Getting Published in Women's Studies: An International, Interdisciplinary, Professional Development Guide Mainly for Women 0899504000, 9780899504001

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Getting Published in Wo1nen's Studies

Getting Published in Women's Studies An International, Interdisciplinary Professional Development Guide Mainly for Women hy

Helen Rippier Wheeler

McF arl and & Company, I nc ., Publishe rs

Jefferson, North Carolina, and London

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data available

Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

\Vheeler, Helen Rippier. Getting published in won1en's studies : an intenu,tional, interdisciplinary profe ssional developnient guide mainly for won1e11 I by Helen Rippier Wheeler. p. Cln . Bibliograph y: p. Includes index. ISBN 0-89950-400-0 (lib. bdg. : 50# alk. pape r) § 1. Women's studies-Authorship. 2. Wo1nen authors. 3. Authorship. 4. Women in lite rature. 5. Feminism and literature. l. Title. PN4 71. \V 45

1989

808'.02'088042-dcl9 c 1989 Helen Rippier Wheeler. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America. Mc Farland & Co,npany, Inc., Publishers Box 611, Jefferson, North Carolina 28640

88-43483 C IP

Table of Contents Introduction

1

Chapter 1. To What Studies Have You Devoted All Your Hours? 7 Chapter 2. Truth for Authority: Journal Articles

32

Chapter 3. Sword Blades and Poppy Seed: The First Book Publication 71 Chapter 4. A Liberal Education in Twelve Volumes

148

Resources. When I Step into This Library. . . 202 A. Glossary 202 B. General Reference Tools 214 English-Language Dictionaries and Word Books 217 Style and Usage Manuals-General 218 Style and Usage Manuals-Specialized 220 Handbooks and Guides to Writing and Publishing-General Handbooks and Guides to Writing and PublishingSpecialized 221 Journal and Periodical Directories Information 222 for Various Disciplines MisceJlaneous Resources: Abstracting, Proofreading, Indexing, etc. 225 Gender Equity-Related Titles 226 C. Some Useful Library of Congress Subject-Headings 231 D. Some Related ERIC Descriptors 235 Index

237 V

221

Introduction Anothe r publication about getting published? Why a book for worne n scholars and \\10me n's studies? Like affirmative action in acade me, gende r studies and "vome n are specialized areas. And the re aren't that many how-to books on the subject of getting acceptably published in acade me. Man y focus on fiction , poe try, and popular mass media rnagazine articles for the '\ vorking write r." They "vould probably provide some adaptable tips, if the re were tim e and e ne rgy to glean the m. \-Vome n in acade me and personnel teaching nontraditional studies are subject to very special proble ms associated with their getting published . Th ey need articles and books on their resumes and j ob appli cations and in their promotion and tenure dossie rs. Regular publication of refereed journal articles and books acceptable to officialdom is expected . Conversion of one's doctoral dissertation or thesis to a trade book may be a venue to this route. Reviews and "in" books ,nay also "count," but knowing what "viii contribute the ,nost, "vhat is likely to accrue the greatest number of points in this syste1n, and h ov1 to deal \Vith it, are factors in professional and career developme nt. E1nployme nt, incre me nts, advan ceme nt, and te nure are de pende nt on acceptabl e publication. For many \1/0me n graduate students and employees of the acade my, who for the 1nost part do not expect special consideration, this is yet anothe r coping situation. Getting Published in Wo1nen 's Stud ies is intended to serve as an inte rnational, inte rdisciplinar y professional developm ent guide for \1/0me n scholars and \VOme n's studies pe rsonnel. "Wome n scholars" he re e ncompasses stude nts as well as curre nt and aspiring teaching faculty, adrninistrators, counselors, librarians, researchers, coordinators, and othe r roles in acade me. This book is for persons concerned \vith education at all levels having relevance for females, gende r, and the status of wome n, including but not restric ted to "vom en's studies. It is inte nded for educators who have not published, academic pe rsonnel ,..,ho have published an article or have a dissertati on nearing completion (or on the shelf), underpublished people aspiring to te nure or othe r security of e mpl oyme nt, and long-te rm graduate stude nts - gr oups too often constituted by wome n. 1

2

lntrodttction

While touting 1ninority vita hanks (and in the past, 1ninority and 01ne n resu,n e hanks) to recruit so,ne teaching and ad,ninistrative facult y, 111,111~· coll ege an d universit y affirn1ative action ,nanagers have neglected the potential of ca1npus professional and staff develop1ne nt prog ra1ns \vhich \Viii attrac t and re tain CJUalified pe rsonnel by enabling the1n to ac hieve te nure and othe r fnns of security of e1nploy1ne nt . Training in getting published is a significant and lcnv-cost e le1ne nt ,vith g reat pote ntial in thi s process. Affinnative professional developn1ent is good 1nanage1ne nt because it can e nable participants in th eir career develop111e nt as well as e nhance th e ir professional concerns and insights. Unde rscoring th ese needs is \vo1ne n's studies faculties' inordinant -as con1pared \,·ith inte rdisciplinary prog ra1ns focusing on other "special in terest" g roups - struggle 1ne rely to sustain th eir presence on ca,npus. Son1e \\'01nen's studies coordinators are re luctant to turn to their ca1npus 1nanagers lr enabling \vh ic h ,night appear to acknc)\vledge de ficiency or expectati on of special consideration. Professional develop1ne nt assistance fo r q11alifi ed \~101nen and ,vo,ne n's studies has not ahvays been as "equal" or as affinnati ve as that pro\'ided othe r g roups. De\·e loping produc tive researching and \Vriting topics \Vh ich are personall y re,varding is al so a concern. l ' he pote ntiall y syne rgistic re lationship of research 1ne thodol og~', inc luding use of libraries and othe r resources, to scholarship, authorship, and ulti1nate publi catio n may not be cle ar to the professionall y young acaden1ic. So,ne \Votnen's st udies progra1n s appear to neglect researc h 1ne thodology, strategy, and skills in their e ffort to attract and provide studen ts \Vith an innovative freed-up environ111e nt . Fore ign areas, Afro-A1ne ric:an , A1ne rican, \\,o,ne n (or \.Votnen's), and otht>r studies are gene rall y regarde d as interdisciplinary fields. C urre nt use of '\vo1n e n's studies" to refe r to coll ege and university courses ad,ninistered through a \Vo1neu's studies unit le ads to pe rceptions of interdi sciplinary \,·01ne 11's studies variou sly as a subject, field, or discipline. There are 1nore than 30,000 ,vo1nen's studies courses and fi ve hundre d wo1nen's prognuns in United States in stitutions of highe r e ducation, as "velJ as nt11ne rous re lated research cente rs, libraries, and govern1ne nt agencies.' Wo1nen's studies is also of concern to public and indepe ndent school educators at kinde rgarten through grade hvelve levels; the re is a National Wo1nen's Studi es Assoc iati o n Pre- Kindergarte n-12 Cauc us. The Association 1 \\

I. "\Vomt"n's Studies W in ning Acceptance But Losing Financing, Ford Report

Says." Chro11icle re include so1ne infi>nnatio11 and see1n to o\'e rlap so,ne hasics 1ne ntioned in other puhlicatio11s, or appear e le1nentary to so1ne readers. It is, ho\\'e,·er, a prag1natic, user-friendly hook . ( ;hapter ()ne provides backg round of the publications status r author, progra,n, and institution. The overall situation, co1nbined with the large ntunher of scholars co1npe ting to get published in journals (one in ten Neu; Engla nd journal of A1edicine 1nanuscripts is published) 1nakes a judicious selection of journals for their sub1nission s i1nportant to all profe ssionally young scholars and especially to \vomen in acade me. 7 Journal consu1ners' needs should also be recognized. The ability to le arn as rapidly as possible about develup1ne nts in the field in \Vhich they are researche rs and practitioners is vital to the re inforce1ne nt, validation, and progress of the ir own research as \.veil as to the refutation of fallacies

Truth for Authority: Journal Articles

35

and ineffi cient practices. Sharing of research, theory, and practice is a cycle in which everyone should be able to participate responsibly and equ itably as reader and contrihutor.

• • • " .. . if those only wrote, who were sure of being read, we should have fe,ver authors; and the shelves of libraries would not groan beneath the weight of dusty tomes more voluminous than luminous." Lady Marguerite Blessington (1789-1849). Irish novelist, poet. Th e Confessions ofan Elderly Lady. London: Longman, Orne, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1838.

