Grinding and Milling: A study of Romano-British rotary querns and millstones made from Old Red Sandstone 9781841719382, 9781407320601

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BAR 409 2006

Grinding and Milling SHAFFREY

A study of Romano-British rotary querns and millstones made from Old Red Sandstone

Ruth Shaffrey GRINDING AND MILLING

B A R

BAR British Series 409 2006

Grinding and Milling A study of Romano-British rotary querns and millstones made from Old Red Sandstone

Ruth Shaffrey

BAR British Series 409 2006

ISBN 9781841719382 paperback ISBN 9781407320601 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841719382 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

BAR

PUBLISHING

ABSTRACT This report was originally submitted as a PhD thesis at the University of Reading in 1998. It has been updated with the data both from more recent publications and from additional museum research. It investigates the use of Old Red Sandstone from South Wales, Gloucestershire, Avon and Somerset during the Roman period, for rotary querns. In order to do this it uses a detailed petrographic study of these rocks at both microscopic and macroscopic levels to define practical keys which allow types of Old Red Sandstone, and hence artefacts made from it, to be identified and provenanced to their geological formations (Chapter 2). The study identifies 1200 rotary querns of Old Red Sandstone (Appendix 3) from 180 sites. The distribution pattern of these querns is studied in detail (Chapter 5) and found to stretch from south-east Wales in the west, to Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire in the east. It extends as far south as Dorchester (Dorset) and as far north as Coleshill (Warwickshire). The petrological study also identifies the three major source areas in the Roman period as the Forest of Dean, the Bristol area and the Mendips and investigates the differences in the distribution of finds from each of these sources. (Chapter 3). Further investigation has also shown that the Old Red Sandstone was extensively exploited during the Late Iron Age, especially in the Mendips area, but that aspect is not investigated in detail in this report. An aspect that was limited in the original PhD research, the typological study, has been expanded for this report (Chapter 4). It now includes a detailed description and analysis of the types of ORS querns manufactured, their dating and their distribution. The routes and mechanisms through which the querns were moved are also investigated (Chapters 5 and 6). This finds that the River Severn played a primary role in their movement but subsequent transportation, in all directions, relied more heavily on the network of roads than on inland waterways. It also finds that they were probably moved through a combination of methods including market exchange, redistribution and as payments or gifts. The production of ORS querns is also assessed in Chapter 6 and the evidence indicates that ORS rotary querns were probably produced in different circumstances at different outcrops depending on the geographical relationship of that outcrop to a villa estate, state or other type of controlled land. Additional details of the petrological study, including ternary diagrams and thin section photographs, can be found in the PhD Thesis (Saunders 1998). This also includes details of the use of Old Red Sandstone for other purposes, in particular for roofing.

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research has only been possible due to the help of museums and archaeological units who allowed access to published and unpublished collections. Many thanks must therefore go to the staff of the following: Gloucester City Museum; Corinium Museum; Newport Museum; Reading Museum; Bristol Museum; Hampshire County Museums Service; National Museum of Wales, Cardiff; Hereford and Worcester County Museums Service; Warwickshire Museum; Luton Museum; Bedford Museum; Exeter City Museum; Yeovil Museum; Devizes Museum; Buckinghamshire County Museums Service; Cheltenham Museum; Taunton Museum; King Johns Hunting Lodge, Axbridge; Wells Museum; Carlisle City Museum; Museum of Antiquities Newcastle-upon-Tyne; English Heritage, North East Branch and Fort Cumberland; Swindon Museum; Oxford Archaeology; the Trust for Wessex Archaeology; Carlisle Archaeological Unit; Cotswold Archaeological Trust and Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit. Thanks must also go to all those who helped me during my PhD at the University of Reading, both in the Department of Archaeology and in the Postgraduate Research Institute for Sedimentology. In particular I would like to thank my supervisors Professors Michael Fulford and John Allen. Thanks also to Mark Pay, Andy Pearson and Helen Jay and to John Jack. Especial thanks to Fiona Roe, without whose many discussions this would have been a very different piece of work and to my family for their support.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1

Introduction Why rotary querns Quern Studies Old Red Sandstone Methods Aims and Objectives

1 1 2 3 3 4

CHAPTER 2: THE PETROGRAPHIC STUDY

5

Introduction Geographical and Stratigraphical location Formation processes and the resulting rocks Petrographic Study. Summary of the types The Macroscopic Petrographic Study Identifying Old Red Sandstone Hand specimen models The microscopic petrographic study The analysis The Models Summary

5 5 7 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 12

CHAPTER THREE :THE PROVENANCE STUDY

15

Introduction Methodology Classification Classification of sites and finds Problems with the data and classification Results Area 1 The Forest of Dean and Wye Valley to Newport Introduction to the area Results Material types and most common characteristics Area 3 Portishead and Bristol Introduction to the area Results Material types and most common characteristics Area 5 The Mendips Introduction to the area Results Most common material types Area 4 Thornbury Introduction to the area Results Most common material types Area 2 South East Wales Introduction to the area Results Most common material types Non provenanced sites Summary and conclusions

15 15 15 15 16 16 19 19 20 21 21 21 22 23 23 23 24 24 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27

v

CHAPTER 4: THE TYPOLOGICAL STUDY

29

Introduction Dimensions of querns Chronological changes in size Methods of dressing Chronological changes in dressing Typology: upper stones Typology: Lower stones Introduction: Curwen's classification Summary Chronological analysis of quern types Upper stones Lower stones Perforation Distribution analysis Distribution of different types Distribution of Millstones Conclusions

29 29 30 31 34 34 41 41 42 42 42 42 46 48 48 48 48

CHAPTER FIVE : SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION

49

Introduction Distribution of rotary querns of ORS Types of sites with rotary querns Importance of ORS for rotary querns Routes of movement Local Routes The Routes Summary Longer distance distribution routes Northwards Distribution Southwards Distribution Eastwards Distribution Movement of other products Some possible journeys Summary Chronology Classification of finds and sites Dating of rotary querns Pre- Iron Age use of Old Red Sandstone Dating of exploitation of different sources Temporal distribution of rotary querns Summary Distribution Mechanisms Romano-British Economy The Issues Redistribution? Market exchange, competition and availability? Personal connections? State and official bodies? Summary and Conclusion

49 49 49 51 54 54 54 56 56 56 57 57 58 59 61 61 61 61 62 62 63 64 66 66 66 67 67 68 70 71

vi

CHAPTER 6 : PRODUCTION

73

Introduction Evidence for Production The Quarry The Querns Methods of Production Two-stage production Modes of Production Small scale production Moderate Production Estate Production Official production. Conclusions

73 73 73 73 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 77

CHAPTER SEVEN : CONCLUSIONS

79

Main Conclusions The Petrographic Study Most commonly used types of ORS The Typological Study Routes of Movement Chronological changes Mechanisms of exchange Production Limitations of the Research Future Research Final Comment

79 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 81 81

GAZETTEER

83

REFERENCES

93

APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 3

103 113 119

vii

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Map showing the sources of ORS rocks in each area Figure 2.2: Chart showing the stratigraphy of ORS rocks in each area Figure 2.3: Flow chart for analysing rocks in hand specimen Figure 2.4: Flow chart for analysing rocks in thin section

6 7 11 11

Figure 3.1: Map showing locations of sites with rotary querns of Old Red Sandstone Figure 3.2: Map showing sites with rotary querns from source area 1 Figure 3.3: Map showing density of distribution of rotary querns from source area 1 Figure 3.4: Map showing sites with rotary querns from source area 3 Figure 3.5: Map showing density of distribution of rotary querns from source area 3 Figure 3.6: Map showing sites with rotary querns from source area 5 Figure 3.7: Map showing density of distribution of rotary querns from source area 5 Figure 3.8: Map showing location and density of distribution of rotary querns from source area 4 Figure 3.9: Map showing location and density of distribution of rotary querns from source area 2

17 20 21 22 23 24 25 25 26

Figure 4.1: Graph showing range of measurable diameters Figure 4.2: Graph showing range of measurable maximum thicknesses Figure 4.3: Graph plotting diameter against maximum thickness Figure 4.4: Graph showing range of diameters and date Figure 4.5: Graph showing average and median diameter by date Figure 4.6: Graph showing diameter and thickness by date Figure 4.7: Graph showing range of thicknesses and date Figure 4.8: Graph showing average and median thickness by date Figure 4.9: Graph showing overall working of querns Figure 4.10: Graph showing method of working grinding surface Figure 4.11: Illustration of grinding surface methods Figure 4.12: Graph showing different types of ORS upper querns Figure 4.13: Illustration of Upper Flat-topped 1 and Rimmed and Projecting styles Figure 4.14: Illustration of Upper Flat-topped 2 Figure 4.15: Illustration of Upper Disc (flat) Figure 4.16: Illustration of Upper Disc (angled) Figure 4.17: Illustration of Upper Beehive Figure 4.18: Graph showing numbers of lower ORS quern types Figure 4.19: Illustration of Lower Beehive, Pyramid and hybrid style Figure 4.20: Illustration of Lower Lozenge style Figure 4.21: Illustration of Lower Disc style Figure 4.22: Illustration of Lower Cake style Figure 4.23: Map showing location of ORS millstones

29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 33 34 35 36 38 39 40 41 43 44 45 46 47

Figure 5.1: Histogram showing the percentage of different site types with ORS querns Figure 5.2: Histogram showing the percentage of different site types in the study area Figure 5.3: Density of Distribution of finds of rotary querns of ORS Figure 5.4: Map showing sites with high numbers or percentages of querns of ORS Figure 5.5: Map showing the local and longer distance routes Figure 5.6: Graph plotting the number of artefacts provenanced to the Mendips Figure 5.7: Graph plotting the number of artefacts provenanced to Bristol and Portishead Figure 5.8: Graph plotting the number of artefacts provenanced to the Wye Valley and Forest of Dean Figure 5.9: Histogram showing the number of sites with artefacts of ORS during each period Figure 5.10: Histogram showing the number of artefacts dated to each period Figure 5.11: Map showing the distribution of Early to Middle Iron Age artefacts of ORS Figure 5.12: Map showing the distribution of Early Roman artefacts of ORS Figure 5.13: Map showing the distribution of Late Roman artefacts of ORS

50 50 51 52 55 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 66

Figure 6.1: Methods of production

75

ix

Figure A3.1: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 1 Figure A3.2: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 2 Figure A3.3: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 3 Figure A3.4: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 4 Figure A3.5: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 5 Figure A3.6: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 6 Figure A3.7: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 1 Figure A3.8: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 2 Figure A3.9: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 3 Figure A3.10: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 4 Figure A3.11: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 5 Figure A3.12: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 6 Figure A3.13: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 7 Figure A3.14: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 8

x

169 169 170 170 171 171 172 172 173 173 174 174 175 175

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: The five principal source areas for ORS rocks Table 2.2: Differences between ORS and other common quern materials Table 2.3: Models for use when examining non pebbly rocks Table 2.4: Models for use when examining pebbly rocks Table 2.5: Chart for identifying finer grained rocks without a calcite cement Table 2.6: Chart for identifying coarser grained rocks without a calcite cement Table 2.7: Chart for identifying finer grained rocks with a calcite cement Table 2.8: Chart for identifying coarser grained rocks with a calcite cement Table 3.1: List of all sites with rotary querns of Old Red Sandstone Table 3.2: Number of artefacts provenanced to each of the source areas. Table 3.3: Most common ORS varieties from Area 1 Table 3.4: Most common ORS varieties from Area 3 Table 3.5: Most common ORS varieties from Area 5 Table 3.6: Most common ORS varieties from Area 2

5 8 9 9 12 12 13 13 18 19 21 23 23 27

Table 4.1: Millstones with complex rynd slots Table 4.2: Querns with widely spaced pecking Table 4.3: ORS upper quern types Table 4.4: Lower ORS quern types Table 4.5: Dating of upper quern types Table 4.6: Dating of lower quern types Table 4.7: Sites with Millstones of ORS

31 32 34 41 42 46 47

Table 5.1 Sites with high numbers or proportions of querns of ORS

53

xi

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION artefacts (ibid.). Provenance of material types as well as artefact types, for example coal, can also be used to look at trade routes and in this case at “official supply arrangements” (Dearne and Branigan 1995, 80).

Introduction Old Red Sandstone (Siluro-Devonian) rocks from the Bristol Channel region were extensively used in Roman Britain as a building material (for walling and roofing), and for smaller portable artefacts. The range of artefacts manufactured includes whetstones, loom weights and tesserae, but by far the most commonly occurring is the rotary quern1.

Although the analysis of the distribution patterns of ceramics is common, the analysis of many other artefacts also has a valuable role to offer. Stone artefacts can often be provenanced through petrographic analysis, as can metals such as lead from the Mendips, which was traced as far afield as Normandy and Pompeii (Elkington 1976, 188). Although the scale of production might be determined through the provenance studies of an artefact type, it is the typological studies upon which these often rest, as they may be used to establish chronological development. This in turn may be used as a dating tool. Studies of the typological variation in an artefact type can also be used to investigate spatial differences in industry and in scale and type of production. If artefacts of the same type were manufactured in different places, then a study of the typological variations can help provenance those artefacts.

Unlike other rock types, which may be lithologically consistent over large geographical areas, it is possible to distinguish Old Red Sandstone from different areas and stratigraphical horizons. This is the result of the different conditions under which the rocks were laid down and the varying post depositional changes that have acted upon them. The variable nature of the Old Red Sandstone rocks (Chapter 2) allows artefacts made from it to be identified and their spatial occurrences to be plotted (Chapter 3). Why rotary querns The economy of Roman Britain is often investigated by studying the artefacts left behind that represent it (Peacock 1982, 152), for example, by determining provenance. This allows distribution maps to be drawn; especially useful when the data are of sufficient quality to allow more than a simple ‘single dot per findspot’ type presentation (Peacock 1982, 166). Not only do they provide information about the scale of a particular industry but they allow the flow of goods to be investigated and the routes along which goods were moved to be determined (Renfrew 1975, 7). This also has the potential to allow distribution mechanisms or marketing methods to be investigated, often the most sought after information derivable from distribution maps (Peacock 1982, 167). Where close dating is available, these studies also permit analysis of the chronological changes in an industry and the economic conditions under which it operated. With some artefact types, such as tiles, mortaria and amphorae (although the results must be treated with some caution), provenance may be determined by analysis of the stamped marks, especially if place names are inscribed (Peacock and Williams 1986, 11). Petrological examination of sherds of pottery or amphorae can also help distinguish between source areas involved in manufacturing otherwise very similar 1

In the Roman period, as in any other, rotary querns were essential, domestic and sometimes commercial items. They are found widely across all types of Romano-British sites, and, although in significantly smaller numbers than pottery, their almost ubiquitous presence suggests that they are equally as useful an indicator of trade as pottery (Caulfield 1977, 130; Peacock 1987, 61). Many claim that pottery is the best medium for this purpose, as it is so widespread (Peacock 1980, 154; Fulford and Huddleston 1991, 40) and it is consequently the most frequently studied marker of exchange and distribution. The results of pottery analysis are often considered to be representative of the overall pattern of exchange (Fulford 1977, 38) and may be equated with the economy as a whole (Allen and Fulford 1996, 223). Pottery was, however, a low value cargo and not a significant factor in the Roman economy (Pucci 1983, 109-110). Although it can provide information about the exchange and acquisition of products of similar nature, the very different character of rotary querns (size, weight, limited sources, life span) suggests that the mechanisms by which they were distributed may have been very different. Few artefacts studied in isolation, including pottery (Millett 1990, 159) can be taken to represent all movement, and the distribution of querns in comparison to other artefact types can offer valuable and different insights.

Throughout this report, the term rotary quern is taken to mean rotary querns of all sizes, including those that would otherwise be referred to as millstones because of their larger diameters. When millstones are being discussed specifically, they will be referred to as such.

Rotary querns, like pottery, provide details about the economic basis, organisation of and external contacts 1

INTRODUCTION

of, a site. Large quantities of querns, for example, can be used to suggest a significant arable basis to the economy of the site, such as at Cowbridge (Parkhouse and Evans 1996, 235). The evidence can also be taken to suggest not only surplus production but also possible trading links. For example it has been postulated that the villa site at Gatcombe might have had a surplus production of flour which might have been traded with Caerleon (Branigan 1977). The recovery of millstones (as opposed to hand operated rotary querns) indicates production of flour on a much larger and possibly commercial scale and also the transfer of such an activity from a household task to central management. From an interpretative view of a site’s function, the presence of unfinished querns may indicate quern manufacture (Fulford and Allen 1992), while a large quantity of querns on site may also indicate quern production if there was a nearby source of stone (e.g. Barker and Webley 1977, 205). If possible, sources of stone can be suggested through provenance studies (e.g. Barford 1984; Welfare 1995); this allows routes of movement to be reconstructed more precisely. Welfare for example (ibid.), looked at both foreign and local materials used at Usk and, in the case of the Old Red Sandstone, postulated possible quarry locations at Penallt and near Usk. Equally, the provenance of querns, along with other artefact types recovered from a site, reveal the connections of people at that site to other areas and can be used to make inferences about the status of the site.

millstones to be investigated and this study of eastern Mediterranean millstones indicated that during the Roman period, the major source areas had overlapping distributions suggesting “competition for markets” (Williams-Thorpe and Thorpe, 1993, 304). They also found that even the best millstones were not worth enough in comparison to their weight and bulk to be transported as far as amphorae, reaching only halfway across the Mediterranean (Williams-Thorpe and Thorpe 1993, 303). Peacock also examined the trade patterns that could be established from the study of millstones. In his analysis of the Roman millstone trade (1980), he examined the distribution of five different materials in order to identify which was the most commonly used material (Peacock, 1980, 43). Some research has also been carried out on the provenancing of querns in this country. Some of this has used equally complex methods requiring samples for analysis, while others have attempted to keep the provenancing as simple as possible. Rudge (1966), for example, relied on the visual analysis of museum curators to determine the presence of Hertfordshire Puddingstone in their collections, a method that would only be suitable to such a distinctive material. Rudge’s research is one of the few published papers that have concentrated on one particular material, the only other notable exception being Peacock’s study of the use of Lodsworth. In this case, the quarry sites were located through fieldwork and the distribution of both saddle and rotary querns of the stone examined. Peacock used the results to look at the typological change in the querns and their distribution across the south of England, noting that the material was often transported over some distance. Most other studies have involved petrographic analysis on a similar level, either in hand specimen or thin section examination. King (1986), for example, looked at the distribution of querns and millstones in an area that naturally produces no workable stone of its own so that the presence of locally available materials would not influence the results.

Quern Studies The importance of determining the provenance of rotary querns was realised more than a hundred years ago by Buckman (1866), who attempted to outline the most common stone types occurring in Romano-British contexts. He stated that as “they were articles of general use, the traffic in them must have been considerable” and makes them worthy of study (Buckman 1866, 294). Other works outlined the importance of geology to archaeology (North 1937).

Despite the obvious potential of stone artefacts, querns remain, in comparison to pottery, relatively unresearched, so that recent authors still note the lack of research in this field (Frere 1987; King 1986; Peacock 1987). Some early reports considered the geology of the stone artefacts (Brakspear 1904a, Bulleid 1917, Wheeler and Wheeler 1932), but the majority neglected them. Although this is an increasingly diminishing trend, being mainly, though not exclusively, early excavation reports, there are some published in the last few decades which do not have specialists reports, for example Cameron and Lucas (1969, 1973) who make reference to only one quern out of many found at Tripontium. Webster (1967, 1981, 1985) and Webster and Smith (1982) also neglect to mention any of the querns found in the finds sections and Dix (1980) does the same. Some reports mention the querns but make no attempt to identify the stone types or

Early work on the geology of querns includes the studies of the quern quarries of Mayen by J Röder, and translated into English by O.G.S. Crawford. They described the different styles of Mayen querns and investigated the quarries themselves (Crawford and Röder 1955). Their work is still relevant and useful to quern studies today. Many methodologies have required complex geological analysis because of the nature of the stone. Millstones have been subjected to provenance studies relying on chemical analysis, in both the Mediterranean area and in Roman Britain (Williams-Thorpe and Thorpe 1993 and 1988). This research concentrated on methods such as wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) (1988, 278), combined with thin section petrology (1993) and the results were used to establish the trading patterns of the millstones. This then allowed the trading value of 2

GRINDING AND MILLING give details about the actual artefacts, for example Rawes (1987, 90).

nearby outcrops rather than one source (Ingle 1984, 1213).

