowledge of social organization, of social codes and values, and of social mobility (movement from place to place or up or down in the social scale) can be gained from the novel and the play. Further, literature is a means of finding clues to the origin of certain concepts—and illustrations of their embodiment—in American public opinion which have been significant to business. Lastly, literature reflects in a general way the "spirit" of an age. This is not a source which can be used easily or lightly. So-called creative literature is subjective to a degree that the work of the scholar cannot be and yet remain scholarly. But the only question is not how accurately it mirrors reality; there is also the question of how influential it has been in the molding of popular thought and opinion. Unwritten folklore and printed essay, poem, novel, or play not only are influential for a time ; they also hand down from generation to generation attitudes and ideas, the original basis of which may have disappeared. No writer did more to encourage the spirit of independence, self-help,

CH. 8 4

LITERATURE AND

FOLKLORE

1025

and business enterprise among American boys in the late nineteenth century than Horatio Alger. His commonplace stories and crude workmanship, however, invited the scorn of the critics in the early twentieth century when success through one's own effort lost its popularity. For further consideration of Alger, see Chapter 59 above. T h e business historian cannot go far in the use of such material or in the contemplation of its significance. T h a t must be the work of the specialized student of literature. Scholars have made some contribution in this direction. T h e most ambitious work is that of Parrington (4859) who has traced the larger currents in the history of American literature; it is to be questioned whether the bias of his work, however, does not seriously impair its value. It is obvious that to do the work that is needed by the business historian one must be a literary scholar, an objective critic, and a student of business history as well. Wright's, Taylor's, and Coan and Lillard's works, listed below, will be found useful in discovering novels that deal with aspects of business or economic life. Porter's article has special significance as a first effort in the study of " f o l k " attitudes toward business. T h e other works listed were included as examples of books that deal directly with business. 4854.

BRIGHAM, JOHNSON.

T h e banker in literature.

Ν. Y.:

Bankers Pub.

Co., 1910. Pp. viii, 250. Illus. B a n k e r s a s c r e a t o r s of l i t e r a t u r e a n d n o t a b l e b a n k e r s i n 4855.

COAN, OTIS W . ,

and

RICHARD G . LILLARD.

fiction.

Light but useful.

America in fiction; an

annotated list of novels that interpret aspects of life in the United States. California: Stanford Univ. Press, 1941. Pp. 180. A useful guide to novels dealing w i t h business. 4856.

LAWSON, THOMAS W .

Friday, the thirteenth.

Ν.

Y.:

Doubleday,

Page, 1907. Pp. 226. Frontispiece. A novel about speculation on Wall Street b y a m a n w h o k n e w that business f r o m e x p e r i e n c e a n d b e c a m e h i g h l y critical of it. 4857.

LEFÈVRE, E D W I N .

H . Doran Co.

Reminiscences of a stock operator.

A u t h o r a journalist w h o had a close familiarity w i t h ( f i n a n c i a l c a p i t a l i s m ) a n d used t h e m a s f a v o r i t e t o p i c s . though

n a m e s of

persons and

stocks traded

e x p e r i e n c e of a s t o c k o p e r a t o r w h o

George

finance

and

financial

markets

T h i s b o o k is c o n v i n c i n g l y real,

are o f t e n

fictitious;

it d e a l s w i t h

the

b e g a n a s a " b o a r d b o y " in B o s t o n , b e c a m e

b u c k e t s h o p o p e r a t o r , a n d a W a l l S t r e e t trader. Stockbroker

Ν. Y.:

[c. 1923]. Pp. 299.

T h e s a m e a u t h o r ' s The

( N e w Y o r k , c. 1925) deals s i m i l a r l y w i t h a b r o k e r .

Making

a

0} a

1026

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE MATERIALS

PART VII

Also wrote Samson Rock of Wall Street, The Golden Flood, and other stories dealing with Wall Street of the early 20th century. 4858. NORRIS, FRANK. T h e pit: a story of Chicago. N . Y.: Doubleday, Page, 1903. Pp. 421. A novel about speculation in wheat on the Chicago Board of Trade of the muckraker "school" of literature concerned with business. 4859. PARRINGTON, VERNON LOUIS. Main currents in American thought: an interpretation of American literature from the beginnings to 1920. 3 vols. N . Y.: Harcourt [c. 1 9 2 7 - 3 0 ] . Vol. i: 1620-1800, The Colonial Mind; vol. ii, 1800-1860, The Romantic Revolution in America; vol. iii, 1860-1Q20, The Beginnings of Critical Realism in America. Though one may differ with some of the author's basic assumptions and ideas, this work has much to offer on the thought milieu of American business and the attitudes toward business found in American literature. In their treatment of business these volumes are one-sided, superficial, and incomplete. 4860. PORTER, KENNETH W. "The business man in American folklore," Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, vol. xviii, no. 5 ( N o v . , 1944), pp.

113-130.

A suggestive attempt to assay the "folk" attitude toward business. 4861. SINCLAIR, UPTON. T h e jungle. Pp. 4 1 3 .

Pub. b y author, 1920 [c. 1 9 0 5 ] .

Exposing the evils of Chicago meat-packing concerns by a critic of private enterprise, especially big business. 4862. SPRAGUE, JESSE RAINSFORD. An American banker. N . Y.: Morrow, 1 9 2 9 . Pp. vi, 2 4 2 . A fictitious (but convincingly real) business autobiography of a banker who rose from his position as a clerk in a small-town bank in 1894 to presidency of a great New York bank in 1926. Stresses importance of individual character and personality in business. 4863.

SPRAGUE, JESSE RAINSFORD.

The

making

of

a merchant.

N.

Y.:

Morrow, 1928. Pp. xi, 209. Story of a man's experience as apprentice, manager, and owner of a general store that became a department store, I88O'S-I92O'S. Written as fiction, but apparently largely biographical. Philosophy of business, problems, policy, and management. 4864. TAYLOR, WALTER F. T h e economic novel in America. Chapel Hill: Univ. of N o r t h Carolina Press, 1942.. Pp. 365. Bibliog.

CH. 85

WORKS OF F O R E I G N TRAVELERS I N AMERICA

1027

4 8 6 5 . WRIGHT, LYLE H . , compiler. American fiction, 1 7 7 4 - 1 8 5 0 ; a contribution toward a bibliography.

(Henry E . Huntington Library

[San

Marino, Calif.] publications.) London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1 9 3 9 . Pp. 224. Useful in studying popular literature as an indication of attitudes toward business.

C H A P T E R 85. W O R K S O F F O R E I G N T R A V E L E R S I N

AMERICA

Foreign travelers in America have been especially interested in the American, himself, and in American social, political, and economic life. There is probably no better general appraisal for the 1 8 3 0 ' s of the " s p i r i t " of the Americans in general and in regard to business in particular than that of de Tocqueville ( 1 9 7 ) . 4 8 6 6 . CHAMBERS, WILLIAM. Things as they are in America. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1 8 5 4 .

London and Edinburgh:

William &

Robert Chambers, 1 8 5 4 . Pp. vi, 3 6 4 . A better example of a type of book, the observations of a foreign traveler, which has something for business history. Catches much of the "spirit" of America and describes some aspects of its business institutions and industries; contains excellent descriptions of New York hotels and their operation, of the Lowell factory system, and of the work of the train conductor. Though it contains almost nothing on business administration, it is a valuable type of book for business history. 4 8 6 7 . MONAGHAN, FRANK. French travelers in the United States, 1 7 6 5 1 9 3 2 : a bibliography. N . Y . : N . Y . Public Library, 1 9 3 3 . Pp. 1 1 4 . 4 8 6 8 . RAIT, R . S.

"British writers on the United States," Quarterly re-

view, Apr., 1 9 1 8 , pp. 3 5 7 - 3 7 1 · 4 8 6 9 . WRIGHT, L o u i s B., and MARION TINLING, editors. Quebec to Carolina in 1 7 8 5 - 1 7 8 6 : being the travel diary and observations of Robert Hunter, Jr., a young merchant of London.

(Huntington Library publications.)

San Marino, Calif.: T h e Huntington Library, 1 9 4 3 . Pp. ix, 3 9 3 . The diarist was the son of a London merchant sent to America to participate in the collection of debts owed to his father. He evinces no interest in business and does not seem to have been aware of the prevailing hard times but was impressed with genteel men and charming ladies. Found most towns shabby; only Philadelphia, Boston, and New York might be regarded as attractive. Does contain something on business. Pages 312-376 of the editor's notes are of value for the study of the American business man of that time.

1028

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE

MATERIALS

PART V I I

CHAPTER 86. GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AIDS Specialized bibliographies are scattered throughout this volume in the particular sections to which they relate. Below are listed general bibliographies or specialized bibliographies for which there was no place elsewhere. Three books below should be familiar to all research students and writers in business history: Beers' especially, and Culver's and Mudge's (including the earlier edition by Kroeger). A useful list is the Library of Congress' Publications Issued since 1897. Channing, Hart, and Turner's Guide is an old work that is especially useful as a key to materials on the governmental or political setting of American business to the early twentieth century; Turner and Merk's bibliography of western history lists economic material as well. For guides to periodical literature see Chapter 82. B E E R S , H E N R Y P . Bibliographies in American history, a guide to material for research. Rev. ed. Ν. Y.: Wilson, 1942. Pp. xv, 487. 4870.

A comprehensive bibliographical list according to subject, title, and author of publications printed before 1941 concerning all phases of American history regardless of the date or place of publication.

Ch. 1, "General Aids," and Ch. π ι , " T h e United

States," contain reference guides to other bibliographies, periodicals and their indexes, newspapers, dissertations, and faculty publications as well as to public documents, including the National Archives, governmental publications, and secondary works in American history. Territories.

Chs. x i n and xiv list works pertaining to each of the States and

The remainder of the book is subdivided into chapters by the fields of

specialization in American history approved by the American Historical Association. 4 8 7 1 . B E M I S , S A M U E L FLAGG, and G R A C E G A R D N E R G R I F F I N . Guide to the diplomatic history of the United States, 1775-1921. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1935. Pp. xvii, 979.

4872. Bibliographic index, a cumulative bibliography of bibliographies [1937-1942 and 1943-1944 items published as separate volumes in a series of bound volumes with a monthly periodical supplement entitled "Bibliographic Index" listing the currently published items in this general field]. Ν. Y.: Wilson, 1945—. A cumulative current index of bibliographical materials recently published in books, pamphlets, and periodicals.

The index is "solely a subject list," including names of

persons and companies. The topical headings include many useful for the student of business history.

The surnames of business men, firm names, place names, processes

of manufacture, and specific industries should all be examined, as well as such general

CH. 86

GENERAL

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

1029

topics as business, industry, management, manufacture, marketing, production, retailing, autobiography, and biography. BOWKER, R . R . , and GEORGE ILES, editors. The reader's guide in economic, social, and political science: being a classified bibliography, American, English, French, and German, with descriptive notes, author, title, and subject index, courses of reading, college courses, etc. (Economic tracts no. xxvii.) Ν. Y.: The Society for Political Education, 1891. Pp. 169. 4873.

Valuable as a survey of the current literature, ness. Chiefly theoretical. Includes sections on money, currency and banking; commerce and finance; post-office and telegraph service. Shows supposed to be reading.

a small part of which was on busiland and rent; capital and labor; trade; international trade; public what the well-informed person was

4874. CANNONS, H . G. T., compiler. Classified guide to 1700 annuals, directories, calendars & year books. London: Grafton & Co.; Ν. Y.: Wilson, 1923. Pp. 196. Classified lists, chiefly of English and Empire publications but also of American material. Business and non-business. F o r many items, helpful descriptions and evaluations. 4 8 7 5 . CAPPON, LESTER. Bibliography of Virginia history since 1865. University, Va.: Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, 1930. Pp. xiv, 900. 4876.

CHANNING,

EDWARD,

ALBERT

BUSHNELL

HART,

and

FREDERICK

Guide to the study and reading of American history. Rev. ed. Boston: Ginn, 1912. Pp. χ vi, 650. Chap, bibliogs.

JACKSON T U R N E R .

Useful guide to political or governmental and other material up to early 20th century. CULVER, DOROTHY C . Methodology of social science research: a bibliography. Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press, 1936. Pp. x, 159. Index. 4877.

A selected and annotated bibliography of the studies (published 1920 and 1936) of scientific methods and techniques useful for research and publication in the social sciences. Anyone working in the field of business history should be familiar with this guide especially because it attempts to make available the materials contributed from the several social sciences to a unified scientific research technique applicable to most of them. 4878.

...

GRIFFIN, GRACE GARDNER, compiler. Writings of American history : a bibliography of books and articles on United States and Canadian

1030

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE

MATERIALS

PART VII

history published during the year . . . with some memoranda on other portions of America. 1906-1938—. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1908—. This is an important w o r k ; its coverage is broad and it is fully indexed. I t includes articles and books on business history and related fields. In the preparation of one or more of the volumes for 1933-38, Dorothy M . Louraine, Katherine M . Tate, and Margaret Κ . Patterson participated in the compilation.

4879. Handbook of Latin American studies. . . . Cambridge: Harvard, 1936—. This series of annual publications makes an exhaustive social science bibliography for studies published since 1936 pertaining to Latin America. 4 8 8 0 . M U D G E , ISADORE GILBERT. Guide to reference books. 6th ed. Chicago: American Library Association, 1936. Pp. x, 504. M o s t useful reference manual on current materials, chiefly books, with descriptive and historical information on many items. Includes sections on periodicals, with directories and check lists of newspapers and other current material; publications of societies ; encyclopedias ; printed dissertations ; dictionaries ; social sciences—labor, business and commerce, business management, finance, insurance, post office, railroads; useful arts—agriculture, industrial arts, engineering, aeronautics, mining and metallurgy, patents, manufactures, printing, etc. ; biography ; government documents—federal, State, and city; bibliography. Originally published in 1902 as Guide to the Study and Use of Reference Alice B. Kroeger.

Books

by

Selected list of books and articles on Japan in English, French, and German, compiled by Hugh Barton, Serge Elisséeff, Edwin O. Reischauer. Washington: Committee on Japanese Studies, American Council of Learned Societies, 1940. Pp. x, 142.

48'81.

Annotated bibliography arranged topically, e.g., economic history, foreign relations, biography, economics (general, banking and finance, industry, and trade). 4 8 8 2 . [ T R Ü B N E R , N I K O L A U S . ] Trübner's bibliographical guide to American literature; being a classified list of books, in all departments of literature and science, published in the United States of America during the last forty years. London: Trübner & Co., 1855. Pp. xxxii, 108. A classified annotated bibliographical guide for books published during the first half of the 19th century. A separate list of general bibliographies is given on pp. xxxixxxii. The following sections offer help to the business historian: jurisprudence, natural history, and science (especially chemistry, geology, and mineralogy), history (including "biography, correspondence, historical memoirs"), geography (expeditions, voyages, travels, etc.), military and naval science (including navigation, shipping, shipbuilding, surveying, and ordnance), politics (including "banking, commerce, currency, political economy, statistics"), useful arts (including engineering, manufactures, machinery), guide books, atlases and maps, and periodicals.

CH. 87

GENERAL REFERENCE

1031

WORKS

4 8 8 3 . T U R N E R , FREDERICK JACKSON, a n d FREDERICK M E R K .

L i s t of

ref-

erences on the history of the West. Cambridge: Harvard, 1938. Pp. 156. Contains useful short bibliographies on economic history (transportation, industries, banking, regulation, etc.) of different regions in the U. S. with emphasis on early history of a region.

4884. [ U . S.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. P u b l i c a t i o n s issued b y the L i b r a r y

since 1897. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1920. Pp. 56. Index. A useful classified list of publications of the Library

(except a few obsolete and

out-of-print ones) from 1897 to 1920. The section headed "catalogs and lists" provides a convenient and useful record of the bibliographical reference lists for many specialized topics of interest to the business historian.

C H A P T E R 87. G E N E R A L R E F E R E N C E W O R K S Below are listed reference books of a general nature. Reference materials dealing exclusively or principally with business are found in Chapter 54 or under the various topics throughout the book with which they specifically deal. They should be sought through the Table of Contents and the Index. The most useful general guide to current reference materials is Mudge's Guide to Reference Books (4880) published in 1 9 3 6 ; the earlier edition of 1902 by Kroeger and intermediate editions should also be consulted. A.

YEARBOOKS AND A L M A N A C S

4885. The American year book: a record of events and progress. 1 9 1 0 — . Edited with the cooperation of a supervisory board representing national learned societies. Ν . Y . : Thomas Nelson & Sons. "Social, political and economic compendium of American l i f e " for current years. One small section on business, becoming more useful in later years. Summary tables, events, conditions, etc.

4886. Appleton's annual cyclopaedia and register of important events. 42 vols., 1 8 6 1 - 1 9 0 2 . Ν . Y . : Appleton, 1 8 6 2 - 1 9 0 3 . Illus., portraits, maps. Consult for events, biographies, and articles and tables on such topics as insurance, finance, and failures, some of which go back several decades.

Separate indexes in

1876 and 1888 and in new series, vol. xx, and third series, vol. vii.

4887. International yearbook: a compendium of the world's progress. 5 vols., 1 8 9 8 - 1 9 0 2 . N . Y . : Dodd, Mead. Illus., maps, tables. Useful for reference.

Business conditions and important events, under topics as

follows: strikes, mergers, banks, iron and steel, manufacture, etc.

1032

RESEARCH AND R E F E R E N C E

MATERIALS

PART V I I

4888. The new international year book: a compendium of the world's progress. 1907—. N . Y.: Funk & Wagnalls Co. Illus., maps, tables. An annual encyclopedia of events, biography, and political, social, economic, scientific, etc., conditions and developments. First volume contains brief summaries f o r 1903-06. Relatively little on business.

4889. The Statesman's year-book: statistical and historical annual of the states of the world for the year. 1864—. London: Macmillan. Maps, tables, scattered bibliogs. Statistical and other information, some of which deals with production, marketing, etc.

finance,

4890. World almanac. Annual, 1894—. N . Y. A handy (but not always accurate) reference covering a wide range of economic, political, and social subjects, U. S. and foreign. Established by the New Y o r k World and published for several years as a monthly. B . ENCYCLOPEDIAS AND DICTIONARIES

Excepting articles in the Encyclopaedia 0} the Social Sciences, there is little material in the works listed below that deals with business directly. Biographies of business men and information about places, commodities, technique, and, occasionally, about business organization are scattered through the volumes. Wherever business crosses politics, economics, or art, The Encyclopaedia Britannica, in particular, in its various editions will prove useful. Under each section of this GUIDE have been listed the encyclopedias and dictionaries relating particularly to that section. See especially Chapter 31 E 3 and Chapter 54 E 3 and 5. 4 8 9 1 . ADAMS, JAMES TRUSLOW, editor-in-chief. Dictionary of American history. Vols, i - v and index. N . Y.: Scribner's, 1940. A dictionary of men and events in American history which gives much attention to political and military affairs, is not strong on economic history, and contains little business history. Useful for business history chiefly in its short articles on such topics as transportation (which deals with the development of facilities), banking (concerned with chartered banking systems and regulation), tariff acts, and government regulation in general. Rather rigidly excludes men, and lists few business men. Bibliographies usually list only a few and very obvious books—general rather than specific, and often old—and are not uniformly such as one might expect from a work of scholars. Included for want of a better w o r k of its kind.

4892. Chamber's encyclopaedia: a dictionary of universal knowledge. New ed. 10 vols. London: William & Robert Chambers, Ltd.; Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1901.

CH. 87

GENERAL REFERENCE

1033

WORKS

First published in 1728 (as E . Chambers' Cyclopaedia: or, an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences; Containing an Explanation of the Terms, and an Account of the Liberal and Mechanical Arts. . . .) a n d in m a n y later editions (latest in 1923), this w o r k contains short explanations of terms, institutions, and techniques with some history and bibliography. I t was the first extensive a n d reliable British encyclopedia. 4893.

CONRAD, J . , L . ELSTER, W .

LEXIS,

H a n d w ö r t e r b u c h der Staatswissenschaften. 2 vols.

and

EDG. LOENING,

a.

. Supplementband.

b.

. Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften.

Jena: Fischer, 1 8 9 5 - 9 7 .

wig Elster, Adolf Weber, and Friedrich Wieser. 1923-29.

I n d e x e s i n v o l s , v i i i a n d ix.

editors.

6 vols. Jena: Fischer, 1 8 9 0 - 9 4 .

9 vols.

Bibliog.

Edited by LudJena:

Fischer,

Bibliog.

4 8 9 4 . T h e c y c l o p a e d i a ; or, u n i v e r s a l d i c t i o n a r y of arts, sciences, a n d literature.

A b r a h a m Rees, editor.

3 9 v o l s , a n d 6 v o l s , of p l a t e s .

printed for L o n g m a n , Hurst, R e e s , O r m e , & B r o w n

. . .

London:

1819-20.

T h o u g h chiefly cultural is useful for the student of the history of business for the early 19th century. 4 8 9 5 . T h e e n c y c l o p e d i a A m e r i c a n a : a l i b r a r y of u n i v e r s a l k n o w l e d g e . vols. N . Y . : A m e r i c a n a Corporation, 1 9 3 2 [c. 1 9 1 8 , e t c . ] .

30

Ulus.

First published in 1903-04; several subsequent revisions. A useful general encyclopedia emphasizing the technical. H e l p f u l on current business organization a n d methods, and frequently gives i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e institutional aspects of the development of business. Facts need checking. 4 8 9 6 . T h e e n c y c l o p a e d i a B r i t a n n i c a : a n e w s u r v e y of u n i v e r s a l k n o w l e d g e . 14th ed. 24 vols. L o n d o n :

Encyclopaedia

Britannica Co., Ltd.;

N.

Y.:

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. (c. 1 9 2 9 ) . Contains some i m p o r t a n t articles on business, for instance, "Mass P r o d u c t i o n " by H e n r y Ford, " M o t o r C a r " by C. F. Kettering, a n d "Office M a n a g e m e n t " by W . F. Leffingwell. Emphasis is on technical or scientific a n d contemporary, with considerable on business organization and management, some on history, b u t little on administration. N o entry for "business." Earlier editions are of considerable historical value, especially those which are considerable revisions (ist-4th, 7th—gth, n t h ) . 4 8 9 7 . E n c y c l o p a e d i a of t h e s o c i a l s c i e n c e s . Alvin Johnson, editors.

E d w i n R. A. Seligman

15 vols. N . Y.: Macmillan,

and

1930-35.

Social sciences are treated f r o m a theoretical aspect rather than f a c t u a l ; business as the chief s u b s t r a t u m of social effort is almost wholly overlooked. Some descriptive articles are valuable for industries. Private business—the m a n and the firm—is n o t in it as such; public business—cooperation, socialism, a n d communism—is considered. Consult vol. XV for classified index, especially on "business," "business and finance," (including biographies), and "business" through "business trusts."

1034

RESEARCH AND REFERENCE

MATERIALS

PART V I I

MURRAY, J. A . H . A new English dictionary on historical principles, io vols. Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon Press, 1888-1933. a. . Oxford English dictionary, being a corrected reissue, with an introduction, supplement, and bibliography. 12 vols. Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon Press, 1933. 4898.

For the historian the most important dictionary in the English language.

Meaning,

origin, and history of words, obsolete or still in use.

4899. Palgrave's dictionary of political economy. Henry Higgs, editor. 3 vols. London: Macmillan, 1925. Pp. xvii, 924; xviii, 962; xxii, 849. This work, first printed in 1894, is here reproduced with some changes which have not affected the main character of the volumes. The editor assisted in preparing the first edition. It was originally worked up by R . H . Inglis Palgrave with the assistance of leading economists, chiefly English and American, as well as historians and lawyers. It contains short or longer articles on economists of various times, countries, and schools (listing their work), theories, and schools or systems; and on institutions, organizations, and events of economic significance.

A product of classical and neo-

classical economists, chiefly, it almost entirely overlooks business administration.

As

far as business is considered, its interest is in the formal structure rather than the functioning. C.

GENERAL DIRECTORIES

General city directories are specially valuable for their lists of individuals and firms and for information concerning location and type of occupation or business, sometimes classified according to business. They also give a useful over-all picture of the business organization and kinds of business in different types of communities; and they are indispensable in the study of petty, mercantile, industrial, and financial capitalism. City directories were first published in the eighteenth century: for Philadelphia, 1785; New York, 1786; Boston, 1789; and Baltimore, 1796. Directories appeared in other cities as follows: Charleston, 1802; New Orleans, 1805; Pittsburgh, 1815; Richmond and Cincinnati, 1819; Buffalo, 1828; Louisville and Detroit, 1832; Chicago, 1839; New Haven, 1840; St. Louis, 1842; Milwaukee, 1847; Sacramento, 1857. A list of publishers of city directories in 1934 is given in the Mailing List Sources (4036). Local libraries and State and other historical societies and chambers of commerce generally have collections of directories for their city, State, and region. The Library of Congress, the New England Historic Genealogical Society (Boston), and the American Antiquarian Society (Worcester) have large collections drawn from the whole country as have also other historical libraries. Some directory publishers also have collections. Telephone directories, particularly the classified sections, are also useful.

CH. 87

GENERAL R E F E R E N C E WORKS

1035

They have, however, not been preserved so generally as have city directories. See also directories in Chapter 54 E 4. D . HISTORICAL ATLASES AND GEOGRAPHICAL MATERIALS

There is no historical atlas that is especially designed for the use of economic or business history, and historical atlases are generally weak in those fields. Paullin's is the most useful. The research student in business history must search in libraries and books and should consult publications of the United States Geological Survey and other government agencies for maps to fit his particular needs. 4900. ADAMS, JAMES TRUSLOW, editor. Atlas of American history. N. Y.: Scribner's, 1943. Pp. xi, 360. This, the latest atlas of American history, is concerned with discovery, westward movement, territories and States, and extension of communication. It highlights the need for an historical economic atlas of the U. S.

and ELIZABETH H. LORD. Historical atlas of the United States. N. Y.: Holt, 1944. Pp. xviii, 253. 4 9 0 1 . LORD, CLIFFORD L . ,

Economic, political, social. Sources discussed on pages vii-viii.

Atlas of historical geography of the United States. [Washington] : Carnegie Institution of Washington and the American Geographic Society of New York, 1932. Pp. xi, 162. Plates. 4 9 0 2 . PAULLIN, CHARLES D .

Plates 1-7, natural environment; 40-59, lands; 67B-80A, population; 133-147, industries and transportation; 148-151, foreign commerce; 152-155, distribution of wealth. Frederick Merk, in a review in the New England Quarterly (Sept., 1933), calls attention to the uneven scholarship and cartographic art of the collection.

4903. SHEPHERD, WILLIAM R. Historical atlas. London: Univ. of London Press, 1930. Pp. xi, 114. A late edition of a work first published in 1911. Political, not economic. with emphasis on the western countries, ancient times to 1920's.

World,

4 9 0 4 . [ U . S.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, DIVISION OF M A P S . List of geographical atlases in the Library of Congress, with bibliographical notes. By P. L. Phillips. 4 vols. Washington: Govt. Pr. Off., 1909-20.

INDEX R e f e r e n c e is t o i t e m n u m b e r unless page ( p . ) is i n d i c a t e d . A u t h o r s a n d persons as s u b j e c t s are n o t d i f f e r e n t i a t e d . A b b o t , W i l l i s J., 3 2 1 0 A b b o t t , C h a r l e s C o r t e z , 1643, 3668, 4433 A b b o t t , E d i t h , 4279 A b b o t t , L a w r e n c e F . , 774 A b e r t h a w C o n s t r u c t i o n C o . , 724 A b r a h a m s o n , V i c t o r , 4439 A b s e n t e e o w n e r s h i p , 178, 2714, 3 0 1 7 , 36SS; of l a n d , 3017 Absenteeism, resulting f r o m f a t i g u e , 3738 A c a d e m y of P o l i t i c a l Science, 4844 A c c e p t a n c e s , 1560, 1 5 6 3 - 1 5 6 4 , 1568, 1 7 4 1 , 1759, 1984; foreign, 1551. See also C r e d i t i n s t r u m e n t s ; F i n a n c e ; F o r e i g n t r a d e , financing of A c c i d e n t s , see I n d u s t r i a l a c c i d e n t s ; I n surance; Railroads Accountants, public, a c t i v i t i e s o f , 1975 ; a d v e r t i s i n g b y , 3990; as l i q u i d a t o r s , 3991 ; as trustees in b a n k r u p t c y , 3991 ; associations o f , 3602, 3967, 3 9 7 7 , 3 9 9 4 ; d i r e c t o r y o f , 1 9 7 7 , 3983, 4 0 7 5 ; m i g r a t i o n o f , 3968, 3 9 9 4 ; pioneers, 3975. See also A c c o u n t i n g , p u b l i c A c c o u n t i n g , 3676, 3 9 6 7 - 3 9 9 5 ¡ a s distinct f r o m b o o k k e e p i n g , 3968 ; as m e a n s of c o n t r o l , 2633, 2672-2680, 3622, 3636, also p p . 8 2 7 - 8 3 4 ; bibliography, 3971, 3987; British influence, 3974; d e v e l o p m e n t , 3968, 3 9 7 2 ; e c o n o m i c aspects, 3993 ; e d u c a t i o n , 3977, 3994; e n c y c l o p e d i a , 3969 ; ethics, 3990; e v o l u t i o n , 3982 ; legislation, 3977 ;

mechanical

appliances,

3708,

3711,

3967; m e d i e v a l , 4032 ; m e t h o d s , 3969, 3993, 3 9 9 5 ; proposed reform of, 3622; records, use of b y historian, p p . 2 3 - 2 4 ; t e r m i n o l o g y , 3969. See also A c c o u n t a n t s , p u b l i c ; A c c o u n t ing, p u b l i c ; specific industries and trades Accounting, public, 3967-3995; as a p r o f e s s i o n , 3990; clients, 3990; development,

3972,

3981,

3984,

3986,

3991; ethics, 3977, 3990; fees, 3990; firms, 3978, 3 9 9 2 ; legislation, 3 9 9 4 ; origin, 3991 ; status, 3972, 3978. See also A c c o u n t a n t s , p u b l i c A c k e r m a n , C a r l W . , 463 A c k e r m a n , E d w a r d Α . , 2032 A c k e r m a n , W i l l i a m K . , 958 A c k e r m a n n , G e r t r u d e W . , 4706 A c t u a r i a l S o c i e t y of America^, 2139 A d a m s , A r t h u r Β . , 1 2 4 1 , 4574 A d a m s , C h a r l e s F r a n c i s , J r . , 1 5 1 9 , 3289. 3318, 3319, 3559 A d a m s , E d w a r d F . , 1076 A d a m s , F r e d e r i c k U p h a m , 1013 A d a m s , H e n r y , 3319, 4386 A d a m s , H e n r y C . , 205, 4459 A d a m s , J a m e s T r u s l o w , 3840, 4891, 4900 A d a m s , Jessie B . , 2417 A d a m s , J o h n Q u i n c y , 4444 A d a m s , R . L . , 1077 A d a m s , T h o m a s S e w a l l , 4280 A d a m s E x p r e s s C o . , 955, 3109, 3 1 1 2 A d l e r , C y r u s , 550 A d l e r , E d w a r d Α . , 442 7-442 7a

INDEX

1038

Administration, public, 196, 295. See also Business administration; U. S. government Administrative law, history of, 231 Administrator concept of capitalism, p. 36 Administrators, 1024. See also Business administrators Admiralty, law of, 231, 2291 Adult education, see Business education; Company and association schools ; Correspondence schools Advertising, 442, 748, 1212-1213, 1231, 1244, 1419-1437, 3579; associations, 1427; consumer, 1277, 1424; copy, 1432, 1435; cost, 1247, 1434, 1437; directories, 4850-4851 ; economic effects, 1421; encyclopedias, 1426 ; ethics, 1296, 1424, 4102; evolution, 1026, 1421, 1432, 1435; media, 490, 1315, 1422, 1425, 14351436, 4046, 4059. 4064-4065, 4071, 4074, 4850-4851 ; men in, 1427 ; public relations, 1424; statistics, 3996; techniques, 1420, 1427-1428, 3802; unfair practices, 1296, 4115; volume, 1436. See also

specific

media

Advertising agencies, 254, 372, 759, 1422; clients, 1434; compensation, 1437; management, 759; men in, 372-373, 7S9, 1419, M27; policy, 759; position in the industry, 1429 ; public relations, 759; publications, 1419; rates, 1434; record-preservation by, 4716 Advice, literature of, 4226-4253, 4798 Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America, 3076-3076a Aeronautical industry, development of, 1027 Aetna Insurance Co., 767 Aftalion, Albert, 4575

Age groups, census of, 203 Agg, Thomas R., 3113 Agricultural Credits Act, 1784 Agricultural History Society, 1078 Agricultural implements industry, 843, 845, 847-849, 852, 1043, 1069, 2324; administration, 443, 448, 452; advertising, 847 ; biographies, 843, 845; branches, 847 ; capitalization, 855 ; competition, 443, 855; consolidations, 843; credit policies, 442 ; dealers, 2501 ; employee benefits, 4281 ; financing, 1279; firms, 2500; government regulation, 855; industrial relations, 852 ; inventions, 442, 1069; marketing, 442, 452, 1245, 1279; methods, 443, 1069; organization, 847, 855, 1279; ownership, 852; patent difficulties, 442, 2501 ; policy, 443; price maintenance, 2501 ; production, 452; products, 1069, 2500; profits, 855 ; purchasing, 1279; raw materials, 852 ; relation to labor efficiency, 1069; trade associations, 2501 Agricultural journals, 485 Agricultural products, advertising costs, 1247; consumer cooperatives, 1322; cooperative marketing, 1229-1240, 1247, 1254; exchanges, 1250; finance, 1250; marketing, 1215-1255, 3155, 3182; prices, 1231, 1250, 4605-4622; processing, pp. 503-511; purchasing, cooperative, 1322; standardization, 1247; storage, 1247, 1250 Agriculture, 5-18, 635-638, 1024, 1026, 1028-1029, 1033-1034, 2339-2385, 3622, also pp. 248-259; and New Deal, 2 2 2 ;

1039

INDEX as a business, 1076, 1088; bibliography, 1 0 3 9 - 1 0 4 0 ; competition, 1062 ; credit, 1515, 1732; credit, federal intermediate, 1 7 8 3 - 1 7 9 7 ; crises, 1787; crops, J 0 4 3 , 1 0 7 1 ; development, 1043, 1056; diversification, 1071; economic aspects, 1071, 1076, 1084, 1087,

1091;

education, 1043, 1046; effect of war upon, 1058; employment, 1 0 4 1 , 4 2 9 2 ; expenses, 4 6 5 4 ; experiment stations, 1046, 1051; exports, 1062, 1092 ; fairs, 1046; farm organization, 1043 ; farmers' institutes, 1046; finance, 670, 1057, 1063, 1247,

1685,

1783-1797;

foreign markets, 1062; government aid, 1044, JOSi, i°73 - i°74> 1783-1797; government relations, 1044, 1081; income from, 4654; indebtedness, 1092 ; Indian trade, 1057; international yearbook, 1083; labor, 1 0 4 3 , 1 0 7 1 , 4 6 8 0 ; labor, slave, 2 0 1 , 3 3 8 , 6 3 5 - 6 3 8 , 1 0 4 2 , 1057; land tenure,

1043,

1056-1057,

1077,

1091-1092 ;

legislation, 1 0 6 3 , 4 0 8 3 ; long-time trends, 4 5 9 9 ; marketing, 1043, 1078, 1247, 1786; marketing, cooperative, 1063, 1092, 1229-1240, 3919-3920,

marketing 1074,

3938;

organization,

1057,

1063,

1247;

markets, 1071, 1247; men,

343-348 ;

methods, 1057, 1063, 1071; periodicals, 1046 ; policy, 1054; prices, 1057, 1062 ; processes, 1029; production, methods of, 1043, 1078; production, volume of, 1041, 1043, 1092,

2339;

products, 1057, 1094; profits, 4 6 7 3 ;

public relations, 1078; purchasing, cooperative, 1092; research, 1 0 7 3 , 4 0 0 7 ; social aspects, 1076; soil exhaustion, 1052 ; stages of, 1056 ; statistics of, 1038, 1083, 1094; wages, 1 0 4 3 , 1 0 5 7 , 4 6 5 4 , 4 6 8 0 ; women in, 4261. See also Animal husbandry; Cattle industry; Dairy industry; Farm management; Food industry; Livestock industry; Plantations Air-mail transportation, 3 0 8 6 , 4 4 4 6 Air transportation, see Aviation industry Aircraft insurance, 2 2 8 9 Alabama, 1500; banking in, 697, 1700; coal and iron industry, 2 4 4 4 ; plantation management, 637 Alaska, 1019, 2051; gold-mining in, 2 8 0 8 Albany, N. Y . , business directory, 4 0 4 8 Albion, Robert G., 1 4 9 5 - 1 4 9 6 ,

2070,

3211-

3212

Alcoholic beverages, advertising of, 1422 ; production of, 1048 Alderfer, Evan Benner, 2 6 8 5 Alderson, Bernard, 429 Aldrich, Paul I., 2 3 4 4 Alexander, Charles B., 2150 Alexander, Edwin P., 2 4 8 9 Alexander, R. S., 1504 Alexander, William, 775, 2151 Alexander Hamilton Institute, 4 2 0 9 Alford, Leon P., 2 6 2 2 - 2 6 2 4 Alger, Horatio, biography of, 4 2 4 4 Alger, Smith & Co., 4 8 2 4 Allan, Hugh, 3 2 2 4 Allen, A. P., 1175 Allen, Franklin, 2 5 7 5 Allen, Frederick J., 2 4 7 4 , 3 6 3 5 , 4 2 5 4 Allen, Gardner Weld, 1325 Allen, George E., 1706 Allen, Hugh, 883 Allen, S. & M., 685 Allen, William H., 478 Ailing & Cory Co., 859 Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., 2 4 4 3 Alloys, see Metals and metal products Almanacs, 4 8 9 0 . See also Yearbooks

1040

INDEX American, British

A l m y & B r o w n , 459 Alsager, Christen Martin, 4031 Company

of

America,

858,

Aluminum industry, 558, 1030; 2507;

cartels,

2508,

4289

American American American American

2508

alloys,

Corp.,

American Bureau of Industrial Research,

A l s b e r g , C . L . , 2385

Aluminum

& Continental

1865

3910;

Bureau of Shipping, 3287 Centennial Exhibition, 2610 Cotton-Seed Oil Co., 3850 Cotton Manufacturers Associa-

t i o n , 2537

c o m p a n i e s , 2507 ;

competition, 2511; federal investigation, 858; monopoly, 2511;

American Council of Learned Societies, Joint Committee on Materials for R e -

p e r s o n n e l , 2507 ;

American

policies, 2 5 0 8 ; processes, 2 5 0 4 , 2 5 0 8 ; product, uses of, 2 5 0 6 ,

s e a r c h , 4702

Economic Association, 4 4 7 5 , also p. 1 5 American Economic Review, 4841 American Electric Railway Association, 4576, 4762,

2508;

p r o d u c t i o n , 2507

Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, 3518 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of A m e r ica,

2437

Amalgamated Copper Co., 403 Ambler, Charles Henry, 3151 American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2227,

1326,

2278,

3714,

2126-2126C, 4102,

4183,

2152, 4281-

4282, 4 3 7 5 , 4488, 4504

American Acceptance Council, 1984 American Aeronautical Society, 3091 American Antiquarian Society, 4775 American-Asiatic Steamship Co., 3280 American Association for Highway Improvement, 3115 American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business, 4 2 1 1 - 4 2 1 2 American Association of L a w

3500,

3526

American Engineering Council, 4376 American Exchange National Bank, N . Y . , ISSI American Exporter, 1399 American Express Co., 9 5 0 , 9 5 5 , 3 0 9 9 , 3109

American 2692,

Federation

of

4305-4305b,

4 3 2 1 , 4330,

Labor,

2566,

4315-4316,

4319,

4362;

p u b l i c a t i o n s , 4305

American American American American American American American American

Fur Co., 277, 2119, 2123, 3156 Gas and Electric Co., 3005 Gas Association, 2983 Glue Co., 3661 H i g h w a y Association, 3125 H i g h w a y Society, 3115 Historical Association, 4763 Industrial Lenders Association,

1986

Libraries,

4721

American Association of Passenger Traffic Officials, 344S American Association of Personal Finance Companies, 1986 American Association of Petroleum Geolo g i s t s , 2888—2888a

American Association of Public Accounta n t s , 3968

American Association of Railroad Superi n t e n d e n t s , 3446

American Association of State H i g h w a y Officials, 3 i i 4 - 3 i i 4 a American Bankers' Association, 19851985a, 4191, 4219 American Bell Telephone Co., 1125 American Bicycle Co., 3661

American Institute of Accountants, 3968,

3967—

3973

American Institute of B a n k Clerks, 1706, 1987,

American 1988,

4172

Institute 4161,

of

Banking,

1706,

4169

American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 4396,

4402

American Institute of F o o d Distribution, Inc., I 2 7 i - i 2 7 i b American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, 27Ó3-2763a, 2889 American Iron and Steel Association, 2464-2465,

2468

American Iron and Steel Institute, 2468-2468d American Jewish Historical Society, publications

o f , 4772

2450,

1041

INDEX American Liberty League, 3 5 8 0 American Locomotive Co., 866, 871 American Management Association, 3616, 3647-3648

American Meat Institute, 2 3 5 3 American Merchant Marine, 1002 American Mining Congress, 2 7 6 5 American Newspaper Annual and Directory, 4 8 5 0 American Optical Co., 913 American Petroleum Institute, 2 8 9 0 - 2 8 9 1 C American Pulp and Paper Co., 2 5 2 0 American Railway Accounting Officers, 3448 American Railway Association, 3 4 4 9 American Red Cross, 555 American republics, commercial directory of, 1 4 0 2 . See also specific countries American Rolling Mill Co., personnel management, 3 7 1 7 , 3 7 8 6 American Savings, Building and Loan Institute, 1809 American School of Correspondence, 2228-2229

American setting, geographical, 3 8 3 9 American Shipmasters' Association, 3 2 8 7 American Smelting and Refining Co., 920 American Society of Civil Engineers, 2 9 2 5 , 3371,

4381,

4403

American Society of Mechanical neers, 1 1 5 5 , 2 6 1 2 , 2 6 6 2 , 4 4 0 4 American Statistical Association, 3998,

Engi3997-

4020

American Steel and Wire Co., 575, 842 American Sugar Refining Co., 2 3 6 1 , 2 3 6 9 , 3860,

3886

American Telephone and Telegraph Co., 361,

714-723»

826,

1122,

bankers' control, 718; biographies, 1017; government investigation,

3658;

714,

719,

legal aspects, 714; public relations, 3 8 0 3 ; radio broadcasting by, 1098. See also Telephone and telegraph industry American Tobacco Co., 2 3 7 5 , 3 6 1 0 , 3 8 6 0 , 3870,

3886

Executives,

3942-3943

American Transit Association, 3501

Warehousemen's

Association,

354 2 > 3548, 3556 American Woolen Co., 873, 879 American Year Book, 4 8 8 5 Ames, John G., 4 7 3 9 Ames, John W., 991 Ames, Oakes, 4 7 1 , 3 3 2 5 Ames, Susie M., 308 Amesbury, Mass., woolen manufacturing in, 2 5 9 0 Ammunition industry, see Munitions industry Amoskeag Manufacturing Co., 875, 881 Amrhein, George L., 2132 Amsterdam, Netherlands, banking, 1671; capital, export of to U.S., 1353; medieval, Jews in, 1 ; merchants, 1353 Amusement industries, 504, 507. See also Entertainment industry; Recreation industry Anaconda Copper Mining Co., 9 1 8 , 2 8 0 4 Ancient world, as background of American business, pp.

46-47

Anderson, G. W., 1108 Anderson, H. Dewey, 4 2 5 5 Anderson, Joseph Reid, 2 4 4 8 Anderson, Lewis Flint, 4184 Anderson, Montgomery D., 4 5 0 5 - 4 5 0 6 Anderson, Robert J., 2 5 0 4 Anderson, William, 1362 Andrew, A. Piatt, 1719 Andrews, Charles M., 1 4 0 , 4 7 5 6 - 4 7 5 7 Andrews, E. L., 3 0 3 2 Andrews, Fletcher R., 1663 Andrews, John B., 4 2 8 9 , 4 3 4 3 Angeli, James B., 3 1 9 9 , 4 6 2 3 Anglo-American trade, 268, 271, 388, 535, 626,

1122 ;

American Trade Association

American

675,

1330.

See also Foreign trade Animal husbandry, 1048, 1056, 1068 Animal products, marketing of, see Cattle industry; Packing industry Annual Magazine Subject Index, Annual reports, analysis of, 4 6 7 3 Annuities, for college teachers, 2158 Anstey, Vera, 48 Antarctic, whaling industry, 2 0 3 3 Antisell, T., 4 3 8 7

4834

1042

INDEX

A n t i - S e m i t i s m , 410 A n t i t r u s t investigations, 835-839, 922-923, 927 A n t i t r u s t laws, 1391, 1466, 1487, 1491, 3919, 4337, 4414, 4437· See also S h e r m a n Antitrust A c t ; T r u s t s Antwerp, Belgium, medieval trade of, 302, 622-623, 3976 A n y o n , J a m e s T . , 3968 Apothecaries, see D r u g trade, retail A p p e l , Joseph H., 374, 1256, 3560 A p p l e t o n , N a t h a n , 462, 1520, 1720, 2538 A p p l e t o n , W i l l i a m , 404, 406 Apprenticeship and apprentices, 286, 1133, 2478, 4296, 4309, also pp. 8 7 6 - 8 7 7 ; relations w i t h labor unions, 4165, 4 1 6 7 ; schools, 4 1 6 1 , 4164, 4185 A q u i n a s , T h o m a s , 89, 103 A r b i t r a g e , 623, 1594, 1600, 1623; in foreign exchange, 1585, 1746 A r b i t r a t i o n , industrial, 3767, 4 1 1 5 A r c h b o l d , J o h n D . , 3887 A r c h e r , Gleason L . , I 0 9 7 - i 0 9 7 a Architects, 1142 Architecture, b i b l i o g r a p h y , 4383 ; journals, 1 1 5 3 Arctic, w h a l i n g industry in, 2036 A r e n t , L e o n o r a , 2958 Aristotle, 103 Arizona, mining in, 2796, 2806 A r k a n s a s B a n k e r s ' Association, 703 Arkell, B a r t l e t t , 1237 A r k w r i g h t M u t u a l Fire Insurance Co., 766 A r k w r i g h t s , the, 631 A r l i n g t o n Mills, 874, 2589 A r m a m e n t , see M u n i t i o n s industry Armes, Ethel, 2444 Armor industry, medieval, 4 7 1 9 A r m o u r , J . Ogden, 3290 A r m o u r , Philip D . , 425, 577, 601, 4792 A r m o u r & C o . , 254, 2348, 2356, 2359 A r m r o y d , George, 3180 A r m s i n d u s t r y , see M u n i t i o n s i n d u s t r y ; E x p l o s i v e s industry A r m s t r o n g C o r k C o . , 2602 A r m s t r o n g insurance investigation, 2188-2190, 3S74 A m e r , G . B . L . , 3010 Arnold, H o r a c e Lucien, 2386

2144,

A r n o l d , R a l p h , 2862 A r t in industry, 857, 2715-2718. See also Fine arts ; Industrial arts A r t m a n , Charles E., 1146 A r t s , liberal, encyclopedia, 4892, 4894 Arts, useful, bibliography of, 4880. See also specific arts A s h b r o o k , William S., 777 Ashley, W . J., 49 A s h t o n , Bessie L . , 3152 Asia, E a s t , super-agglomerate of trade, 3964; trade w i t h , 336 Asiatic b a c k g r o u n d of American business, pp. 49-50 A s k i n , J o h n , 281 A s p h a l t industry, 2882 Associated Gas and Electric Properties, 3003 Associated General Contractors of A m e r ica, 1147 Associated Industries of Massachusetts, 2725, 2728 Associated Oil C o . , 2859 Associated Press, 493, 2823, 2825 Associated R e t a i l Credit M e n of N e w Y o r k C i t y , Inc., 1273 Association of American Railroads, 3913 Association of C o t t o n Textile M e r c h a n t s of N e w Y o r k , 1182 Association of L i f e Insurance Presidents, 2304 Association of R a i l w a y Executives, 3462 Associations, see B o a r d s of trade ; C o o p erative associations ; Open-price associations ; T r a d e associations A s t o r , J o h n J a c o b , 254, 330, 334, 589, 593-594· 601, 612, 712, 94S, 3025, 4792, 4795, 4797 A s t o r f a m i l y , 945 Astronomical instruments industry, 9 1 1 Atchison, T o p e k a , & Santa Fe R . R . , 962, 964, 987, 3341, 4453; reorganization, 3297 Athens, ancient, business life in, 4 A t h e r t o n , L e w i s E., 270, 1258-1259, 143? A t k i n s , Ireneus, 262 A t k i n s , Willard E . , 4369 A t k i n s ( E . ) & Co., 600 A t k i n s o n , E d w a r d , 2539 A t k i n s o n , W i l m e r , 485

INDEX Atlanta Loan and Savings Co., 1 7 7 1 Atlantic and Ohio Telegraph Co., 1106 Atlantic cable, 3 5 9 , 1 0 9 g , n o i , 1 1 1 7 , 3 5 3 2 . See also Cables Atlantic Coast Line R . R . , 9 7 3 Atlantic Telegraph Co., 1 0 9 9 Atlas Powder Co., 2 4 1 6 Atlases, geographical and historical, 4 9 0 0 4904 Attitude towards business, 5 6 1 , 4 8 5 9 , 4 8 6 5 ; periodicals dealing with, 4 8 3 9 - 4 8 4 0 . See also Public opinion ; Public relations A t w o o d , Albert W., 1855, 3S6i Aubin, Joshua, 2 5 9 0 Auctions, 1 1 8 3 , 1 1 9 3 , 1 2 2 4 Augsburg, Germany, medieval bankers in, 2 9 , 3 0 5 ; sedentary merchants in, 3 0 5 Aull, James, 2 7 0 Aull, Robert, 2 7 0 Australia, 3 9 7 , 1 4 0 6 ; government control in, 1 3 5 ; trade with, 3 3 6 Austria, commercial education in, 4 1 9 1 Autobiographies, pp. 9 1 - 1 6 4 , passim. See also Biographies Automobile insurance, 2 2 8 3 , 2 2 8 9 Automotive industry, 8 0 1 - 8 1 1 , 1 0 1 7 , 1 0 3 0 , 1208, 2324, 2386-2408; accounting methods, 1 2 0 8 ; administration, 2 3 8 6 , 2 4 0 1 ; advertising, 1 1 9 5 ; associations, 2 4 0 7 - 2 4 0 8 ; capitalization, 2 3 9 1 ; chronology, 2 3 9 8 ; companies, 8 0 1 - 8 1 1 , 2 3 8 6 - 2 4 0 8 , 2 7 3 3 ; competition, 2 3 9 2 ; corporate consolidation, 8 0 5 ; development, 2 3 8 8 , 2 3 9 1 , 2 4 0 0 - 2 4 0 1 ; dividends, statistics of, 8 0 3 ; employee training, 2 6 9 4 ; employment, 2 3 9 1 ; engineering, 2 4 0 2 - 2 4 0 3 , 2 4 0 5 ; entrepreneurs, 2 3 8 6 , 2 3 9 2 , 2 3 9 6 , 2 4 0 0 2401 ; executives, 8 0 2 , 8 0 7 , 8 1 1 ; failures, 2 3 9 2 ; finance, 8 0 2 , 8 0 5 , 8 0 7 , 8 0 9 , 1 1 9 5 , 1 2 0 8 , 2399, 2401, 2403, 2 4 0 6 - 2 4 0 7 ; financing consumer sales, 1 7 7 9 - 1 7 8 2 ; foreign trade, 2 3 9 4 , 2 3 9 7 ; garages, layout of, 1 2 0 8 ;

1043 government relations, 2 4 0 6 ; horsepower statistics, 1 0 2 5 ; house organs, 8 0 1 ; inventors, 2 3 9 8 , 2 4 0 1 ; jobbers, 1 2 0 8 ; labor policy, 4 0 9 - 4 1 0 ; leadership, 2 3 9 2 ; legal aspects, 2 4 0 3 , 2 4 0 7 ; manufacturers, 4 0 7 - 4 1 1 , 3 5 9 3 ; marketing, 1 2 8 6 , 2 7 3 3 ; men, 407-411, 583, 2 4 0 3 ; organization, 8 0 2 , 8 0 7 , 8 0 9 - 8 1 1 ; patent litigation, 2 4 0 0 ; personnel management, 4 0 9 , 8 0 8 ; plants, 4 0 8 ; policies, 8 1 1 , 1 2 8 6 , 2 3 9 s , 2 4 0 0 , 2 7 3 3 ; prices, 2 4 0 5 ; processes, 4 0 8 ; production, 4 0 8 , 8 0 7 - 8 0 8 , 8 1 1 , 2 3 9 1 ,

2403, 3 1 4 7 ; production, statistics of, 8 0 2 - 8 0 3 ; profit-sharing, 8 0 2 ; profits, 2 4 0 3 , 2 4 0 7 ; races, 2 3 9 8 ; repairing, 1 2 0 8 ; sales organization, 1 1 9 5 ; sales statistics, 8 0 2 - 8 0 3 , 2 4 0 3 ; salesmen, management of, 1 2 0 2 ; selling methods, 1 2 0 8 ; trade and association journals, 1 2 0 8 , 2402-2404; trade associations, 2 4 0 0 , 2 4 0 3 , 2 4 0 7 ; wages, 2 3 9 1 ; wholesale distribution, 1 1 9 5 , 1 2 0 8 . See also M o t o r trucks ; Rubber industry Avenel, Georges D', 6 9 Aviation industry, 2 3 2 4 , 2 4 0 8 , 3 0 7 5 - 3 0 9 8 ; bibliography, 3 0 9 7 ; companies, 3 0 7 5 , 3 0 9 3 - 3 0 9 4 ; design, 2 4 9 0 , 3 0 7 5 , 3 0 9 8 ; engineering and inventions, 3 0 7 5 , 3 0 8 1 , 3085, 3091, 3094; experimentation, 3 0 7 5 , 3 0 8 5 , 3 0 9 1 ; government regulation, 3 0 8 7 , 3 0 9 5 ; international, manual of, 3 0 9 0 ; men, 3 0 9 4 , 3 0 9 8 ; planes, production of, 3 0 7 5 , 3 0 8 0 - 3 0 8 1 , 3085, 3093, 3098; planes, types of, 3 0 7 8 , 3 0 9 0 - 3 0 9 1 ; statistics, 2 4 9 0 ; terminals, 3 0 8 3 ; trade associations, 3 0 7 6 , 3 0 9 2 ; trade journals, 2 4 9 0 , 3 0 7 5 - 3 0 8 1 A v r a m , M o i s H., 2 5 7 8

1044

INDEX

Axes, manufacturing of, 889 Ayer, J. C., 3655 Ayer (Ν. W.) & Son, 254, 759, 4850 Ayres, Leonard P., 4001

hardware trade, wholesale, 387; importing, 682 ; public utilities, 938-939; railroad investments, 682 Baltimore and Fredericktown Turnpike,

Babbage, Charles, 2153, 2625 Babcock, F. Lawrence, 3214 Babcock, George D., 2626 Babson, Roger W., 3581-3582, 4012, 4014 Babson Institute of Business Administration, 3581 Babson's Statistical Organization, 3581, 4015, 4018 Backman, Jules, 4639 Bacon, Robert, 563 Badger, Ralph Eastman, 1937 Baer, Julius B., 1243 Baer, Willis N., 2374 Bagehot, Walter, 1567 Bagnali, William R., 455, 2314, 2540 Bags, 456 Bailey, L. H., 1079 Baird, Frieda, 1783 Baird, Robert H., 2541 Baker, Charles Whiting, 3841 Baker, Elizabeth Faulkner, 4283 Baker, George Fisher, 559, 4794 Baker, George Pierce, 3291 Baker, Helen, 3715 Baker, Horace C., 2834 Baker, Ira Osborn, 1148 Baker, John Calhoun, 3610, 4683-4684 Baker, Ray Palmer, 4177 Baker, Ray Stannard, 3716 Balabanis, Homer P., 1568 Balance of trade, 1585, 4540. See also Foreign trade Balderston, C. Canby, 3717, 4685 Baldwin, Laommi, i o n , 3174 Baldwin Locomotive Works, 867-869, 2498 Ball, Max, 2835 Balliet, Letson, 577 Ballin, Albert, 533 Balloons, 3091. See also Aviation industry Baltic products, trade in, 628 Baltimore, Md., as trade center, 4820; banking, 678, 707; clearing house, 1666; clippers, origin of, 1129; foreign trade, 682, 1348;

3123 Baltimore and Ohio R.R., 527, 983, 993, 3014, 3293, 3297, 3407, 3412, 4483 Baltimore Belt Railroad, 3522 Banana industry, 1358-1359. See also Fruit industry Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 1505, 4779 Banfield, Francis, 3011 Bank clearings, statistics, 1545 Bank clerks, associations, 1987 Bank deposits, insurance of, 1917; statistics of, 4551 Bank examiners, activities of, 1949 Bank for Savings in the City of New York, 693 Bank holiday, 1756 Bank of America, 643, 668 Bank of Commerce, 641-642 Bank of England, 4590 Bank of Genoa, 630a Bank of Italy, 666 Bank of Kentucky, 700 Bank of Manhattan Co., personnel, 647 Bank of Mutual Redemption, 640 Bank of New York, 646, 1712 Bank of North America, 654, 658, 706, 1712 Bank of the State of Alabama, 697 Bank of the United States, 639, 704, 706, 708-710, 713, 1727, 1735; rulings on, 240, 713. See also Second Bank of the United States Bank statements, 641 Bankers, as fiction writers, 4854; associations, 1985-1993; balances, 1910; biographies and autobiographies, 277, 294. 349-358, 460, 550-S67> 59°, 664, 676-678, 686-688, 1983, 4796, 4799, 4803; directories of, 1975-1984, 4059; education of, 1706;

INDEX ethics, 1987 ; foreign, 3 5 8 1 ; in fiction, 4862 ; publications, 1984-2005. See also Investment bankers Bankers, private, directory of, 1976. See also Private b a n k i n g Bankers' Association of the State of Illinois, 1989 B a n k i n g , 4, 264, 277, 639-713, 1015, 1030, 1032, 1038, 1515, 1519, 1524, 1532, 1534, 1551, 1663-2031, 4604, also pp. 115-117; A c t , 1708, 1928, 1933; administration, 558, 1738, 3566; bibliography, 709; combinations, 254; credits, 1752, 3687-3688; cycles, 1 7 1 1 ; development, 1696, 1702; diversification in, 666, 682 ; ethics, 701 ; federal control, 1719, 1747, 1905, 4486; foreign, 1532, 1746; frontier, 1686, 1689; government regulation, 639, 1515, also pp. 4 2 1 - 4 2 5 ; institutions, 1556, 1 6 7 5 - 1 6 7 7 , 16821683, 1695; international, 620, 1 7 1 9 ; legislation, 1521, 1707, 1770, 3825; loan policy, 1540; manuals, 2010; mergers in, 659, 667 methods, comparison with European, 1521; opposition to, 1833 ; personnel, 642 ; pioneer, 1700; policy, 564, 1 7 1 7 , 1764, 4595; profits, 1691, 1698, 1720; reform, 1747, 1902-1903; reserves, 1 7 1 9 ; rural, 1784; State control, 1719, 4486; statistical history of, 1036, 1518, 1702, 1735, 4562; Suffolk system, 1720; suspension, 1 7 5 6 ; trade journals, 1985-2005. See also B a n k s ; Commercial banking ; Federal Reserve S y s t e m ; F i n a n c e ;

1045

Investment banking ; N a t i o n a l banks ; P r i v a t e b a n k i n g ; T r u s t companies Banking systems, 1676, 1684, 1 7 2 0 - 1 7 2 1 , 1732, 1735-1736, 1738, 1980, 4533, also pp. 422-424. See also Federal Reserve System B a n k notes, circulation, geographical statistics of, 1545; detector services, 1718 ; engraving of, 257; issue of, 1520-1521, 1683; legislation, 1554-^555; redemption, 294, 663 B a n k r u p t c y , 1842, 3690, 4143, 4 1 4 5 - 4 1 5 8 ; Act, 3 4 1 3 ; and international treaties, 4 1 5 2 ; causes, 4145 ; c o m p a r a t i v e legislation, European and U.S., 4148 ; extraterritorial effects of, 4 1 5 2 ; l a w , 230, 240, 1478, 4 1 4 6 - 4 1 5 8 ; practice, 4146-4158 Banks, 6 3 9 - 7 1 3 ; administrative officers, training of, 4 1 6 9 ; and Volstead A c t , 208; b o n d departments, 1950; branches, 254, 666-668, 685, 1 5 7 7 ; clerks, training o f , 4 1 7 2 ; directory, 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 8 4 ; executives, biographies of, 540, 551, 643, 1826; failures, 1713, 1723, 1 7 5 7 ; mergers, 555; of issue, 1668 ; public ownership, 698, 703; reform, 555; relation to stock exchanges, 1987; securities, manuals of, 2013 ; types, 1532; under N e w Deal, 208; unfair practices, 3847. See also Chartered banks ; Finance ; N a t i o n a l banks ; Savings banks ; specific localities; T r u s t companies B a n k s & Co., 931 B a n n a n , B e n j a m i n , 2816 Banning, George H u g h , 3137 Banning, William, 3137 B a n n i n g , William P., 1098 Barber, E d w i n Atlee, 2512 Barber, H. L „ 2388 B a r b e r , Jeanne C., 4300

1046

INDEX

B a r b e r , Jedediah, 276 B a r b e r , Joseph H., 3669 B a r b e r , O. C . , 577 B a r b e y , J a c o b Α., 778 B a r b o u r , Violet, 3570 B a r c k , Η . Α . , 3696 Bargaining, 4343. See also Collective bargaining Barger, H a r o l d , 1041, 2752 Baring Brothers, 297, 68o-68ia, 1840 B a r k e r , J a c o b , 321, 712 B a r k e r , P. W . , 464 B a r k e r , W . S., 4686 B a r n a r d , Chester I., 3611 B a r n a r d , H e n r y , 884 B a r n a r d , James L y n n , 2719 Barnes, H a r r y Elmer, 39 Barnes, Irston R o b e r t , 2930-2931 B a r n e t t , George E., 1673, 4284 B a r n e t t , O t t o R . , 3880 B a r n e t t , P a u l , 4577 B a r n u m , P. T . , 504, 507 B a r r e t t , Albert R . , 1722 B a r r e t t , W a l t e r , pseud., 598 B a r r o n , Clarence W . , 1631, 1635, 2020 B a r t h o l o m e w , Harland, 3503 B a s k e t - m a k i n g , 2620 Bassett, J o h n Spencer, 271, 1042 B a t a v i a , trade w i t h , 385 Batchelder, Samuel, 2542 Batchelor, Joseph Α., 2814 Bates, J o h n C l a r k , 98 Bates, W i l l i a m W . , 3215 B a t h e , D o r o t h y , 257, 421 B a t h e , Greville, 257, 421 B a u e r , J o h n , 2959 B a u m e r , E d w a r d , 761 B a x t e r , W i l l i a m J., 1272 B a x t e r , William T . , 272, 309 B e a c h , Ε . H., 3969 B e a c h , M o s e s Y a l e , 576 B e a c h & H u b b e l l , 262 B e a c h l e y , Charles E., 915 Beale, J. F r a n k , Jr., 516 Beale, Joseph H., Jr., 3292 B e a r d , Charles Α., 4489, 4493 B e a r d , M i r i a m , 3562 B e a r d , W i l l i a m , 2836 B e a s l e y , N o r m a n , 885, 2396, 3153 B e a t t y , A l b e r t James, 4170-4170a B e a w e s , W y n d h a m , 1363 B e c k e r a t h , H e r b e r t v o n , 3809 B i c k h a r t , B e n j a m i n H a g g o t t , 1569, 1874 B e c k m a n , T h e o d o r e N., 1184, 3687

Beef trust, 2351. See also P a c k i n g industry Beeler, J o h n Α . , 1007 Beer, George L., i 2 0 - i 2 0 b Beerler, Μ . N . , 1244 Beers, H e n r y P., 4870 B e e t sugar, see Sugar industry Beiden, Clark, 1938 Belgium, business depressions, 4 5 5 1 ; foreign trade, 3250 ; medieval banking, 1670; medieval insurance companies, 2129; medieval trade, 302, 622-623, 3976 B e l k n a p , Henry W y c k o f f , 2619 Bell, Alexander G r a h a m , 360, 1125 Bell, H a r o l d Sill, 2863 Bell, Herbert C., 1327 Bell, J. S n o w d e n , 3293 Bell founders, 2715 Bell Telephone System, biographies, 360-362, 714, 7 1 7 - 7 1 8 , 1017, 1118; government investigation, 720, 1 1 2 3 ; inventions, 7 1 7 ; organization, 717, 720; research, 720, 4009 B e l m o n t , A u g u s t , 540, 3498 Bemis, E d w a r d W . , 2932, 2973, 4165 Bemis, Judson M o s s , 456 Bemis, Samuel Flagg, 4871 Benedict, Erastus C . , 3216 Benedict & B u r n h a m , 262 Beneker, Gerrit Α., 3802 B e n n , J . P., 3583 Benner, Claude L., 1783-1784 Benner, Samuel, 4013-4014 Bennett, A . G., 2033 Bennett, Charles Alpheus, 4185-41853 Bennett, E d m u n d H., 2218 Bennett, F r a n k P., Jr., 1798 Bennett, Ira E . , 3217 Bennett, James G o r d o n , 499, 588, 593 Benson, Philip Α . , 3031 Benthamism, 121 B e n t l e y , H a r r y C., 3970-3971 Bentley, John, Jr., 2066 B e n t o n , Elbert J a y , 3154 Berg, R . M . , 2612 Bergengren, R o y F., 1767 Berglund, A b r a h a m , 828, 2445 Berkshire K n i t t i n g Mills, 878 Berle, Adolf Α . , Jr., 1540, 3656-3657, 3820-3821

INDEX B e r m a n , E d w a r d , 2 1 3 3 , 4337 B e r n a r d , Jessie, 186 B e r n a r d , L . L., 186 B e r n a y s , E d w a r d L., 3563 B e r n h a r d t , J o s h u a , 3387 B e r n h e i m , A l f r e d L., 3842, 4338 B e r r i d g e , W i l l i a m Α., 1448, 4285 B e r r y , T h o m a s S e n i o r , 4604 B e r y l l i u m i n d u s t r y , 3893 B e t h l e h e m Steel Co., w a g e - i n c e n t i v e s y s t e m , 3772 B e t t e r Business B u r e a u s , 1296, 3933 Betts, Samuel R., 3218 B e u t e l , F r e d e r i c k K., i s 5 2 - i s s 2 d B e v e r a g e s , alcoholic, 1422 B e v e r i d g e , W i l l i a m H e n r y , 70 B e w e s , W y n d h a m Anstis, 1475 B e z a n s o n , A n n e , 2779, 4286, 4 6 0 5 - 4 6 1 ^ B i b l i o g r a p h i c a l Society of A m e r i c a , 4846 Bibliographies, 2612-2618, 4762-4767, also p p . 1 0 2 8 - 1 0 3 1 ; c u m u l a t i v e b i b l i o g r a p h y o f , 4872. See also specific subjects Bicycles, 353 s B i d d l e , N i c h o l a s , 639, 1 8 7 1 B i d w e l l , P e r c y Wells, 1043, 1386 B i e b e r , R a l p h P., 382 " B i g F o u r , " 523 B i g e l o w , E r a s t u s B., 886 B i g e l o w , Melville M a d i s o n , 2 1 5 4 B i g e l o w - H a r t f o r d C a r p e t Co., 886 Bills of E x c h a n g e , 1739, 1 7 5 9 ; f o r e i g n , 1585, 4 1 4 0 ; legislation r e g a r d i n g , 230, 1 5 5 4 - 1 5 5 5 , 1565See also C o m m e r c i a l i n s t r u m e n t s B i m e t a l l i s m , 1529 B i n g h a m , R . F., 3032 B i n g h a m , R o b e r t W a r w i c k , 3012 Bingham, Walter Van Dyke, 3718 B i n g h a m , W i l l i a m , 4482 B i n i n g , A r t h u r Cecil, 143, 2446 B i n k l e y , W i l f r e d E., 2 1 3 B i o g r a p h i e s , 2 5 4 - 6 1 7 , 1 1 3 0 , 3600, 4245, 4691- 4775-480S, 4886, 4 8 9 1 ; b i b l i o g r a p h y o f , 255, 4880; business, t r e n d s in, 256, 4689; collective, 5 7 6 - 6 1 3 , 1257, 1620, 1625, 1633, 1695, 1983, 2904, 4778-4805, 4807, 4821, also p p . 1007-1008 B i r d & S o n , Inc., 860 Birdseye, C l a r e n c e F., 4103 Biscuits, 1206 B i s h o p , A v a r d L o n g l e y , 3670