Academic library holdings have increased over 10 pe rcent in the past decade or so. 8 To aid the researcher in efficie nt use of pe riodicals, the re are separately publishe d indexes to periodical lite rature which regularly analyze a group of periodicals in a field such as art, psychology, chemistry, or education by grouping articles from hundreds of different journals under detailed subject-headings. This breakdown, togethe r with innume rable cross references from one subject-heading to anothe r, can also aid in generating topical ideas and focusing or developing a subject. Because each index regularly covers a group of similar periodicals, it is ,vise to ide ntify and consult several appropriate indexes in order to located the varied pe riodicals and information needed for interdisciplinary research . The re are numerous standard researc h tools wi th potential utility for all, but the user must have mastered periodical indexing and must recognize the need to proceed cautiously. Often the young instructor does not integrate teaching, research methodology, and library use. The holder of an advanced academic degree may have been exposed to relatively few standard references in he r or his field, and possibly some basic bibliographic tools for getting around in it. Mere awareness, however, rare ly leads to commitment and intimacy. Indexes are as important for re trieving information from serials as the on-line or card catalog is for finding books. Journals, magazines, and newspape rs emphasize subject matte r, rather than featuring specific authors and titles. Because indexes sometimes access periodical articles' contents under authors' names, the re is more than one approach to an article when using a periodical index: one or more subject-headings plus the author entry. Whether searching a thesaurus such as the Library of Congress' Subject Headings (which is the basis for subject-headings accessing books in most catalogs) for v,1ordings, or a periodical index such as the Social Sciences Index under subjects it uses, some good ground rules are: be specific, check unde r the specific words you are thinking, and then get creative. Lists of some Library of Congress subj ect-headings and some

36

Getting Published in Women's Studies

ERIC descriptors related to professional development by publication are

provided in the Resources section . S01ne of the techniques of organization of a card or on-line catalog are apparent in pe riodical indexes. Both use subject-heading syste ms with subdivisions and cross-refere nces; they list journal articles unde r more than on e subj ect-h eading; a nd they point ou t suc h useful things as bibliographies, maps, illustrations and portraits, charts, revie\vs, e tc., provided ,vith the articles. Although the re are similarities between a periodical index and a card or online catalog, a subject-heading syste m that organizes subject matter contained in books cannot organize the type of information containe d in curre nt issues of periodicals. In using speciaHzed pe riodical indexes to find articles on subjects ,vithin specific fie lds, do not expect that subject-headings noted in catalogs \viii always work, but you can start with the m. The n reword, co,nbine, keyword . In a catalog the cards or online entries for new books are inte rfiled right in among those already filed . To keep up-to-date syste matically with ne\v pe riodical articles, a periodical inde x usually cu1nulates. This means it is first published in the form of te mporary pape r supple me nts. Every few 1nonths this indexing is inte rfiled into te mporary-but-larger issues or inte rim cumulations. At the e nd of the indexing period, ge ne rally a year, all of the e ntries appearing in all of the c umulations are inte rfiled into one "big," pe rmanentl y bound volu1ne re placing all interim coverage. For curre nt topics and up-to-date infonnation on any subject, begin a pe riodical index search in the latest, s,nall , pape rback supple1ne ntary issue, and ~1ork syste1natically back,vards into combined c umulated issues. But for the information on a subject connected with a specific date or for specific issues of a journal, first check the indexing c umulation covering that date or period. In using pe riodical indexes to ide ntify specific articles of which you are already a,vare, first try checking \vithin the applicable time span (volume) unde r the author's name. The pe rmane nt old volumes of pe ri odical indexes provide retrospective indexing: articles written about and at the time of Edith Cavell's execution as a World War I spy, Amelia Earhart's disappearance, Gertrude Ederle's English Channel c rossing, "new woman of Japan" Raicho Hiratsuka's inte rview during he r 1924 travels abroad, and the disbanding of the Wome n's Air Force Se rvice Pilot Training (WASP) before World War II had ended . Abstracting services pe rform the same basic function in organizing kno\vledge as the alphabe tically arranged periodical indexes just described , but they diffe r in the amount of information provided and their arrangeme nt. The e ntries are first arranged in broad subject-areas, rathe r than under specific subject-headings, and a separate subject index may be provided for each issue and cumulation. Abstracting services provide summaries of inde xed journal articles (and some other types of docume nts,

Truth for Authority: Journal Articles

37

notably dissertations) called abstracts. Usually the abstract is also published at the beginning of the journal article in the periodical issue itself. Keep in mind as you prepare the abstract for each journal article you author that locating and reading an abstract of any publication can be helpful io doing research and in using libraries. Think of tools such as Wo1nen Studies Abstracts and Studies on Wo·,nen Abstracts as periodical indexes with some abstracts as a bonus. When using abstracting services, it is often necessary to build in a second searching step. First, locate a reference to a publication on a subject of interest, using the alphabetical subject index to get the abstract number. Typically, it is then necessary to move to the volume \vhere citations to the indexed publications are arranged in the order of their abstract numbers, together with full information including their abstracts. \Vhen tracking dov.,n a journal article for v,rhich the exact date of publication or the author is unknown, it is especially importan t to keep in mind that there can be considerable time lag in getting some of these highly specialized serials abstracted and indexed. C itation indexes are a unique concept and tool. They often index the total contents of periodicals, whereas indexes and abstracts may omit references to such potentially useful things as short articles, letters, and book reviews. A citation index can be used to find references to articles directly related to an article ,vhich you have already read and found very useful. Uniquely, it can identify articles published after your one great article was published, and \vhich refer to your author's article. The traditional search begins with a relevant document in hand and pursuit of the references cited at the end of the paper in order to iden tify additional information on or considering the same subject. This technique leads to older information. And, if this process is continued, by locating the older works cited and looking at the \vorks they cite, one is led to still older information. Citation indexing can lead one forward in time to the authors ,vhose published articles are based on the same infonn ation and concerns. Citation indexing is based on the concept that authors' citations to previously published material indicate a subject-relationship bet"veen their current articles and older publications; in addition to these relationships with earlier publications, articles that refer to or cite the same publications usually have a subject relationship with each other. The Permuterm Index portion of a citation index provides a different approach to subject access. Because permuted indexing (so1nething permuted is rearranged) is based on keywords, material that is obscured by the subject-heading structures used by many indexes or by the lack of any subject indexing in some cases can be found. But its value is not so 1nuch in finding an article of which you are already aware, as in finding articles you were unaware existed.

38

Getting Published in \1/01ne11·s Studies

How do you decide v.rhether to use a conventional pe riodical index such as the Social Sciences Index, Art Index, or Applied Science and Technologu Index instead of a citation index such as the Social Sciences Citation Index, Arts and Hr11nanities Citation Index, or Science Citation Index? Since citation indexes are a relatively new concept, to find articles published in the early 1930s, for exa1nple, you would have to use the Art Index. C itation indexes are essential whe n you are a\vare of an article but unable to track it d own hihliographically by use of conventional pe riodical indexes ,nainly because you are unable to verbalize the subject-headings. Or pe rhaps the subject ,natte r is so new, radical, or innovative that subjectheadi ngs have not yet been introduced b y the index or thesaurus. There ,vas a period \Vhe n AIDS ,vas so1newhere in this infonnation science li1nbo. C itation index ing re li es on keywords in titles. Key\vords are "au to1n atic." The Pennutenn Subject Index portion of a c itation index is hased on the key\vord concept, not rigid subject-headings derived fro1n a thesaurus . Any \Vorel in the title is co1nbined with any other word in the title of the sa1ne d ocu1ne nt. In the printed version of the 1976-1980 Social Sciences Citation Index cu,nulation Pe nnute nn Subject Index portion (volu1ne 20, cohnnn 17590), fca11se the process is lite ral, you should also check GATE KEEPER, GATEKEEPING, etc., and WOMEN , WOMAN , e tc. And, as an author, you 1nust 1nake certain to title your journal articles full y and accurate ly and to inc:lude all keywords . In this case, we are led to the 1976-1980 Social Scie11ces Citation Index cu1nulation Source portion (vohnne 18, colu1nn 52195) to an article hy S S Whitlo\.v, " How 1nale and FEMALE GATEKEEPERS respond to news stories of wo1nen" published in the ] our11alis,u Quarterl!J. [Journ Q 54 (3): 573 '77 22R U of KY Sch of J refe rs to JQ: Jour11alis1n Quarterlu volu1ne 54, issue 3 in vohnne 54, publishe d in 1977, and beginning on page 573, which included 22 re ferences by the author, who is based at the University of Ke ntucky School of Journalis1n]. All twenty-two of Whitlo\v's references are also identified here. Another bonus is the syne rgistic discovery of anothe r, see1ningly related , article by Whitlo\v. Not surpri sing ly, the 1981-1985 Social Sciences Citation Index's per1nuted index (volu1ne 20, coh11n n 18047) p rovides an increased harvest of