Typologically, the study of querns is well developed. Despite some early appreciation of both petrology and discussion of quern morphology at particular sites like Glastonbury Lake Village (Bulleid and St. George Gray 1917), very little research followed. In the 1930s Curwen established a typology of querns that outlined the different styles he had seen in the archaeological record of Roman Britain (1937, 1941). He identified three Iron Age or beehive types, the Wessex/Sussex type, the Hunsbury type and the Roman Legionary type (Curwen 1937, 104-105). He also outlined the different RomanoBritish styles of the flat-topped type, the projecting hopper type, the disc type and the flat beehive type. This typological study was attempted in order to establish a clear chronological development of the style of querns, thereby offering useful, though broad dating aids. The detail appeared to provide a simple chronological development of the rotary quern, and, although it is now clear that the issues are more complex, Curwen’s work still forms a good basis to any study of the rotary quern. Typological studies also provide information on regional variations and indications of where inter-regional contacts existed. Some authors have reviewed the evidence concerning querns to date, providing useful bibliographies (Crawford 1953 and Caulfield 1977). Others have suggested methodologies to use, in particular the different features which should be observed and measured (Caulfield 1977; Hayes, Hemingway and Spratt 1980; King 1986). Watts looked at the typological development of the rotary quern in Wales and concluded that the pattern follows that laid out by Curwen some decades ago, though there is a distinct north-south divide, with northern querns being flatter and having a narrower eye (Watts, 1996, 26).

More recently specialist sections of excavation reports with finds of Old Red Sandstone have considered the origin of the stone (Barford and Branfoot 1985; Evans 1994) and, with increasing numbers of specialists contributing, it has become possible to compare the evidence with that from other sites. Despite the best efforts of specialist writers, however, the information about the distribution of ORS artefacts is limited and generally confined to recent excavations; those that have been able to employ specialists to look at the stone. Methods To successfully carry out a study of the distribution of rotary querns of Old Red Sandstone (ORS), it was first essential to establish a reference collection of samples of ORS (Chapter 2). This was created through geological fieldwork to the source areas to collect samples from different outcrops. It was hoped these would be representative of the varying types of ORS. The reference collection contains 100 samples of ORS that were individually examined and recorded. A list of these samples and their descriptions can be found in Appendix 2. The archive is stored at The School of Human and Environmental Sciences at The University of Reading. The rock samples were examined in hand specimen according to the petrographic characteristics of grain size and types, colour, porosity, cement types and inclusion or pebble types (further details in Appendix 1). Sixty thin sections of samples of ORS were also made and studied. On each slide 300 points were examined or ‘counted’. This combination of macroscopic and microscopic analysis was used to determine the characteristics of the rocks that would be useful for provenancing and to create information that could be used when examining artefacts.

More recently, the provenance study and the typological study have been merged. King examined the typology of the querns in a study area to the north-west of London and related it to the various different materials used (1986, 111). He found that the styles were likely to vary between materials because of the ease of carrying out various tasks, for example it would be easier to incise grooves into Lava than it would Puddingstone because of the large clasts in the latter.

Once the petrological analysis of the samples was complete, a literature search was undertaken to locate sites with possible artefacts of ORS. This was used as the basis for a series of museum visits to examine the artefacts and verify or dispute the original identifications. Where possible all specimens were examined personally by the author; those that were not accessible are clearly identified. The evidence analysed is also heavily reliant on the retention policy of the excavators and conditions on site. Rotary querns, especially fragments, can be easily missed by the untrained eye when excavating, as it may be difficult to tell the difference between local and foreign stone. With older collections especially there is also a problem with labelling. Heavier bulkier items such as querns have often been poorly labelled and separated from the rest of the collection and as a result their provenance lost. Although this is mostly a problem with pre-war collections, it goes some way to explaining the lack of research in the field. Problems with more recent

Old Red Sandstone Although Old Red Sandstone is an ideal material to study in terms of distribution and provenance, no consistent research has been carried out into its exploitation. Barford (1984) considered the location of possible quern quarries in the Bristol district. Likewise, Ingle (1984) provenanced a number of collections from the same region, those from Chew Valley, Gatcombe and Filwood Park, all of which contain artefacts of ORS. She relied on microscopic petrography and used her results to suggest that querns were made locally to satisfy a market, and used several 3

INTRODUCTION

excavations can be caused by inadequate provision for storage of bulky items and querns are left outside where labels are destroyed by the elements to which they are exposed. Despite the problems with the dataset, it is still large enough to be enlightening and this report is devoted to publishing the evidence.

database can be added to in future. It also includes a large dataset of known examples of ORS querns for reference. A brief exploration is also made into the styles of ORS querns which allows for some analysis of chronological development and is a key to investigating production and food processing. Of course, this type of research is never-ending. With each year that passes, the data-set expands as more artefacts are recovered through research or developer funded excavations, fieldwalking and survey projects.

Aims and Objectives It is clear that a research study such as this can contribute to our understanding of the production, use, development and distribution of rotary querns in Roman Britain by focussing on those made from ORS. This in turn contributes not only to the study of Romano-British archaeology generally but also to our understanding of the evidence from individual excavations.

Most of the data for this report was accumulated before 1997 as part of a PhD thesis submitted to the University of Reading (Saunders 1998). Some effort has been made to incorporate more recently recovered material and to update the references to sites that have subsequently been published. Most of the reworking of the data and text has been concerned with Chapter 4, the typological study, an area not intended for analysis during the initial research period. Due to the time lapse since the initial research was completed, there will, inevitably, be absences from this and other chapters but the dataset is nevertheless substantial enough to warrant publication.

To achieve this it identifies the most commonly used types of ORS and as a result the most productive geographical areas. It includes a detailed analysis of ORS and of querns made from it which will assist other worked stone specialists to be able to identify querns of ORS and to provenance them where possible so that the

4

CHAPTER TWO THE PETROGRAPHIC STUDY Introduction

therefore not included in this study.

The primary mineralogy of any rock is affected by differences in the environmental conditions prevalent during their formation and their source materials. Differences in the post-depositional processes the rocks underwent, however, affect both the primary mineralogy, through alteration, and the secondary mineralogy or cementation styles. In order to appreciate why a detailed study of the distribution of rotary querns of Old Red Sandstone is possible, it is necessary to understand how the Old Red Sandstone was formed and what processes occurred after formation. This chapter will introduce the Old Red Sandstone, explain the petrological foundation of the research and describe the micro and macroscopic studies.

Figure 2.2 summarises the stratigraphy of the Old Red Sandstone rocks in the area. The youngest parts of the Lower Old Red Sandstone (Lower ORS), and most of the Upper Old Red Sandstone (Upper ORS or Upper Devonian), are mainly fluviatile sandstones and conglomerates. The strata shown at the top of the diagram belong to the marine Carboniferous and denote the end of the ORS facies, while the Thornbury Beds and St. Maughans Group seen at the base of the diagram are the lowest (oldest) parts of the LORS and are those not included in this study. The oldest rocks studied here are the Brownstones of the Lower ORS which were probably derived from a “metamorphic and acid igneous complex of the Caledonian mountains to the north west” (Squirrell and Downing 1969, 29). They constitute the thickest of the ORS subdivisions reaching a maximum of approximately 1200m on the western side of the River Severn, in the Forest of Dean and Wye Valley. This thickness is much reduced elsewhere and because of deformation, Lower ORS rocks only exist close to the eastern side of the River Severn (Welch and Trotter 1961, 33) and not in the Mendips (Kellaway and Welch 1993, 17). The Black Nore Sandstone, which outcrops in the Portishead-Bristol-Failand areas to a similar thickness, is the equivalent of the Brownstones (Kellaway and Welch 1993, 16). The Brownstones (or equivalent) do not exist in the Thornbury area as the Upper ORS rests unconformably on the Thornbury Beds of the Lowest LORS (Kellaway and Welch 1993, 16).

Geographical and Stratigraphical location Siluro-Devonian rocks of the Old Red Sandstone facies can be found across the British Isles and vary between aeolian (wind transported), lacustrine (deposited in lakes), fluviatile (river deposits) and shallow marine types (Allen 1974, 73). The outcrops located near the Bristol Channel were selected for further study and subdivided into five principal areas (Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1). Table 2.1:The five principal source areas for ORS rocks Area 1

Area 3

Forest of Dean and Wye Valley (extending as far south as Newport) South-east Wales around Cardiff and the Brecon Beacons Bristol and Portishead

Area 4

Around Thornbury

Area 5

The Mendips

Area 2

Deposition of the Lower ORS was ended by further earth movements of the Caledonian Orogeny (mountain building period), which also folded and elevated them. The subsequent Upper ORS was deposited under less arid conditions (Allen 1975, 16) and was derived “from a region undergoing fairly intensive chemical weathering” (Allen 1974, 78). The material produced from the erosion of the Lower ORS beds was therefore incorporated in the formation of the Upper ORS. Upper ORS rocks include the Quartz Conglomerate and Tintern Sandstone Group; when indivisible these are known as the Portishead Beds (Welch and Trotter 1961, 49). The Quartz Conglomerate and Tintern Sandstone Group each reach a thickness of about 150m (Squirrell and Downing 1969, 40; Kellaway and Welch 1993, 17), and in areas 1 and 4 can be identified separately. In areas 3 and 5 they have been grouped together as the Portishead Beds (Kellaway and Welch 1993, 17).

The Old Red Sandstone was formed between approximately 410 and 360 million years ago but the upper and lower parts are separated by an unconformity accounting for the whole of middle Devonian times (Allen 1977, 42). While the oldest rocks of the lower Old Red Sandstone (Lower Devonian) are mainly marginal marine (ibid.), they are also predominantly soft sandstones, mudstones and marls which would not have been practical for use as rotary querns and are

5

THE PETROGRAPHIC STUDY

Key

0 2

Brownstones

10km

N

Upper Old Red Sandstone Upper and Lower Old Red Sandstone - undifferentiated

Gloucester

1

2 4

Newport

Cardiff

3 Bristol

Bristol Channel

5

Figure 2.1: Map showing the sources of ORS rocks in each area

6

GRINDING AND MILLING

Figure 2.2: Chart showing the stratigraphy of ORS rocks in each area Formation processes and the resulting rocks

increasingly less affected by the folding. Different postdepositional processes such as this have led to varying alteration of the detrital or primary components of the rocks such as the feldspars and the introduction of different diagenetic or secondary components (cements). The rocks in the more southern parts of the study region (Areas 2 and 5, and partly Area 3) were most affected by the Variscan Orogeny indicating that their primary minerals would have undergone more alteration.

As the Upper and Lower ORS rocks were formed under different conditions and are from different sources, there should be differences in their primary mineralogy. In addition to this, the overall makeup of the rocks has also been affected by the subsequent post-depositional processes which have acted upon them, such as chemical and physical weathering processes, the transportation they have undergone, and dissolution, precipitation or alteration during diagenesis (Pettijohn, Potter and Siever 1987, 25). One major event that affected the character of the ORS rocks was an intense period of mountain forming, known as the Variscan or Hercynian Orogeny, which occurred approximately 290 million years ago. This caused subsequent burial diagenesis which strongly folded and cleaved the Carboniferous and Devonian rocks of southernmost England. The Old Red Sandstone facies was increasingly deformed to the south (Anderton et al 1979, 111), particularly in the Mendip area and to the West of Cardiff, but northwards the beds were

As the surface appearance of rocks is “strongly influenced by mineral composition” (Pettijohn, Potter and Siever 1987, 25), we expect these differences to be reflected in the appearance of the rocks in hand specimen. It is clear from our understanding of the formation of, and subsequent post-depositional processes affecting the ORS rocks, that there should be substantial spatial and stratigraphic differences in the rock types found today. This evidence provided the foundation for a detailed petrographic study of the rocks.

7

THE PETROGRAPHIC STUDY rock. Table 2.2 highlights the usual differences between ORS and other materials and shows that commonly ORS is less feldspathic than other alternatives to it. In some circumstances it is only possible to distinguish between ORS and similar stones by analysis in thin section, which will reveal the proportions of different types of minerals such as feldspar, present.

Petrographic Study Summary of the types The varieties of ORS studied are fine to coarse grained sandstones, although most are medium grained. They are variously cemented by calcite, haematite, quartz and clay minerals and frequently by a mixture of some, although not usually all, of the four. Occasionally there are also some feldspar overgrowths (seen only in thin section), but these are negligible. The rocks can be pebbly, especially when coarser grained and these clasts are mostly vein quartz with combinations of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary pebbles in the Quartz Conglomerate of the Forest of Dean and in some of the coarser Brownstones. The rocks are generally slightly feldspathic and the finer grained rocks are sometimes micaceous and / or thinly bedded, splitting easily into slices. These types were commonly used as roofing material. Colour varies through a range of Munsell pale browns, reds and yellows with the occasional olive variety.

Hand specimen models Studying the hand specimen samples according to the characteristics discussed earlier, the features outlined in Tables 2.3 and 2.4 can be used for provenancing. These models rely on the samples having distinctive characteristics and are therefore limited in their application. The models resulted from a detailed study of specimens of ORS collected during fieldwork. Analysis of these specimens revealed that the ORS is more variable than at first expected, even within a small geographical range. The first attempts to outline provenancing aids tried to take into account all the different variables of the actual geology. It consisted of a number of flow charts that looked at the variation in all different characteristics of the rocks. It was tested several times on the existing reference collection and, while the models for pebbly samples had an accuracy rate of 85%, the models for non-pebbly samples were accurate in only half of all cases. After amendments to the models, they were tested again on the existing reference collection and additionally on some new material. While the models enabled correct identification of 70-80% of samples in the primary reference collection, they succeeded on less than half the new specimens. The variability of the material was so great that models designed in this way were too complicated for practical use and could not realistically cover every variability. The models were subsequently simplified to use only cement type, colour, presence of feldspar and mica and pebble types (if it was a pebbly rock).

The Macroscopic Petrographic Study Identifying Old Red Sandstone The wide variation in types of ORS and in other lithologies means that identifying ORS positively in hand specimen can be difficult. ORS is commonly confused with Millstone Grit, not only because of the similarities between the two materials, but because Millstone Grit is already a well known quern material and understood to have a wide distribution across England. Other materials such as May Hill Sandstone, some Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic and other sandstones can also be confused with ORS. The usual distinguishing characteristics between ORS and other rock types are the colour and the feldspar content of the

Table 2.2: Differences between ORS and other common quern materials Material May Hill Sandstone Millstone Grit

Some Triassic Sandstones Some Carboniferous sandstones

Usual differences with Old Red Sandstone Grains are much coarser and more angular. Contains more feldspar (especially pink). May also have glauconite (Sweeting 1927, 557) which is absent from ORS. Overall colour of the rock much pinker. Overall appearance is very similar though grains are much coarser, more angular and more poorly sorted. More feldspathic than QC/UORS containing pink and white feldspar. Usually not pebbly. May have especially large grains of feldspar. No exotic pebbles. Usually does not have pink quartz pebbles or grains. Very similar colours to ORS. Colour more orange. Very similar to some Upper ORS types, usually more yellow to grey and may have burrows.

8

GRINDING AND MILLING Table 2.3: Models for use when examining non pebbly rocks Characteristic With calcite Higher than 5% mica Higher than 8% feldspar Pale red Greyish Red

Possible sources 1, 2 or 3 1 or 5 1, 2 or 5 3 or 5 1, 3 or 5

Pale Reddish Brown

1, 3 or 5

Pale brown to brownish grey

1,2 , 3 or 5

pale yellowish brown very pale orange Light brown

3 only 1 or 4 1, 3 or 5

Greyish orange pink

1, 4 or 5

Yellowish grey

1, 2 or 4

Moderate Brown

1

Further details Very strong Calcite

Source 1 or 3

with mica without mica > then 8% feldspar Lower Feldspar with mica Without mica

5 only 1, 3 or 5 1 or 5 1, 3 or 5 1, 2 or 3 1, 2 , 3 or 5

with mica without mica with mica without mica with mica without mica

5 only 1 or 3 5 only 1 or 4 2 only 1, 2 or 4

Table 2.4: Models for use when examining pebbly rocks Characteristic with calcite >95% quartz pebbles

Possible sources 1 or 3 Any area

70% quartz =Area 2 or possibly Area 3

>65% quartz = UORS only

>60% quartz =any area though unlikely to be Area 1

20% Qpx = 2 only

60% Qmx = 2 or 3

> 50% Q mx = not 1

30-50% Qmx = any area

25% RF =not 5

7-25% RF = any area

Haematite and clay minerals Haematite

25% = not Area 5

5-25% = any area

20% haematite = not 5 >18% clays = 2 only

>10% Clays = 2 or 3

5-20% haematite = any area 5% mica = 3 only

>3% mica = 2 or 3

5% Feldspar =5

Pressure solution

No or minor-no = Areas 1 or 3 only Rims only = Areas 2 or 5

Moderate or moderate to minor = 2, 3 or 5 Orange and rims only = Area 1

Minor = any area

Type of clay minerals

3-10 % clays = any area

grey clays = not area 5

Table 2.6: Chart for identifying coarser grained rocks without a calcite cement Total primary quartz

>70% quartz =Area 2 or possibly Area 3

>65% quartz = UORS only

Polycrystalline quartz Monocrystalline quartz Rock Fragments Clays

>35% Qpx = 2 only >60% Qmx = 2 only

>25 Qpx = not Mendips UORS only 30RF = not Mendips 3% mica = not Portishead >8% Feldspar = 5 or 1

60% quartz =any area though unlikely to be Area 1 45% Q mx = 3 only >27% RF = 1 only >11% Clays = 3 only

100

04 04

Roman moderately pebbly, 90% 07b quartz, G-VLP, MP, 510% grey Roman slightly pebbly, 100% quartz, G-MP unstrati barely pebbly, 80%quartz G-SP fied, Roman unstrati 90% quartz, slightly fied, pebbly, 5-10% grey GRoman MP, MP late 3rd conglomerate, 100% pink 07b century stained quartz pebbles, GLP, MP 3rd century to 4th

10b 01

10b

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Petrology Diam x Date max thick (mm) 500 x Prob. >60 3rd to 4th 700 x - 3rd to 4th century 400 x 240>60 400 Roman ORS, QC

Low. Upp. type type 03b

Millend Lane, 055 Blakeney.

842 910

1

Upper rotary quern

Millend Lane, 055 Blakeney.

843 1105

14

Upper millstone frag

Millend Lane, 055 Blakeney. Chesters 060 Woolaston

844 1059

10

845 SURFAC E

Chesters Woolaston

060

846 SURFAC E

Chesters Woolaston

060

847 SURFAC E

Chesters Woolaston

060

848 SURFAC E

Chesters Woolaston

060

849

Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos

075

855 VF E03, Area 11

Lower rotary quern frag Possible rough out of rotary quern One third of a lower rotary quern Two thirds of an Hopper upper rotary quern Two thirds of a lower rotary quern Upper millstone Dove-tailed rynd slot going right through the stone. Rotary quern frag

075

856 C/F 12/13. Area 11

Rotary quern frag

Roman no

075

857 C5/6 1 area 10

Lower rotary quern frag

slightly pebbly, MP, all Late quartz 4th century

075

858 L19 area 14,

Upper millstone frag

700 x 40-50

4th moderately pebbly, century quartz, G-LP, G

10b

075

859 VF, G11

Upper millstone frag

600 x 40-60

probabl occasional quatrz pebble y 4th cent.

10b

075

860 G0

1

Upper rotary quern frag

430 x 50

late 4th very pebbly, G-LP, MP, century 90% quartz, 10% grey

01b

075

861 L17

11

Complete rotary quern

335 x 85

Probabl slightly, quartz, a few dark green y 4th century

075

862 M18

12

Half lower rotary quern

430 x >50

4th very pebbly, 85% quartz, 07b century 5% red, 10% grey, G-MP

075

863 GO

2

Lower rotary quern frag

075

864 H0

3

Upper millstone frag

880 x 160

probabl moderately, quartz, Gy 4th VLP, MP cent.

075

865 H1/2

5

Rotary quern or millstone frag

550 x 48

1st 90% quartz, 5brown century

075

866 G3

6

Upper rotary quern frag

Lateral handle slot.