1047

B i s h o p , Elsie H i g h t , 3 1 0 Bishop, J . Leander, 2315 B i s h o p , J o s e p h B u c k l i n , 3923 B l a c k , A r c h i b a l d , 3082 B l a c k , J . W i l l i a m , 4265 B l a c k , J o h n D., 1 2 3 0 B l a c k , R o b e r t L., 959 Black Friday, 1619 B l a c k R o c k C a n a l , 3203 B l a c k b u r n , G l e n Α., 290 B l a c k e t t , O. W . , 4507 Blacksmith shop, 2611 Blacksmiths, b i o g r a p h i e s o f , 4790 Blaine, J a m e s G., 3574 Blair, W a l t e r Α., 2071 Blaisdell, D o n a l d C h r i s t y , 1044 Blaisdell, T h o m a s C., J r . , i486 B l a k e , H e n r y W . , 3504 Blake, W . P., 441 B l a k e y , G l a d y s C., 4460 B l a k e y , R o y Gillespie, 2362, 4460 B l a n c h a r d , E d w i n C., 3388 B l a n d i , J o s e p h G., 3822 Blaser, A r t h u r F r e d e r i c k , 1875 B l e a c h i n g i n d u s t r y , 2620, 3765 Bleyer, W i l l a r d G r o s v e n o r , 2822 Bliss, C o r n e l i u s N . , 577 Bliss, G e o r g e , 960, 2 1 5 5 Bliss, J a m e s H . , 3671 Bloch, H e n r y S i m o n , 4628 B l o o m , H e r b e r t I., 1 B l o o m f i e l d , D a n i e l , 3564, 3 7 1 9 - 3 7 2 1 , 4206 B l o o m f i e l d , M e y e r , 3722, 4206 B l o o m i n g s t o n , J o h n S., 2295 Blue sky l a w s , 1651, 1653, 1979. See also Securities, m a r k e t i n g of B l u m e n t h a l ( S i d n e y ) & Co., 3 7 5 7 Blunt, Joseph, 3251 B o a r d s of t r a d e , 3597, 3 9 3 7 - 3 9 4 ° , a l s o pp. 816-821 ; directory of, 3939-3940; i m p r o v e m e n t s by, 3928; local, u n i o n o f , 3 9 3 1 ; o r g a n i z a t i o n , 3932. See also C h a m b e r s of c o m m e r c e ; localities B o d d y , F r a n c i s M . , 2702 B o d f i s h , M o r t o n , 1808, 3013 B ö h m - B a w e r k , E u g e n , v o n , 108 Boekel, R i c h a r d , 1799 B o e t t i g e r , L o u i s Α., 3725 Bogart, Ernest Ludlow, 3155 B o g e n , J u l e s I., 1 7 2 3 , 1854, 3294

specific

1048

INDEX

Bogigian, H a g o p , 3 8 3 Boies, W . J . , 1 8 2 0 Boinebroke, J e h a n , 3 0 0 Bok, E d w a r d , 4 8 6 , 4 2 2 6 Boldt, George C., 1 0 1 8 Bolles, Albert S., 1 5 0 9 , 1 7 0 7 , 1 7 2 4 , 1 9 2 0 , 2316 Bollinger, L y n n L., 3 0 8 3 Bollman, Erich, 3 3 1 , 1 7 2 5 Bolton, H e n r y Carrington, 2 6 1 3 Bolton, Sarah Knowles, 4 7 8 2 Bonbright, J a m e s C., 3 3 8 9 , 3 8 4 3 Bond, George William, 2 5 9 1 Bond houses, 1 8 3 5 . See also Bonds, marketing of Bonding, corporate surety, 2 2 3 6 Bonds, as investment, 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 0 ; corporate, legislation regarding, 1 5 6 1 ; foreign-government, 1 9 5 9 ; government, income from, 4 0 2 ; interest rates, geographical statistics of, IS4SI marketing of, 6 7 3 , 6 7 5 , 1 6 1 0 , 1 8 3 s , 1 9 3 9 , 19S0; municipal, 1 5 4 2 , 1 9 4 8 , 1 9 8 0 ; prices, 1 6 4 3 , 1 6 4 5 , 1 6 4 7 - 1 6 4 8 , 1 9 3 9 ; State, 6 7 5 ; taxation of, 1 9 3 9 ; types of, 1 9 3 9 , 1 9 5 0 Bonner, Robert, 4 2 4 5 Bonnett, Clarence E., 3 9 5 8 Bonus systems, 2 6 4 0 , 3 7 1 9 , 3 7 7 2 - 3 7 7 3 , 3792; State regulation of, 6 3 9 Book industry, 9 3 1 , 933-937, 2S3 1 . 29°32917; binding, 2 9 1 3 ; biographies, 9 3 6 ; companies, 9 3 1 , 9 3 3 - 9 3 7 ! educational books, 2 9 1 0 ; publishers, 4 9 6 - 4 9 7 , 9 3 1 , 9 3 3 - 9 3 7 ; relations with authors, 9 3 6 - 9 3 7 ; sales, 9 3 3 . See also Printing and publishing industry Book trade, retail, 2 7 2 , 2 7 s , 3 1 6 , 7 5 4 . See also Book industry Bookkeeping, 3 9 7 7 ; development into accounting, 3970, 3982; origin of, 3 9 7 0 , 3 9 8 8 - 3 9 8 9 . See also Accounting

Boomer, L. M., 1 0 1 8 Boomer-du P o n t Properties Corp., 1 0 1 8 B o o t a n d shoe industry, see Shoe industry Borak, Arthur M., 1 1 4 6 Borden, Neil H., 1 4 2 1 - 1 4 2 2 Borgenicht, Louis, 4 1 2 Borgfeldt (Geo.) & Co., 7 3 0 Borsodi, Ralph, 1 1 8 5 B o r t h , Christy, 4 3 0 Bossard, J a m e s H. S., 4 2 1 3 Boston, Mass., bankers, 4 6 0 , 6 9 5 , 1 6 3 5 ; banking, 5 6 5 , 6 5 0 , 6 6 1 , 6 6 9 , 6 7 8 , 1 7 0 3 ; banks, 2 5 4 , 4 0 6 , 6 6 1 , 6 6 9 , 1 6 3 5 , 1 7 5 1 , 4804; B o a r d of Trade, 4 5 0 8 ; book trade in, 2 7 2 , 2 7 5 , 7 5 4 ; business directory, 4 0 4 3 , 4 0 5 7 , 4 0 6 0 , 4071; business education, 4 1 7 s ; business failures, 6 0 3 ; business leaders, 3 0 9 , 6 0 3 , 4 7 8 8 ; business policies, 3 0 9 , 6 0 3 ; canals, 4 8 3 1 ; capital for manufacturing, center of, 4831; Chamber of Commerce, 3 9 2 6 , 3 9 3 7 ; clearing house, 1 6 6 5 , 1 7 0 3 , 4 8 0 4 ; construction industry, 7 2 4 , 1 1 6 1 ; cotton textile manufacturing, 4 6 0 , 4 6 2 ; directors, directories of, 4 0 7 5 ; dry goods trade, wholesale, 7 3 5 ; Edison Co., 9 4 1 ; Elevated R y . Co., 1 0 0 7 ; E m p l o y m e n t Managers' Assn., 3 7 9 0 ; Federal Reserve Bank of, 1 8 9 1 ; financial capitalists, 6 5 0 ; financial history, 4 8 0 4 , 4 8 3 1 ; fire insurance companies, 7 6 6 ; food trade, 7 4 1 , 7 5 2 , 1 2 6 3 ; foreign trade, 3 1 6 , 6 1 3 - 6 1 4 , 1 3 2 8 , 3 2 6 4 ; gas companies, consolidation of, 2 9 7 4 ; Globe, 4 9 4 ; grocery trade, wholesale, 7 4 1 , 7 5 2 ; heating apparatus, 9 0 3 ; hide and leather trade, 4 8 0 4 ; importers, 2 8 3 ; industrial history, 4 8 0 4 , 4 8 3 1 ; insurance libraries, 2 3 1 1 - 2 3 1 2 ; life insurance companies, 7 7 8 , 7 8 0 , 7 9 5 , 2156; mercantile capitalists in, 2 5 4 , 2 7 2 , 3 1 4 , 316, 320, 329, 404, 6 1 3 - 6 1 4 , 6 5 0 ; millinery industry, 2 4 2 7 ;

INDEX municipal finance, 4478; navigation, 4831 ; petty capitalism, 1497 ; port of, 3545; P o s t R o a d , 3145 ; prices, 283, 4607-4608; produce markets, 1 2 6 1 ; professional men, 4788 ; public utilities, 941, 2940, 2956, 2978; publishing business, 272 ; railroads, 975, 978, 4831; R e a l Estate B o a r d , 3042-30421 ; real estate price changes, 3022, 3024, 3029; residential areas, shifts in, 3029; retailers, 283 ; shoe trade, 4804 ; Stock Exchange, 1635-1637, 1639, 4 7 1 6 ; stockbrokers, 1635 ; street railways, 1007, 1009, 3491-3492, 3506, 3513, 3525, 3 5 3 ° ; S y m p h o n y Orchestra, 561 ; textile trade, 4804; trade journals, 3042 ; w h a r f o w n e r s , 325 ; w o o l market, 1225 B o s t o n & A l b a n y R . R . , 981 Boston, C o n c o r d & M o n t r e a l R . R . , 3370 B o s t o n L o c o m o t i v e W o r k s , 446 B o s t o n M a n u f a c t u r i n g Co., 2538 B o s t o n M a r i n e Society, 3246 B o s t o n Safe Deposit and T r u s t Co., 669 B o t s f o r d , H a r r y , 2837 Bottle machines, displacement of labor b y , 4284 B o t t o m r y , 2129, 2255, 2270 B o u l t o n & W a t t , 254, 618, 629 Bourne, H e n r y R i c h a r d F o x , 297 B o w d e n , W i t t , 144 B o w e n , Francis, 168 B o w e n , F r a n k C., 3219 B o w i e , James Α., 4214 B o w k e r , R . R., 2917, 4732, 4873 Bowles, Samuel, 492 B o w l e y , A . L., 4641-4642 B o y d , Anne M . , 4740 B o y d , George Α., 3314 B o y d , James Harrington, 4339 B o y d , Julian P., 946-947 B o y d e n , Albert, 3600 B o y d e n , R o l a n d W . , 3600 B o y e r , Charles S., 2447 B o y l e , James E., 1 2 1 6 - 1 2 1 8 B o y l e , Sir C o u r t e n a y , 3701

1049

B o y n t o n , E d w a r d C., 3514 B r a d f o r d , Ernest W . , 1487 B r a d f o r d , T h o m a s L . , 4813 B r a d f o r d , William, 1014 Bradlee, Francis B . C., 961 B r a d l e y , E d w a r d Sculley, 487 B r a d l e y , Glenn D a n f o r d , 962 B r a d s h a w , T . F., 1260 Bradstreet C o m p a n y , 1439-1440 Bradstreet indices, 4617 Bradstreet (J. M . ) & Son, 1438a, 2746 B r a d y , J o h n E d s o n , 1932-1933 B r a d y , R o b e r t Α., 3900, 4490 Branch banking, 254, 666-668, 678, 699, 702, 705, 707, 7 1 1 , 713, 1750, also p p . 391-392; charters, 705 ; government regulation, 707, 1760, 1 7 6 5 ; policy, 705; statistics, 705, 1760. See also G r o u p b a n k i n g Brandeis, L o u i s D . , 1833, 2156, 3320, 3601 Brands, 1184. See also specific industries B r a n d t , H e n r y J., 4722 Brandt, K a r l , 2034 B r a n n , W . L . , 738 Brasiers, 2715 Brass industry, companies, 856, 2495 ; marketing, 1 1 7 9 B r a u n d , William, 306 B r a y e r , H e r b e r t O., 349, 3472 B r a y l e y , A r t h u r W . , 2815 Brearley, H a r r y C., 887, 2219 B r e c k , Samuel, 3181 Bremer, C. D., 1708 Brentano, L u j o , 2 B r e w i n g and malting industry, collective bargaining, 3728; companies, 2384; development, 1026; labor organization, 2384; ownership, 900, 2384; trade associations, 2384 Breyer, R a l p h F., 1245 Brice, J o h n , 1476 B r i c k - m a k i n g , 2620; b y States, 2515 B r i d e n b a u g h , Carl, 1497 Bridge, J a m e s H o w a r d , 605, 829, 3844 Bridgeport G u n Implement C o . , 469 Bridges, 1152, 3 5 3 7 ; builders, 3 6 7 - 3 6 8 ;

loso construction, 367-368, 534. " 4 5 .

INDEX "S2.

3125 Briggs, Charles F., 1099 Briggs, L . Vernon, 4807 Brigham, Clarence S., 4847 Brigham, Johnson, 4854 Brighton M a r k e t Bank, 656 Brindley, John Ε., 3113, 3116 Brink's Express Co., Inc., 952 Brisbin, James S., 1080 Brisco, Norris Α., 1273-1274, 3612 Brissenden, Paul F., 2686-2687, 4266, 4306 Britannia ware, manufacturing of, 857 British C o m m o n w e a l t h of Nations, vital statistics of American section, 4761 British N o r t h America, 292 Britton, Blaine S., 1176 Britton, William E., 1553 B r o a d Street Investment Co., 1861 Brockett, L . P., 2579 Brockton, Mass., shoe manufacturing in, 2483 Broderick, John T., 820, 3658 Brokers, 401, 403, 1243 ; classes, 1846; commission charges, 1850; directory o f , 1032, 1977, 1979, 1982; organization, 1850; profits, 1846. See also Stockbrokers Brookings, R o b e r t S., 386, 3 6 1 3 - 3 6 1 3 ^ 4794 Brookings Institution, 386, 2761 Brooklyn, Ν. Y . , citizens, wealthy, 591 ; f o o d markets, 1263 ; Polytechnic Institute, 4183 ; public utilities (gas), 2976 Brookmire, James H., 4014 Brookmire service, 4014-4015, 4018 Brooks, James, 3325 Brooks, J o h n G r a h a m , 4307, 4340 Brooks, John W., 991 B r o o k s Brothers, 740 Broughton, Averell, 3803 B r o w n , A b r a m English, 1261 B r o w n , Alanson D a v i d , biography, 414 B r o w n , Alexander, 676 B r o w n , Alexander & Sons, 676, 678, 682 B r o w n , Cecil Kenneth, 3117 B r o w n , George T . , 939

B r o w n , James, 2359 B r o w n , John Crosby, 676 B r o w n , Kenneth L., 311 B r o w n , Nelson Courtland, 2088-2089 B r o w n , Richard, 3972 B r o w n , Robert M . , 244 B r o w n , Walter Vail, 2614 B r o w n , William C., 3321 B r o w n , William H., 2491 B r o w n , William Horace, 704 B r o w n , William R., 266 B r o w n , Shipley & Co., 676, 678 B r o w n & Sharpe, 2498 B r o w n Bros. & Co., 676, 678, 3455 Browne, George Waldo, 875 Bruce, Kathleen, 2448 Bruce, Philip Alexander, 145 Bruck, Werner Friedrich, 60 Bruère, Henry, 3724 Bruges, Belgium, medieval banking in, 1670; medieval insurance companies, 2129 Brundage, H. D., 4186 Brush Electric L i g h t Co., 822-823 B r y a n , Alfred C o o k m a n , 1681 B r y a n t , Lyle C., 4713 B r y a n t , Ralph Clement, 2090-2091 B r y a n t , Seth, 2475 Bryce, James, 214 Bryner, Edna, 2418 Buchanan, Daniel Houston, 3 Buchanan, John G., 223 Buchanan, Norman S., 2933 Bücher, Karl, 76, also p. 13 B u c k , Charles N., 312 B u c k , James S., 4814 Buck, Norman Sydney, 1330 B u c k , Solon J., 215-216 Bucket shops, 1593, 4857 Budgetary control, 3629, 3636, 3669. See also Accounting Budgett, Samuel, 4246 Budish, J. M . , 2419 Buell, Augustus C., 363 Buell, Walter, 2072 Buente, Francis M . , 921 Buffalo, N . Y . , bankers, 1701; Chamber of Commerce, 3927a; electric equipment manufacturing, 822 Builders, 1142. See also Construction industry Building and loan associations, 1698, 18081817, 3921;

INDEX founders, 1808; organization, internal, 1809, 1811, 18131814; profits, 1815-1816; regulation, 1809, 1811; statistics, by States, 1808, 1810, 1813, 1816. See also Cooperative banks Building industry, see Construction industry Bullard, J . E., 1275 Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, 4688 Bullion, export and import statistics, 1533 Bullock, Charles J., 1331, 4476, 4578 Bullock, R o y J., 739 B u m p , Orlando F., 4146 Bundy, C. L y n n , 3220 Bunn, Charles, 1320 Bunnell, Sterling Haight, 2672 Burchard, Ernest F., 2514 Burdick, Charles Κ., 4428 Burdick, Francis M., 3814 Bureau of Business Research, University of Illinois, 1177 Bureau of Railway Economics, 3473 ; Library, 3474 Burgess, Kenneth Farwell, 3444 Burgess, W . R a n d o l p h , 1876 Burgy, J . Herbert, 2544 Burkett, Charles William, 1046 Burn, D. L., 2317 Burn, J o h n Ilderton, 2252 B u r n h a m , Daniel H., 1142 B u r n h a m , James, 3614 B u r n h a m , T . H., 2449 Burnley, James, 577 Burns, A r t h u r F., 1023 Burns, A r t h u r Robert, 3815, 3845 Burns, Ε . M., 4341 Burpee, Charles W., 644, 762-763 Burr, Anna Robeson, 551 Burtchett, Floyd F., 3672 Burton, Ernest Richmond, 3725 Burton, H . T., 634 Burton, Richard, 4789 B u r t o n , Theodore E., 4564, 4606 Buses, 3499, 3524. See also Highway transportation Bush, Irving T., 542 Bush Terminal Co., 542, 3543 Business, and politics, 185, 190, 3579, 3589;

1051

as a profession, 4128, 4217, 4225; background and setting of, pp. 43-90; criticism of, 4657 ; cultural history of, 142, 149, 214, 221, also pp. 76-81 ; definition of, pp. 3-6, 35 ; in fiction, 4854-4858; in fiction, bibliography of, 4855, 4865 ; origin a n d development of, 8, 18, 171, 191, also pp. 35-43; reform of, 3591; rigidities in, 3570; self-regulation of, 1666; social history of, 142, 149, 214, 221, also pp. 76-81; stages in, pp. 52-53 Business administration, 468, 1197, 2625, 2633, 2639, 2666-2671, 2689, 2693, 2695, also pp. 748-792; bibliographies, 3647, 3650; correspondence course in, 3533 ; definition, pp. 3 - 4 ; social aspects, 3571, 3628. See also specific industries Business administrators, 254-617, 2550, 2552, 2558, 3610-3611, 3623, 3631, also pp. 12, 91-164, 732-740. See also Business administration; Business executives; Business leaders; Business m e n ; Entrepreneurs; F i n a n cial capitalists; Industrial capitalists; Mercantile capitalists; P e t t y capitalists Business associations, 231, 3649. See also Boards of t r a d e ; Chambers of commerce ; T r a d e associations Business auxiliaries, 1419-145 7, also pp. 735, 745-747· See also Accountants, public; Lawyers, commercial; Public relations, directory of firms Business biographies, see Biographies Business books, 4026. See also Business literature Business colleges, 4192. See also Business education Business conditions, 1441, 1444, 1460-1463, 3559, also pp. 945~97i; government investigation, 4552-4553 ; statistical indices, 3996-3997, 4014, 4017, 4530, 4535, 4566-4567. See also Business cycles; Business depressions ; Panics Business crises,

1052

INDEX

cause o f , 4582, 4 5 9 4 ; p e r i o d i c i t y o f , 4570, 4590, 4594; r e l a t i o n to o v e r p r o d u c t i o n , 4 5 9 6 ; w o r l d w i d e , 4565. See also B u s i n e s s c o n d i t i o n s ; B u s i n e s s cycles; Business fluctuations; Panics B u s i n e s s c y c l e s , 1 1 3 9 , . 1 7 1 7 , 3608, 3 6 1 5 , 3622, 4013, 4016, 4 5 1 3 - 4 5 1 4 , 4518, 4532, 4537. 4546, 4563-4601; a n d f o r e i g n t r a d e , 4578, 4606; a n d prices, 4606-4607, 4 6 1 5 ; • a n d u n e m p l o y m e n t , 4285, 4 2 9 9 ; causes o f , 4567, 4 5 7 1 , 4574, 4 5 9 2 ; economics of, 4 5 7 4 - 4 5 7 5 ; g o v e r n m e n t investigation, 4299; theories o f , 4505, 4 5 7 4 - 4 5 7 7 , 4584-4586, 4588; t r e n d s , l o n g - t i m e , 4567, 4599-4600 B u s i n e s s depressions, 107, 326, 720, 1572, 3729, 3766, 4504-4562, 4564, 4580, 4670; bankruptcy during, 4157; c a u s e o f , 174, 176, 4509, 4 5 1 4 , 4 5 2 1 , 4544, 4551, 456I ; r e m e d i e s , 4 5 1 4 , 4544, 4 5 5 1 , 4 5 8 9 ; w o r l d w i d e , 4544, 4 5 5 1 , 4560. See also B u s i n e s s c y c l e s ; P a n i c s B u s i n e s s directories, 4036-4079, also p p . 1034-1035; b i b l i o g r a p h i e s o f , 4036-4041. See also D i r e c t o r i e s B u s i n e s s e c o n o m i c s , 554, 3612 B u s i n e s s e d u c a t i o n , 3563, 3566, 3 5 8 1 , 3 5 9 5 , 3 6 3 5 , 3 7 9 8 , 3 9 7 8 , 4087, 4235, also p p . 8 7 4 - 8 8 9 ; c o r r e l a t i o n of s e c o n d a r y a n d collegiate, 4212; e v o l u t i o n of, 4 1 8 9 ; f o r t e a c h e r s of business, 4 1 8 9 ; in colleges, 4 1 5 9 , 4 1 6 3 - 4 1 6 4 , 4 1 7 2 , 4 2 1 1 4225; in e v e n i n g s c h o o l s , 4 1 6 1 , 4 1 7 5 , 4203; in p r i v a t e s c h o o l s , 4 1 6 1 , 4 1 7 5 ; in s e c o n d a r y schools, 4159, 4 1 6 1 , 4 1 6 3 , 4 1 8 3 , 4 1 9 4 - 4 1 9 6 , 4202, 4 2 1 2 , 4 2 1 5 , 4253; in u n i v e r s i t i e s , 4 1 5 9 , 4 1 6 3 - 4 1 6 4 , 4 1 7 2 , 4220. See also C o r r e s p o n d e n c e s c h o o l s ; I n dustrial education; Vocational guidance B u s i n e s s ethics, 1 7 , 24, 86, 163, 329, 4 7 1 , 490, 3559, 3 5 8 1 - 3 5 8 2 , 3624, 3872,

4225, 4233, 4237, 4431, also p p . 8 6 0 867; and commercial arbitration, 4103; a n d N R A codes, 4 1 3 1 ; a n d p u b l i c relations, 4105, 4 1 1 2 , 4 1 2 3 ; background of, 4104; g r o u p codes, 4 1 1 2 , 4 1 1 5 - 4 1 1 7 , 4 1 3 3 ; m o r a l basis o f , 4 1 1 3 , 4 1 1 7 - 4 1 1 8 , 4 1 2 1 4122, 4 1 2 5 , 4129, 4 1 3 7 ; philosophy of, 4130; p r o m o t i o n , b y t r a d e associations, 3948; research, need f o r , 4 1 1 0 ; t r e n d s in, 4109, 4125, 4129. See also C o m p e t i t i o n ; specific industries and trades; U n f a i r p r a c t i c e s Business executives, a s s o c i a t i o n s o f , 3942-3943, 3 9 5 8 - 3 9 6 1 ; b i o g r a p h i e s , 576-604, 764, 7 7 1 , 773, 2220, 2226, 3581 ; b o n u s e s f o r , 4684, 4 6 8 7 ; c o n t r o l o f , 4686; definition, 3572; d i r e c t o r y , 4076, 4 0 7 9 ; duties, 2629, 3652 ; e a r n i n g s o f , 4683-4687 ; profit-sharing by, 4685; q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f , 3565, 3567, 3569, 3 5 7 2 3573,3652; salaries, 4 6 8 3 - 4 6 8 7 ; selection o f , 3 7 5 8 ; t r a i n i n g , 3798. See also Business a d m i n i s t r a t o r s ; specific industries and trades B u s i n e s s failures, 603, 687, 1444, 2392, 3689, 4012, 4 1 4 0 - 4 1 5 8 , 4886. See also Bankruptcy ; Receiverships ; specific trades and industries B u s i n e s s families, 7, 1 1 , 328-329, 367-368, 476a, 5 1 1 , 612, 616, 620, 623, 890, 920, 3867, 4807, 4809 Business fluctuations, 4504-4622. See also Business c y c l e s B u s i n e s s f o r e c a s t i n g , 1938, 1943, 4615, also p p . 838-840; b a s e d o n statistics, 3 9 9 6 - 3 9 9 7 , 4 0 1 4 ; methods, 4014-4015, 4017-4018; services, 4 0 1 3 - 4 0 1 5 ; statistics, source o f , 4019. See also B u s i n e s s r e s e a r c h ; B u s i n e s s s t a t i s t i c s ; D o w t h e o r y ; Indices, s t a t i s t i c a l ; specific services Business H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , Inc., 4688, also p p . 7, 985, 1005

1053

INDEX Business history, dangers in, 4695 ; definition of, 4690; development of, 8, 254, also pp. 6 - 1 9 , 985-9871 introduction to, 8 ; literature of, ancient, 4694; literature of, medieval, 4694; literature o f , modern, 4688-4696; materials for, 4690, 4697-4716, see also Business research ; need f o r research in, 4695-4696 ; objectives o f , 4690; origin, pp. 3 5 - 4 3 ; periodicals, 4688, 4694, 4768-4774; potentialities of, 4693 ; regional, 4698, 4813-4831 ; research and reference materials, pp. 985-1035 ; types o f , 4689-4691 ; writing of, 4689-4691, 4693 Business i n f o r m a t i o n , 4688-4904, pp. 840860; services, I 4 3 8 a - i 4 4 7 , 1452-1453. See also Business journalism; Business libraries; Dictionaries; Encycloped i a s ; M a g a z i n e s ; Newspapers Business journalism, 2026-2031, also pp. 857-859; bibliography, 4094-4096. See also N e w s p a p e r s ; Periodicals ; T r a d e journals Business l a w , 1842, 3814-3816; encyclopedia, 3969; English and American bases of, 237 ; terminology, 3969. See also C o m m e r c i a l l a w Business leaders, 254-617, 476a, 1017, 2622, 3562, 3576, 3589, 3621, 3963, 4229, 4788, 4796, 4809. See also Business administrators; Business executives ; Business men ; E n t r e preneurs; Philanthropies of business leaders Business leadership, 3564, 3591, 3617, 3621-3622, 3799, 4217 Business libraries, 3478, 4026, 4699, 47024703. 4705-4706, 4709, 4717, 4776, also pp. 580, 842 ; catalog of, 4021, 4774. See also L a w libraries; Mercantile libraries; Special libraries Business literature,

bibliographies of, 4024-4032, 4882, also pp. 1024-1025. See also Business libraries; Business periodicals; Dictionaries; E n c y c l o p e dias ; M a n u a l s ; Newspapers ; T r a d e journals Business machines, see Office appliances industry Business management, see M a n a g e m e n t Business manuscripts, collections

of, 4697-4720,

4754,

4773,

4777See also Business records Business men, 8, 24, 26, 153, 308, 2619, 4795, 4818, 4828, also pp. 7 3 3 - 7 4 8 ; and business history, 4 7 1 3 ; and culture, 487, 537, 549, 3562, 3566, 4782, 4785, 4791, 4794, 4854; appraisal of, 1 9 7 ; character analysis of, 286; civic interests of, 560, 4240, 4782 ; criticism of, 4860, 4869; education o f , 4787; ethics o f , 84, 286; in d i p l o m a c y , 569 ; in folklore, 4860; medieval, 300, 302, 305; non-business interests of, 551-552, 4794; origin and influence of, 8, also pp. 7 3 3 740; philanthropies of, 379, 385, 432, 439, 3561, 3594. 4782-4785, 4796; philosophy of, 3560, also pp. 55-67, 7 2 73. 740-745; pictures of, 596, 602, 1606, 1608, 1641, 4785, 4789, 4795, 4799-4800, 48024803; political activities of, 432, 543, 547, 558, 603, 3562, 4632; p s y c h o l o g y of, 25-26, 84; public opinion of, 194; small, protection of, 212; social responsibilities of, 487, 503, 3562, 4105, 4240; support of education b y , 4782, 47844785, 4791 ; training of, 4789; types o f , 552, 1498, 4126; writings of, 483, 569, 3289-3290, 3 3 1 8 3319. 3321, 3333, 3339, 3553, 3566, 3585-3586, 3590, 4854, 4856-4857, 4862, 4869, also p. 26. See also A u t o b i o g r a p h i e s ; B i o g r a p h i e s ;

1054

INDEX

Business leaders ; Capitalists ; E n trepreneurs; specific men Business methods, see Management; specific industries and trades Business morals, 4102-4137. See also Business ethics Business museums, 4717-4720 Business organization, 19, 114, 3809-3813, also pp. 7S6-7S9. 792-798; dictionary

o f , 4895-4896, 4899;

legal aspects, 3644; unit system, 3639. See also Corporations; Partnerships; specific companies, industries, and trades Business periodicals, 4094-4100, also pp. 1019-1022 ; b i b l i o g r a p h y o f , 4832, 4 8 3 4 - 4 8 3 7 ;

foreign, bibliography of, 4832. See also Newspapers; Periodicals; T r a d e journals Business philosophy, 3560, 3579-3598, 3 6 1 7 , 3 6 1 9 , 4863, also p p . 5 5 - 6 7 , 7 4 ° -

745 Business policy, see Policy Business promoters, biographies, 568-575. See also Business administrators; Business leaders; various types of capitalists Business promotion, 336, 3661, 3670, 3674-3675, 3735, 3769, 3778, 3866, 4582.

See also T r a d e promotion Business prosperity, 107. See also Business conditions Business psychology, see Psychology in business Business records, 3651, 3700, 4707, 4714, 4 7 1 6 , a l s o p p . 21-30, 987-992 ;

collections of, 4697-4720; control of, 3707; p r e s e r v a t i o n o f , 3707, 3746, 4688, 4 7 1 3 4716.

See also Business manuscripts; M a n u script collections Business research, 1 1 7 7 ; company publications, 4833, also pp. 993-994 ;

data, 4004; d e p a r t m e n t of, 3653; foreign, 4756-4761; government aid, 1448-1494, 4010; l a b o r a t o r i e s , 4003, 4006, 4008-4009;

materials for, 4709, also pp. 20-30, 5 7 7 580, 827-860, 9 8 5 - 1 0 3 5 ; o r g a n i z a t i o n , 4002, 4006, 4008-4009; p e r s o n n e l , 4006, 4008-4009;

policy, 1187; types, 4004. See also Business forecasting; Business information; Business libraries; Business periodicals ; Business records ; Encyclopedias; Government publications; Manuscript collections; T r a d e journals Business services, directory of, 3066 Business standards, evolution of, 4104. See also Business ethics Business statistician, requirements, 4001 Business statistics, 1036-1037, 4001, 4004, 4091, also pp. 834-836; analysis of, 4000; as indices of business changes, 39963997, 4014, 4030, 4091 ; as indices of economic changes, 39963997, also p p . 5 0 - 5 2 ;

indices to,

of

business conditions,

guide

4091-4093;

interpretation, 3999 ; m e t h o d s , 3997-3998, 4000;

use, by federal government, 3998; use, by State government, 3998; use, technique of, 3999-4000. See also Indices, statistical ; specific industries B u s i n e s s success, 309, 603-604, 3588, 3598.

See also Success Business terminology, d i c t i o n a r i e s , 4 0 3 1 - 4 0 3 5 , 4087

Business thought, 3577, 3580-3599, 4126, 4233, 4859; periodicals, 4841-4845. See also Business philosophy Business trusts, pp. 794-795 Business women, see Women in gainful occupations Butler, Joseph G., Jr., 2450 Butler Brothers, 1276 Butterfield & Co., 3137 Butterfield, Wasson & Co., 955 Butters, J o h n Keith, 4461 B u t t o n industry, 1179 Buttrick, Philip Laurence, 2054 Butts, I. R., 4080

INDEX Butz, Earl L., 1785 Buying, see Purchasing Byars, William V., 313 Byers, M . L., 3322 Byles, John Barnard, 1554 By-products, 2346-2347, 2356, 2360 B y r n , E d w a r d W., 4389 Cable, John R a y , 698 Cables, companies, 3440; holding companies, investigation 1121 ; integration, 1126; manufacturing of, 367. See also Atlantic cable C a d b u r y Bros., L t d . , employee relations, 3800 Cabot, Andrew, 4807 Cabot, John, 4807 Cabot, Philip, 2934 Cabot, Samuel, 4807 Cabot family,

of,

genealogy of, 4807 Cadillac M o t o r Car Co., 801, 2387 Cahill, Marion Cotter, 4287 Caines, George, 1477 Caldwell, Rogers, 687 Caldwell & Co., 687 Calendars, guide to, 4874 Calhoun, George M . , 4, 4104 Calhoun, John C., 712 California, bankers, 357, 582, 666, 668, 1705; biographies, 4779; business directories, 4061, 4068; cooperatives, 1240, 3917; department stores, 376; electric power industry, 2987; Fruit Growers Exchange, 1233, 1237; fruit industry, 1233, 1237, 1240; fur trade, 2 1 1 5 ; insurance, 399, 790, 2229, 2272; Insurance Co., 399 ; minerals and mining, 296, 358,

2806,

2817;

minimum wage laws, 4347; real estate boom, 3015, 3028; social history of, 296; Stage Co., 3112, 3137; trading posts, 1019; transportation, 3495 !

lOSS

University, manuscript collections of, 4711. See also Los Angeles; San Francisco Call loans, 1592, 1596; rates, geographical statistics, 1545 C a l l a w a y , Trowbridge, 1834 Callender, G u y Stevens, 146, 4483 Callman, Rudolf, 1491 Calumet & Hecla Mining Co., 916, 2804 Calvinism,

523, 3306, 3112, 3426,

influence on business, 33, 87 Cambridge, Mass., retailing, cooperative, in, 744 Cameras, manufacture of, 463 Cameron, Jenks, 2055 C a m p , Hiram, 262 Campbell, E . G., 3295 Campbell, H. C., «4815 Campbell, Levin H., 4409 Canada, agriculture, 1079; bankers, biographies of, 1983; banking systems, 1732, 1980; business education, 4235; business museums, 4 7 1 7 ; canals, 3 1 7 9 ; capital from, 547 ; capitalists, biographies of, 1983 ; clearing houses, 1665 ; commercial law, 1481, 4089; credit agencies, 1439, 1447; directories, professional, 4078 ; economic history, doctoral dissertations, 4763, 4766; electric power production, 424; fire-insurance decisions, 2221; fur trade, 2117 ; governmental purchasing, 3694; grain growers' cooperatives, 1239; historical societies, manuscript collections of, 4773; history, bibliography of, 4878; hotels, directory of, 3064; insurance companies, 784, 2288-2290; iron and steel industry, 2468 ; labor from, 547; life-insurance investigation, 2154, 2 1 5 7 ; livestock market, 1219; lumber industry, 628, 2073 ; manufacturing associations, 2727; marine industries, 2034, 2046; meat-packing industry, 422 ; newspapers, directory of, 4846, 4851 ;

1056

INDEX

patent legislation, 4425; pension systems, 3 7 5 5 ; railroad directories, 3465, 3467-3468; securities, manuals of, 2014; securities, underwriters of, 1975 ; shipping, 3 2 8 5 ; street railways, 3493, 3520; telephone and telegraph industry, 1 1 0 7 ; tobacco industry, 424; trade journals, 2727, 3064; trade relations with U. S., 2040; transportation facilities, 3203, 3534, 3S4o; water power, 424 Canals, 370, 477, 549, 1 0 1 1 - 1 0 1 2 , 3069, 3074, 3 1 6 3 - 3 1 7 9 , 3200, 3 2 1 7 , 3226, 3239, 3248, 3260, 3265, 3534, 3 5 3 6 3539, 4831; administration, 3 1 5 4 - 3 1 5 5 ; advantages, 3190, 3 1 9 2 , 3 1 9 7 ; anthracite-tidewater, 3 1 6 7 ; companies, trade association of, 3 3 3 2 ; competition, 1 0 1 2 , 3 1 6 3 - 3 1 6 4 , 3226; competition with railroads, 3 1 5 4 - 3 1 5 5 , 3167, 3 2 5 8 ; construction, i o n , 3164, 3167, 3169, 3174, 3 1 9 7 , 3202, 3206, 3 2 1 7 , 3270; costs, 3164, 3169, 3190, 3192, 3 1 9 7 - 3 1 9 8 , 3206, 3 2 1 7 ; finance, 1 0 1 2 , 3 1 5 2 , 3 1 5 4 - 3 1 5 5 . 3 i 6 3 ~ 3164, 3169, 3206, 3 3 1 1 ; government relations, 1012, 3204, 3 2 1 7 , 3226, 3239, 4483; intracoastal, 3 1 8 8 - 3 1 8 9 ; legislation, 1 0 1 2 , 3154-3155, 3167, 321·;; maintenance, 3202, 3265, 3 2 7 0 ; operation, i o n , 3 1 6 7 , 3174, 3198, 3 2 1 7 , 3265; organization, 3 1 6 4 ; profits, 3 1 6 7 ; promotion, 1 0 1 1 - 1 0 1 2 , 3 1 7 4 ; rates, 3 1 5 5 , 3167, 3226; receipts, 3 1 5 5 , 3164, 3 1 6 9 ; routes, 3 1 5 4 , 3197, 3226, 3 5 3 6 ; terminals, 3 1 5 2 , 3 1 9 2 , 3 2 1 7 ; tolls, 3154, 3169, 3206, 3258, 3262; trade promotion, 3 1 5 4 , 3 2 1 7 ; traffic, 3152-3155, 3 1 6 3 - 3 1 7 9 , 3192, 3206, 3226, 3258, 3270; vessels, 1 1 4 3 , 3136, 3167. See also Inland water transportation; specific canals Cannan, Edwin, 92

Canning industry, 426, 2380-2382. See also Food industry Cannon, James Graham, 1664-1665 Cannons, H. G. T., 2615, 4874 Canoes, 3068 Canvassers, training of, 1275, 1 3 1 9 . See also Salesmen, traveling Canvassing, 278, 756, 1258, 1275, 1 3 1 9 Cape Cod, Mass., sailing ships, 609 Cape of Good Hope, 328 Capital, 99, 1 1 5 , 547, 1549, 1579, 3 0 1 5 ; American, in foreign countries, 1 5 5 0 ; and common law, 4427; control, 1513; expansion, 1 5 4 9 ; flow, 3 3 1 , 547, 1353, 1 5 1 3 , 3973, also pp. 346-349 ; formation, 1 5 4 8 ; investment outlets, 1 5 4 9 ; market, 1549, 1614, 4587; needs of foreign countries, 1 5 3 9 ; seasonal demand, 1 5 4 5 ; source of statistics on, 4000; theory of, 108, 3608; types of, 1 5 1 3 Capital concept of capitalism, pp. 3 5 - 3 6 Capital flow, to foreign countries, 1344 Capital funds, investment of, pp. 425-432. See also Capital; Capitalization Capitalism, and business, 1 - 3 3 ; as creative force, 209; concepts of, 8, 10, 13, pp. 3 5 - 3 6 ; decline of American, 147 ; defense of, 1 3 9 ; definition of, p. 3 5 ; effect of war upon, 26, 4638; evaluations of, 139, 1 5 6 ; evolution of, 1 5 1 2 , also pp. 3 5 - 4 3 ; importance of administration under, 8, 10; Jews and, 1 ; legal foundation of, 5 ; origin of, 300, also pp. 3 5 - 4 3 ; "rational," 8 6 ; religion and, 1 7 , 30, 33, 85, 87, also PP. 5 5 - 5 7 ; stages in, 8, 15, 20, 25 ; statistical analysis of, 4597;

INDEX theory of, 4597. See also Financial capitalism ; Industrial capitalism ; Mercantile capitalism ; National capitalism; Petty capitalism Capitalistic spirit, 24 ; origin of, 17, 33 Capitalists, see Financial capitalists; Industrial capitalists; Mercantile capitalists; Petty capitalists; individual capitalists Capitalization, 477, 656, 658, 771, 828, 832, 874, 954, 1049, i°77i " 6 5 , 1322, 2336, 2411, 2458, 2493, 2518, 2550, 2554, 2572, 2591, 2754, 2768, 2771, 2794, 2810, 2942, 2986, 3108-3109, 3163, 3664, 3666, 3673, 3681, 3822, 3838, 3866, 4830 Capper, Arthur, 1081 Cappon, Lester J., 2451, 4875 Captains, sea, 614, 3238, 4768 Caravans, in prairie trade, 280 Carey, Henry Charles, 164, 1726, 4509 Carey, Mathew, 167, 1727-1728 Carey, Thomas J., 4081 Cargill, Oscar, 187 Cargoes, see Foreign trade Caricatures, of business men, 1620 Carlson, Valdemar, 2520 Carlton, Frank Tracy, 4187, 4308 Carman, Ezra Α., 1047 Carman, Harry J., 963, 3483 Carnegie, Andrew, biographies of, 429-431, 437, 605, 4227, 4792, 4798; business policies of, 1187, 1629; writings of, 438, 3584-3586, 3588 Carnegie Corporation, 2060 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 2158 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 4764 Carnegie Steel Co., 829, 1017, 3692 Carpenter, Charles Underwood, 2673 Carpenters, biographies of, 262, 4790 Carpentry, 1161 Carpet industry, 886, 2594 Carr, Clark E., 964 Carr-Saunders, A. M., 3602 Carriages and wagons, 802, 3148 Carrier, Lyman, 1048

2610-2611,

1C57

Carroll, Edward, Jr., 1971 Carroll, John Charles, 425 Cartels, 2508, 3877, 3900-3915 ; bibliography of, 3877, 3914 Carter, George R., 3901 Carter, Robert, 269 Carimeli, Madison, 2681 Carver, Arthur H., 2345 Carver, Thomas Nixon, 169, 4579 Cary, Austin, 2092 Cary, John W., 965 Cary, Thomas G., 314, 4140 Case system, in teaching business, 4216, 4218 Cases in business history, 254 Cash registers, 444, 451 Cassel, Gustav, 3902, 4565 Casson, Herbert N., 442, 717, 3139, 4228 Casualties, see Industrial accidents; Insurance; Railroads Casualty insurance, see Insurance, accident Catalogs, p. 994 Catalonia, banking in, 632 Catholicism, economic thought in, 85-86, 88-91. See also Religion and business Catterall, Ralph C. H., 705 Cattle industry, 343, 345, 1049, 1053, 1059-1060, 1063-1065, 1072, 1080, 1082, 1092-1093, 1263; associations, 1049, 1053, 1064, 1072, 1074; companies, 1064-1065 ; finance, 1049, 1053, 1059, 1064-1065; international trade, 1093 ; markets and marketing, 1049, 1053, 1059, 1082, 1223; men, 1064; prices, 1093 ; production, 1059, 1082, 1093; profit and loss, 1049 ; transportation, 1059, 1223. See also Cattle ranching; Livestock industry Cattle Ranch and Land Co., 343 Cattle ranching, finance, 343, 1223; management, 1223; men engaged in, 343, 345-346, 348, 1223; partnerships, 348 ;

1058

INDEX

trade associations, 343 Cauley, T . J., 1049 Cement industry, 2324; executives, 898 ; markets a n d marketing, 1245, 2514; organization, 898; plants, 2 5 1 3 ; processes, 898, 2 5 1 3 ; research, 2 5 1 3 ; resources, b y States, 2514 Census data, unpublished, use of, 4741. See also U.S. Bureau of the Census Central America, agriculture, 1 3 5 8 ; banana industry, 1358; canals, 3260; economic imperialism, 1358; trade with, 357, 732, 977, 1 3 5 8 ; transportation, 1358, 3260, 3468; treasure, export of, 72 Central banking, 327, 351, 562, 677, 70S, 713, 1732, 1 9 1 5 - 1 9 1 6 , 4504. See also B a n k i n g ; Banking systems Central N o r t h w e s t , group b a n k i n g in, 667. See also specific localities Central Overland, California & Pike's Peak Express, 3 1 3 7 Central Pacific R.R., 963, 3436 Central Railroad of N e w Jersey, 3294 Cereal production, 910, 1092 Chadbourne, Walter W., 1682 Chaddock, R o b e r t E., 1674 Chain banking, pp. 391-392. See also Branch b a n k i n g ; G r o u p b a n k ing Chain Store Research Bureau, 1272 Chain stores, 739, 755, 1170, 1260, 1 2 7 1 - 1 2 7 2 , 1 2 8 0 - 1 2 8 1 , 1283, I 0 _I 3 S 3°6; administration, 378, 380-381 ; bibliography, 3878; brands, 12 7 1 ; cooperation with manufacturers, ethics, 378; finance, 3878; management, 378, 1 2 7 2 ; managers, selection a n d training, merchandising, 1 2 7 2 ; organization, 378; policies, 378; small, 3878; trade journals, 1 3 0 5 - 1 3 0 6 ;

1263, 1291,

1271;

378;

v o l u n t a r y , 1 2 7 1 , 1281 Chamber of Commerce of the State of N e w York, 3924-3924a C h a m b e r of Commerce of the United States, 3925, 3932-3934) 3937, 395^, 4491, also p. 8 1 6 ; Committee on Ethics, 1410, 4123 ; Foreign Commerce D e p a r t m e n t , 1410 Chamberlain, Lawrence, 1835, 1939-1940 Chamberlain, Neil W., 3726 Chamberlin, E d w a r d , 4665 Chambers, William, 4866 C h a m b e r s of commerce, 3923-3941, also pp. 8 1 6 - 8 2 1 ; arbitration, 3927, 3936; commercial secretary, training of, 3935, 3937-3938; directories, 3924a, 3929, 3939-394°; establishment, dates of, 3929; government relations, 3923, 3925, 3933 ; membership, 3933, 3936-3938; publications, 3923-3926, also p. 2 7 ; trade promotion, 3925-3926, 3936. See also Boards of t r a d e ; specific localities Champlain T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Co., 3 1 7 5 Champlin, Christopher, 1332 Champlin, George, 1332 Chandler, Charles L y o n , 1128 Chandler, S. C., Jr., 2134 Chandler, W . H., 3100 Channels, 3200 Channing, E d w a r d , 4876 Chapelle, H o w a r d Irving, 1129 Chapín, Albert F., 3688 C h a p m a n , Arthur, 9 5 1 C h a p m a n , Charles C., 3577 C h a p m a n , H e r m a n H a u p t , 2057 C h a p m a n , H e r m a n Hollis, 2452 C h a p m a n , J o h n M., 1760, 1786 Charitable corporations, 3824 Charities, of business men, 4785. See also Business men, philanthropies o f ; Philanthropies of business leaders Charleston, S. C., 338, 1497, 1 5 0 2 ; business education, 4 1 7 5 ; price levels, 4607, 4616 Chartered banks, 639-675, 690-713, 1688, 1702, 1766. See also Banking; B a n k s ; Commercial banking Charters, bank, 643, 658, 669, 694;

INDEX corporation,

240,

791-792,

2130,

3663,

3837· See also Railroads Chase, Frank Α., 1809 Chase, Lenox E., 244 Chase National Bank, 645, 1656 Chase Securities Corp., 1658 Chatburn, George R., 3119 Checks, legislation regarding, 1554, 1566 Cheese, see Dairy industry Chemical

2 7 3 5 , 4396, 4402

engineering,

Chemical Foundation, Inc., 2578 Chemical industry, 1027, 1030, 2409-2416, 2734-273S; bibliography, 2415 ; by States, 2411; capitalization, 2411; companies, 812-819; employees, 2411; executives, 816-817; finance,

2940;

real estate, 671, 2025, 3021, 3023; Sanitary and Ship Canal, 3203; securities market, 1841, 2025 ; Stock Exchange, 1640;

816-817;

government relations, 816, 2413 ; house organs, 813; imports, government control of, 2413; industrial research in, 4005; m e n , 2 0 4 - 2 0 5 , 468,

2410;

products, 812-819, 2411;

wartime, 2410. See also Drug industry; E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.; Munitions industry Chemical National Bank, 652, 670 Chenery, William L., 4288 Cheney, D. H., 2903 Cheney Brothers, 877, 2695 Cherington, Paul T., 2592 Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, 1012 Chester, William Reginald, 2926 Chevrolet Motor Co., 2392 Chicago, 111., 2713; banking, 277, 659, 673, 1692, 1998; Board of Trade, 1218, 1227, 1246, 1593; business directories, 4050-4051, 4 0 5 5 ;

Chamber of Commerce, 4816; clearing house, 1665 ; commercial banking, evolution 1685;

contractors, 364; development of, 4816; failures, 4141 ; Federal Reserve Bank of, 1882 ; First National Bank, 659; f u r trade, 277;

1059 industrial capitalists, 364; investment banking, 1841 ; livestock market, 1219; mail-order houses, 746; market possibilities, 1498, 2025; meat-packers, 4861 ; merchants, 277; money market, 1498, 1570, 1692; petty capitalists, 277; position in commerce, 1503 ; printing industry, 4283; private banking, 1685; produce market, 1251; public accountants, 3983 ; public utilities, franchises, 2956; public utilities, municipal ownership of,

of,

street r a i l w a y s , 540, 1008, 3484, 3 4 8 8 3489, 3492,

3522;

Trust Co., 1821; Union Stock Yards Co., 1021 Chicago & North-Western Ry., 1001 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R.R., 526, 991, 3438 Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific R . R . , 254, 965, 967, 3 4 3 3 , 4 1 5 1

Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R.R., 514, 3298, 3433 Chickering, Jonas, 588, 593 Chicopee, Mass., 2714 Child, Harry W., 582 Child, Josiah, 297 Children's clothing, 2428. See also Clothing industry; Garment industry Childs, Frank H., 4723 China trade, 314, 330, 402, 555, 627, 1335, 1341, 3245; American investments, 1341 ; commodities, 1335, 1341-1342 ; markets, 1335; methods, 385 ; policies, 310; promotion, by consuls, 1336; traders, 310, 1335; treaties, 1341 Chipman, Frank Ellsworth, 4726 Chisholm, George G., 241 Chittenden, Hiram Martin, 2114, 3156 Chittick, James, 2580

1060

INDEX

C h i t t y , Joseph, 1555 Chocolate and cocoa manufacturing, 427, 3800 Chouart, Médard, 2123 C h o w , Felton, 3544 Christian, George H., 895 Christianity and business, 87. See also Religion and business Chrysler, Walter P., 407 Chrysler Corporation, 807, 2400 Church, Alexander Hamilton, 2628, 2674, 3S6S Churches, census of, 203 Cigar industry, development, 2374. See also Tobacco industry Cincinnati, O., banking, 4604; companies, offices of, 4817; garment industry, 2417, 2421; market structure, 4604; price levels, wholesale, 4607, 4622; railroads, 3456; street railways, 3530; transportation, 4604, 4817; University of, 4181 Cincinnati & L a k e Erie R.R., 3149 Cincinnati, Southern R . R . , commercial activities of, 254, 968 Circus business, 504, 507 Cist, Charles, 4817 Cities, development of, 201, 3035, 4499; location of, 244. See also City planning Citrus fruit, 1236-1237, 1240. See also Fruit industry City and regional directories, 4036, 40424079, also pp. 1034-1035. See also Directories ; specific cities City planning, 4499 ; bibliography, 4496, 4498 C i t y zoning, 4496 Civil engineering, 365-368,

371,

3447; bibliography, 4381-4384 ; biographies, 4395; developments, 4403 ; European background, 4395 ; trade journals, 1153 Civil W a r , financing of, 254, 351, 354, 679; industrial conditions during, 150;

3201,

influence of N e w Y o r k business men on, 4632 ; postwar conditions, 4531; procurement of supplies, 456; social conditions during, 150 Claflin, Horace B., 601, 4245 Clapham, J. H., 50, 619 Clapp, E d w i n J., 3545 Clark, Arthur H., 3221 Clark, Evans, 1777, 4643 Clark, Florence M . , 4672 Clark, Fred E., 1247 Clark, George T., 509 Clark, Horace F., 1809 Clark, John B., 170, 171 Clark, John D., 3881 Clark, John M . , 4429, 4629-4630 Clark, Lawrence E., 1877 Clark, Roscoe Collins, 888 Clark, Sidney Α., 780 Clark, T . D., 1262, 4714 Clark, Victor Seiden, 2318 Clark, W . Α., 577, 1683 Clark, W . C., 1 1 4 9 - 1 1 5 0 Clark, William Horace, 1050 Clark ( E . W . ) & Co., 684 Clarke, Francis G., 3253 Clarke, Hermann Frederick, 259 Clarke, Isaac E d w a r d s , 4178, 4188 Clarke, M . St. Clair, 706 Clarkson, Grosvenor B., 2319 Classical economics, 119, 3599, also pp. 8-9 C l a y , Cassius M . , 2935 Clay, John, 343 Clay-working industry, by States, 2515 Clayton Act, 1466, 3881 Cleansing industry, chain stores in, 1306 Clearing houses, 1243, 1534, 1556, 1603, 1663-1667, 1684, 1703, 1724, 1846, 1980, 4804; foreign, 1667 Cleland, Ethel, 4024 Clemen, Rudolf Alexander, 2346-2347 Clemens, Samuel, 3176 Clement, G. Α., 2221 Clerical workers, wages, 4678 Clerks, education of, 4190-4191, 4208, 42354236, 4240, 4252 Cleveland, Frederick Α., 1510, 3323-3324

1061

INDEX C l e v e l a n d , J o h n , 1684 C l e v e l a n d , R e g i n a l d M c i n t o s h , 3084 C l e v e l a n d , R i c h a r d J., 3 1 5 C l e v e l a n d , O., b a n k e r s , 1693, 1 7 0 4 ; b a n k s , 1693, 1 7 0 4 ; C h a m b e r of C o m m e r c e , 3 7 3 7 ; c o a l a n d iron i n d u s t r y , 543, 2462a; e a r l y m a r i t i m e interests, 3 1 6 8 ; electric e q u i p m e n t m a n u f a c t u r i n g , 8 2 3 ; Federal Reserve Bank of, 1875; street r a i l w a y s , 3530 • C l e v e l a n d R a i l w a y C o . , 3488 C l e w s , H e n r y , 1625, 4797 Climax M o l y b d e n u m Co., 3610 C l i n c h f i e l d R . R . , 998 C l i p p e r ships, 1 1 2 9 , 3 2 4 5 ; builders, 3221, 3228, 3 2 3 5 ; construction, 1129, 3228; cost, 3228; design, 1 1 2 9 ; designers, 3 2 3 5 ; origin, 1 1 2 9 ; o w n e r s , 3221, 3228 ; t r a d e activities, 1 1 2 9 , 3228 Clock industry, m a k e r s , 262, 2606, 2715 C l o k i e , H u g h M . , 4758 C l o t h , 2601. See also C o t t o n textile i n d u s t r y ; W o o l textile i n d u s t r y C l o t h i e r , R o b e r t C . , 3778 C l o t h i n g i n d u s t r y , 2702, 2 4 1 7 - 2 4 3 7 ; b i o g r a p h i e s of m e n , 4 1 2 - 4 1 7 , 4 5 5 - 4 6 2 ; c o m p a n i e s , 873-882 ; fashions, cyclical c h a n g e s in, 2 4 3 6 ; g o v e r n m e n t r e p o r t s , 1462, 4 3 6 4 - 4 3 6 5 ; m e n ' s , w a s t e in, 2630; retail, 740, 1 3 0 6 ; retail, e x e c u t i v e s , 740. See also G a r m e n t i n d u s t r y ; H o s i e r y industry ; Shoe industry C l o u d , D . C . , 3847 C l o u d , P a u l G r e g o r y , 3040 C l o u g h , S h e p a r d B . , 781 Clubs, of business leaders, 4796 C o a c h e s , see S t a g e c o a c h e s C o a l gas, b i b l i o g r a p h y o f , 2926 C o a l i n d u s t r y , 2324, 2444, administration, 9 1 5 ; b i o g r a p h i e s , 2788; c a p i t a l i z a t i o n , 2786;

2776-2795;

c o m b i n a t i o n s , 2780; c o m p a n i e s , 2444, 2784, 2786; competition, 2777, 2791; consumption, 2778; c o n t r o l , 2780; d e v e l o p m e n t , 1027, 2784; earnings, 2786; executives, 9 1 5 ; finance, 2784; f o r e i g n t r a d e , 2788; government investigation, 2785-2786, 279S; g o v e r n m e n t r e g u l a t i o n , 2788, 2 7 9 1 ; investments, 2795; m a r k e t i n g , 1245, 2444, 2 7 7 7 - 2 7 7 8 , 2 7 8 3 2784, 2788, 2795, 3 2 9 4 ; m a r k e t s , 2783, 2788, 2 7 9 1 ; men, 2444; m e t h o d s , 543, 2783, 2788; o r g a n i z a t i o n , 9 1 5 , 2782, 2784; overproduction, 2777; plants, 2786; policy, 9 1 5 ; price c o n t r o l , 1 4 7 0 ; prices, 2 7 8 6 ; production,

2777,

2780,

2784,

2791,

2795; p r o d u c t i o n costs, 2 7 9 5 ; profits, 2782, 2795, 4 6 7 3 ; properties, 9 1 5 ; retailing, 2788; social aspects, 2783 ; storage, 2795; t r a d e a s s o c i a t i o n s , 2790, 2 7 9 3 ; t r a d e j o u r n a l s , 2788-2789, 2793. See also C o a l m i n i n g C o a l m i n i n g , 558, 2464, 2754, 2 7 7 6 - 2 7 9 5 ; accidents, 2794; associations, 2790, 2 7 9 3 ; combinations, 2780-2781; fields, 2 783 ; government surveys, 2794-2795; l a b o r , 2776, 2782, 2786, 2791,

2795,

4309; l a b o r relations, 2782, 2792, 2 7 9 5 ; l a b o r u n i o n s , 2782 ; strikes, 2 7 8 5 ; trade p u b l i c a t i o n s a n d association p r o ceedings, 2 7 8 8 - 2 7 9 3 ; w a g e rates, 2779, 2786; w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s , 2779, 2782. See also C o a l i n d u s t r y C o a l M i n i n g I n s t i t u t e of A m e r i c a , 2790 Coal-tar industry,

1062

INDEX

federal investigation, 2414 Coan, Otis W., 4855 Coastwise

trade,

1 1 6 9 , 3248, 3260,

3264,

3286

Cochran, Thomas C., 184, 3571, 4715 Cochrane, Charles H., 488, 4390 Cocoa industry, employee relations in, 3800 Codel, Martin, 1109 Codes, standardization of, 1133 Coffee, trade in, 384, 1214, 1242 Coffin, Charles Α., 820 Cohn, Gustav, 3390 Coinage, legislation, 1520, 1527, 1533, 1934; statistics of, 1533; systems, history of, 1536 Coit, Charles Guernsey, 1878 Coke industry, 2786, 2789. See also Coal industry Colange, L . de, 4082 Colbert, Jean P., 134 Colby, Charles C., 242 Cold storage, 2350, 3549-355°. 3552 ; federal investigation, 3554-3555; organization, 3552 ; price control, 1470; space, distribution of, 3547; State laws, 3554; trade journals, 3550. See also Storage; Warehousing Cole, Arthur H., 206, 1571, 1582-1583, 2593-2594, 3296, 4573, 4&°7-46°7a, 4715 Cole, G. D . H., 93, 3727 Coleman, Henry E., Jr., 4766 Coleman, Laurence Vail, 4717 Coleman, McAlister, 2776 Collections, agencies, 1191. See also Credit; Manuscript collections Collective

bargaining,

3726,

3728,

3752,

3763, 3766, 4342-4343, 4351

Collectivism, national, 4493 Collegiate schools of business, 4159, 41634164, 4172,

4211-4225;

case system, 4216, 4218. See also Business education Collier, William M., 3848, 4147 Collins, Ε. K., 1002 Collins, Francis Α., 3157 Collins, Frederick L., 940 Collins, James H., 691, 2381

Collins, Morgan, Jr., 2508 Collins, Samuel W., 889 Collins Co., 889, 907, 2691 Collins Line, 1002 Cologne, Germany, business leaders, 3963 Colombia, American investments in, 1344; trade relations with, 1344 Colonial, Revolutionary, and early Constitutional America, accounting methods, 3993, also p. 828; agriculture, 1048, 1787, 4820; animal husbandry, 1048 ; apprenticeship, 4166, 4168; banking, 254, 308, 1523, 1677, 1680, 1688, 4826, 4 8 2 8 ;

bankruptcy laws, 4153; banks, opposition to, 1755; book trade, 272, 2913; brewing industry, 2384; British trade legislation, 155; business conditions, 2619, 4572; business cycles, 4572 ; business education, 4159, 4175, 41844185,4189; business men, 308-309, 2619, 4795, 4818, 4828;

business organization,

140, 254,

606-

607;

business policy, 140, 309; business records, 4701 ; ' business thought, 4859; capital, lack of, 1543; chambers of commerce, 3930, 39363937; cigar industry, 2374; civil law, 231-232; common law, 231-232; contracting industry, 254; copyright law, 2917; corporations, development of, 3833 ; corporations, private, 237; cotton textile industry, 2540, 2542; court decisions, 225; craftsmen, 259-261; credit instruments, 1562; cultural aspects, 4826; currency, 279, 308, 1523, 1525, 1527, 1 5 3 1 , 3936, 4480, 4 8 2 6 ;

earnings, 2619; economic development, 141, 4826; equity courts, 223; European background, 158;

INDEX factorage, 254, 265, 268; farmers, 261, 264-265; finance, 1523-1525, 1 5 3 1 ; fishing, 2046, 4828; flour-milling, 2341 ; foreign trade, 265, 268-269, 271, 308, 3 1 3 - 3 1 6 , 318, 328-331, 35°, 607, 1327, 1337, 4828; foreign travelers, 4867; frontier trade, 281 ; fur trade, 281, 2121-2122 ; glass industry, 2512; government aid, 1 0 5 1 ; government, business activities o f , 607, 4486-4487 ; government publications, 4747, 4750; grain-growing, 4820; handicrafts, 2477, 2619; income tax, 4467 ; indentured labor, 4353 ; Indian trade, 281, 333, 3 3 7 ; industrial education, 4184-4185 ; industrial research, 4011 ; industries, 4820; insurance, 254, 4828; inventions, 2315; investments, 607, 1543 ; Jewish merchants in, 584; joint-stock companies, 140, 254, 606, 620a, 949; lake transportation, 281; land alienation, 231; land companies, 3833 ; land distribution, 2 3 1 ; land investments, 3012; land speculation, 337, 3027; landowners, 308 ; lead mining, 2820; linen industry, 2540; manufacturing, 308, 2315-2316,

1063 plantations, 264-265, 269, 2 7 1 ; political aspects, 4826; population distribution, 199; postal system, 4450; price trends, 4605, 4607-4608, 4621 ; printing and publishing business, 2914, 2923-2924; privateering, 308, 1337, 4828; professional men, 4818; public accountants, 3975 ; public finance, 4477, 4482 ; public l a w , development of, 228; publishing, 4828; real estate, 265, 279, 308, 3012, 3027, 3030; rum, trade in, 308 ; salt, trade in, 308; sedentary merchants, 254, 272, 2 7 5 276, 282-283, 285, 3 1 6 ; settlement, 279, 630, 4828; shipbuilding, 308, 4828; shipping, w a r t i m e , 3 2 1 2 ; shoe industry, 2477-2480; silk industry, 2540; silk textile industry, 2579; silversmiths, 259, 587; social aspects, 4826; speculation, 2 5 4 ; tailoring trade, 260; tariff, 2 3 1 5 ; taverns and inns, 3060-3063; taxation, 4477, 4482 ; tobacco industry, 265, 2376, 4820; tonnage statistics, 4828; tools used, 2619 ; trade, 4820, 4826; trade, regulation of, 2619 trade w i t h E n g l a n d , 268, 271, 299-300, 3212;

4820,

4828; maritime l a w , 3227; marketing, 2619; mercantile capitalists, 303-304, 3 1 3 - 3 1 4 , 318, 321, 327, 329-330. 334-335, 339342, 1 4 9 7 ; merchants, 155, 259, 265, 299, 308; merchants, northern, 272, 279, 303; newspapers, directories of, 4847-4848; non-importation, 1 5 5 ; partnerships, 308 ; petty capitalists, 257, 259-262, 264-265, 268-269, 271-272, 275-276, 279, 283, 285-288, 291-293, 1 4 9 7 ;

tradesmen, immigration of, 2619; transportation, 1525, 4828; wages, 4353, 4682 ; weights and measures, 3936, 4444; W e s t , development of, 337; wholesale prices, 4605 ; w o m e n in business, 4257 ; w o o l textile industry in, 2540, 2593, 2600 Colonization, 501, 946, 949, 955, 976, 991, 1014; companies, 946-949. See also Colonial, R e v o l u t i o n a r y , and early Constitutional America ; Real estate

1064

INDEX

Color, census statistics on, 203 Colorado, commercial banking in, 349. See also Denver Colorado Fuel a n d Iron Co., industrial relations, 3746 Colt, Samuel, 2498 ; biography, 473, 588, 593, 884 Colton, David D., 523 Columbia Conserve Co., personnel management, 3786 Columbia Gas and Electric Co., 3003 Columbia University, 4844 Columbian Exposition, 1505 Colwell, Stephen, 1556 C o m a n , E d w i n T., Jr., 1941 C o m a n , Katherine, 1024, 2115 Combinations, 254, 846, 893, 2780-2781, 2970, 3010, 3291, 3362, 3364, 3401, 3840-3915. See also Cartels; Monopolies; specific industries and trades; T r u s t s Combs, M a b l e V., 4295 Combs, m a n u f a c t u r i n g of, 2620 Comegys, B e n j a m i n B., 662, 3566 Comish, Newel H o w l a n d , 1231 Commerce, coastwise, development of, 151 ; domestic, development of, 151, 10291039, 1048; history of, 35, 148. See also Foreign t r a d e ; trade references Commercial banking, 502, 552, 639-665, 667, 699, 1592, 1692, 1759, 1786, 1792, 1 795) also pp. 373-392 ; administration and administrators, 324, 349-35». 550-567, 643-668, 676-685, 697-713; associations, 1985-1986; business records, 4716; capital a n d resources, 648, 656, 658; cashiers, 649 ; credit i n f o r m a t i o n , 1749; credit m a n a g e m e n t , 349~349a ; credit policy, 349, 1743; development, 1673-1680; directors, 644, 646-649, 655, 662, 665, 673, 1745; directors' records, 650; dividends, 656; employees, duties of, 1722, 1 7 5 1 ; evolution, 1685;

failures, 701, 1697, 1708, 1713, 1 7 1 5 ; foreign expansion, 1762; founders, 665 ; government regulation, 1762; legislation, changes in, 1673-1674, 1691, 1694, 1699, 1708, 1743, 1745; management, 349-35°, 661, 1715, 1722, 1751; mergers, 1697; officers, 1722, 1739, 1751; organization, 699, 1742; personal loan departments, 1 7 7 7 - 1 7 7 8 ; policy, 650, 658, 661-663, 699-700, 705, 1S19, 1722; public relations, 1679, 1722, 1727; safety fund, 1674; security portfolios, 1714; statements, 648; statistics, 1677; stockholders, 659; trade journals, 1985, 1994, 1997 Commercial bribery, federal investigation, 4134-4135 Commercial courses, see Business education Commercial exchange, 1585 Commercial instruments, 1510, 1569, 1612, 1714, 1759. 3692, also pp. 349-351; encyclopedia of, 4084; government control, ΐ552~ Ι 555> i55 8 > 1565· See also Acceptances; Finance Commercial law, 1475-1485, 4089, 4098; encyclopedia, 4081-4089 ; history of, 229, 238; maritime, 1476-1478. See also Antitrust laws ; Legislation a f fecting business Commercial organizations, directory of, 3939· See also Boards of trade ; Chambers of commerce; T r a d e associations Commercial paper m a r k e t , 1568, 1581, 1596, 1759; firms, 351, 684-685, 1759 Commercial-paper rates, geographical statistics, 1545 Commercial policy, 151, 1169. See also Policy Commercial research, 1457, 4002. See also Business research; Industrial research; M a r k e t i n f o r m a t i o n and research; Statistics Commercial revolution, 43