Truth for Authority: Journal Articles

39

potential title-keyword pairs: GATEKEEPERS and GATEKEEPING combine with , for exampl e, BLAC K-OWNE D , ELITE, JO URNAL S, PUBLISHING, and SEX DISCRIMINATION. By consulting the author entry (which also appears with each keyword pair) in the Source volumes, we are Jed to the following: • an article titled "Unions as GATEKEEPERS of occupational SEX DISCRIMINATION- Canadian expe rience" • a review of a book titled GATEKEEPERS of black culture: BLACKOWNED book publishing in the United States, 1817-81 • an article titled "Editorial GATEKEEPING patterns in sc ie nce journals -a new scientific indicator" (which also leads to another article by the sam e author titled "Citation patterns of editorial gatekeepers in inte rnational che mical journals"). In the printed version of the 1980-1984 Science Citation Index Permute rm Subject Index portion (volume 64, column 330297), WOMEN combines with several other keywords including OSTEOPOROSIS, for example, leading to publications which have both these keywords in the ir titles. It is also possible to use citation indexes to track down specific publications and information about them. You understand that sometime in 1982 Rosalyn S. Yalow (who, in 1977, became the second woman to wi11 the Nobe) Prize in medicine) published a journal article about competency testing for reviewers and editors. Enter the Source indexing portion of Science Citation Index 1980-1984 cumulation (volume 45) and look directly under Yalow RS (column 102717), whe re such a publication is cited: Behav Brain 5 (2) 244 '82 1 R. This refers to page 244 of issue numbe r two in volume five of Behavioral and Brain Sciences journal, published in 1982; it was published with one re fere nce. It may also be possible to locate refe re nces made subseque ntly to Yalow's article by checking the citation indexing portion of the same and subsequent Science Citation Index cumulations. The 1986 Science Citation Index Citation indexing portion (volume 9, column 81276), under Yalow R S, refers to Garfie ld E ., who has cited this Yalow work on page three of the 1986 Current Contents. There is a special relationship be tween c itation indexing and evaluation of scholarly publications and the ir authors . The more times an author's name and publications are reviewed or even cited, the greater their visibility. Citation indexes' listing of reviews, authors with their affiliations, inclusion of all of a journal article's own bibliographic refe re nces, and the ir online retrievability make them espec ially conduc ive to rapid and widespread awareness of a scholar's presence . And all c itation indexes

40

Getting Published in Wome n's Studies

involve simple ke~vord and name searches rather than thesauri, although it is not necessary for a comn1ittee to have access to or to exami~e either the printed citation index or the indexed publication in order to draw conclusions from the results of an on line search relating to a candidate's name and publications. Lists of the thousands of international source and citing journals involved in every citation index can be found within each cum ulation. A g rowing number of English-language journals list, usually so1ne\.vhere inside the front portion of each issue, the title(s) of any periodical indexes, abstracting, and citation indexes that analyze their conte nts. Some journals publish annual indexes to their o,vn conte nts, but these individual self-indexes provided by pe riodicals may be inconsistent, late, and in event, create multiple searching steps. (\iV01ne n, fe minists, and editors of gende r-related periodicals should endeavor to get their serials indexed by standard periodical indexes, abstracting services, and citation indexes and included in such standard directories as Ulrich's, e tc.). Manual searching of some printed volumes (time-spans) of some pe riodical indexes can no,v be replaced by co1npute r-assisted, on-line searching of database counterparts, available in many libraries. And there are also some database index files which have no printed equivalents, e.g. ABI/lnfor1n, National Newspaper Index , NCJRS (National Institute of Justice/National C ri1ninal Justice Reference Service), parts of Embase, and Mental Health Abstracts. The information gene rated by an on-line search may be more up-to-date than that available in the printed fonnat, if any. A compute r search can save time because the equivalent of many volumes of printed indexes can be efficiently and rapidly searched. With the computer's assistance and the searcher's skills, it is possible to search "on" title ,vords, keywords ,vithin an abstract, authors' na1nes, dates, and combinations of keywords, as \.veil as to employ structured descriptors (subjectheadings) de rived from thesauri. The compute r can combine subjects to gene rate a bibliography \.vhich represents only the titles present in the "overlap" created by multiple concepts, e.g. MATERNITY PLANS PROVIDED BY EMPLOYERS in INDUSTRY, BLACK WOMEN as portrayed in CONTEMPORARY LITERATU RE , ACEISl\1 in CHILDREN'S BOOKS, or the role of WOMEN in the URBANIZATION OF DEVELOPING NATIONS.

The Politics of Journal Publishing "The re is nothing more inately hu,nan than the te nde ncy to trans,nute \vhat has become customary into what has been divinely ordained ... " Suzanne Lafollette (1889-1983). United States. Concerning Women, 1926. Arno 1972 reprint.

Truth for Authority: Journal Articles

41

Studies have shown that the numbe r of publi shed journal artic les is a primary factor in dete rmining such re wards in acade me and related institutions as rank, salary, and pron1otion. Even after controlling for e ffects of age, Astin found publication of journal articles carrying the single greatest weight in de termining rank and accou nting for the largest proportion of variance in salary. 9 Studies which control for age and sex are needed in many areas. Surveys show that leading scholars in the humanities and social sciences are dissati sfied ,-vith the ir journals. About one third report that they rarely find articles of inte rest in the ir discipline's primary journal. The majority think the peer revie w system for deciding \vhat and "vho get pub};:;hed in scholarly journals is biased in favor of established researchers, scholars from prestigious in stitutions, and those who use c urre ntly f-.tshionable approaches. 10 The progress and proble ms experie nced by faculty women in jour1~alis1n and mass media provide sig nificant insights because of the great influ e nce of these areas on comn1unication. A recent study of leading communications journals docume nte d the e xtent of participation of ""o,nen as authors of pubHshed research articles. In short, th ere has been only a small increase in the ir numbe r, and the patte rn of the 197Os continues. Not surprisingly, \vom en were found to have "the ir smallest impact in those areas in \vhich they would contribute by virtue of invitation." 11 Wome n, who were 17 percent of commu nication s faculties in 1983, appear to have been as productive as or even 1nore productive than the ir male colleagues in research activities that were self-initiated and depe nde d on blind judging, in which the judge is said to be comple tely unaware of the write r's ide ntity. However, they lag in the a1nount of participation depende nt on invited participation. In examining leading journals in the ir fi elds, researche rs found the greate r perce nt of primary authors of journals was consiste ntl y male. In fact, Public Relations Review and the Journal of 1\dvertising pe rcentages of male primary authors \vere 91 .7 pe rcent and 90 percent. 1 2 Furthermore , male secondary authors as percentages were freque ntly mu ch greater than fe male. 13 A directly-re lated situation, which Sharp's investigation also considered and confirmed, is the imbalance be tween the numbe rs of ""omen studying mass communicati ons and teaching mass commun ications courses a t American coll eges and uni versit ies. Fifty nine pe rce nt of th e undergraduate and 52 percent of the maste r's level students who g raduated during acade mic year 1982-1983 were women. Afte r more than a decade of nondiscrimin atory affirmative action in the United States, only 36 pe rcent of communication Ph .D .'s \Vere awarded to wo1nen, and ,vomen made up on ly about 17 pe rcent of co,nmunications fac ulties. 14 The opportunity to exam ine the ir academic ranks, relative salaries, and types of assig ned responsibiliti es might compound the g rievous natu re of these data.

42

Getting Published' in Women's Studies

Publications and scholarly research have often been included among qualifications for recruiting faculty and awarding increments and promotion. Contemporary advertisements and other postings allude to them. For example, from a 1988 national advertisement, "rfo receive serious consideration, candidates must provide strong evidence of scholarship through significant research and refereed publication to meet requirements for appointment to the Graduate Faculty." (Presumably all applicants receive serious consideration.) A woman's response requesting further information including clarification of this portion of the very brief advertisement was dealt with by nonresponse. What constitutes "strong evidence," "significant research" and even "publication" have varied for individuals .... In another region of the United States at about the same time, a university's advertising stipulated " ... recent publication in refereed journals and ongoing research to qualify for directing doctoral dissertations within a year after appointrnent." A tenured associate professor \vho responded to my requests for contributions to this book emphasized that women with relatively advanced ranks and tenure can also expect to be stalled "because of a dearth of publications in refe reed journals." Although her publications list filled four single-spaced pages, she does not expect to be promoted to fu)l professor. Quality, prestigious, reputable, mainstream, of the first tier, recognized, and appropriate are some of the vague and flexible words often heard in connection with the journals in which publication is valued. In 1985, after Sondra A. O'Neal had taught in Emory University's English Department (Atlanta, Georgia) for six years, it was reco1nmended that she not be awarded tenure, a decision that was upheld by university officials at every level. She was warned by the Faculty Council that, to be seriously considered for tenure, she would have to publish her work in what me mbe rs considered to be recognized journals and have a book accepted by a reputable press. The Council suggested she submit work to such journals as the Anierican Quarterly and the Sewanee Review. O'Neal contends that her work published in Obsidian: Black Literature Revietv and Melu.s, a Modern Language Association journal specializing in minority scholarship, was discounted and disregarded. 15 The peer review process in at least one science area's publications has been questioned to the extent that a congress on editorial peer review has been organized with an agenda that questions its cost and the qualifications, selection, and evaluation of both editors and revie\l'v'ers. A few of the topics being discussed are: • how the peer review process 1s circumvented (e.g. "sponsored" publications) • how quality of a manuscript can be de termined by other than the peer review process