340 x 95

Roman ORS, QC

400 x 50

Roman ORS, QC

400 x 95

Roman ORS, QC

900 x 130

AD 320

128

07a

05a 03d 06a

barely pebbly, G-VLP, MP

02b

Late Roman

late 4th no century

Handle socket. Beehive.

02a

- x 150 1st 95% quartz, moderately century pebbly, , 5% brown

07b

07b

10b

07a

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

8

Description

Vineyards Farm, Charlton Kings, Glos Shepton Mallet Fosse Lane Shepton Mallet Fosse Lane Shepton Mallet Fosse Lane Shepton Mallet Fosse Lane Shepton Mallet Fosse Lane Shepton Mallet Fosse Lane Shepton Mallet Fosse Lane Shepton Mallet Fosse Lane Usk

075

867 G11

126

869 405

126

870 Feature 113

385

Half of lower rotary quern

126

871

403

Half upper rotary quern

126

872

404

126

873 2025

126

Notes

Upper millstone Pecked. Raised kerb frag around circumference, 30 mm wide. Complete upper rotary quern

Side handle slot.

Diam x Date max thick (mm) 740 x probabl no 58 y 4th cent.

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type 05

440 x >70

unstrati no fied

10b

370 x 80

4th Occasional quartz pebble 07b century

365 x - unstrati slightly pebbly all quartz, fied SP-MP, MP

10b

Upper rotary quern frag

c. 410 x>50

10b

293

Upper rotary quern frag

430 x 50

874 SM90

1313

Upper rotary quern frag

450 x 70

3rd slightly pebbly, MP-SP, century 95% quartz pebbles, some coloured quartz unstrati Not pebbly fied, Roman no

126

875 SM90

3395

Half upper rotary quern

350 50

occasional quartz pebble and mudstone clasts

10b

126

876 SM90

3674

Rotary quern frag

300 x >80

barely pebbly only quartz

078

877 FAH 1

0

Third of upper rotary quern

Usk

078

878 DAR 1

0

Silchester, South Gate (defenses) Pincent's Farm, Tilehurst Tilehurst Churchyard Cockney Hill, Reading Cockney Hill, Reading Wantage Mill Street

082

10b 10b

390 x 50

3rd conglomerate century

04

Third of upper rotary quern

Rectangular lateral handle slot, hopper and rectangular rynd chase. Circular hopper (115mm diameter)

c. 390 x 50

04

880 3/15

Upper rotary quern frag

Slight hopper at centre.

320 x 50

2nd to conglomerate 3rd century Roman mudstone clasts

01c

026

881

Upper rotary quern frag

c. 450 x 50

Roman ORS, QC

01

023

883

0

- x 47

ORS, QC

10a

022

885

0

10a

886

0

c. 480 x 41 c. 400 x 42

ORS, QC

022

ORS, QC

10a

113

887 period 3 1545, 156

Upper rotary quern frag Small upper rotary quern frag Small upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag

Wantage Mill 113 Street

888 W603 504 1008

Wantage Mill 113 Street

889 W603 504 1007

Wantage Mill 113 Street

890 1662

Catsgore

116

907 F503/513 999

Catsgore

116

908 F473

1088

Catsgore

116

909 F363

653

Catsgore

116

910 Surface find

0

late 3rd QC or early 4th century Upper rotary 400 x unstrati very pebbly, quartz and quern 64 fied pink quartz, G-LP 100% quartz Lower rotary c. unstrati 90% quartz and pink quern half 400m x fied quartz and jasper, 110 conglomerate Frag of rotary late 3rd quern or early 4th century Complete lower 400 x 150/80- no rotary quern 80 335 Quarter upper Basin shaped hopper 550 x after no millstone or >40 370 rotary quern Fifth of upper 320 x LRB no rotary quern 60 Incomplete 550 x LRB no upper millstone 60

129

10b 01

02c 03a 03a 10b

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

or rotary quern Possible millstone frag Complete lower rotary quern Third upper Hopper rotary quern Third upper rotary quern Incomplete rotary quern

12

Catsgore

116

911

Catsgore

116

Catsgore

116

912 CAT F307 914 F801

1313

Catsgore

116

915 F890

1543

Leadenwell, Bourton on the Water Savernake Forest

204

916 None

153

Usk

078

917 SAV64 Site B Kiln 1 918 69 WD

Usk

Diam x max thick (mm)

Date

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

LRB

no

490 x 100 400 x 70 300 x 100 430 x 40

LRB

90%quartz, very pebbly

LRB

slightly, quartz

10b

LRB

slightly, quartz

10a

Complete upper Projecting hopper rotary quern

400 x 90

06

0

Half an upper rotary quern

395 x 60

no ERB 1st century 3rd sandstone century

078

919 69 FO (9) 0

Frag of upper rotary quern

conglomerate

01

Usk

078

920 DNL (+)

0

conglomerate

01

Usk

078

921 FFO (1)

0

sandstone

03a

Usk

078

922 DBC (+)

0

conglomerate

10b

Usk

078

923 DNC (+) 0

conglomerate

03

Usk

078

924 70 (+)

Frag of upper rotary quern Third of upper rotary quern Quarter of upper rotary quern Frag of upper rotary quern Frag of upper rotary quern

mid to late 3rd century 3rd century post med 2nd century unstrati fied unstrati fied

sandstone

05a

Usk

078

925 69 FE (1) 0

conglomerate

04

Usk

078

926 EBG (1)

0

conglomerate

06b

Usk

078

927 DAH (1)

0

conglomerate

04b

Usk

078

928 DAH (1)

0

conglomerate

02b

Usk

078

929 EAN (3)

0

sandstone

05b

Usk

078

930 DGF (1)

0

Usk

078

931 DAH (1)

0

Usk

078

932 DAH (1)

0

Usk

078

933 +

0

Usk

078

934 ECQ (1)

0

Usk

078

935 ENY (1)

0

Usk

078

936 XIV (2)

0

Usk

078

937 FAO

0

Usk

078

938 DH

0

Usk

078

939 DNC

0

0

Lateral handle slot, hopper (120mm diameter). Rectangular rynd chase in hopper. Hopper (125mm diameter).

Small hopper. diameter.

Kerb 55mm wide around circumference.

415 x 55 c. 450 x 67 370 x 35 420 x 57 430 x 55 420 x 44

02c

no

04

Quarter of lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern

450 x 64 385 x 58

Third of lower rotary quern Frag of lower rotary quern Quarter of lower rotary quern Almost complete lower rotary quern Frag of lower rotary quern Two thirds of lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Almost half a lower rotary quern Third of lower rotary quern

450 x >32 385 x 34 480 x 58 425 x 53

2nd century 2nd or 3rd century uncerta in: RB uncerta in: RB 4th century 3rd century

conglomerate

02b

405 x 36 410 x 50

uncerta conglomerate in: RB uncerta conglomerate in: RB

02b

395 x 110 380m x 110

uncerta sandstone in: RB 3rd sandstone century

02a

450 x 124

01c

Quarter of lower rotary quern Third of rotary quern, probably lower Quarter of rotary quern Small frag of rotary quern

390 x >45 410 x 68

2nd to conglomerate 3rd century RB conglomerate uncerta sandstone in: RB

05d

440 x >90 440

130

uncerta conglomerate in: RB uncerta conglomerate in: RB

04b

02a

07b

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Frocester

064

940 PP 29 IV 121

Frocester

064

941 T8 XV

126

Frocester

064

942 W30 III

125

Frocester

064

Frocester

064

Frocester

064

943 Unstratifi 123 ed 944 Qq 31 115 VIII 945 W21 X 116

Frocester

064

946 R 19 III

146

Frocester

064

947 A27 II

155

Frocester

064

948 C26 V

154

Frocester

064

949 T25 IV

114

Quarter upper rotary quern

Frocester

064

950 S 25 VI

113

Frocester

064

951 T25 IV

157

Third lower rotary quern Rotary quern frag

Frocester

064

952 C26 V

153

Lower rotary quern frag

Frocester

064

953 V 16 V

127

Frocester

064

954 W23 VIII 118

Frocester

064

955 B24 III

163

Frocester

064

956 Qq30 V

152

Frocester

064

Frocester

064

957 Unstatifie d 958 W21 IV 139

Frocester

064

959 Y27 VI

142

Frocester

064

960 T8 VI

124

Frocester

064

961 Y19 II

161

Frocester

064

962 W19 XII

164

Frocester

064

963 T8 F1 VI 117

Frocester

064

964 Oo 28 III 131

Quarter rotary quern Rotary quern frag, probably upper stone Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern / millstone frag Lower rotary quern frag Quarter upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Two thirds of upper rotary quern Quarter upper rotary quern Quarter rotary quern, upper stone Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern, upper stone frag

Frocester

064

965 T8 VIa

111

Frag of upper rotary quern

Frocester

064

966 T8 VIa

112

Rotary quern frag

Notes

Half lower rotary quern Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Quarter upper Lateral handle slot rotary quern with hopper. Rotary quern, upper stone frag Quarter lower rotary quern Quarter upper rotary quern Rotary quern, probably upper stone frag Slight hopper

slight sloping hopper.

Diam x Date max thick (mm) 410 x 5th 118 century early 2nd century 380 x 3rd 70 century or later 370 x Unstrat 102 ified 380 x 5th 80 century 380 x 3rd 50 century 380 x Possibl 69 y 1st century 500 x Mediev >72 al Late 3rd to 4th century 410 x 3rd 70 century

430 x >45 500

Shallow recessed hopper and lateral handle slot

95% quartz, moderately pebbly, G-MP 90% quartz very pebbly

330 x 62

unstrati fied 4th century 3rd century early 4th century Mediev al 3rd century

95% slightly pebbly, GMP 90% quartz, grey, G-MP very pebbly 70% quartz, purple, very pebbly, G-LP Fiona thought this might be MG

07b

01c 10b 07b 10b

no

no 90% quartz, moderately pebbly, grey G-MP 95% quartz, G-MP, barely pebbly. 80% quartz, G-MP grey and purple 100% quartz (granules) barely no

4th no century Probabl 100% quartz G-SP y 4th slightly century late 3rd - early 4th century late 3rd to early

131

Low. Upp. type type

80% quartz, LP

90% quartz, conglomerate G-LP plus grey 410 x 3rd 95% moderately and G90 century MP - x 70 Prob. no late 3rd century no 500 x Late >53 3rd to 4th century 500 x 1st no 100 century 90% quartz G-MP 1st 2nd century 450 x - 1st no century > 530 x 5th no >75 century

300 x > 80 Bowl shaped hopper 350 x (90 mm diameter) 60

Biconical eye to make hopper.

Petrology

10b

01c 07b

07b

10b 08c 10a 07b 03d 10a 02a 10b 01c 10b 10b 10b

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

Frocester

064

Frocester

064

Frocester

064

Appleford Sidings

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Petrology

Frag of upper rotary quern Frag of upper rotary quern Rotary quern frag

059

976 5289

601

Frag of upper rotary quern

Butterfield Down, Amesbury Butterfield Down, Amesbury Maddington Farm Shrewton Bromham, Mother Anthony's Well Alton, Knap Hill

162

984 W359 305

43

Upper rotary quern frag

162

985 W359 1706

12

Upper rotary quern frag

ERB

very pebbly, G-MP, 100% quartz some pink

159

986 1085

Lower rotary quern frag

a few granules of quartz

161

993

Rotary quern frag

3rd 4th century probabl y Roman

173

994 Q42, E26 B

Complete upper rotary quern

350 x -

Alton, Knap Hill

173

995 E21 (042)

Upper rotary quern frag

450 x 50

Cricklade Town

150

996 surface

Complete upper wide handle slot. rotary quern

420 x 70

Cricklade Town

150

997 surface

Complete rotary quern

410 x 40

Devizes, Wiltshire County Asylum Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern

167

999 probably Roman

Upper rotary quern frag

1018 A 6039

136

1019 A 6050

136

Beehive style.

Handle hole.

Low. Upp. type type

4th century 460 x Unstrat 125 ified 435 x Unstrat 125 ified 300 x - Early 1st century AD c. 300 100Very well sorted pale x 66 160 grey green quartz AD sandstone with occasional small quartz pebbles. Odd grain of pink quartz and possible mica ERB slightly pebbly, G-MP

967 unstratifie 129 d 968 unstratifie 130 d 969 W 19 167 VIII

136

Beehive style.

Date

Diam x max thick (mm)

330 x 90

07c 07

02b

10a 10a 07b

barely pebbly, 100% quartz, pale yellowish brown no fresh surface

very pebbly 90% quartz, G-MP, 5% grey green, 5% purple, very pebbly, some pink quartz and grey pebbles, G-LP MP probabl no y Roman Probabl no y Roman surface conglomerate of 90% quartz and pink quartz

10b

10b

10b 01

01

Half upper rotary quern or millstone

550 x 50

TS well mod, grey/green10, 10 63 purple, 10 yellow, 60 quartz G- MP

42

Almost complete lower rotary quern

340 x 105

1020 A 6082

25

Upper rotary quern frag

Slight collar around the feed pipe.

c. 500 x 63

late 2nd to late 3rd cent possibl e 3rd4th

136

1021 A 6065

143

Upper rotary quern frag

Rectangular lateral handle slot. Conical shaped eye to create hopper.

350 x 70

3rd very pebbly, G-VLP, G century pink quartz, 100% quartz

01e

136

1022 A 6079

102

Upper rotary quern frag

c. 450 x 62

mid to moderately pebbly, G-LP, late 4th SP, pink quartz 90% century quartz, 10 brown

10b

136

1023 A6096

109

Upper rotary quern frag

70

Mediev barely pebbly, MP, 100% al quartz

02

136

1024 A 6067

Upper rotary quern frag

400 x 50

-

10b

132

moderately pebbly, 90% quartz, and pink quartz, 10% brown, G-MP barely pebbly, pink quartz

moderately pebbly, 10 green, 5 purple, 85%

06b

06b

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area Alcester, southern extramural area

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Date

Diam x max thick (mm)

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

quartz G-LP MP 136

1025 A 6075

161

Lower rotary quern frag

350 x 70

-

136

1026 A 6080

158

Possible grinding stone or rotary quern

300 x 90

late 4th slightly pebbly, quartz cent pink quartz

136

1027 A 6089

101

Upper rotary quern frag

400 x 55

mid to moderately pebbly, 90 late 4th Quartz cent.

136

1028 A 6077 alc64

Complete lower rotary quern

350 x 90

-

136

1029 A 6057

103

Half upper rotary quern

380 x 60

mid to moderately pebbly, 90% late 4th quartz and pink cent.

10b

136

1030 A 6091

27

Upper rotary quern frag

Beautifully decorated 500 x 45 with concentric ridges.

Unphas slightly G-SP, quartz ed

03d

136

1031 A 6093

118

Third upper rotary quern

350 x Slight hopper. Possible oval shaped 52 hole.

unphas slightly, 80% quartz, 20 ed purple. G-MP

01c

136

1032 A 6045 ALC64

117

Upper rotary quern frag

Handle slot laid laterally in upper surface. Slight bowl shaped hopper.

very pebbly, 85% quartz, 10grey, 5 purple, lots pink quartz G-LP

01c

Alcester, southern extramural area

136

1033 A 6144

Upper rotary quern frag

barely pebbly, MP quartz only

10a

Alcester, southern extramural area

136

1034 A 2027

Upper rotary quern frag

no

10b

136 Alcester, southern extramural area Roughground 107 Farm Blackbird 106 Leys

1035 A 6060

131

Upper rotary quern or millstone

late 2ndearly 3rd century not Crackn ell and Mahan y not Crackn ell and Mahan y mid to late 4th cent.

no

05a

1038 132/3

0

Quarter upper rotary quern Half upper rotary quern

420 x 53 400 x 50 c. 400 x 126

02a 07b

1040 1880/197 2

Moulded decoration on top and on the side.

350 x 65

350 x 70

Kerb around the edge.

650 x 90

Roughground 107 Farm

1041 465/1 and 0 465/4

Roughground Farm Roughground Farm Roughground Farm Roughground Farm Roughground Farm Roughground Farm Roughground

107

1042 517

0

107

1043 524

0

Two adjoining frags of lower rotary quern Quarter of lower rotary quern rotary quern

107

1044 611

0

rotary quern

410 x 104 400 x 55 370 x -

107

1045 661

0

rotary quern

340 x -

107

1046 876

0

410 x -

107

1047 876

0

Quarter of upper Lateral rectangular rotary quern handle slot rotary quern

107

1048 2030

1013

rotary quern

420 x

133

360 x -

moderately pebbly, GVLP, pink quartz

slightly penbbly a litlle pink quartz

07b

03

07b

01 10b

90% quartz,barely 3rd century pebbly, SP-MP, MP, 10% to 4th grey blue century

03c

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Farm Blackbird Leys

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm) 90

106

1049 381

119

Frag of lower rotary quern

Blackbird Leys

106

1050 376

118

Frag of upper rotary quern

Calne Without, Hayfield Copse Aldbourne Common Truckle Hill, North Wraxall Truckle Hill, North Wraxall

174

1053 Surface

Complete lower rotary quern

380 x >60

158

1054 Surface?

168

1055

168

1056 Fb6491

400 x 40 650 x >70 560 x >70

Silbury Hill (east of) Gloucester, Bull Lane

152

1057 Qenq 156

044

1058 A3812

Complete upper rotary quern Incomplete upper millstone Upper millstone or rotary quern frag Complete lower rotary quern Three quarters upper rotary quern

Gloucester, Northgate Street Gloucester, Berkeley Street Gloucester, Berkeley Street Gloucester, Berkeley Street Gloucester, Berkeley Street Gloucester, Southgate Street Gloucester, Kingsholm Close Gloucester, Estcourt Road

044

1059 151

22

Lower rotary quern frag

044

1060 11

1160

Lower rotary quern frag

044

1061 147

720

Lower rotary quern frag

420 x 80

044

1062 59

Rotary quern frag

350 x -

044

1063 34

Third upper rotary quern

044

1064 11

79

Complete lower rotary quern

044

1065 92

289

Half rotary quern

044

1066 A3814

Complete lower rotary quern

390 x >80

Gloucester, 10 Eastgate Street Gloucester, 10 Eastgate Street Gloucester, other 2 Gloucester, other 2

044

1067

Complete upper rotary quern

240 x 70

044

1068 188

73

Upper rotary quern

044

1069 40

5098

044

1070 41

5099

Complete upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag

Gloucester, other 2 Gloucester, other 1 Gloucester, other 1 Gloucester,

044

1071 41

5109

044

1072 120

142

044

1073 120

143

044

1074

small hopper.

c. 350 x 65

Date

late 2nd Cmid 3rd century late 2nd C?mid 3rd C probabl y Roman

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

Pink fine - coarse grained 07a poorly sorted slightly pebbly sandstone with pink quartz pebbles. 10b

no

07b

Roman Barely pebbly all quartz ? no

10b 10b

no

400 x 60 390 x - possibl y original ly Roman 380 x no 80

10b

slightly pebbly, pink quartz pebbles only. no

07b

slightly pebbly, G-LP, SP, quartz

07b

no

07b

moderately pebbly, 95% quartz, G-KLP, SP, red mudstones no

07b

10b

no 400 x 55

slightly pebbly, G-LP, MP, 95% quartz

10b 07b

no 07b

10b

- x 80

no

10b

360 x -

moderately pebbly quartz, G-LP, SP barely pebbly quartz granules and mudstones pebbles no

10b

no

10b

no

10b

370 x 70 - x 100

134

90% quartz, 5% red, 5% dark, G-LP, SP very pebbly 90% quartz, G-MP, MP, 10% grey,

360 x -

Upper rotary quern frag Half upper rotary quern Half upper rotary quern Rotary quern

1st century pre AD75 unstrati fied

conglomerate of 95%

10b 10b

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Westgate street Gloucester, Westgate street Gloucester, other 3 Gloucester, other Gloucester, other 5 Gloucester, other 6 Gloucester, other 7 Gloucester, Kingsholm Square Gloucester, Southgate Street Gloucester other 8 Gloucester, Northgate Street Gloucester, Kingsholm Square Gloucester, Upper Quay Street Abingdon Vineyard Abingdon Vineyard Abingdon Vineyard Abingdon Vineyard

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

Date

frag 044

1075

044

1076 5

7

044

1077 1457

237

044

1078 38

044

1079

044

1080 (1) + 1

044

1081 163

044

1082

044

1083 5

044

1084 8

044

1085 A2961

044

1086 418

0

Frag of upper rotary quern

108

1087 9425

3338

108

1088 3044

6181

108

1089 1019

5009

108

1090 2106

6307

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag

Asthall

104

1091 A288

149

Asthall

104

1092 B1213

752

Ashville Trading Estate, Abingdon

108

1093 55

Bampton

114

Yarnton Worton Rectory farm Yarnton Worton Rectory farm Yarnton Worton Rectory farm Yarnton Worton Rectory farm Yarnton Worton Rectory farm Yarnton Worton

112

1096 no, possibly surface? 1097 313

112

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

quartz, G-VLP

Quarter millstone or rotary quern Quarter upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Complete upper rotary quern Complete rotary quern Upper rotary Ridge groove ridge quern frag pattern around central hole Half upper rotary quern

560 x 120

Lower rotary quern frag Half lower rotary quern

95% quartz, slightly 07b pebbly, G-SP 350 x 80% quartz, moderately 07b pebbly, G-Mp, SP, brown and grey 350 Roman no

Half rotary quern

420 x 80 380 x 60 400 360 520 x 130

450 x 80

conglomerate of 95% quartz, G-cobble, LP, 5% grey moderately pebbly, G-LP, SP 95% quartz, very pebbly, G-MP, MP, 5% grey moderately pebbly, G-LP, MP, quartz 40% quartz, 20 orange, 20 yellow 20 grey slightly pebbly, 100% quartz, G-MP, MP 90% quartz, barely pebbly, 10% brown

10b

no

10b

10b 10b

10b

10b

460 x 45

10b coarse but no

Lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

400 x 58 56

Upper rotary quern

350 x 50

Lower rotary quern frag

480 x >40

1098 225

Lower rotary quern

360 x 60

112

1099 211

Rotary quern frag

112

1100 224

Upper rotary quern frag

350 x -

112

1101 216 670/A/1

Rotary quern frag

500 x 60

112

1102 215 670/a/1

Rotary quern frag

430 x 30

2nd century 4th century late 3rd to 4th century pre 2nd century pre 2nd century probabl y Late Iron AgeERB

LRB

135

07a 10a moderately, G-LP, SP, 90% quartz, 5% brown some yellowish quartz and purplish quartzite.