INDEX Commercial schools, see Business education Commission merchants, 316, 321, 338, 38g, 393, 622, 730, 1330, 1357, also p. 735 C o m m i t t e e on Elimination of Waste in Industry of the Federated Engineering Societies, 2630 Commodities, m o v e m e n t o f , 3067 ; price levels of, 1242, 4604-4627. See also specific commodities C o m m o d i t y exchanges, 1 2 4 2 - 1 2 5 5 ; classification, 1846. See also C o o p e r a t i v e associations ; S t o c k exchanges C o m m o d i t y index, wholesale, 1441 C o m m o n carriers, legislation, 4080; liability of, 237, 3067, 3292. See also various means of transportation Common law, adoption b y A m e r i c a n colonies, 227, 231; and business legislation, 1464, 4427; and business organization, 1464; and capital, 442 7 ; and private corporations, 3836 ; and trade combinations, 1464; and trusts, 3860, 3883, 3891 ; decisions, 234; development, 4729 ; encyclopedia, 4080; English, in U . S., 233, 235; history of, b y States, 224 C o m m o n stock, 1938; as long-term investment, 1940, 1964; indices, 1644; prices, 1943 C o m m o n s , J o h n R . , 5, 4289, 4294, 43094310, 4343, 4347, also p. 15 C o m m o n w e a l t h Investment Corp., 1861 C o m m u n i c a t i o n , 2937, 3008-3009, 4442, 4746, also pp. 1 1 7 - 1 1 8 , 260-266; and N e w Deal, 222; companies, 7 1 4 - 7 2 3 ; development, 4900; fraudulent use of facilities, 1657; government aid and control, 1657 ; inventions, 4394; lines, 244, 3 5 9 ; men, biographies o f , 359-362 ; statistics, 1038, 3000; trends, 196. See also A i r - m a i l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; A m e r i -

1065

can T e l e p h o n e & Telegraph C o . ; Bell Telephone S y s t e m ; Cables; Overland M a i l ; Postal system ; Telegraph ; Telephone and telegraph industry C o m m u n i s m , 129, 1 6 7 ; and business, 34, 87, 3613 ; b a c k g r o u n d , 66; encyclopedia, 4897 ; experiments, 219 C o m m u n i s t League, 13 C o m p a g n i e Générale Transatlantique, L a , 3224 C o m p a n y histories, pp. 165-241 ; writing of, 4689. See also specific companies, industries, and trades C o m p a n y and association schools, 1292, 4161, 4164, 4169-4x73, 4Ϊ83· See also Business education Compensation insurance, government investigation of, 4361-4363, 4367 Competition, 19, 904, 1062, 3596, 3897, 3899, 4438; danger to p r i v a t e enterprise, 3591 ; decline of, 3845 ; effect of trade associations upon, 39483949; g o v e r n m e n t regulation, 1472, 1492 ; g o v e r n m e n t stimulation, i 4 8 6 ; international, 1491 ; limits of, 1 7 1 ; monopolistic, 4665 ; non-price, 3845 ; theory of, 4666 ; unfair, 3872, 3883, 4 1 2 4 ; wastes o f , 3859. See also C o o p e r a t i v e associations C o m p t o n , Wilson, 2093 C o m s t o c k , J . B., 891 C o m s t o c k ( K . L . ) & Co., personnel management, 3786 C o m s t o c k L o d e , 918, 2811 C o n a n t , Charles Α., 1572, i668, 1729 C o n a n t , L u t h e r , Jr., 3849 Conduits, m a n u f a c t u r e of, b y States, 2515 C o n f e c t i o n e r y industry, industrial schools in, 427 Confederacy, income tax during, 4467 Congdon, Clement Η., 1130 Connecticut, bankers, 4789;

1066

INDEX

brass industry, 1179, 2495; business directory, 4046; button industry, 1179; clock industry, 2606, 2715; fire insurance companies, 762-763, 767; hardware manufacturers, 891 ; industrial capitalists, 4789 ; insurance men, 2131, 4789; Land Bank, 1523 ; land promotion, 319, 946; life insurance companies, 782, 2131; mercantile capitalists, 319, 611; merchant bankers, 319; merchants, 4789 ; Mutual Life Insurance Co., 782; petty capitalists, 4789; roads, betterment of, 3127; silks, manufacturing of, 877; silversmiths, 2492 ; tool manufacturers, 889, 007 ; Valley, shutdowns in, 4295. See also Hartford, Conn. Connelley, William Elsey, 4451 Connor, Thomas, 2116 Conover, Milton, 1051 Conrad, J., 4893-4893b Conservation, 250-252, 518, 1140, 2055, 2064, 2069, 2848, 2855, 2877-2879, 2881, 2894 Consolidation Coal Co., 915 Consolidations, 910, 940, 954-955, 1106, 1204, 1833, 2974, 2980, 3067, 3100, 3137, 3490, 3496-3497, 3510, 3667, 3674; promotion of, 569. See also Combinations; Mergers; Railroads; Trusts Constitution, American, 217, 3580, 3836; and John Marshall, 225-226; economic interpretation of, 156; Fourteenth amendment, ruling on, 240; judicial interpretation of, 3420 Construction industry, 293-294, 534, 724729, 1030, 1038, 3594, also pp. 1 1 8 119, 266-273; accident prevention, 1147 ; accounting, 1147, 1159; apprenticeship, 1133; associations in, 1147; biographies of builders, 1130; building permits, 1146; building statistics, 1134; capital, sources of, 1165; carpentry, charges for, 1161;

code standardization, 1133; collective bargaining, 3728; conditions in, 113 2; contractors, 293-294, 534, 1156, 1158; contracts, 724, 1147, 1153 ; cooperatives, 1133, 1147; costs, 1147, 1153-1154; credits, 1147 ; cyclical

fluctuations,

1134,

1136-1137,

1139; development, 1132, 3019; economic aspects, 1133, 1150, 1158, 3034; efficiency, 1159; engineering, bibliography of, 4382-4383 ; equipment, 1159, 1164; ethics, 1147, Ï156; failures, 1147; finance, 1133, 1158-1159; firms, age of, 1164; government investigation, 1163; government regulation, 1147; government relations, 1156; hours of work, 1164; industrial relations, changes in, 1133; labor, 1132, 1147, 1165; labor disputes, 1133; labor management, 1153, 1158-1159; labor organization, 1133; labor relations, 1156; labor supply, 1133; labor, training of, 1130; legislation, 3019; low-cost housing, 1147; management, 293, 726, 1147, 1156, 1159, 3043; materials, costs of, 726,1133, 1164-1165; materials, manufacture of, 3019; men in, 363-371, 1164; methods, 726, 1133, 1147; number engaged in, 1164; organization, 1132, 1164; planning, 1159; policy, 724, 1164; practices, 1156; price statistics, 1165; production statistics, 1133, 1146, 1 1 5 1 ; profiteers, 3036; purchasing, 1159; regional variations, 1134; relation to real estate, 3034, 3039 ; seasonal variations, 1133-1134, 1163; skyscrapers, 1142; sub-contracting, 1130, 1x64;

1067

INDEX technique, 726, 1132, 1154; theory, 1165; trade associations, 1130, 1147, 3958; trade journals, 1145, 1151, 1153, 1156, 3043; trends, 724; unemployment, 1133, 2630; volume of business, 1164; wages and salaries; 1164-1165, 4654; war, effect upon, 1165; waste, elimination of, 1133, 2630 Consular service, 1169, 1388-1389, 1395, 1405 Consultants, see Business auxiliaries Consumer cooperatives, 744, 1232, 12911292, 1300, 1320-1324, 3918; foreign, 1321, 1323; geographical distribution, 1300, 1322; government control, 1320, 1322; patronage refunds, 1320. See also Cooperative associations Consumer credit, 349, 1743, 1767-1782, 1992, also pp. 392-395 Consumer demand, 1274, 3622 Consumer purchasing power, 4506. See also Purchasing power Containers, corrugated, 2523. , See also Paper, pulp, and paper-products industry Contests, 278 Continental Bank and Trust Company of New York, 1697 Continental Can Co., Inc., 2329 Contractors, 254, 293-294, 534; business manuscripts of, 4698. See also Construction industry Contracts, 1235; law of, 231, 238. See also specific industries and trades Control, administrative, 2683, also pp. 732-984 passim. See also Accounting; Business forecasting ; Business research ; Business statistics; Government regulation; State regulation; specific industries and various types of business men Convenience goods, merchandising of, 1277. See also specific items Converse, Paul D., 1187 Convict labor, 3125, 3876 Conwell, Russell H., 4229 Conyngton, Hugh R., 3673 Conyngton, Thomas, 3659

Cook, Charles B., 2629 Cook, John Α., 2036 Cook, William W., 3660, 3850 Cooke, Gilbert W., 4484 Cooke, Jay, biographies of, 254, 351, 354, 594 Cooke, Roy C., 2864 Cooke, Thornton, 1761, I 9 i 7 - i 9 i 7 b Cooley, Lyman E., 3199 Coolidge, T . Jefferson, 552 Coon, Horace, 718 Cooper, Francis, pseud., 3673 Cooper, Kent, 2823 Cooper, Peter, biography of, 440, 601, 4245 Cooper, Thomas, 2975 Cooperation, 129; experiments in, 219, 4897. See also Consumer cooperatives; Cooperative associations Cooperative associations, 758, 1222, 1235, 39x6-3922, 4297; marketing, 1055, 1229-1240, 1786, 3917; organization, 1235-1238, 3918. See also Agriculture ; Chambers of commerce; Consumer cooperatives; specific industries and trades Cooperative banks, 1767, 1808-1817, 3921 ; foreign, 1770; State regulation, 1811 Cooperative stores, retail, 744. See also Consumer cooperatives Coopers, 2620; cooperative associations, 3922 Cope, Thomas Pym, 589 Copeland, Melvin T., 1167, 1188-1189, 1277, 1449, 2545, 3996 Copley, Frank Barkley, 2631 Copper industry, 2324; assessments, 2805 ; boom, 2802 ; chemistry, 2505; companies, promotion of, 475 ; development, 475, 1027, 1030, 2804; dividends, 2805; earnings, 916, 2805; finance, 916, 2803; foreign trade, 1343 ; investments, 916; labor, 2803 ; management, 916; manual, 2798; marketing, 1253, 2505, 2797;

1068

INDEX

organization, 2804; ownership, 9 1 7 ; policy, 9 1 6 ; prices, 2800, 2805 ; product, uses of, 2505, 2797, 2805; promoters, 475 ; trusts, 3887; wholesale market, organization of, 1253. See also Copper mining Copper mining, 919-920, 2754, 2796-2806; companies, 433, 477, 9 1 6 - 9 1 7 , 2803; location, 2796, 2801, 2803, 2805, 2 8 1 7 ; methods, 2797, 2803; operations, 9 1 6 - 9 1 7 , 919, 2803; production, 9 1 6 - 9 1 7 , 2505, 2797, 2800,

Corporation schools, see Company schools Corporation law, see Corporations, legislation Corporation lawyers, 3600, 3603-3604 Corporations, administration, 3655-3667, 3 8 2 0 - 3 8 2 1 ; capitalization, 3664, 3666, 3673, 3822, 3838, 3866; charters, 240, 3663, 3 8 3 7 ; consolidations, 3667, 3674; control, 3659, 3665-3666, 3820, 3822; directors, 3666-3667, 3685, 3822; earning power, 4669-4670; economic aspects, 1 0 1 5 , 3660, 3686, 3842;

2803, 2 8 1 7 ; profits, 919 Copper Queen Mines, 917 Copyrights, laws, 497, 1 4 9 1 , 2917-2924, 4 4 1 1 , 4 4 1 7 ; laws, international, 2921-2923 Corbin, Arthur L., 224 Corbin, Austin, 577, 648 Corbin (P. & F . ) , 891 Corcoran Gallery of Art, 4782 Cordage industry, 892 Cordell, Harry W., 1278 Co.rdwainers, 263 Corey, Lewis, 147, 677 Cork, 2602, 2609 Corliss, George H., 447, 450 Corliss, Nightingale & Co., 450 Corliss Steam Engine Co., 447 Corn Exchange Bank, 65s Corn trade, 1 2 2 1 , 4614 Cornell, William Bouck, 1027, 3636 Cornell University, 4698 ;

evolution, 28, 3824, 3829, 3 8 3 3 ; executives, 3660; financial policy, 530, 3661, 3674-3675, 3681, 3686, 3820-3821, 3828, 3 8 3 1 , 4687; foreign, admission of, 3823 ; government relations, 3889, 4442, 4687; legislation, 239, 3663, 3667, 3 8 1 6 - 3 8 1 8 , 3820, 3823-3826, 3 8 3 0 - 3 8 3 1 , 3834, 3836; liabilities, 3822; licensing, federal vs. State, 3837 ; management, 2329, 3 6 1 3 , 3655-3667, 3838, 4687; management ownership, 3662 ; officers, 3667; organization, 530, 972, 975, 982, 985, 3 2 9 1 , 3395, 3495, 3637, 3645, 3659, 3664-3665, 3675, 3681, also pp. 795798; origin, 9, 3824; ownership, 3821 ; ownership by control groups, 3662 ; political aspects, 3637, 3660; private, 237, 3836 profits, 4669-4670, 4672, 4675-4677; promoters, 3667, 3674, 3866; promotion, 3661, 3670, 3674-3675, 3866; public relations, 3660; purchasing systems, 3699; regulation, 3823, 3 8 3 1 ; relations with banks, 3667 ; reorganization, 3661, 3674, 3676, 3 8 3 1 ,

land policy, 3 0 1 7 Corning, Erastus, 996 Corporation finance, 237, 530, 1 0 1 5 , 1 5 2 1 , 1653, 3656-3657, 3661, 3667-3686, 3 8 2 0 - 3 8 2 1 , 3828, 3838, 3866, 3984a, 4687; accounting, 3676, 3984; bankers' control, 3657; capital disbursements, control of, capitalization, 3673, 3681 ; dividends, 3685 ; inventory, financing of, 3684; legislation, 3656-3657, 3664, 3672, 3686;

1515, 3665, 3831,

3681 ;

3685-

policy, 530, 3661, 3674-3675, 3681, 3686; securities, 3670, 3674; sources of funds, 3668

4142, 4 1 5 1 , 4 1 5 5 ; reports, use of, p. 26; size, 3822 ; social aspects, 1 0 1 5 , 3637, 3660; State control, 3822, 3826; stockholders, control by, 3822;

1069

INDEX tax

legislation,

by

States,

3822-3823,

3834; taxation, 4462 ; types, 3824, 3835 ; unfair practices, 3660, 3664, 3673. See also Business administration ; specific corporations Correspondence schools, 4204-4210; business courses, 4159, 4161, 4164, 4204. See also Business education C o r r u g a t e d shipping container industry, 2S23 Corset industry, 417 C o r t i , E g o n Caesar, 620 C o r w i n , E d w a r d S., 225-226 C o s t , see specific trades and industries C o s t accounting, 2633, 2672-2680, 3622; medieval, 3976; production factors, 2674; relation to management, 3979. See also Accounting C o s t of doing business, 697, 999, 3310, 3407, 3538. See also specific industries and trades C o s t of living, 4290, 4298, 4304, 4364, 4529, 4618 ; bibliography, 4620; relation to bank-deposit circulation, 4625; relation to volume of trade, 4625. See also Standard of living C o t t e r , Arundel, 568, 830 Cotton, economic aspects, 2328; exports and imports, 2569; marketing, 1607, 2569, 3073; production, 264, 1029-1030, 2569-2570, 3073 ;

speculation, 326; warehousing, 3549, 3553. See also C o t t o n textile industry ; P l a n t a tions C o t t o n gin, invention of, 4400; m a n u f a c t u r i n g of, 441, 453; patent suits, 453 C o t t o n - o i l industry, trusts, 3887 C o t t o n textile industry, 460, 462, 2324, 2 5 3 7 - 2 5 7 4 , 2588; administrators, 2550, 2552, 2558; bibliography, 2548, 2573, 4813; capitalization, 2550, 2554, 2572; combinations, 2545;

comparison w i t h British, 2556, 2574; dividends, 2545 ; economic factors, 2544, 2 5 7 2 - 2 5 7 3 ; exports, 2545 ; federal legislation, 2553; finance, 2551, 2554, 2588; imports, 2545 ; labor, 2545-2546, 2550, 2552-2554, 2572, 2588, 2688 ; labor, importation o f , 2688; labor unions, 2553, 2566; location, 2544-2545, 2561, 2 7 1 2 ; machinery, 2542, 2549, 2556, 2560, 2573; management, 2550, 2554; manuals, 2541, 2560, 2562; manufacturing, 458-462, 2539, 2567, 2573. 2588; marketing, 1182, 1245, 2538, 2545, 2559, 2567, 2569, 2572, 2588; markets, 2546, 2550, 2567; men, 2567 ; mergers, 2 5 5 1 ; mills, 2542, 2552, 2554, 2556; mills, managers of, 2554; operations, 2556; organization, 2550, 2572; owners, 2552 ; policy, 2550; position of U . S . in, 2545 ; power loom, introduction of, 2538; prices, 2545, 2 5 5 1 ; processes, 2538, 2541, 2545, 2560, 2567, 2574; production, 1182, 2538, 2545, 2550, 2552, 2569; production costs, 2551, 2556; raw materials, 2544, 2552, 2567; sales, v o l u m e of, 2559; selling agents, 2559; State legislation, 2553 ; tariff, 2567; textile schools, 2545; trade associations, 2537, 2543, 2545, 2557-2558; trade journals, 2563-2567, 2573 ; wages, 2546, 2550, 2552, 2574; welfare, 2552 ; w o m e n workers, 2563 ; w o r k i n g conditions, 2546, 2553. See also C o t t o n ; C o t t o n t r a d e ; Textile industry C o t t o n trade, cooperatives, 1235; evolution, 1249;

1070

INDEX

exchanges, 1217, 1242, 1250, 1252; factorage, 1071, 1226; finance, 1250; future trading, 1249; government regulation, 1249; grading, 1250; insurance, 1250; market forecasting, 1217 ; merchants, 514, 1217; price fluctuations, 1217, 1250; trade associations, 2537 ; unfair practices, 1217; warehousing, 1250; wholesale, 1226; wholesale, selling agents in, 390-391 Cottrell, W. Fred, 3375 Coulter, E. Merton, 264, 968 Counterfeiting, decline of, 1718 Country banking, 1724, 1743, 1761, 1987 Country stores, credit information for, 1446; proprietors of, 450; purchasing methods of, 1287. See also General stores County purchasing, 3694 Cover, John H., 4141 Cowan, Helen I., 501 Cowan, Leonard L., 1650 Cowing, Herbert L., 4382 Co wies, Alfred, III, 1644 Cowles, James Lewis, 3376 Cox, Garfield V., 4015, 4018 Cox, Reavis, 2375 Coxe, Tench, 162 Cracker industry, 1206 Cradock, Matthew, 303, 630 Craftsmanship, 2334, 2477-2478, 26192621, 2715 Craftsmen, 259-263, 2713, also pp. 95-96; wages, 4680 Craig, Charles P., 3182 Craig & O'Hara, 2517 Cramer, Zadock, 3183 Cramp, Charles H., 363 Cramp (Wm.) & Sons Shipbuilding Co., 577, 729. 3240 Crandall, Ruth, 4608 Cravath, Swaine & Moore, predecessors of, 3604a Craven, Avery O., 1052 Craven, W . F., 620a Crawford, Finia G., 2943

Crawford, J. B., 3325 Crawford, Mary Caroline, 741 Crawley, Chetwode, 1100 Creamer, Daniel, 2688, 2701 Creameries, business manuscripts of, 4698. See also Dairy industry Credit, 329-330. 650, 1330, 1445, 1519, I534> 1539. 1785. 1884, 1911-1912, 3608, 3687-3693; associations, 1273, 3689; consumer, 1992 ; control, 3687; cyclical movements in, 4625; economics of, 1514; expansion, 1578; flow of, 1353, also pp. 346-349; information, pp. 324-326; information, analysis of, 1741, 1749, 3691-3692; information, sources of, 1191, 1438a1447, 3687; instruments, 1196, 1510, 1515, 1534, 1560, 1612, 3687,3692; legal aspects, 3687; letters of, 1558; management, 8, 1191, 1278, also pp. 76877°; managers, 3690-3692 ; policy, 349, 1187, 1191, 1712, 1743; rating, 757, 1438-1447, 3689; risks, 3691 ; systems, 1556, 3693; terms, 275, 1192, 1712, 3692; types, 3687. See also Acceptances; Installment selling ; specific industries and trades Credit agencies, manuals, 2010; mercantile, 548, 757, 760, 1196, 14381445. 1447, 3689-3690. See also Finance companies Credit insurance, 2236, 3690-3691 Credit market, 1535, 1583, 1588, 1595, 1603, 1611, 1614, 1622 Crédit Mobilier, 366, 471, 971, 999, 3325, 3437, also pp. 860-861 Credit unions, 1767-1770, 3918 Cree, Malcolm M., 2268 Creed, Wigginton Ellis, 582, 4105 Cressy, Edward, 4391 Cricher, A. Lane, 3546 Crises, 1521, I534-I534a, 1709, 1717, 1723, 1737; place of banks in, 1925.

1071

INDEX See also Business c o n d i t i o n s ; Business Cycles ; Panics C r i s s e y , F o r r e s t , 443, 952 Crittenden, Charles Christopher, 4773 C r o c k e r , C h a r l e s , 523, 790, 1941 C r o c k e r , U r i e l H . , 4580 Croffut, W . Α., s i i C r o g h a n , G e o r g e , 3 1 3 , 337 C r o l y , H e r b e r t , 543 C r o m p t o n , S a m u e l , 2547 C r o m p t o n & K n o w l e s L o o m W o r k s , 850851, 2666 Crook, Wilfrid Harris, 4311 C r o p s , 1043, 1 0 7 1 ; causes of c y c l e s in, 4593 ; i n f o r m a t i o n , sources o f , 1242, 1 2 5 0 ; i n s u r a n c e o f , 2289. See also A g r i c u l t u r e C r o s s , I r a B . , 1730, 3728, 3 9 1 7 C r o s s , R o y , 2882 C r o s s , W i l l i a m T . , 1821 C r o w e l l , F r a n k , 4016 C r o w t h e r , S a m u e l , 444, 466, 845 C r u m , W i l l i a m L e o n a r d , 2467, 4566, 4644, 4669-4670 C r u m p , Ν . E . , 2797 C r y s t a l P a l a c e , 1506 Cuba, street r a i l w a y s , 3520 C u d a h y P a c k i n g C o . , 2348, 2356 C u l l o m C o m m i t t e e R e p o r t , 3438 C u l t u r e a n d business, 1 8 1 , 276, 503, 2904, 3562, 3587, 4140, 4785. See also Business m e n a n d c u l t u r e C u l v e r , D o r o t h y C . , 4877 C u m b e r l a n d , W . W . , 1233 Cumberland and Boonsborough Turnpike, 3123 C u m m i n g , M a r y G . , 969 Cunard, Samuel, 3214 C u n a r d line, 1004, 3214, 3224 C u n n i n g h a m , A . & C . , 600 C u n n i n g h a m , B r y s s o n , 1356 C u n n i n g h a m , W i l l i a m , 51 C u n n i n g h a m , W i l l i a m H . , 783 C u n n i n g h a m , W i l l i a m J., 512, 3326, 3 3 9 2 3393 C u r l e e , A b i g a i l , 635 C u r o t , M i c h e l , 2125 C u r r e n c y , 146, 1534, 1 6 7 5 , 1677-1678, 1 6 9 1 , 1702, 1754, 1930, 4604; coinage, 1 5 2 7 ; C o l o n i a l , 1523, 1525, 1527, 1 5 3 1 , 1677, 1680, 4480, 4826;

depreciation, 1727; e c o n o m i c aspects, 1 5 3 7 ; f o r e i g n , 1332, 1362, 1 3 6 5 ; i n f l a t e d , effect o f , 4555, 4 5 6 1 ; issues, 1 5 2 7 , 1 9 2 0 ; legislation, 1527, 1 9 3 4 ; paper, 1737; periodicals, 4844; p s y c h o l o g i c a l aspects, 1 5 3 7 ; r e d e m p t i o n , 640, 1920; regulation, 1720; s t a b i l i z a t i o n , 4583 ; statistical h i s t o r y , 1036, 1 5 2 7 ; s y s t e m s , 1536, 1 7 3 s ; systems, proposals for r e f o r m of, 1 5 2 0 1 5 2 1 , 1528, 1902-1904. See also C o l o n i a l , R e v o l u t i o n a r y , a n d early Constitutional America ; Foreign trade C u r r i e , B a r t o n W . , 1279 C u r r i e , L a u c h l i n B e r n a r d , 1522 Currier, John J., 1131 C u r t i , M e r l e , 188 C u r t i s , G e o r g e M u n s o n , 2492 Curtis, G e o r g e T i c k n o r , 2918 C u r t i s , R o y E m e r s o n , 3882 Curtis Publishing Co., personnel m a n a g e m e n t , 3 7 1 4 Curtiss, G l e n n H . , 3085 C u s h i n g , H a r r y Α . , 38s ι C u s h i n g , J o h n P . , 254, 402, 4807 C u s h i n g , M a r s h a l l , 4445 C u s h m a n , R o b e r t E . , 4430 C u s i c k , M a r g a r e t R o n z o n e , 4699 Customs, collection o f , 3536, 4480 C u s t o m s service, o r g a n i z a t i o n , 1393. See also F o r e i g n t r a d e Cutlery, i m p o r t i n g , 901, 1 1 8 6 ; p r o d u c t i o n , 901, 2493, 2496; w h o l e s a l e d i s t r i b u t i o n , 1186 C u y a m a l Fruit Co., 1358-1359 C y c l i c a l trends, see B u s i n e s s c y c l e s ; S e c u lar t r e n d s D a b n e y , W . D . , 3394 D a b n e y & C u n n i n g h a m , 600 Daddow,

Samuel

Harries,

Daggett,

Stuart,

970,

2816

3067,

339S D a h n , E . F . , 4206 D a i l e y , D o n M a r c u s , 1685

3297-3298,

1072

INDEX

D a i r y i n d u s t r y , 1055, 1071, 1080, 1085, 1241, 1250, 2383 Dakota, w a g o n r o a d s in, 3128 Dale, E d w a r d E v e r e t t , 1053 Dale, R . C., 227 D a l t o n , J o h n E d w a r d , 2363 Danielian, N . R., 719 Daniels, G. W . , 2547 Daniels, W i n t h r o p M . , 329g D a r b y , W . D., 1280 D a r k e n w a l d , G o r d o n Gerald, 245 D a r t n e l l C o r p o r a t i o n , 4036 D a t e r , J o h n G r a n t , 1800 D a u e r , E r n s t August, 1778 D a u g h e r t y , Carroll R., 1025, 2453 D a v e n p o r t , A r t h u r C., 1248 D a v e n p o r t , D o n a l d H., 1810, 4091 D a v e n p o r t , F r a n c e s C., 4757 Davenport, la., First N a t i o n a l B a n k of, 648 D a v i d , P a u l T., 3086, 4446 D a v i d s o n , Craig, 1281 D a v i d s o n , P e r c y E., 4255 Davies, G. R., 4510 Davies, J o s e p h E., 3883 Davies, W . Sanders, 3973 Davies, William, letters of, 422 Davis, A n d r e w M c F a r l a n d , 1523, 1921 Davis, E d w i n Adams, 344 Davis, E l e a n o r , 3729, 4344 Davis, E l m e r , 932 D a v i s , J a m e s , 856 Davis, J a m e s J . , 432 D a v i s , J o h n P., 971, 3824 Davis, J o h n W., 3574 Davis, J o s e p h Stancliffe, 1015, 1054 Davis, Stephen, 1110 Davis, W a t s o n , 2505 Davison, H e n r y P., 555 D a w e s , Charles G., 1731 D a w e s p l a n , 574 D a w s o n , Miles M., 2136, 2159 D a w s o n , William H a r b u t t , 62 D a y , Charles, 2632 D a y , Clive, 34-35, 148 D a y , D a v i d T., 2883 D a y , E d m u n d E., 2320 D a y t o n , F r e d E r v i n g , 3158 D e a n , A. F., 2230 D e a n , Amos, 4083 Deane, B a r n a b a s , 611

1669,

Deane, Silas, 611 Deane, Simeon, 611 Dearing, Charles L., 3120 D e Bow, J . D . Β., X033 Debts, private, statistics of, 4643, 4645 ; public, statistics of, 4643, 4661 De Chazeau, M e l v i n G., 2453 Deere, J o h n , 843 Deere & Co., 843 D e f e b a u g h , J a m e s Elliott, 2073 Defense industries, strikes in, 4332. See also M u n i t i o n s i n d u s t r y De Foe, Daniel, 4230 De Golyer, E., 2883a de H a a s , J . A n t o n , 1333 D e i n h a r d t , K., 2740 Delaware, chemical m a n u f a c t u r i n g , 8 1 2 - 8 1 9 ; c o r p o r a t i o n law, 3830; industrial capitalists, 8 1 2 - 8 1 9 ; m a n u f a c t u r i n g , 727; shipbuilding, 727, 1143; silversmiths, 587 D e l a w a r e & H u d s o n Canal Co., 966 D e l a w a r e & H u d s o n R . R . , 3294, 3361 Delaware Bay, proposed canal, 3188 Delaware, L a c k a w a n n a & W e s t e r n R . R . Co., 3294 D e l a w a r e River, shipbuilding on, 1128, 1135, 3240 Del M a r , Alex, 2807 D e l m a r , E . H., 1400 de Medici f a m i l y , 298, 621 D e m p s e y , M a r y V., 4256 D e m u t h (William) Co., employee relations, 3757 Denmark, vital statistics of American section, 4761 Dennis, A l f r e d Pearce, 3587 Dennis, Charles H., 489 Dennison, A a r o n L., 904 Dennison, A n d r e w , 470 Dennison, E . W., 465 Dennison, H e n r y Sturgis, 465, 3730, 4106, 4222 Dennison M f g . Co., 77, 254, 465, 470, 861, 3714, 3730, 3786, 4106 D e n v e r , Colo., business biographies, 4790; street railways, 3529 De P a m b o u r , F. M . G., 3327

INDEX Department 1256, 1294,

stores, 374-375, 743, 1170,

1265, 1 2 7 3 , 2592;

1285,

1291-1292,

administrative policy, 374-376; advertising, 748 ; economic aspects, 1189; evolution, 748 ; executives, 747-749 ; labor conditions, 748; location, 747 ; management, 743, 1294-1295; office management, 3 7 1 2 ; operating figures, 748; organization, 1294; ownership, 747-749; pioneers, 745 ; policy, 743, 747-749; price policy, 748; record-preservation, 4716; sales policy, 748-749. See also Chain stores; General stores; Retailing; Variety business D e p a r t m e n t a l i z a t i o n , 2633, 2671, 3638.

See also Business organization Depew, Chauncey M., 601, 1026 Deposit guaranty, 1674, 1917, 1928, 1935 Deposit Insurance Act, 1708, 1928 Deposit rates, geographical statistics, 1545 Depositories of business-history material, 4 7 1 7 - 4 7 2 0 , 4748, 4754, also p p . 9 8 7 991.

See also Business libraries Deposits, evaluation of, 1987. See also specific types of D e p r e c i a t i o n , 2638, 3984

1073 Edison Co., 944; industrial capitalists, 4824; merchants, 281 ; petty capitalists, 809 ; Public Library, business manuscripts in, 47" I public utilities, municipal ownership, 2966;

transportation facilities, 3490, 4824 Deutsche Bank, agent of, in U.S., 530 Devens, R . M., 590 Devine, E d w a r d T., 2778 de Vinne, Theodore Low, 289 De Voe, T h o m a s F., 1263 Dewey, Davis Rich, 708, 1 5 1 1 , 1674 Dewey, J o h n , 4108 Dewhurst, Frederic J., 4213 Dewing, A r t h u r Stone, 892-893, 1856, 3328, 3 6 6 1 , 3674

De Wolf, Richard C., 2919 Dewson, M a r y W., 4347 Dexter, Elisabeth Anthony, 4257 Dexter, Seymour, 1811 Diamond Life Bulletin Service, 2160 Diamond M a t c h Co., 902 Diaries, as business-history material, 404 Dice, Charles Amos, 1942 Dicey, Α. V., 121 Dickinson, Z. Clark, 4002 Dicksee, Lawrence Robert, 3974 Dickson, William J., 3775 Dictionaries, 1362-1385, 1971-1974, also pp.844-845 ;

banks

Depressions, see Business depressions Derby, Elias Hasket, 328, 589, 1342 Derby, J . C., 2904 Derby, Richard, 328 de Roover, Florence Edler, 298. See also Edler, Florence de Roover, R a y m o n d , 10, 621, 1670 Derrick, Samuel Melanchthon, 972 Designs, 857, 2490, 2 7 1 5 - 2 7 1 8 , 3075, 3098,

3193; finding list for, 4418 Deterding, Sir Henri, 482, 2838 Detroit, Mich., automotive industry, 801, 804-809, 2389, 2393; Bankers Co., 1658 ; collective firm biography, 4824;

bibliography of, 4880; biographical, 576-604; financial, 1972, 1974; industrial arts, 2740-2745; mining, 2741; technical, foreign, 2740 Dictionary

of American

History,

4891

Diemer, Hugo, 2616, 2633, 3731, 4206 Dietel, Elsie H., 3739 Dietz, Fred, 894 Dietz, R . E., 894 Dillon, Read & Co., 1658 Dimock, Marshall E., 2936 Diplomatic history, bibliography of, 4871 Diplomats, 352 Direct selling, see Marketing Directorates, interlocking, 1905, 3630; opposition to, 1833

1074

INDEX

Directories, 2746-2749, 3064-3065, 4026, also pp. 845-854, 1034-1035; as advertising media, 4059, 4064-4065, 4071, 4074; business, 1975-1984, 4036-4079; city, 4036, 4043, 4047-4048, 4050-4052, 4054-4058, 4060-4061, 4064-4065, 4067, 4069-4072 ; foreign, 1399-1405, 4874; guide to, 4874; of directors, 4075-4079; regional, 4043-4044, 4046-4074; telephone, 1 1 1 8 Directors, corporate, 3666-3667, 3685, 3822; directories of, 4075-4079 ; interlocking, 1833, 1905, 3630; legislation, 3630, 3685 Dirigibles, 3091. See also A v i a t i o n industry D i s a r m a m e n t , 2409 Dissertations, doctoral, bibliographies o f , 4762-4767, 4870 Distillers' and Cattle Feeders' T r u s t , 3858 Distribution, see M a r k e t i n g D i t c h e t t , S. H., 742 Diversification, in b a n k i n g , 666, 682 ; in mercantile capitalism, p. 103 D i v i d e n d s , 656, 694, 771, 832, 960, 988, 993. 1322, 1798, 1832, 2545, 2768, 3150, 3310, 3355, 3502, 3685; c o m m e r c i a l - b a n k , 652, 655-656, 662, 700; State regulation, 642 Division of labor, pp. 895-898 Dix, Henry Α., business b i o g r a p h y , 413 D i x , M a r k H,, 413 D i x o n , F r a n k Haigh, 3329, 3396-3397 D o a n e , R o b e r t R., 4645 D o b b , M a u r i c e , 6, 3606 D o d d , D a v i d L . , 1944 D o d d , E . M e r r i c k , Jr., 3816, 3825-3826 D o d d , E d w a r d H . , 933 D o d d , George, 2741, 3532 D o d d , M e a d & Co., 933 D o d d , M o s e s W . , 933 D o d d , S. C . T . , 922, 3603 D o d g e , F . W . , Corporation, H 5 i - i i 5 i b D o d g e , G . M . , 366 D o d g e , J . R . , 4049 D o d g e , W i l l i a m E . , 392 D o d g e Brothers, 2387

Dog-sleds, 3068 D o h e n y , E d w a r d L., 480, 582 D o h e r t y , H a r r y L . , 4795 D o l l a r , R o b e r t , 582, 3254-3254a Dollar, purchasing p o w e r of, 4624-4625; stabilization of, 4581, 4624 Dollarhide, A . C., 2161 Dolls, 2531 D o m e r a t z k y , Louis, 3903 D o m e t t , Henry W . , 646 D o n a l d , E d i t h K i n g , 3732 D o n a l d , W . J., 36x6, 3732, 3945 D o n h a m , Wallace B., 3617, 4109, 4 2 1 6 4218, also pp. 6 - 7 D o n n a n , Elizabeth, 299, 1334 D o n o v a n , F r a n k P., 3377 D o p s c h , Alfons, 36 D o r a n , Herbert Β., 2960 D o r f m a n , Joseph, 1 6 0 - 1 6 1 D o r i o t , Georges F., 2324 D o r s e y , Florence L . , 538 D o s Passos, J o h n R . , 1589 D o t e n , Carroll W . , 3378 D o u b l e d a y , F r a n k N . , 3702 D o u b l e d a y , D o r a n & C o . , 934 D o u b m a n , J. Russell, 1813 D o u g a l l , Herbert E . , 3677 D o u g l a s , Archer W a l l , 1190, 1282 D o u g l a s , Charles H . J., 4477 Douglas, James, 917 D o u g l a s , Paul H., 4166, 4369, 4678 D o u g l a s , T h o m a s , 4827 D o u g l a s ( W . L . ) Shoe Co., 3879 D o v e r , Victor, 2253 D o w , Alex, 2961 D o w , J o h n G., 1002 D o w theory, 1938, 1943, 1947, 1968 D o w n s , William C., 1357 D o w r i e , George W . , 666, 1686, 1732 D o y l e , James, 577 Dozier, H o w a r d D o u g l a s , 973 Drainage, 518 D r a k e , E d w i n L., 2842 D r a k e , L e o n a r d A y r e s , 2420 D r a k e M u s e u m , 2843 D r a m a t i c publications, copyright, 2918 Draper, Ernest G., 4294 D r a p e r , William F., 445 D r a w b a u g h defense, 1125 Dress goods, 2592, 2601. See also D r y industry

goods

trade ;

Garment

INDEX Drew, Daniel, 532, 594, 1619 Drewry, Elizabeth Β., 4631 Drexel & Co., 3455 Drinkwater, John, 505 Drucker, Peter F., 3637 Drug industry, 756, 888 Drug trade, retail, 750, 2620; canvassers, training of, 756; chain stores, 1272, 1305-1306; credit control, 1306; peddling, 756; personnel management, 1306; selling methods, 1307-1308; trade journals, 1305-130R Drug trade, wholesale, associations, 1178; importing, 736; labor, 1209; legislation, 1209; marketing, 736, 1178; purchasing, 736 Drury, Horace Bookwalter, 2634 Dry goods trade, retail, accounting, 1309; chain stores, 1280, 1306; legislation, 1309; personnel, 1306, 1309; trade associations, 1268, 1317; trade journals, 1309. See also Chain stores ; Department stores; General stores Dry goods trade, wholesale, 548, 735 ; commission merchants, 389 ; marketing methods, 1188; private-brand problems, 1188 Dryden, John F., 2162 Duane, William J., 3184 Dubois, Armand Budington, 3827 Duddy, Edward Α., 1219, 3547 Duer, John, 2254 Duer, William, 254, 342, 1015 Duke, Basil W., 700 Duke, James B., 3886; business biography, 396, 424, 914; philanthropies, 424 Dulles, Foster Rhea, 1335 Duluth, Minn., business failures in, 4143 Dumke, Glenn S., 3015 Dummer, Jeremiah, 259 Dumping, legislation vs., 1417 Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., 757, 1438a Dun (R. G.) & Co., 760, 1442, 4617.

107S

See also Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. Dun, Barlow & Co., 1443 Dunbar, Charles F., 1709-1710, 1934, 4SI 2 Dunbar, D. E., 2506 Dunbar, Seymour, 3068 Duncan, C. S., 1451, 2635 Dunham, Howard P., 2280 Dunham, Walter L., 1687 Dunlap, Orrin E., Jr., 1423 Dunlap, Robert, 416 Dunn, Robert W., 3733 Dunn, Samuel O., 3398 Dunscomb, S. Whitney, Jr., 4148 du Pont, Alfred I., 468 du Pont, Bessie G., 812 du Pont (E. I.) de Nemours & Co., Inc., 812-819, 2412, 24x6, 4009; wage-incentive plans, 3772 du Pont family, 616, 2409 Durant, William, 1633 Durant Motors, 2387 Durrand, David, 164s Duryea, J. B., 2163 Duryea, J. Frank, 2390 Duryea Motors, 2390 Dutch West India Co., 301 Dutchess Bleachery, personnel management in, 3765, 3786 Dutton, Henry P., 3646 Dutton, William S., 814 Dwight, Jonathan, 611 Dwight, Josiah, 611 Dye industry, associations, 2381 ; bibliography, 2415. See also Chemical industry Dyer, Frank Lewis, 418 Dyer, Walter Α., 2715

Eales, Laura Α., 4038 Eames, Francis L., 1603 Earle, Alice Morse, 3060 Earling, P. R., 1191 Earning power, analysis of, 4660 Earnings, see Income; Salaries; Wages; specific industries and trades East, Robert Α., 6o6 East, the, business directory, 4053; textile manufacturing, 2314 East India Co., 155, 627

1076

INDEX

Easterby, J. H., 636 Eastern R.R., 961 Eastern Stage Co., 3122 Eastman, George, 463, 4794 Eastman, Joseph B., 3393 Eastman, Ralph M., 3222 Easton, Alexander, 3507 Easton, Alexander N., 1619 Eble, Francis, Χ . Α., 4464 Eccles, Marriner Stoddard, 1879 Ecclesiastical corporations, 3824 Eckel, E. C., 2514, 2761 Eckler, A. Ross, 2962, 4258, 4513 Economic aspects, 214, 700. See also specific industries and trades Economic conditions, 146, also pp. 945971. See also Business conditions Economic geography, see Geography, economic Economic historians, as writers of business histories, pp. 222223 Economic history, 19, 78, i n , 191, 1053, 1056, 1059, 4694, also pp. 8-17, 4450, 69-71, 244-248; as backgroúnd of business history, pp. 6-19; doctoral dissertations, list of, 47634767; institutions, 154; literature of, 4694; periodicals, 4841-4845 ; social aspects of, 149; stages in, 78^80; techniques, 154 Economic individualism, 107, 121, 169 Economic philosophy, n o , 115-117, 121, 127, 175, 180, 182, 192-193. 4127 Economic planning, 122, 211, 3955a, also pp. 940-94S; bibliography, 4495, 4498, 4502; disadvantages of, 96, 122; for employment continuity, 4491 ; government control, 4503 ; international, 4488, 4494 Economic policy, 119; "schools" of, 82 Economic security, 3777 Economic stability, 176, 1549 Economic stages, 8, 13, 15, 25, 49, 51, 78, 115, 1221, 2478, 3966, also pp. 13, 1617. 52-53

Economic structure, 99 Economic systems, 8, 78, 254, also pp. 5354! and business man, 82, 254; proposed reorganization of, 210 Economic theory, 49, 51, 82, 86, 254, also pp. 8-21, 57-63, 72-73; literature of, 4841-4845, 4873 ; "schools" of, 82, 94, 180-181 ; unreality of, 3609 Economic thought, 49, 51, 82, 147, 180, 183-184, 205-206, 209-210, 254, 3597, 4098, also pp. 55-63, 72-73, 740745; foreign, 4776; humanist approach, 109, 116; periodicals, 4841-4845 ; social point of view, 175, 188 Eddy, Arthur J., 3958a, 3959 Edelman, Edward, 316 Edgar, William C., 456, 895 Edge Act, 1391 Edge tools industry, 889, 907, 2493 Edgerton, Charles E., 3852 Edie, Lionel D., 3734, 4581 Edison Electric Institute, 2985-2985a Edison General Electric Co., organization of, 530 Edison Illuminating Companies, 2963 Edison, Thomas Alvah, 942, 2440; autobiography, 418 ; biography, 577 Edler, Florence, 622, 3976, 4032 See also de Roover, Florence Edler Edminster, Lynn Ramsay, 1082 Education, 195, 201 ; agricultural, 1046 ; support of, by business men, 4782, 4784-4785, 4791. See also Business education; Industrial education Educational institutions, industrial research laboratories in, 37603761, 4003, 4009 Edwards, Everett E., 1039, 1055 Edwards, George W., 1512, 1549, 1733, i939> 2507 Edwards, Richard, 4051 Efficiency, 3518, 3640, 3738, 3764, 4228, 4239, 4247; as basis for operation, 2636 Ehrenberg, Richard, 7, 623 Eldridge, George Dyre, 2165

INDEX Eldridge, Seba, 3918 Electric Bond and Share Co., 3005 Electrical engineering, 2989, 4383 ; bibliography, 4382 Electric light and power, 2442, 2958-

1077 house organs, 827, 2439; i n d u s t r i a l r e s e a r c h , 2440, 4 0 0 5 ;

inventions, 8 2 1 ; labor management, 820, 824, 827, 2439, 2694;

a c c o u n t i n g , 2994, 3 0 0 9 ;

labor unions, 2441 ; marketing, 2443 ;

and New Deal, 2970; capitalization, 2986 ;

m e n , 418-420, 574, 820-821, organization, 2439;

c o m b i n e s , 2970, 3 0 1 0 ; c o m p a n i e s , 2986, 3 0 0 5 ; d e v e l o p m e n t , 2959, 2965,

p a t e n t agreements, foreign, 2443; policies, 820;

2972;

2986;

distribution, regional system of, 2969; economic aspects, 2965, 2971; e x e c u t i v e s , 2986, 3009 ; finance, 2 9 6 4 , 2986, 2989, 3 0 0 9 ;

finance, holding companies, 3006 ; government regulation, 2946, 2958, 2965,

2970,

2995,

2999,

3004-3005;

labor relations, 2994; m a r k e t i n g , 1 2 4 5 , 2994, 2996; m u n i c i p a l o w n e r s h i p , 2 9 3 2 , 2960, 2966, 2968,

2995;

operating statements, 3009 ; o p e r a t i o n , 2966, 2999, 3006 ; o r g a n i z a t i o n , 2959, 2986;

p a t e n t litigation, 2986; policies, 2959, 2999;

power statistics, 1025; p r o d u c t i o n , 424,

2987;

production, regional system of, 2969; p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s , 2 9 5 9 , 2994, 2996, 3 0 0 6 ; rate-making, 2972;

rates, bibliography of, 2927; record-preservation, 4716; State regulation, 2999;

trade journals, 2996;

2963,

2968,

2986,

2 9 8 6 - 2 9 8 7 , 2989,

2995-

1027,

engineering, 821; finance,

2024, 2443 ;

E l e v a t e d railways, 3382,

1030,

2439;

3523

Elgin National Watch Co., 3717 Eliason, Adolph Oscar, 1688 Eliot, Clara, 1787 Elkins, William L., 577, 1017, 3486 Eilet, Charles, Jr., 1152, 3201, 333°~3332 Ellicott, T h o m a s , 701 Elliott, H o w a r d , 3333 Elliott, J o h n M., 1651 Elliott, Margaret, 4646 Ellis, L. W., 3139 Ellsworth, William W., 2920 Elsas, Ν. J., 71 Elster, L., 4893~4893b Ely, Richard T., 172-173, 3°33, 3853. Embleton, William K., 384 Emden, Paul H., 84 Emergency Fleet Corporation, 3284 Emergency Shipping Act, 3284 Émérigon, Balthazard Marie, 2255 Emerson,

valuation, bibliography of, 2925. See also Public utilities Electric railways, see Street railways; Subways Electrical appliances and machines, 419, 574. 2318, 2438-2443; administration, 574; companies, 820-827; development,

2443;

sales, 420; trade associations, 2443 ; trade journals, 2438; women in, 825. See also Electric light and power Eleemosynary corporations, 3824

4312, 4514

t e c h n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s , 2959, 2 9 7 1 , 2 9 8 6 2987; trade associations, 2994;

p r o d u c t i o n , 420, 827,

824-827;

Harrington,

513,

2623,

2636-

2 6 3 7 , 2648

E m e r y , H e n r y C., 1590, 4114 E m e r y , J o h n M., 3242 E m e r y , Samuel Hopkins, 4818 E m e r y , William M., 4809 Emigration, 201 Empire Storage Co., Ltd., 3850 Employee benefits, 2689, 4281. See also Bonus systems; Employee stock ownership; Employee w e l f a r e ; Profit-sharing Employee management, pp. 774-790. See also L a b o r ; Personnel m a n a g e m e n t

1078 E m p l o y e e relations, see Industrial agement ; L a b o r Employee representation, 2329, 2690, 3624, 3725-3726, 3728, 3746, 3753. 3756, 376s, 3778; collective bargaining, 3726, 3728,

INDEX man26893733, 3752,

3763, 3766. See also L a b o r unions E m p l o y e e stock ownership, 169, 413, 3719, 3729, 3737. 3739, 3766, 3772, 3791 E m p l o y e e w e l f a r e , 874, 2329, 2630, 3723, 3727, 3738, 3800 Employees, dismissal, 2689, 3769; education, 2694, 3778; hiring, 2689, 3 7 3 s ; p r o m o t i o n , 3735, 3769, 3778; selection, 414, 3718, 3735, 3749-3754. 3758, 3768-3769, 3778; service department, 2689; training, 2694, 3735, 3769, 3778, 3798; transferring, 2689. See also Industrial m a n a g e m e n t ; L a b o r E m p l o y e r s ' associations, 1161, 3942-3943, 3958-3961, 4319. See also T r a d e associations, executives E m p l o y e r s ' liability, b y States, 4339 E m p l o y e r s ' liability insurance, 4309 Employment, census, 203 ; effects of migration, 4568; fluctuations, 2418-2419, 2428, 4568; regularity, 4293 ; relation to capital, 2321; relation to production, 2321; seasonal variations, 4292 ; stabilization, 2689, 4300; trends, 2321 E m p l o y m e n t bureaus, 4281 Employment management, 420, 2631, 3569, 3 7 1 4 - 3 7 6 6 ; b i b l i o g r a p h y , 3749; department, 3787 E m p l o y m e n t managers, 3751, 3790; associations of, 3801 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 4896 Encyclopedias, 4885-4887 ; banking, 1973, 4031; b i b l i o g r a p h y o f , 4880; business, 1 3 7 2 - 1 3 7 3 . 4 ° 3 i - 4 ° 3 5 , 4090; business men, 4801 ;

4°88,

commercial products, 2744; finance, 1973-1984; foreign, 4892-4894, 4896-4899; industrial arts, 2744; manufactures, 2744; real estate, 3013 ; trade, i 3 7 2 - i 3 7 3 See. also A l m a n a c s ; Dictionaries E n d i c o t t , William, 1264 Endowments, by business men, 4782. See also Business men and c u l t u r e ; Business men, philanthropies of; Philanthropies of business leaders Engelbrecht, H. C., 2409 Engels, Friedrich, 13 Engineering, 725, 2735, 4381-4426; associations, 4402-4404; bibliography, 4381-4382 ; bibliography, foreign, 4383; encyclopedias, 4386-4388 ; ethics, 4102 ; periodicals and proceedings, 4402-4406, 4833; training in, 4177-4182. See also I n v e n t i o n s ; Technological dev e l o p m e n t ; specific branches of engineering Engineering institutes, 4177-4182 Engineers, 421, 1 9 7 5 ; associations of, 3602 ; vs. business men, 3631 England, accountants, emigration of, 3973 ; accounting, 3972, 3974, 3982, 3995; agricultural development, 49, 74; A m e r i c a n historical material in, 47564757; A m e r i c a n merchants in, 535; bank failures, 4515 ; B a n k of, 619, 1567, 1 5 7 4 ; banking, 59, 297, 619, 676, 678, 681a, 1385, 1567, 1732, 1735, b a n k i n g journals, 1999, 2030; bankruptcy law, 4154; business administration, 2657; business education, 4174, 4176, business fluctuations, 681a, 4516, 4538, 4544, 4548, 4551, 4563, 4571, 4 5 9 ° ; business journalism, 2023; business men, 84, 628, 3607; business periodicals, 4834, 4836;

6801744;

4230; 4518, 4570-

INDEX child welfare legislation in, 1 2 5 ; classical political economy in, 1 0 6 ; clearing houses, 1663 ; colonial policy, 140, 1 1 6 6 ; commercial instruments, government control, 1552, 1 5 6 5 ; commercial law, 237, 1 3 8 5 ; commercial policy, 59, 140, 1 1 6 9 ; commodities, glossary of, 1 3 7 1 ; common law, 223, 227, 235, 2836; communication, 59 ; companies, after Bubble Act, 3827, 3838; Companies Act, 1844 ; consumer cooperatives, 1 3 2 1 ; corporation finance, 3685 ; corporation law, 3836; corporations, 3824, 3828-3829, 3832 ; credit agencies, 1445 ; currency, 74, 1385, 1 7 5 3 ; customs tariff, 1385 ; economic development, 34-44, 48-59, 3S83; economic history, bibliography of, 59; economic thought and theory, 49, 100, 102, 1 2 1 , 3583, also pp. 8 - 1 5 ; encyclopedias, 1 3 6 2 - 1 3 6 5 , 1367, 1 3 7 1 , 1374, 1376, 1 3 8 1 - 1 3 8 3 , 1385, 2 7 4 3 2745, 4892, 4894, 4896, 4898-4899; factory management, bibliography, 2615; factory production, 50; fairs, 1508; finance, 6 1 8 ; foreign exchange, 1 7 5 3 ; foreign-trade companies, 627; foreign-trade terminology, 1367 ; genealogies, 4 8 1 2 ; gilds, 123, 1 3 1 ; government regulation, 1 3 6 ; handicrafts, 2 6 2 1 ; history of, bibliography, 5 2 ; housing legislation in, 1 2 5 ; imports, 1 1 6 6 ; income, distribution of, 4641-4642, 4649; income taxçs, 1 2 5 ; industrial capitalists, 618, 6 3 1 ; industrial organization and relations, 628, 2657, 3777, 3796, 3800; Industrial Revolution, effects of, 38, 58, 618, 6 3 1 ; industries and trade, 59, 1 1 0 0 , 1 1 6 6 , 1 1 7 4 , 1 2 2 1 , 2496, 2547, 2565, 2570,

1079 2573-2574, 2596-2598, 2797, 2901, 2908, 2918, 2926, 2989, 2992, 3532, 3607, 3708, 4428; inheritance taxes, 1 2 5 ; insurance, 125, 633, 785, 1999, 2 1 5 3 2154, 2187, 2 1 9 2 - 2 1 9 3 , 2205, 2227, 2257, 2259, 2267, 2292; inventors, 257; investment companies, 2008; investment information, 2030 ; investment trusts, comparison with American, 1940; joint-stock companies, 1567, 2008; labor, 50, 125, 618, 2625, 4 3 3 4 ; land legislation, 1 2 5 ; land taxes, 1 2 5 ; law, relation to public opinion, 1 2 1 ; legal history, 228; legal research, bibliography of, 4725, 4729, 4 7 3 1 ; loan policies, 1 7 1 9 ; manufacturing, 254, 618, 629, 6 3 1 ; marketing, 74, 618, 1166, 1 1 6 8 , 1 1 7 3 ii7S; medieval, 53, 1 1 7 3 ; mercantile capitalism, 57, 297, 2497, 4230; mercantile failures, 4 5 1 5 ; mercantile libraries, 4022; mercantile system, 55 ; merchants, capitalistic functions of, 1174; middlemen, 1 1 7 4 ; money market, 59, 1567, 1574, 1675, 2030; navigation, 3 2 2 5 ; news agencies, 2830; office management, 3701 ; Parliamentary papers, catalog of, 47594760; partnerships, articles of, 628 ; patents, 1 3 1 ; petty capitalists, 1 3 1 , 618, 6 3 1 ; political history, 34, 5 1 , 1 3 0 ; pre-Industrial Revolution, 1 3 1 ; prices, 59, 70, 74; printing and publishing business, 2 9 1 8 ; private capitalism, opposition to, 1 3 7 ; professional associations, 3602 ; profit-sharing, 3 7 7 3 ; purchasing power, 74 ; Quaker business men in, 84; railroads, 3327, 3459, 3 5 3 2 ; religion and business, 84;

1080

INDEX

Rochdale experiment, 1321; Royal Commissions, reports of, 4758; sales management, 2657; shipping, 1166, 3285; social history, bibliography of, 59 ; social legislation, 125; steamships, 3532; stock-exchange regulation, 1621; Toryism, 121; trade routes, 74, 1169; trade statistics, 1385 ; trade with Canada, 628; trade with Colonial America, 299; transportation, 50, 74, 3292 ; traveling salesmen, 1174; trusts, 131, 3865; turnpikes, 3150; unfair trade practices, 4230; wages, 70, 74, 4680; wealth, distribution of, 74, 4649; weights and measures, 74; yearbooks, guide to, 4874. See also Great Britain England, Minnie Throop, 4582 Engle, J. Linton, 935 English, James E., 262 Ennis, William Duane, 2638 Ensign, Everett M . , 2x66 Enterprise, definition of, p. 35 Entertainment business, 504. See also Recreation industry Entrepreneurs, 19, 25, 175, 182, 254-633, 2386, 2396, 2400-2401, also pp. 747748; contribution, 4649 ; functions, 183, 4668, also p. 12; history, 6; income, 4654, 4662, 4666; profits, 177, 4668; responsibilities, 1 7 7 ; risk-bearing, 177, 4139; theory of, 6, 3607. See also Business administrators ; Business executives ; Business leaders ; Business men; Capitalists Envelope trust, 3887 Epstein, Lillian, 4651, 4653 Epstein, Ralph C., 239i-2392a, 46714672 Equipment, see specific trades and industries Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, 254, 398, 435, 54°, 775. 791, 1961, 2151, 2170, 2173

Equity courts, 223 Equity law, 223, 231, 238 Ericsson, Henry, 364 Erie Canal, 3166, 3179, 3194, 3311 Erie R.R., 986, 989; control of, 532 ; finance, 3344, 3417; reorganization, 3297; State support of, 4483 Errant, Joseph Washington, 1479 Erskine, Albert Russel, 802 Esarey, Logan, 1689 Escher, Franklin, 1584 Eskew, Garnett Laidlaw, 3159 Espinas, Georges, 300 Essex Institute, 4768 Estates, 231; creating of, 1828; management of, 405, 3011 ; taxation, analysis of, 4644 Estes & Lauriat, see Lauriat (Charles E.) & Co. Ethical (or exploitation) concept of capitalism, p. 36 Ethics, see Business ethics ; Professional ethics Ettinger, Richard P., 3690 Europe, accounting, 3972, 3977, 3995; advertising, 1435; agricultural credits, 1788; agriculture, 41, 1056; American automobiles, 2394; American industry, 2331; American investors, 1966; anarchism, 4336; banks and banking, 374-375, 619, 623, 630a, 632; building and loan associations, 1818; business education, 4164, 4185, 4x88, 4191; business promotion, 569; cable, 1103 ; canals, 3185; cartels, 3911-3912; cement industry, 2573 ; collegiate schools of business, 4221; commercial instruments, 1566; commercial revolution, 42 ; cooperative banking, 1817; copyright laws, 2917; corporations, 3832 ; cotton textile industry, 2573; economic development, 38, 41 ;

INDEX electrical supplies manufacturers, 420; fairs, 1 5 0 7 - 1 5 0 8 ; fisheries, 1172; foreign investments, 1541 ; foreign trade encyclopedia, 1383 ; forestry, 2058, 2060; gilds, 1 2 3 ; government policy, 41 ; income tax, 4467; industrial development, 41 ; industrial museums, 4720; industrial organization, 2323, 3809, 3812; industry, location of, 3965; insurance, companies, 2287-2288, 2309; insurance, evolution of, 2145; insurance, industrial, 4340, 4367 ; international finance, 1541 ; joint-stock companies, 2008 ; labor conditions, 4304, 4348; labor legislation, 41 ; labor organization, 41 ; manufacturing, 1172; marine industries, 2038, 2041, 2046; marine insurance, international convention of, 2274; marketing, 1 3 7 7 ; mechanics, biographies of, 4392 ; mercantile capitalism, 42, 621-629, 1 1 6 6 - 1 1 7 4 , also pp. 1 0 3 - 1 0 5 ; metropolitan economy, 42 ; navigation, 1172; office appliances industry, 2497; passenger traffic, development of, 3 1 8 5 ; postal savings, 1 8 1 8 ; railroads, 3355, 3406, 3477-3478; rayon industry, 2578; retailing costs, 1290; river trade, 1 3 7 7 ; savings banks, 1801, 1 8 1 8 ; social security, 41 ; socialism, 41 ; street railways, 3493 ; telephone and telegraph, 1 1 0 3 ; town economy, 42 ; trade, development of, 41, 1 1 7 2 ; trade with, 328, 336, 385, 1332, 1349; warehouse systems, 3 5 5 7 ; weights and measures, 4449 ; whaling industry, 2038, 2041. See also Medieval Europe ; specific localities European background of American business, pp. 43-67

1081

Eustis, John R., 3140 Evans, Chris, 2753 Evans, D. Morier, 4 5 1 5 - 4 5 1 6 Evans, George Heberton, 1557, 3828 Evans, Henry Oliver, 433 Evans, Holden Α., 2675 Evans, Oliver, 421, 2340, 2498, 4392 Evening schools, 4161, 4175, 4203. See also Business education Everitt-Metzer-Flanders Co., 802 Evers, Cecil C., 3034 Evolution of industry, 76-77, 1672. See also Economic history; Economic stages; Industrial development; specific trades and industries; various types 0) capitalists Exchange rates, geographical statistics, 1545 Exchange Telegraph Co., 2830 Executives, see Business administrators; Business executives ; Entrepreneurs Exhibits, see Fairs and exhibitions Experimentation, 1046, 1051, 3085, 3091. See also Industrial research Explosives industry, executives, 2416; trade associations, 2416. See also Munitions industry Exporting, 442, 2456, 4606; commission houses, 1399; encyclopedia, 1 3 7 9 ; statistics, 1036, 1 3 7 4 ; textbooks, 2261. See also Foreign trade; specific industries and trades Expositions, see Fairs and exhibitions Express companies, 536, 950-957, 3070, 3 0 9 9 - 3 1 1 2 , 3348, 4453; agents, training of, 956, 3 n o ; banking activities, 954; capitalization, 954, 3 1 0 8 - 3 1 0 9 ; consolidation, 954-955; directory, 3 1 0 2 ; dividends, 954; earnings, 954, 3100, 3 1 0 8 - 3 1 0 9 ; employees, training of, 950, 956, 3107, 3110; executives, training of, 950; expenses, 954, 3 1 0 8 ; government regulation, 3100; handbooks, 3099; house organs, 953, .955 ; management, 9S4-9SS. 3 1 0 1 >

1082

INDEX

moving of money and treasure, 952, 954, 957; officers, 954; operation, 952-956, 3 1 1 1 ; organization, 950, 954, 3100-3101, 31083109; origin, 954; railroads, relations with, 3104, 3108; rates, 950, 3100-3101, 3108, 3 1 1 1 ; routes, 950, 3102; services, 954-955, 3100-3101, 3103, 3109, 3 1 1 1 ; trade journals, 3105; volume of business, 3108 Extractive industries, government control, 4438 Eye conservation, 2630. See also Employee welfare Fabbri, E . F., 942 Fabricant, Solomon, 2321-2322 Factorage, 254, 265, 268, 338, 389, 3251 Factories, 2326, 2339, 2632 ; departments, duties of, 2633, 2671; executive control, 2671; legislation, 2336; organization, 2632 ; working conditions, bibliography of, 3784· See also Factory management; Industrial management; Manufacturing Factors, 1198, 1330. See also Factorage Factory management, 2629, 2673-2680, 2 738; bibliography, 2615-2616. See also Industrial management ; Labor ; Scientific management Factory workers, see Industrial management; Labor; Scientific management Fagan, James O., 544, 3334-3335 Failures, see Bankruptcy; Business failures ; Receiverships ; specific trades and industries Fainsod, Merle, 4432 Fair trade practices, see Business ethics Fairchild, Fred Rogers, 2720 Fairlie, John Α., 3484 Fairs and exhibitions, 35, 280, 1046, 15041508, 1556, 2579 Falconer, John I., 1043 Fall River, Mass., · cotton textile industry in, 2561

Family biographies, 4807, 4809. See also Business families ; Genealogies Faneuil, Peter, biography of, 1261 Fanfani, Amintore, 85 Faries, Hugh, 2116 Farm Bureau, 1074 Farm Credit Administration, 1785 Farm journals, as advertising medium, 1425 Farm management, 1076-1077, 1088-1089, 1091-1092. See also Agriculture Farm mortgage banks, 1698, 1794-1795; loans, 670 Farm mortgages, 1791, 1948 Farmer, Wilmington, pseud., 293 Farmers, as petty capitalists, 218, 261, 264-269; associations, 1074, 1229; business manuscripts of, 4698 ; credit control by, 218; indebtedness, 4661 ; organization of, 215-216, 218; struggle vs. industrial capitalism, 215, 218; tenant, 1091 ; wealthy, 580. See also Agriculture; Cooperative associations; Farm management Farmefs' Alliance, 1074 Farmers' Cooperative Assn., 1229 Farmers' Loan and Trust Co., 1826 Farnam, Henry W., 514 Farnham, Dwight T., 2323 Farquhar, A. B., 845 Farrington, Frank, 1283 Fashions, cyclical changes in, 2436. See also Clothing industry ; Garment industry Fatigue, government investigation of, 4318; research in, 3760 Faulkner, Harold Underwood, 149 Faurote, Fay Leone, 2386 Fay, Charles Norman, 3589, 3854 Fayle, C. Ernest, 633, 3223 Featherstonhaugh, G. W., 996 Federal aid, see Government aid Federal Communications Commission, 719 Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., 1935 Federal Electric Railway Assn., 3518 Federal Farm Loan Act, 1796

INDEX Federal Federal Federal Federal

Farm Loan Bureau, 1789 Farm Loan System, 2012 Highway Act, 3130 intermediate credits,

agricultural, 1783-1797 Federal Reserve Act, 1887, 1898, 1904, 1923, 1928 Federal Reserve banks, 1888, 1892-1893, 189s, 1899-1900; and money market, 1876 ; borrowing by, 1893 ; discount rates, 1897; loans, restriction of, 1906; regulation, 1929 Federal Reserve Board, 1576, 1879, 4617 Federal Reserve System, 1515, 1527, 1551, 1663, 1710, 1732, 1738, 1747, 1786, 1874-1916 ; and monetary crises, 1885; attitude of business toward, 3577; banking standards under, 1888; central banking under, 1877; credit policies, 1884, 1911-1912; development, 1890, 1901 ; discount policy, 1874; effect on banking relationships, 1910; effect on money market, 1580; effect on seasonal fluctuations, 4562 ; federal investigation and regulation, 1896, 1898, 1907-1908, 1936; legislation, 1894, 1914; "member banks, 1888, 1892-1893, 1895, 1899-1900; organization, 1886, 1899, 1901, 1912, 1914; origin, 1886, 1909; personnel, 1894; policy, 1885, 1889-1890, 1894 Federal Securities Act, 1659, 1661 Federalist system, 217 Federation of British Industries, 27262726a Feis, Herbert, 1541, 2689, 2865 Feis (Joseph) Co., 3714 Feldman, Herman, 3618, 3736 Felton, Samuel M., 1000 Fenn, Charles, 2008 Ferguson, Maxwell, 3399 Fernley, Thomas Α., 41 n Fernow, Bernhard E., 2058-2059 Ferry lines, 370, 3242, 3528 Fetter, Frank Albert, 3855 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 122

1083

Fidelity Savings and Trust Co., 1771 Fiduciary banking, 1824. See also Trust companies Field, Cyrus W., 359, S93, 601, n o i Field, Henry M., n o i Field, Marshall, 601, 612 Fields, M. J., 846 Filene, A. Lincoln, 579 Filene, Edward Α., 1284, 3590-3591 Files, manufacture of, 2493 Filley, H. Clyde, 1234 Films, see Motion-picture industry Finançe, i n , 358, 904, 2054, 2057, 2066, also pp. 340-443; and New Deal, 222; development, 8, 1513, also pp. 35-43, 50-54; dictionary of, 1605, 1972; encyclopedia and dictionaries, 19711974, 4886 ; ethics, 1834, 411°; international, 254, 326, 555, 1550, 1840, 1843, 2006; manuals, 2010; municipal, 1542, 4475, 4478, 4481; private, legal aspects of, 1971; publications, 1971-2031, 4844; State, pre-Civil War, 1547; wartime, 254, 555. See also Bankers; Banking; Credit; Foreign trade ; Money market ; Public finance; specific industries and trades Finance companies, consumer, 1778, 1780; manuals, 2013, 2015 Financial capitalism, 8, 20, 402, 502, 552, 616-617, 676-689, 1572, 1630-1631, 3579, 4809, 4857, also pp. 734, 757 ; administration, 8 ; business education under, 4211; business philosophy under, 4211; ethics of, 4119; evils, 687 ; forerunners, 351; organization, 8; policy, 8 ; transition to national capitalism, 573 Financial capitalists, 620, 650, 676-689, 857, 967, 1629, 1655-1699, 4075, 4799, also pp. 150-156, 790; biographies, 2020;

1084

INDEX

opposition to, 1833. See also Bankers Financial institutions, 1582-1584, 1588. See also Banking Financial journals, 1985-2005, 2018-2031 Financial management, 3636, 3661-3683. See also specific trades and industries Financial policy, See also Corporation finance; specific trades and industries Financial statements, analysis, 1945, 1957, 3690 Financiers, 524. See also Bankers; Financial capitalists Financing a business, see Finance; Government aid; specific industries and trades Fine arts, 2718, 3802, 4178 Fink, Albert, 508, 3318, 3336-3338 Fink, Henry, 3339 Finkelstein, Herman N., 1558 Finlay, James Ralph, 2754 Finney, Guy W., 1836 Fire insurance, 254, 761-773, 2212-2215, 2270, 2287, 2289, 2291, 2293, 2295, 2297, 2300, 2304, 2308, 2311-2312, also pp. 476-483; bibliography, 2251; encyclopedia, 2228; laws, 2228-2229; libraries, 2264; marketing, 2235; philosophy, 2230; policy forms, 2221, 2223, 2228-2229, 2233, 2238, 2243; premiums, 2130; relation to incendiarism, 2241 ; sales manuals, 2247, 2250; salesmanship, 2235, 2250; terminology, 2233; underwriters, 2226, 2228 Fire insurance companies, 761-773, 799, 2217, 2220; advertising, 2235, 2264; agents, 762, 2235, 2242, 2247, 2250; associations, 2217, 2224, 2240-2241, 2246, 2305; brokers' commissions, 2217; business policies, 764, 768, 772, 798-799; by States, 2130; capitalization, 771 ; charters, types of, 2130; claims, settlement of, 2228, 2243-2245; court decisions, 2218, 2221;

development, 773 ; dividends, 771; executives, biographies of, 764, 771, 773, 2220, 2226; factory-mutual, 764, 766 ; farmers' mutuals, 2231, 2248-2249, 3917; finance, 2130, 2239; foreign, 2129; management, 767, 2249; organization, 768, 772, 2238, 2249; personnel, 762, 767, 770; rate-making, 2217, 2225, 2230, 22372238; risk-judging, 768, 2130, 2250; sales management, 2235; sales methods, 2242;. State control, 2237; stock companies, 2219; types of, 2240; volume of business, 2130 Fire Underwriters' Association of the Northwest, 2305 Firearms industry, 473, 905-906; interchangeable parts, 441, 453, 884, 906; mergers, 905; muskets, 453 ; revolvers, 884; technique, 906 Fires, prevention of, 766, 2222, 2228, 2238, 2243, 2308; Firestone, Harvey S., 466 First Bank Stock Corporation, 667 First National Bank of Davenport, 648 First National Bank of Skowhegan, Maine, 649 Fischer, Louis E., 3509 Fish, Henry C., 2168 Fisher, Charles E., 975 Fisher, Irving, 4014, 4517, 4583, 46244625 Fisher, Thomas Russell, 4345 Fisher, Waldo Emanuel, 2779 Fisher, Willard C., 3737 Fishing industry, 2032-2053, 3210, 3245, 3271; bibliography, 2042 ; companies, 2048; development, 1027; fisheries, statistics of, 2050; geographical aspects, 2032, 2040, 2043; legislation, 2043 !