Truth for Authority: j ournal Articles

43

• ho"' fac ulty appointme nt committees assess publications for promotion and te nure • how peer-reviewed literature is used by regulatory agencies • how the techniques of formal decision analysis are used in selection of papers for publication • the number of journals using peer review, and in what way • the place of consensus as a standard of validity • the costs of the peer review process • implicit or explicit standards used to judge man uscripts • similarities and diffe re nces of ,n e rit review of grant applications and editorial peer reviews • what citation analysis shov,rs • by what implicit or explicit standards manu scripts are judged . 16 In the course of consulting in academe, I have become a\vare of dossiers of applicants rejected for employme nt, promotion , and tenure in ,vhich evaluators' comme nts about th e candidates' publications communicated that only those published in \Vhat the evaluators perceived as refe reed journals were regarded. O n the othe r hand, credentials of fac ulty, as compiled by th e same deparhnen t for accreditation purposes, for example, might organize citations of articles which have appeared in refe reed journals with those "in press" inte rfiled , follo\ved by "articles in non refe reed or general journals." At a third, descending level \vas a category of "chapters in books or monographs," with "othe r publications" at the lo\vest level. The least regard might be for books, film reviews, proceedings, and broc hures. A mixed bag category of "pape rs, abstracts, and lectures" by faculty unrepresented in any of the othe r categories may also be [?rovided as needed . A well-known 1981 study asked professors to comme nt on the peer revie \v of their most recent published article: • 76 percent e ncounte red pressure to conform to the strictly subjective prefe rences of the reviewers; • 73 percent e ncountered false criticisms (and 8 percent made changes in the article to conform to reviewers' comm e nts they knew to be \Vrong); • 67 pe rcent e ncounte red concentration upon trivia; • 43 pe rcent e ncounte red treatme nt by referees as infe riors; • 40 pe rcent e ncounte red careless reading by refe rees. At some time in their gene ral expe rie nce ,vith the peer revie\v syste,n , • 65 pe rcent of the professors believed refe rees' comn1 ents were contrived to impress the editor;

,.

44

..

Getting Published in \Vomen's Studies

• 53 pe rcent believed that the journal editor regarded their knowledge and opinion about reported research as less important than that of refe rees; • 44 percent believed that they were being treated like a suppHcant; • 4 7 percent accepte d a refe ree's suggestion against the ir judgment. 17 Pete rs and Ceci's 1984 study of peer review journals' practices involved submission of articles with fi ctitious names and institutions to journals that had originall y refe reed and publishe d the ,n. Onl y three (8 percent) of the twenty-eight editors and reviewers de tected the resubmissions, which allowed nine of th e t\,v elve articles to contin ue through the review process to receive actual evaluation, whic h rejecte d e ight of the nine. Sixteen of the e ig hteen re ferees (89 percent) recomme nded against publication, and their jour nal e d itors concurred . Pe ters and Ceci were courageous because ed itors and p ubli shers loathe thi s type of action research (researcher) and conside r it a deception (deceiver) to be conde mne d. 18 It is generally recognized th at evaluation of faculty involves a spectrum of approaches includ ing stude nt feedback of teaching (sometimes titled Course Evaluation), self-assessme nt, evaluations by colleagues (someti,nes calle d peer evaluation), measure ,nents of st ud e nt learning, and assessme nt of researc h, ad vising, and p ublic service, Instructors should recognize the po te nti al for i1nprovement of their teaching as well as the course b y means of e liciting feed back in a structure d situation, Over-reliance on the peer revie\v refl ects need for built-in assurance of security on the part of adn1inistrators, pseudo-peers, editors, and refe rees. Lloyd has re ferred to " .. , sub tle and powerful constraints and pressures that promote sile nt sub1nission to the syste m." 19 "Anony,nous peer reviews may be more costly th an be ne fi c iaL A syste,n that could allow a reviev,1er to say unreasonable, insulting, irrelevant, and misinformed things about you and your work ,vithout be ing accountable hardly seems equitable , T o some degree the revie\ver is indeed accountable - to the editor - but the potential for abuse is still too g reat to be ig nored ." 20 According to a 1982 article in Beh avioral and Brain Sciences, the rules for manuscrip t acceptance require that authors sho uld not pick an i,nportant proble m, not challe nge e xisting beliefs, not obtain surprising results, not use simple method s, not provide full disclosure, and n ot w rite clearly.2 1 Lloyd sums up, " ... our review syste m can some tilnes amount to nothing ,no re than an adversarial confrontation w he re the defe ndant is presumed guilty, has no counsel or fri e nd in court by arrangement, and cannot face his accusers, and there are no qualifications fo r judges. At o ther times, it can be the reverse, a conspiracy of peers in a fi eld to promote the fie ld (and one another)."2 2 It behooves wome n in acade me to eschew the assumptions which support many aspects of such a syste m and to recognize that it affects the m in disparate fashion and with far greater impact. Stieg has declared that

Truth fo1· Authority: Journal Articles

--15

"Refe reeing has become an integral part of the knowledge indu stry [But] too many academics have a rathe r fu zzy conviction that refereeing equals scholarsh ip."23 From a recent doctorate, I received the followi ng naive comme nt about her e xperiences: I have never been paid for reviev.1ing journal articles. That is, I beUeve, standard in professional circles. One reviews for the expe rience and for the lines that can be added to one's o,vn curriculum "ita. That may explain the paucity of constructive criticism some authors receive. [sic]

Many journal arti cle refe rees are not paid, but some journals certainly pay the m, e.g. the American Econornic Review. It can also be argued that for many refe rees the re is remuneration in othe r form s. No amount of payment justifies the ill treatme nt an author (peer) 1nay receive from referees (peers), however. Journal publishe rs and editors have the responsibili ty to in1press upon referees their responsibility to return com me nts on ,nanuscripts within two weeks of receipt, at v,1hich point considerable time is still involved in the process. 2 4 Some editors have proble ms ,vith the manageme nt role as well as obtaining qualified refe rees. On e \VOman scholar's lette r is representative: Since my graduation date I have submitted hvo articles to refe reed journals; both were rejected .. . returned to me in packages much heavier than those I mai le d- the additional bulk tJ1e result of reviewers con1n1ents. One revie,ver ,vent throug h one article, page by page, \Vith extensive suggestions and then added a critical overvie,v. The other article received very helpful suggestions-including adcHtional sources I might investigate to stre ngthe n the piece. \-VhiJe rejections are never pleasant I feel I learned a g reat deal about rn y 0\vn work as well as the process of publishing ... [sic]

She appears to acknowledge and accept passively an overall situation ,vhich is uniquely sign ificant for all women scholars and would be ,vriters \vhe n she concludes, sometimes the luck of the reviewer drav, is bad, 1 g uess

(She had not applied these suggestions and resubmitted her article). Most wome n studies pe riodicals, ,vhether or not they declare the mselves fe minist or refereed journals, utilize a me thodology involving revie \vers, who may be out in the field or subfields on call, or \vhose names may be ide ntified as constih1ting a review board. These periodicals and th ese people tend to provide the type of feedback whi ch this writer's "luck" brought he r.