01

moderately pebbly, 100% quartz, G-lp, Mp, mainly pink quartz moderately pebbly, G-LP, 07b 90% quartz, some blue quartz very pebbly, 90% quartz, 07b pink and purple

10b

no very pebbly, 85% quartz, 10-15% purple/grey

LRB

occasional quartz granule

LRB

no

10b

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Rectory farm Yarnton Worton Rectory farm Eagles Farm,

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

112

1103 214 670/A/1

099

1104

12

Ducklington, Gill Mill

103

1105 14/3

3

Barton Court Farm

101

Barton Court Farm

101

1106 365 (should be 635?) 1107 297

Cassington

109

1109 1946.177

Gravelly Guy, 111 Stanton Harcourt Gravelly Guy, 111 Stanton Harcourt

1110 348/K/1

Description

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

Millstone, probably lower stone Upper rotary quern frag Probable rotary quern frag

600 x > 80

Rotary quern, upper frag

380 x 40

Upper rotary quern frag

450 x 50

Half lower rotary quern 321

quern frag, possibly rotary

1111 1582/D/1 571 0

Rotary quern prob lower frag

Gravelly Guy, 111 Stanton Harcourt Gravelly Guy, 111 Stanton Harcourt Gravelly Guy, 111 Stanton Harcourt

1112 1500/B

572

Upper rotary quern frag

1113 1500/E/1 573 4

Upper rotary quern frag

1114 1582/D/1 682 0

Rotary quern frag

Gravelly Guy, 111 Stanton Harcourt Hardwick110 with-Yelford, Sth Fld

1115 1941/A1/ 758 1

Lower rotary quern frag

1117 93/1

Upper rotary quern frag

Beehive style

Hardwickwith-Yelford, Sth Fld Hardwickwith-Yelford, Sth Fld Hardwickwith-Yelford, Sth Fld Old Shifford Farm Old Shifford Farm

110

1118 42/E/2

Lower rotary quern frag

110

1119 39/A/1

Upper rotary quern frag

110

1120 39/B/4

Upper rotary quern frag

105 105

1121 not in publ? 1122 8/2

6

Old Shifford Farm

105

1123 307/1

7

Probable upper rotary quern frag

450 x >50

Old Shifford Farm Old Shifford Farm Old Shifford Farm

105

1124 2018/A

166

105

1125 2018/A

366

105

1126

158

360 x 80 470 x 58 330 x 65

North Wood Wind Vane

149

1128 1987.55

Bury Wood

163

1130

Upper rotary slightly angled quern frag hopper Lower rotary quern frag Almost complete upper rotary quern Frag of probable lower rotary quern quern frag,

186

0

Date

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

very pebbly, 100% quartz 07b some pink G-SP moderately pebbly, GSP, 90% quartz 1 green very pebbly, G-SP, 90% quartz, 10% purple not jasper, quartzite Roman moderately pebbly, G-LP, MP,quartz and pink quartz ERB barely pebbly, quartz granules and occasional small pebble 80% quartz, very pebbly, 07b G-LP, MP, brown, red and yellow Late Iron Age/R slightly pebbly, 100% 07b Late quartz, G-SP Iron Age/R B Late no Iron Age/R no Late Iron Age/R slightly pebbly, 95% Late quartz, G-SP, quartz Iron Age/R slightly pink, also jasper B Late granules of quartz 07b Iron Age/R conglomerate, 95% quartz, G-LP, MP, possible jasper, pink/orange quartz only barely pebbly with 07a jasper

LRB

136

03

07e 10b

10b

10a 07b

LRB

300 x >120

01b

10b

very pebbly, 95% quartz, G-MP, MP, mostly pink quartz moderately pebbly, greyish quartz, G-LP, LP

Lower rotary quern frag Probable upper rotary quern frag

10a

moderately pebbly, G-LP, lots pink quartz poss jasper LRB moderately pebbly, GMP, 100% quartz and lots pink quartz LRB Coarse quartzitic conglomerate LRB Coarse quartzitic 07b conglomerate Unstrat Coarse quartzitic conglomerate very pebbly, 90% quartz, 01 5%grey, G -LP, MP-LP, coarse grained

10b 10b 01d

01d

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Camp Bury Wood Camp Bury Wood Camp Bury Wood Camp Bury Wood Camp Bury Wood Camp Bury Wood Camp Bury Wood Camp

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

possibly rotary Frag of lower rotary quern Frag of upper rotary quern Half a lower rotary quern Lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Lower rotary quern Complete upper rotary quern

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

163

1131 15/1/1961 166

163

1132

0

163

1135

163

163

1137

0

163

1138

172

163

1139

162

163

1140

161

Westbury, incl 170 Wellhead

1141

13

Complete lower rotary quern

360 x 100

Westbury, incl 170 Wellhead

1142

15

Upper rotary quern frag

400 x 60

Westbury, incl 170 Wellhead

1143

16

Upper rotary quern frag

450 x 60

Westbury, incl 170 Wellhead

1144

18

Upper rotary quern frag

370 x 60

Westbury, incl 170 Wellhead

1145

21

Rotary quern frag

Westbury, incl 170 Wellhead

1146

26

Complete lower rotary quern

Westbury, incl 170 Wellhead

1147

27

Rotary quern frag

Westbury, incl 170 Wellhead

1148

28

Upper millstone quarter

650 x 50

Westbury, incl 170 Wellhead

1149

29

Complete upper rotary quern

350 x 60

Westbury, incl 170 Wellhead

1150

30

Half upper rotary quern

450

155

1152

Rotary quern frag

155

1153

Lower rotary quern

- x 80

155

1154

Rotary quern frag

400

155

1155

Rotary quern frag

155

1156

Upper rotary quern

155

1157

Rotary quern frag

155

1158

154

1160 ODXII

Burderop Down Chiseldon Burderop Down Chiseldon Burderop Down Chiseldon Burderop Down Chiseldon Burderop Down Chiseldon Burderop Down Chiseldon Burderop Down Chiseldon Overton Down

242

Date

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

01 Flat grinding surface 160 and hollowed top. Beehive type. - x 185

coarse grained

360 x 150 230

07b

Hard and compact

01

Pebbly ORS

01

Pebbly sandstone

01

Spindle socket

01 Buff coloured ORS

unpierced beehive quern with flat grinding surface. Round handle slot.

400 x 100 Worn into concentric grooves

Prob LIAERB Prob LIAERB Prob LIAERB Prob LIAERB Prob LIAERB Prob LIAERB Prob LIAERB Prob LIAERB Prob LIAERB Prob LIAERB Roman

no

07e

07b

no

10b

no

10b

occasional quartz pebble

10b

no very pebbly, 90% pink 07b quartz pebbles, 10% grey, G-VLP, LP occasional quartz pebble no

10b

no

10b

no

10b

slightly pebbly, G-MP, 100% quartz some pink quartz Roman barely pebbly, one large quartz pebble

07b

Roman moderate, 90% quartz (no pink), yellow Roman barely, 90% quartz and grey sandstone,

400 x 90

Roman very pebbly, G-LP, MO, pink quartz (80) and large felds Roman moderate pebbly, G-SP, 100% quartz

10b

Upper rotary quern frag

400 x 40

Roman moderate, mainly quartz granules

10b

Upper millstone Smooth on grinding or rotary quern surface pecked

550 x 70

137

slightly pebbly, 95% quartz, G-MP

10b

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Date

Diam x max thick (mm)

Petrology

frag Rotary quern Possible quern frag frag Inomplete lower The perforation is rotary quern full and oval with a slight lip around it. Upper rotary quern frag

350 x 55

Quartz conglomerate of the Old Red Sandstone.

410 x 59

Quarter upper rotary quern

430 x 57

moderately pebbly, 60% quartz, G-LP, MP, purple, grey, brown and red brown. 80% quartz, G-LP, MP, grey, black and white.

Low. Upp. type type

Overton Down Silchester, Antiquary Collection North End Farm, Madresfield, Great Malvern North End Farm, Madresfield, Great Malvern Brookhampto n

154

1161 ODXII

28

082

1162

67

177

1163 1191

2

177

1164 7031

5

139

1165 Surface find

Lower rotary quern frag

Butcombe, Bristol

005

1166

Rotary quern

300 x 100

Chesters Fort, 095 Hadrians wall

1167 no (Hall no 3253

Complete lower rotary quern

400 x 70

Cranbourne Chase, Rotherley Cranbourne Chase, Rotherley Cranbourne Chase, Rotherley Cranbourne Chase, Rotherley East Lulworth

175

1168

Complete upper rotary quern

520 x 80

175

1169

Complete upper rotary quern

520 x 90

very pebbly, 95% quartz, G-LP, LP

10b

175

1170

Complete upper rotary quern

520 x 80

quartz conglomerate, GVLP, 95% quartz

10b

175

1171

Complete lower rotary quern

520 x 100

conglomerate, G-VLP, quartz 95%

040

1172 1988.21.9

500 x 70

096

1173

33

moderately pebbly, 90% quartz, purple and grey no

10b

Farmoor Farmoor

096

1174 1

35

-

occasional pink quartz pebble

10b

Farmoor

096

1175

-

no

Farmoor

096

1176 10

LRB

no

Gaydon

145

1177 A4083

Complete upper Square handle socket rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Upper millstone or rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Complete lower rotary quern Half lower rotary quern

350 x 200 400 x 80

very pebbly, 90% quartz, 01 10% purple, G-LP, MP moderately pebbly, G-LP, 07b all quartz

Lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

340 x 60 400 x >100

moderately pebbly, G-LP, 07b 100% quartz moderately pebbly, G-LP, 100% quartz

Grimstock 147 Hill, Coleshill Grimstock 147 Hill, Coleshill Grimstock 147 Hill, Coleshill Grimstock 147 Hill, Coleshill Haymes 043 Cleeve Hill

1178 GH78-80, F86, 1080 D 1179 GH78, F86 1180 GH78, 751 and 752 1181 GH79/A/ 1772 775 1182 HA B9 3

34

lateral handle slot two thirds of radius

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

occasional quartz pebble

500 x 60 400 x 70

Haymes Cleeve Hill

043

1183 HA N-1 N.2

Rotary quern frag

Haymes Cleeve Hill

043

1184 HA B9

Rotary quern frag

- x 60

Haymes Cleeve Hill

043

1185 HA G-2

Rotary quern frag

480 x >40

138

10b

10b

Roman very pebbly, 95% quartz, 07b ? 5% purple with pink quartz G-VLP, LP ERB conglomerate of 90% quartz and 10% mudstones. very pebbly, G-LP, 80% 07b quartz, grey blue tinted quartz and yellow quartzite, grey sandstone conglomerates, 95%+ quartz, G-VLP,

550 x 40

02b

Iron Age

moderately pebbly, G-LP, all quartz Probabl no y 3rd4th Probabl slightly pebbly, G-SP, y 3rd- 100% quartz 4th Probabl slightly pebbly, 100% y 3rd- quartz 4th Probabl very pebbly, 100% y 3rd- quartz, G-MP, distinct

10b

07b

10b

10b

10b 10b 10b

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

Haymes Cleeve Hill

043

1186 HA

Rotary quern frag

Haymes Cleeve Hill

043

1187 HA H5

Rotary quern frag

Haymes Cleeve Hill

043

1188 HA D4 1

Rotary quern frag

- x 50

Herriots Bridge Herriots Bridge

002

1190

158

- x 40

002

1191 D 124

160

Quarter upper rotary quern Quarter lower rotary quern

Herriots Bridge Herriots Bridge

002

1192 HB Q4 FB 6408 1193 D 15 top half

Herriots Bridge Herriots Bridge Herriots Bridge

002

002

159

Quarter upper rotary quern Rotary quern frag

handle slot

Upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag

Handle socket.

handle slot. Unseen

360 x 50 400 x 30

002

155

002

1196 D 15 top

156

Hunningham

140

1197 Unstratifi ed

Upper rotary quern frag

Hunningham

140

1198 Unstratifi ed

Upper rotary quern frag

Kenchester

084

Upper rotary quern frag

Kenchester

084

Kenchester

084

1199 HWCM 600, 1059, 275 1200 2189, 635 DN 1451 1201 64

Kenchester

084

1202

65

Kenchester

084

1203

67

Kenchester

084

1204 1008

57

Kenchester

084

1205

30

Maiden Brook 128 Farm Mangotsfield, 007 Bristol

1206

Nightingale Valley

125

1208 F2376

Rotary quern frag

Leigh Wood, found 350 x by Dr. Stanley Smith 150 1936

Oldbury

001

1209 Unstratifi ed

Quarter upper rotary quern

Symonds Hall 067 Farm

1212 91/1969

Rotary quern frag

370 x Rectangular lateral >65 handle slot plus small hopper (50mm diameter) 400 x 50

Tapwell

1213 poss villa Rogers brothers

Half lower rotary quern

072

unseen unseen

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper millstone Kerb around the edge 550 x frag 50 Rotary quern frag Millstone 700 x >120 lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary 450 x quern frag 70 Half upper 330 x rotary quern 40

330 x >105

139

4th Probabl y 3rd4th Probabl y 3rd4th Probabl y 3rd4th 2nd to mid 4th late 1st - early 2nd

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

layers occasional quartz pebble occasional pink quartz pebble slightly pebbly, G-SP, G, 100% quartz no

10b

moderately pebbly, G-SP, 01 G no

10b

late 1st no to early 2nd century 350 x > Roman 70 350 x Roman >120 300 x Late 50 1st to 2nd century 400 x Roman slightly pebbly with pink 50 quartz pebbles, no fresh surface 350 x Roman slightly pebbly with 55 100% quartz although not pink 500 x barely pebbly, 100% 40 quartz, SP

1194 marl surface 1195

1207 Unstratifi ed

154

380 x 180

Date

10b 10b 10b

10b 10b 10b

no no occasional quartz pebble

05

occasional quartz granule no very pebbly, 100% quartz, G-LP, MP barely pebbly, quartz

07b

Roman moderately pebbly with ? 95% quartz pebbles and 5% grey, G-MP, SP no prob Iron Age, IA Roman slightly pebbly

surface, barely pebbly 100% probabl quartz, G-MP, MP y Roman Roman conglomerate 95% quartz 07b pebbles and some pink quartz, G-LP, MP

10a 10b

01c

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

Totternhoe

017

Tripontium

141

Tripontium

141

Tripontium

141

Tripontium

141

Tripontium

141

Wasperton

138

Wasperton

138

Wasperton

138

Wasperton

138

Wasperton

138

Wasperton

138

Wasperton

138

Westlands

122

ID

Ctx

SFNO

garden 1214 BL/13/25 8/39 1215 WS28 CAT 445 1216 WS24 CAT 441 1217 WS 20 CAT 437 1218 WS 5 CAT 423 1219 WS 29 CAT 446 1220 WN81J 1571 F564 1221 WN82J 567

Half lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern Rotary quern frag

1222 WN81J2 F536 1583 1223 WN82N 1877 1224 WN82L 1246 1225 F4045

Upper rotary quern frag

1226 WN82 1912 F742 1227

1229

Worcester, Sidbury Worcester, Sidbury Worcester, Sidbury Worcester, Sidbury Worcester, Sidbury Worcester, Sidbury Worcester, Sidbury Worcester, Sidbury Worcester, Sidbury

176

1231 1278

1133

176

1232 1332

1130

176

1233 Unstratifi 1131 ed 1234 1470, 768

Uley, West Hill Uley, West Hill Uley, West Hill

076

1240 750

5735

076

1241 910

5829

076

1242 482 and 59

4738

Uley, West Hill Uley, West

076

1243 1191

7461

076

1244 487

4574

176 176 176

Date

1235 1483, 831 (3) 1236 1332, 1092 1237 1029, 1097 1238 16605, 809 1239 1029, 1129

no

400 x 50

Handle slot.

Low. Upp. type type

420 x 60 430 x >40

07b

no

10b

moderately pebbly, GMP, SP, 95% quartz some pink, grey sandstone no

10b

07b

barely pebbly, G-MP, 80% quartz, 20% purple moderately pebbly, GMP, 90% quartz and pink quartz, 10% grey conglomerate, 100% quartz, G-VLP, pinkish quartz slightly pebbly mainly milky quartz, G-MP, SP

10b

10b 10b

moderately pebbly, G-SP, SP, some pink quartz some pink quartz fieldwa pink quartz pebbles lking no

Complete lower rotary quern Lower beehive rotary quern Complete upper Handle slot in side beehive rotary quern Possible rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary Small hopper quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Petrology

slightly pebbly

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag probable quern frag, possibly rotary Rotary quern frag

Wookey Hole 200

176

Diam x max thick (mm)

Upper rotary quern frag

1228

176

Notes

Quarter of rotary quern Lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Wookey Hole 200

176

Description

350 x 70 330 x 130 330 x 130

350 x >80 350 x 60 400 x 60

450 x 80 400 x >40

Iron Age Iron Age

moderately pebbly, G-LP, 07b some pink quartz, no 01 moderately pebbly, 70% quartz, G-VLP, 20 grey, 10 purple no

moderately pebbly, G LP, 100% quartz Roman moderately pebbly, G-LP, 07b 100% quartz moderately pebbly, G-LP, 100% quartz moderately pebbly, G-LP, MP, all quatrz slightly pebbly, QC, 100% quartz pebbles no

07

10b

10b 10b

10b

no

10b

very pebbly, 90% quartz pebbles, 10% green, GLP, MP

10b

Late with pink quartz pebbles Roman

03a

400 x >60 LIA LIA

Lateral triangular handle slot and very slight hopper

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern

440 x 64

Late with pink quartz pebbles Roman Late with pink quartz pebbles

140

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Hill Droitwich, Old Bowling Green Droitwich, Old Bowling Green Droitwich, Old Bowling Green Bays Meadow, Worcs Bays Meadow, Worcs Bays Meadow, Worcs Bays Meadow, Worcs Beckford

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

frag Rotary quern frag

Date

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

Roman early Roman

085

1245 2189

12

085

1246 1023

13

Lower rotary quern frag

085

1247 1041

14

Upper rotary quern frag

086

1248

10

Lower rotary quern

086

1249 Layer 80

11

Rotary quern frag

no

086

1250 layer 1

4

Rotary quern frag

occasional quartz granule

086

1251

9

Millstone frag

700 x >60

178

1256 65386D

450 x 40

Beckford

178

1257 65367A

Beckford

178

1258 65091A

Rotary quern frag probable millstone or rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag

Beckford

178

Beckford

178

Beckford

178

1259 75238 199 1260 75840E 213 1261 221803

Beckford

178

1262 220127

Beckford

178

Beckford

hopper

- x 68

Roman

- x 52

Roman

- x 70

300 x 60

rotary quern frag Rotary quern

50 450 x 40 500 x 50

1263 389931

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern

unseen

178

1264 65187 D

Rotary quern

unseen

Beckford

178

1265 65954

Rotary quern

unseen

Beckford

178

1266 74098B

Rotary quern

unseen

Beckford

178

Rotary quern

unseen.