INDEX preservation methods, 2048; profit-sharing, 3791; schooners, evolution of, 2043. See also Maritime industries ; Whaling industry Fisk, Harvey E., 679 Fisk, James, 532, 594, 1619 Fisk, James, Jr., 515 Fisk, Pliny, 3472 Fisk & Hatch, 679 Fiske, Amos Kidder, 1734 Fiske, Haley, 2169 Fitch, Charles H., 2493 Fitch, John, 4392 Fitch, John Α., 4370 Fitch Investors Service, 2008a Fite, Emerson David, 150 Fitzgerald, J. Anderson, 2231 Fitzhugh, William, 254, 265, 268, 271 Fitzpatrick, Paul J., 4142 Five-and-ten-cent stores, 753 ; chains, 1272 Fixel, Rowland W., 3087 Flagg, Charles Α., 4819 Flake, Wilson C., 2548 Flax, production, 436 Fleisher, Alexander, 3740 Fleming, A. P. M., 4003 Fletcher, Charles, s77 Flexner, Jean Atherton, 4321 Flinn, Richard Α., 144S Flint, Charles R., 569, 577, 3886 Flint, Henry M., 3300 Florence, P. Sargant, 3738 Florida, real estate, 3028, 3581 Flour-milling industry, 421, 423, 1092; administrators, 895, 2342 ; companies, 421, 895, 910, 2342, also pp. 503-504;

development, 1026; government control, 4484 ; location, 2341-2343; marketing, 895, 2341 ; organization, 895, 2341 Fluctuations, see Business cycles; Business fluctuations ; Panics Flügel, Felix, 39 Flynn, John T., 479, 1591, 1857 Flynt Building and Construction Co., 726 Foerster, Robert F., 3739 Folk, George E., 4410 Folklore,

1085 business man in, 4860, also pp. 10241027

Follett, Mary Parker, 3619 Foner, Philip S., 4632 Food industry, administration, 1204; advertising, 1204, 1422; biographies, 4 2 1 - 4 2 3 , 425-428, 1214 ; c o m p a n i e s , 2342, 2344, 2 3 4 8 - 2 3 5 0 , 2 3 5 2 , 2 3 5 6 , 2358, 2360, 2368, 2 3 7 3 , 2 3 7 9 2382, 2 3 8 4 - 2 3 8 5 , 2 7 0 2 ;

competition, 910; consolidations, 910, 1204; executives, 910; finance, 910;

government regulation, 1473, 2348, 3554; industrial research, 4005 ; marketing, 910, 1189; policy, 426; processing, 1214; retailing, 739; sales organization, 1204; trade associations, 1210; trade journals, 1214; wholesaling, 741, 1x93. See also Agriculture; Chain stores; Cold storage ; Grocery trade Foote, Henry Wieder, 259 Forbes, Abner, 580 Forbes, B. C., 581-583 Forbes, Gerald, 2839 Forbes, Harriette Merrifield, 4700 Forbes, J o h n Murray, 525 Forbes, Robert B., 385, 600, 4807 Forbes, Russell, 3694 Forbes, W. Cameron, 3592 Ford, Edsel, 2400 Ford, Henry, 1187, 1633, 3579, 35933S93a; business biographies of, 408, 1017, 2386, 2400

Ford, James, 3919 Ford, John B., 2517 Ford Motor Co., 808, 2386-2387, 2392, 2399-2400, 3714

Fore River Shipbuilding Corp., 362 Foreclosures, corporate, 4155. See also Mortgages Foreign banking, 1532, 1746. See

also

specific

countries

Foreign exchange, 269, 1416, 1534, 1556, 1 5 8 2 - 1 5 8 8 , 1 7 3 2 , 1746, 4604, 4 6 2 3 ;

1086

INDEX

and gold m o v e m e n t , 1 5 2 1 ; arbitrage in, 1585, 1746; instruments, 1730; m a r k e t , 1582-1588; marketing institutions, 1582-1584, 1588; organization, 1730; rates, 1 9 7 6 ; t h e o r y , 1582, 1586, 1730 Foreign governments, publications o f , 4747 ; records o f , 4756-4761 Foreign loans, 501, 557, 1840, 1952; g o v e r n m e n t investigation, 1843 ; marketing, 1843; t y p e s of, 1952 Foreign policy, economic history of, 1398; under N e w Deal, 208 Foreign records, 4756-4761 Foreign trade, 148, 265, 269, 271, 309, 3 1 2 336, 397, 406, 545, 613-614, 682, 732, 1062, 1459-1465, 1477-1502, 1 5 8 2 1583, 2073, 2394, 2397, 2545, 3229, 3251, 3264, 4807, also pp. 303-321; accounting, .1383 ; advertising, 1408 ; agreements, 1332; and business cycles, 4578, 4606; associations, 1410; balance of trade, 1 3 3 1 ; branch factories, 1329; brokers, 1330; cargoes, 328-330, 1169, 1332, 1335, 1340-1341, 1348, 1362, 1371, 1380, 1383, 138S, 1396. i 4 ° 4 - i 4 ° 5 , 1407, 1409, 1 4 1 4 ; collections, 1 3 2 7 ; combinations, 1333 ; commission merchants, 1330; companies, 1340, 1383, 1406, 1 4 1 4 ; conferences, 3259, 3268; consular service, 1388; credits, 1330; currency, 1332, 1362-1363, 1365, 1374, 1379, 1383, 3 2 5 1 ; decline of, 3 2 7 5 - 3 2 7 6 ; development, 1330; d o c u m e n t a t i o n , 1356, 1363, 1365-1366, 1477,3251 ; d u m p i n g , effects of, 1 4 1 7 ; encyclopedias and dictionaries, 13621385 evolution, 1 1 7 1 , 1338, 1346, 1 4 1 8 ; factorage, 1330, 3 2 5 1 ; financing of, 1330, 1332, 1365, 1379,

1391, 1406, 1 4 1 1 , 1416, 1 5 5 1 , 1585, 1719, 1733, 1759, 2129-2130, 2255, 2270; g o v e r n m e n t aid, 1459-1460, 3276; g o v e r n m e n t investigation, 3276-3285; government policy, 217, 1 1 7 1 , 13861398; g o v e r n m e n t regulation, 1386-1405 ; insurance, 1327, 1332, 1342; legal aspects, 1333, 1365, 1374, 1379, 1394, 1478, 1485, 3 2 5 1 ; marketing data, 1460-1461 ; markets, 1326, 1332, 1335-1336, 1338, 1 3 4 1 - 1 3 4 2 , 1344, 1348-1349, 1351, 1406, 1409; men, 1328, 1330, 1335, 1340; methods, 328, 1 4 1 1 - 1 4 1 2 , 1478; organization and management, 1169, 1326-1327, 1329, 1332-1333, 1 3 5 6 1361, 1380, 1388, 1393, 1399; packing, 1366; payments, 328; policies, 1340, 1413, 1 4 1 5 ; policies, national, 1326; political aspects, 1332 ; prices, 1332, 1340, 1406; profits, 1340, 1342, 3268; revenue, 3251 ; risks, 1333; routes, 1169, 1 1 7 1 , 1327, 1332, 1340, 3268; selling methods, 1327, 1330, 1332; services, 1 3 5 5 ; ships, 1327, 1340, 1342, 1355; staples, 1 1 7 1 ; statistics, 1365, 1374, 1408; terminology, 1365, 1367, 1383; theory, 1415-1418; trade balance, 1379; trade journals and association publications, 1406-1414, 3252; traffic, 3268 ; trends, 1350; volume, 1346, 1349, 1352, 3286; v o y a g e s , 328, 1342; w a r , effect upon, 3276, 4639; weights and measures, 1362-1363, 1365, 1374, 1379, 1383, 1385· See also Colonial, R e v o l u t i o n a r y , and early Constitutional A m e r i c a ; Shipp i n g ; Tariff Foreign travelers, attitude t o w a r d s U.S., 197, 214, 48664869

INDEX Foremanship, 2641, 2649, 2666, 3744, 4206 Foremen, 2469, 2666, 3719, 3744; wage incentives for, 3719 Forestry and forest industries, 3017-3018, 3026, pp. 447-456; administration, 547, 2058, 2060-2066, 2084, 2091, 2100; bibliography, 2056, 2065 ; companies, 2076, 2087, 2105; conservation, 243, 252, 2055, 2064, 2069 ; contracts, 2070; costs, 2098 ; economic aspects, 2054-2055, 2057, 2059, 2105; education, 2058, 2060, 2062 ; establishments, number of, 2062 ; federal legislation, 2063-2064, 2100; finance, 2054, 2057, 2066; forest exhaustion, 2082 ; government regulation, 2055, 2058, 2063, 2080; insurance, 2057; integration, 2105 ; labor, 2079; labor organization, 2105; literature, 2058; locations, 2089 ; management, 2057, 2066-2067 ; manufacturing, 2062, 2074, 2091; manufacturing processes, 2089, 2602 ; marketing, 2073, 2080, 2085, 2091, 2097, 2099, 2103; marketing organization, 2093 ; men engaged in, 2076, 2087; mensuration, 2066; organization, 2066, 2080, 2093 ; ownership, 2058, 2069, 2080; policy, 2063 ; price control, 2100; production, 2069, 2073, 2079-2080, 2083, 2089; production, control of, 2100; production, decline in, 2082 ; products, uses of, 2089, 2602 ; property appraisals, 2057; reforestation, 2062, 2067, 2100; resources, 2062, 2064, 2067-2069, 2073; resources, depletion, 2084; sales methods, 2070; schools, 2060, 2062 ; State legislation, 2063 ; statistics, 1038, 2062, 2073, 2083; stumpage value, 2057;

1087

taxation, 2057; terminology, 2104; trade associations, 2060, 2106; transportation developments, 2085. See also Lumber industry Forgan, James B., 349a Forman, Sidney, 1016 Fortune, 4838 Fortunes, building of, 528, 531, 558, 580, 588, 593, 612 ; great, evils of, 4657 Foster, B. F., 4085 Foster, O. D., 583 Foster, Thomas J., 4207 Foster, William B., 1000 Foster, William Trufant, 4020 Foster, William Z., 2455 Foth, Joseph Henry, 3947 Foulke, Roy Α., 757, 1581 Foundations, by business men, 4782. See also Business men and culture; Philanthropies of business leaders Fowler, Harry Clarence, 2840 Fowler, J . Α., 2127 Fowler, Nathaniel C., Jr., 1426 Fowler, William Worthington, 1626 Fox, Dixon Ryan, 142 Fox, Harold G., 2921 Fox, William Sherwood, 422 Franc, Alissa, 4447 France, agriculture, 41 ; banking systems, 1732; business depressions, 4538, 4551; business dictionary, 4033-4034; business fluctuations, 4563, 4570-4571 ; cartels, 3911 ; cloth manufacturers, 300; commercial instruments, 1563; common law, 227; credit, inflation of, 1669; credit system, 1726; economic aspects, 4320; economic development, 34, 41, 131; economic history, 67, 69; economic policy, 134; economic thought, 97 ; finance, 4320; gilds, 131; government regulation, 4320; grain market, 1228; industrial organization, 3812;

1088

INDEX

industrial relations, 3773 ; industry, economic policy of, 134; labor, 4320 ; labor organization, 41 ; legal, literature, bibliography, 4728; maritime law, 2255; mercantile capitalists, 300; mercantilism, 126; monetary inflation, 1669; monopolies, 131 ; Paris Bourse, 1642 ; patent legislation, 131, 4420, 4425; petty capitalists, 131; physiocrats, 97; political history, 34; price history, 69, 73 ; sedentary merchants, 300; social security, 41 ; street railways, 3522; taxation, economic policy of, 134; trade, 4320; trade, economic policy of, 134; trade, encyclopedias of, 1368, 13791380; trade, organization of, 41 ; vital statistics of American section, 4761 Francis, Charles, 488, 490 Frank, Tenney, 45 Frankel, Emil, 2687 Frankel, Lee Κ., 3740 Frankfurter, Felix, 4346-4347 Franklin, Benjamin, 286, 288, 935, 42314232, 4392 Franklin Institute, 4405 Franklin, Isaac, 347 Frary, Francis C., 2507 Fraser, Cecil E., 2324 Fraud, 1593, 4121. See also Unfair practices Frederick, J. George, 1194, 3567, 4004, 4112, 4492 Frederick, J. V., 539 Frederick, John H., 151, 3088, 3548 Freedley, Edwin T., 2747, 4086, 4233 Freedmen's Bank, failure of, 1713 Freehold estates, law of, 238 Freight, see Railroads, rates French, B. F., 2456 French, Carroll E., 2690 French, Edward V., 766 French, George, 1427 French buying commissions, 555

French spoliation records, 1347 Frescobaldi family, 623 Freund, Miriam K., 584 Freyd, Max, 3718 Frick, Henry Clay, 435, 438, 605, 829, 2450 Frickey, Edwin, 4531, 4567 Friday, David, 4647 Friedman, Daniel M., 1559 Friedman, Harry George, 4462 Frontier banking, 1686, 1689. See also Banking ; Banks Frontier settlement, 947-948, 4289. See also Colonization Frontier traders, 270, 274, 277, 280-281, 947-948. See also Indians, trade with ; Merchants Fruit industry, 1358-1359, 2380, 3290; cooperative marketing, 1233, 1237; crop reports, 1250; exchanges, 1250; federal control, 1254; finance, 1250, 1254; government aid, 1254; grading and packing, 1236, 1250; growers, photographs of, 4800; insurance, 1250; marketing, 1241, 1250, 1254; marketing, cooperative, 1233, 12351237, 1240; marketing cost, 1236; men, 1013; middlemen, types of, 1254; organization, 1236; policy, 1013; production, 1013 ; social aspects, 1358; standardization, 1254; warehousing, 1250. See also Agricultural products; Perishables, marketing of Fry, C. Luther, 4741 Fry, Henry, 3224 Fuchs, Friedrich, 2824 Fuel, 2953. See also Coal industry; Petroleum industry Fuel oil, trade journals, 2892. See also Petroleum industry Fugger family, 623 Fugger, Jacob, 305 Fuller, O. M., 401 Fuller, Robert H., 515

1089

INDEX Fulton, Robert, 4392 Fulton's report, 3205 F u r trade, 330, 2 1 1 4 - 2 1 2 5 , 4827; companies, 477, 2 1 1 4 , 2 1 1 8 - 2 1 2 0 ; evolution, 2 1 2 0 ; organization, 2120, 2 1 2 2 ; political aspects, 2 1 2 4 ; regulation, 2 1 2 2 ; trading posts, 2 1 1 4 , 2 1 1 8 ; traders, 277, 281, 2 1 1 4 - 2 1 1 8 , 2 1 2 2 - 2 1 2 3 , 2125; trappers, 2 1 1 4 - 2 1 1 5 ; with Indians, 2 1 2 1 Furniture industry, bibliography, 2604; biographies, 2604; companies, 2604; construction, developments in, 1 3 1 0 ; consumer preferences, 1 2 0 1 ; craftsmen, 2 7 1 5 ; credits and collections, 1 2 0 1 , 1 3 1 0 ; designs, 1 3 1 0 , 2604; executives, 890 ; finance, 1 2 0 1 ; forestry, dependence upon, 2607; hours of work, 2086; installment selling, 1278, 1 3 1 0 ; manufacturers, 1 2 0 1 ; merchandise control, 1 2 0 1 ; operating statements, 1 2 0 1 ; organization, 890; policies, 890; purchasing methods, 1 2 0 1 ; raw materials, supply o f , 2607 ; sales methods, 1 2 0 1 , 1278, 1 3 1 0 - 1 3 1 1 , 1318; style element, 2604; technique, 2604; trade areas, 1201 ; trade associations, 2604; trade journals, 1 3 1 0 - 1 3 1 1 , 1 3 1 8 , 2604; trusts, 3887 ; wage statistics, 2086 ; wholesaling, 1201 Futures trading, 623, 1 2 1 8 , 1243, 1247, 1249, 1255, 2682 Gage, L y m a n , 4798 Galenson, Walter, 4313 Gall, Henry R., 767 Gallatin, Albert, 1 0 1 2 , 1 7 3 5 , 3202, 4483 Gallatin's report, 1 0 1 2 , 3205 Galloway, Lee, 3703 Galster, Augusta Emile, 2476

Galston, Arthur, 1837 Gambling, 1609 Gambs, John S., 4 3 1 4 Gannon, F . Α., 2477 Ganse, Franklin W., 2195 Gantt, Henry L., 2622-2623, 2639-2640, 2648, 3741 Garages, layout of, 1208 Gardiner, Glenn L., 2641 Gardner, Gilson, 491 Gardner, Hamilton, 3920 Garment industry, 4 1 2 - 4 1 3 , 2419-2437, 2592, 2702; budgetary control, 2429; earnings, fluctuations in, 2418; economic aspects, 2426; employee ownership, 4 1 3 ; employees, number of, 2425; employment, seasonal fluctuations in, 2418-2419, 2428; establishments, number of, 2425; exports, 2432 ; handbooks, 2429; hours of work, 2417, 2419; imports, 2432; jobbers, 2429; labor unions, 2417, 2419, 2422-2423, 2425, 2430, 2437; locations, trends in, 2424; marketing, 2424-2425, 2429; organization, 2424, 2428-2429; personnel, 2428; policies, 4 1 3 ; processes, 2417, 2 4 2 1 ; production, cost of, 2424, 2432; production, methods of, 2424; production, relation to wages, 2425; State investigation, 2425; trade journals, 2430; wages, 2417, 2419, 2424-2428; working conditions, 2419, 2422-2423, 2426, 2428, 2432-2433 Garrett, Paul W., 3804 Garrison, C. K., 3248 Garver, Frederic B., 2702 G a r y , Elbert H., 254, 438; biography of, 568, 573, 605, 4795; writings of, 570 Gary dinners, 3959 Gas industry, 2973-2984, 2990-2993, 2995, 2997, 2999-3000, 3003, 3006-3007; companies, 2984, 2991 ; competition, 2983-2984; consolidation of companies, 2974, 2980;

1090

INDEX

costs, 2975; customer relations, 2983, 2993, 2997; development, 2993, 2997; directories, 3007 ; educational courses, 2979; engineering, 2991; executives, 2991 ; finance, 2984, 2993 ; finance, holding companies, 3003, 3006; government regulation, 2984, 2993, 299s. 3003 ; labor, 2993 ; management, 2983-2984, 2993 ; marketing, 1275, 2984, 2991, 2993, 2997; monopoly, 2932, 3601; municipal ownership, 2982, 2995, 2977; municipal ownership, bibliography, 2932, 2973; policy, 2983; production, 2975, 2984; public relations, 2978, 2983, 2991, 3006; rates, 2983, 2985; rates, bibliography of, 2927; securities, 2984, 3003 ; State regulation, 2974, 2977 ; stock quotations, 2984; technological changes, 2979, 2983 ; trade associations, 2979, 2983-2984, 2991, 2993, 2997; trade journals, 2984-2985, 2990-2992, 299S; valuation, bibliography of, 2925 Gasoline, 1422, 2887. See also Petroleum industry Gates, Charles M., 2116 Gates, John W., 575, 577, 842 Gates, Paul Wallace, 976, 3016-3017 Gavens, Henry S., 1838 Gay, Edwin F., p. 16 Gay Brothers, 876 Gayer, Arthur D., 2364, 4485 Gazetteers, of manufactures and manufacturing towns, 2746. See also Atlases Geer, William C., 2533 Geier, Oscar Α., 4419 Geldard, James, 2549 Genealogies, 4775, also pp. 1013-1015 General Capital Corp., 1861 General Contractors Association, 1156 General Electric Co., 574, 820-821, 824825, 942, 2329, 2443, 3699, 4009 General Foods Corp., 3610

General Motors Corp., 803-805, 809, 2329, 2387, 2399-2400, 2637, 3840; industrial research, 4009; public relations, 3803 ; reorganization, 411, 560 General Petroleum Corp., 2859 General Public Service Corp., 1865 General stores, 1262, 1269, 1283; business manuscripts of, 4698, 4714; chains, 1272; in fiction, 4863 ; management, 273-274, 276, 325, 504. See also Country stores; Storekeepers Genesee Valley, promotion of, 501 Geography, economic, 241-253, 2746, 3067, also pp. 88-90. See also Atlases; Maps Geologists, international directory, 2887. See also Petroleum industry George, Charles B., 3379 George, Henry, 174 George, John J., 3141 Georgia, fire insurance companies, 768 ; hardware trade, 751; industrial education, 4183 ; plantation management, 264; R.R. and Banking Co., 969 German American Bank, 1697 German-American trade, 312 Germany, agriculture, 41 ; banking, 1672, 1732; business fluctuations, 4518, 4551, 4563, 4S7i; business leaders, 7, 254, 3607, 3963 ; capitalism, concept of, 13, 29; cartels, 3900, 3903, 3906, 3908, 3 9 ! ° 3912; commercial education, 4191, 4199; communism, 13 ; credit associations, 1817; economic and industrial development, 41, 60-62, 71-76, 1672, 3812; economic planning, 4490; financial corporations, 3832 ; foreign trade, organization of, 331 ; government policy, 41 ; government reports, technological, 4385 ; historical economists, pp. 9 - 1 6 ;

INDEX insurance, 2227, 4339-4340; iron a n d steel i n d u s t r y , 3607; labor organization, 4 1 ; legal a n d political history, 62, 231, 4728; news-gathering, 2833 ; p a t e n t legislation, 4420, 4425; peace, economic planning for, 133 ; political science, encyclopedia of, 4893; price history, 7 1 ; shipping, 5 3 3 ; social security, 41 ; socialism, 41, also p p . 9 - 1 0 ; stock-exchange legislation, 1 6 2 1 ; street railways, 3 5 2 2 ; w a r , economic p l a n n i n g for, 133. See also A u g s b u r g ; H a m b u r g ; M u n i c h ; Naziism G e p h a r t , William F., 2232, 2281 Gerhard, William Paul, 2976 Gerstenberg, Charles W . , 3675 G e t t e m y , Charles F., 4733 Giannini, A m a d e o P., 582, 666, 668 Gibb, George Sweet, 857, 2325 G i b b o n , J . S., 1736 Gibbons, H e r b e r t A d a m s , 375 Gibson indices, 4617 Giddens, P a u l H., 2841-2843, 4820 Giddings, F r a n k l i n Α., 171 Gide, Charles, 94 Gideonse, H a r r y D., 4493 Gifford, W a l t e r S., 5 7 1 Gifts, by business m e n , 4782, 4784. See also Business m e n , philanthropies of; Endowments; Foundations; Phil a n t h r o p i e s of business leaders Gilbart, J a m e s William, 1675 Gilbert, Gilbert H., 3 5 1 1 Gilbert, William L., 262 Gilbreth, F r a n k B., 2642-2646 Gilbreth, Lillian M., 2644-2646, 3742 Gilchrist, D o n a l d B., 4765 Gilds, 123, 1 3 1 , 2140, 3838; d e v e l o p m e n t of, 123, 3824 Gilleland, J . C., 1480 Gillespie, W . M., 1 1 5 7 Gillette, E d w a r d , 3340 Gillingham, H a r o l d E., 2256 Gilman, Nicholas Paine, 3743 Gilmore, E u g e n e Α., 4289 Gilson, M a r y B., 3744, 4300 Girard, Stephen, 3 1 1 , 324, 341, 589, 5 9 3 -

1091

S94, 712, 4792; will of, 4086 G i r a r d College, m a n u s c r i p t collections of, 4 7 1 χ G i r a r d N a t i o n a l B a n k , 657 G i r a r d T r u s t Co., 672 Girdler, T o m M . , 434 Gjerset, K n u t , 3 1 6 0 Glaeser, M a r t i n G., 2937 Glaser, Carrie, 2420 Glass, C a r t e r , 1880 Glass i n d u s t r y , agents, 912 ; capitalization, 2 5 1 8 ; companies, 25x2, 2 5 1 8 ; employees, 2 5 1 8 ; finance, 4 6 7 ; f o u n d e r s , 896; growth, 2516; marketing, 912; m e n , 912, 2 7 1 5 ; mergers, 896; organization, 896, 2 5 1 6 ; p a r t n e r s h i p s , 467 ; prices, 467 ; processes, 896, 2329, 2 5 1 8 ; p r o d u c t i o n , cost of, 2 5 1 6 - 2 5 1 7 ; p r o d u c t s , 467, 896, 2512, 2 5 1 6 ; trusts, 3887; v o l u m e of p r o d u c t i o n , 2 5 1 8 ; wages, 2518 Glasscock, C. B., 918, 2844 Gliders, 3091 Glossaries, 4030, 4087. See also Dictionaries; Encyclopedias Glotz, G u s t a v e , 46 Glover, J o h n George, 1027 Gloves, leather, 2480 G o d a r d , B e n j a m i n , 842 G o d a r d , Doris, 4773 G o d d a r d , N a t h a n i e l , 325 G o d f r e y , Carlos E., 692 Goelet, Peter, 612, 3025 Going, Charles B u x t o n , 2647, 3 3 4 1 Gold, N a t h a n i e l , 2959 Gold, conspiracy, 3 3 1 9 ; movement, 1516; panic, 4 5 5 3 ; price of, 4 5 2 5 ; rush, 3 1 5 6 , 3248; speculation in, 1619, 1626, 1 6 2 8 ; standard, 1757;

1092

INDEX

supply and commodity prices, 1516, 4612, 4626 Gold and Stock Telegraph Co., 1106 Gold industry, 296, 358, 2796; capitalization, 2810; companies, 2808; consumption, 2807 ; costs, 2754; legislation, 2810, 4525; location, 2807-2810, 2817; men, 2808 ; processes, 2809-2810, 4525; product, uses of, 2807 ; production, 296, 358, 2807, 2810, 2812, 2817 ; production costs, 2809, 4525; transportation, 2810, 4525 Golden, Clinton S., 3745 Goldenweiser, Emanuel Alexandrovich, 1881 Goldman, Samuel P., 1604, 1652 Goldman, Sachs & Co., 802 Goldmark, Josephine, 4348 Goldsmith, Alfred Ν., 1102 Goldsmiths, 2715 Goldstein, Benjamin F., 1220 Goldstrom, John, 3089 Golieb, David E., 3690 Gompers, Samuel, 4315-4316, 4328 Good will, legislation, 1492 Goodale, Stephen L., 2457 Goode, G. B., 2037 Goodnight, Charles, 345 Goodnow, Frank J., 1464 Goodrich ( B . F . ) Co., 897 Goods-dollar, theory of, 4624 Goods in transit, insurance of, 2129 Goodspeed, Thomas Wakefield, 4784 Goodyear, Charles, 464, 593 Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., 883, 2329 Gordon, Harry Α., 3512 Gordon, Lincoln, 4432-4433 Gordon, Robert Aaron, 3568, 3662 Gordon, Wendell C., 2845 Gorham, Robert S., 3600 Goschen, George Joachim, 1586 Goss, John D., 1387 Gott, Benjamin, 388 Gouge, William M., 1524 Gould, Clarence P., 1525 Gould, E . W., 3161

Gould, J a y , 1619; biography of, 516, 524, 531-532, 594 Gould, R. E., 273 Gould family, 612 Gould & Banks, 931 Government aid, 77, 1044, 1051, 1 0 7 3 1074, 14S9-1460, 1657, 1783-1797, 2012, 3130, 3276, 3539, 4444-4458, also pp. 932-934 Government investigations, 573, 688, 714, 719, 830-840, 858, 1120-1127, 1163, 1255, 1843, 1866-1868, 1962, 2301, 2348, 2354, 2357-2358, 2375, 2379, 2528, 2601, 2668-2669, 2848-2860, 3001, 3003, 3130, 3182, 3204-3205, 3276-3285, 3320, 3337, 3416, 3 4 3 1 3434. 3436-3439. 3450, 3481, 3496, 3505, 3518, 3529, 3557, 3855, 3864, 3870-3871, 3893-3894, 4299, 4 3 6 1 4363, 4367, 442 7-4443. See also Government regulation and control; specific trades, industries, and services Government ownership and operation, 1112, 3086, 4483-4487 Government publications, 4721-4761, also pp. 28-30, 859-860; bibliography, 4101, 4732, 4734, 47394740, 4744-4745, 4747"4755, 4880; by States, 4732. See also specific departments and publications Government regulation and control, 573, 1097-1098, 1105, 1109-1113, 1117, 1121, 1147, 1228, 1249, 1320, 1322, 1386, 1391, 1458-1494, 1511, 1659, 1680, 1894, 1901, 1917-1936, 2279, 2295-2302, 2346, 2349, 2445, 2461, 2719—2724, 2791, 2917—2924, 29382939, 2942, 2946, 2949, 2952, 29983006, 3074, 3254, 3267, 3284, 3303, 3387-3444, 3475, 3497, 3501, 3526, 3546, 3549, 3557, 3870, 3876, 38803899, 4337-4367, 4427-4487, also pp. 329-336, 369-372, 421-425, 572-573, 806-810, 859-860, 9 1 2 - 9 1 7 ; effect of muckraking on, 189; theory of, n o . See also Government investigations; specific trades, industries, and services Government relations, 3889, 4442, 4687. See also specific industries and trades Gow, William, 2257 Gowin, Ernest Burton, 3569

INDEX Grace (W. R.) & Co., 732 Grace, William R., 545 Grace Brothers, 545 Graduate schools of business, 1449, 37603761, 3935. 4222. See also specific schools Graham, Benjamin, 1944 Graham, James, 1367 Graham, Jessie, 4189-4190 Graham, Lloyd, 3927a Graham, William J., 2137 Graham-Paige Motors Corp., 2400 Grain elevators, 1218, 3544; cooperative, 758; price control, 1470. See also Storage ; Warehousing Grain trade, 1218, 1220-1222, 1228-1229, 1235, 1239, 1242, 1246, 1249-1250, 1255 ; economic aspects, 1218; elevators, 758, 1218, 1470, 3544; evolution, 1249; exchanges, 1255; federal investigation, 1255; futures, 1218, 1249, 2682; government regulation, 1228, 1249; hedging, 2682 ; market surveys, 1255; marketing, 1218, 1249; marketing, cooperative, 1229, 1235; middlemen, 1255; organization, 1218; prices, 1255; speculation, 1218; State regulation, 1220; storage, 1220; terminal markets, 1255; traveling merchants, 4; warehousing, 3549 Gramling, Oliver, 2825 Grand Rapids Public Library, 2604 Grand Turk, 1342 Grange, the, 1074 Granger laws, 216, 3318, 3427 Granite industry, 974, 2815 Granite Ry., 974 Graniteville Mfg. Co., 458 Gras, Ν. S. Β., 8 - ι ο , 77—79> 82, 254, 3*7, 650, 744-745. 1056, 12 21, 1465, 1513, 3570-3571, 3578, 3805, 4433, 4Ö33, 4689-4692, also pp. 7, 16-19 Gratz, Barnard, 313 Gratz, Benjamin, 313 Gratz, Michael, 313

1093

Graves, Henry S., 2060 Graves, Ralph H., 408 Gray, Edward, 318 Gray, John Chipman, 3600 Gray, J o h n H., 2977-2978 Gray, Lewis Cecil, 1057 Gray, Robert D., 4605-46053 Gray, William, 318 Grayson, Theodore J., 585, 1858 Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 739, 755 Great Britain, advertising in, 1435; agricultural industry, effect of war upon, 1058; as background of American business, pp. 47-491 aviation industry, 3077; bill brokers, 1544; Board of Trade, 4290; business administration, 2670; business education, 4163, 4214; business men, types of, 1363 ; capital flow, 1544; cartels, 3901, 3907, 3910-3912; clipper ships, 3221; coal-mining, 2791; colonial business, regulation of, 120; colonial policy, 120; colonial system, origin of, 120; commercial instruments, 1563; commercial law, 1363 ; competition, government control, 1492 ; cotton textile industry, 2542, 2547, 2556; credit system, 1726; economic development in, 50; factory system, 2670; finance companies, 1544; fire insurance in, 2218, 2221, 2227; fisheries, 1172; good will, government control, 1492 ; income, national, 4641-4642 ; industrial capitalists, 1363 ; industrial management, 2678; industrial mobilization in wartime, 4636; industrial organization, 3812, 3907; investment bankers, 1544; investment trusts, 1858, 1868; iron and steel industry, 2449, 2461, 2470; iron-mining, 2791; labor in, 4311;

1094

INDEX

life insurance, 2 1 4 6 ; manufacturers, associations of, 2726; manufacturing, 1 1 7 2 , 1 3 7 7 ; marketing, 1363 ; mercantile capitalists, 1363 ; mercantilism, 1 2 6 ; National Institute of Economic and Social Research, 4641 ; navigation, 1 1 7 2 ; patent legislation, 4420, 4425 ; personnel management, 3738; price control, wartime, 1467 ; prices, regulation of, 1470; prices, retail, 4618 ; profit-sharing, 3 7 1 7 ; public utilities, 2936; railroads, 3355, 3 3 6 5 ; shipping, wartime, 3243; street railways, 3 5 2 2 ; trade, 1 1 7 2 , 1 3 7 7 ; trade with U.S., 1 5 4 4 ; trade-marks, government control, 1 4 9 2 1493; trusts, 3909; unemployment insurance, 3744; wages, 4618, 4642 ; war, economic aspects, 4636. See also E n g l a n d ; Scotland Great Lakes region, business men, 3 1 5 3 , 3 1 9 3 , 4770; canals, 3 1 5 3 , 3 1 7 7 , 3182, 3205; companies, 3 1 5 3 , 3 1 9 3 ; explorers, 2 1 2 3 ; industries, 3 1 5 3 , 4770; shipping, 3 1 5 3 , 3160, 3 1 7 1 , 3210, 3 2 1 3 ; to-ocean shipping, 3190, 3192, 3 1 9 9 3200, 3203 Great Northern R a i l w a y Co., 254, 3 1 0 9 ; administrative policy of, 520 Great Overland Stage Line, 3 1 3 7 , 4451 Great Plains, ranching industry, 1053 Great Southern R . R . , 977 Greece, ancient, industrial stages, 46 Greef, Albert O., 1759 Greeley, Horace, 1506, 2326, 3572 Green, Constance McLaughlin, 2709, 3 5 7 1 Green, Hetty, 405, 4809 Green, Paul Martin, 805 Green, Samuel Α., 3061 Green, Samuel Bowdlear, 2061 Green, Wilmer L., 3977 Greenbacks, 4533 ;

economic aspects, 1 5 3 0 ; specie value, 4612 Greene, E v a r t s B., 198, 4701 Greene, James H., 1286, 4 1 7 1 Greene, Nathan, 4346 Greene, Thomas L., 3676 Greenwich Savings Bank, 691 Greenwood, B r o w n , 3229 Greer, Carl Richard, 1428 Gregg, W. P., 3400 Gregg, William, 458, 2550 Gregg, William C., 457 Gresham, Sir Thomas, 297 Greyhound Corp., 1 0 1 0 Griffin, Appleton Prentiss Clark, 4769 Griffin, Clare Elmer, 1 1 9 5 Griffin, Eldon, 1 3 3 6 Griffin, Grace Gardner, 4871, 4878 Griffin, John I., 4317 Griffith, A. E., 768 Griffith, D. W., 506 Griffith, J a m e s B., 3638 Griffith, Linda Arvidson, 506 Grimes, William Α., 1779 Griswold, Charles L., 262 Griswold, George, 958 Griswold, J . , 2233 Griswold, J o h n Α., 1882 Groat, George Gorham, 4318 Grocery trade, retail, accounting, 1 3 0 6 ; advertising, 1 3 0 6 ; brand policy, 12 7 1 ; chain stores, 1260, 1263, 1 2 7 1 - 1 2 7 2 , 1305-1306; cooperative associations, 1 2 9 3 ; credit management, 1306, 1 3 1 2 ; employees, 1 2 5 7 ; legislation, 1303, 1 3 1 2 , 1 3 1 6 ; management methods, 1 3 1 2 , 1 3 1 6 ; personnel management, 1306, 1 3 1 2 ; record-preservation, 4 7 1 6 ; sales methods, 1303 ; salesforce, training of, 1 3 0 6 ; service, 1 3 1 2 ; trade journals, 1303, 1305, 1 3 1 2 , 1 3 1 6 . See also Chain stores; General stores Grocery trade, wholesale, 384, 737, 1 1 7 7 , 1188; accounting, 1 2 1 0 ; executives, 7 3 7 ; investment per capita, 1 1 7 7 ; legislation, 1 2 1 0 ; organization, 7 3 7 ;

INDEX partners, 737; personnel, 752; price policies, 1 2 1 0 ; rccord-preservation, 4716 Grodinsky, Julius, 1955, 3342 Groninger, Taylor E., 2938 Gross, Charles, 52, 123 Grosvenor, William M., 1646 Groth, Otto, 2826 G r o u p banking, 254, 666-668, 705, 713, 1750, also pp. 391-392. See also Branch banking G r o u p underwriting, 799 Guano, 3260 Guaranty, deposit, 1674, 1917, 1928, 1935 G u a r a n t y - o f - e m p l o y m e n t plan, 2689 Guardian Detroit Union Group, 1658 Guardian Investors, 1865 Guggenheim Exploration Co., 476, 920 Guggenheim family, philanthropies of, 920 Guggenheim F u n d , 3084 Guggenheim (M.) Sons Co., 920 Guillaumin, Gilbert U., 1368 Guise, Cedric H., 2060 Gulf States, petroleum industry in, 2839 Gulick, Charles Α., Jr., 831, 3870 Gummere, Amelia M., 260 Guns, see Munitions industry G u t h m a n n , H a r r y G., 1945, 3677 Guthrie, J o h n Alexander, 2521 Guttridge, G. H., 301 Guyot, Yves, 4033 H a a n , H u g o , 4494 Haber, William, 1 1 3 2 - 1 1 3 3 Haberdashery, 2433 Haberler, Gottfried von, 1415, 4584 H a d d o c k , F r a n k Channing, 4234 Hadley, A r t h u r T., 3343, 3401, 3884, 4 1 1 3 Hadley, Earl J., 898 Haecker, T . L., 1055 H a f e n , Leroy R., 4448 Hagedorn, H e r m a n n , 386, 475 Hager, Dorsey, 2866 Hager, Louis P., 978 Hager & Brother, 745 Hagerstown Bank, 651 H a g e r t y , J a m e s E d w a r d , 1196 Haines, H e n r y S., 3402-3403 Hale, George E., 1466 Hale, Roger F., 4609

1095

Hales, Charles Α., i666 Haley, C. S., 4068 Haley, J . Evetts, 274, 345~346 Hall, Charles Swain, 319 Hall, D. Α., 706 Hall, F o r d P., 4434-4435 Hall, Frederick S., 2703 Hall, Henry, 1647, 1946, 2605, 3225, 4785 Hall, James, 3162 Hall, Joseph D., 586 Hall, Lincoln W., 1711 "Hall carbine affair," 566 Halle, Ernst von, 3856 Hallock, William, 4449 Halstead, M u r a t , 516 Hamburg, Germany, mercantile capitalist in, 7 H a m b u r g - A m e r i c a n Packet Co., 3224 H a m b u r g e r , L., 124 Hamilton, Alexander, 206, 213, 4482 Hamilton, Earl J., 72, 3570 Hamilton, J a m e s Henry, 1818 Hamilton, Walton H., 4630 Hamilton, William Peter, 1947 H a m o n , Henry, 1605 H a m m o n d , B a r b a r a , 37 H a m m o n d , Bray, 1 7 1 2 H a m m o n d , J o h n Hays, 476 H a m m o n d , J o h n L. LeB., 37 H a m m o n d , J o h n Winthrop, 821 H a m m o n d , Μ. B., 3404 H a m o r , William Α., 4 o n H a m p t o n , Benjamin B., 3050 Hanchett, D. S., 1 1 6 9 Hancock, J o h n , 254, 309 Hancock, T h o m a s , 309, 316 H a n d b o o k s , pp. 854-856. See also Dictionaries; Directories; E n cyclopedias; Manuals H a n d i c r a f t s , 2334, 2477-2478, 2611, 2 6 1 9 2621, 2715, also pp. 9 5 - 9 6 ; trade associations, 2717 H a n d y , Albert D., 978 H a n d y , Daniel N., 2310 H a n e y , Lewis H., 95, 175, 1838, 3405, 3810, 4017 Hanighen, F. C., 2409 H a n j o , Eijiro, 63 H a n n a , Marcus Alonzo, 543 Hanseatic League, 68 Hansel, Charles, 3163 Hansen, Alvin Harvey, 176, 4518, 45854586, 4610 H a n s f o r d , J . E., 4235

1096

INDEX

Hanson, Charles Lane, 2 6 1 Hapgood, N o r m a n , 4 1 1 4 Harbeson, R . W . , 3 3 0 1 Harbors, see Inland water transportation; Ocean transportation Hardenbrook, William T e n E y c k , 4 8 2 1 Harding, William Proctor Gould, 1 8 8 3 H a r d w a r e industry, 3 8 7 , 7 3 4 , 1 1 8 6 , 1 1 8 8 , 1211, 1301 ; accounting, 7 5 1 ; associations, 1211 ; capitalization, 2 4 9 3 ; companies, 1 2 1 1 ; dealers, biographies of, 3 9 4 , 1 3 1 3 ; executives, 7 3 4 , 1 2 1 1 ; imports, 1186; jobbers, biographies, 1 3 1 3 ; mail-order, 3 9 4 ; management, 7 5 1 , 1 3 1 3 ; marketing, 8 9 1 , 1 1 8 1 , 2 4 7 1 ; organization, 7 3 4 , 8 9 1 ; ownership, 7 3 4 , 8 9 1 ; personnel management, 3 9 4 ; policies, 7 3 4 ; processes, 2 4 9 3 ; sales management, 3 9 4 ; sales offices, 8 9 1 ; trade journals, 1211 Hardwicke, Robert E., 2 8 8 5 H a r d y , Charles 0., 1 5 9 6 , 1 8 8 4 , 2 9 6 4 , 4 0 1 8 , 4138-41388 H a r d y , E d w a r d Rochie, 2 2 3 4 H a r d y , Jack, 2 4 2 2 H a r d y (Alpheus) & Co., 6 0 0 Hargrave, F r a n k I., 9 7 9 Haring, Η. Α., 3549 Harlan & Hollingsworth Co., 7 2 7 H a r l o w , A l v i n F., 1 1 0 3 , 3 1 0 3 , 3 1 6 4 , 3 3 0 2 Harms, Bernhard, 3 9 6 2 Harnden & Co., 9 5 5 Harness and saddlery industry, 2 4 8 0 Harper, James H e n r y , 5 9 3 , 9 3 6 Harper, William Hudson, 6 7 3 Harper & Bros., 9 3 6 Harriman, E d w a r d H., 5 5 0 , 1 6 2 9 ; business biographies, 5 5 4 , 5 7 2 Harriman, N o r m a n F., 3 6 9 5 Harrington, Jessie, 5 8 7 Harrington, Virginia D . , 1 9 8 , 6 0 7 Harris, A . C., 2 8 0 8 Harris, A b r a m L . , 1 7 x 3 Harris, George H., 7 8 4 Harris, Gould L., 3 9 7 9 Harris, Seymour E d w i n , 1 8 8 5

Harris Trust and Savings B a n k , profit-sharing, 3 7 1 7 Harrison, G . Charter, 2 6 2 3 , 2 6 7 7 Harrison, Joseph, Jr., 2 4 9 4 Harrison, Mitchell C., 4 7 8 6 - 4 7 8 7 Hart, Albert Bushnell, 2 1 7 , 4 8 7 6 Hart, A m o s Winfield, 4 4 1 1 Hart, Richard H., 3 8 7 Hart, Schaffner & M a r x , 3 7 5 2 ; shop-council system in, 3 7 1 6 Hartford, Conn., banking, 6 4 4 , 6 6 5 ; B o a r d of Trade, 3 1 2 7 ; fire insurance companies, 7 6 2 - 7 6 3 , 7 6 7 , 771; National Bank, 6 6 5 Hartley, Marcellus, 4 6 9 , 9 0 S Hartsough, Mildred L., 1 4 9 9 , 3 1 6 5 , 3 9 6 3 Harvard Co-operative Society, 7 4 4 H a r v a r d Economic Service, 4 0 1 5 , 4 0 1 8 H a r v a r d Fatigue L a b o r a t o r y , 3 7 6 0 H a r v a r d Graduate School of Business A d ministration, Baker Library, 4 6 9 9 , 4 7 7 6 , also pp. 3 1 , 9 8 8 , 994-995 I Bureau of Business Research, 1 2 8 5 , 1449 ; courses, 3 9 3 s , 4 2 2 2 , also pp. 7 , 1 7 - 1 8 , 9»S; industrial research, 3 7 6 0 - 3 7 6 1 H a r v e y , George, 4 3 5 H a r v e y , Richard S., 1 3 9 1 , 1 4 8 7 Hasenclever, Adolf, 4 3 6 Hasenclever, Peter, 4 3 6 Haskell, W . E., 8 6 2 Haskins, Charles W., 3 9 7 s . 398ο, 4172 Haskins & Sells, 3 9 7 8 , 3 9 8 0 , 3 9 9 2 Hasse, Adelaide R., 4 7 3 4 H a t manufacturing, 4 1 6 Hauer, Daniel J., 1 1 5 8 - 1 1 5 9 Haupt, Herman, 3513 Hauser, Henri, 7 3 Havas' news agency, 2 8 2 4 Havemeyer, H. O., 5 7 7 , 3 8 8 6 - 3 8 8 7 H a v e m e y e r , Loomis, 2 4 3 Havemeyer, Τ . Α., 3 8 8 6 Haven, T . Kenneth, 1 8 3 9 Haverhill, Mass., business directory, 4 0 4 7 ; retailing, 7 4 8 ; shoe manufacturing, 2 4 8 3 Hawaii,

3992,

INDEX labor on sugar plantations, 1328, 3744; trade with, 1328 Hawes, Charles Boardman, 2038 Hawk, Emory Q., 152 Hawkins, William, 297 Hawley, Frederick Barnard, 177 Hawley-Smoot bill, 1390 Haworth, Floyd B., 2074 Hawtrey, R. G., 4587 Hay, William Wren, 1940 Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 3262 Hayden, Stone & Co., refinancing of, 475 Hayek, Friedrich August von, 96, 4588 Hayes, Carlton J . H., 125 Hayes, E. P., 863 Hayes, John L., 2595 Haynes, Benjamin R., 4159, 4190 Haynes, Williams, 2410 Hays, Moses Michael, 610, 4772 Hazard, Blanche Evans, 2478 Hazen, Edward, 4259 Health, 2630, 2721, 3778, 4293, 4343. See also Employee welfare Heard, John, 310 Hearst, William Randolph, 495, 500, 2827 Heath, Charlotte, 863 Heath, Η. Α., 1047 Heating-apparatus industry, 903, 1302, 2937 Heaton, Herbert, 38, 388, 2596, 3570 Heckscher, Eli Filip, 126 Hedges, James Blaine, 517 Hedges, Joseph Edward, 1592 Hedging, 1243, 1247, 1249, 2682 Heer, Clarence, 4648 Heermance, Edgar L., 3948, 4 1 1 5 - 4 1 1 6 Heid, Fred W., 3388 Heiges, George L., 467 Heilman, Ernest Α., 4143 Heinz, Henry J., 426, 577, 4792 Helderman, Leonard C., 1676 Helfferich, Karl, 1526 Helicopters, 3091. See also Aviation industry Hemenway (Augustus) & Co., 600 Hemp industry, 436 Hempstead, Alfred Geer, 2075 Henchman, Daniel, 272 Henderson, Alexander, 1560 Henderson, F. R., 2534 Henderson, Gerard C., 1488 Hendey Machine Co., 899

1097

Hendrick, Burton J., 437, 540, 1017, 2138 Hendrick, Frank, 3406 Henius, Frank, 1369 Henkels, Stanislaus V., 4813 Henry, Arnold Kahle, 3226 Henry, J. T., 2846 Hepburn, A. Barton, 1527 Hepburn Committee, 923 Hercules Powder Co., 2416 Herding, 1057. See also Cattle ranching Hermelin, Samuel Gustaf, 2755 Herndon, Richard, 4788-4789 Herr, Kincaid, 980 Herrick, Albert Β., 3514 Herrick, Cheesman Α., 4160, 4291 Herrick, Clay, 1822 Herrick, Myron T., 1788 Herring, H. S., 3928 Hershey, Milton S., 427 Hershey Industrial School, 427 Herzog, Joseph, 322 Herzog, Peter W., 1771 Hess, Henry E., 2311 Hess, Roscoe R., 2522 Hettinger, Albert J., 4020 Hettinger, Herman S., 1429 Heusser, Albert H., 2581 Hevner, Peter, 545 Hewins, W. A. S., 53 Hewitt, Abram S., 439, 3498 Hexner, Ervin, 3904-3905 Heyd, W„ 64 Heynen, Reinhard, 11 Heywood family, 890 Heywood-Wakefield Co., 890 Hibbard, Benjamin Horace, 1058, 3018 Hicks, Clarence J., 3746 Hicks, Frederick C., 3344> 4725 Hicks, John D., 218 Hides, see Leather industry Hidy, Muriel Emmie, 350 Hidy, Ralph W., 68o-68ia, 1445,1758,1840 Higgins, Andrew J., 579 Higgins, Edward E., 3515 Higgins (John Woodman) Armory, 4719 Higgins, Milton Prince, 472 Higginson, Henry Lee, 561 Higginson, Stephen, 4482 Higgs, Henry, 97 High, James L., 4149 Highway construction, see Roads Highway transportation, 1010, 3067, 3069, 3072, 3113-315°. 3535;

1098

INDEX

associations, 3114-3115; finance, 3113, 3122, 3125, 3135, 3139, 31S0; government aid and regulation, 31133114, 3123, 3125, 3128-3130, 31323134, 3141, 3150; State regulation, 3116-3117, 3125-3126, 3135, 3146. See also Motor transportation ; Roads ; Stagecoaches ; Turnpikes Hildreth, R., 1737 Hill, Hamilton Α., 3929 Hill, James J., 254, 518, 1629; business biographies of, 520, 526, 577, 4792; business philosophy of, 512, 518 Hill, James M., 2817 Hill, John, Jr., 1593 Hill, John J., 3345 Hill, Joseph Α., 4260 Hillhouse, Albert Miller, 1542 Hillquit, Morris, 219 Hillyer, William Hurd, 389 Hinchman, T . H., 1690 Hinchman, Walter S., 446 Hinckley, Isaac, 1000 Hine, Charles De Lano, 3346, 3639 Hines, Walker D., 3303 Hingham Mutual Fire Insurance Co., 70S Hinkley, Holmes, 446 Hippelheuser, Richard H., 4634 Hirschauer, Herman, 2351 Hirst, Francis W., 4519 Historical Records Survey, 4743, 4754 Historical societies, 4688, 4704-4706, 4708, 4772-4773, 4775; bibliography of, 4769; manuscript collections, 4773 ; publications, 4688, 4768-4772. See also specific societies History, bibliography of, 4878; materialistic interpretation of, 179 Hitchcock, Curtice N., 4369 Hoboken Ferry, 3242 Hobson, John Α., I2, 98, 109, 4371, 4649, also p. 10 Hochstetter family, 623 Hodge, Charles L., 981 Hodgson, A. J., 2258 Hoenicke, Rudolf, 2394 Hoffman, Frederick L., 785, 2172 Hoffman, G. Wright, 1249, 2682

Hoffman, Paul G., 1286 Hoffmann, Fritz L., 480 Hohenhoff, Elsa van, 4412 Hohman, Elmo Paul, 2039 Holbrook, Franklin F., 4702 Holbrook, Stewart H., 1015a Holbrook, Cabot, and Rollins Corporation, 1160 Holcombe, James P., 1481 Holden, Paul E., 3620 Holding, Robert S., 447 Holding companies, 1121, 1617, 2933, 2935, 2942, 2947, 2954, 3006, 3308, 3329, 3659, 3664, 3670, 3832, 3843, 3869; . evolution of, 1572; legislation, 3843 ; regulation, 3817-3818, 3843 Holdsworth, John Thom, 708, 1738 Holdsworth, William, 228 Holladay, Ben, 539 Holland, Maurice, 4005, 4009 Holland, shipping, 3285. See also Amsterdam Holland Land Co., 3012 Hollander, J. H., 4463 Hollow ware, structural, by States, 2515 Holloway, Laura C., 4791 Holman, Reuben Α., 758 Holmes, John, 807 Holmes, Oliver W., 291, 3142 Holmes, W . Gerald, 2704 Holt, W. Stull, 1489, 1789, 4742 Holyoake, George Jacob, 1321 Homan, Paul T., 98, 2364, 3857, 4495 Homans, Isaac Smith, 1370, 1739 Homans, J. S., 1370 Home industries, 465, 470, 2339, 2478; census, 203 ; evolution, 2334 Home Insurance Co., 769 Home Life Insurance Co., 786 Home-owning, 3020, 3036; and New Deal, 222 Homes, indebtedness, 4661. See also Mortgages; Real estate Hone, Philip, diary of, 393 Honesty, see Business ethics Hooker, William Francis, 3143 Hoopes, Penrose R., 2606 Hoover, Edgar M., Jr., 2479

1099

INDEX Hopkins, Caspar Thomas, 272, 399 Hopkins, Claude C., 372 Hopkins, John Α., Jr., 1059 Hopkins, Manley, 2259-2260 Hopkins, Mark, 523, 790, 1941 Hopkins Railway Library, 3478 Horizontal combination, trend towards, 3901 Hornblower & Weeks, 565 Horner, Warren M., 2174 Horrocks, J. W., 127 Horse railways, 3505, 3507 Horsepower, statistics of, 1025 Horses, 1080, 3139 Hoselitz, Bert F., 4628 Hosiery industry, 878 ; costs, 2435;

production, 2431 Hoskins, G. 0., 2449 Hotchkiss, George Β., 1168, 1430 Hotchkiss, George W., 2076 Hotchkiss, Willard E., 3747, 4220 H o t e l i n d u s t r y , 536, 3066, 4866; d i r e c t o r y , 3 0 6 4 - 3 0 6 5 , 4053 ;

management, 1018; policies, 1018; rating, 3065 ; trade journals, 3064. See also Inns ; Taverns Hough, Charles M., 3227 Hough, Emerson, 1060 Hough, Franklin B., 2062 Houghton, George W. W., 3144 Houghton, Henry Oscar, 498 Houghton, Walter R., 588 Houqua, 385 House, Boyce, 2847 House furnishings, 2603 House of Parish, 7 House organs, 722, 732, 801, 827, 924, 941, 953, 955, 2439, also p. 994 Household supplies, profits in, 4673 Housewright Society, of the town of Boston, 1161 Housing for workers, bibliography,

3 7 8 4 , 4290,

4298

Housing industry, statistics of, 1038. See also Construction industry Houston, Η. H., 1000 Houston (D.) & Co., 2798 Houston Oil Company of Texas, 2861

Hovde, Howard T., 1422 Hovey, Carl, 553 Howard & Co.'s Express, 955 Howe, Elias, Jr., 588, 593 Howe, Henry, 4392 Howe, Herbert Barber, 276 Howe, Octavius T., 3228 Howell, John W., 2440 Howell, Wilbur F., 2523 Hower, Ralph M., 748, 759, 1265, 3632, 4693, 4 7 1 6

Howes, Osborn, 320 Howland family, biography of, 4809 Howland (Isaac, Jr.) & Co., 4809 Hoxie, Robert Franklin, 2648, 4319 Hoyt, Charles Wilson, 1197 Hoyt, Homer, 3021 Hubbard, Elbert, 4792 Hubbard, Gurdon Saltonstall, 277 Hubbard, Joseph B., 99, 1134 Hubbard, Leonard E., 128 Hubbard, Theodora Kimball, 4496 Hubert, Giles Α., 3964 Hubert, Philip G., Jr., 653 Hudnut, James M., 787-7873, 2175 Hudson Motor Car Co., 2400 Hudson River, Canal, 3179 Hudson River R.R., 3371 Huebner, Grover G., 1169, 1250, 3255, 3259, 3348 Huebner, Solomon S., 1594, 2176-2178, 2236-22363, 2261-2263

Hughes, Charles Evans, 2189, 3574 Hughes Committee investigation, 1654 Hulbert, Archer Butler, 3069 Hulderman, Bernhard, 533 Hull, George H., 4589 Hull, John, 279 Human

r e l a t i o n s , 2639, 2648, 3 5 7 3 , 4 2 8 8 ,

4369·

See also Personnel Management Humanist approach, 109, 116 Hume, John F., 1948, 1958 Humphrey, Edward Frank, 153 Hundred Year Association, 1022 Hundred-year-old firms, 1020, 1022 Hungerford, Edward, 519, 749, 982-9841 1018, 3304

Hunt, Hunt, Hunt, Hunt,

Bishop Carleton, 3829 Edward Eyre, 2649 Freeman, 589, 4098, 4237 Gaillard, 423

1100

INDEX

H u n t , M a r y E . , 4027 H u n t , Pearson, 1714 H u n t , W i l l i a m C., 4755 H u n t e r , L o u i s C., 2458-2459, 4602 H u n t e r , M . H . , 2939 H u n t i n g t o n , Charles Clifford, 1691, 3169 H u n t i n g t o n , Collis P., 523, 1941, 4797 H u n t i n g t o n , E l l s w o r t h , 244 H u n t i n g t o n , H e n r y E., 503 H e n r y E . H u n t i n g t o n L i b r a r y and A r t G a l l e r y , 4777 H u r d , D . H a m i l t o n , 4793 H u r d , R i c h a r d M . , 3035 H u r l e y , E d w a r d N., 3 2 56-3 2 56b H u s b a n d , Joseph, 870 Huse, Charles Phillips, 4478 Hussey, M i r i a m , 4605-46053 Husslein, Joseph, 86 H u t c h e s o n , H a r o l d , 162 Hutcheson, W i l l i a m Α., 2139 Hutchins, Grace, 2582 Hutchins, J o h n , 3229 Hutchinson, A r t h u r R., 4144 Hutchinson, Rollin W., Jr., 3139 Hutchinson, R u t h Gillette, 4144 Hutchinson, W i l l i a m T . , 448 H u t h , H a n s , 1543 H y a t t Roller Bearing C o . , 4 1 1 H y d e , Francis E . , 3305 H y d e , H e n r y B a l d w i n , 398 H y d e , J a m e s H a z e n , 502, 540, 1021 H y m a , A l b e r t , 87 Ice i n d u s t r y , 2605 ; foreign trade, 1351, 3260; price control, 1470; trade journals, 3550 I d a h o , 3128 lies, George, 4393, 4873 Illinois, b a n k i n g associations, 1989 ; business biographies, collective, 4802 ; commercial banking, 1686; corporation l a w , 3826; fire insurance regulation, 2237; grain marketing, 1220; grocery trade, wholesale, χ 17 7 ; industrial development, 2 7 1 3 ; University of, business manuscripts, 4703. See also C h i c a g o Illinois Central R . R . , 572, 958, 976, 3356, 3453 Illinois Fire Insurance Commission, 2237

Illinois University, B u r e a u of Business Research, 1453 Illinois W a t e r w a y , 3152 Illiteracy, census of, 203 Immigration, 547, 2688, 3219, 4289 Imperialism, 616, 3585 Importing, 275, 309, 316, 379, 469, 730731, 736, 901, 1166, 1186, 1361, 1365, 1374, 1379. 1401, 2445, 2456, 2569; government control, 2 4 1 3 - 2 4 1 4 ; men engaged in, 379, 7 3 ° ~ 7 3 i ; price trends, 4605 ; purchasing methods, 1361 ; statistics, 1036, 1355, 2545. See also Foreign trade Incentives, 3643. See also Bonus s y s t e m s ; Industrial management ; Profit-sharing Income, definition, 4650; f a m i l y , 4293; f a r m - p o p u l a t i o n , 4654; of w e a l t h y men, 1695, 3561 ; taxable, analysis o f , 4660. See also Earnings in specific trades and industries; Income t a x ; N a t i o n a l income ; N a t i o n a l wealth ; Salaries ; Wages; Wealth Income tax, 4474, 4660 ; State, 4467, 4473 Incorporated Investors, 1861 Indebtedness, 999, 1092, 3310, 3314, 3452, 4643, 4661 Indentured labor, 338, 4296, 4353 Indentures, 4168 India, capitalism, 3 ; economic development, 3, 48; political aspects, 48; public l a w , development of, 228; trade with, 329, 1351 Indiana, a u t o m o t i v e i n d u s t r y , 802, 8 1 0 ; banking, 356, 1689, 1 7 1 6 ; business directory, 4053 ; Business Historical Society o f , 4 7 1 3 ; industrial capitalists, 4781 ; limestone industry, 2814; p e t t y capitalists, 4 7 8 1 ; State banking, 699, 702 Indiana Co., 948 Indians, agricultural activities, 1048; animal h u s b a n d r y , 1048;

1101

INDEX as agents, 3 1 5 6 ; trade with, 281, 290, 3 3 3 , 3 3 7 , 1 0 5 7 , 1267, 2 1 2 1 , 2 1 2 5 , 3 1 5 6 , 4487 Indices, statistical, 3 9 9 6 - 3 9 9 7 , 4014, 4 ° i 7 , 4 5 3 ° , 4 5 3 5 , 4 5 6 6 - 4 5 6 7 , also pp. 8 5 6 - 8 5 7 . See also Business forecasting; specific

services

Individualism, 107, 1 2 1 , 169, 1 9 2 ; and free enterprise, 209 Industrial accidents, 2630, 3 7 3 8 ; prevention of, 1 1 4 7 , 2278, 4 3 7 5 - 4 3 8 0 Industrial administration, pp. 5 5 1 - 5 6 5 . See also Industrial management Industrial arts, bibliography, 2 7 5 1 ; dictionaries, 2 7 4 1 - 2 7 4 5 ; education in, 2 7 1 6 , 2 7 1 8 Industrial capitalism, 3, 8, 20, 1 1 9 , 254, 269, 3 3 ° , 355, 727, 772, 2022, 2747, 2784, 3579, 3 5 9 ° , 4809, also pp. 1 1 2 150, 734-735,· agrarian struggle 215, 218; and business education, p. 874·; labor problems under, 4 2 8 0 ; need for training in, 4 1 8 5 ; transition f r o m petty capitalism, 470, 929, 4 8 2 9 ; transition to financial capitalism, 3 6 1 Industrial capitalists, 8, 254, 329, 650, 743, 745, 748, 8 1 2 - 8 1 9 , 857, 861, 872, 880, 885, 889, 892, 894, 929, 967, 1067, 1 1 7 9 , 1 3 6 3 , 1520, 1629, 2338, 2401, 2446, 2448, 2 4 5 1 - 2 4 5 2 , 2454, 2 4 5 7 2458, 2472, 2540, 2 6 1 1 , 2747, 3 3 2 1 , 3 5 7 6 , 3593, 4697, 4824, 4829, also pp. 23-24, 1 1 2 - 1 5 0 , 7 9 ° - 7 9 i ; biographies, 2020, 4 7 8 0 - 4 7 8 1 , 4785, 4789, 4791, 4 7 9 9 - 4 8 0 0 ; photographs, 4800; political activities, 4 3 2 ; records, p. 2 3 ; training, 4 2 4 4 ; transition f r o m petty capitalism, 4 2 1 , 428; wages policy, 2691 Industrial classes, distribution o f , 201 Industrial combinations, 3674, 3 8 4 0 - 3 8 9 9 ; effect on prices, 8 2 8 ; failure, 893 ; financial promotion, 892, 1829. See also C a r t e l s ; M o n o p o l i e s ; specific industries and trades; Trusts

Industrial demobilization, 4639 Industrial democracy, 3 7 5 6 - 3 7 5 7 Industrial depressions, 4589. See also Business depressions Industrial development, 3 5 , 7 6 - 7 7 , 1 0 2 3 1034, 1 0 3 7 , 1672, 1942, 2 3 1 6 - 2 3 1 8 , 2320, 2 7 1 2 - 2 7 1 4 ; comparison with British, 2 3 1 7 .

See also specific

industries

Industrial disputes, 4345. See also L a b o r unions ; Strikes Industrial education, 2058, 2060, 4 1 6 1 4162, 4 1 6 4 - 4 1 8 3 , 4297; bibliography, 3784, 4 1 6 4 , 4186, 4 1 9 8 ; development, 4 1 8 4 ; public, 4186, 4 1 8 8 - 4 1 8 9 , 4192. See also Business education; C o r r e spondence schools; T r a d e schools; Vocational education Industrial engineering, 2647. See also F a c t o r y management ; I n dustrial management Industrial E x c h a n g e of 1 8 5 1 , 2743 Industrial goods, marketing, 1 1 9 4 , 1 2 4 5 , 1 2 7 7 .