46

Getting Publisheo in Wome n's Studies

The peer refe reed journal process is pre sumed to be characterized by: • provision of anonymity of author to reviewers • provision of copies of all reviewers' reports, as well as provision of anonymity of reviewers to author • a conclusive summary response from the editor which e ncourages, rejects, or suggests modifications, possibly with encouragement of resub1nission • promptness • systematic o rganization and manageme nt as evide nced by such things as pro,npt acknov.,le dgment of receipt of submissions, assigned manuscript number, dates of manuscript receipt by the journal and response to the auth or recorded , known, and re asonably timed Usually an editor of a re fe reed journal reads or scans an article and routes it to h,vo referees (v.,ho are, however, refe rred to as reviewers), who are specialists in the aspects of the journal's fie ld with which the article is concerned. If the e ditor assumes that some thing about the manuscript or author \vill present a proble m in reaching a consensus or publication of it, the manuscript may be sent to three or even four refe rees initially, or after much delay. More usual is the routing to hvo reviewers initially, and the n to a third if there is disagreement be hveen the pe rceptions of the first two. It is conceivable that the first t\VO \Viii recomme nd that it be published "as is." It is more like ly that they will suggest modifications which imply the likelihood of publication when resubmitted . Or they might both reject it. If your article appears to take much longer than a colleague's to receive a decision fro1n the sa,ne journal, the reason may relate to its having prese nted a proble m for the re ferees, editor, or publisher, which may be a professional association, conglomerate, or university press. Eve n more time is involved in gathe ring refe rees' reactions which will serve to docume n t a "consensus.,, Horror stories abound. Stanton has amassed evidence that suggests ho\v a female author's name, apart from the fe minist content of he r article, is the repository of sexual stereotypes that depreciate the value of her words. 25 (It is not unknown for a scholar whose first name is androgynous and whose biographical mate rial accompanying her submission lists only the institution where she earned the doctorate, to be asked the identity of her unde rgraduate institution, which might be a women's college. More common is the phone call to the departme nt and the less-but-still devious reference to "he r" or "she".) When the author of a rejected article on the subject of wome n, affirmative action, and education found it necessary to request legible copies of the anonymous (to he r) reviewers' reactions, she took the opportunity to ask the editor about representative ness of the journal's reviewers gene rally. His response was assumptive and defensive:

Truth for Authority: Journal Articles

47

.. . although we are unable to provide actual reviewers' names [which she did not request], we want to assure you that they are of diverse gende r and from varied backgrounds both ethnically, culturally, and racially. (sic]

At least one referee knew or assumed th e author's gender; anoth er appeared to know or know of the author. Apparently the lengthy delay had been caused mainly by the fact that one had not rejected the article, \Vhich became apparent when the legible copy \Vas provided . The editor had simply deemed the article not "relevant." Decisions of a nonrefereed journal editor or editorial board prevail in selecting and rejecting articles for publication. Information about a periodical, which appears in the preliminary pages of each issue usuall y, may refer to both an editorial board and an advisory board. Some journals consider that editorial board 1nembers are their referees. The names of current editorial board members, perhaps \Vith their institutional affiliations, are likely to be identified. This is a resume, dossier, or directory item for them. Periodicals which boast that they are refereed journals point to anonymous referees who are occasional reviewers, out in the field, currently on the faculties of colleges and universities- the more prestigious the better-and experts in their disciplines and the subfield specialization of the journal. While colleges and universities value articles in journals which are considered refereed over those in joun1als whi ch are not, they make far fewer value judgments among which refereed journals. I recall working on an article for an administrator \Vho wanted the information disseminated. Ultimately it appeared that two journal editors \Vere interested- one expressed interest in the material as I had described it in a letter. The other was an overseas journal to which the administrator had submitted a rough draft of the paper, which he was using for speech-making during his sabbatical abroad. I sought the counsel of the acting administrator. To \vhich of the two journals should I submit the article? Without acknowledging that he was seemingly unfamiliar wi th both journals and the paper itself, he responded with alacrity, "The refereed one." Postmortem: Apparentl y both editors learned in any of several ways possible of these 1nachinations, concluded that I had committed one of the hvo ultimate journal sinssimultaneous submission of an article- and terminated all further discussion. (The other sin is action research such as reported by Peters and Ceci.) Journals often stipulate that you agree not to submit to another journal and to see to it the information is not shared; on the other hand, journal editors clearly have their own network. Frontiers journal's [1988] form ackno\vledgement of receipt is re presentative: "By your su bmission .. . \Ve understand that this piece is your original work; that it has not been previously published in whole or in part; and that this article, or any version

.. 48

Getting Published-in Women's Studies

of it, is not currently under consideration for publication by another publishe r in e ithe r article or book form ." Respectability is likely to mean publication in the refereed journal. This relationship to peer revie \.v is usually assumed to provide the author \.vith the written, expert feedbac k of several "pee r reviewers." In practice, there may be no copies provided by the journal e ditor, or one or two, or a copy of the manuscript on which comme nts have been scribbled. There is no \.vay of kno\.vi ng whe the r copies of all of the reviews are provided, even if the author requests them . There may be contradiction be tween the editor's cover lette r of rejection of the article and seemingly one or even more of the anonymous referees' reviews \.vhich appear to endorse publication or at least encourage revision and resubmission.

The Economics of Journal Publishing "The labor of ,vo,nen in the house, certainly e nables men to produce more ,vealth than they otherwise could; and in this way ,von1en are economic factors in socie ty. But so are horses." C harlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935). Ame rican author, lecture r, social reformer. Chapter l , Wo,nen and Economics. Boston, Massachusetts: Small, Maynard, 1898.

Getting published in scholarly journals can pay, and association with scholarly journals can pay off·. Although most journals do not pay authors for their voluntary submissions or noncommissio ned artic les, the gain assoc iated with acceptable publi catio ns re lates to professional advanceme nt - raises, promotion, and te nure as we ll as sabbatical, consulting, invitations, travel, and the general visibility which impresses some gate keepers. Compensation provided by a journal ,nay consist of some offprints, tearsheets, or copies of the journal issue in which the article is publishe d. The scholar-author is ofte n faced with a fact of academic life for ,nany: the need to pay- invest, they say- to get some journal articles publishe d. The nomenc lature usually involves subscription, submission, or processing fees, or (usually in scie nce) page charges, justified in various ways by the journal and the academy. Journal publishers cite mailing and cle rical costs associated with the refe ree system, and the need to discourage frivolous submissions. An excellent research contribution would conside r the possibility that certain scholar groups 1nake frivolous submissions less fre quently than othe rs. Page charges appear to be levied in disparate fashion by means of waiving the m for some authors and articles, 26 although this prac tice continues to be defended as standard and on the altrujstic basis of having some free articles in each issue. Feminist action research might be produc tive here if only to clarify what is actually general practice. Advertising is one way of paying for some of the costs of a periodical's

Tru th for Authority: journal Articles

49

operations, but \vrite rs of getting-published books, journal editors, an d publishe rs stress hvo othe r ways: (1) readers' (and au thors' and librarians') subscriptions, and (2) authors' payi ng in some form or guise. T hese additional costs i1npinge on ,vo,ne n more th an vn men because ,vomen are pai d dollar-for-dollar less th an me n,27 regardless of the a1nount of education thev have acquired . (The more education a ,voman has, the greate r th~ likelihood that she ,viii seek paid e mployine nt. 28 ) Women are cluste red in the lo,.ver nonte nured ranks, and the sex differe ntial for male-role and administrati on and manageme nt jobs' salaries is also visible in acade me. 29 A fe,v de monstrations may unde rscore an author's need to ascertai n in advance the compe nsation policies of all journals to ,vhi ch she or he sub,nits articles, and the significance for ,vomen scholars of kn o,vledge of standard ope rating procedures, as ,veil as collective atte nti on to improving aspects of them. A $10.00 submission fee ,vas requi red to subniit an article for a "special fe minist approaches to gender and education issue" of Sociology of Education journal, published by the A,neri can Sociological Association. The Journal of Prof essional Studies' caJI for pape rs stresses th at it is a refe reed journal with a $5 .00 processing fee. The review process for Gender & Society, official journal of Sociologists fo r Wome n in Society, "expected [in 1987] to beco1n e one of the rn ost prestigious journals in its field," publishing "carefull y refereed scholarl y 1naterials," requires five copies and a $10.00 submission fee for each 1n anuscript. Sin ce March 1987, authors who sub,nit articles to th e A11ierican Econo1nic Revie1v have paid a $50.00 fee; previously it ,vas "the usual $25.00." Th e rnanaging editor stresses that the purpose is not to raise 1noney but "to speed up the referees and to get a few authors \vhose papers are n't ready for submission to think t"vice." A refe ree receives $35.00 if the article is re turned ,vithin four "veeks. 30 Th e A1ne rican Psychological Association division 35's official journal publication, Psychology of \ ,\lcnnen Quarterly, instituted a submission -processing fee of $10.00 in 1986 "to help cover risi ng costs of xerox ing, postage, and handling ... [,vhich] ,vilJ be ,vaived upon request for th ose ,vho can not afford to pay it."3 1 The Hav,,orth Press publishes nume rous journal s, including Wo1nen & Politics. Its standard instruc tions fo r auth ors in clude a subscription orde r form and state that articles are published "at no charge to the authors," and that an "editor's acceptance le tte r may indicate an 'early publication option' is available. Authors may choose to 'move up' th eir publication date, if eithe r they, their research grant, or institution can pay a charge for adding extra pages to the very next journ al issue in production."32 Wome n tend to accept the standard reasons provided to j ustify th e syste m rathe r than to question it or suggest alternatives. One \Voman ""'rote: As for fees- for t,vo years I served on the editorial board of a g raduate stud ent run journal and have son1e kno,vledge of the problerns of submission