Beckford

178

1267 4110 5201 1268 65674B

Rotary quern

unseen

Beckford

178

1269 65674B

Rotary quern

unseen

Beckford

178

Beckford

178

1270 75238 200 1271 65040

Cadbury Castle

009

1272

103

Cadbury Castle

009

1273

103

Hunsbury Hillfort

205

1309

Rotary quern pecked surfaces, flat frag basin shaped hopper Complete lower rotary quern Lower rotary SAMPLE 320quern 415 . Most 360370 Lower rotary As 1272 but with quern convex grinding surface. Complete upper Beehive quern. Has 370 x rotary quern steeply angled sides 150 with handle slot inserted about a third of the way up.

141

01b 02c no

07b

occasional pink quartz pebble. LIA ERB LIA ERB

no

probabl y LIA ERB LIA ERB LIA ERB LIA ERB LIA ERB LIA ERB LIA ERB LIA ERB LIA ERB LIA ERB LIA - ERB probabl y LIA ERB LIA ERB LIA ERB

barely pebbly, quartz granules

no

no no no

10b

slightly quartz

10b

no slightly, 95% quartz, some pink, 5% grey 07b 05a

06a 07a

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Llandough

132

1310

124

Silchester, North Gate

082

1311 137

4

Silchester, North Gate

082

1313 62

6

Silchester, North Gate

082

1314 133

7

Hunsbury Hillfort

205

1317

119

Hunsbury Hillfort Hunsbury Hillfort Hunsbury Hillfort Verulamium, King Harry Lane, St. Albans Biglis

205

1318

165

205

1319

123

205

1320

64

089

1321

365

133

1322 118

1

Upper rotary quern frags

Biglis

133

1323 117

5

Biglis

133

1324 9301

Biglis

133

1325 84/033/20 2

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag

Chew Valley, 002 Park Chew Valley, 002 Park

Notes

Frag of lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern

Diam x max thick (mm)

Date

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type 07b

370 x 70 - x 40

Small frag of upper rotary quern Half an upper rotary quern

270 x 50

Complete upper Beehive quern. Has rotary quern steeply angled sides with handle slot inserted about a third of the way up. Complete lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Fifth of upper rotary quern

410 290 x 160 390 x 80 460

440 x 60

1327 TH2

369

Upper rotary quern frag Quarter of lower rotary quern

75

1328 CP

249

Chew Valley, 002 Park

1329 TH2

275

Quarter of upper Conical circular eye rotary quern widens out towards the top to form the hopper. Upper rotary quern frag Two fifths of upper rotary quern Third of upper Part of a lateral rotary quern handle socket remains.

320 x 40-55

Chew Valley, 002 Park Chew Valley, 002 Park

1330 CP, U/S

650

1331 CP, D 8 top

506

Chew Valley, 002 Park

1332 CP, D 106

649

Chew Valley, 002 Park Chew Valley, 002 Park

1333 TH3

306

1334 D 8 base

558

Chew Valley, 002 Park

1335 TH2

285

Half of upper rotary quern

Part of handle socket 460 x 60

Chew Valley, 002 Park

1336

1088

Incomplete upper millstone (not rotary quern)

Part of dove tailed rynd slot.

50

142

02b

10a 01e

370 x 150

420 Lateral rectangular handle slot. Upper surface raised around handle slot.

Third of upper Wedge shaped lateral rotary quern handle slot Quarter of upper rotary quern

Roman, QC probabl y 3rd century Roman, QC 3rd century Roman, QC 2nd century

07a

Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age

07b 01b 06b 01b

mid 3rd barely, 100% quartz, Gto early SP 4th probabl y LRB probabl y LRB 3rd century to 4th Roman

06c

no

very but small pebbles G-SP 100% quartz 80% quartz, 20% green/grey, barely pebbly G-LP, SP 90% quartz, very pebbly, 10% grey, G-LP, MP 07b late 3rd no to early 4th century Roman conglomerate

10b

02c

70

Roman barely quartz

10b

360 x 55

Roman 100% quartz, moderately pebbly, granules only

10b

400 x 60

late 1st to early 2nd century Roman

340 x 60 350 x 45

670 x 80

100% quartz, barely pebbly, G-SP granular mainly

08a

no

02b

late 1st barely pebbly, quartz to early 2nd century Roman 90% quartz, 10% mudstone, granules only moderately pebbly late 3rd no to mid 4th cent.

10b

10b 02b

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Chew Valley, Park Chew Valley, Park Chew Valley, Park Chew Valley, Park Chew Valley, Park Chew Valley, Park

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

002

1337 FB 6439

002

1338 D34 top

002

1339 D38 base 379

002

1340 TH3

002

1341 FB 6487

002

1342 TH2

307

378

164

Description

Half upper rotary quern Half lower rotary quern Lower rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Unseen. There is a projecting central ridge forming the hopper. Upper rotary Unseen slightly bun quern frag shaped quern. Complete upper Unseen. Dovemillstone (not shaped rynd slot rotary quern) which penetrates the full thickness of the stone. Upper rotary unseen quern frag Lower rotary Unseen. Has socket quern frag 35mm across and 25mm deep. Surface raised slightly around socket. Upper rotary Unseen. quern frag

Chew Valley, 002 Park Chew Valley, 002 Park

1343 D38 base 379

Chew Valley, 002 Park Chew Valley, 002 Park

1345 Bulldozin 507 g 1346 TH3 378

Chew Valley, 002 Park

1347 D 8 base

361

Chew Valley, 002 Park Chew Valley, 002 Park Ely 130

1348

539

1349 W 2

602

1350

Gatcombe

008

1351 Fb 6411

Gatcombe

008

1352 Fb 6412

Gatcombe

008

1353 Fb6405. D490

Gatcombe

008

1354 Fb6403

Gatcombe

008

Gatcombe

008

1355 66/17/7/1 41. Fb6410 1356 Fb 6402

Gatcombe

008

1357 Fb6401

Gatcombe

008

1358 F5854

Herriots Bridge

002

1359 Marl surface

157

1367 F525

155

1368 F271

152

Odell, Harrold 016 Pit

1369 F286

150

Half upper rotary quern

Odell, Harrold 016

1370 F328

104

Quarter upper

Odell, Harrold 016 Pit Odell, Harrold 016 Pit

1344

304

Notes

Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Third rotary quern Lower rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Diam x max thick (mm) 380 x 130 450 x 70 340 x 100 400 x 40 - x 60

Date

Petrology

moderatley pebbly,G-SP, 100% quartz Roman slightly pebbly, few 05a mudstones 2nd no 01a century Roman no barely pebbly, quartz granules Roman

06b

340 x 50 650 x 70

Roman

08a

Late 3rd to mid 4th

03c

Roman

10a

130

Roman

350 x >70

Late 1st to 2nd cent Roman

07b

10b

10b

Roman 460 400 x 77 500 x >100 510 x 50

Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag

490 x 45 400 x 50

Half upper rotary quern Lower rotary quern Lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern

560 x 30 455 x 85 410 x 100 360 x 40

Lower rotary quern frag Quarter lower rotary quern

300 x 75 400 x 62 380 x Bun shaped quern 85 with biconical eye which forms hopper (70-80mm diameter) Groove around the 350 x

143

10b

400 x 50

Unseen. Part of handle socket visible.

Lateral handle slot which doesn't reach the centre.

Low. Upp. type type

07b

c. 270

moderately pebbly 100% quartz, G-SP, SP no 05a

-

no

pre mid very pebbly, quartz, to late 4th c 330 barely pebbly, 90-100% quartz, granules only c 380 barely pebbly, G0-SP, 100% quartz

03b 03b 05a

c 380

no

03b

c 380

no

05a

late 4th no

07b

Roman

01b

4th century later 1st to mid 2nd 1st century AD

moderately, G-MP, 80% quartz, 20purple 90% quartz, moderately

07b

95% quartz, 5grey, GMP, moderately pebbly

08b

later

conglomerate, 90%

01d

06a

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Pit

Description

rotary quern

Odell, Harrold 016 Pit

1371 F355

85

Upper rotary quern frag

Odell, Harrold 016 Pit

1372 F452

83

Lower rotary quern frag

Odell, Harrold 016 Pit Odell, Harrold 016 Pit

1373 F205

72

1374 F218A

26

Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag

Odell, Harrold 016 Pit Pucklechurch 012

1375 F335

55

Rodney Stoke 124 Moor Whitton 134

1379 1380

6

Whitton

134

1381

4

Whitton

134

1382

5

Odell, Harrold 016 Pit

1384 335

56

Brockworth

066

1385

0

Brockworth

066

1386

0

Brockworth

066

1387

0

Brockworth

066

1388

0

Brockworth

066

1389

0

Brockworth

066

1390

0

Brockworth

066

1391

0

Brockworth

066

1392

0

Cirencester, The Beeches Pingewood

062

0

028

1393 CQ XIII 7 1394 -

Pingewood

028

1395 -

1378 Tr. 2

1396 2202

Reading 029 Business Park Bradley Hill 129 Burial Alcester, 136 northern

1397 2247/A/1 2237

1405 267

350 x 45 320330 x 70 350 x >48

Complete lower rotary quern Incomplete millstone frag Complete upper rotary quern Frag of lower millstone

440 x 45 760 x 56

Quarter of upper concave upper rotary quern surface which is entirely a hopper surrounded by a wide flat rim Third of upper Lateral slightly rotary quern triangular handle slot which and hopper (160mm diameter). Rectangular rynd chase. Complete upper Biconical eye which rotary quern is oval in shape and measures 70 x 85mm Rotary quern Unseen frag Rotary quern Unseen frag Rotary quern Unseen frag Rotary quern Unseen frag Rotary quern Unseen frag Rotary quern Unseen frag Rotary quern Unseen frag Rotary quern Unseen frag Complete lower rotary quern Rotary quern frag

355 x 76

2023

4

Petrology

Incomplete upper rotary quern Frag of upper Part of hopper rotary quern remains. Complete lower rotary quern Frag of rotary quern

144

LIA ERB

Low. Upp. type type

quartz G-VLP, SP very pebbly, G-MP, 80% quartz, 20 purple,

01a

conglomerate, 90%, quartz some pink quartz, 10 purple G-LP NO

06b

slightly, quartz (pink quartz)

07b

01c

3rd century late 4th no century no

06a

Roman 90% quartz, slightly pebbly, 10% grey, GVLP Roman no

05b

10b

05b

425 x 34-61

Roman 90% quartz, G-MP, slightly pebbly, 10% grey

04

350 x 50

3rd century

01b

320 x 60 400 x >60

Roman Possibly ORS

Upper rotary quern frag

Reading 029 Business Park

1398 F30

Diam x Date max thick (mm) 2nd to edge which probably 70 4th held an iron band for rotating the quern. 420 x mid to 50 late 2nd - x 50 4th century Notes

360 x 45 c. 760 x 35 300 x 80

late 1st to late 2nd late 1st to late 2nd Roman

02b

slightly pebbly, pink and white quartz, 95% quartz and 5% grey no

10b

slightly pebbly,

10b

Early Roman

01a no Coarse conglomerate

01a

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

extramural area Alcester, northern extramural area Usk

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

136

1406 90

Frag of rotary quern

078

1407 DBO 1

Frag of lower rotary quern

Usk

078

1408 DAI

Frag of lower rotary quern

Usk

078

1409 EAM 12

Usk

078

1410 Unstratifi ed

Usk

078

1411 YZ 1

Almost half upper millstone Frag of upper millstone or rotary quern Frag of upper millstone

Usk

078

Usk

078

1412 Unstratifi ed 1413 DOR 1

Abonae, Sea Mills, 65-68 Abonae, Sea Mills, 65-68

010

1414 528

010

1415 529

Abonae, Sea Mills, 65-68

010

Abonae, Sea Mills Abonae, Sea Mills

010

Abonae, Sea Mills, 65-68

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

Date

Petrology

Fine conglomerate

Grinding surface has 440 x a raised collar about 47 240 in diameter. Radial grooves outside the collar and traces of grooves inside. 360 x 50 610 x 34 c. 560 x 34

3rd Conglomerate century

07b

late Conglomerate 2nd century Early Sandstone Flavian Roman Sandstone

07b

625 x 84

3rd Conglomerate century

Rotary quern roughout Rotary quern roughout

405 x 120 460 x 80

Roman Conglomerate

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

c. 400 x 80 - x 40

1416 530

Lower rotary quern frag

500 x 48

Complete upper Large rim around rotary quern hopper. Handle slot Complete upper rotary quern

400 x 50 420 x 60

010

1417 K17, F4354 1418 F960, K16 surface 1419 536

Complete lower millstone

720 x 108

Abonae, Sea Mills Abonae, Sea Mills Abonae, Sea Mills Silchester, amphitheatre Marshfield

010

1421 F5853

010

1422 F4358

010

1423 ?

082

1427 207

011

1432 68

Marshfield

011

1433 unstratifie d

Marshfield

011

1434 50

Marshfield

011

1435 141

Marshfield

011

1436 7

010

5052

Frag rotary quern Frag rotary quern Frag rotary quern Frag of upper rotary quern Half upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag

107

168

Upper rotary quern frag Small frag of lower rotary quern Small rotary

Low. Upp. type type

Terminals of two rynd chases are evident on grinding surface.

Rectangular handle slot in the side

- x 45 375 x Slightly wedge shaped lateral handle 60 slot not reaching centre.. 420 Slightly wedge shaped lateral handle slot not reaching centre. - x 45

late 3rd or 4th century mid 4th century reused post mediev al reused post mediev al Prob. late 4th Prob.R oman

10b 03c

Conglomerate 100% quartz, G-SP, slightly pebbly slightly pebbly

100% quartz, G-SP, barely pebbly

10a 03c

05a

barely pebbly, 100% quartz, HG-MP, SP slightly pebbly, 100% quartz, G-MP, SP

06 10b

3rd to slightly pebbly with white 06a 4th quartz century Prob.R oman Prob. Roman Prob.R oman QC

01b

02 07b

reddish conglomerate

01c 01b

Described in report as Portishead Beds. Grey pink conglomerate with jasper suggesting FoD Prob.R Described in report as oman Portishead Beds. Grey pink conglomerate with jasper suggesting FoD Prob. Portishead Beds? (page Roman 221)

380 x -

145

03c

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

quern frag Upper millstone or rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag, probable lower stone. Probable rotary quern frag Probable rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Diam x max thick (mm) 580 x >65

Date

Petrology

Prob. Roman

03

Marshfield

011

1437 unstratifie d

Marshfield

011

1438 11

1185

Marshfield

011

1439 95

103

Marshfield

011

1440 330

5053

Marshfield

011

1441 104

197

Bath, Hat and Feather, walcot Bath, Hat and Feather, walcot Bath, Hat and Feather, walcot Portway

006

1442 456

006

1443 HL90

Rotary quern frag

500 x 40

006

1444 rubble deposit

Millstone or Hopper rotary quern frag

550 x - late 3rd no century

068

1457 pyc40 2

450 x-

Portway

068

Portway

068

Portway

068

1458 PY223 D7 1459 PY2 56 D15 1460 PY525 D1

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag

Portway

068

1461 PYOM 44 D12

Rotary quern frag

Portway

068

1462 PY516 D1

Rotary quern frag

Portway

068

1463 PY0B 34 D5

Lower rotary quern

Portway

068

1464 D2

Portway

068

1465 PY516 D1

Quarter lower rotary quern quarter rotary quern

Portway

068

1466 BW D3

Quarter rotary quern

Portway

068

Portway

068

Portway

068

Portway

068

1467 PY OG 36 1468 PY C. Area 1469 PY C. Area 1470 BW2

Portway

068

Portway

068

1471 BW 1b1c N-sg 1472 PY H 50

Portway

068

1473 PY K 50

Portway

068

Portway

068

1474 PY H 46 O 1475 BWB

Kingscote, Chessals Kingscote, Chessals

077

1476 23/1968

077

1477 104/1969 IV 9 C

Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Quarter upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Quarter upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Third rotary quern Quarter upper rotary quern Rotary quern frag

440 x 70 280 x >30

380 x 50

450 x 50

Low. Upp. type type

07b Prob.R oman

07b

late 3rd barely pebbly, quartz, to 4th century unstrati no fied

150400 late 2nd

150 to early 4th 380 x - late 2nd to late 3rd - x 60 150 to early 4th - x 60 late 1st to late 4th 350 x 2nd 40 century 300 x - 150 to early 4th 350 x late 1st 60 to mid 2nd 450 Roman

10b

95% quartz moderately pebbly 85% quartz, slightly pebbly 80% quartz very pebbly but granules no no no no

07b

90% quartz, small pebbles, very pebbly no

07b

no no

450 x 50 350 x 80

Roman 90% quartz, moderately with green Roman 90% quartz, very with brown 2nd no century 380 x - Roman 90% quartz, grey slate, very pebbly 350 x - Roman 100% quartz, granules

07b 07b 10b

10b 10b

300 x - Roman 80% quartz, white barely pebbly 300 x - Roman 90% quartz, orange 10, moderately 380 x - Roman 95% quartz, moderately 500 x -

100% quartz G-VLP

500 x - probabl 95% quartz slightly, G-SP y LRB

146

10b

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Date

Petrology

Kingscote, Chessals Kingscote, Chessals Kingscote, Chessals Kingscote, Chessals Kingscote, Chessals

077

1478 40/1968 4

077

1479 104/1969 12 1480 104/1969 IV 9 1481 104/1969 II 7 1482 104/1969 I 25

Kingscote, Chessals Kingscote, Chessals Kingscote, Chessals Kingscote, Chessals Kingscote, Chessals Kingscote, Chessals Kingscote, Chessals Eton Rowing Lake

077

1483 ?

077

077

1484 104/1969 IV 9 1485 104/1969 I5 1486 Room 10 113

077

1487 Room 12 115

077

1488 Room 12 114

077

1489 Room 17 116

027

1490 12594

55220

Eton Rowing Lake

027

1491 12594

55218

Upper rotary quern frag

Eton Rowing Lake

027

1492 12594

55219

Upper rotary quern frag, adjoins 55218

Eton Rowing Lake

027

1493 12054

68041

Quern frag, probably rotary

Kempsford

045

1494 4855

404

Upper rotary quern frag

Kempsford

045

1501 4944

0

Probable rotary quern frag

Cookham, Strand Castle Gravel Pit Reading Thames Valley Business Park Reading Thames Valley Business Park Reading Thames Valley Business Park

020

1506 I 2

0

Rotary quern frag

025

1507 1155

0

Small rotary quern frag

Upper ORS, pebbly sandstone

025

1508 96

136

Rotary quern frag

Upper ORS, pebbly sandstone

025

1509 1232

0

Rotary quern frag

Upper ORS, pebbly sandstone (pink)

077 077 077

077

Upper rotary quern frag Quarter upper rotary quern Third rotary quern frag Third lower millstone Two thirds lower rotary quern Rotary quern frag Complete lower rotary quern Half rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Diam x max thick (mm) 500 x 500 x -

100% quartz barely pebbly G-LP, SP no

440 x - probabl y LRB 550 x - late 3rd to 4th probabl y LRB

100% quartz, moderately pebbly, G-LP 90% quartz, 07b conglomerate 90% quartz, very pebbly 07b G-LP

300 x -

no

- x 45

Prob. 90% quartz (grey) G-MP LRB Prob. 100% quartz barely, MP late 4th -

147

10b 10b

07b

10b

-

10b

- x 55

-

05

- x32

-

10b

Pink Forest of Dean 2nd century conglomerate with rare large quartz clasts and AD occasional jasper. Pink Forest of Dean 330 x - 2nd 32 century conglomerate with rare large quartz clasts and AD occasional jasper. 2nd Pink Forest of Dean century conglomerate with rare AD large quartz clasts and occasional jasper. Unkno Possibl Probably ORS. Not the wn e Iron same as the other frags Age but is medium grained well-sorted quartz sandstone containing grey siltstone pebbles. c. 340 ERB Quartz conglomerate with (x 42.5 a few large quartz pebbles and white feldspar. Medium grained well sorted pink yellowish brown sandstone - x 44 Roman Medium to coarse grained moderately sorted pinkish mainly quartz sandstone with occasional pink quartz grains and quartz cement. Upper ORS 350 x 41

Possibly a slight hopper, flat and separate from the eye.