See also specific

items

Industrial history, 144, 4779, also pp. 2 4 2 731 Industrial hygiene, bibliography, 3 7 8 4 Industrial legislation, see Legislation a f fecting business; government entries;

specific trades, industries, and

services

Industrial management, 3678, also pp. 551-565; accounting control, 2656, 2 6 7 2 - 2 6 8 0 ; associations, 2 6 2 7 ; bibliographies, 2 6 1 2 - 2 6 1 8 , 4 3 8 3 ; cost accounting, 2638, 2 6 7 2 - 2 6 8 0 ; depreciation, 2 6 3 8 ; efficiency in, 2 6 3 5 - 2 6 4 4 ; expenses, distribution of, 2 6 3 8 ; foremanship, 2 6 4 1 ; government survey, 2 7 2 3 ; handbook, 2678; inspection, 2 7 2 4 ; men, 2 6 2 2 ; periodicals, 2627, 2 7 3 2 ; pre-Industrial Revolution, 1 3 1 , 2 3 2 5 , 2619-2621 ; production control, 2656; productivity, 2699; relation to administration, 2 6 5 0 ; trade associations, 2 7 3 9 ;

1102

INDEX

work, routing of, 2632. See also Factory management; Labor; Personnel management; Purchasing; Scientific management ; Taylor system ; Wage-incentives Industrial mobilization, wartime, 4630, 4634, 4636 Industrial museums, 4717-4720 Industrial organization, 31, 8 0 2 - 8 1 1 , 2333, 2652, 2685, 3809-3813, also p. 14; comparison with European, 2323 ; ownership, 3809; technical aspects, 3808-3813 Industrial psychology, 3718, 3734, 3742, 375°) 3754, 3760-3764, 3796-3797 Industrial purchasing, see Purchasing Industrial relations, 2666, 2695, 2714, 3714-3801; bibliography, 3715; changes in, 3779, 3797, 3800; organization for research in, 3783; training for, 3788 Industrial research, 430, 2329, 2440, 26942696, 3750-3766, 4 0 0 1 - 4 0 1 1 ; laboratories, 4003, 4006, 4008-4009; waste reduction, 4011. See also Business research ; Business statistics; Personnel research Industrial Revolution, 77, 184, 329, 618, 2337, 2540, 2555, 2700, 3727, also p. 113; and war, 4640 Industrial sanitation, bibliography, 3784 Industrial schools, 427. See also Business education; Company and association schools ; Industrial education Industrial securities, manuals of, 2013 Industrial specialists, 9. See also Industrial capitalists; Specialization Industrial Workers of the World, 43064307, 4314, 4319, 4323 Industry, and New Deal, 222 ; earnings, variations in, 4671 ; social history, 184; wartime regulation, 2319 Inflation, 4555, 4561 Infringement, see Copyrights; Patents Ingalls, R., 1788 Ingersoll, Robert H., 1187

Ingersoll (Robert H.) & Bro., 887 Ingersoll Rock Drill Co., 546 Inheritances, 238 ; taxation of, 4657 Inland water transportation, 1015, 30703072, 3074, 3 1 5 1 - 3 2 0 6 , 3354, 3 3 5 7 ; charters, 3 1 7 5 ; competition, 3 1 8 6 ; development, 3 1 9 4 ; engineers, biographies of, 3 1 7 9 ; government aid and regulation, 3182, 3193, 3195, 3204-3205; labor, 3160; lines, 3205 ; lines, ownership of, 3 1 8 6 ; men, 3170, 3172, 3 1 9 3 ; piloting, 3 1 7 6 ; railroads, competition with, 3 1 9 4 - 3 1 9 5 , 3205-3206, 3 2 5 7 ; rates, 3160, 3 1 7 1 , 3 1 8 6 ; revenue, 3160, 3 1 8 6 ; routes, 3162, 3 1 7 5 ; services, 3186, 3205, 3257; State regulation, 3162, 3 1 8 6 ; steamboats, 3156, 3 1 5 8 - 3 1 5 9 , 3 I 6 i - 3 i 6 2 , 3170, 3 1 7 2 - 3 1 7 3 , 3 1 7 5 , 3 1 9 3 ; terminals, 3 1 5 7 ; tolls, 3162, 3205; trade journals, 3 1 9 3 ; trade promotion, 3 1 6 0 ; traffic, 3162, 3179, 3186, 3205, 3257; wages, 3160. See also Canals; Great Lakes region; River traffic; Transportation Inman Line, 3224 Innis, Harold Adams, 2040, 2 1 1 7 Inns, 3061-3063. See also Hotel industry ; Taverns Insecticides, 1473 Insolvency, 4154. See also Bankruptcy ; Business failures Inspection, 1243, 1250, 2683-2684, 2721, 2724, 3697. See also Industrial management Installment selling, 1 7 8 1 ; bibliography, 1299; credits, 1278, 1 7 7 7 - 1 7 7 8 ; extent, 1278 Institute of International Finance, 2006 Insull, Samuel, 2965-2966, 2970 Insull Utility Investments, Inc., 3003, 3005 Insurance, pp. 459-495; accident, 2 1 5 4 - 2 1 5 5 , 2280, 2282, 22872288, 2291, 2293, 2300, 2306, 4309;

INDEX aircraft, 2289; associations, materials of, 2289, also p. 494; a u t o m o b i l e , 2283, 2 2 8 9 ;

bibliography, 2309; burglary, 2285; commissioners, 2299; companies, 633, also pp. 194-202, 45949S ; companies, joint-stock, 2288; companies, mutual, 2287, 2289; companies, photographs of officials, 4803; companies, securities, manuals of, 20132015;

cooperative, 3920; credit, 2236, 3691; crop, 2289; earthquake, 2289; economic aspects, 2128; effect of war upon, 2281 ; employers' liability, 4309 ; encyclopedias and manuals, 2010, 4886, also pp. 489-491 ; flood, 2289; foreign-trade, 1327, 1332, 1342; gambling, 2140; government regulation, 2279, also pp. 491-493 ; journals, pp. 493-494; l e g i s l a t i o n , 237, 2300, 3 8 2 5 ;

libraries, 4774, also pp. 494-495; men, biographies of, 398-400, 2131 ; periodicals,

2297,

2303;

pioneers, 2272; postal, 2289; price control, 1470; promoters, 2272; riot, 2289; State regulation, 2291, 2301; stock, income from, 402 ; surety, 2287-2288, 2291; tornado, 2288; tourists' baggage, 2289; u n e m p l o y m e n t , 2284, 4294, 4309, 4 5 1 4 ,

4581; trade journals, 2000. See also Fire insurance; Life insurance; Marine insurance Insurance Library Association of Boston, 2238, 2264, 2 3 1 2

Insurance Society of New York, The, 2223

1103

Intangibles, taxation, bibliography of, 4471 Integration, 254, 1126, 1199, 2105, 2520, 3845, 3 8 7 9

Inter-American High Commission, United States Section, 2265 Interchangeable parts, 441, 453, 884, 906, 2498

Interdepartmental relations, 3646 Interest, 99, 107, 170, 238, 691, 3608; rates, 691, 1648, 1918, 1961, 1971 Internal Affairs of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1135 International Association of Casualty and Surety Underwriters, 2306 International Association of Factory Inspectors, 2721 International Association of Fire Engineers, 2241 International balance of trade, 1585 International Brotherhood of Machinists, 2692

International Bureau of the American Republics, 1402 International Chamber of Commerce, 1410 International Commercial Congress, 1413 International Correspondence Schools, 4087, 4207

International finance, position of U.S. in, 1546, 1952 International Harvester Co., 442-443, 452, 8 4 7 - 8 4 9 3 , 852, 8 5 5 , 3746, 3 7 7 2 , 3786, 3860, 3870, 4 2 8 1 International Index to Periodicals, 4835

International

Institute

of

Agriculture,

1083-10833

International Labour Office, 4349 International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 2423 International Library of Technology, 4208-42o8a International maritime law, 1478 International Mercantile Marine Co., 254, 5 3 3 , 1004, 3 2 8 5

International Navigation Co., Ltd., 3285 International Ocean Telegraph Co., 1106 International Paper Co., 862, 2520 International Steam Pump Co., 846 International trade, 1171, 2575. See also Foreign trade International Workers of the World, 4306, 4314, 4319) 4323 Interstate commerce, see U.S. Federal Trade Commission ; Government

1104

INDEX

regulation ; Interstate Commerce Commission Interstate Commerce Commission, activities, 3320, 3387-3388, 3394- 34°4> 3407, 3411-3412, 3415-3416, 3425, 3427-3428, 3438, 3440-3443, 3881 Interstate Oil Compact Commission, 28942895 Interurban transportation, 3067, 349s, 3S°7, 3517, 352°· See also Street railways Inventions, 257, 430, 463, 904, 4386-4426; and business, 4393 ; legal aspects, 4420-4426; list, 4397, 4833; social aspects, 196, 4401. See also Engineering; Patents; specific industries Inventors, 418-421, 441, 447, 450, 476, 588, 1069, 2398, 2401, 3575, 43924393 Inventory, control, 2684, 3697 Inventory of American Imprints, 4754 Investing capitalists, 308-342, 401-406, 1937-197°· See also Investments Investment bankers, 550-567, 1628, 18341870, 3656; associations, 1990; directory of, 1979, 1982. See also Bankers; Banking Investment Bankers' Association, 19901990a, 2006-2007 Investment banking, 324, 330, 351, 551, 559, 566, 623, 675-677, 1544, 1625, 1655-1656, 1658, 1685, 1692, 1732, 1757, 2008-2031, 3581, 3838, also pp. 405-411; accounting, 1851; bibliography, 2007 ; ethics, 1834, 1836, 1855; government investigations, 688, 1843 ; government regulation, 1839, 1854; literature, 1997, 2020, 2029; organization, 1853 ; partnerships, 677 Investment counsels, 1961 Investment management, 1937-1970; personal, 254 Investment manuals, 3008 Investment market, foreign, 1539

Investment policy, and business cycle, 1946 Investment securities, and New Deal, 208 Investment technique, 1956-1958,

1963-

1965 Investment trusts, 1855-1870, 1940, 1961 ; bankers' acceptances as, 1560; capitalization, 1858, 1862 ; comparison with British, 1855; control of industry, 1869 ; earnings, distribution of, 1858; ethics, 1961 ; federal investigation, 1866-1868, 1962 ; management, 1858, 1862, 1864; manuals, 2015; organization, 1862-1863, 1865; origin, 1869 ; policy, 1858, 1864. See also Trustees Investments, foreign, 550, 1171, 1341, 1546-1547; information, 1951, 2006-2017, 2750a; instruments, 1551-1566; management, pp. 425-432; manuals, 2011, 2750; value, fluctuations in, 1955 ; value, theory of, 1969 Iowa, automobile sales, 4510; banking, State regulation of, 1698; building and loan associations, 1698; building contracts, 4510; business failures, 4510; cattle industry, 1059; commercial banking, 648, 1698; electric power production, 4510; employment statistics, 4510; farm mortgage banking, 670, 1698, 1793; farm mortgages, 1793; life insurance sales, 4510; Loan and Trust Co., 670; mortgage brokers, 1793; packing industry, 2352; railroads, 3307, 3397 ; retail sales, 4510; road legislation, 3116; savings banks, 1698 Ireland, commerce, 1166, 3264; joint-stock companies, 3838; manufactures, 1166

INDEX Iron and steel industry, 431, 436, 440, $3^828-442, 2324, aleo pp. 532-52? ; administration, 841, 2472; capitalization, 828, 832, 2458; chronology, 2457, 2464; combinations, 2781 ; companies, 828-842, 2452, 2457, 2461, 2464, 2468, 2471-2472; comparison with British and German, 2449; competition, 835, 2791; competition, foreign, 2445 ; cooperation, 573; cost systems, 2469; developments, 1027, 2702; directory, 2468 ; dividends, 832 ; economic aspects, 2328, 2444, 2446, 2453, 2470; exports, 2456; federal investigation, 830-840; finance, 430, 830, 832-833, 2458; fixed assets, 2452 ; foreign trade, 430; foremen, selection of, 2469; forges and furnaces, 2460-2461 ; Gary dinners, 835 ; government regulation, 573, 2445, 2461, 2791; government relations, 573 ; Homestead strike, 435 ; hours of work, 831 ; imports, 2445, 2456; inventions, 430; inventory control, 2469; investments, 834; ironmasters, public relations of, 2446 ; labor, 573, 2453, 2455, 2466, 2791; labor policy, 429, 438; labor relations, 429-430, 831, 2455; leaders, 428-440, 3607; location, 477, 2444> 2446-2449, 2451, 2454, 2458-2459, 2461-24628, 2702, 2818; managers, 2447 ; market analysis, 2472 ; market demand, 2471 ; marketing, 840, 1245, 2471; markets, 2459, 2791; men, 429-440, 829-830, 842, 2444, 2457, 2461, 2464, 2468, 2471-2472; methods, 543, 2461, 2472; mining, 2754; ore, 2460;

nos

organization, 828, 834-835, 2449, 2463; owners, 2454; personnel training, 2469; policies, 431, 543, 573, 2470; political aspects, 2444; price policies, 840; prices, 2445, 2453, 2456, 2461; production, 430, 558, 2445, 2449-2450, 2456, 2462, 2781, 2791 ; production management, 2469, 2472; products, 2447, 2454, 2471 ; profits, 834, 2452; rolling mills, 2460; seasonal fluctuations, 2467; secular trends, 2467; securities, distribution of, 833; slave labor, 2448; statistics, 834, 2465, 2467-2468; strikes, 435, 2455 ; tariff, 2445, 2456, 2466; technological changes, 2450, 2463-2464, 2471-2473; trade associations, 2450, 2468, 3958; trade journals, 2468-2473; transportation, 2444 ; under N.R.A., 2453; working conditions, 2466; works, 2444, 2448, 2454, 2460-2461, 2472. See also Steel industry Iron and Steel Institute, 3959 Irrigation, 348, 518 Isaacs, Nathan, 229, 1482 Ise, John, 2063, 2848 Iselin, Adrian, 577 Isherwood, H. R., 2095 Isman, Felix, 3036 Isolationism, 122 Isthmian Canal Commission, 3270 Isthmian canals, 3533· See also Panama Canal Isthmus of Panama, 990 Italy, cartels, 3 9 1 1 ; economic development, 34, 45; economic policy, 138 ; Fascism in, 138; medieval, bankers and banking in, 27, 298, 630a, 1 3 7 s ; . . medieval bibliography of economic history, 65 ; ,, . . medieval, double-entry bookkeeping in, 3988-3989;

1106

INDEX

medieval, mercantile capitalists of, 27, 621-622 ; medieval, merchants' handbooks, 1384; medieval, trade of, 621, 1378; patent legislation, 4425; political history, 34 Itinerant vendors, 1270. See also Pedlars; Salesmen, traveling; Traveling merchants Jack, A. Fingland, 2140 Jackman, William J., 3037 Jackson, Andrew, 190, 217 Jackson, Frederick, 1627 Jackson, Harry P., 4159 Jackson, Mitchell Y . , 266 Jackson, Percival E., 1842 Jackson, Walter, 3504 Jacobus, Donald Lines, 4810 James, Earle K., 2364 James, Edmund J., 3185, 4191 James, Eldon Revare, 230 James, F. Cyril, 654, 1514, 1692 James, Marquis, 468, 788, 798 Jameson, J. Franklin, 302, 1337 Jamison, Alexander, 2981 Jane, Fred T., 3090 Janin, Charles, 2809 Janssen, Henry, 878 Japan, advertising, institutional, 624; capitalists, 624; clearing houses, 1665; economic history, 63 ; international trade, 624; literature of, bibliography, 4881 ; Mitsui, House of, 624; patent legislation, 4425 ; trade with, 1336 Javits, Benjamin Α., 3949 Jefferies, Zay, 2507 Jeffers, William M., 579 Jefferson, Thomas, 4483 Jenkins, J. T., 2041 Jenkins, John Wilber, 424 Jenkins, Stephen, 3145 Jenks, Alfred, 2498 Jenks, Eleazer, 2498 Jenks, Elizabeth, 4653 Jenks, Jeremiah W., 3146, 3858-38593950," 4436 Jenks, Leland Hamilton, 1544 Jennings, Sister Marietta, 322-323 Jenny, Adele, 1431

Jensen, Vernon H., 2077 Jerome, Chauncey, 262 Jerome, Harry, 2327, 4568 Jervis, John B., 996, 3347 Jesness, O. B., 1235 Jevons, W. Stanley, 4014, 4590 Jewelry trade, chain stores, 1306 Jewish merchants, 584, 610, 4772 Jews and capitalism, 1, 24 Jobbers and jobbing, 1177, 1208, 1313, 2675; salesmen, 1190. See also Wholesaling Johansen, Dorothy O., 521 John Crerar Library, manuscript collections in, 4711 John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co., 795 Johns-Manville Co., 3803 Johnson, Allen, 4794 Johnson, E. A. J., 100, 163 Johnson, Emory R., 1169, 1388, 1740, 1950, 2940, 3070, 3186-3188, 32573259, 3348 Johnson, Ida Amanda, 2118 Johnson, Joseph French, 4209 Johnson, Oliver, 750 Johnson, R a y W., 449 Johnson, Theodore, 822 Johnson, T o m Loftus, 577 Johnson & Higgins, 798a Johnston, John T. M., 414 Johnston, Samuel P., 1019 Joint Conference of Coal Operators and Miners, 2792 Joint-stock companies, 1065, 2203, 2288, 3670; evolution of, 606, 620a, 3824 Joint-stock land banks, 1794 Jolliffe, M . F., 1573 Jome, Hiram L., 1113 Jones, Alexander, 1104 Jones, B. F., 438 Jones, Chester Lloyd, 1389, 3167 Jones, Clarence Fielden, 245 Jones, Edward D., 2650, 3621, 3749, 4591 Jones, Eliot, 2780, 3349, 3860 Jones, Franklin D., 3951' Jones, Fred Mitchell, 1170, 4703 Jones, Grosvenor M., 3189, 3230 Jones, John B., 1287-12873 Jones, Joseph Marion, 1390 Jones, Leonard Augustus, 1561, 4726

INDEX Jones, Owen T., 1198 Jones, Payson, 942 Jones, Thatcher C., 1667 Jordan, David F., 1951, 4019 Jordan, J . P., 3979 Jordan, William George, 767, 3980 Jordon, Weymouth T., 637 Josephson, Aksel G. S., 2751 Josephson, Matthew, 608 Joslyn, C. S., 3576 Journal of Economic and Business History, 4694 Journal 0} Economic History, 4842 Journal of Political Economy, 4843 Journalism, 2822-2833; financial, 1631-1632, 4098; foreign competition, 2823 Judah, T . D., 523 Judson, Isabella Field, 339 Judson, William Pierson, 1162, 3190 Juglar, Clement, 4569-4570 Julian Petroleum Corp., 1836 Julihn, C. E., 2799 Justinian Code, 2255 Jute bags, manufacturing of, 456 Kaempffert, Waldemar, 4394, 4718 Kahn, Joseph, 4192 Kahn, Otto H., 554~554a, 581 Kaiser, Henry, 579, 725 Kane, Thomas P., 1715 Kansas, banking, 1 9 1 7 ; cattle-ranching, 1223; petroleum industry, 2839 ; traveling merchants, 382 Kansas, Pacific R.R., 530 Kansas City, Mo., livestock market, 1219; railroads, 964, 3426a Kaplan, A. D. H., 164 Kargan, E. D., 4823 Kastor, Adolph, 901 Katheder economists, p. 13 Kauffman, C. H., 1371 Keayne, Robert, 254, 283 Keene, James R., 577 Keezer, Dexter Merriam, 4437 Keiler, Hans, 3231 Keir, Malcolm, 2328, 3811 Keith, Minor C., 1358-1359 Keith Paper Co., 864 Keitt, Lawrence, 4727

1107

Kelley, Frederick M., 3260 Kelley, J . D. Jerrold, 3261 Kellogg, Royal S., 2096 Kelly, Fred C., 734, 1823 Kelly, Roy Willmarth, 3751, 4193 Kemble, John Haskell, 1003, 3232 Kemmerer, Edwin W., 1545, 1819, 1886 Kemnitzer, William J . , 2862 Kennan, George, 572 Kennedy, E. D., 2395 Kennedy, J . H., 823, 1693, 2818, 3168 Kennedy, Joseph P., 3051 Kennedy, Step'hen Jan, 2551 Kent, Frank R., 682 Kent, Frederick I., 1719 Kent, William, 2651 Kentucky, banking, 700; business directory, 4053; metal trade, 284; Mountains, roads in, 3 1 3 5 ; railroads, 980, 985, 3336; river navigation, 3 1 7 8 ; tobacco industry, 2373 Kepner, Charles David, Jr., 1358-1359 Kerr, John Leeds, 985 Kestnbaum, Meyer, 3752 Ketchum, Marshall Dana, i860 Ketchum, William H., 655 Kett, H. T., 3696 Kettridge, J . O., 4034 Keweenaw Waterway Canal, 3203 Keyes, Emerson W., 1801 Keynes, John Maynard, n o - m a , 1528 Kidd, Howard C., 3407 Kidder, Robert Wilson, 4743 Kidder, Peabody & Co., 3455 Kight, Adelaide C., 4028-4029, 4040 Kilburn Lincoln & Co., 850-851 Kiley, John C., 3022 Killingsworth, Charles C., 4329 Kilner, William H. B., 376 Kimball, Dexter S., 2652 Kimber, Albert W., 1952 King, Charles, 3930 King, Clyde Lyndon, 2941 King, Joseph L., 1638 King, (P. S.) & Son, 4759 King, W. L. Mackenzie, 3753 King, W. T . C., 1574 King, Willford Isbell, 4292, 4650-4651 King, Willis S., 438 King Hardware Co., 751 Kingsbury, Kenneth R., 582

1108

INDEX

K i n g s b u r y , S u s a n M y r a , 625 K i n g 6 f o r d , W., 3121 K i n g s l e y , D a r w i n P., 217g KinJey, David, 1872 K i n n e y , J . P., 2064 K i r b y , R i c h a r d S., 4395 K i r k b r i d e , F r a n k l i n B u t l e r , 1824 K i r k l a n d , E d w a r d C., 1 5 4 K i r k l a n d , F r a z a r , pseud., 590 K i r k m a n , M a r s h a l l M . , 3 3 5 0 - 3 3 5 4 , 3408 K i r k p a t r i c k , S. D . , 4396 K i r s h , B e n j a m i n S., 3952 K i t c h i n , F r e d e r i c k H a r c o u r t , 2239 K i t t r e d g e , H e n r y C., 609 K l a r w i l l , Victor V o n , 1454 Klein, J o s e p h J . , 1 5 6 2 , 4 1 9 2 Klein, J u l i u s , 1 3 3 8 Klondike, gold-mining in, 2808 K n a p p , Joseph G., 1238 K n a u t h , Oswald W h i t m a n , 3885 K n e i s s , Gilbert H . , 3306 Kniffin, William H . , J r . , 1 7 4 1 , 1802 K n i g h t , Charles K e l l e y , 2 1 4 1 K n i g h t , Charles L o u i s , 2800 K n i g h t , E d w a r d H e n r y , 2742 K n i g h t , F r a n k H . , 4666 K n i g h t , M e l v i n M . , 39 K n i g h t , N . R . , 683 K n i g h t s of L a b o r , 3384, 4327, 4 3 3 3 K n o e p p e l , C . E . , 3678 K n o w l a n d , J o s e p h R . , 3262 K n o w l e s , Charles E . , 693 K n o w l e s , L . C . Α., 54 K n o x , Charles, 4 1 6 K n o x , G e o r g e H . , 4238 K n o x , H e n r y , 275 K n o x , J a m e s S a m u e l , 4239 K n o x , J o h n J a y , 1677 K o e n i g s b e r g , S a m u e l M . , 3663 Kohler, M a x , 610 K o h n , A u g u s t , 2552 K o l q u i s t , Oscar N . , 1404 K o n d r a t i e f f , N . D., 4 5 9 8 - 4 5 9 8 3 K o o n t z , H a r o l d D a y t o n , 4438 K o r e n , J o h n , 3998 K o r s t i a n , C . F . , 2607 Krause, Louise Β., 4023-40233 K r e s s L i b r a r y of B u s i n e s s a n d E c o n o m i c s , 4776 K r o n s t e i n , Heinrich, 3906 K r u e g e r , L e o n a r d B a y l i s s , 1694 K r u p p , A l f r e d , 2409 K r z y z a n o w s k i , Witold, 3965

K u c z y n s k i , R o b e r t R . , 1843 K u h l m a n n , Charles B y r o n , 2341 K u h n , L o e b & Co., 550, 1656, 1658 Kulischer, J o s e p h , 1 5 0 7 K u l p , Victor H e n r y , 2867 K u z n e t s , S i m o n , 4599-4600, 4603, 4 6 5 2 4653 Kuznets, Solomon, 1772 K y l e , G e o r g e Α., 3 1 2 2 L a Barge, Joseph, 3155 Labels, court decisions, 4 4 1 1 , 4 4 1 7 - 4 4 1 8 , 4426 L a b o r , 86, 146, 150, 2685-2700, 2 7 1 4 , 3 5 8 5 - 3 5 8 6 , 3597, 3 6 0 1 , also p p . 9 0 1 907; accidents a n d disease, p p . 9 1 8 - 9 2 0 ; a n d g o v e r n m e n t , 208, 4 3 3 7 - 4 3 6 7 , 442 7, 4438; a n d N e w D e a l , 208 ; a s capitalist, investments of, 1 6 9 ; bibliographies, 3793, 4265-4278, 4329, 4373; b y o c c u p a t i o n s , 4301 ; compensation insurance, 4361-4363, 4367; conspiracy cases, 4289 ; court injunctions, 4 2 7 5 ; distribution, changes in, 4302 ; economic aspects, 2700, 4279-4280, 4296, 4346, 4354, 4 3 6 9 - 4 3 7 1 ; efficiency, 3640, 3738, 3 7 6 4 ; handbooks, 4368-4380; health, 2 7 2 1 , 3778, 4293, 4 3 4 3 ; housing, 3784, 4290, 4298; i m p o r t a t i o n , 547, 2688, 4289; indentured, 338, 4296, 4 3 5 3 ; leaders, b i o g r a p h i e s o f , 4 2 9 7 ; legislation, 3876, 4 3 3 7 - 4 3 3 8 , 4 3 4 3 - 4 3 6 7 . 4551; m i g r a t i o n , 547, 3902, 4323 ; opposition to technological changes, 3922; o r g a n i z a t i o n , see L a b o r u n i o n s ; part-time, 4292; periodicals a n d proceedings, 2692, 4305, 4360, 4844; political c o n t r o l o f , 1 6 9 ; prison, 3 1 2 5 , 3 8 7 6 ; p r o b l e m s , 3749, 4265, 4280, 4 2 9 7 ; p r o c u r e m e n t , 2688, 3 7 8 9 ; rural, 1043, 1 0 7 1 , 4 3 0 1 , 4680; s a f e t y m e a s u r e s , 2653, 2 7 2 1 , 3778, 4343, 437S-4380;

INDEX social aspects, 2700, 4319, 4346, 43534354; statistics, source of, 2693, 4000; terminology, 4372 ; training, 2653, 3749; turnover, 2687, 2697, 3738, 3749, 3778, 4266, 4286; unit cost, 2699; unrest, 3716, 3738, 3753, 4370; urban, 4301, 4303-4304; wartime, 3747, 4366, 4630; working conditions, 2693, 4279-4304, 43"; working hours, 4287, 4292, 4298, 4343, 4357, 4360, 4364. See also Apprenticeship; Collective bargaining ; Employees ; Employment; Factory management; Human relations ; Labor unions ; Personnel management; Slave labor; specific industries and trades; Strikes; Wages Labor banks, 169, 1799, 1803; bibliography, 1807 Labor journals, government publications, bibliography of, 4270-4278 Labor policy, 409-410, 4126 Labor relations, 2689, 2696, 3745, 4315 Labor-saving devices, 4394 Labor unions, 3728, 3876, 4280, 4289, 4293, 4297-4298, 4305-4336; arbitration, 3876, 4277, 4297; company, 3733, 3744; development, 2573, 4316, 4335; industrial education by, 4183 ; international, 4329; leaders, 2441, 4315-4316, 43*8, 4331; legislation and government relations, 2692, 4316, 4324; membership, 2573, 4335; policy, 2441, 4315; publications, bibliography

of,

4329-

4330;

relations with apprentices, 4165, 4167; relations with management, 2441, 3745, 4324; rivalry among, 4313; unfair practices, 4331. See also Collective bargaining ; specific industries and trades; Strikes Lace, importing of, 920 Lackawanna Coal Mine and Navigation Co., 966 Ladas, Stephen P., 2922, 4413

1109

Laemmle, Carl, 505 Lagerquist, Walter E., 2942 Lahne, Herbert J., 2553 Laidler, Harry W., 101, 129, 3861, 4497 Laird, Donald Α., 3754 Laissez-faire, origin of, n o ; philosophy of, 112, 114, 165, 172, 205 Lake Champlain, steamboats on, 3175 Lake Shore Electric Railway, 3149 Lake Superior, copper-mining, 2801, 2803, 2805; iron-mining, 477, 2817 Lake traffic, 281. See also Great Lakes region Lamont, Thomas W., 555 Lamphere, George Ν., 1061 Land, Jonathan E., 1500 Land, alienation, 231 ; characteristics, 3033 ; companies, 620a, 625, 630, 945-949, 1015, 3833; conveyancing, 238 ; fortunes, 612; grants, 1001, 2106, 3313, 3429, 3847; investments, 312, 319, 333, 337; ownership, 643, 1056; ownership, absentee, 3017; promotion, 342, 946-948; public, statistics of, 1037 ; rental, 3035; speculation, 281, 3027, 4524; tenure, 1043, 1057, 1077; types of, 3033; urban, income from, 3021; utilization, 3033 ; values, 1165, 3021, 3039; values, urban, 3021, 3035. See also Colonization ; Real estate Land grant colleges, 4178 Landis, James M., 4350-43503 Landsberg, Hans, 1041 Lane, Clarence B., 1085 Lane, Mortimer, 3999 Lane, Samuel, 261 Lane, Wheaton J., 522 Lang, Henry C., 3711 Langston, L. H., 1742 Lanier, Henry Wysham, 1695 Lanier, J. F. D., 356 Lansburgh, Richard H., 2654 Lantern industry, 894

Ilio

INDEX

L a r c o m , Russell Carpenter, 3830 L a r d n e r , Dionysius, 3355 L a r m e r , Forrest M . , 1790 L a r p e n t e u r , Charles, 2119 L a r r a b e e , William, 3307 Larsen, H a r o l d C., 1791 L a r s o n , A g n e s M . , 2078 L a r s o n , Henrietta M . , 10, 254, 351, 402, 656, 684-685, 1222, 2691, 3380, 3571, 4695, 4719 L a Salle Extension University, 3533, 4204 L a t h r o p , Elsie, 3062 L a t h r o p , W i l l i a m G., 2495 L a t i m e r , M u r r a y W e b b , 3755 Latin-America, communication, development of, 1 3 4 s ; foreign capital, 1345 ; foreign management, 1345 ; fruit production, 1345 ; l a w and justice, 231 ; p e t r o l e u m production, 1345; railroads, bibliography of, 3472; rubber production, 1345 ; social science studies, bibliography of, 4879; trade w i t h , 1345, 1 3 5 7 ; transportation, development of, 1345 L a t r o b e , J o h n H . B., 527 L a u c k , W . Jett, 3518, 3756, 4293, 4520 L a u g h l i n , J a m e s Laurence, 1529, 1887, 4626 L a u n d r y trade, price control, 1470 Laurens, H e n r y , 338 Laurens, J o h n , 338 L a u r e n t i c trade area, 3964 L a u r i a t (Charles E . ) & Co., 754 L a u r s o n , Philip G., 4395 L a v i n g t o n , F., 4592 L a w , George, 534, 996 L a w , J o h n , 254, 1669 L a w libraries, 4 7 2 1 - 4 7 3 1 L a w r e n c e , A m o s A d a m s , 2559; b i o g r a p h y , 390, 588-589, 593; correspondence, 391 ; d i a r y , 391 L a w r e n c e , W i l l i a m R., 390-391 L a w r e n c e ( A . A . ) & C o . , 2590 L a w s , see Legislation affecting business L a w s o n , T h o m a s W . , 403, 4856 L a w s o n , Victor, 403, 489 L a w t o n , Charles D e W i t t , 2801 L a w y e r s , 1975, 3602; biographies of, 4800, 4802-4803 ;

commercial, 1032, also pp. 7 4 5 - 7 4 7 ; directory of, 1977, 4048, 4053, 4075; photographs of, 4800 L a w y e r s Title Insurance C o m p a n y of N e w Y o r k , 1617 Lea, H e n r y Charles, 487 Leach, Josiah Granville, 657 Lead mining, 1030, 2754; production, 2813, 2817, 2820; smelting, 2813, 2820 L e a g u e f o r Industrial D e m o c r a c y , 4497 League of Nations, publications of, 4747 Leather industry, 1030, 2474-2488; companies, 2479, 2482, 2488; dealers, 2482 ; industrial combinations, 893; management, 893; manufacturers, 2482 ; marketing, 2482 ; production, 258, 2482 ; products, 2480; reorganization, 893 ; trade journals, 2485. See also Shoe i n d u s t r y L e a v i t t , J o h n A n t o n , 3862 Leavitt, John Brooks, 4114 Leclaire, M . , 3743 Lee, I v y , 3603, 3806-3807 Lee ( I v y ) & T . J . Ross, 3803 Lee, Higginson & C o . , 560-561 Lee, James, 278 Lee, J a m e s M e l v i n , 4 1 1 7 Lee, Virgil P., 1792 Leech, Harper, 425 Lees-Smith, Hastings B e r t r a n d , 4373, 4760 Leet, Allen N . , 2849 L e f è v r e , E d w i n , 4857 Leffingwell, R . C., 686 Leffingwell, W i l l i a m H e n r y , 3704-3706 Legal education, history of, 231 Legal libraries, 4 7 2 1 - 4 7 3 1 L e g a l research, 4 7 2 1 - 4 7 3 1 Legge, Alexander, 443 Legge, W . D., 3696 Legislation affecting business, 223-240, 1063, 1391, 1466, 1487, 1491-1494, 1527, 1767, 1770, 1918, 1934, 2080, 229S-2302, 3124-3125, 3133, 3216, 3218, 3245, 3251, 3267, 3274, 3395, 3408a, 3444, 3663, 3667, 3814-3818, 3820, 3823-3826, 3830-3836, 38433845, 3856, 3859-3860, 3870-3899,

INDEX 3951-3954- 4083. 4 4 1 1 - 4 4 2 6 , 4 7 2 1 4731· See also Copyrights; Patents; State governments, regulation and control of business by ; Tariff ; Taxation ; government entries; specific industries, trades, and services Lehigh Valley Railroad, 3294 Lehigh Valley Transit Co., 3499 Lehman Bros., 802 Lehman Corp., 1861 Leightner, Otto C., 4521 Leighton, Henry, 2515 Leisure class, theory of, 193 Leitch, John, 3757 Leiter, L e v i J . , 577, 612 Leland, Waldo G., 4635 Leland Stanford University, 4222 Leonard, John William, 4795-4796, 4824 Leonard, Jonathan Norton, 409 Leonard, Ruth S., 3971 Leonard, William N., 3408a Lescarboura, Austin C., 1 1 0 2 Lescohier, Don D., 4294 Lesley, J . P., 2460 Le Tourneau, R . G., 3594 Letts, Arthur, 376 Leupp, Francis E., 419 Levant, 64, 1 4 1 4 Levasseur, E., 432o-432oa Leven, David D., 2886 Leven, Maurice, 1455, 4654 Levine, Louis, 2423 L e v y , Hermann, 102, 3507 Lewis, Cleona, 1546, 1549 Lewis, E . St. E., 3691 Lewis, Elmer Α., 4150 Lewis, George E., 948 Lewis, George H., 3409 Lewis, Howard T., 1190, 2683, 3632 Lewis, J . Slater, 2678 Lewis, John B., 2180 Lewis, Lawrence, J r . , 658 Lewis, Oscar, 523 Lewis, Seymour D., 4414 Lewisohn, Sam Α., 3758, 4294 Lexis, W., 4893~4893b Lexow investigation, 3886 Libby-Owens Glass Co., 2329 Liberalism, English and French, effects of, 186 Libraries, census of, 203 ;

1111

professional, 4 3 8 1 , 4384. See also Business libraries; L a w libraries; Special libraries Library of Boston Elevated, 3 5 1 9 - 3 5 1 9 3 Library of Congress, early newspapers, 4848; foreign newspapers, 4849; genealogies, 4 8 1 2 ; manuscript collections, 4 7 1 0 ; publications of, 4884 Licenses, 3837 Lichtner, William O., 2655 Lief, Alfred, 901 Liefmann, Robert, 3832, 3908 Lienhard, Heinrich, diary of, 296 L i f e insurance, 398, 400, 774-797, 2 1 2 6 2216, 2270, 2280-2281, 2300, 2 3 0 3 2304, 2307; abuses, 2 1 5 6 ; actuarial tables, 2177, 2192, 2205; addresses on, 2169; annuities, 2140, 2 1 9 3 ; applications, 2 1 7 1 ; Armstrong investigation, 2145, 2 1 8 8 2190, 35741 as career, 2162, 2207; as credit stabilizer, 2166; as investment, 2178, 2205, 2304; as substitute for pensions, 2 2 8 1 ; assessment, 2136, 2143, 2 2 1 5 , 2290, 2295; assets, 2 2 1 4 ; bibliographies, 2303 ; burial, 2215 ; business policy, 777; combinations, 254; commercial aspects, 2 1 6 6 ; compulsory, 2 1 5 2 ; contracts, liberalization of, 2 1 3 2 ; court decisions, 2154, 2295-2297; credit system, advantages of, 2 1 8 5 ; economic aspects, 2152, 2 1 7 2 , 2:175;2176, 2200, 2 2 1 4 ; endowment, 2 1 3 0 ; ethics, 2 1 5 1 ; evolution, 2 1 3 7 , 2 1 4 7 ; expense rates, 2 1 4 3 ; fallacies, 2 1 6 1 ; federal investigations, 2159, 2197,. 3 8 9 3 ; federal regulation, 2157, 2162, 2 2 1 5 ; . finance, 789; for college teachers, 2 1 5 8 ; foreign, 2129, 2 1 4 1 ;

1112

INDEX

fraternal, 2130, 2215, 2290, 2295; fraudulent practices, 2170, 2180, 2 211; friendly societies, 2140; future of, 2137; group, 776; handbooks, 2149, 2205; homicides, 2180; in force, 2134; industrial, 776, 785, 795, 2143, 2200, 2215, 2278, 4339; influence of men upon, 2138; intermediate, 776; leaders, 2145; legal aspects, 2165, 2304; legislation regarding, 792, 2150, 2155; level-premium, 2130, 2142; management, 777; marketing, history of, 2145; men, 398-40°. 54°, 779, 783-784, 793 I methods, 2165, 2172; military, 2204; Northampton mortality tables, 2193; Norwich mortality tables, 2193; policy contracts, 791, 796, 2143, 2145, 2151, 2171, 2178, 2215-2216; policy forms, 778, 781 ; policyholders, relations with, 2181; premium rates, 792, 2148, 2170, 2203, 2205, 221s; pretended death, 2180; principles, 2148, 2183, 2202; reforms, 2147, 2194; remedies, 2156; savings-bank, 2133, 2145, 3601; science, 2172, 2177, 2183, 2202; science-of-life contingencies, 2140; sociological aspects, 2208; State investigations, 2137, 2144-2145, 2188-2190, 2206; suicide, 2180; surrender values, 2205, 2211; taxation, 2137, 2182, 2214; terminology, 2165; textbooks, 2151, 2177, 2202; theory, 2153, 2187, 2215-2216; tontine, 2140; trade journals, 2303 ; underwriters, 2149; uses, 2137, 2148, 2192; women in, 2174, 2207 Life insurance agents, 791-792, 2145 ; commissions of, 792 ; functions, 2149; general, manuals for, 2160;

management of, 2181; manuals, 2149, 2168; methods, 2175; qualifications, 2168, 2174; recruiting, 2181, 2207; salesmanship, 2174; selection, 2181; training, 2149, 2151, 2168, 2174, 2205, 2212 ; women as, 2174 Life insurance companies, 254, 398, 400, 502, 774-797, 1828, 2130-2131, 21422145, 2148, 2151, 2164, 2167, 2173, 2175, 2290-2298; administration, 774, 2143, 2170, 2172; assets, 2134; biographies, 783-784; business policy, 784, 790, 798; business promotion, 791 ; charters, 791-792, 2135; competition, 2203; cooperation with trust companies, 1828; corporations, 2195 ; cost of doing business, 2167, 2214-2216; development, 791-792 ; dividends, 793, 2203; earnings, 2130, 2214; establishment, 778, 790-791, 2168; expansion, 795 ; failures, 2145; finance, 787, 791-793, 795, 799! founding, 795-796; home office, 788a, 791, 2173, 2201; industrial, 2145, 2162; investigations, 2137, 2144-2145, 2170; investments, 781, 796, 2214; joint-stock, 2203; legal aspects, 781, 792, 2214; liabilities, 2134; location, 2130; management, 784, 790; marketing, 781 ; methods, 787; mutual, 2145, 2203; officers, 778, 791, 795-799; organization, 788a, 790-792, 795-796, 799, 2173, 2201, 2216; partnerships, 2195; personnel, 779, 790, 792, 799, 2173; practices, 2129, 2145, 2152-2153, 2168, 2175, 2211; public relations, 793 ; publications, 795 ; record-preservation, 4716;

INDEX reserve, 792 ; risks, 781 ; sales management, 2149, 2151, 2160, 2163, 2168, 2174, 2181 ; sales managers, training of, 2160; sales manuals, 2151, 2160, 2168, 2181; sales organization, 796; sales promotion, 2145, 2168; sales talks, 2163, 2168; salesmanship, 2149, 2151, 2160, 2163, 2186, 2198-2199, 2213; salesmen, training of, 782, 2160, 21632164, 2202 ; sole proprietorships, 2195; State regulation, 795 ; statistics, 787, 793; trustees, 793; types of, 2130; volume of business, 2130, 2142 Life Insurance Sales Research Bureau, 2145, 2181 Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co., 2373 Lighthouses, 3537 Lighting industry, 2937. See also Electric light and power Lillard, Richard G., 4855 Lilley, Ernest Raymond, 2868 Lilly (Eli) & Co., 888 Limestone industry, 2814 Lincoln, Abraham, 1257 Lincoln, J. F., 3759 Lincoln, Jonathan Thayer, 850-851 Lincoln Motor Co., 2393, 3759 Lindner, Walter, 2234 Lindsey, Almont, 3381 Linen, importation of, 312; raw materials, 2560 Linotypes, displacement of labor by, 4284. See also Printing and publishing Lintner, John, 4461 Lippincott, Isaac, 246, 1028, 1171, 2120 Lipson, E., 55 Lipton, Sir Thomas, 1257 Liquidation, 881 Liquor industry, government investigation, 3893 List, Frederick, 112, 165 Litman, Simon, 1467 Little, Jacob, 1619 Littlefield, George W., 346 Littleton, A. C., 3982-3983 Livermore, Shaw, 3833, 3863

1113

Livestock industry, 1043, 1047, 1063, 1075, 1080, 1244, 1250; advertising, 1244; auctions, 1244; breeds, 2346 ; companies, 1063 ; cooperative marketing, 1063, 1235, 1238, 1244; economic aspects, 1219; evolution, 1071, 1219; exchanges, 1250; finance, 1047, 1063, 1250, 1790; grading, 1250; income, 1047, 2355; inspection, 1250; insurance, 1250; legislation, 1047, 1063; location, 1063, 2346; mail-order sales, 1244; market decentralization, 1219; marketing, 1063, 12x9, 1248, 2346; number, 2355; organization, 1063 ; owners, 1047; prices, 1047, 1250, 2355; production, 1047, 2347; warehousing, 1250. See also Animal husbandry ; Packing industry; Poultry industry Lloyd, Caleb, 301 Lloyd, G. I. H., 2496 Lloyd, Henry Demarest, 3864 Lloyd, John, 301 Lloyd's, 633, 2267, 2289 Loan companies, operation, 1724 Loan market, 1619; international, 1544 Loan rates, geographical statistics, 1545 Loans, brokers', statistics of, 1838; commercial-bank, 648; correlation with security prices, 1838 ; cyclical and seasonal variations, 1838; maritime, 2255; policy, as contrasted with English, 1719; remedial, 1991. See also Foreign loans Loans, personal, 1771-1776. See also Consumer credit Local histories, 4793, 4813-4831. See also specific localities

1114

INDEX

Location of industry, 78, 244, 1499, 2424, 2701-2714, 2749, also pp. 826-827, 940-945 · See also specific industries and trades L o c k , F r a n k , 2240-2241 Lockhart, Oliver C a r y , 1922 Locklin, D a v i d Philip, 3410, 3411 Locomotives, 3074; export of, 869 ; manufacturers, 446-447, 450, 454, 3382 ; manufacturing, 866-869, 1026 Lodge, Rupert C., 3579 Loehr, R o d n e y C., 4704 Loening, Edgar, 4893-48930 L o f t , Jacob, 2906 L o f t u s , John Α., i 8 6 i Logan, Leonard M . , 2850 Logan, L y m a n S., 1838 L o m a n , Harry J., 2182 Lomas, F r a n k B., 3696 Lomas, John, 591 L o m a x , A l f r e d L . , 2597 Lombaert, Herman J., 1000 Lombards, 1670 London, Eng., agents of U.S. planters in, 269 ; clearing house, 1607, 1665; discount market, 1574; estates, management of, 3011; fire insurance companies, 761 ; industrial museums, 4720; merchants, 306 ; money market, 1586; private banking, 678; shipowners, 306; steelyards, early, 68 ; street railways, 541 Long, Clarence D., Jr., 1136 L o n g , John D., 4088 L o n g , W . R., 3233 L o n g Island Historical Society, 4808 L o n g m a n , Donald R., 1200 L o n g w o r t h , Nicholas, 588, 593, 612 Loose-Wiles Biscuit Co., 1206 Lopez, Aaron, 610, 1332, 4772 Lopez, Moses, 610 Lord, Clifford L . , 4901 L o r d , Eleanor Louisa, 2079 Lord, Elizabeth H., 4901 L o r d , Everett W . , 4118 L o r d & T a y l o r , 747 Lorimer, Albert W., 3594 Loring, Augustus Peabody, 1953 Loring, Susan M . , 404

Loring, William C., 3600 Lorwin, Lewis L., 4321, 4351 L o s Angeles, Calif., Chamber of Commerce, 3941 ; department stores in, 376 Loss, theory of, 4667 Lotteries, 504, 685, 3164 Loudon, D. S., 2508 Louisiana, foreign loans, 1840; plantation management, 344, 638 ; sugar industry, 638, 2365; Union B a n k of, 1840 Louisiana and Texas R . R . , 537 Louisville, K y . , commercial activities, 968 Louisville & Nashville R . R . , 980, 985, 3336 Lounsbury, S. Fish, 3620 Love, Philip W., 556 Lovelace, Griffin M., 2183 L o v e t t , R o b e r t K., 1587 Lowell, A m o r y , 460 Lowell, Charles R., 991 Lowell, Mass., cotton textile industry, 2538, 2542, 2712 ; factory system, 4866 Lowell Machine Shop, 2498 Lowenthal, M a x , 4151 L o w r e y , G. P., 942 Lucas, Walter Arndt, 986 L u d w i g , Fred Η., 2097 Lumber industry, 1015a, 1022a, 2078; administration, 2078; companies, 2071, 2076, 2078, 2087, 2105; cooperation, 2075; corporation control, 2075; development, 1027, 1057, 2074-2075; directories, 2094; federal aid, 2088; finance, 2078; foreign trade, 2073, 2084, 2094, 2099; inspection, 2073 ; integration, 2105; labor, 2071, 2077-2078, 2086; labor, organization of, 2105; leaders, 2072 ; management, 2078, 2095; manufacturing, 2062, 2074, 2091, 2109; markets and marketing, 2073, 2078, 2084-2085, 2088, 2091, 2093-2095, 2097, 2099, 2101-2103; men, 2071, 2076, 2087;

INDEX mills, management of, 547; open-price associations, 3961 ; operation costs, 2098 ;

personnel, 2080; policy, 2078; prices, 2082, 2084, 2093; processes, 2078, 2090;

production statistics, 2071, 2073, 2082, 2088, 2093 ;

profits, 2071; public land policy, 2073 ; research agencies, federal, 2088, 2098; resources, 2073, 2088; s a w m i l l s , 2062, 2074;

2088,

Cyrus Hall, 442, 448, 452,

5 7 7 , 1 1 8 7 , 3579, 4245

o w n e r s h i p , 547, 2080, 2084, 2093 ; periodicals, 2088, 2107-2108, 21102113;

tariff legislation, 2073 ; terminology, 2104; tools, 2078 ; trade associations, 2060,

IIIS

McCormick,

2100,

2106, 2 1 0 9 ; t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , 2078, 2085 ;

wages, 2071, 2086; white pine, history of, 2078; wholesalers, 2102; woodsmen, manuals for, 2092 ; working hours, 2086. See also Forestry and forest industries Lumpkin, Katharine D u Pré, 4295 L u t z , F. Α., 3679 Luzzato, Gino, 65 L y b r a n d , Ross Brothers & M o n t g o m e r y , 3981 L y n c h , Russell W., 449 L y n s k y , M y e r , 2366 L y o n , Hastings, 3680 L y o n , Leverett S., 4161, 4439 L y o n , Walter Hastings, 4667 L y o n s , France, 623 Mabie, Janet, 876 Macaulay, Frederick Robertson, 1648 M a c b e t h - E v a n s Glass Co., 896 M c C a b e , James D., Jr., 593 M c C a f f e r t y , E. D., 426 M c C a h a n , David, 2178 M c C a l l , Archibald, 2256 M c C a l l , J o h n Α., 2143 M c C a r t e r , Thomas Nesbitt, 2967 M c C a r t n e y , E. R., 4522 M c C a r t y , Η. H., 2352 McClelland, C. P., 3169

M c C o r m i c k Harvester Co., 443, 452, 1017 M c C o y , Joseph G., 1223 McCulloch, Hugh, 1716, 4523 McCulloch, J. R., 1372 M c C u n e , William G., 2242 M c D e r m o t t , Charles H., 2480 M a c D o n a l d , Rose Μ . E., 2042 Macdonnell, John, 2116 McElfresh, Robert E., 3083 McElrath, Thomas, 1373 M c E l r o y , Robert, 352 M c E l w a i n , William H o w e , 415 M a c E l w e e , R o y S., 3192, 3551 McFarland, R a y m o n d , 2043 McFerrin, J o h n Berry, 687 MacGill, Caroline E., 3071 McGrane, Reginald C., 1547, 1871, 4524 M c G r a w - H i l l Publishing Company, Inc., 4096

MacGregor, John, 1374 M c H e n r y , Dean E., 130 Machine tool industry, 2324, 2498, 2502 ; executives, 899, 9 1 1 ; firms,

2498, 2 7 3 3 ;

interchangeable parts, 2498; marketing, 899, 911, 2733; m e n , 2498;

organization, 899 M a c h i n e r y , 843-855, 2325, 2556, 2560, 2573, 2625,

2542, 2698;

2549,

companies, 843-855 ; installation statistics, 1025; inventors and manufacturers, 441-454. See also various types of manufacturing M c l l w a i n , Charles Howard, 2121 Mclntire, Samuel, 2715 M c K a y , A. W., 1236-1237 M c K a y , Donald, 3235 M a c k a y , John W., 577 M c K a y , Richard C., 3235-3236 M c K e e , Samuel, Jr., 4296 M c K e l v e y , Blake, 2710 McKenzie, Carl H., 3707 Mackenzie, Catherine, 360 Mackie, John, 2598 M c K i n s e y , James O., 3681 M c K n i g h t , David, Jr., 2853 M c L a i n , Frank D., 3485 MacLaren, Malcolm, 2442 McLaughlin, Glenn E., 2711 Maclay, Edgar Stanton, 3234 McLean, George N., 1289

1116

INDEX

MacLean, Joseph Β., 2184 McLeod, Archibald, 2116 MacLeod, Henry Dunning, 1744 McManus, Theodore F., 2396 McMaster, John Bach, 185, 324 MacMurray, Charles D., 2268 McNair, Malcolm P., 1290, 3622 McNamara, Katherine, 4496, 4498 McNeill, George E., 4297 MacPherson, David, 1172 Macrosty, Henry W., 3909 M a c y , Obed, 2044 Macy ( R . H.) & Co., Inc., 748-749 Madden, John T., 1575 Magazine industry, bibliography, 2907, 2915 Magazine of Western History, 4770 Magazines, pp. 1020-102 2. See also Business periodicals; Periodicals Magee, James D., 1549 Magee, Mabel Α., 2424 Magnetic Telegraph Co., 1106 Mail, transportation of, 951, 955, 3148, 3 2 32· See also Express companies; Pony Express; Postal system; Stagecoaches Mail-order business, 278, 394, 738, 12911292, 1315; men, 380, 746 ; purchasing, 3696; trade journals, 1315 Mailing lists, by industries, 4036 Maine, banking, 1682 ; business-history materials, 4707 ; capital form, 547; commercial banking, 649; cordwainers, 263; cotton textile industry, 2542 ; foreign trade, 325; general storekeepers, 273; labor from, 547 ; lime trade, 1144; lumber industry, 2087 ; maritime history, 1 1 4 1 ; petty capitalists, 649 ; railroads, 292 ; shipbuilding, 1141, 1143-1144; shoemakers, 263 ; tanners, 263 M a j o r , F. Lee, 174S Malone, Ovinas, 4794

Malott» Deane W., 1086 Maltbie, Milo Roy, 3486 Malthus, Thomas Robert, 113 Management, 264-271, 288, 344, 349-350, 367. 489, 491. 49S, 635-638, 661, 743, 954-955, 1042, 1191, 1278, 1294-1295, 1715, 1722, 175t, 2329, 2550, 2667, 2827, 3101, 3614, 3687-3693, 3838, 3979. 4687, also pp. 7S9-762; absentee, 178; as a profession, 3624; bibliography, 2612, 2614, 2617-2618, 3647, 3650; consultants, p. 735; correlation of functions, 3646 ; encyclopedia, 3626, 4896; ethics, 4107; origin, 46, also pp. 759-760; separation from ownership, 3655; technical-industrial type, 178; training for, 4162, 4191, 4208. See also Industrial management; specific industries and trades Managerial revolution, 3614 Managers, place of, in business administration, 3614; profit-sharing by, 4685; salaries of, 4685; training of, 4162, 4191, 4208. See also Business executives; specific industries and trades Manchester, H . H., 877, 902 Manes, Alfred, 2128 Mangam, William D., 476a Mange, Paul, 3063 Manhattan Life Insurance Company, 2185 Manley, Marian C., 4026-4027, 4039, 409S Mann, Julia DeLacy, 2570 Manson, Grace E., 4646 Mantoux, Paul, 40 Manual education, 4184-4185, 4188. See also Company and association schools; Industrial education; Vocational education Manuals, 64, 1297, 2010-2011, 2015, 2750, 2798, 3008, 3253, 3310, 3712, 40214093· See also Dictionaries; Directories; Encyclopedias; Handbooks Manufacturers, associations, 2725, 2728-2731, 4003; biographies, 407-474, 4796, 4803;

INDEX portraits, 602, 4803 ; purchasing, 3700; record-preservation, 4716. See also specific industries Manufacturers Mutual Fire Insurance Co., 764 Manufacturing, 468, 549, also pp. 495580; administration, 2612-2684; capital, statistics of, 2336 ; census of, 2335-2336; companies, pp. 202-221, 240-241; design and art, 877, 2715-2718; evolution, 40, 76-77, 2747, also pp. 497503; government aid, 1386-1398, 1462, 2773, 4409-4426, also pp. 572-573 ; government regulation, 2318, 43374367, also pp. 329-336, 572-573. 8°6810; mechanization, 2326-2327; research materials, pp. 577-580; statistics, 1036, 1038, 2703, 2747 ; stock, income from, 402 ; trade associations and journals, 2318, 2725-2739, also pp. 821-826; trends, 2322, 4599. See also Home industries; Location of industry ; specific localities and industries Manuscript collections, 4697-4720, 4754, 4773, 4777· See also Business records Maps, 4900-4904. See also Atlases; Geography, economic Marble, Annie Russell, 287 Marburg, Theodore F., 1179, 2693 Marcosson, Isaac F., 451, 19S4, 2851 Marden, Orison Swett, 3573, 4241-4243, 4798 Mares, Geo. Carl, 2497 Margarine trade, combine in, 3910 Margraff, Anthony W., 1746 Marietta & Cincinnati R.R., 3383 Marine architecture and engineering, bibliography, 4383 Marine insurance, 254, 399, 633, 798-800, 1171, 1485, 2127, 2129, 2226, 2236, 229s, 3213. 3215. also pp. 483-487; accounting, 2266; advertising, 2264; arbitration, 2259; averages, 2259, 2265, 2272, 2275;

1117

bibliography, 2251; brokers, 2256; cargo policies, 2274; companies, by States, 2130; comparison with other American republics, 2265; convention, international, 2273; encyclopedias and manuals, 2287-2289, 2291, 2293; finance, 2130, 2255; foreign, 2129; government regulation, 2262-2263; handbooks, 2253, 2257, 2260; laws, 230, 2252, 2255, 2262, 2265, 22752277, 2300; Lloyd's, 633, 2267, 2289; policy contracts, 2256; premiums, 2130; risks, 2130; salvage operations, 2266; tax problems, 2266; textbooks, 2261; underwriters, 254, 2256; volume of business, 2130 Maritime Association of the Port of New York, 3220 Maritime industries, 2032-2053; bibliography, 2034-2035, 2042 ; economic aspects, 2034, 2038, 2047, 2053; history, 1347, 2037, 2049-2051; laws, 1478, 2270-2271, 3216, 3218, 3227, 3241; men engaged in, 2047; prices, 2049 ; production, 2035, 2039, 2041-2042, 2046, 2049; social aspects, 2038; technique, 2037-2038, 2048; vessels, 2049. See also Fishing industry; Whaling industry Mark Twain, as business man, 295. See also Clemens, Samuel Market information and research, 1287, 1433, 1448-1457, 4092-4093, also pp. 326-329 Marketing, 148, 442, 626, 734, 744, 748, 757, 759, 2727, also pp. 188-194, 273339! bibliographies, 1215-1215a; costs, bibliography of, 1200; economic aspects, 1474, 3073;

1118

INDEX

evolution, 8, 78, 1167, 1472, 1474; government assistance and regulation, pp· 329-336; in Middle Ages, 64, 1378; institutions, 274-276, 1183, 1582-1662, 1842, 1970; legal analysis, 1474; management, 1167, 3627, 3629, 3636, 3649, also pp. 276-321 ; men, biographies of, 372-397; methods, 1212, 3644; organization, 1169, 1183, 1212, 1277, 3644; policy, 273, 1185, 1187; research, 1456-1457; theory, 171, 4665 ; under petty capitalism, 2337. See also Auctions ; Cooperative associations; Fairs; Foreign trade; Merchandising; Retailing; Trade associations; specific industries; Wholesaling Marketing organization, external, 8, 19, 35, 49, 78, 148, 269, 1168-1169, also pp. 273-339 Markets, foreign, 1062 ; internal, development of, 254; public, 1170 ; statistics, 4000; structure of, 78, 1495-1503, 4604, 4622; types of, 35. See also specific industries and trades Marks, Norris, 1563 Mark-ups, 280 Marlin, Jane, 377 Marot, Helen, 4267 Marple, Eng., 631 Marquand, Η. Α., 3865 Marsh, W. Lockwood, 3098 Marshall, Alfred, 98, 114, 3812 .Marshall, E. P., 797 Marshall, James, 987 Marshall, John, 225-226 Marshall, Leon Carroll, 3623, 4221 Marshall Field Co., 742, 3712 Martin, Boyce F., 1086 Martin, Charles J., 769 Martin, Edgar W., 195 Martin, H. S., 1609 Martin, Joseph, 1635, 1639 Martin, Margaret E., 611 Martin, Robert F., 4655 Martin, Thomas Commerford, 418, 943

Martyn, Carlos, 392 Marvin, Cloyd Heck, 4194 Marvin, Winthrop L., 3237 Marx, Karl, 13, 115 Marxianism, 93, 105, 115, 147, 156, also pp. 35-36; and business history, p. 9 ; criticism of, 21, 169 Maryland, agriculture, 1052, 4609; banking legislation, 701, 1681 ; commercial banking, 651 ; cooperative associations, 3921; corporations, 3822; land prices, 3030; public utilities, 938; turnpikes, 3123, 3150. See also Baltimore Maryland Canal Commissioners, 3191 Mason, Frances Norton, 626 Mason, Frank R., 3640 Massachusetts, agriculture, 1034; bankers, 4799; Bay Colony, 279, 303, 630, 1020, 1523, 4477!

Bay Co., predecessors, 949; Board of Railroad Commissioners, 3318, 3361, 3406; book trade, 2913; Bureau of Statistics, 4298, 4733 ; business directories, 4047 ; business failures, 4145 ; business men, 4799, 4818; clockmakers, 2715; collective biographies, 4793 ; colonization, 303, 1014; commercial banking, 650, 656; cooperative banks, statistics, 1810; cooperative manufacturing, 3791; corporation law, 3826 ; corporation taxes, 4462 ; cotton textile industry, 2538, 25422546, 2560-2563, 2572, 2712; economic history, 4819; Essex County, history of, 2619, 4793 ; financial capitalists, 4799; fire insurance, standard policy, 2229; fire insurance companies in, 765, 2264; -First National Bank of Boston, 254, 650, 1755; fishing industry, profit-sharing in, 1034 ; food storage, 3552;

INDEX foreign trade, 609, 1340; furniture trade, 890 ; granite industry, 974 ; holding companies, investigation

2722c,

of,

2712,

4799; 1034,

2709,

2714;

inns, 3 0 6 3 ; insurance officials, 4 7 9 9 ; Investors Trust, 1861, 1865; lawyers, 4 7 9 9 ; life insurance companies, 778, 780, 783; manufacturers, 4793, 4799; manufacturing, 1 0 3 4 , 2 3 3 2 , 2 7 2 2 , 3 2 6 3 , 4793Í marine insurance, 2 2 6 4 ; mercantile capitalists, 580; merchants, 2 5 9 , 3 0 3 , 4 7 9 3 , 4 7 9 9 ; m i n i m u m wage laws, 4 3 4 7 ; optical instruments industry, 913 ; paper industry, 2 7 0 9 ; p e t t y capitalists, 4 0 4 7 ; population, 1034; privateering, 1325; profit-sharing, 3791; public finance, 4 4 7 7 , 4 4 8 2 ; public utilities, regulation of, 2 9 7 7 ; railroads, 974; railroads, regulation o f , 3412, 3421; roads, betterment of, 3 1 3 1 ; s a v i n g s - b a n k life insurance, 2133; savings banks, 6 9 0 - 6 9 1 , 1 7 9 8 ; shipping, 4 7 6 8 ; shoe industry, 9 0 9 , 2 4 7 7 - 2 4 7 8 , 2483, 2486,

2488;

stagecoaches, 3061 ; State B o a r d of T r a d e , 3931 ; State publications, 4 7 3 3 ; Street R a i l w a y Association, 3 5 0 2 ; street railways, 3 5 0 7 ; strikes, 4317; Suffolk C o u n t y , professional and industrial history of, 4 8 0 4 , 4 8 3 1 ; taverns, 3061 ; trade, 1 0 3 4 , 4 7 9 3 ; trade associations, 2 7 2 5 ; trust companies, 1 7 9 8 , 3 6 7 0 ; w e a l t h y men, 580; whaling industry, 2 0 4 4 - 2 0 4 5 ; w o o l e n industry, 8 7 4 , 2 5 9 0 . See also Colonial, R e v o l u t i o n a r y , and early Constitutional A m e r i c a ; specific cities and towns

2 7 2 2 -

4298-4298C

Massachusetts

3 8 1 7 - 3 8 1 8 ;

industrial capitalists, 5 8 0 , industrial development,

1119

Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics, Institute

of

Technology,

4 1 7 9 - 4 1 7 9 a ;

engineering courses, 4179; industrial research, 4 0 0 9 Massachusetts State B o a r d of T r a d e , 3931 M a t c h industry, combine, 3910; safety measures, 902 Materials for business history research, 4709, also pp. 2 0 - 3 0 , S 7 7 - S 8 0 , 8 2 7 860,

985-1035.