50

Getting Published in Wome n's Studies fees. Journals are gene rally not money makers. The cost of printing, postage, etc. is enormous. Me mbe rship and subscription fees just don't cover the costs involved (example, the X Y Z Association includes journals in the me,nbership fee for students, yet loses about $38. for every stude nt ,nember .) The choice usually becomes one between raising me,nbe rship dues and subscription fees or trying to give organization members a break. This generally results in choosing to charge authors for the cost of processing the ir manuscripts (a great deal of time, as you know, goes into finding reviewers, contacting the1n, using secretarial time to mail manuscripts, keeping a log to dete nnine \vhich revie\ve rs are overdue on the ir reviews, notifying authors of the decision, and returning manuscripts). The cost of submitting may also discourage some write rs from sending in manuscripts that are not nearly ready for submission. [sic)

There are other cost requirements of the author beyond forthright sub1nission fees. Journals frequently require the author to pay the cost of color reprodu ction s and printing, e.g. Spina Bifida Therapy, one of Eterna press' periodi cals. Wh en journals stipulate that a self-addressed stamped envelope of specified size accompany a submission, they imply that comments \viii acco1npany the returned manuscript, for the manuscript copies themselves are rarely reusable. Two cost requirements rarely acknowledged are personal me1nbership in the association which sponsors the journal and personal subscription to journals whjch are not part of association membership. Although association membership is rarely stipulated as a require,nent for publication in a journal sponsored by or affiliated with a professional or scientific association, it appears that journals publish articles by members. You must determine the situation for yourself. It is difficult to document in writing examples of the requirement that an author be a subscriber to the journal. However, "Subscription to the Journal of Am.erican Culture is required of those who are published in it." Alas, this news ca1ne from a woman, who conveyed it in behalf of the editorial board which had just informed her of some after-the-fact changes in the call for manuscripts for a "feature on wo1nen's issues." My personal experience has been that, with one exception, I have never submitted an article to a periodical to y.1hich I was not then a subscriber or sponsoring association member without shortly receiving a subscription membership form. Notice that authors' instructions sheets are likely to include a subscription panel or be accompanied by subscription information. The Journal of Thought, for example, follows its information for prospective contributors with a list of subscription rates. The problem of book publishers merging and being absorbed by Big Business with conglomerate control and profit-making motives and com1nitments has received some press. Many, but not all, scholarly journals are sponsored by professional membership associations. Corporation conglomerates and universities also publish journals and books. This trend has

Troth for Authority: Journal Articles

51

also influenced the economics of journal publishing. Although the numbe r of journals throughout the world is growing, whe n several companies and groups own or control multiple periodical titles (and, some say, their editors), they are able to influence what and who are not published. Periodicals are now subject to the Big Business effects of incorporation and takeover by umbrella groups and consortia much like conglomerate ownership of book publishing houses. Editors of scholarly journals which are owned and operated by profit-making groups are subject to and may pay allegiance to this Big Business marketplace influence. A few of the groups based in the United States (with overseas offices usually) and elsewhere which publish multiple English-language journals include Elsevier, Eterna, Haworth, Heldref, Pergamon Press' Pergamon Journals, Inc. (a member of the Maxwell Communication Corp. Croup of Companies), Plenum Publishing Corp.'s Plenum Press, and Sage. Responding to complaints that publishers of scholarly journals engage in "profitee ring" and "price gouging," an Association of Research Libraries' study found a median rise of 18.2 percent in journal prices in 1986-1987, with the greatest increases coming from a small number of publishers throughout the world which have a kind of monopoly. The average yearly price of a magazine in 1987 was $71.41; prices increased more than five times the rate of inflation. "Part of the problem is academe itself, which often rewards faculty me mbers for the number of articles they have published, rathe r than for the quality of the articles."33 More than four hundred United States publishe rs regularly publish four or more periodicals of at least sixteen pages and with a frequency from weekly to quarterly, e.g. Aspen Systems Corp. (25 titles), Transaction Periodicals Consortium at Rutgers University (30), Warren, Gorham & Lamont, Inc., subsidiary of the International Thomson Organisation, Ltd. (30), Technical Publishing, a Dun & Bradstreet Corp. company (22), J.B. Lippincott Company, subsidiary of Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. (38), and Mouton De Cruyter of Be rlin, New York, and Amsterdam. 34 Journals which are sponsored and subsidized by professional association or academic institutions appear to be not quite as concerned with profit-making. A lot is made of the picture of an editor without a professional staff, struggling to keep the journal going in addition to her/his responsibilities as a faculty member or university administrator. Most appear to reap considerable, career-related benefits from such appointments and particularly from involve ment with the establishment of yet another such journal. It is important to be long to the professional association which represents your discipline or profession to support its work and the work of a caucus or subgroup in which you share commitme nt to principles as well as subject matte r. The association publishes a journal or journals,

.. . 52

Ge tting Published in Women's Studies

\Vhich you support by your me mbership, and your submissions probably receive more consideration than they would othe rwise. Here again action research might show that, despite claims otherwise, many of these ·association journals are unlikely to consider seriously for publication any article submitted by a forme r or nonassociation me1nber. When a department or university unde r\vrites association membership fees, which are closely associated with journal publication, and costs related to such publishing, the dole should be on the basis of clear, equitable, and accessible policies. Association me mbe rship can ofte n provide new contacts whose inte rests are compatible with yours and who might by helpful in the work of getting published . Your departme nt or college may have a "publishing committee" of volunteers on which you might make a contribution. Robe rt Markley, editor of The Eighteenth Century: Theory and lnterp·r etat ion journal, favors a restructuring of "the politics of publishing," \vhich might re nde r the curre nt syste m of te nure obsole te. He argues that "the publishing world does not simply furth er the spread of knowledge. The process \vhe reby journals and presses choose what articles and books to print also maintains a system that elevates a relatively few individuals to positions within acadetne." He suggests that scholars who publish "should be rewarded with travel 1noney, research grants, occasional leave time, and possibly reduced course loads, but publishing itself should not be a crite rion for te nure or vast discrepancies in salaries."35 Unlike book publication, where an author might aim to get a contract and then co,nplete the book, journal articles are usually writte n and then submitted and revised. Some journal editors approach people for articles. An issue editor of a special or the matic journal issue is likely to select authors and develop topics in a more or less group process. Proteus and Library Trends are examples of pe riodicals which devote each issue to a thetne or topic. Some journals occasionally have thematic issues, e .g. the Jounial of Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Women's Studies Quarterly, and Journal of Modern History. Each Southern Review thematic issue focuses on an author. Some have occasional special issues focusing on a timely topic suc h as the ever-e uphetnistic "wo1ne n's issues," e .g. Journal of A1neric an Culture. A journal usually has a plan for future issues, but it is difficult to learn of what it consists if one does not know someone associated with the journal. A request on your lette rhead might nevertheless receive a response. "Calls" for articles related to special issues may appear as advertiseme nts in the Chronicle of Higher Education, or be announced in your discipline's journals and professional newslette rs associated with status of wome n caucuses. Wome n's studies-related journals and confere nces share this type of information some what more openly. Presentation of a conference paper is an excellent way to phase in a journal article because you get feedbac k, it gets comme nts, and both you and your article get visibility.

Tn,th for Authority: Journal Articles

53

Conference presentations may be published, excerpted, or abstracted in proceedings. There are several facts about a journal which you need to know in order to select the most appropriate one for your submission as well as to structure the most judicious submission. You can patch together much of this information from directories, recent issues of the journal, colleagues, and the journal's instructions to prospective authors, ,vhich you may have to request separately. Confirm as many as possible of the following by checking the current issue of the journal to ,vhich you plan to subm it an article: • whether instructions to author-contributors are printed in each issue, or available on request from the journal office • whether manuscripts are by invitation only, or unsolicited submissions are accepted and if so, policy regarding articles, bibliographies, personal and review essays, and book revie,vs • the language (and nation) in which it is published • the fun ction of the periodical, e.g. ne\.vsletter for an association, report, scholarly journal • its declared subject-specialization and subspecialities within th at discipline, field, profession, or subject matter • its audience, e.g. specialized, academic, professional • regard for it as prestigious, respectable, \.veil kno\.vn, acceptable, "the" journal in its field-generall y and on your campus • whether it is published by a professional organization, an academic institution, university press, university, consortium, collective, etc. • status as a refereed journal; ,vhether written feedback is provided the author by at least three expert reviewers • in addition to an acceptable manuscript, whether anything else is required of the author, e.g. association membership, periodical subscription, submission fee, publication charges, etc. • title of a standard periodical index, major abstracting tool, or citation index in which its contents are analyzed • length of time it currently takes for acknowledgment, decision, and publication • the number of articles published in a typical issue • characteristics of published titles, subjects, and authors during the last three years • frequency of publication • whether the journal pays authors, provides offprints or re prints • possibility of publication of thematic or special issues, what are now planned , and who the issue editors are