Low. Upp. type type

01a

01

01c

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

Date

Petrology

025 Reading Thames Valley Business Park 025 Reading Thames Valley Business Park Star 121

1510 1258

0

Rotary quern frag

Upper ORS, pebbly sandstone (white)

1511 1258

0

Rotary quern frag

QC

Star

121

1515

Star

121

Star

121

1516 I, L/6; IV B 1517

Thornwell Farm Thornwell Farm Thornwell Farm Gillingam, Commonmead Lane

080

1513

0

Third upper Dove-tailed rynd slot millstone fully through stone. Upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Complete lower rotary quern

080

1518 CG5/ 1001 1519 1157

080

1520 CG1/ 100 0

038

1521 PCE 2 18.05.198 8

Cirencester, The Ditches

062

1524 517 419

Half upper rotary quern

Cirencester, The Ditches Cirencester, The Ditches Cirencester, The Ditches Dorchester, Colliton Park Dorchester, Colliton Park Dorchester, Colliton Park Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes

062

1525 517 420

Rotary quern

062

1526 1985 541

062

1527 1983 94

041

1528

041

1529

041

1530

107

156

1531 7024

9685

156

1532 9810

156

1533 9811

156

1534 9812

Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes

156

1535 9813

156

1536 9551

156

1537 9550

156

1538 9547

156

1539 9552

156

1540 8000

9553

156

1541 7039

9680

156

1542 7039

9682

156

1543 7039

9681

156

1544 7024

9684

Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper millstone Deep spaced pecking frag all over, burnt, decorated Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern Vertical handle slot frag Upper rotary quern frag

0

7

650 x 110 370 x 50 500 x - very late 4th - x 70

Low. Upp. type type

barely pebbly, 100% quartz slightly pebbly, 100% quartz, G-LP, LP barely pebbly, 100% quartz, G-SP, SP no

02 10b 10b

Roman Pebbly UORS Roman Pebbly UORS

10b

Pebbly QC

07b Roman barely pebbly, 90% quartz, few black pebbles, some pink quartz pebbles G-SP, SP - x 100 LIA - 90% quartz, verypebbly, ERB G-LP, SP, grey blue and orange LIA - no ERB LIA - no ERB The top curves into a 350 x LIA - 90% quartz, granules slight hopper. 100 ERB no

148

330 x 80

- x 80

no Roman no

500 x 40 400 x 50 450 x 65 600 x 70 450 x 60 m 400 x 70 500 x 50 450 x 80 450 x 50 400 x 60 - x 60

50

10b

07b

10b 05c

moderately, 80% quartz

10b

granules pos pink quartz

10b

moderately

10b

no

10b

slightly but granules

10b

occ granule

07b

slightly, granule-medium, orangey quartz barely 07b

10b

occasional granule

10b

no

07b

slightly, granules-medium 100% quartz occasional granule

10b

no

02

barely pebbly

10b

10b

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes

156

1545 9545

156

1546 6004

4994

Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes

156

1547 3258

9543

156

1548 9546

156 156

1549 5017 4999 1550 6004

4981

Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes

156

1551 6004

4980

156

1552 6004

4983

156

1553 6004

4984

156

1554 6004

4979

Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes

156

1555 6004

4990

156

1556 6004

4987

156

1557 6004

4988

156

1558 6004

4991

156

1559 6004

4992

156

1560 3270

4966

156

1561 3024

156

1562 7035

Ashton Keynes

156

1563 7035

Rotary quern frag

Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes

156

1564 7038

156

1565 7038

156

1566 6324

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Ashton Keynes

156

1567 6324

Upper millstone or rotary quern

550 x 40

Ashton Keynes

156

1568 6324

Upper rotary quern

500 x 50

Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes

156

156

1574 1487

3180

156

1575 1487

3179

156

1576 3181

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

500 x 45 500 x 40

156

1570 BOX221 5203 1571 5001 Box221 1572 3381, Box221 1573 6004

156 156

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Diam x Date max thick (mm) 320 x 70 70 3rd to 4th century 500 x 2nd-3rd 80 350 x no 50 380 x no 45 400 x 3rd-4th 65

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag

handle slot

side handle slot

350 x 60 50

Basin shaped hopper 320 x >40 350 x 90

Side handle slot, raised hopper

380 x 60 400 x 40 380 x 50 400 x 60

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

very, pink quartz, 10 grey, 5 yellow occasional, some pink quartz

10b

1 pink quartz pebble

10b

no

10b

slightly quartz

10b

very, - G-VLP, 5% purple, some stained quartz 3rd-4th very, G-LP, 5%grey, some pink quartz 3rd-4th very, G-SP, lots pink quartz 3rd-4th 1 quartz pebble 3rd-4th conglomerate, G-MP, 5% 07b slate, 5% yellow, some pink quartz 3rd-4th very, G-LP, 5green, 10grey, large feldspars 3rd-4th barely pebbly -granules quartz 3rd-4th quartz granules -pink 3rd-4th conglomerate, G-MP, pink quartz and patchy 3rd-4th moderately, G-SP

420 x 40 LRB

moderately,SP-MP 5% pink moderately G-MP

mostly no 3rd and 4th mostly 3rd and 4th 3rd-4th no

10b

10b 10b 10b 01c

10b 10b

10b 10a 01

10b

3rd-4th no

Side handle slot

400 x 60

3rd to 4th cent. 3rd to 4th cent. 3rd to 4th cent.

no

10b

moderately, G-SP, 10% grey, some pink quartz

10b

slightly, SP-MP pinkish

moderately G-MP, 10%grey LRB slightly granules some pink quartz Iron slightly, MP, 10% grey, Age? 10% purple 3rd-4th slightly, 1 purple G-SP LRB

Occasional quartz pebble

LRB 450 x 80

149

very, G-LP, orange/pink quartz

10b

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes

156

1577 2999

3297

156

1578 3161

156

1579 3159

156

1580 2030

156 156

1581 W257 3157 1582 3164

156

1583 9930

156

1584 -

156

1585 1487

156

1586 9929

156

1587 10139

156

1588 36

156

1589 34

156

1590 5001

156

1591 3128

156

1592 6381

156

1593 308

156

1594 3174

156

1595 3034

3134

156

1596 2100

3135

156

1597 3134

3136

156

1598 3038

3137

156

1599 3105

3138

156

1600 29341

3139

156

1601 2964

3132

Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes

156

1602 1436

3131

156

1603 1218

3130

156

1604 3176

3129

156 156

1605 3105, 3152 1606 3165

156

1607 3169

156

1608 3175

156

1609 1486

3176

Ashton Keynes

156

1610 1488

3177

3178

9321

3133

Description

Notes

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Complete upper rotary quern Complete rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern Complete upper millstone Complete lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Half upper rotary quern Complete millstone Complete upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Upper millstone frag Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Probable millstone frag (or rotary quern) Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary Handle slot quern Quarter upper rotary quern Upper millstone frag Quarter upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

400 x 50 380 x 56 500 x 40 450 x 40 350 x 50 480 x 80 280 x 60 640 x 60 460 x 70 330 x 70 350 x 90 350 x 100 320 x 60 350 x 60 600 x 80 450 x 50 500 x 80 850 x 50

Petrology

-

no

-

no

-

occasional quartz

-

no

Low. Upp. type type

07b

moderately, 90% quartz, G-VLP, few mudstones no moderately, G-LP, 07b orangey quartz slightly, G-MP, 10%greygreen occasional occasional

07b

very, G-VLP, some pink quartz conglomerate of quartz

07b

Iron Age

07b 07b

moderately, quartz some pink no

07b

quartz mod, G-LP, 10% grey, mod, G-LP, quartz some pink no no

500 x 70 300 x 55 500 x 75 380 x 40-75

very, G, occ LP pink quartz barely, SP few granules quartz G-SP no

300 x 35 350 x 55 350 x 85 800 x 70 380 x 70 480 x 45 400 x 40-50 40-60 400 x 45

150

Date

Diam x max thick (mm)

no no very, G-SP, quartz, 10% grey no fairly coarse very quartz moderately, G-LP, 10% purpley moderately, G-LP quartz 3rd and 4th century Late Roman

slightly G-LP, some pink quartz moderately MP, 20% brown and grey

07b

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm) 600 x 40 400 x 60 400 x 60 300 x 80 400 x 60

Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Ashton Keynes Bletsoe

156

1611

10184

Millstone frag

156

1613 6343

10171

156

1614 6343

10172

156

1615

10180

156

1616 7020

10234

156

1617 3091

3140

156

1618 3119

3141

156

1619 3020

3142

156

1620 2100

3143

156

1623 9932

156

1624 6343

10170

156

1625 7037

9969

156 156

1626 7087, 9974 1627 1487

3186

156

1628 3016

3195

156

1630 10183

018

1631 1981.35

Kenchester

084

Kenchester

084

Filwood Park Filwood Park Hengistbury Head Hengistbury Head Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles

013 013 037

1632 HWCM 600, 1059, 275 1633 2189, 635 DN 1451 1639 unseen 1640 unseen 1641 HH82/1 1239

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Complete upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper millstone frag Quarter lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper millstone frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Complete lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag

037

1642 HH80/1

032

1643

032

1644 AMG83 308 4443

Lower rotary quern frag

032

1645 AMG83 169 1468

Rotary quern frag

- x 50

032

1646 AMGVII 687 4548

Half lower rotary quern

032

1647 AMG84 687 4548

032

1244

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern Rotary quern Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag

Date

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

moderately, G-SP quartz moderately, G-LP quartz, conglomerate G-VLP some purple quartz conglomerate, 10grey, 10 purple quartz moderately G-LP, no moderately, G-LP quartz no

400 x 40

07b

slightly, 20 brown no quartz moderate

600 x 50 400 x 40

moderate quartz quartz no moderately, G-MP, some pink quartz moderate, MP quartz

450 x 80 500 x 40

slightly pebbly, 80% quartz, 20% purple barely pebbly, 100% quartz, SP

07b 10b

no Unseen Unseen Hopper and handle slot.

- x 35

ERB

Probably ORS Probably ORS

- x 45

ERB

Probably ORS 80% quartz, 15 orange, 5 brown, G-MP,

road 300350 pit 175225

90% quartz, slightly pebbly, G-MP

380 x 80

wall

90% quartz, moderately pebbly, 10 purple, G-LP

Quarter upper rotary quern

380 x 40

wall

slightly pebbly, 100% quartz SP

10b

1648 AMG84 687 4548

Half upper rotary quern

- x 80

wall

90% quartz, some pink, SP-MP

10b

032

1649 AMG83 I 3 4451

Rotary quern frag

40

barely, 100% quartz, GMP

032

1650 AMG83 4 4449

Rotary quern frag

40

barely pebbly, 80% quartz, G-SP, some white,

032

1651 AMG83

Rotary quern

floor

151

07b

100% quartz pebbles, slightly pebbly, G-MP

no

07b

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Mantles Green, Amersham Henley Wood, N Henley Wood, N Kingsweston Villa Kingsweston Villa Bourton on the Water Bourton on the Water Bourton on the Water Bourton on the Water Flory Field, Dunstable Flory Field, Dunstable Flory Field, Dunstable Flory Field, Dunstable Magiovinium

Site ID

Ctx

SFNO

2 4461

Description

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

frag

Date

Petrology

1652 AMG83 2 4460

Rotary quern frag

032

1653 AMG83 169 1468

Rotary quern frag

032

1654 AMG84 716 4484

Third lower rotary quern

032

1655 AMG84 716 4486

Rotary quern frag

barely pebbly, 100% quartz granules

032

1656 ?

Rotary quern frag

100% quartz, G-MP,

032

1657 AMG84 716 4485

Rotary quern frag

- x 40

117

1658

117 003

1659 iv.22/384. 68 1 1660

400 x 50 380 x 26 700

003

1661

056

1662

056

1663

056

1664

056

1665 S

015

1666 HNW RB

015

1667 HNG RB

015

1668 HNG

015

1669 HCP?

033

1670 MP587 304 1671 MPS87 181

8044

Lower rotary quern frag Complete upper rotary quern Third of upper millstone Half upper Dove-tailed rynd millstone slot. Lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Half upper rotary quern Rotary quern frag Quarter rotary quern Rotary quern frag Quarter lower millstone Upper rotary quern frag Quarter lower rotary quern Half rotary quern

1672 MPS87 181 1673 MPS87 181 1674 MPS87 181 1675 MPS87 181 1676 MPS87 181 1677

8016

Magiovinium 033 Magiovinium 033 Magiovinium 033 Magiovinium 033 Magiovinium 033 Magiovinium 033 Magiovinium 033 Magiovinium 033 030

8015

700 x 70 450 x 100 300 420 x 40 360 x 60 450 x 60

floor, 225250

prob slightly pebbly, 100% mid 4th quartz, G-MP, SP

Roman no

10b

Roman slightly pebbly

02

Roman 90% quartz, moderately 07b pebbly, SP, 5 grey, 5pink ?

07

? Iron Age? LRB

LRB LRB

300 x 50

moderately pebbly, GMP, 100% quartz conglomerate, 80% quartz, some pink quartz barely pebbly, quartz (90%) grey very pebbly, G-LP, LP, pink quartz slightly pebbly, 100% pink quartz granules 100% quartz, G-MP, SP

10b

07b 10b 07b

60% quartz, G-LP, orange, brown, purple, black 100% quartz, G-MP, SP 100% quartz

8018

Rotary quern

100% quartz, G-MP, SP

8020

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Half rotary quern Frag of rotary quern Frag of upper rotary quern

100% quartz, G-MP, SP

0

07b 01b

LRB 600 x 70

moderately poebbly, 07b 100% quartz but granules

8017

1679 MK105/u 199 ns/S9 1680 1694 52

350 x 80

Half rotary quern Rotary quern

8019

Low. Upp. type type

350390 floor, 95% quartz 350390 pit 175- slightly pebbly, G-MP, 225 100% quartz

032

Magiovinium 033

Newbury Pipeline, Aldworth, Berkshire

ID

barely, quartz 70% quartz, G-LP, MP, brown and grey .

480 x 80

lateral handle slot and flat-bottomed hopper

Small frag of upper rotary quern

03d c. 350 x 70

152

Slightly pebbly UORS or QC.

01b

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Date

Diam x max thick (mm) 340 x 105

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

Newbury Pipeline, Aldworth, Berkshire Newbury Pipeline, South Stoke, Oxfordshire Newbury Pipeline, South Stoke, Oxfordshire Bagendon

030

1695 2

26

Half lower rotary quern

030

1696 449

0

Small frag of upper rotary quern

c. 530 x 47

Slightly pebbly UORS or QC with some pink quartz

03c

030

1697 39

2

Small frag of upper rotary quern

c. 540 x

Very pebbly UORS or QC.

08a

052

1722 unknown

Bagendon

052

1723 unknown

Bagendon

052

1724 unknown

Bagendon

052

1725 unknown

Caerleon on display Caerleon on display Caerleon on display Caerleon on display Caerleon on display

091

1726 2 photos

091

1727 31.78 pl.x.no 6 1728 ?

Caerleon on display Caerleon on display Caerleon

091

Caerleon

091

Caerleon

091 091 091

091 091

Half a rotary quern Rotary quern frag

1729 36-470 297 1730 ? 1731 on display 1732 main (s) display 1733 100

0 0

Rotary quern frag Complete lower rotary quern Complete upper millstone Three quarters upper millstone Half upper millstone Upper rotary quern frag Incomplete lower rotary quern Half upper rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Half a lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Half a lower rotary quern

pre AD60 pre AD60, LPRIA pre AD60 Unseen

07b

700 x 150 Dove-tailed rynd slot 800 x 150 700 x 100 400 x 500 x 100

0

Caerleon

091

1737 1058

0

Two adjoining frags of upper rotary quern

Caerleon

091

1738 1295

0

Caerleon

091

0

Ariconium

087

Ariconium

087

1739 1945 (1757) 1743 74/1974 A9 1744 74/1974

Ariconium

087

Ariconium

087

Ariconium

087

Brislington

004

Chedworth

049

1745 15983/ 105 11 1746 6097/ salvage 205 1747 6097/ salvage 403 1748 1900, F4356 1749

Three adjoining frags of lower rotary quern Frag of an upper rotary quern Complete upper Octagonal shaped millstone rynd socket Complete lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag

Chisenbury

169

1750 SP93

Square spindle socket (partially perforated) One rynd socket remaining. Lateral handle slot in upper surface.

02

no

10b

90% quartz, G-LP 10% dark grey 80% quartz, grey and brown MP-LP medium grained sandstone Coarse sandstone conglomerate Quartzitic conglomerate

400 x -

091

90% quartz, slightly pebbly, G-LP 95% quartz, G-MP, 5% blue grey, slightly pebbly no

no

500 x -

1734 100 (1819) 1735 203

23

Moderately pebbly UORS 02b or QC.

260 x -

Not described

c. 360 x-

coarse gritstone with large quartz inclusions

700 x 100 350 x 70 500 x 60 - x 96

-

Medium grained red sandstone 100% quartz, G-LP, MP, barely pebbly no

-

pebbly

-

pebbly pebbly, conglomerate

-

Rotary quern frag

400 x 32

-

Complete upper rotary quern Upper millstone

290 x >70 700

Roman very pebbly, 90% quartz pebbles, G-MP, MP 90% quartz, G-VLP, some pink quartz, 10% grey very pebbly 95 quartz, granules

Lower rotary

153

02

02

07b 10b 07b 06b 07b 07b 01c

05a 10b 10b 07b 10b

10b 10b 07b

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Warren Chisenbury Warren Chisenbury Warren Chisenbury Warren Chisenbury Warren Colerne

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

172

072B 1751 SP93 072B 1752 SP93 072B 1753 SP93 072B 1754 SP93 072C 1755

Devizes, Clyffe Pypard Hales burial Hales burial Camerton

167

1756

047 047 118

1757 ERB 1758 ERB 1759 Fb 6478

Halstock

039

1760 No. 9

Killings Knap Quarry Vespasian farm Winchcombe District Caerwent, Courtyard House Caerwent, Courtyard House Caerwent, Courtyard House Caerwent, Courtyard House

120

1761 A2662

164

1762

073

1763 1956.3

079

1764 84.117H

290

079

1765 84.117H

394

079

1766 84.117H

515

079

1767 84.117H

202

Caerwent, Courtyard House

079

1768 84.117H

363

Caerwent, Courtyard House Caerwent, Courtyard House Caerwent, Courtyard House Caerwent

079

1769 84.117H

393

079

1770 84.117H

079

1771 1987

079

1774

Caerwent

079

1775

Caerwent

079

1776

Caerwent

079

1777

Caerwent

079

1778

Caerwent

079

1779

Caerwent

079

1780

169 169 169 169

Description

44

quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern

47

Millstone frag

38

Rotary quern frag Half upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Rotary quern Rotary quern Quarter upper rotary quern Complete upper rotary quern Complete upper rotary quern Half upper rotary quern Complete upper rotary quern Three quarters lower rotary quern Frag of lower rotary quern

4

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

Date

100

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

no no

600 x 60

no no

Slight hopper.

Hopper

400 x 90 300

prob slightly pebbly with LRB holes, quartz surface ?

400 x 60 300 x 60 460 x 40

Probabl no y LRB no

10b

no

10b

no

10b

no

10b

Handle slot

85

3 frags

10b 10b

10b

400 x 125

95% quartz, G-LP, very pebbly, 5% mudstones

450 x80

80% quartz, slightly 07b pebbly, G-LP, grey, green yellow 100% quartz, barely pebbly, G-SP

Quarter of lower Possible rynd slot rotary quern survives and handle socket. Half upper Recessed hopper rotary quern 7mm deep and 140mm diameter. Handle socket with raised lip. Half upper Lateral handle slot rotary quern not reaching eye. Recessed hopper 5mm deep x 110mm diameter. Half of upper Wedge shaped rynd rotary quern slots.