See also Business records; Business research; D i a r i e s ; Manuscript collections M a t h e w s o n , Stanley B., 3 7 7 8 M a t t h e w s , A d a M . , 1649 M a t t h e w s , Frederick C., 3 2 2 8 , 3 2 3 8 M a t t o x , W . C., 903 M a v e r i c k , Augustus, 1099 M a v o r , James, 66 Maxim, Hiram, 2 4 0 9 M a x w e l l , W . F l o y d , 1137 M a x w e l l M o t o r Corp., 807 M a y , Earl Chapin, 2 3 8 2 M a y , George Oliver, 3984-3984a M a y , Stacy, 4 4 3 7 M a y bee, R o l l a n d Harper, 2 8 5 2 M a y e s , H e r b e r t R., 4 2 4 4 M a y n a r d , H a r o l d H., 3 6 4 9 M a y o , Elton, 3 7 6 0 - 3 7 6 1 M a z u r , P a u l M . , 1288 M e a d e , E d w a r d Sherwood, 832, 1004, 1955,

3682,

3866,

4525

M e a d o w c r o f t , William Henry, 418 Meagher, T h o m a s F., 1447 M e a n s , Gardiner C., 3 8 2 0 - 3 8 2 1 , 3 8 4 3 M e a n y , E d m u n d Stephen, 2081 Mears, Eliot Grinnell, 1339 Mease, James, 4 8 2 5 Measures, see Weights and Measures M e a t , 254, 422, 1030, 1245. See also P a c k i n g industry Mechanical arts, 4 3 9 0 ; courses in, 4178; encyclopedia of, 4 8 9 2 ; literature of, 4 3 8 7 , 4 4 0 5 Mechanical engineering, 1 1 5 5 , 4 3 9 0 , 4404,

4406;

bibliography, 4 3 8 2 - 4 3 8 3 encyclopedia, 4 3 8 8 ; trade journals, 1155 Mechanics, biographies of, 4 3 9 2

;

4392,

1120

INDEX

Medbery, James Κ., 1 6 2 8 Medical care, 195. See also Health Medici, the, glossary, 4 0 3 2 Medieval Europe, accounting, 3 9 7 6 , 3 9 8 2 , 4 0 3 2 ; armor industry, 4 7 1 9 ; banking, 2 9 , 3 0 5 , 1 6 7 0 , also pp. 4 2 5 426; bookkeeping, 3 9 8 8 - 3 9 8 9 ; business families, 11, 2 9 8 , 3 0 0 , 3 0 5 , 6 2 1 , 1454. 4032 ; commercial law, 1 4 7 5 ; credit system, 6 3 2 ; economic history, 3 4 - 4 4 ; economic thought, 1 0 4 ; exchange, 3 0 7 ; fairs, 1 4 7 s , 1 5 5 6 ; futures, 6 2 3 ; institutions, 4 4 ; markets and marketing, 44, 6 8 ; mercantile capitalism, 1, 7 - 1 1 , 1 6 , 2 9 8 , 300, 3 0 s , 4032 ; money market, 6 2 3 ; partnerships, 4 4 , 3 0 5 , 6 2 1 ; production, 3 0 7 ; religion and business, 9 1 ; social history, 4 3 ; steel industry, 6 9 , 4 7 1 9 ; textile industry, 4 0 3 2 ; trade, 4 4 , 3 0 7 , 6 2 1 - 6 2 3 . See also specific localities Mediterranean Europe, deposit banking in, 6 3 2 Meech, Stuart P., 3 6 8 1 Meeker, J . Edward, 1 5 9 5 , 1 6 1 0 Mees, C. E . Kenneth, 4 0 0 6 Meier, Caspar, 7 3 1 Meiggs, Henry, 1 0 2 2 a Melish, John, 1 0 3 5 Mellon, Andrew W., 5 5 6 , 5 5 8 Mellon, Thomas, 3 5 3 , 5 5 8 Mellon family, 6 1 6 Mendenhall, T . C., 4 1 8 0 Mercantile capitalism, 8, 3 1 , 2 9 7 - 3 4 2 , 7 3 0 760, 1 4 8 0 , 1 4 9 7 , 1 6 3 2 , 3236, 4042, 4 0 9 8 , 4 2 3 0 , 4 8 0 9 , also pp. 734-73S ! and business education, p. 8 7 4 ; beginnings of, 4 2 ; ethics in, 4 1 3 7 ; medieval, 1, 7 - 1 1 , 1 6 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 0 , 3 0 5 , 4032 ; training for, 4 1 7 4 ;

transition to industrial capitalism, 5 4 9 , 676 Mercantile capitalists, 4 , 7 - 8 , S 3 , 2 5 4 , 3 7 4 375, 5 I 4> 549, 6i5, 6 2 6 , 7 4 3 , 748-749, 1187, 1328, 133s, 1340, 1342, 2 1 1 5 , 2338, 3936, 4792, 4798, 4 8 0 7 , also pp. 2 2 - 2 3 , 1 0 2 - 1 1 2 , 734-735; associations of, 3 9 3 0 ; comparison with British merchants, 3 3 2 ; decline of, 4 6 9 7 ; manuscripts of, 4 6 9 7 , also pp. 2 2 - 2 3 . See also Medieval Europe; Sedentary merchants Mercantile credit agencies, 1 1 9 1 Mercantile directories, 4 0 3 6 - 4 0 7 3 ; bibliographies of, 4 0 3 6 - 4 0 4 1 Mercantile libraries, 4 0 2 1 - 4 0 2 2 . .See also Business libraries Mercantilism, 8 1 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 6 - 1 2 7 , 2 5 4 ; economic aspects of, 5 6 , 1 2 6 Merchandising, 1 2 5 8 , 1 2 7 6 , 1 2 8 2 , 1 2 8 4 , 1289, 1 2 9 1 - 1 2 9 2 , 1297, 1 3 1 4 , 3629; manuals, 1 2 7 6 . See also Marketing; Retailing; Wholesaling Merchant bankers, 2 9 8 , 3 1 9 , 3 5 0 , 1 6 7 0 , 1758. See also Merchants, banking functions of, Merchant marine, 2 5 4 , 3 6 9 , 1 3 9 2 , 3 2 1 0 , 3 2 1 3 , 3 2 3 1 , 3237, 324s, 3247, 3249, 3266; competition, foreign, 3 2 3 1 ; decline, 3 2 4 7 , 3 2 6 1 , 3 2 7 5 ; development, 151, 3 2 3 7 , 3 2 6 1 , 3 2 6 3 ; dock labor, study of, 3 7 9 4 ; economic aspects, 3 2 3 1 ; evolution, 3 2 4 7 ; government aid, 3 2 3 7 ; government investigation, 3 2 6 1 ; industrial relations, 3 7 9 4 ; operation, 3 2 5 6 ; railroads, relations with, 3 2 3 0 ; State aid and regulation, 3 2 3 0 ; subsidies, 3 2 0 7 , 3 2 0 9 , 3 2 3 0 ; trade, 3 2 3 8 ; vessels, 3 2 3 8 ; wage study, 3 7 9 4 ; working conditions, 3 7 9 4 Merchants, 5 8 0 , 1 1 7 6 , 2 6 2 0 , also pp. 9 8 100; banking functions of, 2 9 8 , 3 0 9 , 3 1 9 , 3 2 4 , 330, 6 7 6 - 6 7 7 , 684-685, 689, 1 6 7 0 , 1758;

1121

INDEX biographies of, 590, 4791, 4796, 4799, 4803; directory, 4042, 4048, 4050, 4052-4053, 4055-4071, 4073-4074; encyclopedia, 4080; foreign, 600; handbooks, 1384; in fiction, 4863 ; Jewish, 584; pioneer, 1259. See also Colonial America; Mercantile capitalists; Sedentary merchants Merchants' Association of New York, 1360 Merchants' Loan and Trust Co., 673 Merchants' National Bank of the City of New York, 653 Mereness, Newton D., 4635 Mergers, 896, 1697, 2582, 3874. See also Combinations; Trusts Merk, Frederick, 4883 Merriam, Charles Edward, 207~207a Merriam, George S., 492 Merrick, George B., 3170 Merrick, Robert G., 1780 Merrick, Samuel V., 1000 Merrill, George P., 2819 Merrill, S., 702 Merrimack Manufacturing Co., 2538 Merrimack River, shipbuilding on, 1131 Merritt Lumber Yards, Inc., 2097 Metallurgical engineering, bibliography, 4382 Metallurgy, schools, 2810 Metals and metal products, 2503-2511 ; alloys, 2503, 2507; collective bargaining, 3728; companies, 856-858; employee training, 2694; exports, 2509; government investigation, 3855 ; industrial research, 4005 ; marketing, 284, 392, 2503; men, 556, 558, 2318; prices, 2503, 2509; sales, 2503, 2509, 2734; trade journals, 2503; waste elimination, 2630. See also Mining industry ; specific commodities Metcalf, Henry C., 3624-3625, 3762, 3787, 4358 Metcalfe, Captain Henry, 2656

Metcalfe, Henry, 2679 Methods, see Management ; specific industries and trades Metric system, evolution of, 4449. See also Weights and Measures Metropolitan communities, rise of, 196 Metropolitan economy, 78; commercial aspects, 254, 1498; transition from town, 42, also p. 17 Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 776, 788-788a, 3724 Mexico, expropriation of foreign-owned lands in, 2845, 2854; Gulf of, 3264, 3286; petroleum industry, 480, 2845 ; railroads, 3470; trade with, 382 Meyer, Balthasar Henry, 3071, 3308, 3412 Meyer, H. H. B., 2617 Meyer, Jacobstein, 2376 Meyers, Ernest S., 4414 Miami R.R., 959 Michelbacher, G. F., 2282 Michigan, automotive industry, 1687, 2386-2387; banking, 1687, 1690; electric power, consumption of, 4507 ; forest industry, 2076; fur trade, 2118; inland water transportation, 3172 ; iron mining, 433; lumber industry, 2072, 2076; municipal bank debts, 4507 ; R.R. Commissioner, 3391 ; Salt Assn., 3950. See also Detroit, Mich. Micoleau, H. L., 4578 Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association, 2896-2896b Middle Ages, see Medieval Europe Middle West, cooperative associations, 3921-3922; credit control, 218; farmers, organization of, 218; furniture trade, 1201; industrial development, 4824; railroads, 525, 3456; sedentary merchants, 317, 525; telephone competition, 1108. See also specific localities

1122

INDEX

Middlemen, 1185, 1193, 1254-1255. See also Brokers; Factors; Jobbers; Retailing ; Wholesaling Middlesex Canal, i o n , 3174, 3202 Midvale Steel and Ordnance Co., refinancing of, 475 Milbank, Jeremiah, Jr., 3091 Miles, Pliny, 3264 Military establishments, statistics, 1037 Military occupation, economics of, 4628 Milk, cooperative marketing, 1235;. trusts, 3887. See also Dairy industry Mill, J o h n Stuart, 116 Millard, J. W., 3954 Miller, H a r r y Ε., 1717 Miller, Henry, biography, 348 Miller, J o h n Anderson, 3487 Miller, J o h n B., 582 Miller, William, 184, 2186, 3835 Millinery industry, 2427, 2434 Milling industry, manual, 2340. See also Flour-milling Millionaires, analysis of, by occupations, 4664 Millis, Harry Α., 3763 Mills, construction of, 726; Mills, Darius Ogden, 357, 577, 4797-4798 Mills, F. C., 4526,.4611 Mills, James Cooke, 3171 Mills, James D., 4245 Milward, G. E., 3650 Milwaukee, Wis., business men, 4814, 4822; street railways, 353a; transportation, 4822 Miner, J . B., 4195 Minerals, see Mining industry; specific commodities Minerals, nonmetallic, 2318, 2512-2518 Mines, horsepower statistics, 1025 Mingos, Howard, 3092 Mining engineering, 2756; bibliography, 4382; associations of, 3602 Mining industry, 150, 1038, also pp. 580S93; bibliography, 2773-2774;

by States, 2810, 2812; capitalists, 617; capitalization, 2754, 2768, 2771; combinations, 2781; companies, 915-920, 2754, 2760, 2768; companies, promotion of, 476 ; consumption, 2772 ; costs, 2754; dividends, 2768; employment, 2752, 2759, 2771; finance, 2024; geographic distribution, 2761, 2771, 2813; imports, 2771; income, 2768; industrial research, 4007 ; labor, 2770, 2813, 4281, 4293, 4309; labor unions, 2753, 2770; legislation, 2757, 2766, 2771; management, 2766; manuals, 2013 ; marketing, 2760; men, 475-477! organization, 2760, 2768, 2813; ownership, 2813; place in development of capitalism, 28; power used, 2771 ; prices, 2772, 4605; production cycles, 2761, 4599; productivity, 2572, 2759, 2761, 2771; property, value of, 2754; resources, 2772; safety, 2772; State legislation, 2758, 2769; tariff, 2761 ; taxation of deposits, 2758, 2761 ; technology, 2767; trade associations, 2 763 ; trade directories, 2767; trade journals, 2763-2764, 2766, 2770; valuation, bibliography of, 2925; wage statistics, 2771, 2813, 4678, 4681. See also specific commodities Minneapolis, Minn., as metropolitan market, 1499 ; business failures, 4143 ; commercial banking, 349a; cooperative associations, 3922; flour-milling, 423, 2341-2343. See also Twin cities Minnesota, business failures, 4143 ; commercial banking, 1696; construction statistics, 1146;

INDEX cooperative associations, 1005, 1055, 1230, 3722; farmers, 266 ; farmers' elevators, cooperatives, 1230; forestry industry, 2061, 2076; group banking, 667 ; Historical Society, manuscript collections of, 4704, 4706 ; iron mining, 433 ; lumber industry, 2076; private banking, 1696; railroads, 3427; wheat market, 1222 Minnigerode, Meade, 594 Minto, John, 1047 Mississippi River, lumber industry on, 2071; piloting on, 3176; steamboat transportation on, 538, 3159, 3165, 3173. See also Upper Mississippi River Mississippi Valley, business directory, 4056 ; plantation management in, 267 Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 4771 Missouri, banks, State-owned, 698; merchants, 270; Pacific Railway Co., 3322, 3384; River Valley, fur trade in, 2119, 3156 Mitchell, Broadus, 458, 2554-2555 Mitchell, G. W., 4510 Mitchell, George Sinclair, 2555 Mitchell, Harry Α., 1501 Mitchell, James B., 789 Mitchell, Samuel Augustus, 3534 Mitchell, Thomas Warner, 988, 3356 Mitchell, Walter, Jr., 1201 Mitchell, Wesley C., 14, 98, 1530, 1747, 457i-457ib, 4612-4613, 4656, also p. 16 Mitsui, House of, 624 Mocn, Philip L., 842 Molasses, prices of, 4608 Moles, Oliver C., 3189 Moloney, Francis X., 2122 Monaghan, Frank, 4867 Monchow, Helen Corbin, 3023 Money, 107, 1 5 1 5 , 1522, 1526, 1 5 3 1 , 1754, 4595! history and theory of, 176, 4627, also pp. 342-346 ;

1123

systems, 1526, 1536. See also Currency; Finance Money-changers, 4, 1670 Money-lending, 1774. See also Credit unions ; Finance companies ; Pawnbroking ; Personal loan agencies Money-making, psychology of, 3575 Money market, h i , 623, 1567-1588, 1842, 1872, 1925, 1947, 1994, 2022, 4476, 4519, 4587; and stock exchange, 1521, 1719 ; international, I573~i575; political influence, 1 5 1 6 ; theory of, 1528. See also Clearing houses Money orders, 4456 Money trust, federal investigation, 1905 Monographs and surveys, 1023-1031 M o n o n route, 979 Monongahela River, 3201 Monopolies, 28, 240, 1 1 1 4 , 1487, 2 5 1 1 , 2932, 3 3 " , 3478, 3601, 3840-3899; natural, 939. See also Antitrust investigations; Combinations; Pools; Trusts Monroe, Arthur Eli, 103 Montague, Gilbert Holland, 923 Montana, 476a, 3128 Montefiore, Joshua, 1375 Montgomery, James, 2556 Montgomery, Robert H., 3683, 3985-3986 Montgomery, Thomas H., 799 Montgomery Ward & Co., 738, 746, 3696 Moody, John, 1629, 1956-1958, 3309, 3867 Moody, Walter D., 1180 Moody's business forecasting, 4015, 4018 Moore, Charles, 3172 Moore, Charles W., 470, 904 Moore, C. I. D., 790 Moore, Francis C., 2243 Moore, Henry Ludwell, 4593 Moore, Samuel Taylor, 405, 1631 Moore, William H., 3413 Moral conditions, census of, 203 Mora wetz, Victor, 1748, 3836 Morehouse, Edward W., 3033 Morgan, Charles, 357, 537, 727 Morgan, Charles H., 842 Morgan, Edwin Denison, 601 Morgan, George, 333

1124

INDEX

Morgan ( J . P.) & Co., 35°. 555. 557, 5^3, 566, 677, 688, 1656, 3455 Morgan, J . Pierpont, 254, 553, 566, 1629, 3579! biographies of, 553, 562, 567, 577» 612, 677> 942, 1576, 1658, 2970, 479S Morgan, James, 494 Morgan, William, 2187 Morgan family, 616, 3867 Morgan Iron Works, 537 Morgan lines, 537 Morgenthau, Henry, 502 Morison, Samuel Eliot, 279, 1340 Morley, Linda H., 4028-4029, 4040, 4268 Mormons, cooperative associations, 3920 Morris, Henry C., 659 Morris, John Van Liew, 2694 Morris, Ray, 3414 Morris, Richard B., 232, 4353, 4701 Morris, Robert, 327, 335 Morris & Co., 2348, 2356 Morris-Perot family, 900 Morris Plan banks, 1771 Morrison, John H., 1138 Morrow, Dwight, 557, 1959 Morrow, J a y J . , 3265 Morse, Hosea Ballou, 627 Morse, Perley, 3708 Morse, Samuel F. B., 1106 Mortality, see Bankruptcy; Business failures Mortensen, M., 2383 Mortgage banks, securities, manual of, 201S Mortgage-loan institutions, 669-675, 1732, 1793 Mortgages, 674, 3020, 3039, 4661. See also Real estate Mortimer, Thomas, 1376 Morton, Levi Parsons, 352, 601 Morton, Paul, 791 Morton Trust Co., 540 Mosher, William E., 2943 Motion-picture industry, 505-506; actors, 506, 3049, 3054; advertising, 3051 ; block-booking, 1199; censorship, 3049; companies, 3050, 3053-3054, 3056 ; contracts, 3057; federal investigation, 1199; finance, 3051, 3054; integration, 1199;

marketing, 505-506, 1199, 3053-3057; organization, 3050, 3055 plays, 3049, 3051, 3054-3055; price policies, 1199; producers, 3049, 3053-3056 ; production, 505-506, 3051, 3054, 3056; risk-taking, 3054; social aspects, 1 1 2 6 ; theater management, 3051, 3053, 3057; trade association, 3053 ; trade journals, 3049, 3052-3053 Motion study, 2642-2644 Motley, James M., 4167 Motor transportation, buses, 3140, 3499, 3524; cost studies, 3541 ; interstate regulation, 3 1 4 1 ; trade associations, 3374; trade journals, 3138. See also Highway transportation Motor trucks, 811, 2391, 3139, 3147. See also Automotive industry Mott, Edward Harold, 989 Mott, Frank Luther, 2827, 2907 Moulton, Harold G., 1455, 1515-15153, 1548-1549,-3072, 3194, 4630 Moxon, Joseph, 2621 Muckraking, effect on government regulation, 189. See also Business in fiction; Business literature Mudge, Isadore Gilbert, 4880 Mueller, Charles H., 963 Muir, John, 401 Mulhall, John F. J . , 2944 Mulhearn, Frances G., 1290 Muller, Jean Paul, 4673 Mumby, Frank Α., 2908 Mumford, Lewis, 4397 Munich, industrial museum in, 4720 Municipal corporations, 3824 Municipal management, finance, Municipal 2941, 2995 Municipal Munitions

1542, 4475, 4478, 4481 ownership, 2928, 2932, 29402960, 2966, 2968, 2977, 2982, purchasing, 3694, 3699 industry, 812-816, 2409-2416,

4637; sales, government control of, 2414 ; strikes, 4332 ; trust, 814, 2412.

INDEX See also Chemical i n d u s t r y ; Explosives industry M u n n , E d w a r d Norfolk, 2065 M u n n , Glenn G., 1749, 1973 Munnecke, V. H., 2359 M u n r o , T h o m a s , 210 Münsterberg, Hugo, 3764 Murdock, Angus, 2802 M u r p h e y , H . K., 3266 M u r p h y , M a r y E., 4636 M u r r a y , J . A. H., 4898-4898a M u r r a y , William G., 1793 M u r r a y , William Spencer, 2969 Museums, see Business museums; Industrial museums Musical compositions, copyright, 2918 Musical-instrument industry, 377, 2608 Mussey, H e n r y R a y m o n d , 2781 M u t u a l Fire Assurance C o m p a n y of Springfield, Massachusetts, 770 M u t u a l Fire Insurance Association of N e w England, 2224 M u t u a l Life Insurance C o m p a n y of N e w York, 254, 781, 794 Myers, Charles S., 3796 Myers, Gustavus, 612, 4657 Myers, James, 3765 Myers, Lewis E., 364 Nadelmann, K u r t H., 4152 Nadler, Marcus, 1575, 1723 Nails, m a n u f a c t u r i n g of, 257 N a n t u c k e t , Mass., whaling, 2044 N a r r o w Fabric Co., 878 Nash, Arthur, 4120 Nash, Bradley D., 1844 N a s h , L . R . , 2945, 3 4 8 8

Nash Motors, 2400 Nason, H e n r y B., 4398 Nation,

The,

4839

National Archives, 4440; bibliography of, 4748-4749 National Association of Commercial Organization Secretaries, 3935 National Association of Corporation Training, 4173 National Association of C o t t o n M a n u f a c turers, 2557, 2573 National Association of Credit Men, 3689 National Association of Insurance Commissioners, 2298

1125

National Association of Life Underwriters, 2307

National Association

of

Manufacturers,

2 7 2 9 - 2 7 3 1 , 3 5 9 5 , 3888, 4 4 1 0 ;

labor policies, 2731, 3785 National Association of Railroad a n d Utilities Commissioners, 3415 National Association of Real Estate Boards, 3044 National Association of Remedial Loans, 1991

National Association of Retail Grocers of U.S., 1 3 1 6 National Association of Sales Finance Companies, i g 9 2 - i 9 9 2 b National Association of Stove M a n u f a c turers, 2679 National Association of Supervisors of State Banks, 1993 National Association of Wool M a n u f a c turers, 2S99-2599a National Automobile Dealers Association, 2407

National B a n k i n g Act, 1920 National b a n k i n g system, 648, 1676-1677, 1709, 1 7 1 6 , 1 7 3 1 , 1738, 1740, 1748, 1750, 4479, 4512, also p p . 4 2 2 - 4 2 4 ;

crises under, 1925; currency issue, 1930; government investigation, 1930-1931,

1926-1927,

1936;

interbank borrowing under, 1922 National B a n k r u p t c y Act, 4147 National banks, acceptance business, 1560; b y States, 1981 ; earnings,

4674;

failures, 1924, 1 9 3 1 ; federal investigation, 1926-1927, 19301931,

1936;

federal legislation, 1934; federal regulation,

1920, 1923,

1928-

1560, 1715,

1907-

1908 ;

security affiliates, 1847; State investigation, 1927; statistics, 1533 National Benefit Life Insurance Co., 789 National Biscuit Co., 1206 National Board of Fire Underwriters, 2219, 2308

National Board 3934

of

Trade,

3929,

3932,

1126

INDEX

National Boot and Shoe Manufacturers Association, 2481 National Brewers' Association, 2384 National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 3684, 429g National capitalism, 222, 616, 3574, 3614, 3893, also p. 734; administration, 8; business education under, 4 2 1 1 ; business philosophy under, 4 2 1 1 ; transition from financial capitalism, 573! weaknesses, 8 National capitalists, pp. 156, 734 National Cash Register Co., 444, 449, 451, 853; wage-incentive system, 3772 National City Bank, 551, 564, 664, 1656, 4015 National Civic Federation, 3773, 4362 National Coal Association, 2 793-2 793a National Commercial Gas Association, 2979. 2993 National Conservation Commission, 243, 247 National Cooperative Council, 1232 National Cordage Co., 892 National Cotton Exchange, 1252 National debt, financing of, 1587. See also Public finance National Education Association, 4186, 4196 National Electric Light Association, 2968, 2994-2994* National Express Co., 95s, 3109 National Fire Insurance Company of Hartford, 771 National income, 1038, also pp. 974-984; and economic progress, 1548; composition of, 4653 ; distribution, 19, 173, 184, 195, 1455, 4534. 4641-4664 ; maldistribution, 4371; trends in, 4655 National Industrial Conference Board, 1750, 2695, 2725, 3766, 3868, 4527, 4679 National Industrial Recovery Act, collective bargaining under, 3766 National Institute of Industrial Psychology, 3750 National Investors Corp., 1861 National Labor Board, 3746

National League for Good Roads, 3132 National Life Insurance Co., 792 National Lumber Manufacturers Association, 2109 National Monetary Commission, 1719, 1747 National Newark Banking Co., 660 National Office Management Association, 3709 National Packing Co., 2356 National Railway Convention, 3454 National Recovery Act, 410, 2080, 3810, 3845, 3957- 4 3 5 1 ; and New Deal, 208 ; ethical aspects, 4 1 3 1 ; labor management under, 4358 National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, 2069, 40074007a, 4008 National Retail Dry Goods Association, 1268, I 3 i 7 ~ i 3 i 7 b National Retail Furniture Association, 1318 National Rivers and Harbors Congress, 3195 National Road, the, 3148 National Safety Council, 4377 National Salt Co., 3661 National Securities Exchange Act, 1658 National Society for Vocational Education, 2716 National Supply and Machinery Dealers' Association, 4 1 1 1 National Tax Association, 4460 National wealth, 1540, also pp. 974-984 National Wholesale Druggists' Association, 1178, 1209 National Wholesale Grocers' Association, 1210 Nationalism, 122 Natural gas, 2870, 2882 ; bibliography, 2885. See also Petroleum industry Natural resources, 196, 243, also pp. 8890; conservation, 250-252, 2055, 2064, 2069 ; exploitation, 4394; foreign, 246. See also Forestry and forest industries Naval establishments, 1037 Naval stores, 1057, 2070; emigrant laborers, 2079 Navarro, José F. de, 546

INDEX Navigation, changes, 1340, 3214; encyclopedia, 1365, 1377, 1379; legislation, 1362 ; policy, 3225; statistics, 1037, 1135, 1374; transatlantic, 535. See also Merchant marine ; Ocean transportation ; Shipping ; Steamships Navin, Thomas R., Jr., 3571 Naylor, Emmett Hay, 3953 Naziism, 34; control of business by, 124 Nebraska, banking, 1917; life insurance companies, 2167; wagon roads, 3128 Nef, John U., 131 Negroes, as capitalists, 1713; bank failure, 1713; life insurance companies, 789 Neifeld, M . R., 1768, 1773 Neill, Charles Patrick, 165 Neilson, James, 549 Neilson, Robert, 1000 Nell-Breuning, Oswald von, 88 Nelles, Walter, 43 54 Nelson, Herbert U., 3038 Nelson, Milton Neis, 3959 Nelson, Oscar S., 2244 Nelson, S. Α., 1623 Neo-classical school of economic thought, 170, 180. See also Economic thought Neoprene, 814 Netherlands, cartels, 3911; investments of, in U.S., 1353 ; trade with, commercial policy, 1354; vital statistics of American section, 4761. See also Amsterdam Nettels, Curtis P., 141, 1531, 3571 Nevada, copper-mining, 2796; gold-mining, 2796; silver-mining, 2811 Nevins, Allan, 393, 439, 481 New Bedford, Mass., whaling industry, 4809 New Bridge Oyster Co., 1016 New Brunswick, Canada, transportation, 3540

1127

N e w Deal, 208, 222, 3577, 3580, 3396. 3949, 4489; reform efforts, 211 New England, agricultural industry, 157, 3047 ; business directory, 4062-4063 ; canal packets, 3136; commercial banking, 640; communication, 157, 1108; contracting industry, 1032 ; cooperative associations, 3919, 3921 ; cotton textile industry, 2543-2546, 2559, 2561, 2563, 2572, 4552; diaries, bibliography of, 4700; electric and gas industry, 1032 ; express companies, 3107; farm values, 3047 ; fire insurance, 2224; fishing industry, 2032, 2043, 2047, 2052 ; food industry, 1032 ; foreign commerce, 157, 325, 3264; fur trade, Colonial, 2122; gas industry, monopoly in, 3601 ; general stores, 1269; glass industry, 912 ; government regulation of economic life, IS7; granite industry, 2815; hotels and summer resorts, 1032; industrial development, 157, 1032 ; industrial revolution, 329; insurance industry, 1032 ; labor, 157; lumber industry, 2073, 2079; manufacturers, portraits of, 602 ; manufacturing, 157, 1032; mercantile capitalists, 309-310, 314-316, 318-320, 325, 328-329, 332, 336, 6 1 1 ; money and banking, 157; printing and publishing industry, 1032 ; railroads, 544, 560, 961, 3291, 3302, 3400, 3601 ; real estate industry, 1032, 3047; rubber industry, 1032; sedentary merchants, 329; shipbuilding industry, 1032 ; shoe industry, 415, 1032, 2483, 2486, 2488; social history, 157; stagecoaches, 291, 31 36, 3150; steamboats, 3136; taverns, 3150; telephone and telegraph industry, 1032, 1108;

1128

INDEX

textile industry, 1032, 3744; trade, 157; transportation, 157, 1032 ; whaling industry, 2044, 2047, 2052 ; women in business, 4257; wool industry, 879, 2600. See also Colonial America; specific localities New England Cotton Manufacturers Association, 2557-2558 New England Cotton Yarn Co., 3661 New England Mortgage Security Co., 674 New England Mutual Life Insurance Co., 400, 780 New England Telephone & Telegraph Co., 1108 New Hampshire, bankers, 294; business directory, 4049; farmers, 261, 294; petty capitalists, 261 ; textile machine production, 875, 881 ; textile manufacturing, 875, 881 New Haven Clock Co., 262 New Haven, Conn., musical-instrument industry in, 377 New International Year Book, 4888 New Jersey, banking, 660; building and loan associations, statistics of, 1812; business directory, 4067 ; canal (proposed), 3163; hemp production, 436; industrial capitalists, 436; iron and steel industry, 436, 439, 2447 ; life insurance companies, 785 ; petroleum industry, 924-925, 930; petty capitalists, 260; public utilities, 2967 ; railroad equipment industry, 871 ; savings banks, 692 ; silk industry, 2579; street railways, 3529; wholesale grocery trade, 384; wool textile manufacturers, 882 New Jersey Bell Telephone Co., 3611 New Mexico, 346, 2806 New Orleans, La., 321, 1217, 1501, 2940, 3928; price levels, 4607 New York & Hudson River R.R., 528 New York Central R.R., 528, 982, 996;

Eastern Division, 3699; electrification, 3371 New York City, , apartment houses as investments, 546; architecture, 3019; as super-agglomerate of trade, 3964; auctions, 393 ; bank clearings, 1649 ; bank executives, biographies of, 540, 551, 643, 1826; banking, 678, 4821; banking, commercial, 356, 641, 645-647, 652-653, 655, 658, 1697; bond market, 1643 ; business biographies, collective, 4785, 4 7 8 7 , 4 7 9 5 , 4797, 4803, 4 8 2 1 ;

business directories, 4054-4055, 4064, 4067, 4072 ; business education, 4175; business leaders, 340, 436, 439, 576, 664, 169S, 4795, 4803 ; business men and Civil War, 4632 ; city planning, 4499; clearing house, 1607, 1663-1665, 1684, 1736; clothing trade, retail, 740; coaches, 3144; commission merchants, 389, 393 ; construction, 3019, 3025; coordination of rail and motor transportation, 3149; credit associations, 1273; department stores, 375, 743, 747-749! directors, directories of, 4076 ; dry goods, wholesale, 548; elevated railways, 546, 3382 ; factorage, 389; Federal Reserve Bank of, 1877 ; financial institutions, 4821; fire insurance companies, 769, 2217; food markets, 1263; foreign trade, 607, 730; garment manufacturing, 412, 2420, 2425, 2428, 2434; hide and leather industry, 2482 ; imported goods, sale of, 393, 730-731; intercity truck transportation, 3149; investment bankers, 356, 478-479, 553556, 559, 562-564, 566-567, 664, 675; iron and steel industry, 436 ; labor, 4296; land, ownership of, 643, 3025; land values, 3010; lawyers, 3604-3605;

INDEX life insurance companies, 774-776, 781, 786-788a, 791, 794, 2175; manufacturing establishments, 2314; maritime history, 3236; metal trade, 392 ; money market, 1569, 1579; munitions industry, 469 ; paper merchandising, 1176; petty capitalists, 576, 1497; price levels, wholesale, 4607 ; printing industry, 932, 4283; produce exchange, 1242; public accountants, 3983 ; public utilities, 2956, 2958, 2976; public utilities, municipal ownership of, 2940; railroads, 3371; real estate, 334, 502, 671, 3010, 3019, 3025, 3036, 3046, 4547; savings banks, 691, 693; ship chandlers, 282 ; shipbuilding, 537, 1138; street railways, 1017, 3483, 3492, 3498, 350S, 35°7, 3510-3513, 3523> 3S28, 3531; strikes, 4317; subways, 3516, 3531 ; wartime conditions, 607, 4632 ; wealth of citizens, 576, 1695; wholesale trade, 730; world's fair, 1506. See also New York, port of ; New Y o r k Stock Exchange; Wall Street New Y o r k Committee on Business Records, 4715 New Y o r k Consolidated Gas Co., 940 New Y o r k Curb Market, 1619, 1622-1624, 2018. See also New York Stock Exchange; Wall Street New York Daily Tribune Index, 4852 New Y o r k Edison Co., 942-943, 3510 N e w Y o r k Governor's Advisory Commission, 2425 N e w Y o r k Herald, 499 N e w - Y o r k Historical Society, manuscript collections, 4705, also p. 994 New Y o r k Life Insurance and Trust Co., 1826 N e w Y o r k Life Insurance Co., 774, 2175, 2201 N e w Y o r k Mining Exchange, 2766 New York, New Haven & Hartford R.R., 3433, 3601

1129

New

York, Newfoundland & London Telegraph Co., 1099 New York, port of, 1360, 1495-1496, 3543; success, 1495-1496, 3211, 3218, 3220, 3227 New York Public Library, 1532, 4384 New Y o r k State, assembly, 3417-3418; banking regulation, 1684, 1806, 1811; business directories, 4048; business failures, 4144; canals and packets, 3136, 3166, 3179; Chamber of Commerce of State of New York, 578, 3923-3924, 3927-3927», 393°, 3936-3937· also pp. 816, 842; courts, history of, 236 ; educational activities, 2716; electrical industry, 820-822, 824-825; factory legislation, 2720; fire insurance, standard policy, 2223, 2229 ; flax production, 436; fur trade, 2121 ; hemp production, 436; institutional history, 2710; land investments, 501, 3012; leather manufacturing, 258; legislature, 2188-2190, 3886-3887; life insurance investigation, 2144, 21882190, 2194, 3574; life insurance laws, 2150; lumber industry, 2073 > printing and publishing, 931 ; private banking, .276; property taxes, 4465; railroads, legislative investigation of, 3418; real estate investments, 436, 3012 ; retail merchants, 276; savings banks, mutual, 1805; settlement, 501 ; stagecoaches, 3136, 3142 ; steamboats, 3136; street-railway regulation, 3492, 3498, 3531; trust legislation and investigations, 922, 2144, 2188-2190, 3574, 3886-3887; women in business, 4257 New Y o r k State Barge Canal, 3203 New Y o r k Stock Exchange, 254, 532, 554, 1540, 1579, 1601-1624, 1654-1655, 1947. 4519; Committee on Stock List, 1 6 1 1 ;

1130

INDEX

volume oí business, 1607, 1 6 1 2 - 1 6 1 3 , 1615, 2018. See also New York Curb Market ; Wall Street N. Y., Susquehanna & Western R.R., 3382 New York Times, 932 New York Times Index, 4853 New York Transatlantic Packet services, 254 New York Trust Co., 2004 Newberry Library, pp. 987-988 Newburyport, Mass., early business activities, 257, 1144a, 4828; Institution for Savings, 690; turnpike, 3122 Newcomb, H. T., 3357, 3416 Newcomer, Mabel, 4144 Newfoundland, periodicals, directory of, 4851 Newman, William H., 1139, 3633 Newmarch, William, 75c Newport, R . I., 1497 News agencies, 2823-2830 News-gathering, cooperative, 493, 2823, 2829; foreign, 2823-2824, 2826, 2833 ! monopolies, 2823 ; syndicates, 2832 Newspapers, 932, 2822-2833, 4099, also pp. 1 0 2 2 - 1 0 2 4 ; advertising, 1315, 1 4 2 2 ; bibliographies, 2 9 1 4 - 2 9 1 5 ; census, 203 ; circulation, 1434, 2827; directories, 4813, 4846-4851, 4880; editorial policy, 932 ; evolution, 2832 ; files, location of, 4846-4848 ; foreign files in U.S., 4849; indexes, 4852-4853 ; management, 489, 491, 495, 2827; policy, 489, 491-492, 494-495, 4 9 9 - 5 ° ° ; publishers, biographies of, 494-495, 499500; social aspects, 1 1 2 6 . See also Journalism Newton, R . Heber, 4121 Niagara Ship Canal, 3190 Nicaragua, 528, 3248 Nicholson, Harold, 557 Nims, Harry D., 1492 Nixon, Alvar J . , 2702 Nixon, Robert L., 3553

Noble, H. G. S., 1616 Noble, Ralph E., 3696 Noel, F. Regis, 4153 Nolte, Vincent, 326 Non-importation, 155 Norcross, Frank W., 2482 Nordstrom, Alvin L., 3558 Norman, O. E., 2927 Norris, Frank, 4858 Norris Bros., 3382 North, the, during Civil War, 1 5 0 ; merchants in, 155 North American Review, 4840 North American Trust and Banking Co., 675 North Carolina, cotton textile industry, 2568; highway transportation, 3 1 1 7 ; tobacco industry, 2377 North Dakota, 4484 North German Lloyd Co., 3224 North, Nelson L., 3031 North, Ralph H., 906 North, Simeon, 906, 2498 North, S. N. D., 906, 3767 Northern Express Co., 3109 Northern Pacific R.R., 526, 530, 575, 995; reorganization, 3297; timber ownership, 2106 Northern Securities Co., 563, 572, 3480 Northrop, Henry Davenport, 524 Northwest, the, British capital in, 3305; canals, 3154, 3 1 9 0 ; cooperative associations, 3921 ; flour-milling industry, 2341-2343 ; forest industry, 2076 ; fur trade, 2 1 1 6 , 2 1 2 4 ; lumber industry, 2076 ; railroads, 517, 995 I source of capital in, 5 1 7 ; transportation, 3128 Northwest Bancorporation, 667 Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Co., 796 Northwestern Railway Co., 3433 Northwestern University, School of Commerce, Bureau of Business Research, 1888 Norton, Eliot, 1845 Norton ( J o h n ) & Sons, 626 Norton Emery Wheel Co., 472 Norton, S. V., 3147

INDEX Norton, Samuel Wilber, 3489 Norton, Thomas L., 2483 Norvell, Saunders, 394 Norwood, Edwin P., 808 Notz, William F., 1391, 3910 Nourse, Edwin G., 1062, 1087, 1238, 1251, 1846

Nova Scotia,

1825

rates, 3259, 4 6 1 9 ;

revenue, 3251; schedules, 3233 ;

statistics, world-wide, 3256; subsidies, 3245, 3 2 6 7 ; technique, 3219, 3224, 3 2 5 3 ;

terminals, 3196; traffic management, 3255; w a r t i m e , 3243.

Nugent, Rolf, 1776 Nussbaum, Frederick L., 15 Nute, Grace Lee, 2i23-2i23a, 4706 Nylon, manufacture of, 814 Nyman, Richmond C., 2696 Nystrom, Paul H., 1291-1292 Oakes (Thomas) & Co., 882 Oakleaf, H. B., 2098 Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson, 327, 354 O'Brien, George, 104 Occupational diseases, 4378 Occupational patterns, shifts in, 196 Occupations, 99, 4296, 4664, also pp. 895898;

analysis, 4249 ;

See also Clipper ships ; Foreign trade ; Merchant marine ; Packet lines ; Shipping; Steamships; Trade routes O'Connor, Harvey, 558, 920 O'Connor, Johnson, 3768 O'Connor, M . G. L., 166 Oddy, J . Jepson, 1377 O'Donnell, Terence, 2144 Oedipus, pseud., 3104 Oelrichs & Co., 731 Office appliances industry, 853 ; a c c o u n t i n g m a c h i n e s , 3708, 3 7 1 1 , 3 9 6 7 ; development, 3708; e v o l u t i o n , 2497, 2 4 9 9 ;

m a n u a l , 3704;

manufacturing, 444, 4 5 1 ; sales promotion, 449 ; trade associations, 3704 Office m a n a g e m e n t , 3648, 3 7 0 1 - 3 7 1 3 ; a c c o u n t i n g , 3702, 3 7 1 0 ;

4254;

census, 203, 4263 ;

control methods, 3705; manuals, 3712;

c h a n g e s , 4258, 4 2 6 3 - 4 2 6 4 ;

e n c y c l o p e d i a , 4264; n u m b e r e n g a g e d in, 4 2 5 8 , 4260, 4 2 6 3 ;

theory of development, 4262 ; trends, by industries, 4255 Ocean transportation, 3288;

postwar policy, 3243 ; prewar organization, 3243 ;

services, 3 2 5 9 ;

transportation, 3534, 3540

Novels, about business, 4854-4865. See also Business in fiction Noyes, Alexander Dana, 1516-1517, 1576,

bibliography,

1131 m e n , 3222, 3224, 3228, 3 2 3 2 - 3 2 3 6 . 3238, 3246, 3 2 4 8 ; ports, 3196, 3233, 3286;

2 2 6 7 , 3070,

3207-

accidents, 3249; accounting, 3253; agents, 3233; bibliographies, 3196, 3 2 0 7 - 3 2 0 9 ;

coordination with other means, 3541 ; cost studies, 3541 ; government aid and regulation, 3225-

methods, 37°i-37°3> 37°5~37°6, 3 7 " ; methods, bibliography of, 3 7 1 3 ; organization, 3702-3703; records, 3707, 3 7 1 2 ;

trade associations, 3709; trade journals, 3710; wage incentives, 3719; workers, training of, 3701 Office managers, 3712 Office workers, b i o g r a p h i e s , 4790; compensation, 3703;

3267-

employment methods, 3703;

legislation, 3 2 1 5 - 3 2 1 6 , 3218, 3245, 3 2 5 1 , 3267, 3 2 7 4 ; l i n e s , 1006, 3 2 1 4 , 3 2 2 4 , 3 2 3 3 ;

See also Office management Office of Road Inquiry, 3133 O'Geran, Graeme, 3490

3227, 3230, 3254, 3257, 3262,

328S;

t r a i n i n g , 3701, 3703, 3 7 1 2 .

1132 Ogg, Frederic Austin, 41 O'Hagan, H. O., 1021 Ohio, banking legislation, pre-Civil 1691; business directory, 4053 ; business leaders, 596; canals, 3155, 3169; laws, 4730; life insurance companies, 797 ; personnel management, 3789; petroleum industry, 926, 928; railroads, 959, 3383; ranching industry, 1046; soap industry, 908 ; State debt, 3155. See also Cincinnati, O. Ohio & Mississippi R.R., 3383 Ohio River,

INDEX

War,

commerce, 3151, 3154, 3201, 4602 Ohio River Valley, price levels, wholesale, 4607 Ohlin, Bertil Gotthard, 4528 Oil, 558, 1422, 1470, 3887. See also Petroleum industry Oklahoma, banking, 1917; petroleum industry, 2839, 2844, 2893 Olcott, Frederick P., 502 Old-age insurance, 4367 Old Colony R.R., 975, 978 Old Colony Steamboat Co., 975 Old Dartmouth Historical Society, 2045 Older, Mrs. Fremont, 49s Oldknow, Samuel, 631 Olds Motor Works, 806 Oliver, George A. S., 1367 Oliver, Henry W., 433 Oliver, James, 438, 4792 Olmsted, Denison, 453 O'Neill, Edward H., 255 Ontario, development of law in, 231 Oolitic limestone, see Limestone industry Open-price associations, 3958-3961 Operating control ratios, 3671 Oppenheimer, Franz, 132 Optical instruments industry, 913 Options, 1594 Oregon, banking, 689; express companies in, 3111 ; fur trade, 2115 ; wool industry, 2597

Oregon Railway and Navigation Co., 530 Organization, see Business organization; Sales organization ; specific trades, industries, and services Orient, the, tobacco industry in, 396 ; trade with, 329, 1406, 3254. See also specific localities Oriental rug trade, 383 Orth, Samuel P., 4322 Orton, William, 1106 Osborne, Algernon Ashburner, 1618 Osgood, Ernest Staples, 1063 Oswald, John Clyde, 288 Otis, F. N., 990 Otterson, J. E., 1392 Overland Mail, 951, 3137 Overproduction, 2873 ; prevention, 2625; relation to crises, 4596 Oversaving, 4371, 4580 Overseas Securities Corp., 1865 Overseers, 637, 1042. See also Plantation management Overton, Richard C., 991, 3476 Owen, Douglas, 2269 Owen, Robert, 4792, also p. 10 Owen, Samuel, 4154 Owens, Michael J., 2517 Owens, Richard N., 1596 Ownership, 747-749, 832, 883, 972, 1067, 1114, 2084, 2106, 2859, 2876, 3396, 3401, 3651, 3653; absentee, 178, 2714, 3017, 3653; governmental, 2929, 3354, 3398, 4438; law, 238; management-, 3662 ; public, of banks, 698, 703. See also Electric light and power; Gas industry ; Public utilities ; specific trades and industries Ownership concept of capitalism, pp. 3536 Pabst, Frederick, 577 Paccioli, Lucas, 3988 Pacific Coast, business directories, 4066, 4068 ; cooperative associations, 3921 ; electric power industry, 2987 ; petroleum industry, 2859; wagon roads, 3129 Pacific Mail Steamship Co., 1003, 3248 Pacific Mills, 460

INDEX Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Co., 790; training course of, 2164, 2202 Pacific Northwest, business-history materials, 4709 ; lumber industry, 2081, 2085 ; transportation, promotion of, 521 Pacific trade, 1328, 3269 Pack mules and wagons, in prairie trade, 280 Packaging, 384 Packard, Laurence B., 42 Packard Motor Car Co., 2400 Packard Piano Co., employee relations, 3757 Packet lines, 369, 1002, 1143, 3236, 3245; founders, 1005-1006; transatlantic, 284, 1005. See also Ocean transportation; Steamships Pack-horse mail transportation, 4448. See also Pony Express Packing industry, pp. 504-507 ; accounting methods, 2346, 2349 ; administration, 254, 425, 428; brands, 2344; by-products, 2346-2347, 2356, 2360; capitalization, 2356; car lines, private, 2350, 2356; combinations, 2348 ; companies, 2344, 2349, 2352, 2354, 2358-2360; control by packers, 2348; costs, 2348; curing, 2346; cycles, 42 2 ; development, 1026-1027; distribution costs, 2348 ; encyclopedias, 2344; exports, 2344; finance, 428, 2346, 2348; government inspection, 2351; government investigation, 2348-2349, 2354, 2357-2358; government regulation, 2346, 2349; imports, 2344; in fiction, 4861 ; labor, 2345-2346; location, 2352 ; management, 425; marketing, 428, 2346, 2350, 2356, 3290; men, 422, 425, 428, 2346; mergers, federal investigation of, 2358; organization, 2356, 2358; ownership, 2348 ;

1133

policies, 425, 428; prices, 2344, 2356-2357; production policy, 428; production, volume of, 2344, 2348, 2358; profits, 2349, 2356; public relations, 2346; trade directories, 2344; trade-marks, 2344; unfair practices, 2351, 4861 Paden, Dean S., 751 Page, Arthur W., 720 Page, Edward D., 4122 Page, Joel C., 395 Page, Walter Hines, 496 Paine, Albert Bigelow, 361, 559 Paine, Willis Seaver, 1923 Paint industry, 1030 Palfrey, Thomas R., 4766 Palmer, Emily G., 2426 Palmer, Potter, 577 Palmers, Mackillop, Dent & Co., 675 Palyi, Melchior, 1577 Pan, Shii-Lun, 1341 Panama Canal, 3217, 3226, 3232, 3239, 3248, 3258, 3262, 3265, 3270 Panama R.R., 990 Panics, 146, 190, 326, 351, 820, 1015, 1225, 1619, 1621, 1626, 1646, 1664, 1678, 1717, 1736, 1740, 1820, 4504-4562, 4615; causes, 4504, 4508, 4516, 4520, 4540, 4543, 4556,

4559;

financial vs. commercial, 4016; periodicity, 4013, 4569; remedies, 4504, 4543 Papal encyclicals on business, 88 Paper money, provisional, 1524 Paper, pulp, and paper-products industry, 465, 470, 2324, 2709; administration, 254, 861, 863, 865; administrators, 859, 862-864; assets, 861 ; bibliography, 2523, 2530; combinations, 2520; companies, 859-865, 2524-2526, 2529, 2531; economic aspects, 2328, 2527; establishment, dates of, 859, 1176; expansion, 860, 862, 864-865; federal investigation, 2528; founders, 864-865; integration, vertical, 2520;

1134

INDEX

labor management, 860-862, 2532, 2709; management, 863, 865; markets and marketing, 860-861, 863, 2520, 2522, 2524; men, 1176, 2519, 2524, 2526, 2529; mills, 860, 2529, 2914; newsprint, economic analysis of, 2 5 2 1 ; operating statistics, 861 ; organization, 863, 865, 2520, 2529; origin, 862, 865; output, regulation of, 2520; patents, 2 5 3 3 ; pioneer manufacturers, 2523 ; policies, 862-863 ; political aspects, 2527; price-fixing, 2520; production, 1176, 2523, 2332; production statistics, 2520, 2522; products, 860, 864-865, 1 1 7 6 , 25292S3i; profits, 861 ; purchasing policy, 862 ; record-preservation, 4716; specialties, development of, 2523; tariff, 2522; technological aspects, 862, 2096, 2525, 2S27-2530; trade associations, 2519-2520, 2 5 2 3 2525; trade journals, 2519, 2524-2526 Parcel post, bibliography, 4454 Pardee, J o h n S., 3182 Pargellis, Stanley, 46ç6-4696a Paris, Bourse, 1 6 2 1 ; industrial museums in, 4720 Parish, David, 326, 339 Park, Clyde W., 4181 Park, James Allan, 2270 Parke, Davis & Co., 4824 Parker, Carleton H., 4323 Parker, Edwin B., 4123 Parker, Florence E., 1322 Parker, Margaret Terrell, 2712 Parker, Wilder & Co., 735 Parkhurst, Frederic Α., 2658 Parrington, Vernon Louis, 4859 Parry, Albert, 365 Parsons, Carl C., 3651 Parsons, Frank, 1 1 1 4 , 3419 Parsons, Theophilus, 1484, 2271, 4089 Parsons, Wm. Barclay, 3522 Partington, J o h n E., 3358

Partnerships, 288, 305, 3 1 3 , 348, 351, 419, 498, 562, 628, 676-677, 682, 684-685, 1138, 2909, 3670, 3838, 4032, also pp. 793-794 ! dissolution, 620a, 3 8 1 4 ; legislation, 230, 237, 3 8 1 4 - 3 8 1 6 ; limited, 3814 Parton, James, 595 Part-time work, 4292 ; for engineering students, 4181 Party system of government, 214 Passen, Alan, 3083 Patch, Marion V., 2303 Patchin, Sydney Allen, 1696 Patent medicines, marketing of, 756. See also Drug trade Patents, 420, 442, 453, 2400, 2501, 2578, 3 1 2 5 , 440s, 4409-4426; bibliography, 4412, 4423; court decisions, 4417 ; foreign, 4412-4413, 4415, 4420, 4425; infringement, 1 1 2 5 , 4 4 1 6 ; international, 3906, 3 9 1 4 ; legislation, 1491, 3880, 3898-3899, 4 4 1 1 , 4414-4417, 4419-4420, 4422, 44244426. See also Trade-marks Paterson & Hudson River R.R., 986 Paterson, N. J . , silk industry, 2579 Patten, Claudius Β., 1 7 5 1 Pattern department, 2633 Patterson, Ε. M., 1293 Patterson, Edwin Wilhite, 2299 Patterson, John H., 444, 449, 451, 1187 Patterson, William C., 1000 Patton, Harold Smith, 1239 Pauli, Irving S., 3954 Paullin, Charles D., 4902 Payne, F . M., pseud., 4081 Pavements, urban, construction of, 1162 Pawnbroking, 1772, 1 7 7 4 - 1 7 7 7 . See also Personal loan agencies Pawtucket, R . I., cotton manufacturing in, 455 Payment in kind, 285 Peabody, George, 350, 4245 Peabody, Robert E., 328, 1342 Peace, Alfred S., 591 "Peace ship," 409-410 Peach, William Nelson, 1847 Pearce, H. C., 3359

1135

INDEX Pearse, J o h n B., 2461 Pearson, F r a n k Α., 4621, 4627 Pearson, H e n r y Greenleaf, 415, 525, 560 Pease, Levi, 291 Pecora, Ferdinand, 1630 Pederson, V i c t o r i a J., 1540 Pedlars, 278, 412, 504, " 7 0 , 1258, 2328 Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci, 1378 Peirce (Silas) & Co., 752 Pellett, Μ . E., 3196 Pelzer, Louis, 1064-1065 P e m b e r t o n Hill, m o v i n g of, 293 P e n n M u t u a l L i f e Insurance C o m p a n y of Philadelphia, 779, 793 Penney, J . C., 378 Pennroad Corp., 1658 Penny, Virginia, 4261 Penobscot R i v e r , lumbering on, 2075 Pennsylvania, accounting profession, 3994; banking, 639, 654; banking, State regulation of, 639 ; · building a n d loan associations, 1815 ; business directories, 4073 ; business w o m e n , 4257; canals, proposed, 3 1 8 4 ; coal industry, 2782, 2784; collective biographies, 4780; corporations, number of, 3835; department stores, 745 ; export statistics, 1 1 3 5 ; f a c t o r y legislation, 2 7 1 9 ; industrial development, 592, 2 7 1 1 ; iron manufacture, 1135, 2446, 2461; land promotion, 946; legal history, 223 ; lumber industry, 2073 ; manufacturers, 592 ; mining industry, legislation, 2769; navigation, 1 1 3 5 ; petroleum industry, 921, 2837, 2846; railroad equipment industry, 872 ; railroads, S t a t e regulation of, 3407 ; roads, 3126, 3 1 8 4 ; R o c k Oil Co., 2842 ; shipbuilders, 1 1 3 5 ; street railways, 3499; steel ships, building of, 1 1 3 5 ; taverns, 3 1 4 8 ; textile machinery manufacturing, 878 ; textile manufacturing, 878; trade, 1135, 3 1 8 1 ;

transportation, 3 1 8 4 ; University of, 3 1 2 4 ; w h i t e indentured labor, 4291 ; w o o d e n ships, building of, 1135 P e n n s y l v a n i a C o m p a n y for Insurances o n L i v e s and G r a n t i n g Annuities, 2148 P e n n s y l v a n i a R . R . , 992, 994, 1000, 4281 Penrose, Boies, 35s Pensions, 722, 2689, 3719, 3748, 3755, 3766, 3773, 3792. 4281; substitution of social insurance for, 2281 P e q u o t Mills, industrial management, 2696 Peragallo, E., 3989 Perine, E d w a r d T e n Broeck, 1826 Periodicals, advertising, 2831 ; capitalization, 2831; census, 203 ; directory, 4851 ; indexes to, 4834-4843, 4870, 4880; classified list, 2831, 4094-4096 ; political connections, 2831 ; popular, bibliography of, 4834; prices, 2831; social aspects, 1 1 2 6 ; technical, 2613. See also Business periodicals; N e w s papers Perishables, marketing of, 1241, 1250, 1254, 2350, 3290, 3317. See also Fruit industry Perkins, Charles E., 991, 3438 Perkins, J . R., 366 Perkins, J a c o b , 257 Perkins, T h o m a s H a n d a s y d , 314, 589· 4807 Perkins, T h o m a s N . , 3600 Perlman, Selig, 4324 Perot's (Francis) Sons M a l t i n g Co., 900 Perris, G. H., 4637 P e r r y , Bliss, 561 P e r r y , Josepha M . , 263, 472 P e r r y , Lorinda, 2427 P e r r y , M i c a j a h , 299 Person, H . S., 2659, 4162 Personal efficiency, see Efficiency Personal loan agencies, 177:1-1777. See also Credit unions; Finance c o m panies; P a w n b r o k i n g Personal service, n u m b e r engaged in, 3066 Personality, 4227 Personnel administration, 3636.

1136

INDEX

See also Factory management; Industrial management; Sales management Personnel management, 544> 727, 2639, 2653, 2662, 2687-2697, 3334-3335, 3573, 3623-3625, 3628, 3648, also pp. 774-790 ; bibliography, 3715, 3749, 3776, 3788, 4266; legal aspects of, 1 1 5 8 ; methods, 3740, 3795; objectives, 3740; organization, 3740, 3795; paternalism, 3723 ; policy, 2653, 3778, 3780; tests, 3770; training, 2639; trends, 3732;

3784,

use of psychology, 3734, 3750, 3768, 3782. See also Industrial management; Scientific management; specific industries Personnel policy, 409, 2689, 3739 Personnel research, agencies for employment management,

earnings, 2859-2860; economic aspects, 2845, 2854, 2899; engineering, 2879; equipment dealers, 2887 ; equipment manufacturers, 2887; executives, 2893 ; expenses, 2859, 2887, 2899; exploration, 2840; exports, 2883 ;

2861,

expropriation of foreign-owned property in Mexico, 2845; federal regulation, 2877; finance, 482, 930, 2876, 2886; financing, foreign capital in, 482 ; fluctuations, 2869; foreign, 2886, 2902 ; foreign management of, 482 ; freight rates, 2857; geographical distribution, 2870; geology, 2866, 2880, 2883, 2887-2888; glossary, 2886;

2881, 2894-2895; consumption, 2887, 2893; control, 2881 ; cracking patents, 2853 ; demand, 2869;

government control, 2855, 2896; government investigation, 2840, 2848, 2854, 2857, 2859, 2864, 2867, 2875, 2878, 2886, 2890, 3855; groups, 2876; handbook, 2883-2884; house organs, 924; imports, 2883 ; international aspects, 2845, 2851 ; interstate agreements, 2877, 2894-2895 ; inventories, 2899; investments, 2860; jobbers, 2887 ; lands, 2848; legal aspects, 2845, 2848, 2872, 2902 ; location, 2837, 2839, 2868, 2876; losses, 924; management methods, 2897; management policy, 930; markets and marketing, 483, 930, 2834, 2855, 2859, 2868-2869, 2873, 28862887, 2896-2897, 2901 ; men, 924, 930, 2837, 2842, 2846-2847, 2851, 2861, 2896, 2899; oil fields, 2847, 2880; operating costs, 2860; operations, 2837, 2868; organization, 929-930, 2851, 2868, 2876, 2897;

developments, 1027, 2861, 2884, 2889; directory, international, 2887; discoveriès, 2847, 2856, 2883;

overproduction, 2873; ownership, 2859, 2876; personnel policies, 924;

3788 Persons, Charles E., 1578 Persons, Warren M . , 4020, 4486, 4529-4531 Petersen, Elmore, 3641 Petersen, William J., 3173 Peterson, Arthur G., 4614-46143 Peterson, Florence, 4325 Peterson, Jaffray, 1697 Petroleum exchange, 1607, 1623 Petroleum industry, 484, 921-930, 1030, 2324, 2775, 2834-2902; and foreign policy of U.S., 2865 ; barges, 2887; bibliography, 2773, 2841, 2883a, 2885, 2888; brokers, functions of, 2874; companies, 921-930, 2839, 2847, 2851, 2859, 2861, 2876, 2896-2897, 2899; companies, organization of, 2834; competition, 2855, 2858-2859; compounders, 2887; conservation, 2848, 2855, 2877-2879,

INDEX petty capitalists, 2842 ; pipe lines, 2876, 2887; pipe lines, management of, 2859, 2874; pipe lines, regulation of, 2836, 2860; policies, 483, 929-930, 2897; pools, 2839; prices, 930, 2857-2859, 2887, 2896, 2899; processes, 2840, 2849, 2879, 2882 ; producers, 2887, 2896; production, 478-480, 482-483, 929, 2834-2835, 2840, 2842, 2859, 2861, 2863, 2868-2869, 2871, 2874-2875, 2882-2883, 2886-2887, 2893, 2897, 2899, 2901 ; production, by fields, 2883 ; production, stabilization of, 2850; production, volume of, 2857, 2893; production, world, 2835, 2874, 2883 ; profits, 924, 930, 2858-2860; promotion, 2842 ; railroad competition, 2852 ; rates, 2860, 2876; refiners, 2887, 2896; refining, 929, 2834-2835, 2842, 2859, 2863, 2868-2869, 2879, 2882, 2886, 2897; refining, foreign, 2835, 2901 ; refining capacity, U.S., 2846; regulation, 2839; resources, 2868, 2883 ; royalties, 2886; safety practices, 2896; sales, 2874, 2899; securities, regulation of, 2886; sources, 2841 ; stabilization, 2881 ; State regulation, 2877 ; stock, sale of, 1 8 3 6 ; storing, 2882; tankers, 2887; taxation, 2886, 2896, 2902 ; Teapot Dome scandal, 2848; technological changes, 2839, 2868, 2874, 2889; testing, 2883 ; trade associations, 2887-2893, 2896; trade journals, 2888-2889, 2891-2893, 2897-2898, 2900; transportation, 930, 2834, 2840, 2842, 2855, 2859-2860, 2868-2869, 2874, 2876, 2879, 2882-2883, 2886, 2893; trust legislation and investigations, 9 2 2 923, 927; uses, 2869, 2874;

1137

valuation, 2882 ; waste, 2855; wildcatters, 2856 Pettengill, Robert B.,. 1343 Petty capitalism, 3, 8, 1 1 9 , 330, 1497, 2337, 3579, 4809; transition to industrial capitalism, 4 2 1 , 428, 929 Petty capitalists, 1 3 1 , 182, 504, 534, 616, 809, 857, 885, 889, 947, 967. 1 0 1 6 , 1067, 1 1 6 1 , 1297, 2 1 1 5 , 2325, 2338, 2401, 2446-2447, 2451, 2458-2459, 2619-2621, 2747, 3069, 3 4 1 7 , 4 0 4 7 4049, 4066, 4289, 4824, 4829, also pp. 22, 94-102, 790-791; business failures of, 4 1 4 4 ; business records of, 4698, 4706, also p. 22; . collective biographies, 4780-4781, 47894790, 4800 ; farmers as, 2 1 5 - 2 1 6 , 2 1 8 ; function of, 182, also p. 7 3 4 ; photographs of, 4800; training of, 4244, 4252 Peuchet, J . , 1379 Pewter industry, makers, 2 7 1 5 Phelps, Clyde William, 1762 Phelps, D. M., 2397 Phelps, Dodge & Co., 392 Philadelphia, Pa., arts, 4825 ; banking, 654, 678, 681 ; banking, commercial, 657-658, 1 7 2 8 ; brewery industry, 900; business directories, 4052, 4055, 4065, 4073; business education, 4 1 7 5 ; Chamber of Commerce, 3 9 3 7 ; clearing house, 1 6 6 5 ; coaches, 3 1 4 4 ; collective biographies, 6 1 5 ; Colonial business, 162, 257 ; commerce, 4825 ; Commercial Museum, 1 4 1 1 ; construction industry, 1 1 3 0 ; consumer credits, 1266; Contributionship, 254, 772, 2220; coordination of rail and motor transportation, 3 1 4 9 ; department stores, 374-375, 7 4 3 ; fire insurance companies, 772, 798, 2127, 2274; food markets, 1 2 6 3 ;

1138

INDEX

Gas Ring, 214 ; industrial capitalism, 355, 2747; intercity truck transportation, 3149; Investment Corporation of, 1861 ; life insurance, 777, 779, 793, 798-799, 2127, 2148; locomotive industry, 2494; manufacturers, 2747; manufacturing, 729, 2747, 4825; marine insurance, 254, 798, 2127, 2256; mariners, 324; mercantile capitalists in, 311, 327, 333, 335, 615, 1497; merchants, 162, 312-313, 324, 335a, 604; metal trade, 284 ; millinery industry, 2427; money-lending, 354a; National Bank, 662 ; petty capitalists, 257, 1497, 2747; portraits of business men, 1641 ; price trends, 4605, 4607 ; printing business, 2910; private banking, 311, 355; produce exchange, 1242 ; public accountants, 3983 ; public business, 167 ; public utilities, franchises, 2957 ; public utilities, municipal ownership of, 2940; Retail Grocers' Association of, 1293; revenue, 4825 ; Saving Fund Society, 696; sciences, 4825; sedentary merchants, 799 ; shipbuilding, 363, 729, 1143; shoe industry, 2476 ; social life, 312 ; specie payments, 1728; Stock Exchange, 1641 ; street railways, 540, 3485, 3496; trade institutions, 4825; trade regulations, 4825 ; wharves, 615 ; wholesale prices, 4605 ; wholesalers, 322, 4233. See also Bank of the United States; Second Bank of the United States Philadelphia & Reading R.R., 3294, 3297, 3407 Philadelphia Canal Commission, 3197 Philanthropies, of business leaders, 379, 385, 432, 439, 3S6I, 3594) 4782, 4784· See also Business men, philanthropies of

Phillips, Charles Α., 1752 Phillips, Charles F., 753 Phillips, Frank, 2844 Phillips, Ulrich Β., 1066-1067, 3073, 4289 Phillips, W. B., 1294 Phillips, Willard, 4416, 4532 Philosophical background of business, pp. 55-57· See also Business men, philosophy of Phoenix National Bank of Hartford, 644 Photographic equipment, 463 Photographs, of business men, 602, 4785, 4789, 4795, 4799-4800, 4802-4803. See also Business men, pictures of Phyfe, Duncan, 2715 Physiocrats, 97 Piano industry, 2608 Pickett, Victor G., 2343 Piece goods, 2592. See also Dry-goods trade Pierce, Bessie Louise, 4826 Pierce (S. S.) Co., 741 Pierson, Albert H., 2082 Pig-iron industry, 477, 4589 Pigou, A. C., 4594 Pike, James S., 4533 Pilgrims, financing of, 1014 Pillsbury, Charles Α., 577 Pinanski, A. E., 3491 Pingree, Hazen S., 4798 Pinkham, Lydia E., 474 Pioneers, 371, 374, 399, 464, 466, 745, 2272, 3968, 3973, 3975, 3980, 3983, 39943995, 4822 Piotrowski, Roman, 3911 Pipe lines, 3067, 3072, 3440. See also Petroleum industry Pipes, sewer, manufacture of by States, 2515 Piquet, Howard S., 1812 Piracy, 1129, 1337 Pirenne, Henri, 16, 43 Pitcher & Brown, 2498 Pitcher & Gay, 2498 Pitkin, Timothy, 1036 Pittsburgh, Pa., 558, 4829-4830; business, capitalization of, 4830; business directory, 4829-4830; business education, 4195; business men, training of, 353 ; glass industry, 2517; directors, directory of, 4077;

INDEX iron and steel industry, 2458, 48294830;

specific

labor conditions in mines, 4281 ; location of industries, 2 711 ; manufacturing, 4829-4830; mercantile houses, 4281 ; river traffic, 3183 ; wholesaling, 4829-4830 Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R.R., 513 Placement, 3778. See also Industrial relations; Personnel management Placer mines, 2813. See also Mining industry Planning, economic and business, 96, 122, 211, 254, also pp. 940-945 Plant, Henry Bradley, 536 Plant location, 2703-2704, 3623. See also specific

industries

264-265,

267-269,

trades and

industries

Policy-formulation, 8, 1187, also pp. 732984

passim;

assistance by chambers of commerce, 3929 Political economy, m , 1 1 5 - 1 1 6 , 118, 132, 168, 172, 1 8 2 - 1 8 3 ;

classical, 106; doctoral dissertations, bibliography of, 4762

Political growth, 221 Political history, 4876, also pp. 82-84 Political institutions, 214 Political leadership, qualifications for, 3574 Political power, distribution of, 201 Political science, 2028; encyclopedia of, 4893, 4899;

Plantations, 1057, 1066, 2451 ; financial records, 347; indentured whites, 4289; inventories, 347 ; investments in, 338; labor management, 344, 4289; management,

1139 Personnel, Price, and other policies;

periodical literature, guide to, 4873

Political Science Quarterly,

4844

Political thought and policy, 82, 254, also pp. 63-67, 8 1 - 8 2

271,

344, 635-638, 1042 ;

overseers, 1067 ; owners, 1067 ; sales statistics, 344; work, 1067. See also Slave labor Planters, 635-638, 1042, 1056; as industrial capitalists, 1067, pp. 1 1 4 115; as merchants, 268 ; as petty capitalists, 264-265, 267-269, 1067, also pp. 96-97. See also Plantations Plato, ι01 Plowman, E. Grosvenor, 3641 Plumbing and heating industry, 1302 Plummer, Wilbur C., 1266, 3126 Plymouth Plantation, 1014 Pocock, Lewis, 2192 Pogue, Joseph E., 2869 Policy, 288, 309, 367, 374-376, 411, 429, 431, 438, 489-500, 543, 573, 603, 612, 743, 747-749, 820, 888, 932, 1018, 1340, 1 4 1 3 , 1415, 2470, 2653, 2959, 2999, 3628, 3632-3634, 3643, 4685,

4791· See also Banking, Credit, Government,

Politicians, photographs of, 4800 Politics, a n d business, 3579, 3589, 3637, 3660, 4632;

ethics of, 3437 Pollard, Willard Lacy, 4417-4417a Pollock, Myer, 610 Pollock, Gilmour & Co., 628 Polo, Ser Marco, 307 Pond, Edgar L., 535 Pond, Peter, 2116 Pond, Philip, 262 Pony Express, 951, 3137, 4448, 44Si

Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, 4836 Pools, 575, 1836, 3313, 3318, 3362, 3438, 3852, 3860, 3869;

competition, 3852 ;

failure, 3860, 3869.