54

Getting Published in Women's Studies

• circulation • when founded • preparation of the manuscript: -maximum/minimum manuscript length - use of a particular style manual specified -number of copies of the manuscript required - whether enclosure of a self-addressed post card for acknowledgment of receipt is recomme nded, required, not mentioned - routines regarding illustrations and other special formats -if an abstract is required, any particulars, e.g. length in number of words - if an author biography is required at this stage, its particulars, e.g. length -whether the journal welcomes or ignores inquiries before submission of a manuscript by a prospective author. Identification of appropriate journals for your submission and the correct preparation of your article are the keys to getting it published. Compilation of a fine-tuned li st of such journals involves efficient use of reference tools and examination of recent issues of the journals. The model methodology for identifying relevant journals for your submission which follows should be adjusted to your professional needs and the requirements of your discipline. Let's say you have a pape r which you are converting into a journal article or have written with the goal of publication in a journal. It is ready to be tailored to one journal's requirements and submitted to it. Do not delay because, whatever the field or subject matter, it is becoming staler with each passing minute. In short, you need to be able to identify journals in your field which publish articles, essays, bibliographies, review essays, book reviews, etc., in the language in which your scholarship and writing flourish and are subject-specialized. And you may prefe r that they do not require association me mbe rship or subscription or charge a fee to submit! Initially, attempt to locate an up-to-date, selective, annotated bibliography of journals in your subfield by checking the library card or on-line catalog using appropriate subject-headings. For example, someone working in the United States in the field of gerontology and concerned with aging and ageism, focusing currently on home care and hospices, might search under the Library of Congress subject-heading GERONTOLOGY -PERIODICALS-BIBLIOGRAPHY, which should lead to Hesslein's Serials on Aging: An Analytical Guide. By checking Hesslein's subject index under HOME CARE, HOSPICES, and other subject-wordings she uses, several journal titles are generated. Each is annotated, and periodical indexes in which it is indexed, abstracted, or cited, as well as any data bases in which

Truth for Authority: Journal Articles

55

it is included, are identified. Other useful information which the compiler of such a tool provides includes how materials are selected for publication, whether special issues are published , target audience, and subject and geographical indexing. Comparable subj0c t-specialized compil ations related to other disciplines and in library collections can often be identified in the same manner, using appropriate LC subject-headings, e.g.: AGRICULTURE-PERIODICALS-BIBLIOGRAPHY ANTHROPOLOGY - PERIODICALS- BIBLIOGRAPHY HISTORY -PERIODICALS- BIBLIOGRAPHY INFORMATION SCIENCE- PERIODICALS- BIBLIOGRAPHY LIBRARY SCIENCE-PERIODICALS-BIBLIOGRAPHY LIVESTOCK- PERIODICALS-BIBLIOGRAPHY MARINE BIOLOGY -PERIODICALS-BIBLIOGRAPHY PHILOSOPHY - PERIODICALS-BIBLIOGRAPHY OCEANOGRAPHY - PERIODICALS- BIBLIOGRAPHY

Notice that, while it would be possible to search under PERIODICALSDIRECTORIES or even SCHOLARLY PERIODICALS - DIRECTORIES, bibliographies of periodicals at a subject-specialized level have been specified. Also consult the university libraries' subject specialist in your subject area. Roaming the library stacks even in a subject-specialized or branch library is haphazard for most purposes. A handbook or guide to the literature of your field may list man y of its journals. Directories of periodicals in individual disciplines exist, but the information they contain is only briefly current because usually at least a year is involved in publication of a book. Some periodical directories are included in the Resources section at the back of this book. The ideal, however, is an up-to-date, annotated bibliography of journals in your subfield. For our purposes-a search for specialized scholarl y journals-first attempt to locate such a bibliography. Next, use Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory current edition because it provides information about circulation, frequency, and book reviews; indicates in which periodical indexes, abstracting services, and citation indexes, if any, a journal is analyzed; and has a subject index (in the front of the first volume) listing many detailed categories, within which there are hundreds of subdivisions. The excerpt from the Women's Interests section (Figure 2:1) describes five periodicals and also provides one helpful cross-reference. If you are interested in knowing more about a periodical titled Simply You , consult (see) the subject section CLOTHING TRADE-FASHIONS elsewhere in this edition of Ulrich's lnternat-ional Periodicals Directory. The five full y displayed periodicals consist of: one from the United Kingdom (UK centered at the heading of the first line of the display), an Albanian

~

56

.

Getting Published in \.Vornen's Studies ·cw•

M

305.412 UK ISSN 0037-3370 SHE. 1955. rt £17. National Magazine Co. Ltd., 72 Broadwick St., London Wt V 2BP, England. Ed. Eric Bailey. adv. bl. re\·. illus. circ. 227,631. 305.415 AA SHQIPTARJA ERE. m. S7.40. Union des FeMmcs d'Albanie, Tirana, Albania. 323 700 US ISSN 0l61-7l5X SIBYL-CHILD. 1974. 3/rr. (in I vol.) S9. Sibyl-Child Press, Inc., Box 177 3. HratlSville, MD 20788. ·TEL 202· 723-5468. Eds. Saundra ~faley, Nancy Prothro. adv. bk. rev. bibl. illus. circ. 1,000. lndelled: Wom.Stud.Abstr. 305.412 US ISSN 0097-9740 SIGNS: JOl::IR~AL OF \\'OMEN IN CULTURE AND SOCIETI'. 1975. q. S29 to individuals; institutions SS8; students S2 I. University of Chicago Press, 5801 S. Ellis Ave., Chicagv, IL 60637 TEL 312-962-7600. (Orders to: Box 37005, Chicago. IL 60637) Ed. Jean F. O'Barr. adv. bk. rev. circ. 6,100. (also avail. in microform from UMI; reprint service a\·atl. from UMl,ISI) Indexed: Curr.Cont. Hist.Abstr. M.LA. Psychol.Abstr. SSCI. Soc.Sci.Ind. Sociol.Abstr. A.BC.Pol.Sci. Adol.Ment.Hlth.Abstr. Amer.Hum.Ind. Amer.Hist.& Life. Amer.Bibi.Slavic & E.Eur.Stud. ASCA. B1.:.Rev.lnd. C.I.J.E. CERDIC. Commun.Abstr. Lang.&: Lang.Bchav.Abstr. Y..' om.Stud.Abstr. SIMPLY YOU. sec CLOTHING TRADE - Fashions

305.412 Fl ISSN 0359-0267 SINAMINA. m. Kolmio-Kirja, Box 246, 90101 Helsinki, Finland. adv. circ. 21,200. Formerly: Tarin1.

Figure 2:1 Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory.

periodica] (AA), two published in the United States (US), and one based in Finland (Fl). Also on the first line of the Signs entry are a decimal classification (305.412) for this periodical's subject matter and an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), an internationally-used number that uniquely identifies a serial publication. Note that Signs had a circulation of 6,100 at the time this Ulrich 's edition was published, that it carries book reviews and advertisements, and is indexed in nineteen periodical indexes including Sociological Abstracts, A1nerica: History & Life, and Social Scie,ices Citation Index. It is unlikely that a journal will be indexed (and in this case, by so many standards of academe and scholarship) and fail to be

Truth for Authority: j ournal Articles

57

acknowledged and acceptable. From another perspective, commercial and professional indexing tools and their companies and associations begin indexing a periodical after it is established and in demand. Browse through the subject index breakdowns in the front of the current edition of Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory, and make a list of the subdivisions which apply to your specialization and to the article vou want to get published . Then examine the pages displaying the anal yses, for each of them. For your preliminary list from within that subject subdivision, glean all of the periodicals which you recognize as scholarly journals, or which have "journal" in their titles, or which appear to be associated with academe, published in your language or nation, and \vhich are indexed . The data for periodical indexes, if any, appear at the end of each display. Ulrich's is also useful for the list of cessations, or defun ct periodicals, which each edition provides. It is possible to have a computer-assisted literature search made in your behalf of the contents of Ulrich's International Periodicals Directory, and interi1n supplements, \Vhich h:lve been stored on-line and can be searched in many libraries. Consult the reference librarian. The more specific you can be about the information you seek, th e better. Your printout ,vill provide the same data as a hand search of the printed volumes. Frequently, better information is generated because the interi1n data are included, and in the hands of the professional searcher who is fa miliar wi th the process, the search itself can be more focused, if she or he interviews you and if you are pre pared to describe what you need. There may be a small charge. Funding for searches for this purpose might ,veil be included in professional development enabling services for nontenured faculty. Although the Directory of Publishing Opportunities in Journals and Periodicals has not been updated since the fifth (1981) and fin al edition , it can be included among the basic tools supporting selection of journals because it provides manuscript information and editorial description. (See figures 2:2A and 2:2B.) But it is absolutely essential that current journal issues be examined, especiall y for the editors' names and addresses. Specialized journals and conference proceedings "vhich accept submissions in English are included in its scop e. For each journal, there is a brief description of contents or editorial purposes, th e audience to \vhom it is addressed, and specifi c subject areas covered, including any topical, geographic or chronological limitations. Other types of useful information included are manuscript requirements, infonnation regarding payment and reprints, and a time fram e disposition. The journals are organized into subject-chapters which include Medical And Health Sciences (General), Native America Studies, Black Studies, Hispan ic Studies, and \,Vomen's Studies (pages 493-496). The only limitations are its fai lure to li st titles of periodical indexes in ,vhich the journals are analyzed, and its age.

