Golosa: a basic course in Russian. Book 1 [Fifth edition] 1292027304, 1269374508, 9781292027302, 9781269374507, 9781292055121, 129205512X

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Pearson New International Edition Golosa A Basic Course in Russian Book One Robin Evans-Romaine Shatalina Fifth Edition

Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk © Pearson Education Limited 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners.

ISBN 10: 1-292-02730-4 ISBN 10: 1-269-37450-8 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02730-2 ISBN 13: 978-1-269-37450-7

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Printed in the United States of America

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Table of Contents Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

1

1. Немного о себе Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

19

2. Что у меня есть? Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

43

3. Какие языки вы знаете? Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

77

4. Университет Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

113

5. Что вы делаете? Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

147

Урок 6. Дом, квартира,общежитие Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

189

7. Наша семья Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

229

8. В магазине Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

269

Словарь: Англo-русский Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

311

Словарь: Русскo-английский Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

323

Appendix B: Nouns and Modifiers Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

335

Appendix D: Numerals Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

337

Appendix A: Spelling Rules Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

339

I

II

Appendix C: Declensions Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

341

Maps Richard Robin/Karen Evans-Romaine/Galina Shatalina

351

Index

353

Алфавит • • •

The Russian alphabet and sound system Vowel reduction Palatalization

• • •

Devoicing of consonants in final position Consonant assimilation Print, italic, and cursive

1 From Golosa: A Basic Course in Russian, Book One, Fifth Edition. Richard Robin, Karen Evans-Romaine, Galina Shatalina. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

1

Русский алфавит Introduction to the Russian Alphabet АБВГДЕЁЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯ The Russian alphabet contains 33 characters: 10 vowel letters, 21 consonant letters, and two signs. Russian spelling closely reflects pronunciation. Once you have learned the alphabet and a few pronunciation rules, you will be able to recognize many familiar words and proper names. Some Russian letters look and sound somewhat like their English counterparts: CONSONANTS LETTER

К М С Т

APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATION

к м с т

like k in skit, but without aspiration or breath like m in mother like s in sail—(never like k) like t in stay, but tongue against upper teeth

VOWELS LETTER

А О

APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATION

a o

when stressed, like a in father when stressed, between the o in mole and the vowel sound in talk

Words you knew all along: Each word is under a drawing that illustrates it.

мaска 2 ◆ Алфавит

2

мама

масса

тост

кот

космос

атом Who’s there? — Кто там? — Том.

Stress Stress refers to the “strong” syllable in a word. A desert gets little rain. A dessert is something sweet. In Russian (as in English), the place of stress affects the sound of some vowels. Listen to the first two words: маска, мама. The stressed а is pronounced like the а in father, whereas the unstressed а is pronounced like the a in about. This change in the sound of an unstressed vowel letter, called vowel reduction, is even more noticeable with the vowel letter о. For example, in the word космос, the unstressed о in the second syllable is reduced to the sound of a in about. Russian publications mark stress only in dictionaries. But since the stress on a word determines how some of the vowel letters are pronounced, we mark it for all the words you need to pronounce (in dialogs, glossaries, and tables). If a word has only one syllable, however (like кот, кто, там), no stress mark will be included. Capitalized stressed vowels are also not marked. So if you see the proper name Отто, you know to place the stress on the first syllable.

Алфавит ◆ 3

3

Some Russian letters look like Greek letters, which you may recognize from their use in mathematics or by some student organizations: LETTER

APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATION

Г Д Л П Р

г д л п р

Ф Х

ф х

like g in gamma like d in delta, but with tongue against upper teeth like l in lambda, but tongue against upper teeth like p in spot (looks like Greek “pi”) flap r, similar to trilled r in Spanish; similar to tt in better and butter (looks like Greek “rho”) like f in fun (looks like Greek “phi”) like ch in Bach (looks like Greek “chi”)

More geographical names Даллас Оклахома Омаха Корк Хартфорд Огаста You’ll no doubt recognize … Да! лампа папа порт сорт паспорт фото фотоаппарат фотограф Ха-ха-ха!

4 ◆ Алфавит

4

Your textbook is called …

Henrik Andersen/Dreamstime.com

Голоса “voices” (Голос is one voice).

Here are four Russian letters that look but do not sound like English letters: CONSONANTS LETTER

В Н

APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATION

в н

like v in volcano like n in no, but with tongue against upper teeth

VOWELS LETTER

Е У

APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATION

е у

when stressed, like ye in yesterday like oo in shoot, but with extreme lip rounding

Words you already know донор нет нота кларнет профессор студент студентка Ура! август панорама пропаганда

Алфавит ◆ 5

5

Places you might have been Москва Атланта Тусон Техас Канада Вермонт Four more Russian consonants are introduced below. Note that Б б has a different shape for its upper- and lowercase forms. LETTER

З Б Й Ж

APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATION

з б й ж

Кто географ? Бостон Лос-Анджелес Женева Кaнзас Аркaнзас Небраска Айдахо Айова Род-Айленд Огайо Квебек В ансамбле тромбон флейта кларнет банджо арфа саксофон More words you know трамвай троллейбус банан зебра журнал