See also Cartels; Combinations; Monopolies; specific

trades

and

tries; Trusts Poor, Henry V., 33!0-33H Poor, John Alfred, 292 Poor, Laura Elizabeth, 292 Poore, Benjamin P., 4744 Pope, Albert Α., 3127, 4792 Pope, H., 233 Pope, Jennie Barnes, 1496, 3212

indus-

1140

INDEX

Pope, Jesse Eliphalet, 2428 Popple, Charles Sterling, 667 Popplewell, Frank, 2462 Population, 107, 1 1 3 , 146, 2701, 4Q00, also pp. 79-81 Porter, Alexander S., 3024 Porter, Kenneth Wiggins, 256, 329-330, 4860 Portland cement, 546. See also Cement industry Portraits, collections of, 578, 596, .602, 1606, 1608, 1641. See also Business men, pictures o f ; Photographs of business men Ports, 3196, 3286; charges, 1356, 3545; classification, 1356, 1362 ; competition, 3545; dues, 1356; free, advantages of, 1360; layout, 3545 ; legislation, 1374; management, 1356; operation, 1356, 3545; policing, 1356; rents, 1356; rules, 1366 ; traffic, 3545; warehousing receipts, 1356. See also Merchant marine; Ocean transportation; Shipping Post, Augustus, 3085 Post roads, 3145. See also Stagecoaches Postal savings, 1818-1819 Postal system, 4445-4446, 4448, 4450 ; administration, 4456 ; integration, 1 1 2 6 ; parcel post, bibliography of, 4454. See also U.S. Post Office Department Postal Telegraph-Cable Co., government investigation, 1120 Postlethwayt, Malachy, 1380, 4174 Potash industry, 436 ; international cartel, 3910 Potters, 254, 2715 Pottery, production of, by States, 2515 Potts, Charles S., 3312 Poultry industry, 1090, 1241 Pound, Arthur, 809, 1 1 1 5 , 1631, 2329, 3025 Pound, Roscoe, 234-235

Poverty, abolition of, through single tax, 174 Powder trust, 814, 2412 Powderly, Terence V., 4326-4327 Powell, Fred Wilbur, 1068, 1240, 33233324 Power production, inventions, 4394, 4400; research, 4007 Powlison, Keith, 4674 Powlison, W. L., 2398 Prairie schooners, 3143 Pratt, Charles E., 3535 Pratt, Edward Ewing, 2099 Pratt, Enoch, 387 Pratt, Sereno S., 1579 Pratt, Zadock, 258 Pratt & Whitney Co., 2498 Prattsville, Ν. Y., 258 Preble, George Henry, 3240 Predöhl, Andreas, 2705 Preferred stock, 1557; as long-term investment, i960 Prentice, E. Parmatee, 3420 Prentiss, Don C., 1202 Pre-Revolutionary America, 1327. See also Colonial, Revolutionary, and early Constitutional America Presbrey, Frank, 1432 Preservation, see Business records, preservation of Preston, Andrew W., 1359 Preston, Howard H., 668, 1698 Pribram, Karl, 3912 Price, J., 4068 Price, Richard, 2193 Price, William H., 2194 Price-cutting, 3601, 3872 ; government control, 1468 Price discrimination, government control, 1468 Price-fixing, 2520, 3845; federal regulation, 1320, 1471 ; State regulation, 1320; wartime regulation, 1471 Price indices, 4604-4627; index to, 4091-4093 Price levels, 4604-4627; effect on exports, 4606 ; federal investigation, 1904; relation to foreign, 4606 ; stabilization of, 4624 Price maintenance, 2501 ; dangers of, 4615

INDEX Price policies, 748, 1187, 2683-2684, 3697; consumers' goods, 1277; industrial goods, 1277 Price revolutions, 72 Price trends, 4604-4627 Prices, 19, 1332, 1340, 1406, 1468, 4525, 4604-4627 ; and business cycles, 4606-4607, 4615; and.gold supply, 4612, 4626; bibliography, 4620; correlation with production, 4611 ; economic aspects, 1470, 3844; effect of war upon, 4639; foreign, 4617; government regulation, 1465-1472 ; history and theory, pp. 50-52, 965-971 ; just, 89, 99, 104, 163, 283, 4127; mark-up, 280; monopolistic, 86 ; movements, 254, 3902, 4604, 4626; postwar, 4647; regional variations, 4611; retail, by cities, 4618; retail, levels of, 4290, 4364, 4681; rising, 254; statistics, 1038, 4360, 4551, 4604-4622; theory of international, 4623 ; wartime, regulation of, 1467, 1471, 4640; wholesale, levels of, 4364, 4605-4622. See also specific industries and trades Pricing, 1274. See also Price policies Prindle, H. B., 3524 Pringle, Henry F., 4005 Printers' League of America, Inc., 490 Printers and publishers, 295, 2907, 2909, 2913-2914, also pp. 100-101, 224-225. See also Printing and publishing Printing and publishing, 286-289, 487-500, 931-937, 2903-2924; administration, 490, 933 ; advertising media, evolution of, 490 ; agents, 2903 ; authors, relations with, 936-937, 29032904, 2915, 2921; bibliography, 2908, 2915; binding, 2903; biographies of men in, 936, 2904, 2909, 2911, 2914; books, 2904, 2909, 2916; companies, by States, 931-937, 2914; competition, 934, 2903; copyrights, 2917-2924; costs, 2903, 2916;

1141

critics, 2903 ; customer relations, 496-497; development, 935; directories, 2905 ; encyclopedia of, 2911; equipment, 2909, 2911-2912, 2914-2915; ethics, 490; financial policy, 485-4ÍÍ6, 490; inventors, 2911; job printing, 2909; labor relations, 490, 2903 ; labor uliions, 2909, 4284; legal books, 931 ; libraries, relations with, 2903 ; management, 288, 489, 491, 498, 936937, 2630, 2916; market, 2903 ; marketing, 490, 2903 ; men, biographies of, 287, 485-500, 2905; origin, 935; owners, 933; partnerships, 288, 498, 2909; policy, 288, 489, 498, 936-937; prices, 287, 2903, 2914; printers, 2911, 2914-2915; production, 490; products, 496-497, 931, 933, 935, 2909; profits, 288, 2916; publications, 287; publishers, 2903, 2911, 2915; purchasing, 490; sales, 933, 2905; technological changes, 2911-2912, 2915, 4284; trade associations, 490, 2905, 3958; trade journals, 2905; wages, 4284; waste-elimination, 2630. See also Book industry; Copyrights; Newspapers Pritchett, John Perry, 4827 Private bankers, 309, 324, 330, 350-358, S50-567, 620, 623-624, 648, 676-689, 1628, 1758, 1833-1854 Private banking, 276, 350-358, 550-567, 620, 676-689, 703, 1576, 1673, 1685, 1690, 1696-1697, 1734; by States, 1981; diversification, 676 ; government investigation, 686 ; organization, 676, 684-685 Private business schools, 4174-4176. See also Business education; Educational institutions

1142

INDEX

Private enterprise, 6i8-i022a; competition, 3596; ethics, 4108; government aid^ 4447 ; internationalism, 3962 ; systems, 8; tariff protection, 4447. See also specific industries and trades Private law, 231. See also Contracts ; Equity ; Estates ; Torts Private schools, business education in, 4161, 4175. See also Business education Privateering, 328, 1129, 1325, 1337, 3210, 3222, 3245, 4807; ships, 3234 Procter & Gamble, 908, 2689 Produce exchanges, 1235, 1242, 1247, 1572, 1607, 1846. See also Agricultural products ; Agriculture; Cooperative associations Produce markets, 1251, 1261 Production, 107, 2318, 2708; bibliography, 1024 ; concentration of, 3853 ; control, 3628, 3781 ; seasonal variations, 3781 ; statistics, 4000, 4551 ; trends, 1023. See also specific industries Production management, 3627, 3648-3649 ; planning, 3628 Professional associations, 3967; directory of, 3940; publications of, 3997. See also Trade associations Professional ethics, 294, 4102 ; codes, 4 1 1 5 - 4 1 1 6 ; group, 4133. See also Business ethics Professional men,

3636,

biographies of, 4788, 4797, 4809. See also specific professions Professional women, 4257, 4260-4261 Profit-sharing, 802, 2689, 3613, 3717, 3719, 3737, 3743, 3771-3773, 3777-3778, 3784, 3791, 3921, 4297; government investigation of, 3792 ; limitations, 3 7 7 1 ; managerial, 4685 ; scope, 3771. See also specific industries and trades

Profiteering, 3036 Profits, 107, 1 7 0 - 1 7 1 , 183, 238, 1340, 1342, 3268, 4666-4677; control of, 3678, 3685; history of, 4669-4677; industrial, 4671-4672 ; ratio of, for industrial divisions, 46694670; ratio of, for manufacturing groups, 4670; theory of, 3608, 4665-4668; wartime, distribution of, 4647. See also specific industries and trades Profitt, Maris Marion, 4197 Prohibition, and liquor industry, 2384 Promissory notes, legislation regarding, 230, 237, 1554, 1556, 1566. See also Commercial instruments Promotion, 3661, 3670, 3674-3675, 3735, 3769, 3778, 3866. See also Trade promotion Property, 107; distribution of, 4658; income from, 4662 ; law of, 238; private, maintenance of, 173; rights, 104; taxation of, 4465-4466, 4470; valuation of, 4470 Proprietary medicines, 474 Proprietorships, individuals, 3670 Protestantism, and business, 91 ; and capitalism, 85. See also Religion and business Prout, Henry G., 420 Prouty, Charles Α., 3360, 4414 Providence, R. I., business directories, 4069; business manuscript collections, 4697 ; drug trade, retail, 750; fire insurance companies in, 764; Typographical Union, 2909 Provident Institution for Savings, 695 Provident Loan Society of New York, 1774 Proxy voting, 3655 Prudential Insurance Company of America, 785, 2162 Prussia, 83. See also Germany

INDEX Psychology in business, 1942, 3718, 37503766, 4242 Public accountants, see Accountants, public Public accounting, see Accounting, public Public business, 167, 29s, 4475-4482, 4897, also p. 4. See also Government and State entries Public domain, 3026 Public finance, 196, 1509, 1511-1512, 1607, 4476, 4661, also pp. 934-939 Public institutions, expenditures for, 4478 Public lands, 2787; grants, for educational purposes, 3018; policy, 2073, 3018; speculation, 3018 Public law, development of, 228 Public opinion, 214, 561, 1806, 3805, 3844, 3846-3847, 3856; relation to law, 121. See also Attitude towards business ; Public relations Public relations, 348, 1024, 1098, 1113, 1609, 1679, 1722, 2329, 2978, 2983, 2991, 2993, 2997, 3649, 4427, also pp. 790-792 ; directory of firms, 3808 ; effect of company museums, 4717. See also Attitude towards business; Public opinion Public service commissions, decisions of, 2999, 3389, 4434 Public service corporations, publicity for, 3806-3807 Public utilities, 2925-3009, 3649, 4428; administration, 2937, 2961; administrators, 558, 940, 942 ; as investment, 2945, 2947; bibliography, 2925-2929; capitalization, 2942, 2945; companies, pp. 225-227; competition, 939-940; consolidation, 940; directors, 3008; economic aspects, 2937, 2945, 2947, 29S5; employees, 938, 940; ethics, 2934, 2961 ; executives, 938 ; finance, 943-944, 2942, 2945, 2954; foreign, 3008; franchises, 2941-2942, 2945, 2956, 3008;

1143 government ownership, 2929, 4438; government regulation, 2929-2957, 2961, 2998, 3001, 4429, 4443; holding companies, 2933, 2935, 2942, 2947, 2954, 3843; house organs, 941 ; legal aspects, 231, 2949, 2955, 4434, 4443; management, 940, 2936 ; marketing, 1245, 3622; monopolies, natural, 939; municipal ownership, 2928, 2932, 29402941, 2947, 2950, 2960; officers, 3008, 4803 ; operating costs, 2942 ; organization, 940, 942, 944, 2936; plants, 938, 943-944; policies, 940, 2936, 2961 public relations, 938, 2945; publications, 2983-3009; purchasing practices, 1466, 2942 ; quasi-public, 2944, 2948; rate-making, 2935, 2938, 3622; rates, bibliography of, 2927, 2929; rates, interstate regulation of, 2935; record-preservation, 4716; regulation, municipal, 2928, 2941 ; regulation, State, 939, 2941, 2951, 2957; reserves, 2942 ; sales practices, 1466, 2961 ; securities, manuals of, 2013, 2942, 3008; State regulation, 2931, 2935; stock, prices of, 1943 ; taxation, 2942, 2945; technological changes, 2961 ; valuation, 2925, 2945, 2955 ; wages, 4678.

See also specific industries Public welfare, 3897 Public works, 4485 ; and N e w Deal, 222 Publicity, and propaganda, 3806 Publishers, see Book industry; Printing and publishing Puerto Rico, sugar industry, 2364 Puffer, Evelyn H., 2272 Pugh, Grace, 3724 Pugh, Wilma J., i543 Pujo Committee, 1833, 1905 ; report, 688 Pulitzer, Joseph, 2827 Pullman, George M., 577, 588, 601

1144

INDEX

Pullman Co., 870, 3381, 3440 Pulp industry, see Paper, pulp, and paperproducts industry P u l p w o o d industry, 2096 Pulsifer, W . E., 2910 Pulsifer, William H., 2820 Pulteney Association, British investments of, 501 Purchasing, 1159, 1279, 2681-2684, 3350, also pp. 7 7 0 - 7 7 1 ; centralization of, 2683 ; control methods, 2683, 3636, 3695; cooperative, 1092 ; department, 2633, 3700; ethics, 1274, 3700; European buying, 1180; governmental, 3694, 3699; inventory methods, 2684, 3697; legal aspects, 2683, 3694-3695; management, 1284, 3636; methods, 273, 316, 3696-3697, 37oo; organization, 2683, 3695-3696; policies, 1187, 1284, 2630; price policies, 2683-2684, 3697 ; psychological aspects, 3695 ; relation to marketing, 2683 ; retail-store, 1274, 3696; sources of supply, 2683 ; speculation, 2683 ; standards and specifications, 2683-2684, 3697; stores system, 2683-2684, 3697; trade journals, 3698. See also Importing Purchasing power, 4651 ; analysis, 4660; consumer, 1448, 4505-4506 ; limitations, 3902 ; relation to production, 1455 ; statistics, 1455 P u r d y , T . C., 3198, 3271 Purinton, E d w a r d Earle, 4247 Putnam, George Haven, 497 P u t n a m Machine Co., 2498 Putting-out system, in boot and shoe industry, 2478. See also Home industries Pyle, Joseph Gilpin, 526 P y n c h o n & Co., 3093 Quaife, M . M . , 280 Quaker Oats Co., 910 Quakers, business administration, 4685 ;

in business, 84, 260 ; profit-sharing b y , 4685 Qualifications, for professions and trades, 349a, 1180, 3563· See also Employees, selection; Success Quarries, 974, 1025, 2771, 2815 Quarterly Journal of Economics, 4845 Quasi-public utilities, 2944, 2948. See also Public utilities Queeny, Edgar M., 3596 Quincy Mining Co., 2801 Quitrents, 4480

R a b y , R. Cornelius, 1775 Racial and ethnic groups, status of, 196 Radin, M a x , 4124 Radio, as advertising medium, 1423, 1429 Radio Corporation of America, i m , 1113 Radio industry, 1097-1098, 1102-1103, 1105, 1 1 0 9 - 1 1 1 1 , 1113, 1 1 1 6 - 1 1 1 7 ; administrators, 1103; bibliography, 1116, 1 1 2 4 ; companies, 1097-1098, 1103, m i , 1 1 1 3 ; equipment, 1097, 1105, u n , 1 1 1 3 ; finance, 1113, 1 1 2 1 ; government regulation, 1097-1098, 1105, 1 1 0 9 - 1 1 1 1 , 1113, 1 1 1 7 , 1 1 2 1 ; holding companies, investigation of, 1121 ; inventions, 1098, 1103, 1105, 1 1 1 3 ; market analysis, 1423 ; men, 1097-1098, 1103, 1105, 1109, 1 1 1 7 ; organization, 1105, 1109, 1121, 1423; patent agreements, 1098, m i ; programs, 1097, m o , 1423; public relations, 1098, 1 1 1 3 ; technical growth, 1097-1098, 1103, 1105, 1109, 1113, 1 1 1 7 , 1121 ; trade journals, 1 1 1 7 ; uses, 1105, 1109, m i Radisson, Pierre E., 2123 Raffalovich, Α., 4033 R a f t i n g industry, 2071 Raquet, C o n d y , 696, 1753 Raiffeisen societies, 1817 Railroad Commissioners of Massachusetts, 3421 Railroadians of America, 3382 Railroads, 214, 508-523, 536, 550, 560, 616, 983-1001, 2737, 2750, 3070,

INDEX 3532-3534. 3536-354I) also pp. 677716; accidents, 3289, 3335, 3378, 3442, 4377; accounting, 3322, 3336, 3345, 3 3 5 1 , 3361, 3374, 3391, 34io> 3421, 3442, 3448; administration, 292, 508-523, 572, 959, 990-991, 3072, 3321, 3326-3327, 3330, 3332, 3334, 3347, 3367, 337o, 3380, 3392, 3401, 3 4 " , 3417-3418, 34263426a, 3438, 3442, 3457, 3478; advertising, 975; agents, 3536; attorneys for, 527; bibliographies, 3349, 3377, 4383-4384, also pp. 7 1 4 - 7 1 6 ; biographies, 365-366, 3 7 0 - 3 7 1 , 508-532, 958, 984, 1000, 3293, 3464, 3473-3474, 3477, 3479-3480, 3559; business archives, 3476; business cycles, effect of, 3 3 5 8 ; capitalization, 981, 3305, 3 3 1 3 - 3 3 1 4 , 3324, 3362, 3389, 3 4 1 1 , 3440, 3452; charters, 994, 999, 3 3 1 3 , 3400, 3 4 1 2 ; coal properties, 994; colonization activities, 976, 991 ; combinations, 3291, 3362, 3364, 3401 ; commissions, 3402, 3438; competition, 526, 981-982, 994, 2852, 3318, 3337, 3363, 3401, 3408, 3429; competition with canals, 3154, 3167, 3194-3195, 3205-3206; consolidations, 528, 973, 975, 984, 988, 1000-1001, 3319, 3342, 3395, 3407, 3408a-3409; construction, 293, 365-366, 3 7 1 , 471, 520, 525-526, 960-961, 969, 982, 987, 989-990, 993-996, 999, 1001, 3068, 3074, 3300, 3304, 3338, 3347, 3355, 3402, 3417, 3426, 3461, 3478.; corporate organization, 972, 975, 982, 985, 3291, 3395; credit and collections, 3389, 3432 ; depreciation, 3 4 1 0 ; development, 526, 962, 1001, 1026, 3309, 3316, 3442; directors, 994 ; discrimination claims, 3430 ; dividends, 960, 988, 993, 3310, 3 3 5 5 ; earnings, 993, 999, 1001, 3296, 3303, 3310, 3352, 3440-3441, 3452; economic aspects, 518, 971, 976, 978, 993, 997-998, 3294, 3309, 3315, 3331, 3335, 3357, 3375, 3394, 34^4, 3461, 3473, 35331

1145 electrification, 3 3 7 1 ; engineering, 3471, 3 5 3 7 ; engineers, locomotive, 996, 3 4 5 1 ; equipment, building of, 446-447, 727, 866-872, 960, 975, 979, 982, 984, 994, 1001, 1030, 2491, 3300, 3340, 3355, 3358-3359, 3471, 3478; ethics, 3319, 3345, 3360, 3367, 3437; executive personnel, 508-523, 969, 975, 982, 990-991, 994, 996; expansion, 960, 985, 3307, 3414, 3 4 6 1 ; expenses, 960, 3441, 3452; failures, 3298, 3 3 3 0 ; fares, 960, 3 3 3 1 ; finance, 351, 354, 356, 402, 508, 515, 517, 520, 525-526, 530, 572, 679, 958, 960, 967, 969, 971, 975, 979-980, 984-985, 988-990, 993-994, 997-998, 1607, 1625, 1629, 1647, 2021, 2024, 3068, 3294, 3296, 3298, 3 3 1 0 - 3 3 1 4 , 3319, 3323, 3351-3352, 3356, 3362, 3370, 3402, 3407, 3410, 3426, 3429, 3436, 3442, 3447, 3450, 3457, 3460-3461, 3465, 3468, 3470, 3478; foreign, 1022a, 3 4 1 9 ; freight statistics, 960; government control, 3303, 3392, 3420, 3432, 3435, 3442, 3475; government investigation, 3320, 3337, 3416, 3431-3434, 3436-3439, 3450; government operation, 3303, 3396 ; government ownership, 3354, 3398; government regulation, 554, 3072, 3307, 3 3 1 2 - 3 3 1 3 , 3316, 3320, 3333, 3339, 3343, 3349, 3365, 3376, 3390, 3392, 3394, 3396, 3400-3412, 3414, 3423-3425, 3429-3430, 3434, 34383439, 3441-3444, 3461, 3475, 35331 granger laws, 3318, 3427; growth, 526, 980, 3 3 1 2 ; holding companies, 3308, 3329, 3843 ; in wartime, 3303, 3396; indebtedness, 999, 3310, 3314, 3452; intercorporate relations, 3329, 3362, 3410; international, 292 ; investments, 435, 3332, 3440, 4540; labor, 3316, 3 3 2 1 , 3334-3335, 334', 3349, 3352, 3354, 3359, 3440, 3448, 3452; labor, management of, 3381, 3446; labor, organization of, 3334-3335, 3 4 5 i ; labor, training of, 3351 ;

1146

INDEX

labor, union-management relations, 3372, 3381, 3410; labor, wages of, 994, 3303, 337s; laissez-faire vs. regulation, 3319, 3408; land grants, 1001, 3313, 3429; land policy, 962, 976, 991 ; legislation, 958, 960, 989, 993, 999, 1001, 3128, 3303, 3337, 3394, 3400, 3425. 3427, 3S99, 3836; libraries, 3478; lines, 370, 958-1001, 3073, 3465; lines, location of, 964, 3300, 3313, 3355, 3452, 3465, 3467; locomotives, 975, 1001, 2491, 2494, 3293, 3327, 3369; mail service, 3385, 444s, 4453-4454, 4457; maintenance, 3471 ; management, 512, 534, 960, 983, 995, 3320, 3322, 3326, 3335, 3341, 33463347. 3352, 3359-3360, 3367-3368, 3370, 3372, 3391, 3418, 3421, 3426, 3438, 3442, 3444, 3446, 3449, 3457, 3460, 3532 ; manuals and directories, 3310, also pp. 712-714; markets, 964, 3450; mileage, 3310, 3440, 3452, 3465, 3536, 3538; monopolies, 3311, 3478; mortgages, 965, 3356; officials, 3310, 3313, 3316, 3352, 3457, 3460-3461, 3467, 3469-3470, 3536; officials, compensation of, 3417; operating costs, 994, 999, 3303, 3310, 3320, 3330, 3355, 3361, 3407, 3470; operation, 520, 526, 961, 975, 979, 984, 987, 989-990, 996, 999, 1001, 3072, 3074, 3304, 3440, 3442, 3449, 3457, 3465, 3478; organization, 526, 967, 979, 982, 989, 994, 996, 999, 3304, 3308-3309, 3319, 3329, 3362, 3392, 3442, 3470, 3532 ; origin, 955, 962, 989, 3106; ownership, 972, 3396, 3401 ; passenger statistics, 960, 3185; pension systems, 4281 ; policies, 970, 973, 982-983, 995, 3347, 3368, 3426, 3457; political aspects, 3309, 3319; pools, 3313, 3318, 3362, 3438; power statistics, 1025 ; presidents, portraits of, 1608 ; private lines, 974, 3290, 3317;

profit and loss, 993, 3440; promoters, 264, 292, 351, 354, 433, 3313 ; promotion, 513, 521, 523, 525-526, 972, 979, 995, 3324, 3453; promotion, literature of, 977 ; public relations, 999, 3295, 3303, 3323, 3336, 3362, 3403, 3405, 3408-3409, 3418, 3426; purchasing and stores, 3341, 3350-33S2, 3358-3359, 3449, 3700; rates a n d rate-making, 960, 984, 990, 994, 3320-3321, 3331-3332, 33363339, 3348-3349, 3357, 3362-3364, 3376, 3389, 3401-3402, 3404, 3408, 3418, 3426, 3438, 3442, 3444, 3475, 3478, 3545 I rebates, 3438 ; receiverships, 3362, 3366, 3386, 3431 ; records, preservation of, 3476, 4716; relations with bankers, 985, 989 ; reorganization, 530, 2021, 3295, 3.2973298, 3328, 3362, 3413, 3433, 3604a, 4151; reports, analysis of, 994, 1957, 3373 ; revaluation, 3163; routes, 990, 3129, 3536, 3538; routes, surveying of, 3340; securities as investments, 3450; securities, manuals of, 2013 ; services, 982, 984, 994, 3349, 3353, 3376, 3389, 3407, 3410, 3444; signaling, 3289, 3471 ; State aid a n d regulation, 923, 3310, 3362, 3389, 3397, 3405, 3407, 3412, 3415, 3418, 3423, 3538, 4483; stations, 3536; stock, 402, 960, 975, 1943, 3368, 3417, 3435; stock, watering of, 3319, 3362, 3389; strikes, 3384; superintendents, 3446 ; technological aspects, 993, 3316, 3460, 4406; terminals, 994, 1001 ; terminology, 3373; trade associations, 508, 3332, 3367, 3371, 3374, 3391, 3445-3446, 3448-3451, 3462-3463, 3478; trade journals, 2582, 3478, 4096, also pp. 707-712 ; traffic, 958, 988, 993, 1001, 3303, 3402; traffic management, 3348, 3445 ; train and station employees, 3353, 4866; t r a i n operation, 3353 ;

INDEX transcontinental, 366, 3463 ; trusteeships, 3386; trusts, 3419, 3867; u n f a i r p r a c t i c e s , 3307, 3 3 1 7 , 3 3 6 2 , 3 3 7 3 ,

3376, 3389, 3409. 3418. 3847; valuation, bibliography of, 2925. See also Interstate Commerce Commission; Locomotives; Pullman Co.; Transportation; specific roads Railway and Light Securities Corp., 1865 Railway and Locomotive Historical Society, 3458 Railway Express Agency, 953 R a i l w a y M a i l , 4445, 4 4 5 3 - 4 4 5 4 , 4457

Rainey, Thomas, 3272 Rait, R. S., 4868 Ralph, George M., 2367 Ralston, William Chapman, 357 Ramapo R.R., 986 Ramsay, M. L., 2970 Ramsaye, Terry, 3054-3055 Ranching industry, 634, 1045-1049, 1053, 1059-1061, 1063-1065.

See also Cattle ranching; Sheep-raising Randall, Merle, 4418 Rankin, John, 628 Rantoul, Robert, Jr., 958 R a t e - m a k i n g , 2983, 2985.

See also Inland water transportation; Public utilities ; Railroads ; various types of insurance Ratzel, Friedrich, 248 Rau, Louise, 281 R a veil, Charles H., 673 Raw materials, 726, 882, 1133, 1164-1165, 2 4 3 1 , 2533, 2544, 2552, 2560, 2567, 2580, 2585, 2 5 9 2 - 2 5 9 3 , 2601, 3 0 1 9 ;

foreign trade in, 1333 ; marketing of, 1039, 1 2 1 5 - 1 2 5 5 ; purchasing of, 2683 R a y , J i m , 3094

Raymond, Daniel, 165 Raymond, Rossiter W., 440, 2810 Raymond, W. L., 1848 Rayon industry, 2578, 2583 international cartel, 3910 trade journals, 2576 Reade, H. L., 4248 Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature, 4837 Ready-to-wear clothing, 2592, 2601. See also Clothing industry ; Garment industry

1147

Real estate, 265, 330, 503, 549, also pp. 629-636 ; agencies, 3037, 3 0 3 9 ;

and fire insurance, 2234; appraisals, 3039; as investment, 945 ; assessments, 3039; associations, 3013 ; banks, 703 ; b o a r d s , 3 0 1 3 , 3038, 3 0 4 1 - 3 0 4 4 ; b o o m s , 3 0 1 5 , 3 0 2 5 - 3 0 2 8 , 3036, 3 5 8 1 ;

brokerage practice, 3037, 3039; capital, source of, 3015, 3027; capitalists, 3027 ; c o m p a n i e s , 946-949, 3 0 1 9 , 3 0 2 7 ;

credit instruments, 671, 1 5 1 5 ; d e v e l o p m e n t , 3027, 3033, 3040;

economic aspects, 3021, 3033, 3039; encyclopedias, 4080; ethics, 3040; e x c h a n g e s , 3038, 3 0 4 5 ;

failures, 3028; federal investigation, 3048; finance, 436, 502, 6 7 1 , 3 0 1 3 , 3027, 3032, 3037, 3039-3040, 3 0 4 6 - 3 0 4 8 ;

handbook, 3039; income from, 402 ; insurance, 3039; land jobbers, 3027; landholders, 3025; leases, 3039; legal aspects, 3037, 3039-3041 i l e g i s l a t i o n , 3020, 3 0 2 7 ;

liens, 3020;

m a n a g e m e n t , 3 0 1 1 , 3037, 3 0 4 4 ;

manuals, 2010;

marketing, 3013-3014, 3039-3040; m e n , 5 0 1 - 5 0 3 , 945, 3 0 1 3 , 3019, 3 0 2 1 , 3025;

organization, 3040; ownership, 3032 ; planning, 3013, 3040;

prices, 3 0 1 9 , 3022, 3 0 2 4 - 3 0 2 5 , 3 0 3 0 ;

profiteers, 3036; promotion, 503, 3013 ; relation to construction, 3034, 3039; social aspects, 3021, 3033; specialization, 3013, 3040; speculation, 3013, 3016, 3027-3028; taxation, effect on price, 3022, 3033, 3037-3040;

trade journals, 3042-3045; transfer, 3037 ; trusts, 3818 ;

1148

INDEX

unfair practices, 3015, 3036;

social, 107, 129

u r b a n , 3 0 1 5 , 3023, 3025, 3 0 3 5 ; values, 3022, 3024, 3033, 3 0 3 9 ; values, t r e n d s in, 3024, 3029.

R e f r i g e r a t i o n , 2350, 2605, 3550.

See also Building and loan associations ; Colonization; Land; Mortgages; Public lands Real Estate Bank of Arkansas, 703 Realtors, p h o t o g r a p h s o f , 4800 R e b a t e s , 3438, 3872

Receiving department, d u t i e s , 2633 R e c e i v e r s h i p s , 3362, 3366, 3676, 4 1 4 3 , 4 1 5 5 - 4 1 5 7 ; law of, 4149.

3386,

3431,

See also Bankruptcy; Business failures Reciprocity, 518 R e c k n a g e l , A. B., 2066

Reclamation projects, 4486 Recombination, with rising prices, 254 Reconstruction, e c o n o m i c , 217, 4 6 5 7 ;

political, 217; systems of, 129 Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 1732 Record-preservation, see Business records R e c r e a t i o n i n d u s t r y , 195, 504-507, 3 0 4 9 3059, 3066.

See also Motion-picture industry Red River Valley, business promotion, 4827; farming and ranching, 1061 Redfield, William C., 2660 Redford, Arthur, 56 Redlich, Fritz, 133, 282, 331, 3607 Redmond, George F., 597 Redwood, Abraham, 1332 Redwood, Boverton, 2870 Reed, George B., 1699 Reed, Harold Lyle, 1890-18903 Reed, Louis S., 4328 Reed, Prentiss B., 2245 Reed, Simeon G., 521, 3313 Reed & Barton, 857 Reference books, g u i d e t o , 4800.

See also Bibliographies; Business libraries; Business literature; Business periodicals; Dictionaries; Encyclopedias; Reform, municipal, 3937;

See also Cold storage; Ice industry Regal Shoe Co., 3879 Regier, C. C., 189 Regional aspects, in industry, 1134 Regional history, 4793, also pp. 10151019. See also specific

localities

Reid, James D., 1106 Reis defense, 1125 Reiter, Prosper, Jr., 3685 Reizenstein, Milton, 993 Relief, and New Deal, 222 Religion, a n d business, 17, 24, 30, 33, 49, 84-91, 99, 1 0 3 - 1 0 4 , 260, 3578, 3582, 3594, 4126, also p p . 55—57 ;

of business leaders, 379, 414 Religious literature, as advertising medium, 1425 Remington, Eliphalet, 905 Remington Arms Co., 469, 905 Remington Arms-Union Metallic Cartridge Co., 905 Remington (E.) & Sons, 2499 Renninger, Warren D., 1140 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 4177, 4398 R e n t , 107, 238, 1 1 6 5 , 2140, 3 0 3 6 ;

price control, 1470 Reorganization, 411, 541, 560, 893, 3495» 3661, 3674, 3676, 3831, 4142, 4 I 5 I > 415S Research, see Business research Reservoirs, 3201 Resources, l u m b e r , 2062, 2064, 2084 R e s p o n d e n t i a , 2255

2068-2069,

2073,

Restaurants, Fred Harvey chain, 987 ; purchasing methods, 3696 Retail stores, consumers', 1292. See also Consumer cooperatives; Department stores ; General stores Retailing, 1185,

254, 275, 278-279, 738-756, 1 2 1 2 , 1247, 1 2 5 1 , 1 2 5 6 - 1 3 1 9 ,

1497; a c c o u n t i n g , 1 2 9 1 - 1 2 9 2 , 1298, 1 3 1 4 ; administration, 374-376, 1256-1270;

advertising, 1282, 1291, 1314;

INDEX bibliography, 1291; competition, regulation of, 1296; control, 1291-1292 ; correlation with production, 1288; credit information, sources of, 1446 ; credit management, 1264, 1273; credit policy, 1264, 1266, 1283; display, 1301 ; economic aspects, 1288, 1292; encyclopedia, 13 75 ; ethics, 1296; evolution, 1268-1269; executives, salaries of, 4683 ; finance, 1282, 1298; government aid, 1298; layout, 1283; location, 1283, 1292; management, 278, 374-376, 1283; manuals, 1297; market organization, 1264; men engaged in, 374-381, 1291-1292; methods, 1259, 1264, 1288, 1292; one-price system, 1264; operating expense, 1288, 1290; orders, filling of, 1282; personnel, 1283, 1292, 1314; personnel, management of, 1283; personnel, training of, 1292; policy, 278, 1265; price policy, 1264, 1283, 1292, 1298; purchasing, 1274, 1283-1284, 1291, 1314; returned-goods policy, 1283; sales promotion, 12 91; social aspects, 1288; statistics, 1458; stock policy, 1283; store operation, 1292; terms of sale, 1278, 1299; trade associations, 1268; trends, 1292; unfair practices, 1296; wage-incentive systems, 3719; working hours, 1264. See also Merchandising; specific commodities, trades, and industries Reuter's news agency, 2823-2824, 2830 Revere, Paul, 856, 2715 Revere Copper Co., 856 Revolutionary era, business organization, 338, 606-607 I foreign trade, 338 ; investments, 338.

1149

See also Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early Constitutional America Revolutionary War, financing of, 327, 335 Revolvers, 884. See also Firearms industry Revzan, David Α., 1219 Reyer, Carl D., 3649 Reynolds, George G., 3423 Reynolds, Lloyd G., 4329 Reynolds, R. V., 2082 Reynolds, (R. J.) Tobacco Co., 2373 Rezneck, Samuel, 2330, 4536-4536^ Rhoades, E. L., 1203 Rhode Island, 586; business directory, 4069; companies, 586 ; directors, list of, 4078; foreign trade, 1332 ; Historical Society, 285; Jewish business men in, 610; manufacturers, $86; rural economy in, 285. See also Providence, R. I. Rhodes, J. Ε., II, 4355 Rhodes, James F., 2462a Ribble, F. D. G., 1469 Rice, E. W., Jr., 820 Rice, Stuart Α., 1126 Rice, Wallace, 1640, 2980 Rice, William E., 842 Rice & Hutchins, Inc., 909 Rich, Wesley Everett, 4450 Richards, Charles R., 2716, 4186, 4198, 4720 Richards, George, 2300 Richards, Joseph W., 2510 Richards, William E., 4419 Richardson, A. P., 3990 Richardson, W. H., Jr., 2484 Richardson, William Adams, 4479 Richmond, Va., Federal Reserve Bank of, 1878 Richter, F. Ernest, 1253, 2804, 3314 Rickaby, Joseph, 89 Rickard, Τ . Α., 2756, 2803 Ricketts, Alfred Herbert, 2757 Riddle, N. Gilbert, 1827 Rideal, Charles F., 818 Riefler, Winfield W., 1580 Riegel, Robert, 1813, 2225, 2246 Riegel, Robert Edgar, 3315 Ries, Heinrich, 2515 Riesser, Jacob, 1672

1150

INDEX

Riley, Elmer Α., 2713 Rings, Joachim, 2828 Ringwalt, J. Luther, 2074, 2911 Ripley, Charles M., 824-825 Ripley, William Z., 3362-3364, 3424> 3664, 3869, 4480 Rippy, J. Fred, 1344-1345 Risks, 3606, 3691, 4666-4667, also pp. 867-870 Rist, Charles, 94 Ritter, Abraham, 615 Ritter, Alfred H., 3192, 3200 River traffic, 3152-3206; banking, 3178; biographies, 3161; costs, 315, 3180, 3183; ferries, 3178; legislation, 3180; lines, 3178; market analysis, 3183 ; men, 3161, 3165; methods, 3178; rates, 3156; routes, 3178, 3180; vessels, 3165; wages, 3156; warehousing, public, 3178. See also Inland water transportation; specific

rivers

and

lakes

Rivera, Jacob R., 610 Roads, 3069, 3074, 3113; administration, 3126, 3131; appropriations for, 3125; bibliography, 3118; construction, 293, 1145, 1148, 1154, " 5 7 . 3117-3118, 3124, 3129, 3131, 313S; construction, cost of, 3121, 3129-3132; convict labor, 3125; country, 1148; development, 3135; economic aspects, 1148, 3121, 3129, 313S, 3146; federal aid and regulation, 3115-3116, 3130; federal legislation, 3124-3125, 31323i33> 3146; financing, 3125, 3135; graded, 3116; improvement, 3119, 3124-3125, 3127, 3130-3131; legislation, 3132, 3135, 3146; location, 1148, 1157; maintenance, 1148, 3118, 3135;

mileage, 3125, 3130; plank, 3116, 3121; policy, 3126; State highways, 3133; State legislation, 3125, 3127, 3146; statistics, 3121; toll rates, 3135; types, 1157, 3121, 3125; urban, 1148, 1162; wagon, 3128-3129. See also Highway transportation Roach, John, 601 Robb, Russell, 3642 Robbins, Chandler, 406 Robbins, James J., 3837 Robbins, L., 117 Robbins, Roy M., 3026 Robbins & Lawrence, 2498 Robert, Joseph Clarke, 1224, 2377 Roberts, Christopher, i o n , 3174 Roberts, George B., 1000 Roberts, Glyn, 482 Roberts, Isaac Phillips, 1088 Roberts, Lewes, 1381 Roberts, Marshall O., 601 Roberts, Peter, 2782 Roberts, Warren H., 2758 Roberts, William C., 4330 Roberts, William Milnor, 1000, 3201 Robertson, D. H., 4595-4595a Robertson, Η. M., 17 Robinson, Alexander C., 1828 Robinson, Edward L., 1804 Robinson, Gusta vus H., 2949 Robinson, Henry M., 582, 4125 Robinson, J. William, 4758 Robinson, Leland Rex, 1862 Robinson, Louis N., 1776 Robinson, Maurice H., 833 Robinson, Webster, 3643 Robotka, Frank, 1230 Rochester, Anna, 616 Rochester, N. Y., industrial development, 2710 Rochester Capital Corp., 1861 Rockefeller, John D., 2787, 2857, 3588; biography of, 478-479, 484, 577, 47951 business philosophy of, 483 ; philanthropies of, 478 Rockefeller, William, 564 Rockefeller family, 616, 3867 Rockwell Co-operative Society, 758 Rockwood, Charles G., 660 Rocky Mountain Fur Co., 2119

INDEX Rocky Mountains, sugar industry, 2368 Rodbertus, Johann Karl, 4596 Rodkey, Robert Gordon, i960 Roe, Joseph Wickham, 2498 Roeblings, the, 367-368 Roethlisberger, F. J., 3774-3775 Rogers, H. H., 403 Rogers, James E. Thorold, 74, 4680 Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works,

,8?I Rogin, Leo, 220, 1069 Rohan, Jack, 473 Roll, Erich, 105, 629 Rollins, Montgomery, 1597 Rott, Richard, 1382 Roman, Frederick W., 4199 Rome, economic history of, 45 Rome, Watertown & Ogdensburgh R.R., 984 Roofing materials, manufacture of, by States, 2515 Roorbach, George B., 1346, 1361 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 208, 213, 220, 222, 2970 Root, Elihu, 540 Root, Frank Α., 4451 Root, L. F., 262 Roper, Daniel C., 4452 Ropes, John Codman, 3600 Rose, Dwight C., 1961 Rose Polytechnic Institute, 4178 Rosebush, Judson G., 4126 Rosenberg, Hans, 4537 Rosengarten, William, 4249 Rosenthal, Henry S., 1814 Rosenwald, Julius, 380 Rose-Troup, Frances, 303, 949 Rosewater, Victor, 2829 Ross, Adam Α., 3991 Ross, Earle Dudley, 1071 Ross, Major Ogden J., 3175 Ross, Malcolm, 4009 Rossi, Diana I. Powers, 2006, 3776 Rossi, William H., 3776 Rostovtzeff, Mikhail Ivanovich, 47 Rothschild, Mayer, 4792 Rothschild, Nathan Meyer, 297 Rothschild family, 620 Rottschaefer, Henry, 1470 Routes, see Canals; Inland water transportation ; Railroads ; Stagecoaches ; Trade routes

1151

Routledge, Robert, 4399 Rowe, Kenneth Wyer, 167 Rowe, William Hutchinson, I i 4 i - i i 4 i a Rowell, George Presbury, 373, 1434 Rowland, Buford, 1347 Rowland, William L., 2411 Rowntree, B. Seebohm, 3777 Royal Dutch Shell Co., 2851 Royal N a v y , timber problem, 2070 Royston, James, 4174 Rubber industry, 466, 1030, 2324, 25332536; administrators, 885 ; business cycles, 883 ; companies, 883, 897, 2535; consumption, 2534, 2536; development, 1027; employee training, 2694; executives, 883 ; finance, 883, 885, 2535; foreign trade, 883, 897; government aid, 2536; inventions, 2533, 4400; management, 883 ; marketing, 883, 2534; men, 464, 466 ; methods, 2533, 2535; organization, 883, 897, 2535; personnel, 883, 2535; pioneers, 464, 466 ; plantations, 883 ; policy, 883, 885; prices, 2534; production statistics, 2534, 2536; products, 883, 2553; raw materials, 2533; trade publications, 2535; trusts, 3887 Rubber shoe industry, 2480, 2484 Rufener, Louis Α., 1754 Ruggles, C. O., 2971, 4433 Ruggles, Frank Α., 2805 Rugs, 383. See also Carpet industry Rush, Benjamin, 2274 Russell, John E., 3199 Russell & Co., 385 Russia, economic development, 34; economic history, 66; patent legislation, 4425; political history, 34; railroad construction, 365, 371 ;

1152

INDEX

social policy, 3 4 ; S o v i e t commercial organization, 128; t r a d e w i t h , 1336. See also Siberia R u t t e n b e r g , H a r o l d J., 3745 R u t t e r , F r a n k R., 1348 R y a n , F r a n k l i n W . , 1918 R y a n , J o h n Α., 90, 4374 R y a n , J o h n D., 582 R y a n , T . F., 54°. 1017 R y d e r , A m b r o s e , 2283 R y n e r , Ira, 4538

See also Retailing ; Wholesaling ; specific trades and industries Sales management, 1180, 1197, 1202, 1207, 1213, 1275, 1450, also pp. 278-282; organization, 1 1 9 4 ; policy, 1 1 9 4 ; research, 1213.

Sabine, L o r e n z o , 2046 S a c o - L o w e l l Shops, 844 Sadd, Victor, 4145 Safe-deposit companies, 1734 Safety, 3778; p r o m o t i o n of, 4377, 4380 Sage, Russell, 4798 Sailers, E a r l Α., 3665 Sailing vessels, 369, 1143, 3219, 3235, 3238. See also Foreign t r a d e ; Ocean transport a t i o n ; P a c k e t lines St. L a w r e n c e W a t e r w a y project, 3192, 3203 St. Louis, M o . , 317, 322-323, 386, 414, 456, 529, 1242; business directory, 4070; clearing house, 1665; f u r trade, 2120; i n d u s t r y , 4823 ; population, 3503; professions, 4823 ; public utilities, franchises, 2956; trade, 4823 Saint M a r y s Falls Canal, 3172 St. P a u l , M i n n . , as m e t r o p o l i t a n market, 1499; business failures in, 4143. See also T w i n Cities Sakolski, A . M . , 3027 Salaries, 4683-4687. See also Business executives ; specific dustries and trades Salem, Mass., b o o k trade, 2913 ; foreign trade, 328; merchants, 318, 328 Sales, financing, 1777-1782; forecasting, 3629; statistics, 3996.

in-

See also L i f e insurance companies, sales m a n a g e m e n t ; specific trades and industries Sales manager, 1180 Sales manuals, 1190, 1202, 2131, 2160, 2168, 2181, 2247, 2250 Sales methods, 273; auctions, 393 ; consumers' goods, 1277 Sales organization, pp. 278-282; branches, 1195, 1206 Sales policy, 748-749, 1187, 2630 Sales tax, bibliography, 4472 Salesmanship, aggressive, 24; self-training in, 4243 Salesmen, traveling, 1 2 1 3 ; associations, 3 9 s ; qualifications, 1180; training, 414, 782, 1190, 1275, 1852 Saley, M e t L a w s o n , 2101 Salin, E d g a r , 4127 Salomon, H a y m , 4772 Salt industry, trade associations, 3950 Salz, A r t h u r , 4262 Salzman, L . F., 1x73 Sammis, L . Walter, 1829 Sampson, H e n r y , 1435 San Francisco, Calif., express companies, 954-957 ; Federal Reserve B a n k of, 1 9 1 6 ; foreign trade, 357, 1 3 5 5 ; garment industry, 2426 ; industrial relations, 3728; shipbuilding, 728; stagecoaches, 539; S t o c k Exchange, 1638; street railways, 3494-3495 Sanborn, Frederic R o c k w e l l , 3241 Sanford, Albert H., 1070 Sanford, Peleg, 332 Sanitary engineering, trade publications, 1 1 5 5 Santa F é trade, 382, 962, 2 1 1 4 - 2 1 1 S

1849,

INDEX Sargent, A. J., 134 Sargent, George Η., 754 Sargent, Noel, 3888 Sassetti, Francesco, 298 Satterlee, Herbert L., 562 Sault Ste. Marie Canal, 477, 3203 Saunders, W. L., 3511 Savage, Nathaniel Littleton, 308 Sa vary Des Β rusions, Jacques, 1383 Savelle, Max, 333 Savings and consumption, balance between, 1548 Savings Bank Association of State of New York, 1806 Savings banks, 690-696, 1577, 1677, 1682, 1690, 1698, 1703, 1724, 1734, 17981807, 1818, 1976; administration, 690, 692, 695-696; assets, 696 ; associations, 1985; bibliography, 1804; charters, 694 ; competition, 1798; deposits, 169, 691, 693, 696, 1800; dividends, 694, 1798; employees, duties of, 692, 1724; encyclopedia, 1980; establishment, 690, 693, 695, 1798; interest rates, 691 ; investments, 693-694, 696, 1724, 1798, 1800, 1806, 1954, 2014; legislation, 1800-1801 ; management, 690, 693, 1802 ; mutual, 1805; officers, biographies of, 690-692, 696; organization, 696; policy, 693, 695; regulation, 694, 1801 ; State regulation, 696, 1806, 1919; statistics, 690, 1800-1801; surplus, 692 ; trade journals, 1997. See also Life insurance, savings-bank Savings process, analysis of, 1548 Saws, 2493 Sawyer, Frederic W., 1485 Say, Jean-Baptiste, 118 Schabacker, R. W., 1598 Schacter, Harry W., 1295 Schäfer, Joseph, 2821 Schäfer Bros., 1013a Schaffer, J o h n Godfrey, 954 Schechter, Frank I., 1493

1153

Schechter case, 231 Schell, Erwin Haskell, 365» Schempp, Edwin K., 1204 Schenectady, Ν . Y., 820-821 Schermerhorn, Peter, 612, 3025 Schieffelin & Co., 736 Schiff, Jacob H., 540; biographies of, 55°. 581; philanthropies of, 550 Schilling, August, 4792 Schlatter, Hugo, 2416 Schlesinger, Arthur M., 142, 155, 221 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 190 Schlomann, Α., 2740 Schlüter, Hermann, 2384 Schmeckebier, Laurence F., 1393, 1459, 4101, 4440, 4464, 4745 Schmidt, Louis Bernard, 1071 Schmoller, Gustav, 18-19, 83, also pp. 1113 Schnackel, H. G., 3 7 " Schneider, Eugene, 2406 Schneider, Herman, 4181 Schneider, Theodore I., 2429 Schnittkind, Ljubow, 4668 School attendance, census of, 203 Schools, census of, 203. See also Business education; Company and association schools; Correspondence schools Schoonmaker, J . M., 513 Schotter, H . W., 994 Schreiner, Charles, 274 Schroeder, Henry, 2440 Schuckers, J. W., 4539 Schulte, Anthony, 3886 Schulz, Christian, 284 Schulze, J . William, 3712 Schulze-Delitzsch, H., 1817 Schumacher, Hermann, 2706 Schumpeter, Joseph Α., 3608, 4597 Schupner, W. W., 2102 Schurr, Sam Η., 2752 Schuyler, Hamilton, 367 Schuyler, Philip Ν., 1022 Schwab, Charles M., 438, 577» 3588 Schwab, Emil, 795 Schwab, J o h n Christopher, 4465 Schwartz, Carl Herbert, 1794 Schwarzschild & Sulzberger Co., 2356 Sciences, encyclopedia of, 4892. 4894, 4896;

1154

INDEX

training in, 4177. See also Social science Scientific education, 4177-4182. See also Technical education Scientific management, 2623-2634, 2646267s, 3601; a p p l i c a t i o n , 2643, 4 2 4 7 ;

bibliography, 2614-2618; cost-keeping, 2622; effect on workers, 2643 ί employment, stabilization of, 2649; evolution, 2627-2628; functions, 2658; handbooks, 2624 ; laws,

2628, 2643 ;

leaders, 2634; literature of, 2664; methods, 2622 ; motion studies, 2643 ; operations, stabilization of, 2649 ; place in industry, 2643; plans, 2622 ; plant organization, 2658; record-keeping, 2622 ; time-keeping, 2622 ; time studies, 2643, 2648; training, 2622. See also Factory management; Industrial management; Taylor system Scioto Co., 342, 1015 Scioto land scheme, 1015 Scotland, accident insurance, 2154; joint-stock companies, 3838; life insurance, 2154 Scott, Austin Wakeman, 1962 Scott, Frances V., 4091 Scott, Henry W., 236 Scott, James Brown, 563 Scott, R., 2560 Scott, Thomas Α., iooo Scott, Walter Dill, 3778 Scott, William Α., io6 Scott, William Robert, 3838 Scovili, H. T., 1089 Scovili Manufacturing

Co., 1179, 2498,

2693

Scoville, John, 3888 Scoville, Joseph Α., 598 Scoville, Warren C., 2516 Scripps, E. W., 491 Scroggs, William O., 1678, 1700 Scudder, Horace E., 498 Scudder, M . L., Jr., 4615

Scudder, Stevens & Clark, 1961 ' Seuil, William S., 384 Scully, C. Alison, 2195 S e a c a p t a i n s , 6 1 4 , 3238, 4 7 6 8

Seabury, Samuel, 2950 Seabury, William M., 3056 Seager, Henry R., 3870 Seaman, Ezra C., 4540 Seamen, manuals for, 3253; protection of, 3249; welfare of, 3246 Seaports, North Atlantic, 3545 Searight, Thomas B., 3148 Sears, John H., 1830, 3666 Sears, William Paul, 4200 Sears, Roebuck & Co., 380; profit-sharing, 3717 Seasonal fluctuations, 1133-1134, 2418-2419,

2428,

2434,

2467,

1163, 3549,

3558, 4323. 4568, 4678, also pp. 964965 Second Bank of the United States, 190, 3 1 1 , 406, 639, 7 0 4 - 7 0 5 , 7 0 7 - 7 0 9 , 712;

711-

administration, 254, 1871 ; branches, 698, 707; government control, 707; policies, 1871 Second National School for Commercial Secretaries, 3935 Secondary schools, business courses in, 4159, 4161, 4163, 4183,

4194-4196,

4202,

4253 Secor, Joshua, 3202 Secrist, Horace, 1924, 4000 Secular trends, 4598-4601,

4212,

4215,

4606-4607,

4611.

See also Business cycles; Business fluctuations Securities, 2017, 3670; analysis of, 1841, 1944; dealers, directory of, 1975-1983 ; European, American investors in, 1966; foreign-government, manual of, 20112012 ;

government regulation, 208, 1591, 16301 6 3 1 , 1 6 3 4 , 1839, 1 8 6 6 - 1 8 6 8 , 4440, a l s o p p . 3 6 9 - 3 7 2 ;

190S,

international arbitrage, 1594, 1600; joint-account purchase and sale, 1837; listing, 1594, 1846;

INDEX marketing of, 1592-1661, 1848, 1854, 3674, 3681; prices, 1946, 2021; speculation, 1591, 1964; transfer, 1846; types, 1948; underwriters, 1975, 1982. See also Bonds; Stock Securities and Exchange Commission, 1634, 1839, 1866-1868, 4440 Securities Corporation General, .1865 Securities Exchange Act, 1591, 1661 Security markets, government control, 1599 Security syndicates, 1837 Sedentary merchants, 9, 254, 272, 275276, 282-283, 285, 307, 313, 316, 3291 524-525. 799. also pp. 22-23; agents of, 315, also pp. 735, 840-841; banking activities of, 309, 330, 676; medieval, 298; records of, pp. 22-23. See also Mercantile capitalists Sée, Henri, 20, 67 Seeley, J. R., 57~S7a Seiberling, C. W., 883 Seiberling, F. Α., 883 Seidman, Harold, 4331 Seitz, D o n C., 499 Seixas, Moses, 610 Seiden, George Charles, 1963, 4606 Selekman, Benjamin M . , 4356 Selekman, Sylvia K., 4356 Self-help literature, pp. 889-895 Seligman, E d w i n R. Α., 2i, 1781, 44664467. 4541 Seligman, Jesse, 4772 Sellers, Leila, 1502 Sellers, William, 2498 Selling, unfair practices in, 1296, 4 1 1 5 Selling agents, 389 Sells, Elijah Watt, 3992 Seltzer, Lawrence H., 2399 Semmes, J o h n E., 527 Semple, Ellen Churchill, 248 Seneca Oil Co., 2842 Service industries, 536, 1027, 1038, 3066, 4866. See also Hotel industry Setre, Kenneth T., 1146 Settlement, promotion of, by European management, 501. See also Colonization

1155

Severance, Frank H., 3927a Sex, census statistics of, 203 Seybert, Adam, 1037 Seybolt, Robert Francis, 4168, 4 i 7 5 - 4 i 7 5 a Seymour ( W . N . ) & Co., 1186 Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, 3131, 3839 Sharfman, I. Leo, 2951, 3425 Sharp, Walter Rice, 41 Shaw, Albert, 191, 4128 Shaw, Alfred E., 2959 Shaw, Arch Wilkinson, 1205, 3627 Shaw, Henry, 317 Shaw, J. T., 1225 Shawmut Association, 1861 Sheep-raising, 1047, 1075, 1080, 10921093, 1095. See also W o o l industry Sheet metal, retailing of, 1302 Sheffield, Joseph E., 514 Sheffield Scientific School, 514 Sheldon, A s a G., 293 Sheldon, James, 1701 Sheldon, Oliver, 3628, 3634 Shell C o m p a n y of California, 2859 Shell-Union Oil Co., 503 Shelp, Blanche Baird, 3713 Shepard, Levi, 611 Shepherd, William R., 4903 Sherman, Franklin J., 1805 Sherman, Sidney Α., 1436 Sherman, Wells Α., 1254 Sherman Antitrust Act, 3280, 3285, 3420, 3881, 3885, 3887, 3890-3891, 3896, 3952, 4337 Sherrington, C. E , R., 3365 Shibley, Fred W., 3629 Ship chandlers, 282 Shipbuilding, 363, 369, 537, 725, " 2 8 1129, 1131, 1135, 1138, 1 1 4 0 - 1 1 4 1 . i i 4 3 - i i 4 4 a , 3229, 3245, 3268; bibliography, 3208; bounties, 1140; companies, 1138, 1 1 4 3 ; development, 1026; economic aspects, 3229; government aid, 1140; mail subsidies, 1140; men in, 363, 369, 727, 1128; organization, 727; partnerships, 1138; production, volume of, 727, 1140, 1143. 1144a;

1156

INDEX

registry policy, 1140; tariff concessions, 1140; timber, 1143; wooden ships, 1138 Shipmasters, 609 Shipowners, 4 Shipping, 546, 2267-2269; accidents, 3211; bibliography, 3208; biographies, 533~537; brokerage, 2268; competition, foreign, 533, 3261 ; decline, 1002, 3215 ; development, 3249, 3261; documentation, 2258, 3255; expense, 3271; government aid and control, 3255-3257, 3259, 3268, 3272, 3274, 3276-3281, 3283-3284; legislation, 2270, 3213, 3215; lines, 1002-1006 ; officers, 3 2 h ; operation, 3268; passenger traffic, 3211 ; profits, 3271-3272; rates, 3255, 3268, 3280; registers, 2267; registry, 3213; safety measures, 3213; ships, 3214; subsidies, 3215, 3272; textbooks, 2261 ; tonnage, 3213, 3271, 3286; traffic organization, 3255; trusts, government investigation of, 3277-3280, 3285; war, effect of, 3210, 3213; world, manual of, 3223, 3288. See also Foreign trade; Inland water transportation ; Ocean transportation ; Steamships Shipping Act, 3284 Shipping department, duties of, 2633 Shipping lines, 1355, 3211, 3214, 3279 Ships, builders, 727, 1131, 1141, 1144a. See also Shipbuilding Shiskin, Julius, 2322 Shively, H. H., 1296 Shlakman, Vera, 2714 Shoddy, trade in, 24 Shoe industry, 2318, 2328, 2474-2488;

accounting, 2481 ; apprentices, 2478; chain stores, 1272; competition, 2486; costing, 2487; earnings, 2474; factory management, 415; factory organization, 2487; finance, 2478; integration, 3879; labor costs, 2486 ; labor management, 415; labor organizations, 2476, 2483: labor policy, 415; location, theory of, 2479, 2486; marketing, foreign, 2475; marketing policy, 415; markets and marketing, 2475, 2481 ;

2478,

men, 414-415. 2475> 2478; operations, 2474, 2478, 248t ; organization, stages in, 2478. 2483 ; policies, 909; production, 2481 ; trade associations, 2481 ; trade journals, 1304, 2485; waste elimination, 2630 Shoe machinery, 854, 2480 Shoe trade, retail, operating expenses, 1285; trade journals, 1304 Shoemakers, 263 Sholes, Christopher Latham, 2499 Shop committees, relations with trade unions, 2690 Shop management, 2662, 3749; work schedules, 3749. See also Factory management; Industrial management Shopping goods, merchandising of, 1277 Short selling, 1594-1595; government regulation of, 1595, 1845 Shoup, Paul, 582 Shovels, manufacture of, 471 Shreve, Henry Miller, 538 Shurick, A. T., 2783 Shurtleff, Nathaniel B., 630 Shutdowns, 4295 Siberia, trade with, 1336 Sieveking, Heinrich, 22, 630a Silberling, Norman J., 4572

INDEX Silk Association of America, 2579, 2584, 2586-2587 Silk industry, 877, 2540, 2573-2587; accounting, 2580; companies, 2579, 2582, 2586; culture, 2577, 2579, 2586; development, 2575, 2581, 2585; directory of manufacturers and dealers, 2579; dyers, by States, 2587; employment, regularity of, 2582 ; exhibitions, 2579; exports, 2585-2586; imports and importers, 2584-2587 ; labor, 2582, 2585; labor unions, 2582; machinery, 877, 2586; manufacturers, 2579, 2584, 2586; manufacturers, by States, 2587; marketing, 2580, 2584, 2587; mergers, 2582 ; organization, 2585; personnel management, 2695 ; prices, 2585; processes, 2575, 2581 ; production, cost of, 2580, 2585; production, methods of, 2585, 2587; production, volume of, 2582; products, 877, 2580, 2585-2586; profits, 2582 ; raw materials, 2560, 2580, 2585; raw materials, importation of, 2584; strikes, 2582; tariff, 2585; trade associations, 2584, 2587; trade journals, 2576-2577; wages, 2582, 2585 Silver Act, attempt to repeal, 4539 Silver question, 1516 Silver-mining industry, 918, 920, 2754, 2813; capitalization, 2810; consumption, 2807 ; legislation, 2810; location, 2810-2812, 2817; production, 2810, 2817; transportation, 2810 Silversmiths, 259, 2492, 2715 Silverware manufacturers, owner-administrators, 857 Simmons, Edward C., 1181 Simmons Hardware Co., 394, 733 Simonds, William Adams, 410

1157

Simonis, H., 2830 Simons, A. M., 156 Simpson, Col. James H., 3128 Sinclair, Harry F., 2844 Sinclair, Upton, 4861 Sinsabaugh, Christopher George, 2400 Sitterson, J. Carlyle, 638 Skelly, W. G., 2844 Skyscrapers, 1142 Slater Mills, 880 Slater, Samuel, 254, 455, 459, 461, 880, 4392

Slave labor, 201, 338, 635-638, 1042, 1057, 1066-1067, 2448, 4289, 4296, 4632 Slaveholding, economic cost of, 1066 Slaves, trade in, 269, 1129, 1334, 3245 Slichter, Sumner H., 2697, 3779-3780, 4542

Sloan, Alfred P., Jr., 411, 579 Sloan, Laurence H., 1964, 4675-4676 Slough, Carl, 2196 Small, Frederic L., 2487 Small business, bibliography, 3878; protection of, 212. See also Petty capitalism ; Petty capitalists Small-loan agencies, 1768. See also Credit unions; Pawnbroking Smalley, Eugene V., 995 Smelting, see specific industries Smiles, Samuel, 4250 Smith, Adam, 92, 119, also p. 8; predecessors of, 100, 103 Smith, Alice E., 4708 Smith, Arthur Α., 1718 Smith, Arthur D. H., 334, 528 Smith, Charles C., 460 Smith, Charles W., 4709 Smith, E. Vale, 4828 Smith, Edgar Lawrence, 1965 Smith, Edwin S., 3781 Smith, Elliott Dunlap, 2696, 3782 Smith, Florence P., 4357 Smith, Franklin W., 4543 Smith, Frederic L., 2401 Smith, George, 1685 Smith, Grant H., 2811 Smith, Harry Edwin, 4468 Smith, Harry J., Jr., 3242 Smith, Howard Irving, 1974 Smith, Hubert L., 3620

1158

INDEX

Smith, James G., 1831, 4163 Smith, Joseph Russell, 249, 2463, 32433244 Smith, Junius, 535 Smith, Matthew Hale, 599, 1632 Smith, Neil Skene, 13s Smith, Nelson Lee, 2952 Smith, Thomas Russell, 2561 Smith, Walter Buckingham, 4573 Smith, Walter E., 4544 Smith, William Prescott, 3383 Smitley, Robert L., 1849-1850 Smyth, G. Hutchinson, 536 Smythe, Dallas W., 3495 Smythe, Sir Thomas, 254, 297, 304 Snavely, Joseph Richard, 427 Snedeker, G. B., 1347 Snell, Daniel W., 2562 Snider, Joseph L., 1769 Snow, Samuel, 263 Snyder, Blake, 3039 Snyder, Carl, 209 Soap industry, foreign trade, 908 Social agencies, directory of, 4039 Social aspects, 214, 461, 1015, 3637, 3660, 371°, 3799, 3893» 4217, 4240. See also specific industries and trades Social conditions, 146, 203 Social-economic movements, 129. See also Communism; Cooperation; Reform ; Socialism ; Utopianism Social engineering, 3573, 4126 Social history, 107, 194, 221, 296; doctoral dissertations, list of, 47634767 Social philosophy, 105, 107-110, 115-117, 121, 127, 180, 182, 192-193, 4127 Social reform, 107, 192 Social science, encyclopedia of, 4897 periodical literature, guide to, 4873; research in, bibliography of, 4877, 4880, 4897 Social Science Research Council, 4702 Social security, 1038 Social Security Act, bibliography, 2279 Social theory, periodicals, 4841-4845 Social thought, 98, 101, 106, 183, 205, 209-210, 3597

Socialism, 86, 129, 179, 219, 3599, 3613, 4497, also pp. 9-11. See also Marxianism; Naziism Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures, 342, 1015 Society of American Foresters, 2060 Society of Automotive Engineers, 24082408a Society of Industrial Engineers, 2618, 2 739-2 7393 Society of [Master] Housewrights, 1161 Solow, Herbert, 4210 Sombart, Werner, 23-26, 4638, also pp. 14-1S Sonnichsen, Albert, 1323 Soothill, Jay Henry, 1359 Soule, George, 2419, 4500 South, the, agriculture, history of, 152, 1033, 1057; antebellum, credit rating, 1438; business biographies, 4800; business directory, 4053 ; cooperative associations, 3921; cotton textile industry, 2546, 2554-2555, 2564, 2568; cotton, trade in, 1226, 2537; cotton, warehousing of, 3553 ; country banking, 1761 ; economic history, 152 ; electric power production, 424 ; finance, history of, 152; furniture industry, 2607; general stores, 1262; income statistics, 4648; industrial development, 1033 ; investment banking, 687 ; iron industry, 2451 ; itinerant merchandising, 1258; labor conditions, 4281, 4289; labor, free, 1033 ; labor, slave, 1033, 1042, 1057, 1067; land, history of, 152 ; lumber industry, 2112; manufacturing, 1033 ; petty capitalists, 4800; photographs of business men, 4800; population, 152; production statistics, by cities, 1033 ; production statistics, by States, 1033 ; railroads, State regulation of, 3399 ; State taxes, 4463 ; textile mills, 3744; tobacco industry, 424; wages, 4648;

INDEX water power, 424; wealth, distribution of, 4648. See also Plantations ; specific localities South Africa, trade with, 1406 ; traveling merchants in, 544 South America, importation of treasure from, 72 ; railroads, 545, 1022a, 3468, 3470; trade with, 385, 430, 545, 732, 977, 1348, 1364, 1406, 2475; U.S. Census publications on, 4761 South Carolina, banking legislation, 1683 ; cotton textile industry, 458, 2552 ; industrial capitalists, 458; plantation management, 636. See also Charleston, S. C. South Carolina R.R., 972 South Dakota, banking in, 1917 South Sea Bubble, 3827, 3838, 4776 Southard, Frank Α., Jr., 2331 Southern Express Co., 536, 3109 Southern Pacific R y . Co., 366, 970, 4453 ; timber ownership by, 2106 Southern Railway Co., 3297, 3412 Southwest, the, copper industry, 2806; itinerant traders, 280 ; manufacturing, 2737; petroleum industry, 2839; plantation management, 4289; prairie trade, 280; railroads, 2737. See also specific States Southwest Pacific, trade with, 314 Sower Co., 2910 Spahr, Charles B., 4658 Spain, M a y R., 2717 Spain, banking, 632 ; cartels, 3 911; common law, 227 ; legal literature, bibliography of, 4728; patent legislation, 4425; price revolution, 72 Sparhawk, William N., 2069 Sparkes, Boyden, 405, 407, 411, 434, 564 Sparks, Earl Sylvester, 1795 Sparling, Samuel E., 3644 Speaker, Lawrence M., 1863 Spears, John R., 2047, 3245

1159

Special libraries, pp. 1006-1007 Special Libraries Association, 2007, 2313, 4030, 4035, 4092-4093, 4774; Trade Association Bureau, 3955 Specialization, 618; by industrial capitalists, pp. 1 1 2 - 1 1 4 ; results of, 179; with declining prices, 254, 4601 ; with rising prices, 254 Specialty goods, merchandising of, 1277 Specialty stores, departmentalized, 1285 Specie payment, resumption of, 4524 Speculation, 515, 575, 623, 1217-1218, 1243, 1591-1662, 3597, 3866, 4519, 4540, 4856-4865; economic aspects, 1591; effect on investment flow, 1618; effect on price movements, 1618; evils, 1590, 1593; government regulation, 1242 ; Hughes report, 1621; in federal securities, 342 ; vs. investment, 1940. See also Produce exchanges; Stock exchanges Speculators, 3027 ; advice to, 4016 Speirs, Frederic W., 3496 Spellman, Howard Hilton, 3630 Spencer, Herbert, 136 Spencer, Vivian Eberle, 2759 Spending power, analysis of, 4660. See also Purchasing power Spices, 1214 Spilker, John B., 3040 Spillane, Daniel, 2608 Spon, Edward, 2744 Spooner, Nathaniel, 3246 Sporting goods, 469, 733 Sprague, Jesse Rainsford, 4862-4863 Sprague, O. M . W., 1763, 1925, 4545 Spraragen, William, 4009 Spreckels, Claus, 577 Spring, Agnes, 1072 Springfield, Mass., fire insurance companies, 770, 773 Spurr, Josiah Edward, 2760 Staats, William, 503 Stabler, Walter Brooke, 4129 Stadelman, G. Α., 883

1160

INDEX

Stagecoaches, 291, 370, 539, 549, 3112, 3142, 3148; administration, 539 ; consolidations, 3137; drivers, 3061 ; lines, 3061, 3136-3137, 4448, proprietors, 3136; routes, 3136-3137 Stallkeepers, biographies of, 1261 Stalson, J. Owen, 2145 Standard Envelope Co., 3850 Standard Fruit and Steamship Co., I3S9 Standard of living, 195, 210, 2553,

3060,

4451;

13584293,

4534

Standard Oil Co., 483, 922-923, 927-930, 1017, 1629, 2851, 2855, 2857, 3850; trust, 3860, 3864, 3870 Standard Oil Co. (California), 2859 Standard Oil Co. (N. J.), 924-525, 2329, 2899, 3610; government investigation, 3913 ; industrial relations, 3746; wage-incentive systems, 3772 Standard Oil Co. (Ohio), 926 Standard Statistics, 2017, 4015, 4018 Standardization, 1243, 1247, 1254, 3954, 4455J governmental, 4455, 4458; of codes, 1133 Stanford, T . Leland, biographies of, 509, 601, 750; investment policy, 1941 Stanley steel investigation, 835-837 Stanton, Lewis E., 537 Stanton, Sanford E., 3057 Starnes, George T., 1764 Starr, Harris E., 4794 Starrett, W. Α., 1142 Starrett Brothers, 1142 State, W. C., 883 State Bank of Indiana, 699, 702 State banks, 697-703, 1681, 1684-1686, 1689, 1709, 1716, 1981; expansion, 1673; failures, 1673 ; growth, 1719; legislation, evolution of, 1673-1674, 1681; public relations, 1676 ; supervisors, association of, 1993 State bonds, selling of, 1607.

See also Public finance State commerce, rulings on, 240. See also Interstate Commerce Commission State finance, 4477-4478, 4481 State governments, publications of, 4732-4738, 4747, 4754; purchasing by, 3694, 3699; regulation and control of business by, 214, 639, 696, 923, 939, 1220, 1604, 1650-1654, 1673-1674, 1676, 1684, 1775, 1806, 1917-19x9, 2237, 2291, 2295-2302, 2373, 2425, 2719-2724, 2758, 2769, 2877, 2931, 2935, 2941, 2951, 2557, 2974, 2977, 2999, 3087, 3116-3117, 3124-3125, 3127, 3134, 3146, 3162, 3186, 3310, 3362, 3389, 3397,

3405,

3407,

3412,

3415,

3418,

3423, 3492-3493, 3498, 3502, 3506, 3510, 3528, 3538, 3817-3818, 3859, 3870, 3883, 3886-3887, 4483, 4486 State laws, 2553 ; bibliography of, 3822-3823, 3834, 47354737

State Mutual Life Assurance Company, 783 State National Bank, 661 State Railroad Commissions and Commissioners, 3426 State Street Investment Corp., 1865 Statesman's Year Book, 4889 Statesmen, 352 Stationery trade, biographies, 2531, 2913 Statistical services, see Business forecasting; Business statistics; D o w theory; Indices, statistical ; specific services Statisticians, requirements, 4001 Statistics, see Business statistics; Indices, statistical; specific industries Steam engines, development, 1029 Steam-heating apparatus, 903 Steam power, inventions in, 4394, 4400; valuation, bibliography of, 2925 Steam pump industry, combinations, 846 Steamship lines, 370, 537, 1004, 3136, 3158-3159, 3219, 3244; capitalization, 1004; organizers, 3175;

INDEX prices of stock, 1004 Steamships, 528, 549, 3240, 3250, 3255, 3272, 3532, 3 S 4 i ; builders, 3158, 3236; canal, 1143 ; classification, 3287 ; companies, 3 1 7 s ; competition, 3219; construction, 3159, 3271; crew, 3211, 3271 ; development, 3240; fares, 3136, 3219; ferries, 3240; finance, 3158, 3219; inventors, 3240; iron, 1143; mail service, 3272; monopoly rulings, 240: names, 3272 ; number, 3273; officials, photographs of, 4803 ; operating costs, 1002 ; origin, 3240; owners, 3136, 3236, 3272, 3286; personnel, 3158; Plant system, 536; register of, 3136; routes, 3136; schedules, 3136; service, 3159, 3219; speed, 3219; tonnage, 3272-3273; traffic, 3158; tugs, 3240; wood, 1143. See also Inland water transportation; Ocean transportation; River traffic; Shipbuilding ; Shipping ; Steamship lines Stearns, Bertha Monica, 2563 Stecher, Gilbert E., 2609 Stecker, Margaret L., 4300 Stedman, Edmund Clarence, 1619 Steel industry, 254, 2733; business museums, 4719; cartels, 3905, 3910; government investigation, 3855; integration, 3879; labor conditions, 4281 ; labor unions, 374s; medieval, 68. See also Iron and steel industry Stehman, J. Warren, 721 Stein, Emanuel, 4639

1161

Steiner, Jesse F., 3058 Steiner, William Howard, 1564, 1864 Steinert, Morris, 377 Steinman, D . B., 368 Steinmetz, Charles P., 820 Steinway, William, 4797 Stene, Edward O., 3426a Stephens, George Washington, 3203 Stephens, William, 883 Stephenson, Isaac, 547 Stephenson, Wendell Holmes, 267, 347 Stern, S., 1966 Sterrett, Joseph E., 1824, 4114 Stetson, Amos W., 661 Stetson, Francis L., 3603, 3889 Stetson (John B.) Co., 3714 Stettinius, Edward R., 4795 Stevens, Albert C., 4546 Stevens, Benjamin F., 400 Stevens, Don Lorenzo, 2928 Stevens, Frank Walker, 996 Stevens, Frederic B., 1806 Stevens, John, 370 Stevens, John Austin, Jr., 3936 Stevens, Robert, 2275 Stevens, W. MacKenzie, 1236-1237 Stevens, Wayne Edson, 2124 Stevens, William H. S., 1206, 2412, 38713872 Stevenson, Charles H., 2048 Stevenson, David, 3537 Stevenson, John Alford, 2198 Stevenson, Louis Tillotson, 2527 Stewart, Alexander T., 593, 601, 4245 Stewart, Bryce M., 4300 Stewart, Watt, 1022a Stickney, A. B., 3427 Stiegel, Henry William, 467, 2715 Stillman, James, 502, 551, 564, 664 Stimson, A. L., 955-955», 3106 Stinnes, Hugo, 254 Stock, analysis, 1937; manipulation, 1836; no-par, 3657, 3664; non-voting, 3657, 3664, 3666; operation, 403 ; participation rights, control of, 3657 ; preferred, 1557. 3828; prices, index of, 4091 ; promotion, 403 ; swindles, 1836; yields, index of, 4091.