400 x 60

418 516

07b

380 x 52

85% quartz, G-VLP, green yellow and pink, very pebbly -= conglomerate

01c

380 x 80

90% quartz, G-VLP, moderately pebbly, grey green slate

01c

470 x 55

no

10b

Complete lower rotary quern

470 x 90

no

Complete upper Rynd chase plus rotary quern lateral socket for handle Complete upper Lateral handle slot rotary quern which does not reach eye Three quarters lower rotary quern Half rotary quern Rotary quern frag Three quarters Beehive. Deep upper rotary handle hole in the quern side of the quern. Complete rotary quern Complete rotary quern

380 x 70

154

450 x 450 x -

06 95% quartz, G-SP, 5% dark grey, moderately pebbly 90% quartz, G-MP, slightly pebbly

350 x 150

95% quartz, G-LP, 5% mudstones 100% quartz, slightly pebbly, G-SP slightly pebbly 100% quartz, G-SP

450 x -

no

400 x -

no

- x 40

05b

10b 07b

07

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

Caerwent

079

1781

Caerwent, Temple site

079

1784 2142

Caerwent, Temple site Caerwent, Temple site

079

1785 2111

079

1786 2155

Caerwent, 079 Temple site Barnsley Park 057

1787 2088

Barnsley Park 057 Barnsley Park 057 Barnsley Park 057 Barnsley Park 057 Barnsley Park 057 Barnsley Park 057 Barnsley Park 057

1017

1024

1788 BP 28 6 21 1199 1789 BP 1962 1790 BP 143 5 2794 18 1791 BP 14 1792 BP 21 11 1129 1793 BPF 49 6 2311 1794 BP 154 14 56 2662 1795 BP 21 1217 11

Barnsley Park 057

1796 BP 25 49 1384

Barnsley Park 057

1797 BP 24 48 2098 1798 BP 158 116 1799 55/179, 157

Barnsley Park 057

SFNO

Loughor, Leucarum Loughor, Leucarum Loughor, Leucarum Loughor, Leucarum Loughor, Leucarum Ham Hill

148

Lower Machen Lower Machen

090

1800 54/004, 012 1801 53/3728, 680 1802 57/115 127 1803 Castle 1970 1804 Castle 1970 1805 1901 A1916 1806 37.321

090

1807 37.321

Somerford Keynes Somerford Keynes Rockbourne Farm

070

1808 12

637

070

1809 187

874

160

1810

Salmonsbury Camp Salmonsbury Camp

202

1811 1978.865 -20C 1812 none

148 148 127

202

Complete rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern Quarter lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern

380 x 90 360 x -

Half rotary quern Half lower rotary quern Quarter rotary quern Quarter upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag

380 x -

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern

Date

Diam x max thick (mm) 350 x -

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

no

390 x 100

360375

90% quartz, G-LP, 10% brown, moderately pebbly 100% quartz, barely pebbly, G-MP 90% quartz, G-LP, 5% orange, 5% brownish grey 100% quartz, barely pebbly, G-MP no

07b 07b 07b

07b

no

- x 80

Quarter of upper Lateral slightly rotary quern wedge shaped andle slot and pecked all over. Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag

148

148

Notes

Lower rotary quern

Loughor, Leucarum

148

Description

Bun shaped, lateral handle slot

362 x 50

400+

90% quartz, barely

10b

340360 -

90% quartz, barely pebbly no

10b

340360

100% quartz, barely pebbly no

late 3rd 90% quartz, to early 4th 340100% quartz but barely 360 pebbly granules -

- x 40

10b 10b 07b 07b 01b

100% quartz, moderately pebbly

-

10b 07b

400 x 60

Roman 85% quartz, brown and grey, moderately pebbly G-SP 320 x - Roman no 360 x - Roman no 460 x - Roman no 360

Roman 90% quartz, very pebbly, G-VLP, G Roman 90% quartz, very pebbly, G-MP 620 x very 100% quartz G-LP 100 LP 400 x moderately pebbly, GMP, MP, 95% quartz 350 x barely pebbly, 100% 07b quartz, G-MP, MP

Rotary quern frag Complete upper millstone Quarter upper rotary quern Incomplete lower rotary quern Probable upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Three quarters of lower rotary quern Rotary quern frag Almost complete rotary quern

- x 74

90% quartz pebbles and others moderately pebbly, GMP, 100% quartz slightly pebbly, 100% quartz,

c. 390 x 54 350 x 60 300 x >50

LIA Iron Age

155

90% quartz, G-SP

10b 10b

01 01 07b

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

Half lower rotary quern Almost complete upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern Lower rotary quern

Diam x max thick (mm) 400 x 40 470 x >60

Netheravon

157

1813 85/1987

Netheravon

157

1814 14/1944

Bromham, The Clays Bromham, The Clays

161

1815

161

1816

Bromham, The Clays Worcester, Deansway Worcester, Deansway Worcester, Deansway Uley Bury

161

1817

176

1818 2

30

176

1819 2

29

176

1820 3

26

201

1821 1976.56

Uley Bury

201

1822

Uley Bury

201

1823

Worcester, Blackfriars

176

1824 W378, T6, 408

Worcester, Blackfriars Worcester, Blackfriars Worcester, Blackfriars

176

1825 W378

176

1826 W378

176

1827 W378

Ilchester

119

1830 F 108 (4) 0

Ilchester

119

Ilchester

119

1831 F17, F18, 145 SF 145, 146 1832 Unstrat 0

Salford Priors, Arrow Valley, Site C Salford Priors, Arrow Valley, Site C Salford Priors, Arrow Valley, Site D Salford Priors, Arrow Valley, Site D

137

1840 2502/1

60

Upper rotary quern frag

Lateral handle socket 420 x 72

137

1841 Unstrat

1365

Upper rotary quern frag

420 x 75

137

1842 603

1361

Lower rotary quern frag

137

1843 675/1

1360

Upper rotary quern frag

Salford Priors, Arrow Valley, Site C Kingsweston Villa Alveston, Lodge Farm Somerford Keynes

137

1844 Unstrat

1364

Rotary quern frag

003

1849

0

050

1850

0

070

1884

875

Frags of lower rotary quern Lower rotary quern Whetstone frag reusing a rotary quern

Date

500 x -

Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern Almost complete beehive rotary quern Half upper beehive rotary quern Incomplete beehive rotary quern rotary quern frag

50

90% quartz, barely pebbly, very pebbly, 100% quartz 07b and lots of pink quartz, G-LP, MP barely pebbly, quartz 120240AD 120240AD 120240AD Iron Age

Unseen Unseen

80% quartz, moderately pebbly, G-MP 70% quartz, slightly pebbly, G-SP 90% quartz, G-LP, MP, 10% brown moderately pebbly no

Iron Age

no

360 x 80

Roman

400 x 80

Roman

340 x 48

Roman

10b

10b

10b 07b

07

moderately pebbly, 90% quartz, 10% grey, G-LP, MP, moderately pebbly, 90% quartz, G-LP, MP, moderately pebbly with 90% quartz, G-LP, MP, moderately pebbly with 90 quartz and 10 grey, GLP, MP Red conglomeratic 02c sandstone - possibly Mendips ORS Red conglomeratic sandstone - possibly Mendips ORS Red conglomeratic 06a sandstone - possibly Mendips ORS pebbly

mediev al / modern unstrat Very pebbly indeed including some very large pebbles 07b mediev pebbly al / modern Mid/lat e 1st century AD Unstrat Very pebbly Roman

07b probably ORS probably ORS

156

10b

no

360 x - Iron Age

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Complete upper rotary quern in 3 frags Three frags of upper rotary quern Frag of lower rotary quern

Low. Upp. type type

conglomerate, G-VLP, 07b quartz barely pebbly, granules of quartz,

500 x -

Upper rotary quern Rotary quern

Petrology

07b

02b

01b 02a

10a

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Diam x max thick (mm)

Wanborough

166

2044 XII, 2

Wanborough

166

2046 U/S

CAT 42

Wanborough

166

2047 F3

CAT 43

Small frag of lower rotary quern

Possibly upper stone 360 x reused as lower stone 66

Wanborough

166

2048 U/S

CAT 44

Two thirds of lower rotary quern

350 x 97

Wanborough

166

2049 U/S, WANX 34

CAT 45

Small frag of lower rotary quern

- x 81

Wanborough

166

2050 U/S

Wanborough

166

CAT 46 2051 IV, I, 244 244, CAT 47

Lower rotary quern frag Small frag of lower rotary quern

380 x 43 390 x 76

Wanborough

166

2053 189

CAT 20

Frag of upper rotary quern

360 x 57

Wanborough

166

2054 U/S

CAT 22

Frag of upper rotary quern

490 x 40

Wanborough

166

2055 U/S

CAT 23

Frag of upper rotary quern

Top slightly concave 300 x to form hopper. Has 68 lateral handle slot which penetrates centre.

Wanborough

166

2056 U/S

CAT 25

Half an upper rotary quern in two frags

Wanborough

166

2059 U/S, 2

CAT 29

Frag of upper rotary quern

U-shaped groove on one side which may have been associated with some sort of handle attachment. Upper surface slopes down into eye to form a shallow hopper. Rectangular handle slot 100mm long (not reaching hopper) x >30mm wide x 22mm deep.

Wanborough

166

2069 188

Wanborough

166

2071 526

166

2072

Wanborough

166

2073 III, 2

Quarter of upper rotary quern Frag of upper Very slight basin rotary quern shaped hopper around the eye. Small edge frag of lower rotary quern Frag of upper rotary quern

470 x 40 390 x 65

Wanborough

CAT 19 176, CAT 21 CAT 24

Wanborough

166

2075 XV

Frag of upper rotary quern

c. 360 x 33

353, CAT 28 128, CAT

Reused rotary quern Third of lower rotary quern

Notes

Date

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

probably ORS Perforation appears to be oval shaped

157

470 x 79

380 x 41

320 x 55

390 x 37

Coarse pebbly grit with banding of coarser material and some quartz pebbles. No other real pebbly inclusions and appears to be pink in colour but is very dirty. Contains white feldspar Conglomerate, quite coarse and very pebbly mainly quartz with some of pink quartz and red and green siltstone Coarse pebbly grit. Much pinker and less compacted than the others. Contains lots of quartz pebbles, some of which are pinkish. Medium to coarse grained sandstone quite compacted and with occasional feldspar Coarse pebbly grit

02d

05a

02b

03a

05b

06a Coarse pebbly grit containing pink quartz and occasional lilac coloured siltstone Coarse pebbly grit with lost of mainly quartz pebbles Coarse pebbly grit with lost of mainly quartz pebbles Coarse pebbly grit containing pebbles of quartz and red siltstone and poly quartz with chlorite in it, green siltstone Medium to coarse grained pebbly sandstone with occasional blue and hite quartz pebble and pink ones too.

08e 01b 07d

01c

Very pebbly conglomerate containing many quartz pebbles and others too. Very similar to the earlier styled querns Pebbly sandstone

08e

Very pebbly but mostly small pebbles and mostly quartz Medium grained slightly 01 darkish coloured

01c

Medium grained and slightly feldspathic but very dirty Pebbly sandstone containing the

01b

01b

01b

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

31

Diam x max thick (mm) max

Wanborough

166

2076 XXXIX, 160

387, CAT 33

Frag of upper rotary quern

390 x 46

Wanborough

166

2077 XLVII, 173

449, CAT 34

Frag of upper rotary quern

390 x 46

Wanborough

166

2078 U/S

CAT 37

Quarter of upper rotary quern

360 x 38

Wanborough

166

2079 U/S

CAT 38

Quarter of upper rotary quern

380 x 48

Wanborough

166

2081 U/S

Wanborough

166

2082 VII, 3

CAT 40 CAT 48

Quarter of upper rotary quern Frag of lower rotary quern

370 x 52 480 x 63

Wanborough

166

2083 U/S, 1

Wanborough

166

2085 IX (3)

CAT 49 CAT 50

Frag of lower rotary quern Complete lower rotary quern

Wanborough

166 166

Frag of lower rotary quern or millstone Incomplete lower rotary quern

550 x >47

Wanborough

2086 XXVI, 66 614, CAT 52 2088 CAT 55

Wanborough

166

2089 U/S

CAT 56

Incomplete lower rotary quern

380 x 85

Wanborough

166

2092 U/s

Cat 58

Incomplete lower rotary quern

.

380 x 105

Wanborough

166

2094 XXXII, U/S

Cat 68

Upper rotary quern broken into eight frags

Fitting for rynd inside eye

450 x 45

Wanborough

166

2098 Pit A OSH 1974

Incomplete lower rotary quern

300 x 125

Wanborough

166

2100

Two frags of upper rotary quern

Nearly complete lower stone except for chipping around edges. Basin flat bottomed hopper (100mm diameter)

335 x 110

340 x 83

158

c. 380 x 51

Date

Petrology

polycrystalline blue and white quartz and odd siltstone pebble. Medium grained well sorted sandstone with some pink and white feldspar and quartz cement. Quartz conglom with many quartz pebbles and some of red quartzite, blue and white quartz, and green siltstone Medium grained well sorted non poebbly sandstone containing a few grains of salmon feldspar Medium grained well sorted non poebbly sandstone containing a few grains of salmon feldspar Has some chloritic polycrystalline quartz Medium grained well sorted feldspathic sandstone (pink) Medium grained slightly feldspathic. Very pebbly conglomerate with many assorted pebbles of pink siltstone, grey quartzite and some dark pink quartz and some yellow mudstone Red coloured medium grained sandstone, very slightly pebbly, Quartz conglomerate with many quartz pebbles which are mostly yellowish. Some pebbles of green siltstone and dark grey and pink/ red quartz. Very quartzitic and medium grained, very quartzy but dirty. Prob ORS Moderately pebbly with pebbles of quartz, green siltstone, pink quartz, quite quartzitic Medium grained pink conglomerate with a few quartz pebbles (no other pebbles). Some polycrystalline quartz which is white and blue. Pebbly and compacted

Very pebbly quartz conglomerate with pebbles of both quartz and sandstone / siltstone. Quite darkly coloured and with lots of small green

Low. Upp. type type

01b

01b

01a

01a

01b 05b 07b 01d

05b 01b

02a

02a

01c

01a

01c

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

403

Description

Wanborough

166

2105 U/S

Wanborough

166

2108 U/S

Wanborough

166

2109 U/S

Wanborough

166

2110

Wanborough

166

2111

Wanborough

166

2113 XVI, 7

Wanborough

166

2114 XVI, 20A 244

Frag of lower rotary quern

Wanborough

166

2116 X, 27

365

Frag of upper rotary quern

Wanborough

166

2132 U/S

CAT 41

Frag of upper rotary quern

Wanborough

166

2133

CAT 18

Frag of upper rotary quern

Wanborough

166

2134

Frag of upper rotary quern Rotary quern frag

297

Notes

Quarter of upper rotary quern

370 x 45

Frag of probable lower rotary quern reused as mortar Rim frag or Has slight rim probable upper delineated by groove rotary quern round the outside Half a lower rotary quern Large frag of substantial millstone (not rotary quern) Quarter of upper rotary quern

Caesaromagus 042 : Chelmsford (south-eastern sector)

2158 T31

CAT 39 0

Newbury Hospital

019

2169 124

6

Frag of upper rotary quern

Salford Priors, Arrow Valley, Site C Alcester bypass Alcester bypass Alcester bypass Alcester bypass Chesterton Roman Camp

137

2186

1360

Probable rotary quern frag

136

2189 A9

0

136

2190 A9

0

136

2191 A9

0

136

2192 U/S

0

143

2193 A4

0

Small probable rotary quern frag Small upper rotary quern frag Small upper rotary quern frag Third of lower rotary quern Lower rotary quern frag (1/3)

Chesterton

143

2194 G/B11

0

Upper rotary

Diam x max thick (mm)

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

rock frags. Quartz cement Medium grained well sorted sandstone with lots of haematite in and slightly pink in colour medium grained slightly 07a pebbly with pink quartz

480 x 48 Pebbly ORS sandstone only a few pebbles Very difficult to tell, could even possibly be MG

360 x 42

Slightly greener than some of the others but is a conglomerate with almost all quartz pebbles and contains some chloritic quartz and one reddish quartz pebble Medium grained slightly 03c feldspathic very quartz rich sandstone with quartz cement. Cream coloured medium grained well sorted sandstone with occasional pink quartz pebble Sandstone

340 x 55 380 x 50

01b

05

315 x 60. > 760 x 135

c. 380 x 54 Slight basin shaped hopper with diameter 40mm greater than the eye. Has lateral handle slot 82mm long and not reaching centre. Basin shaped hopper and rynd slot in the round eye Lateral handle slot and rynd slot in the eye Slight hopper distinct from eye. Unseen

Date

03c

01b

01c

01c

c. 450 x 50

01b

c. 390 x 50

01c

c. 430 x 63

"pinkish, coarse grained Late rather pebbly sandstone 4th century - Late Roman Moderately pebbly sandstone. Contains pebbles of mainly polycrystalline quartz, some jasper and pink sandstone frags. Some pink quartz

01

Very pebbly Very pebbly - x 43 390 x 90 - x 83 Projecting hopper.

159

c. 290

01 01b

FoD. Large quartz 01d pebbles Different sort of ORS to 07a types seen at Bubbenhall. Much redder. Pebbly and quite coarse

06a

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

Roman Camp Chesterton 143 Roman Camp Tiddington 144

ID

Ctx

SFNO

2195 G/B11

0

2201

807 808

Description

Notes

quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag

Diam x max thick (mm) x 45 x 32

Date

144

2202

Tiddington

144

Tiddington

144

2203 TWGC25 806 -7 2204 Y 570 985

Complete upper rotary quern Frag of upper rotary quern

Tiddington

144

2205 Y 479

903

Frag of lower rotary quern

360 x 71

Tiddington

144

2206

900

Tiddington

144

2207 Y 570

980

Frag of lower rotary quern Frag of lower rotary quern

c. 350 x 70 c. 450 x 37

Tiddington

144

2208 Y 507/1

933

Frag of upper rotary quern

Tiddington

144

2209 Y 502/3

904

Tiddington

144

2211

982

Tiddington

144

2212 Y 551/1

961

Tiddington

144

2213

984

Tiddington

144

2214 Y 823

938

Small frag of lower rotary quern Edge frag of upper rotary quern Small frag of lower rotary quern Small frag of rotary quern Small frag of rotary quern

Tiddington

144

2215 D195/6

102

Tiddington

144

2216 D301/32

165

Tiddington

144

2217 D 195/7/1 108

Tiddington

144

2218 D41/1

18

Lower rotary quern frag?