6 ◆ Алфавит

6

like z in zebra like b in boy like y in boy or gray like s in measure, but with tongue farther back

Here are the last four Russian consonants and two more vowel letters: CONSONANTS LETTER

Ц Ч Ш Щ

APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATION

ц ч ш щ

like ts in cats like ch in cheer like sh sound in sure, but with tongue farther back like long sh sound in fresh sherbet, but with tongue farther forward

VOWELS LETTER

И Ё

APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATION

и ё

like i in machine like yo in New York; always stressed

Города США Цинциннати Сан-Франциско Чикаго Вашингтон В России Чёрное море Сочи Камчатка Благовещенск Вещи

машина

шоколад

матч

плащ

Алфавит ◆ 7

7

Антон Павлович Чехов

автор романа «Идиот»

Лев Николаевич Толстой

Лев Давидович Троцкий

дипломат

русский политик, командир Красной армии

Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв

Алла Борисовна Пугачёва

Александр Сергеевич Пушкин

Президент СССР

певица, поп-звезда

отец русской литературы

Галина Сергеевна Уланова

Валентина Владимировна

Борис Борисович Гребенщиков

Александр Кулебякин/ITAR-TASS Photo Agency

автор романа «Анна Каренина»

Александра Михайловна Коллонтай

ITAR-TASS Photo Agency

ITAR-TASS/Emil Matveyev

автор драмы «Чайка»

Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский

Portrait of Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837) (oil on canvas), Tropinin, Vasili Andreevich (1776–1857)/State State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia/ Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library

Bettmann/Corbis

Key Color/Photolibrary

Scala/Art Resource, NY

Names of the famous

Никита Сергеевич Хрущёв коммунистический лидер

балерина

Терешкова космонавт

The last four Russian vowel letters are given below: LETTER

Ы Э Ю Я 8 ◆ Алфавит

8

APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATION

ы э ю я

between the a in about and the ee in see like e in set like yu in yule when stressed, like ya in yacht

рок-звезда

Кто это?

ITAR-TASS/Vladimir Sindeyev

Это американцы.

Это юристы.

Это отец и сын.

Это музыканты. Что это?

Это ручка.

Это карандаш.

Это сумка.

Это рюкзак.

Это ящик.

Это яблоко.

Complete Exercises A-04–A-13 in the Student Activities Manual (S.A.M.).

Алфавит ◆ 9

9

Palatalized and Unpalatalized (Hard and Soft) Consonants and Ь, Ъ The Russian alphabet also includes the following two symbols, which represent no sound in and of themselves: Ь

(мягкий знак) soft sign—indicates that the preceding consonant is palatalized; before a vowel it also indicates a full [y] sound between the consonant and vowel.

Ъ (твёрдый знак) hard sign—rarely used in contemporary language—indicates [y] sound between consonant and vowel. A palatalized consonant is pronounced with the blade of the tongue pressed up against the hard palate. A palatalized consonant sounds like a consonant plus the [y] sound of “yes” pronounced at the exact same time. The letter ь (мягкий знак) indicates that the preceding consonant is palatalized. Look at these examples:

NOT PALATALIZED (no ь)

PALATALIZED (ь)

мат

checkmate

мать

mother

бит

computer bit

бить

to beat

готов

ready

Готовь!

Prepare it!

толком

clearly

только

only

мел

chalk

мель

sandbar

вон

over there

вонь

stench

спор

debate

Спорь!

Argue!

Борис

Boris

Борись!

Fight!

In addition to ь, the vowel letters е, ё, и, ю, and я also indicate that the preceding consonant is palatalized. In the following conversation the palatalized consonants are double-underlined and their vowel indicators are single-underlined. — — — — —

10 ◆ Алфавит

10

Мен я зовут Ол ьга. Очень приятно, Ол ьга! Сэлл и. Вы студ ентка? Да. Вы американка? Да, я из Н ью-Йорка.

When Russians talk about consonants, they say …

H TЫ ДО ЛA

T Ь Н И ДЁ ЛЯ

Unpalatalized (“normal”) consonants are referred to as HARD CONSONANTS.

Palatalized consonants are referred to as SOFT CONSONANTS.

We will refer to consonants from now on as hard and soft. To summarize what we have said so far … а

э

о

ы

у

∅*

indicate that the previous consonant is HARD

я

е

ё

и

ю

ь

indicate that the preceding consonant is SOFT

*The symbol ∅ means no vowel at all.

In short, after consonants the vowel letter pairs а/я, э/е, о/ё, ы/и, and у/ю represent essentially the same vowel sound. Their only difference is that the letters in the bottom row tell you that the preceding consonant is palatalized, or soft. HARD CONSONANTS

SOFT CONSONANTS

Да-да! мэр быт живот музыка

дядя мер бит живёт мюзикл

Oh yes! mayor daily life belly music

uncle of measures computer bit he/she lives musical (show)

Let’s get acquainted! — Здравствуйте! Как вас зовут? — Меня зовут Жанна. — Очень приятно познакомиться, Жанна! — — — —

Жанна, где вы живёте? Я живу в Нью-Йорке. А вы? Я живу в Москве. Правда?