1162

INDEX

See also Common stock; Employee stock ownership Stock exchanges, 515, 1601-1642, 1719, 1842, 1942, 1947-1948, 1967-1970, 2018; and money market, 1521; corners, 305, 575, 1619; directory of, 1979; encyclopedia of, 1980; foundation, 1606; legal aspects, 1594; legislation, 1589, 1621, 1652; medieval, 623 ; organization, 1594, 1606; public relations, 1593; technique of trading on, 1970; unfair practices, 1657. See also specific cities Stock market, 1968, also pp. 356-372; crash, 4519 ; fluctuations, 1596, 4519; government regulation, 1650-1662 ; in fiction, 4857-4858 ; influence of money market on, 1596; terminology, 1597, 1623; theory, 1598; trends, forecasting of, 1968, 4016-4017. See also Stock exchanges Stockbrokers, 401, 403, 685, 1589, 1625, 1628, 1967, 1976, 4857-4858; accounting, 1851 ; legal relations with customers, 1589, 1842 ; obligations, 1842 ; short selling by, 1845. See also Brokers Stockder, Archibald H., 3813 Stockholders, liability, 3685 ; reports to, 3658 ; rights, 3663, 3666 ; small, 3658-3659. 3666 Stocking, George Ward, 2855 Stockport, Eng., 631 Stocks, prices of, 1603, 1613, 1636, 1639, 1644, 1646, 1648-1649 Stock-turn, consumers' goods, 1277, 1282; industrial goods, 1277 Stockyards, 1021; price control, 1470 Stoddard, William O., 601 Stoker, Herman M., 4621

Stokers, coal-pulverizing, 546 Stokes, Howard Kemble, 1702 Stokes (Frederick A.) Co., 937 Stone, A. H., 1226 Stone, Edwin Α., 1703 Stone, Irving, 3574 Stone, Melville E., 493 Stone, Orra L a ville, 2332 Stone, Roy, 3132 Stone & Webster, Inc., 3005, 3642 Stone-planer, displacement of labor by, 4284 Storage, 1193, 1247, 1250, 354 2 ~3558; bonded, 3544; charges, 3543; economic aspects, 2667; terminal facilities, 3545, 3551. See also Cold storage; Grain trade, elevators; Warehousing Storekeepers, 372-381, 738-756, 12561270, 1497, also pp. 98-100. See also General stores Stores, control of, see Purchasing Stores department, 2633, 2681 Storrow, James Jackson, 560 Story, Joseph, 1565-1566 Story, Judge, place in American law, 235 Stotz, Louis, 2981 Stout, Andrew V., 588, 593 Stove industry, trade associations, 2679, 3958 Stratton, Ezra M., 2610 Stratton, Samuel S., 2453 Stratton, W. S., 577 Straus (S. W.) & Co., 671 Street lighting, 943 Street railways, 540, 1007-1009, 1017, 2940, 3009, 3067, 3070, 3382, 3440, 3450, 348i-353i> 4 7 4 6 ; administration, 3490, 3520; bibliography, 3519; capitalization, 3497, 3502, 3515, 3530; charters, 3506; consolidation, 3490, 3496-3497, 3510; construction, 3492, 3498, 3507, 3514, 3524; construction costs, 3502, 3509; contracts, 3492 ; credits, 3529; decline, causes of, 3529; dividends, 3502 ; earnings, 3502, 3515, 3520;

INDEX equipment, 1007-1008, 3497, 3499, 3520; executives, 3009 ; fares, 3497, 3499, 3502, 3504; finance, 540-541, 1007-1008, 3460, 3484, 3486, 3490-3491, 3494-3496, 3498, 3502, 3SiS-3Si6, 3520, 3529; financial statements, 3009 ; foreign, 3522 ; franchises, 1008, 3483, 3488, 3491, 34933494. 3499, 35i°> 3526; government investigation, 3481, 3496, 3505, 3518, 3529; government regulation, 2995, 3497, 3501, 3526; growth, 1009 ; labor, 3496, 3500, 3504, 3518; labor, wages of, 3502, 3518; legislation, 3489, 3525; lines, 3492, 3494, 3524; location, 3506-3507; maintenance, 3514; management, 3460, 3490, 3500, 3507, 3518; manuals, 3520; market analysis, 3499; methods, 1007 ; municipal ownership, 2932, 2950, 2995, 3484, 3490, 3498; municipal regulation, 3498-3499 ; officials, 3460, 3490, 3520; operating expense, 1007, 3488, 3500, 3509; operating statements, 3009; operation, 1008, 3493-3494, 3507, 3514; organization, 1008, 3495, 3507; ownership, 3493, 3496, 3529; ownership, private, 3490; passenger statistics, 3502-3503 ; policy, 3489; political aspects, 3490; power plants, 3524; public relations, 3493, 3501; purchasing, 3700; rate-making, 3488, 3526; reorganization, 541, 3495; revenue, 3502, 3509; routes, 3497 ; service, 3488, 3491, 3499, 3502, 3504, 3523; State investigations, 3492-3493, 3502, 3510; State regulation, 3498, 3506, 3528; statistics, 3000, 3515; taxation, 3493, 3502;

1163

technology, 349°. 35oo ; trackage, 1008, 3493, 3497, 3499, 3502, 3524; trade associations, 3481, 3500-3502, 3518, 3526; trade journals, 2995, 3460, 3517, 3521, 3527; traffic, 1008; traffic management, 3503 ; valuation, 2925, 3526, 3530. See also Interurban transportation Streightoff, Frank Hatch, 4659 Stretch-out, cooperation between union and management in, 2696 Strieder, Jacob, 27-29, 305 Strikes, 2753, 3637, 4311, 4325, 4332, 4360; bibliography, 3793; federal legislation, 4332. See also Labor unions Strong, Benjamin, 1889 Strong, Edward K., Jr., 2199 Strong, Theron G., 3604 Strother, French, 502 Stryker, R o y E., 210 Stuart, Elbridge Amos, 582 Stuart, George H., 379 Studebaker, H. and C., 802 Studebaker Brothers Co., 802 Studebaker Corp., 802, 810, 2400 Sturges, Jonathan, 958 Sturges, Kenneth, 3937 Sturges, Russell, 600 Sturt, George, 2611 Style element, 1309, 2436, 2604. See also Garment industry; Women's clothing Sub-contracting, 1130, 1164 Subways, charters, 3482 ; construction, 3482, 3511, 3516; controlling costs, 3511; equipment, 3512, 3516; finance, 3482, 3512; legal proceedings, 3482 ; municipal investigations, 3512; operating costs, 3482, 3513 ; organization, 3516; routes, 3 511 ; safety devices, 3512; traffic, 3482, 3504, 3520. See also Street railways Success, literature, 4798, also pp. 889-895;

1164

INDEX

qualifications, 414, 3563, 4226-4227, 4238-4239. See also Biographies; Business success Suffolk Bank, 460, 663, 1751 Suffolk System, 663 Sugar industry, 1328, 2361-2372, 3744, 3810; bibliography, 2370; depression in, 2363 ; development, 1027, 1095 ; finance, 1096, 2368; government control, 2362 ; government investigation, 2369, 2371; government regulation, 2366; marketing, 2367; men, 2368; organization, 1096 ; plantations, 3744; political aspects, 1096; prices, 638 ; prices, control of, 2371; production, 264, 2362, 2364-2372; refining, 2361, 2365-2372; social aspects, 1096 ; tariff, 2362, 2371; trade associations, 2366, 2368; trade journals, 2372 ; trust, 2362, 2369, 2371, 3887 Sullivan, James ( ? ) , 1755 Sullivan, Lawrence, 1756 Suman, John R., 2871 Summers, Walter Lee, 2872 Sumner, Helen L., 4280, 4289 Sumner, William Graham, 192, 335, 1679 Sun Fire Office, 761 Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada, 784 Sundheim, Joseph H., 1815 Super-agglomerates of trade, 3964 Survey of Federal Archives, 4754 Surveyors, as petty capitalists, 261 ; trade journals, 11 S3 Susquehanna Co., 946-947 Sutherland, Lucy Stuart, 306 Sutherland, Stella H., 199 Sutter's Fort, 296 Swain, Henry H., 3366 Swaine, Robert T., 3604 Swan Land and Cattle Co., Ltd., 343 Swank, James M„ 2464-2465 Swarthout, Α. V., 1090 Swedish West India Co., 301 Sweezy, Alan R., 881

Swensrud, Sidney Α., 2873 Swift, Gustavus Franklin, 428 Swift, Louis F., 428 Swift & Co., 2348, 2354, 2356 Swine-raising, statistics, 1092-1093 Swope, Gerard, 3955a Swope plan, 3955 Sydenstricker, Edgar, 4293 Syndicalism, 4306-4307, 4314-4315, 4323, 4325, 4327·

See also Labor unions

Taeusch, Carl F., 3890, 4130-4133 Taft, Henry W., 3605 Taft, Royal C., 2600 Taft, William Howard, 3891 Taggart, Joseph Herman, 1891 Tailoring trade, 260. See also Garment industry Tait, Samuel W., Jr., 2856 Talbot, Russell W., 3149 Talbot, Winthrop, 3784 Talcott, James, 389 Talmadge, Benjamin, 319 Taney, Roger B., 225 Tanner, H. S., 3538 Tanners, as petty capitalists, 261, 263 Tapley, Harriet Silvester, 2913 Tappan, Arthur, 548 Tappan, Lewis, 548 Tarbell, Daniel, 294 Tarbell, Ida M., 573-574. 929 Tariff, 1169, 1386-1387, 1390, 1396-1397, 1476, 2337, 2445, 2456, 2466, 4447, 4508; bibliography, 1397; Canadian, 1329; history, 1169, 1387, 1396-1397: legislation, 2073 ; rates, 1396; results, 4509; statistics, 1374; theory, 1397 Tate, I. N., 2103 Taunton, Mass., business and professional biographies, 4818 Taus, Esther Rogoff, 1873 Taussig, F. W., 529, 1394, 1416, 1471. 2466, 3384, 3575-3576, 4686 Taussig, William, 3367

INDEX Taverns, 3062, 3145, 3148. See also Hotel industry ; Inns Tawney, R. H., 30 Tax, single, 174 Taxation, 1709, 2758, 2761, 4459-4474; and public finance, 196; distribution, by cities and regions, 4658 ; federal, effect on business, 4436, 4461, 4467-4468 ; inheritance, 4460; intangibles, bibliography of, 4471; property, 4465-4466; sales, bibliography of, 4472 ; State, 4460, 4462-4463, 4467, 4473 ; State laws, 3822-3823, 3834. See also Income tax; Tariff Taylor, A. Merritt, 3526 Taylor, Albion Guilford, 2731, 3785 Taylor, Charles H., 494, 1227 Taylor, Fred G., 2368 Taylor, Frederick W., 2623, 2631, 2648, 2661-2662, 2664, 3326, 3744 Taylor, George Rogers, 4616-4616a Taylor, Henry C., 1091 Taylor, Herbert Foster, 4182 Taylor, James S., 3954 Taylor, Malcolm D., 1422 Taylor, Maurice, 2200 Taylor, W. Bayard, 3686 Taylor, Walter F., 4864 Taylor system, 2627, 2663, 2665, 3579; application, 2626; federal investigation, 2668-2669 ; in office management, 3706; results, 2626. See also Scientific management; Taylor, Frederick W. Tea, trade in, 384, 1214 Teachers, of business, courses for, 4189 Tead, Ordway, 3786-3787, 4358 Teaming industry, collective bargaining, 3728 Technical education, 4177-4182; and industrial evolution, 4187; cooperation with business, 4181. See also Business education; Company and association schools ; Industrial education Technological concept of capitalism, pp. 35-36 Technological development, 4381-4426 ; literature of, 4407-4408;

1165

periodicals and proceedings, 4402-4408; social effects, 4397. See also Engineering; Inventions; specific industries Teele, Stanley F., 1290 Teggart, Frederick J., 3478 Teiser, Ruth, 728 Telegraph, 1099-1101, 1104, 1106, 1120,

1114.

3532-3533;

biographies, 1106; companies, 1106, 1120; consolidations, 1106 ; evils in, 1114 ; expenditures, 1120; inventions, 1106; monopoly, τ 114; number of messages, 1104; operation, 544; public ownership, 1114; rates, 1104; receipts, 1104, 1120; wages, 1120; working cohditions, 1120. See also Cables; Telephone and telegraph industry Telephone and telegraph industry, 714723, 1098, 1x03, 1107-1108, IT12. 1115, 1 1 1 7 - 1 1 1 9 , 1121—1123, 1125— 1127; accounting, 722; administrators, 1103; capitalization, 717; companies, 1103, 1 1 1 9 ; competition, 1107-1108, m o . consolidations, 1107; control, 1121; directories, 1118; employees, training of, 722 ; executives, 722, 1107, 3009; experimentation, 360; facilities, 1103; finance, 721, 1121; financial statements, 3009 ; government investigation, 714, 1121 1123, 1125, 1127; government ownership, 1112; government regulation; 1112, 1121, 2995; growth, 721, 1026, 1107, 1121; history, 721, 1115 ; holding companies, government investigation of, 1121 ; in depression, 720;

1166

INDEX

independents, competition with consolidations, 1108; integration, 1126; inventions, 359-360, 362, 1103, 1125; labor policy, h i 7 ; management, 717, 1121, 2988; monopolies, 718, 2932 ; operating statements, 3009; organization, 717, 720, 1121, 2988; origin, 1107; ownership, municipal, 2932, 2995; ownership organization, 721; patent infringement, 1125; pensions, 722; policies, 571, 721, 2988; promoters, 1103; public relations, 721, 723, 1107; rates, 722 ; record-preservation, 4716; securities, as investment, 1108; service, marketing of, 1245; services, 1108, 1112; social aspects, 1126; statistics, 3000, 3440; technological developments, 360, 1103; trade journals, 1107, 1119, 2988, 2995; valuation, bibliography of, 2925. See also Cable; Telegraph Television, m o , 1116 Templeman, Frederick, 2276 Temporary National Economic Committee, 686, 840, 2197, 3645, 3875, 3888, 3893-3894, 4410 Ten-cent stores, 381 Tennessee, investment banking, 687 ; plantation management, 347 Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Co., 575, 835 Tennessee Valley Authority, 208, 3002, 4440 Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis, 529, 3367 Terminology, commercial, dictionary of, 1373 Terms of sale, 27s, 1564. See also Installment selling Terra cotta, manufacture of, by States, 2515 Territorial laws, bibliography of, 4736 Terry, Eli, 262 Terry, Samuel H., 1297

Tests, material, 3697 Texas, bankers, 346 ; cattle ranching, 346, 1049, 1223; general storekeepers, 274; insurance of bank deposits, 1917; merchants, 346; petroleum industry, 2847, 2860-2861, 2893 ; plantation management, 635 ; railroads, 3312-3313 Textile industry, 254, 338, 445, 2571, 4699, also pp. 538-549; administrative policy, 881 ; bibliography, 2548; companies, 873-882 ; development, 1027, 2702, 2709; employees, 878; executives, 878; industrial management, 2630; labor, 4354; liquidation, 881 ; location, 2702, 2709; marketing, 388; men, biographies of, 455-462 ; organization, 878; personnel management, 2695 ; policies, 878; products, 878; wage adjustment to falling market, 2696 ; waste, elimination of, 2630. See also Cotton textile industry ; Rayon industry; Silk industry; Wool textile industry Textile machine industry, 850-851 ; biographies, 844 ; executives, 445, 875; foreign trade, 844 ; inventions, 4400; inventors, 2595; manufacturers, 2595; public relations, 875 ; record-preservation, 4716 Thatcher (H. C.) & Co., 600 Thatcher, Joseph Addison, 349 Theaters, 505, 3057, 3066. See also Motion-picture industry Thom, Alfred P., 3462 Thomas, Arthur G., 3699 Thomas, Dorothy Swaine, 4548 Thomas, Isaiah, 287, 2914 Thomas, James Α., 396

INDEX Thomas, John J., 2500 Thomas, Joseph Α., 1865 Thomas, Woodlief, 2320 Thomas (Seth) & Co., 262 Thompson, C. W., 2352 Thompson, Clarence Bertrand, 2663-2665 Thompson, Esther Katherine, 1057 Thompson, Guy Α., 3819 Thompson, Holland, 2568, 4400 Thompson, James David, 3788 Thompson, James Westfall, 44~44a Thompson, John, 645 Thompson, Joseph Wesley, 2769 Thompson, Laura Α., 1807, 2284 Thompson, Margaret Jefferds, 369 Thompson, Nathaniel Lord, 369 Thompson, Robert Ellis, 379 Thompson, Robert T., 549 Thompson, Samuel C., 645 Thompson, Slason, 3316 Thompson, W. Gilman, 4378 Thompson, Warren S., 200 Thompson, William Boyce, 475 Thompson & Co.'s Express Co., 955 Thomson, Elihu, 821 Thomson, J. Edgar, 1000 Thomson, Moritz, 582 Thomson, Thomas Richard, 3479 Thomson-Houston Electric Co., 821 Thorne, W. W., 3969 Thornton, F. W., 1851 Thornton, Harrison John, 910 Thorp, Willard L., 2333, 3873-3874, 4549 Thrift, 348, 1818, 3719; bibliography of, 1804 Throop, Benjamin H., 2784 Thun, Ferdinand, 878 Thurston, George H., 4829-4830 Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 2i2S-2i2Sa Tibbals, William R., 3170 Ticket-brokerage trade, price control, 1470 Tide Water Oil Co., 921 Tide Water Pipe Co., Ltd., 921 Tiffany, Charles L., 601 Tile, manufacture of, by States, 2515 Tilton, Cecil G., 357 Timber, standing, marketing of, 2080, 2084, 2106. See also Forestry and forest industries; Lumber industry Time studies, see Scientific management Timmons, B. F., 3789

Tindall, William, 3497 Tinling, Marion, 4869 Tin-plate industry, 2506 Tinsley, John F., 2666 Tippetts, Charles S., 1892 Tipton, John, 290 Tire industry, 466 Title and trust firms, 3019 Title insurance, 2236 Tobacco industry, 396, 914, 2373-2379 capitalization, 2379; competition, 2375; consumption, 2376; cooperatives, 1235; costs, 2379; crop reports, 1250; earnings, 2379; economic aspects, 2376-2377; exchanges, 1250; factories, 2377; federal investigation, 2375, 2379; finance, 1250; foreign trade, 265, 2376; grading, 1250; insurance, 1250; legislation, 2376; manufacturing, 424, 2376; marketing, 396, 1224, 1245; markets, 2376; men, 424, 914; organization, 2376; plantations, 2377; prices, 2376, 2379; production, 2376; profits, 2379; State investigation, 2373; statistics, 1092 ; storage, 1250; taxation, 2376; trade journals, 2378; trust, 2376, 2379; wages, 2376; warehouse auctions, 1224; warehousing, 3549 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 197 Todd, Albert M., 2982 Todes, Charlotte, 2105 Toll bridges, 1015 Tolls, 3162, 3205. See also Canals Tooke, Thomas, 75-75C Tooker, Elva C., 284, 335a Tool industry, 2493.

INDEX

1168

See also Edge tools industry ; Hardware industry Torrey, Bates, 2488 Torts, 231 Toryism, 121 Tosdal, Harry Rudolph, 1207, 3960 Toulmin, Harry Α., 4420 Touro, Abraham, 610 Touro, Judah, 589, 610 Tower, Walter S., 2049 Town economy, 42, 78 Towns, increase in, 201 Townsend, William W., 1832 Towpaths, see Canals Toynbee, Arnold, 58 Toys, 2531 Traction companies, 550; municipal ownership and regulation, bibliography of, 2928. See also specific utilities Tractors, 1279, 3139. See also Agricultural implements industry Tracy, John Evarts, 41SS Trade acceptances, sales promotion of, 1984 Trade agreements, 3728 Trade associations, 35, 77, 490, 1130, 1182, 1211,

2729-2731,

3845,

3870,

4833,

also pp. 821-826, 995 ; activities, 2725, 2730, 3942, 3944, 3 9 4 7 -

3948, 3953-3954; administration, 3947 ; and F.T.C., i486 ; as business stabilizer, 3948, 3 9 5 5 ;

business information services, 1452 ; commercial secretary, 3945, 3953, 3956 ;

cost accounting, uniformity in, 3954; directories, 3940,

3946,

3950;

foreign, 1 4 1 0 ; industrial control by, 3957; insurance departments, 3954 ; interrelationships, 3950; labor relations, 3954, 3958; legal

aspects,

3883,

3947,

3951-3952,

3954; management, 3945,

3956;

members, types of, 2730, 3 9 4 2 ;

membership, terms of, 3950; organization,

2730, 3947,

public relations, 2725, 3954.

See also Cooperative associations ; Openprice associations; specific industries and trades; Trade journals Trade cards, 1431, also . p. 994 Trade centers, 35, 3964. See also specific cities Trade combinations, and common law, 1464; effect on price, 2780; public regulation, 1472. See also Cartels; specific trades and industries Trade directories, 4037. See also Business directories Trade journals, 292, 1145, 1208, 1 2 1 0 1211,

1214,

2727.

2733-2737,

3954;

1229,

1302-1319,

2692,

3°42-3°45,

3615,

4 7 7 1 , 4 8 3 3 , also pp. 27,

994-995;

as advertising media, 1315, 1433; b i b l i o g r a p h y , 4096, 4 8 3 2 - 4 8 3 3 ,

4850;

foreign, bibliography of, 4832. See also specific trades and industries Trade-marks, court decisions, 4411, 4413, 4415, 4 4 1 7 4418, 4426; legislation, 1 4 9 1 - 1 4 9 4 ,

3899

Trade names, international protection of, 4413 Trade promotion, 397, 977, 1401, 1405, 1410-1411, 1413-1414, 3 2 1 5 , 3249-3250, 3256, 3926, 3 9 3 6 ;

1762, 3263,

3160, 3925-

government aid, 3913 Trade routes, 35, 329, 1169, 3154; foreign, 1x69, 1 1 7 1 , 1327, 1332, 1340, 3212,

3955;

ethics, 4103, 4 1 1 1 , 4 1 1 5 - 4 1 1 6 ; executives, associations of, 3942-3943 ; finance,

origin, 3947; percentage of industry in, 2730; policy, 3945;

3268

Trade schools, 472, 2545, 4183-4202 ; directory, 4197. See also Business education; Industrial education; Vocational education Trade unions, see Labor unions Traders, family groups as, 328-329; types of, 35 Trading posts, 1019, 1267 Traffic, see various transportation systems Train, Enoch, 600 Train, George Francis, 336, 397, 4550 Transatlantic cable, see Atlantic cable ; Cables

INDEX Transatlantic packets, lines, 254 Trans-Continental Association, 3463 Trans-Mississippi region, stagecoaches, 3137 Transportation, 146, 359, 509-515, 3545, 3649, also pp. 639-728; Act, 3395, 3408a, 3444; administration, 3067; and N e w Deal, 208, 222; carriers, liability of, 237, 3067, 3292; combinations, 2780; companies, 950-1012; companies, promotion of, 521; competition, 3067; consolidation, 3067; costs, 3074, 3539, 4604; development, 3070, 3074; engineering, 3074; finance, 3070, 3074; government aid and regulation, 3070, 3074, 4438, 4486 ; inventions, 4394; men, biographies of, 508-541 ; monopoly, 3601 ; organization, 3070 ; periodicals, 4771 ; petty capitalists, 3069 ; private-car lines, 3290; routes, 3067, 3539; social aspects, 3067, 3070; State ventures in, 4486 ; statistics, 1038, 4000; wages, 4654, 4678. See also various means of transportation Trappers, 2114-2115. See also Fur trade Travel, social aspects, 3068 Travel description of America, 4866 Traveling merchants, 4, 9, 315, 382 Traveling salesmen, see Canvassers ; Salesmen, traveling Treadwell, Edward F., 348 Treasure, importation of, 72 Treaties, 151, 3262, 4152 Tredegar Iron Works, 2448 Trenerry, C. F., 2129 Trenton Saving Fund Society, 692 Troeltsch, Ernst, 91 Tropics, products of, 977, 1013

1169

Trotter, Nathan, 335a; & Co., 284 Trottman, Nelson, 997 Trucks, see Motor trucks True, Alfred Charles, io73-io73a Trübner, Nikolaus, 4882 Trumbull, Matthew Mark, 3597 Trust companies, 669, 1677, 1682, 16971698, 1703, 1724, 1734, 1820-1832, 1926, 1976, 1987-1988, 2001, 2005, 2022 ; administration, 673; associations, 1985; bibliography, 1824; bond departments, 1950; by States, 1981; cooperation with life insurance panies, 1828; development, 1572; directories, 1832, 1978; dividend rates, 1832 ; encyclopedias, 1980; establishment, 1826, 1832; executives, 672 ;

com-

growth, 1719, 1820, 1822, 1831; investments, 1820, 1827; legal aspects, 1673, 1822, 1827, 1830; management, 1822; New Y o r k correspondents, 1832 ; officers, 1826, 1832, 4803; officers, training of, 4169; organization, 672, 1821-1822, 1824; policies, 1821; publications, 2004-2005; relation to money market, 1825; relation to national banking system, 1825; reserves, 1820; securities, manuals of, 2013-2014; State regulation, 1919 Trust Company of the Republic, 1829 Trust deeds, 1831 Trust funds, Federal Reserve Board regulation of, 1949 Trustees, legislation regarding, 1953, 1962 Trusteeship, corporate, 1831 Trusts, 814, 3601, 3840-3899, also pp. 798813; bibliography, 3877; certificate-holders, status of, 3850; classification, 3850, 3853;

1170

INDEX

c o m m o n l a w as to, 3860, 3883, 3891 ; competition, p e r m a n e n c y of, 3853 ; control of industry b y , 3865 ; definition, 3853 ; development, 3861, 3873 ; dissolution, 3860, 3863 ; economic analysis, 3855 ; effect on prices, 3853, 3860; evils, 3853 ; f o r m a t i o n , dates of, 3864; g o v e r n m e n t investigation, 3855, 3864, 3871, 3893-3894; g o v e r n m e n t regulation, 1468, 3870, 3876, 3890-3899, 4429; g r o w t h , 3868; legislation, 1391, 1466, 1487, 1491, 3843, 3845, 3856, 3859-3860, 3870-3899; management, 3853, 3865 ; managers, status of, 3850; m o n o p o l y limits, 3853 ; organization, 3850, 3859; place in business, 3848, 3852 ; political aspects, 3859 ; price regulation b y , 3845, 3871-3872 ; profits, promoters', 3860; public opinion regarding, 3844, 38463847, 3856; reasons for, 3849, 3853, 3897; remedies for, 3853, 3867 ; size, 3873; State regulation, 3859, 3870, 3883, 38863887; statutes, 3 8 7 1 ; structure, 3865, 3873 ; types, 3865. See also C a r t e l s ; M e r g e r s ; M o n o p o l i e s ; P o o l s ; specific companies and industries T r y o n ( E d w . K . ) Co., 733 T r y o n , F. G., 250, 2761, 2953 T r y o n , Rolla M i l t o n , 2334 T u c k e r , George, 201 T u c k e r , R u f u s S., 1331, 4660, 4677 T u c k e r , T . W., 3107 T u c k e r m a n , T o w n s e n d & Co., 600 T u c k e t t , H a r v e y G., 2203 T u d o r , Frederic, 1351, 2605 T u f t s , J a m e s H., 4108 T u g w e l l , R e x f o r d G u y , 210, 4441 Tunell, George G., 3385 Tunis, Theophilus, 2067 Tunnels, 3 5 1 1 . See also S u b w a y s T u r n b u l l , A r c h i b a l d D o u g l a s , 370

T u r n e r , Frederick J a c k s o n , 80, 1267, 4876, 4883 Turner, R o b e r t C., 1893 Turnpikes, 370, 549, 3074, 3122-3123, 313S; accidents, 3 1 4 8 ; finance, 3122, 3 1 5 0 ; government regulation, 3 1 2 3 ; legislation, 3 1 5 0 ; receipts, 3 1 5 0 ; routes, 3122 ; tolls, 3122, 3 1 5 0 ; traffic, 3150. See also H i g h w a y transportation ; R o a d s T u t t l e , Charles Α., 3609 T u t t l e , Pierson M., 4531 T w a i n , M a r k , pseud., 3176 T w e n t i e t h C e n t u r y F u n d , 1599, 4 4 6 9 4469a T w i n Cities, 1146, 3558. See also Minneapolis, M i n n . ; St. P a u l , Minn. T w y f o r d , H . B., 2667, 3700 T y p e w r i t e r s , 2497, 2499. See also Office appliances industry Tyrrell, H . F., 796 Ulrich, C a r o l y n F., 4832 Underconsumption, result of, 4580 U n e m p l o y m e n t , 1133, 2630, 4294, 4298-4301, 4343; b i b l i o g r a p h y , 4269; causes, 4299, 4 3 7 1 ; cycles, 4285, 4299;

4283-4284,

g o v e r n m e n t investigation, 1163, 4299; prevention, 3736, 3781, 4 5 8 1 ; relief, 1616, 3744, 4294, 4300, 4356; relief, bibliography of, 4269; seasonal, 2434, 3781, 4323, 4534, 4678 Unemployment insurance, 2284, 4294, 4309, 4514, 4 5 8 1 ; b i b l i o g r a p h y , 4268, 4274 U n e m p l o y m e n t reserves, bibliography, 4274 U n f a i r practices, 278, 590, 608, 1193, 1447, 1492, 1653, 4121, 4124, 4132 Union Central L i f e Insurance Co., 797 U n i o n Iron W o r k s , 728 Union Metallic Cartridge Co., 469 Union Oil C o m p a n y of California, 2859 U n i o n Pacific R y . , 366, 572, 971, 988, 997, 999, 3297, 3325, 3356, 3436 U n i o n R . R . , 986

INDEX United Bond and Share Corp., 1865 United Cigar Stores, wage-incentive system, 3772 United Corp., 2970, 3003 United Electric Light and Power Co., 3510 United Fruit Co., 1013, 1358-1359 United Garment Workers of America, 2430 United Gas Public Service Co., 3003 United Mine Workers of America, 2753 United Railways Co., 3503 United Shoe Machinery Co., 854, 3860, 3870 U.S. Anthracite Coal Commission, 2785 U.S. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1894-1901 U.S. Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 2355

U.S. Bureau of Animal Industry, 1068 U.S. Bureau of the Budget, 2748 U.S. Bureau of the Census, 202-204, 1038, 1092, 1164, 1458, 2050, 2083, 23352 336, 2431, 2569, 2707, 2749, 2771, 3000, 3047, 3066, 3108, 3204-3204a, 3428-3428a, 4263, 4 3 0 1 - 4 3 0 ^ , 4470, 4661, 4681; bibliography of, 4746, 4755, 4761; development of, 4742, 4746, 4755 U.S. Bureau of Corporations, 834, 855, 2106, 2501, 2857 U.S. Bureau of Education, 2718, 4201 U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, 2042 [U.S.] Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 1352, 1456, 1459-1463, 2094, 2432-2433, 2517, 2536, 3177, 3273, 3938-3940 U.S. Bureau of Internal Revenue, 4464, 4474

U.S. Bureau of Labor, 1816, 2698, 4164, 4303, 4 3 5 9 . 4551

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2699, 3790-3791. 4270-4271, 4360, 4379, 4617, 4682 ; index numbers of, 2086, 4617, 4621 U.S. Bureau of Manufactures, 1405, 2723 U.S. Bureau of Mines, 2772-2772a, 27942794a, 2902-2902d U.S. Bureau of the Mint, 28x2 U.S. Bureau of Navigation, 3274 U.S. Bureau of Public Roads, 3133 [U.S.] Bureau of Railway Economics, 3474

U.S. Bureau of Standards, 4009, 4458 U.S. Bureau of War Risk Insurance, 2204

1171

U.S.

Census Office, 1143, 2051-20513, 2130, 2786, 2813, 2831, 2874 U.S. Coal Commission, 2778, 2795 U.S. Commissioner of Corporations, 2356, 2379

U.S. Commissioner of Labor, 4272 U.S. Commissioner of Railroads, 3429 U.S. Comptroller of the Currency, 19261929 U.S. Congress, 835-837, 858, 1 1 2 0 - 1 1 2 1 , 1655-1660, 1765, 1902-1908, 19301931, 1936, 2301, 2337, 2357, 2369, 24i3-24i4a, 2443, 2528, 2668-2669, 2875-2876, 3001-3003, 3048, 3134, 3193, 3205, 327S-3279, 3430-3439. 3539, 3554-3555, 3792-3792a, 3892, 3894, 3961, 4010, 4134-41343, 4156, 4361-4362, 4421, 4453, 4501, 45524553, 4618-4619; publications of, 4750-4752 ; Senate Committee on Finance, 1533 U.S. Consuls, 1395 U.S. Copyright Office, 2923-2924 U.S. Cotton Futures Act, 1249 U.S. Court of Claims, 1347 U.S. Deep Waterways Commission, 3199 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1040-1040I1, 1051, 1093-1094, I 2 i 5 - i 2 i 5 a , 2056, 2062, 2069, 2083-2084, 2358 U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 2773, 4385, 4662 ; Civil-Aeronautics Board, 3095 U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor, 4363 ; Statistics Bureau, 3556 U.S. Department of Labor, 1165, 4364; Division of Publications and Supplies, 4273-4273a U.S. Department of the Treasury, 23382339,

3557

U.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, 3280 U.S. Employment Service, 4264 U.S. Federal Communications Commission, 1122 U.S. Federal Oil Conservation Board, 2877-28783 U.S. Federal Power Commission, 3004 U.S. Federal Trade Commission, m i , 1123, 1193, 1199, 1255, 1298, 14861490, 2100, 2603, 2676, 2858-2860, 3005-3006, 4135-4136, 4430-4431, 4435, 4663;.

1172

INDEX

investigations, 858, 1472, 1486, 2348235°, 2354 U.S. Food Administration, 3554; index numbers of, 4617 U.S. Forest Service, 2083-2084, 2098 U.S. Geological Survey, 2774-277sa U.S. government, agents, 316, 354; bonds, 1920; employees, wages of, 4678; finance, 196, 351, 563, 1038, 1509, 15111512, 1607, 3622, 3847, 4459-4474, 4476, 4481-4482, 4661, also pp. 934939; history of, bibliography, 4876 ; loans, foreign, 4476 ; purchasing by, 281, 333, 342, 3694, 3699; records, 4739-4755 ; securities, 679, 2011. See also Government aid; Government publications; Government regulation and control U.S. Grain Futures Act, 1249 U.S. Industrial Commission, 3364, 3876 U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission, 3109, 3440-3441, 3443; Bureau of Transport Economics and Statistics, 3386, 3442 U.S. Library of Congress, 251-2513, 2302, 2415, 3207-3208, 3793, 4332, 4710, 4728-4728b, 4738, 4761, 4767, 4812, 4884; Division of Bibliography, 1124, 1299, I534-I534a, 2370, 2929-29293, 3209, 3480-3480a, 3877, 4274-4277, 44424442a, 4454, 447i-4473a, 4481, 4502, 4620-46203; Division of Documents, 4747; Division of Manuscripts, 4711; Division of Maps, 4904; General reference and bibliography division, 3877a; Legislative Reference Service, 38783878a, 3914, 4735-4737, 4848-4849 U.S. Mail, see Express companies; Mail, transportation of; Pony Express; Postal system; Stagecoaches; U.S. Post Office Department U.S. Merchant Marine Commission, 3281 U.S. mint, 1037 U.S. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 3096-3097 U.S. National Archives, 4748-4749

U.S. National Bureau of Standards, 4455 U.S. National Conference on the Merchant Marine, 3282 U.S. National Monetary Commission, 1518 U.S. Navy, 3261 ; yards, 1143 U.S. Office of Internal Revenue, 44744474b U.S. Patent Office, 4423-44233 U.S. Post Office Department, 4445-4446, 4450-4457. See also Postal system U.S. Postmaster General, 4456 U.S. public debt, court decisions regarding, 4479 U.S. Railway Mail Service, 4457 U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1661, 1866-1869 U.S. Senate, publications of, 4752 U.S. Senate Commission on Finance, index numbers of, 4617 U.S. Shipping Board, 3257, 3283-32843, 3794 U.S. Superintendent of Documents, 47504753 U.S. Supreme Court, 240, I i 2 5 - i i 2 5 b , 3285, 3891 U.S. Tariff Commission, 1095, 1396-1397, 2585 U.S. Treasury, 556, 1510, 1518, 1550; central banking functions, 1872-1873 U.S. Women's Bureau, 4365 U.S. Works Projects Administration, 4278, 4712, 4754 United States Express Co., 955 United States and Foreign Securities Corp., 1865 United States Beet Sugar Association, 2368 United States Leather Co., 893, 3661 United States Realty and Construction Co., 3661 United States Rubber Co., trust investigation, 3886 United States Shipbuilding Corp., 1829, 3661, 3870 United States Steel Corp., 254, 435, 568, 570, 828, 830-836, 838-841, I0I7, 1629, 2329, 3658, 3860, 3879; formation, 563, 3866; government investigation, 573, 3870; organization, 2450;

INDEX wage-incentive system, 3772 United States Trade M a r k Association, I494-I494& United Textile Workers of America, 2566 Universal Atlas Cement Co., 898 Universities, business education in, 4159, 4161, 4 1 6 3 4164, also pp. 886-889 University of Chicago, School of Business, 4202 University of Illinois, 4223 Unwin, George, 31, 631, also pp. 1 3 - 1 4 Updegraf, Robert R., 416 Upper Mississippi River, r a f t i n g industry, 2071, 2074; steamboating, 3173 ; W a t e r w a y Assn., 3 1 6 5 ; white pine, history of, 2078. See also Mississippi R i v e r ; Mississippi Valley Upshur, George Lyttleton, 617 U r b a n development, 201, 244, 303s, 4499 U r b a n transit service, see I n t e r u r b a n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; Street railways; S u b ways Ure, Andrew, 2670, 2745 Uren, Lester Charles, 2879 Used cars, marketing of, 1286. See also Automotive industry Usher, A b b o t t Payson, 632, 1228, 4401 Usselinx, Willem, 302 Usufacture, 77 Usury, 89, 104, 163, 1918, 2140 Utah, gold and copper mining, 2796, 2806 U t a h - I d a h o Sugar Co., 2368 Utopianism, 129 Uzzano, Giovanni Di Antonio Da, 1384 Vail, Theodore N., 361, 723 Vaile, Roland S., 1146, 2343, 3558 Valentine, David T., 3528 Valgren, Victor N., 2248-2249 Value, 99, 107 ; theory of, 4665 Van Antwerp, W. C., 1621 Vance, Harold, 2883a Vanderbilt, Arthur T., 4729 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 254, 3248; biographies of, 510, 5 " , 528, 594, 601, 727, 1619, 3579, 4797-4798 Vanderbilt family, 5 1 1 , 612 Vanderblue, H o m e r Bews, 2467, 3444

1173

Vandercook, J o h n W., 1096 Vanderlip, F r a n k Α., 564, 1757, 4224, 4795 Van der Molen, the, 622 Van Doren, D o r o t h y , 4338 Van Doren, William H o w a r d , 4137 Van Gelder, Arthur Pine, 2416 Van Hise, Charles Richard, 252 Van Kleeck, M a r y , 2434 Van Metre, T . W., 1169 Van Oss, S. F., 3368 Van Schaack, David, 4380 Van Slyck, J . D., 602 Van Strum, Kenneth S., 1968 Van Vleck, George W., 4554 Van Vlissingen, Arthur, Jr., 428 Van Winter, P. J., 1353 Variety business, 1276; operating expenses, 1285 Vauclain, Samuel M., 454 Vaughan, Floyd L., 4424 Veblen, Thorstein, 98, 161, 1 7 8 - 1 8 1 , 193, 3596, 363 1 . also p. 10 Vegetable-shortening industry, 2385 Vegetables, marketing, 1241, 3290. See also Perishables, marketing of Veith, M a r j o r i e D., 4041 Veldt, traveling merchant on, 544 Venice, medieval, M a i r a n o family, 11 ; mercantile capitalism in, 16; origin of capitalism in, 11 Verhoeff, M a r y , 3135, 3178 Verity, George M a t t h e w , 430 Vermont, business directory, 4074; commercial banking, 1699; life insurance companies, 792 ; shoe trade, 395 ; State Bank, legislative history of, 1699; traveling salesmen, 395 ; wool textile manufacturing, 876 Vernon, R a y m o n d , 1662 Vertical combination, trend toward, 3901 Ver Wiebe, Walter August, 2880 Veterans' relief, and N e w Deal, 208 Vickers, Ltd., 2409 Vidal, Emmanuel, 1642 Vienna, industrial museum in, 4720

1174

INDEX

Villard, Henry, 517, 530, 3305 Viner, Jacob, 1 4 1 7 - 1 4 1 8 Vinnedge, Robert W., 2085 Virginia, agriculture, 1052 ; banking, 308, 1764; canals, 3332; C o m p a n y , 254, 304, 620a; currency, history of, 145, 308 ; economic history, 145 ; factorage, 254; foreign trade, 269; history, bibliography of, 487s; iron manufacturing, 2448; landowners, 308; manufacturing, 308 ; merchants, accounting methods

Vose, George L., 371 Voting trusts, 3659, 3851, 3862 Voyageurs, 2125

of,

39931 planters, 265; prices, agricultural, 4614; privateering, 308; railroads, 3332 ; real estate trade, 265, 308; settlement, 304; shipbuilding, 308 ; State finance, 4480; tobacco industry, 265, 1224, 2377; trade with England, 268, 271 ; turnpikes, 3150 Virtue, G. O., 3922 Vital statistics, 4761. See also U.S. Census office Vivian, E. Charles, 3098 Vivian, T h o m a s J., 3286 Vocational education, 4159-4253; bibliography, 4200. See also Business education; Company and industrial schools ; Industrial education Vocational guidance, 2474, 3563, 3635, 4249, 4254-4264; bibliography of, 4254 V o g t , Paul L., 2371 V o j a c e k , Jan, 4425 Voke, Albert F., 3993 Volstead Act, and N e w Deal, 208 V o l u n t a r y associations, State investigation of, 3817-3818 Volwiler, Albert T., 337 V o n Dillen, J. J., 1671 V o n Thiinen, Johann Heinrich, 3966, also p. i l Vose, E d w a r d Neville, 760

Wabash & Erie Canal, 3154 Wabash-Pittsburgh Terminal Co., 3431 Wade, Herbert T., 4449 Wadsworth, Alfred P., 2570 Wadsworth, Jeremiah, 611 Wage incentives, for employees, 169, 3719, 3731, 3737, 3742-3744, 3749, 3759, 3773, 3 7 9 1 3792; for executives, 3719; insurance, 3773, 3778 Wages, 99, 107, 170-171, 183, 2653, 26852686, 3585-3586, 3714-3766, 3769, 3777-3778, 3784, 3794. 4281, 4293, 4296, 4298, 4304, 4343, 4353, 4355, 4364, 4648, 4662, also pp. 982-983; bibliography, 4678 ; by age groups, 4681 ; by occupations, 4618, 4654, 4678, 46814682 ; by sex, 4681 ; by States, 4339; economic aspects, 3844; effect upon production costs, 3731 ; foreign, 4 6 1 9 ; minimum

legislation

of,

4341,

4344,

4347, 4352, 4374; movement, 3743, 3902; policy, 2691, 3594; rates, 4290, 4304; real, 4678-4680; statistics, 2336, 4360, 4551, 4618, 4642. See also Bonus systems; Profit-sharing; specific industries and trades; W a g e incentives Wagner Act, administration of, 4342 Wagner-Connery bill, 4338 Wagons, manufacturing of, 802, 2610-2611, 3148 Wakefield, Cyrus, 890 Waldorf-Astoria, 1018 Wales, professional associations in, 3602. See also Great Britain Walford, Cornelius, 1508, 2146, 2205, 2294 Walker, Albert H., 3896 Walker, Amasa, 182, 4555 Walker, Francis Α., 183 Walker, George L., 2806

1175

INDEX Walker, James Blaine, 3498 Walker, Timothy, 4730 Wallace, David Duncan, 338 Wall Street, 214, 403, 524, 575, 616, 1572, IS76. 1 5 7 9 , . 1 6 2 5 - 1 6 3 4 , 1 9 4 7 - 1 9 4 8 , 1956, 1958, 2029, 4539. 4 5 5 ° ;

financial groups, 502 ; in fiction, 4856-4857; leaders, portraits of, 1608; legal aspects, 3604a; loan market, 1619; relations with railroads, 985, 989. See also N e w York Stock Exchange Wallace, Donald H., 2 511 Wallace, Henry Α., 2 i i , 4503 Wallace, Schuyler C., 222 Walsh, William F., 238 Walters, Philip G., 339 Walters, Raymond, Jr., 339, 712 Waltham, Mass., cotton textile manufacturing, 2538 Waltham Watch Co., 904 Walton, Perry, 2571 Walworth Manufacturing Co., 903, 3669 Wanamaker, John, 254, 374-375, 743, 1 1 8 7 , 4792, 4798

Wanamaker, Rodman, 374 Wanamaker, Thomas B., 374 War, and business, 150, 155, 324, 327, 330, 351, 555, 563, 2319, 2414, 4433, 4526, also pp. 971-974; and business, bibliography of, 4631; and industrial mobilization, 4630; economic aspects, 1165, 1517, 46284630, 4633, 4635-4640;

financing

of, 254, 351, 354, 555, 557,

4629-4630;

price control, 4639-4640; social aspects, 4635 War Finance Corp., 1786 War Industries Board, index numbers of, 4617 War Risk Insurance Act, 2204 Warbasse, James Peter, 1324 Warburg, James P., 1535 Warburg, Paul Moritz, 1909 Warburton, Clark, 1455 Ward, Ferdinand, 1633 Ward, George S., 4556 Ward, George Washington, 1012 Ware, Caroline F., 2572 Ware, Norman, 2700, 4333

Warehouse receipts, use in financing inventory, 3684 Warehouses, auctions, 1224 Warehousing, 78, 216, 456, 546, 758, 1218, 1220, 1222, 1470, 3 5 4 2 - 3 5 5 8 ;

and banking, 3549; and insurance, 3549; and railroads, 3544; bonded goods, 3544, 3549, 3 5 5 7 ;

capacity, 3553; charges, 3544; competition, 3544; economic services, 3546, 3548, 3549, 3553, 3556; field, 1559; financial services, 3548-3549, 3556; government regulation, 3546, 3549, 3557; household goods, 3549; legal aspects, 3542, 3549; men, 542 ; operating costs, 3558; operation, 3544, 3 5 4 6 ; organization, 3544, 3556, 3 5 5 8 ;

seasonal fluctuations, 3549, 3558; systems, 3557; terminal storage, 3067, 3544~3545 ! trade associations, 3542-3543, 3548; trading exchanges, 3549; types, 3549. See also Cold storage; Storage Warner, C. Α., 2861 Warner, Lucien Calvin, 417 Warner & Swasey Co., 911, 2498 Warner Bros. Co., 417 Warren, Arthur G., 842 Warren, Charles, 239-240, 4157 Warren, Charles Elwood, 1704 Warren, George F., 4621, 4627 Warren, Waldo Pondray, 4251 Warren Manufacturing Co., 865 Warships, construction of, 728 Warshow, H. T., 1030 Warshow, Robert Irving, 531, 575, 1633 Wartime finance, see War, financing of Warwick, R. I., petty capitalists in, 285 Washburn, Charles F., 842 Washburn, Charles G., 565 Washburn, Henry S., 842 Washburn, Ichabod, 842

1176

INDEX

Washburn, Robert Collyer, 474 Washburn, Roger D., 3041 Washburn & Moen Co., 842 Washburn, Cadwallader C., 423, 895 Washburn Crosby Co., 423, 895 Washington aqueduct, 3128 Washington, D. C., franchises, 2956; street railways, 3497 Washington (State), private banking, 683 Washington, George Thomas, 4687 Wasson, George S., 1144 Wasson, R. Gordon, 566 Waste reduction, 1133, 2630, 3742, 4011 Watch industry, 887, 904 Watches, collections of, 887 Water power, 549, 1030, 2590, 3205-3206; and New Deal, 222 ; c o n s u m p t i o n , 2325, 2953 ;

executives, 3009 ; operating statements, 3009; valuation, bibliography of, 2925 Water transportation, statistics, 3440. See also Canals ; Inland water transportation ; Merchant marine ; Navigation; Ocean transportation; Shipping Water works, municipal ownership, bibliography, 2932

Waterman, Benoni, 285 Waterman, Merwin H., 2954 Waterston, William, 1385 W a t e r w a y s , 518, 3067, 3069, 3152.

See also Canals ; Inland water transportation W a t k i n s , G. P., 2972, 4664

Watkins, Gordon S., 3795, 4366 Watkins, Leonard L., 1910 Watkins, Lura Woodside, 912 Watkins, Myron W., 1472, 2881, 3897, 4439. 4557 Watkins (G. R.) Co., 756 Watson, David K., 1536 Watson, Elmo Scott, 2832 Watson, Evelyn B., 4418 Watson, Thomas Α., 362 Watt, Thomas, 4176 Watts, John, 340 Way, William, Jr., 998 Wealth, 576, 580, 591 ; acquisition, 4229, 4237, 4245;

and human industry, 107; as compared with foreign, 2762 ; consumption, 118; definition, 4650; distribution, 90, 118, .170, 173, 3561, 3599. 4644. 4647-4652, 4658, 46604664;

economic aspects, 4664; measurement, 4645; institutions', 4645 ; nations', 119, 4661; postwar, distribution of, 4647 ; producers', 4645; public, 4661 ; science of, 182 ; uses, 3584, 3586;

wartime, 4647. See also National income Wealthy men, income, 1695, 3561 Webb, Beatrice, 137, 4334 Webb-Pomerene Act, 1391, 3915 Webb, Sidney, 137, 4334 Weber, Alfred, 2708 Weber, G. M., 2385 Weber, Gustavus Α., 1459, 1473, 4426, 4458 Weber, Max, 17, 32-33 Weber, Shirley H., 358 Webner, Frank Erastus, 2680 Webster, Samuel Charles, 295 Wedgwood (Josiah) & Sons, Ltd., 254 Weed, Samuel R., 2250 Weeden, William B., 157 Weeks, John W., 565 Weeks, Joseph D., 2518 Weeks, Lymàn H., 2529 Weidlein, Edward R., 4011 Weidler, Walter C., 3649 Weights and measures, 1365, 3936, 4444. 4449. 4458, 4604. See also Foreign trade Weinberger, Julius, 3059 Weinstein, Meyer H., 1600 Weissenborn, G., 3369 Weissman, Rudolph Leo, 1634, 1913 Welch, H. M., 262 Welch, Henry J., 3796 Weld, L. D. H., 1247, 1457, 33i7 Welfare, research, 4011. See also Employee welfare Welk, W. G., 138 Welldon, Samuel Α., 1919

INDEX Wellener, Paul L., 2 2 8 5 Wells, David Α., 3 2 4 7 , 4558 Wells, George W., 9 1 3 Wells, Samuel Roberts, 4 2 5 2 Wells Fargo & Co., 954-957. 3 i ° i , 3™9~ 3 1 1 0 , 4453 Weiser family, 6 2 3 Welsh, Lewis G., 4 2 5 3 Welton, Arad W., 2 6 2 Wentworth, Edward Ν., 2 3 5 9 Wera, Eugene, 3 7 9 7 Werne, Benjamin, 1 4 7 4 Werner, M . R., 3 8 0 , 5 0 7 Wesley, Edgar B., 4 4 8 7 West, the, agriculture, 1 0 6 0 , 1 0 8 0 ; attitude toward eastern capital, 3 8 4 7 ; banking, 6 4 8 , 6 5 9 , 2 0 0 2 , 4 8 8 3 ; beet-sugar industry, 2 3 6 8 ; business administrators, 5 8 2 , 4 7 7 9 ; business conditions, 2115; business directory, 4 0 5 3 ; canals, 3 1 9 0 ; cattle ranching, 3 4 3 , 3 4 5 - 3 4 6 . 3 4 8 , 1060, 1080, 1 2 2 3 ; commercial banking, 3 4 9 ; communication, 4 4 4 8 , 4 4 5 1 ; cooperative associations, 3 9 2 1 ; country banking, 1 7 6 1 ; dairy industry, 1 0 8 0 ; development, 3 3 7 , 3 3 4 0 , 4 4 4 8 ; electric railways, 3 4 6 0 ; foreign trade, 1 3 3 9 ; fur trade, 2 1 1 5 , 2 1 1 9 ; industrial development, 1 0 3 3 ; industrial histories, 4 8 8 3 ; inland water transportation, 3 1 6 2 , itinerant traders, 2 8 0 ; labor, slave, 1 0 3 3 ; land investment, 3 3 3 , 9 4 8 , 3 0 1 6 ; manufacturing, 1 0 3 3 , 2 1 1 5 , 2 7 3 7 ; mining, 1 0 6 0 , 2 1 1 5 ; movement of capital toward, 5 4 7 overland express, 9 5 1 ; petroleum industry, 2 8 5 9 ; prairie trade, 2 8 0 ; prices, movement of, 4 6 0 4 ; production, by cities, 1 0 3 3 ; production, by States, 1 0 3 3 ; railroads, 2 7 3 7 , 3 3 1 5 , 3 3 4 ° . 3 3 9 5 , 3460;

104s,

3170;

;

3456,

transportation, bibliography of, 4 8 8 3 . See also specific localities West, Clarence Jay, 2 5 3 0

i m

West, Thomas D., 3 7 9 8 West End Street Ry., 1 0 0 9 West Indies, export of shoes to, 2 4 7 5 ; street railways, 3 5 2 0 ; trade with, 3 2 8 , 9 7 7 , 1 3 3 2 , 1 3 4 2 , 4 8 0 7 Westbrook, C. D., Jr., 3 2 0 6 Westerfield, Ray Bert, 1 1 7 4 , 1 1 8 3 , 1 7 6 0 , 1766, 1 9 1 1 Westermann, J . C., 1 3 5 4 Western Electric Co., 7 1 4 , 7 1 8 , 7 2 0 , 8 2 6 827; industrial research at Hawthorne Works, 3 7 6 0 , 3 7 7 5 Western Europe, super-agglomerate of trade, 3 9 6 4 Western Gas Association, 2 9 9 7 Western R.R., 9 6 0 Western Union Telegraph Co., 8 2 6 , 1 1 0 6 , 1120 Westinghouse Air Brake Co., 8 7 2 Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co., 2 4 4 3 , 3 6 6 1 Westinghouse, George, 4 1 9 - 4 2 0 Wettereau, James O., 7 1 3 , 4 4 8 2 Weyerhaeuser Sales Co., 2 1 0 3 Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., 2 0 8 0 , 2 1 0 6 Weyforth, Wm. O., 1912 Weymouth, Mass., shoe industry in, 2 4 8 8 Whaling industry, 2 0 3 2 - 2 0 5 3 , 3 2 1 0 , 3 2 3 1 , 3245, 4809; bibliography, 2 0 3 5 ; men, 2 0 3 3 , 2 0 4 7 ; prices, 2 0 4 9 ; 2 production, 2 0 3 3 , 2 0 3 5 , 2 0 3 9 , °4i, 204S, 2049, 2 0 5 2 ; stations, 2 0 3 3 ; technique, 2 0 3 7 - 2 0 3 8 ; trade journals, 2 0 5 3 ; vessels, 2 0 4 9 Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, 4 2 1 3 , 4 2 1 9 , 4 2 2 3 Wharves, owners, 3 2 5 ; storage facilities of, 3549, 3551 Wheat trade, companies, 1246; finance, 1222, 1786; grading, 1246; prices, 1216, 1222, 1246, 4608, 4614; regulation, 1222; production, 104S, 1061 ; speculation, 4858;

1178

INDEX

supply of, 2341 ; transportation, 1222, 1246; volume of trade, 1246. See also Agricultural products; Cooperative associations; Grain elevators Wheelwright, Benjamin F., 691 Wheelwrights, 2610-2611 Whelpton, P. K., 200 Whiskey trust, 3858 Whistler, George W., 365, 371 Whitaker, Albert C., 1588 White, Bouck, 532 White, George S., 461 White, Henry Ellis, 4622 White, Henry Kirke, 999 White, Horace, 1680, 4559 White, John, 303 White, Percival, 3653 White, Peter, 477 White, Wilford L., 1300 White lead industry, 2820 White Motor Company, 811 Whitehead, Thomas North, 3799 Whitesmiths, 857. See also Silversmiths Whitford, Noble E., 3179 Whitmore, Henry, 3029 Whitney, David Rice, 663 Whitney, Edson L., 1770 Whitney, Eli, 2498; biography, 441, 453, 588, 593, 4392 Whitney, Josiah Dwight, 2762 Whitney, Simon N., 3957 Whitney, William C., 540, 577, 1017 Whitney, Willis R., 820 Whiton, James M., 3370 Whittaker, Edmund, 107 Whittier, Robert Harvey, 2955 Whittington, Richard, 297 Whittlesey, Charles R., 3915 Wholesaling, 27s, 730-737, n7S-i255, 1287, also pp. 276-283; budgetary control, 1184; credit management, 1184, 1264; credit policy, 1184, 1264; encyclopedia, 1375; markets, 1259; men in, 382-397, 1175, 1184; organization, 1184, 1193; price policies, 1184; purchasing policies, 1184; statistics, 1458; stock control, 1184. See also

specific

industries

and

trades

Who's

Who in America,

4805

Wickaboag Bank, 4555 Widener, P. A. B., 1017, 3486 Wiest, Edward, 1074 Wightman, Lucius I., 3511 Wilber, Marshall D., 3702 Wilbur, Marguerite Eyer, 296 Wilcox, Delos F., 2956, 3499, 3529~353° Wilder, F. W., 2360 Wildes, Harry Emerson, 341 Wildman, Murray Shipley, 1537 Wiley, Leroy M., 958 Wilgus, William J., 3371, 3531 Wilkinson, David, 2498 Wilkinson, George, 3994 Willandy, Paul J., 2531 Willard, Charles Dwight, 3941 Willard, Daniel, 519 Willcox, James M., 696 Willett, Allan H., 4139 Willey, Malcolm M., 1126 Williams, Arthur, 2968 Williams, Benjamin H., 1398 Williams, Frank E., 244 Williams, Iolo Α., 3800 Williams, John Burr, 1969 Williams, John H., 1331 Williams, Judith Blow, 59 Williams, Marshall H., 1870 Williams, R. R., 1301 Williams, Ralph D., 477 Williams, Robert T., 4145 Williams, W., 3540 Williams (R. C.) & Company, Inc., 737 Williamson, Charles, 501 Williamson, Harold F., 158, 2594 Willing, Thomas, 254, 301 Willing (Thos.) & Co., 800 Willis, Henry Parker, 1824, 1854, 19141916 Williston, Samuel, 4158 Willkie, Wendell L., 3574 Willoughby, William Franklin, 2724, 3801, 3879, 4367 Wilson, Carol Green, 503 Wilson, G. Lloyd, 3541 Wilson, Neill, 957 Wilson, P. Α., 3602 Wilson, Thomas L. V., 603 Wilson, William Bender, 1000 Wilson, William E., 3702 Wilson, William P., 4088 Wilson, Woodrow, 212 Wilson & Co., 2348

INDEX Wills, 238 Willys-Overland Co., 2400 Wilt, Christian, 323 Wiltsee, Ernest Α., 3111, 3248 Windom Report, 3205, 3539 Winfield, Percy H., 4731 Wingate, John W., 1274 Winkler, John K., 381, 484, 500, 567, 664, 819, 914 Winslow, Emma Α., 1448 Winslow, S. N., 604 Winslow, Lanier & Co., 356 Winsor, Justin, 4831 Winter, William D., 2277 Winterich, John T., 2915 Winther, Oscar Osburn, 3112 Winthrop, Robert C., 462 Wiprud, A. C., 1796 Wire industry, 367, 2502; biographies, 842 Wire-Nail Assn., 3852 Wirth, Fremont Philip, 2787 Wirth, Max, 4560 Wisconsin, banking legislation, 1694; banks, 4815 ; business men, biographies of, 4815; canals, 3206; cities, growth of, 4815; credit unions, 1768; forest industry, 2076 ; fur trade, 2125, 4815; Historical Society, manuscript collections of, 4708 ; Indian trade, 1267; industrial expansion, 4815; labor, 4815 ; lead-mining, 2821; life insurance companies, 796 ; life-insurance investigation, 2206; lumber industry, 2076 ; minimum wage laws, 4347; rivers, improvement of, 3206; transportation, development of, 4815. See also Milwaukee Wisconsin legislature, 2206 Witham, G. S., Sr., 2532 Withers, Hartley, 139 Wolfe, F. E., 2286 Wolff, Henry W., 1817 Wolman, Leo, 4335-4335a Women in gainful occupations, 825 ; accidents to, 4365; as artificers, 4257;

1179

as petty capitalists, 4257; as shopkeepers, 4257; as tavern-keepers, 4257; changes in occupational distribution, 4260; collective biographies of, 4805 ; conditions of employment, 4357; health, 4261 ; hours of work, 4261 ; in agriculture, 4261 ; in business, 3581 ; in life insurance, 2174, 2207; in professions, 4257, 4260-4261 ; legislation, protective, 4349, 4357, 4365 ; night work, 4357; occupation statistics, 4260, 4279; profitable occupations for, 4229; progress, 4256 ; public attitude toward, 4279; qualifications, 4261 ; seats for, 4357; statistics, 4263 ; types of employment, 4357 ; urban, 4303; wages, 4261, 4279, 4365, 4646; working conditions, 4365 Women's clothing, 2423, 2592. See also Garment industry Women's magazines, editorial policy, 486 Wood, see Forestry and forest industries; Lumber industry; Timber, standing Wood, Benjamin, 3598 Wood, Frederic J., 3150 Wood, Harvey E., 2957 Wood, Henry, 3599 Wood, Laurence I., 3898 Wood, Louis Aubrey, 3372 Wood, Richard G., 2087 Wood, William Allen, 3667 Woodbury, Charles Jeptha Hill, 2573 Woodenware, 386, 547 Woodlock, Thomas F., 3373 Woodpulp, see Paper, pulp, and paperproducts industry Woodruff, George P., 1243 Woodruff, Ruth J., 2435 Woods, C. E., 2671 Woods, Edward Α., 1828, 2207-2208 Woodson, E. R., 3374 Woodward, Carl R., 285 Woodward, P. H., 665, 2131 Woodwell, William H., 1144a

1180

INDEX

Wool-growing, tariff, effect of, 1075 Wool industry, 1030, 2324, 2589, 2601; federal investigation, 2601 ; production, 1225; tariff, 2601 ; warehousing, 3549. See also Wool textile industry Wool textile industry, 873-876, 879, 882, 1047, 2588-2601 ; biographies, 882, 2599; capitalization, 874, 2591 ; companies, 2597, 2599; directors, 874 ; employee welfare, 874; establishments, number of, 2591 ; executives, 874-875, 2588; finance, 874, 2588; importing, 2592; labor, 873, 2588, 2591, 2593, 2599; localization, 2593 ; machinery, 2590-2591; management, 874; marketing and markets, 874, 879, 882, 2588, 2592-2593, 2599; organization, 873 ; owners, 879; policy, 874 ; production, organization for, 2593; production, volume of, 2591 ; products, 873, 879, 882, 2590, 2593; purchasing problems, 2592 ; raw materials, 882, 2592-2593, 2601; record-preservation, 4716; sales methods, 2592 ; sales organization, 2592; tariff, 2593, 2599; trade associations, 2599; trade journals, 2588, 2599; wages, 2591; water power, 2590. See also Carpet industry ; Garment industry Wool trade, cooperatives, 1235; exchanges, 1250; marketing, 1225; Woolf, Arthur H., 3995 Woolman, John, 260 Woolworth, F. W., 381 Woolworth (F. W.) Co., 381, 753 Wooster, Harvey Α., 1269 Worcester, Mass., inns, 3063 ;

life insurance companies, 783; machine-tool and wire industry, 842, 2502; pressed steel industry, 4719 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 4178, 4182 Worcester Pressed Steel Co., business museum of, 4719 Working conditions, 2693, 3777, 3788, 4279-4304. See also specific industries and trades Working hours, 3777. See also specific industries and trades Works Projects Administration, projects, 2759; publications, 4754 Workshops, 2339; inspection, 2724. See also Home industries ; Industrial management ; Manufacturing World Almanac, 4890 World, ancient, economic aspects of, 47 World conditions, analysis of, 176, 4528 World industries, 249, 253 World resources, availability of, 253 World trade, romance of, 3587 World trade centers, 249 World trade routes, 249 World War I, 3283, 3747 Wormser, Felix Edgar, 2760 Worsted industry, 2560, 2589, 2591-2592, 2596. See also Wool industry ; Wool textile industry Worthen, W. B., 703 Wright, Benjamin C., 1355, 1705 Wright, Carroll D., 1031, 4755 Wright, Charles, 633 Wright, Chester W., 159, 194, 1075, 4640 Wright, Conrad P., 1006 Wright, Elizabeth Q., 2147 Wright, Elizur, 2147, 2209-2211 Wright, Harold Emerson, 1782 Wright, Ivan, 1797 Wright, J., 1538 Wright, John S., 1503 Wright, Louis B., 269, 4869 Wright, Lyle H., 4865 Wright, Philip Green, 2147, 2445 Wright, R. J., 4561

INDEX Wright, Richardson, 1270 Writing materials, 2531 Wubnig, Arthur, 4351 Wyckoff, Richard D., 1970 Wyckoff, V. J., 3030 Wyckoff, William C., 2586-2587 Wyman, Bruce, 4443 Wyoming, cattle industry, 1072 Wyoming Cattle Growers' Association, 343

Wyoming Stock Growers 1072 Wyomissing Industries, 878

Association,

Xenophon, 103, 3654 Yale University, 514; Institute of Human Relations, 2696; life insurance course, 2212 Yard, Robert S., 2916 Yarn, 2601. See also Cotton industry ; Wool industry Yearbooks, 1443, 4885-4890; guide to, 4874; international, 1083, 4887-4889

1181

Yerkes, C. T., 3486; biography, 541, 577, 1017 York and Reisterstown Turnpike, 3123 Young, Agnes Brooks, 2436 Young, Allyn Α., 4562 Young, Edward, 4304 Young, James W., 1437 Young, Mel vin, 2213 Young, Owen D., 574, 4225 Young, Robert, 3692 Young, Thomas M., 2574 Young Men's Christian Association, 42034203c Yule, Henry, 307 Zaharoff, Basil, 2409 Zaretz, Charles Elbert, 2437 Zartman, Lester W., 2214-2216, 2251 Zemurray, Samuel, 1359 Zimand, Savel, 4336 Zimmerman, Erich W., 253 Zimmerman, T. J., 3693 Zimmern, Helen, 68 Zinc industry, 1027, 1030, 2754; location, 2817 Zlinkoff, Sergei S., 3899 Zon, Raphael, 2068-2069