Tiddington

144

2219 E390/1

157

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2220 D 165/4

126

Tiddington

144

2221

165

Tiddington

144

2224 Unstratifi 1034 ed, Z

Lateral wedge shaped handle slot Slightly tapered hopper

Round cylindrical eye which widens out to form small conical hopper (60mm diameter)

370 x 47 470 x 87

400 x 47

Low. Upp. type type

but ORS Slightly pebbly and quite dark Pink qc from Forest of 05d Dean But very feldspathic with salmon feldspar. Good chance it could be MG Slightly pebbly sandstone

108

Tiddington

Petrology

late 3rd Very pebbly QC / early 4th century 2nd to Pink slightly pebbly QC 4th century Very pebbly QC

02

01a 01c

03c 05c

late 3rd Pink pebbly QC to early 4th century 4th Pink pebbly QC century

06

Pebbly QC early 3rd century

07a

01e

10a finer grained and slightly 07a early pebbly 4th century pink and pebbly

Almost complete lower rotary quern Large frag of lower rotary quern Lower rotary quern frag

415 x 47 370 x >118

Basin shaped hopper 380 x 50 of unknown diameter which is sloping but stepped. Upper rotary 395 x quern frag 46 Upper rotary Dip on edge possibly quern frag to do with handle? Third of upper Rectangular rynd slot c. 490 rotary quern frag on grinding surface. x 92 Round cylindrical hole widening out very slightly to form small hopper

160

late 3rd to early 4th century late 2nd century late 2nd century late 2nd century late 3rd - early 4th century 4th century

pink and pebbly

Slightly pebbly ORS

05b

Pebbly pink QC with jasper

06a 05a

Pink and pebbly QC

Pink and pebbly with polycrystalline quartz

Roman greyer QC but still Fod

07a

01c

01b

Slightly pebbly sandstone

10a

Roman Pink only slightly pebbly sandstone

01c

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Tiddington

144

2225 unstrat

1026

Three frags of lower rotary quern Lower rotary quern

Tiddington

144

2226 Y 968

1005

Tiddington

144

2229 Y 450

764

Tiddington

144

2230 Y 570

665

Tiddington

144

2231 Y 570

664

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2232 Y 570

666

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

Tiddington

144

2233 Unstratifi 1035 ed, Z 2234 Y 808/1 966

Upper rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2235 Z 1475

1052

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2237 Y 570

667

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2239 E466

208

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2240 E420

171

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2243

896

Tiddington

144

2245 Y451

765

Rotary quern frag Third of large lower rotary quern

Tiddington

144

2247

818

Tiddington

144

2249

821

Tiddington

144

2251

849

Tiddington

144

2252 S 96/2

123

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2253 V 203/1

324

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2254 Z 1453

682

Upper rotary quern frag

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Notes

Petrology Diam x Date max thick (mm) 400 x - Roman Pebbly sandstone with ? rock frags and jasper. 390 x 65

late 2nd century 370 x Roman 47 ? Biconical round hole - x 102 late 3rd early forming slight oval 4th hopper. century Very slight widening 450 x late 3rd early of feed pipe to form 63 4th hopper century 380 x late 3rd Typical flat topped early type with small oval 52 4th basin shaped hopper. century Pecked all over. Hopper approx 95 mm diameter, eye 61 mm diameter. Round cylindrical hole. Lateral handle slot measuring 98 mm long x 39 mm deep not reaching eye. 400 x Roman 95 > 440 2nd to x 53 4th century Remains of one leg 440 x Roman 105 ? of rynd slot on grinding surface only. 350 x late 3rd 65 early 4th century 440 x early 105 3rd century 400 x early 37 3rd century

520 x 112

Typical flat topped type with lateral handle slot and basin shaped hopper.

c. 260 x 62 380 x 66 330 x 60 430 x 52

07a 07a

Very pebbly sandstone

01e

Very pebbly sandstone

01e

Pink QC

01e

Very pebbly QC with polycrystalline quartz

01c

Slightly pebbly and banded sandstone Fine grained very quartzy 07b sandstone

01b

Slightly pebbly sandstone

08d

Slightly pebbly sandstone

01e

Roman Quartz conglomerate ? though few pebbles visible on grinding surface and many on base. Pink pebbly sandstone

02 01

06b

07a

Roman Slightly pebbly sandstone 02b ?

late 3rd / early 4th century 41 2nd to 4th century 350 x early 42 2nd

161

Low. Upp. type type

01c

01

01 01

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Tiddington

144

2255 Y 400

766

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2256 Y 595/1

895

Tiddington

144

2257 Y 485

902

Tiddington

144

2258 Y 1160/1 1014

Upper rotary quern frag

Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa

093

2269 8719

16407

093

2286 4020

1261

093

2303 3565

1858

093

2310 8090

12043

093

2315 8356

12765

093

2322 37555

12958

093

2325 8783

16015

093

2334 9146

16275

093

2336 9146

16277

093

2337 9142

16279

093

2382 81871

72259

093

2409 45026

75363

093

2438 66203

75535

093

2441 65297

75544

Upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern Lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern Lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern Lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern Lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern Lower rotary quern

Stanwick Villa

093

2448 66923

75595

Upper rotary quern

Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa

093

2455 66923

75908

093

2460

77595

Lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern

Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Stanwick Villa Tiddington

093

2493 65401

78410

093

2520 84594

91388

093

2540 82002

95840

093

2550 84621

95925

144

2585 D165/6

113

Tiddington

144

2586 D165/1

139

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

Date

century Roman ? Lateral handle slot 400 x Roman 35 mm deep. 62 ? lateral handle slot 350 x 2nd to 91 4th century Probable square 480 x late hopper with two 90 2nd to opposing rectangular early rynd slots on the 3rd upper surface century 360 x 50 380 x 80 360 x 55 Rynd socket 400 x 80 420 x 43 Handle slot 480 x vertical groove 55 460 x 40 >400 x 55 Tapered hopper.

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

65

01e 01 01a 01c

10b 10b 07b

02a

02a 420 x 45 360

Vertical groove handle slot. Interesting handle fittings which appear to have cut into the width of the quern and is almost the full depth. Also a vertical groove running up the outside edge 18mm from the horizontal handle. Round handle slot and hopper (120 mm diameter)

Lateral handle slot. Shallow basin shaped hopper of 10 mm depth, almost a token.

Upper rotary quern Lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary

300 x 37 480 x >75

07a

340 x 50 400 x 90 340 x 60

360 40 320 120 320 105 340 45 65 59

162

02a

02a

x x

02a

x x Roman ? Roman

06 06a

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

quern frag Lower rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2587 E 477/1

186

Tiddington

144

2588 E 487

196

Tiddington

144

2589 D 400

198

Tiddington

144

2590 D 565/9

266

Tiddington

144

2591 unstrat

316

Tiddington

144

2592 A 20/1

2

Tiddington

144

2593 1, topsoil 13

Tiddington

144

2594 S 81/1

106

Tiddington

144

2595 Z 1469

1064

Tiddington

144

2596 TW 37-8 809

Tiddington

144

2597 TW 37-8 825

Tiddington

144

Tiddington

144

2598 TWGC 25-7 2599 TW

839

Tiddington

144

2600

841

Tiddington

144

2601

852

Tiddington

144

2602

870

Tiddington

144

2603 E 161

86

Tiddington

144

2604 E 415/1

164

Tiddington

144

2605 D 400

199

Tiddington

144

2607 D 400/5

201

Tiddington

144

2608 E 400/5

216

Tiddington

144

2609 D 562/1

235

Tiddington

144

2610 E 607/2

240

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2611 D 131/5

257

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2612 D 131/5

258

Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2613 F 789/1

295

Tiddington

144

2614 F 947/1

307

Tiddington

144

2615 F 934/1

308

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2616 O 38

38

831

Notes

Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Indeterminate rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Lower rotary

Date

? c. 400 early x 77 3rd century c. 320 early x 60 3rd century 100 4th century 430 x early 90 2nd century 48 Roman ? 57 Roman ? 440 x Roman 82 ?

Two frags of lower rotary quern Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag

Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Diam x max thick (mm)

42

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

06a 06a 07a 06a 07a 07a 07a

10a

2nd 4th century

500 x 57.5 61

02a 10a

350 x 76 440 x 59 c. 400 x 59 Basin shaped hopper 77

01

Vertical sided hopper 67

01c

Lateral handle slot

45

01c

49

01

early 2nd century 350 x 4th 55 century Lateral handle slot 350 x late 58 2nd century Basin shaped hopper. 350 x 56 Shallow basin 300 x early shaped hopper. 72 2nd century Distinct basin shaped 300 x early 2nd hopper and biconical 52 century eye. Lateral handle slot 32 mm deep. - x 52 early 3rd century early 3rd century 370 x late 1st 60 century 370 x late 1st 120 century 280 x early 49 1st century 450 x Roman

163

03 01b 01c

01b 01b 01c 01c 01c

01b 10a 10b

01 07a

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag

Diam x max thick (mm) 82 400 x 109 320 x 40 350 x 53 - x 56

Tiddington

144

2617 T 70

98

Tiddington

144

2618 S 80

143

Tiddington

144

2619 S 121

162

Tiddington

144

2620 S 80

220

Tiddington

144

2621 S 128

657

Tiddington

144

2622 S 138

658

Tiddington

144

2623 Y 570

668

Lower rotary quern frag

- x 76

Tiddington

144

2624 Z 1400

676

- x 36

Tiddington

144

2625 Y 960/3

868

Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2626 Y960/3

869

Lower rotary quern frag

- x 54

Tiddington

144

2627 Y 491/1

893

- x 44

Tiddington

144

2628 Y 497

896

Tiddington

144

2629 Y 823

938

Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frags (4)

Tiddington

144

2630 Y 968

1007

Six lower rotary quern frags

- x 48

Tiddington

144

2631 Y 968

1008

- x 41

Tiddington

144

2632 Y 968

1010

Three lower rotary quern frags Lower rotary quern frag

Tiddington

144

2633 Y 11160/1

1014

Eight lower rotary quern frags

480 x 85

Tiddington

144

2634 Z 1420

1039

Tiddington

144

2635

810

Tiddington

144

2636

815

Tiddington

144

2637

843

390 x 79 400 x 49 350 x 60 - x 51

Tiddington

144

2638

844

Tiddington

144

2639

845

Tiddington

144

2640

851

Tiddington

144

2641

856

Tiddington

144

2642

872

Tiddington

144

2643 D23

7

Tiddington

144

2644 E161

93

Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern

- x 55 - x 51

- x 49

410 x 81 410 x 108

350 x 53

270 x 66 300 x 56

- x 51 - x 82 - x 134 - x 81

164

Date

? Roman ? Roman ? 4th century Roman ? 4th century late 3rd to early 4th century late 3rd to early 4th century late 4th century early 2nd century early 2nd century 4th century 4th century late 3rd to early 4th century late 2nd century late 2nd century late 2nd century late 2nd to early 3rd century 4th century Roman ? Roman ? Roman ? Roman ? Roman ? Roman ? Roman ? Roman ? Roman ? Roman

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

07a 07a 07a 07a 07a 06

07a

07a 07a 07a 07a 07a 07a

07a 07a 07a 07a

07a 04b 07a 07a 04b 07a 07a 06a 07a

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Notes

frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag

Diam x max thick (mm)

Tiddington

144

2645 E 161

94

Tiddington

144

2646 D 165/4

117

Tiddington

144

2647 E 451

184

Tiddington

144

2648 E 477/1

185

Rotary quern frag

- x 78

Tiddington

144

2649 E 476

188

Rotary quern frag

- x 41

Tiddington

144

2650 E 487

195

Rotary quern frag

- x 77

Tiddington

144

2651 D 131/4

253

Rotary quern frag

- x 135

Tiddington

144

2652 F 884

301

Rotary quern frag

- x 135

Tiddington

144

2653 A 31/1

3

- x 55

Tiddington

144

2654 A 31/1

4

Tiddington

144

2655 topsoil

12

Bubbenhall

146

2658 J 2424/1

170

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag

Bubbenhall

146

2661 G 1519/2 59

Upper rotary quern frag

Bubbenhall

146

2662 F 14131

66

Lower rotary quern frag

Bubbenhall

146

2664 F 1411

57

Upper rotary quern frag

Bubbenhall

146

2665 H 2234/1 146

Upper rotary quern frag

350 x30

Bubbenhall

146

2666 G 1517/2 67

Lower rotary quern frag

380 x -

Bubbenhall

146

2667 G 1517/2 69

Lower rotary quern frag

Bubbenhall

146

2668 H 2201

147

Lower rotary quern frag

Bubbenhall

146

2669 H 2234/2 123

Lower rotary quern frag

Bubbenhall

146

2670 H 2239/1 149

Probable lower rotary quern frag

Fenny Compton

142

2676 5202

Lower rotary quern frag

0

- x 76 - x 117 - x 54

- x 129 - x 74 Basin shaped hopper and handle socket 27 mm deep 500 x 47

Basin shaped hopper - x 58 plus lateral handle slot 30 mm deep.

- x 110

350 x 58

165

Date

? Roman ? Roman ? early 2nd century early 3rd century early 3rd century early 3rd century early 3rd century early 3rd century Roman ? Roman ? Roman ? probabl y 2nd to 3rd century probabl y 2nd to 3rd century Prob. 2nd to 3rd century Prob. 2nd to 3rd century Prob. 2nd to 3rd century Prob.2n d to 3rd century Prob. 2nd to 3rd century Prob. 2nd to 3rd century Prob. 2nd to 3rd century Prob. 2nd to 3rd century ?Roma n

Petrology

Low. Upp. type type

01c

01

07b

01c

Slightly pebbly medium grained sandstone with occasional mica Pebbly sandstone

01a

03a 07b

07b

Very conglomeratic and includes jasper pebbles

07b

07b

06

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Description

Salford Priors, 137 Arrow Valley, Site C 123 Kings Meadow Lane, Higham Ferrers 123 Kings Meadow Lane, Higham Ferrers

2677 D/4 603

1361

Lower rotary quern frag

2683 10547

1336

Third of a lower rotary quern

2685 10633

1127

Two adjoining upper rotary quern frag

123 Kings Meadow Lane, Higham Ferrers

2686 10666

1218

123 Kings Meadow Lane, Higham Ferrers

2692 11004

0

Two adjoining frags of probable lower rotary quern or possible millstone Small upper rotary quern frag

123

2702 10547

1335

Rotary quern frag

123

2704 11153

1445

Rotary quern frag

123

2710 12332

2276

Incomplete lower rotary quern

009

2712

0

107

2726 2237, 2247/A/1. cut by 34c ditch 2727 L&G61 21 E23 2728 L&G61 16 E24 2729 L&G61 H(B) L-K Pit 2730 L&G61 173 FG17-lg 3 2731 569

Lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag

Kings Meadow Lane, Higham Ferrers Kings Meadow Lane, Higham Ferrers Kings Meadow Lane, Higham Ferrers Cadbury Castle Roughground Farm

Roughground 107 Farm Roughground 107 Farm Roughground 107 Farm Roughground 107 Farm Roughground Farm Roughground Farm Roughground Farm Caldicot

107

081

2732 L&G E24 F 16 2733 L&G 75 L 1 10X3 2734

Caldicot

081

2735 CA 3290

Caldicot

081

2736 CA2/101

Caldicot

081

2737 CA32 E2

107 107

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

Date

Petrology

?Roma n

Low. Upp. type type 07b

440 x 71

Slightly pebbly sandstone 06a containing jasper and with granular patches

Basin shaped hopper 350 x and hopper (100 mm 42 diameter).

Medium grained slightly feldspathic with pink and white feldspar. Slightly pebbly with some jasper and polycrystalline quartz. Also has haematite deposits within it. Medium to coarse grained 05a moderately well sorted very feldspathic sandstone with pink and white feldspar.

01c

c. 490 x 33

medium to coarse grained moderately poorly sorted, slightly feldspathic with white and pink feldspar. Slightly micaceous as well.

10a

440 x 64

Pebbly sandstone / QC

06a

07a ERB

Complete rotary quern Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag

500 x >40 480 x 80

Rotary quern frag

slightly pebbly,

10b

100% quartz, G-SP 95% quartz, G-LP moderately pebbly slightly pebbly, 100% quartz, G-LP slightly pebbly, 100% quartz G-SP

Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Possible rotary quern frag Incomplete rotary quern Half rotary quern upper stone incomplete upper rotary quern Lower rotary

440 x 380 x 80

95% quartz, moderately pebbly, G-SP moderately, 95% quartz, G-LP, plus grey barely, 100% quartz GLP Probabl y ERB Probabl 80% quartz, 10 pink, 10 y ERB grey Probabl moderately G-LP, quartz y ERB

400 x

166

Probabl 100% quartz, moderately 05a

10b 10b

GRINDING AND MILLING Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Caldicot

081

2 2738 CA 2398

Caldicot

081

2739 CA 2262

Caldicot

081

2741 CA 3265

Caldicot

081

2742 CA 3265

Caldicot

081

2743 CA 2254

Caldicot

081

2744 CA 1255

Caldicot

081

2745 CA3102 74

Caldicot

081

2746 CA 3265

Caldicot

081

2747 CA 2499

Caldicot

081

2748 CA 2202

Caldicot

081

2749 CA 2254

Caldicot

081

2750 CA 1246

Caldicot

081

2751

Caldicot

081

Caldicot

081

2752 CA 2249 from PH 2753 CA 1249

Caldicot

081

2754 CA 3377

Caldicot

081

Caerleon Canabae

091

2755 CA4/2 6210 2759 2405/SG7 2388 2

Caldicot

081

2762 4202

10

Caerleon Canabae Wanborough

091

3258

166

2763 3024/ SG18 2768

0

Wanborough

166

2771

0

Wanborough

166

2773

0

Wanborough

166

2774

0

Wanborough

166

2775

0

Wanborough

166

2776

0

Wanborough

166

2777

0

Wanborough

166

2785

0

Wanborough

166

2786

0

Wanborough

166

2787

0

Wanborough

166

2789

0

Wanborough

166

2790

0

Fairford, Claydon Pike

058

2792 413/F/1

0

Diam x Date max thick (mm) quern frag 72 y ERB Possible rotary Probabl quern frag y ERB Upper rotary Small flanged - x 70 Probabl quern frag hopper. y ERB Rotary quern Probabl frag y ERB Rotary quern - x 50 Probabl frag y ERB Rotary quern - x 50 Probabl frag y ERB Rotary quern 500 x - Probabl frag y ERB Lower rotary May be a roughout 380 x Probabl quern as does not appear to 140 y ERB have a central socket. Possible rotary c. 450 Probabl quern? xy ERB Quarter of rotary 300 x Probabl quern 200 y ERB Description

Half of upper rotary quern Half of rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Complete upper rotary quern Incomplete rotary quern Upper rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Complete lower millstone Third of upper rotary quern frag Complete lower rotary quern Third of lower rotary quern Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Rotary quern frag Lower rotary quern frag Upper beehive rotary quern frag

Petrology

Notes

Low. Upp. type type

G-SP

95% quartz 5% red VLP moderately pebbly 90% quartz, G-VLP very pebbly brown=5% 90% quartz G-VLP brown10 very pebbly 95% quartzG-MP, moderately pebbly 80% quartz moderately, 5red, 10 brown, 5grey no 04b

c. 400 x 44 - x 59

01

no

8-0% quartz, 20 mudstones, G-MP moderately pebbly Slight hopper (90mm 400 x Probabl no diameter). 96 y ERB Probabl no y ERB Basin shaped hopper 440 x Probabl 95% quartz, G-LP very 72 y ERB 500 x - Probabl no y ERB Probabl no y ERB Probabl no y ERB Probabl no y ERB 660 x Probabl 90% quartz slightly, G-SP 07a 50 y ERB Probable ORS Very slight kerb (40- 460 x 45 mm wide). Rynd 64 chase. 440 x Probable ORS 06a 84 460Probable ORS 07a 500 x - x 60 ORS, QC 67 max 260 x 88 c. 400 x 52 - x 45

10b

04

01c 10a

10a 10a

01c

ORS, pebbly ORS, probably Mendips

07a

Pebbly

07a

Probable ORS

07a

ORS, QC

167

- x 45

ORS, QC

- x 61

ORS, QC

c. 300 x >107

medium grained with lost of pink quartz including

07a 07b

APPENDIX 3 Site Name

Site ID

ID

Ctx

SFNO

Fairford, Claydon Pike Silchester, Insula IX Silchester, Insula IX Great Barford

058

2793 111/1

71

082

2840 1353

1010

082

2854 3195

2226

182

3132 8690

8187

Danebury

171

3678

Description

Probably lower rotary quern Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Upper rotary quern frag Quern frag

Notes

Diam x max thick (mm)

Date

Petrology

some largeish grains medium grained pinkish sandstone c. 500 x 38

basin shaped hopper 400 x and lateral handle 26 slot UNSEEN

168

Low. Upp. type type

07b 10a

ORS, QC

10a

ORS, definitely FoD QC

01c

Probable QC, Bristol?

GRINDING AND MILLING

Figure A3.1: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 1

Figure A3.2: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 2 169

APPENDIX 3

Figure A3.3: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 3

Figure A3.4: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 4

170

GRINDING AND MILLING

Figure A3.5: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 5

Figure A3.6: Map showing distribution of Lower querns, Type 6

171

APPENDIX 3

Figure A3.7: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 1

Figure A3.8: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 2

172

GRINDING AND MILLING

Figure A3.9: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 3

Figure A3.10: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 4

173

APPENDIX 3

Figure A3.11: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 5

Figure A3.12: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 6

174

GRINDING AND MILLING

Figure A3.13: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 7

Figure A3.14: Map showing distribution of Upper querns, Type 8

175