ТСЯ and ТЬСЯ These two combinations are pronounced as if spelled ца.

Алфавит ◆ 11

11

More about Ь and Ъ (мягкий знак and твёрдый знак) You already know that ь (мягкий знак) softens the preceding consonant. When ь occurs before another vowel, it adds an additional English [y] sound. For example: налёт = air raid Complete Exercise A-14 in the S.A.M.

нальёт = will pour

The letter ъ (твёрдый знак) occurs rarely. It adds an extra English [y] sound into a syllable. For example: села = she sat down

съела = she ate up

Vowel Reduction Russian vowels о, а, е, and я are pronounced differently when unstressed. Vowel Reduction Rule 1: о

a

one syllable before the stress We write:

We say:

Москва

Масква

Places you might recognize … Монтана Владивосток Москва

Оттава Сонора Колумбус

Vowel Reduction Rule 2: о, а

ә (“uh”)

more than one syllable before the stress and anywhere after the stress We write:

We say:

Колорадо Манитоба

Кә ла ра дә Мә ни то бә

Words you know профессор шоколад Лондон Волгоград Владимир 12 ◆ Алфавит

12

панорама пропаганда маргарин телевизор контракт

Vowel Reduction Rule 3: е, я (not at the end of a word) я (at the end of a word) when unstressed We write:

We say:

Петербург Япония

ПI тIр буг YI по ни yә

I (“ih”) yә (“yuh”)

Months you may recognize … в январе в феврале в марте в апреле в мае в июне

в июле в августе в сентябре в октябре в ноябре в декабре

Name, please? — Как вас зовут? — Меня зовут Фёдор. — — — —

Как его зовут? Его зовут Пётр. Кто он? Он фотограф.

Г pronounced how? In a few words г is pronounced as if it were в: We spell его but say [ево].

— Как её зовут? — Её зовут Маша. Familiar objects — — — — — — — — —

Что это? Это мой карандаш. А это что? Это моя ручка. А это? Это мой рюкзак. А это? Это моя сумка. Вот фотография.

ч in что Russians pronounce что as if it were spelled [што].

Алфавит ◆ 13

13

Voiced and Voiceless Consonants Place your fingers on your vocal chords and say the sounds (not the names of the letters) in the chart below: в

з

ж

б

г

д

Vocal chords vibrate (voiced)

ф

с

ш

п

к

т

Vocal chords do not vibrate (voiceless)

Two rules affect these consonants: 1. Word final devoicing Voiced consonants at the end of words are pronounced voiceless. We write: We say: Чехов джаз гараж сноб маркетинг Мадрид

Чехо[ф] джа[с] гара[ш] сно[п] маркетин[к] Мадри[т]

2. Voiced-voiceless assimilation When voiced and voiceless consonants are adjacent to each other, the nature of the second consonant dictates the nature of the first. To put it more succinctly, when two consonants go walking, the second one does the talking:

14 ◆ Алфавит

14

voiced ⫹ voiceless  в Киеве  субтитры

voiceless ⫹ voiceless  [ф К]иеве  су[пт]итры

voiceless + voiced  баскетбол  Питсбург  вас зовут

voiced + voiced  баске[дб]ол  Пи[дзб]ург  ва[з з]овут

Russian Alphabet—Cursive and Italic The Russian script alphabet is given below. Russians do not print when writing by hand! Script is universal. For this reason, you must learn to read and write script. Аа

Аа

Бб

Бб

Вв

Вв

Гг

Гг

Дд

Дд

Ее

Ее

Ёё

Ёё

Жж

Жж

Зз

Зз

Ии

Ии

Йй

Йй

Кк

Кк

Лл

Лл

Мм

Мм

Нн

Нн

Оо

Оо

Пп

Пп

Рр

Рр

Сс

Сс

Тт

Тт

Уу

Уу

Фф

Фф

Хх

Хх

Цц

Цц

Чч

Чч

Шш

Шш

Щщ

Щщ

Ъъ

Ъъ

Ыы

Ыы

f.

Ff lbgkjvfn Ktd Lfdbljdbx Nhjwrbq> heccrbq gjkbnbr> rjvfylbh Rhfcyjq fhvbb Ktd Ybrjkftdbx Njkcnjq> fdnjh hjvfyf $Fyyf Rfhtybyf` Vb[fbk Cthuttdbx Ujh,fx=d> ghtpbltyn CCCH Fkkf gtdbwf Fktrcfylh Cthuttdbx Geirby> jntw heccrjq kbnthfnehs Ybrbnf Cthuttdbx {heo=d> rjvveybcnbxtcrbq kblth Ufkbyf Cthuttdyf Ekfyjdf> ,fkthbyf Dfktynbyf Dkflbvbhjdyf Nthtirjdf> rjcvjyfdn