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Getting Published in Women's Studies

GERONTOLOGY

[3715]

International Journal of Experimental and Clinical Gerontology S. Karger AG P. 0 . Box CH-4009 Basel, Switzerland 061-390880 SUBSCRIPTIO~ DAT A

Previously entitled Gerontologia. Gerontologia Clinica. Issues and rates: Published bimonthlv. One annual volume with 6 issues. Average issue contains 10 articles. Circulation 1,050. Annual ratc(s): SFr. 212.00; approx. S 120.00 per volume. · Main Editors: F. Bourlierc, Paris; H.P. von Hahn, Basel; J. Andrews, London EDITORIAL DESCRIPTION

Publishes experimental and clinical research results concerning the processes of aging and age-related diseases; features a Clinical Section where recent progress receives comprehensive review through reports on the clinical aspects of aging and on the clinical application of research results. An Experimental Section reports on the latest research re.suits in the fields of biology, bioch~mistry, physiology and experimental psychology of aging. Particular significance is placed on those !~~as which heve a direct bearing on L:iinical practice. MANUSCRIPT IN FORMATION

Manuscript requirements: Style sheet sent on r~qucst. See latest issue for style requirements. Preferred length 6 printed pages at 3,800 characters. Submit 2 copies and abstract, with 3-9 key 11,ords. Mss. accepted in English. Author information and reprints: No payment. Simultaneous submission is not permitted. Periodical holds exclusi,·e rights after acceptance. Copyright held by publication. Rtprints available at cost. Charge for additional printed pages. Query letter not necessary. Disposition of manuscript: Receipt of manuscript is acknowledged. Rejected manuscript is returned, criticized. Submit to: Dr. H. P. Von Hahn Stiftung Fii..i Experimentelle Alternsforschung Felix-Platter-Spital Ch-4055 Basel, Switzerland

RESOURCES FOR FEMINISI' RESEARCH/DOCUMENTATION SUR LA RECHERCHE FEMINISl'E (2604] formerly the Canadian Newsletter of Research on Women Sociology Department Ontario Institute for Studies in Education 252 Bloor Street West Toronto, M5S 1V6, Canada (416) 923-6641, ext. 278 SUBSCRIPTION DAT A

First published in May l 972. Issues and rates: Published 4 times per year. Annual rate(s): S l 5.00, U.S. $18.00, Institutions $25.00. EDITORIAL DESCRIPTION

Strives to improve communication among people doing research in women's studies; publishes information on the status of women in institutions and countries; provides for exchange of ideas about courses on sex roles or women. Re$ul~r sections on research reports, penod1cals, book reviews, bibliographies, abstracts, etc. Audience: Research oriented MANUSCRIPT lNFORMA TION

Subject lield(s): Only book reviews bibliographic review essays, and ' bibliographies arc accepted from outside sources. Balance of material is solicited. Books must have been published since l 975, both internationally and Canadian (excluding U.S.), dealing with sex roles or about women. Manuscript requi..:.nents: No spc:ific style guid~. See latest issue for style requirements. Preferred length maximum of 5 double-spaced pages. Submit 1 copy. Abstract not necessary. Author information and reprints: No payment. Simultaneous submission is permitted. Periodical does not hold exclusive rights after acceptance. Co~yright held by publication. Reprints available at cost. Query letter is necessary. Disposition of manuscript: Receipt acknowledged. Decision in 1 month. Published 3-6 months after acceptance. Rejected manuscript is not returned. Submit to: Carol Zavitz, Mary O'Brien, Editors

Truth for Authority: j ournal Articles

59

It may be useful to consult less focused directories of pe riodicals. Writers Market is one of the many books found in public libraries' reference collections directed at "worlcing writers," who usually write magazin e articles and novels. A compari son of the treatment of Signs or another journal in your fie ld in each tool you conside r can be helpful. The 1986 Writers Market collection of "wome n's magazines" does not list Signs amo ng \vriters' market periodicals. MIMP: 1 \1agazine Industry Market Place is an annual compil ation supportive of free-lance publishing in pe riodicals which are magazines, that is, selling to the m . It does, however include some journals, and has more potential utility he re than Writers Market publications, including information related to the author's approach to the journal. MIMP does not indicate whether the pe riodical is indexed by a ny standard abstracting tools; it sometimes indicates whe ther the magazine accepts unsolicited articles and lengths of articles which are sought. Another MIA1P feature is a section listing publishe rs of multiple pe riodicals, v1hich identifies all or many of the journal titles publishe d by each consortium, conglome rate , multiple publishe r, university press,. or umbrella liste d. Th e Standard Periodicals Directory c lai1ns to b e th e la rgest authoritative guide to United States and Canadian periodicals; it is "the" pe riodical directory in man y libraries' reference collections. The 1985-1986 edition provides information on more than 65,000 periodicals, organized into subject and othe r categories, one of which is ne\vspapers. Women's Inte rests includes Signs journal and refe rs to it as "a wome n's studies magazine." The Gale Directory of Publications (formerly Ayers) also lists newspapers, magazines, journals, and related publications fo r the United States and Canada. A ,vay of ide ntifying and knowing more about periodicals which are likely to provide congenial placeme nts for fe minists' contributions is the quarterly curre nt conte nts serial, Feminist Periodicals: A Current Listing of Contents. 36 Table of contents pages from current issues of major Englishlang uage feminist journals from throughout the world are reproduced, preceded by a comprehensive annotated listing of all journals. While not all curre ntl y published fe minist periodicals are scholarly journals, the user can get so much up-to-date information about each journal in addi tion to its curre nt issues that Feminist Periodicals also provides directory-like support. The annotated li sting provide d for each journal includes: year of first publication; freque ncy of publication; United States subscription prices; subscription address; curre nt editor; editorial address; ISSN; locations where the journal is he ld in the University of Wisconsin syste m; tools in Figures 2:2A (opposite, left) and 2:2B (opposite, right). Directory of Publishing Opportunities in Journals and Periodicals, 5th Edition

,

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Getting Published in Women's Studies

which the journal is indexed; and a subject focus/statement of purpose of the journal. Feminist Periodicals can also provide the professionally young scholar new to research writing and getting published with an idea of current disciplinary concerns, ways to construct titles, and topics which are receiving thematic or special issue concentrations.

Summary of Some of the Advantages and Disadvantages Generally Associated with Submission of Unsolicited Articles to Refereed/Nonrefereed Journals Refereed Journal Disadvantages

Advantages

Author risks use or discussion of article ,vith others, more so than v.,jth submission to a non-refereed journal. Re fe rees may revie,v for more than one journal in author's fi eld; anothe r journal ,night send re je cted arti cle to the same rev1e,ver. Process takes longer. Refe rees do not know identity of author. Editor screens out submissions (decides) first anyway, i.e. not all articles are re ferred to reviewers. Editor screens which re ferees, as ,veil as whether to refer the article.

Referees do not know identity of author.

"Expert" referees. Prestige. Advi ce, assistance, feedback generally associate d with refe reed journals. Possibility of e ncouragement to revise and resubmit even if article is rejected.

Nonrefereed Journal Disadvantages Editor knows ide ntity of author.

Advantages Process may not be as long; faster decisions possible. Editor knows ide ntity of author. Editor will read or scan manuscript.

Truth for Authority: Journal Articles

Judgment of only the editor or editorial board possible. Usually not as prestigio us. Normall y no advice, assistance, feedback.

61

Ide ntity of members of the editorial board may be known.

Take your me nu of journal titles to the shelving area for c urre nt and recent periodicals in a university library. (Major public libraries may have some of the m.) Examine the curre nt or most recent available issue of each of your journals. University libraries usually shelve pe riodicals in three zones, with the current issue on racks (or kept at the desk) or on open shelves in a browsing area. Recent issues may be in a nearby stacks section, alphabetically arranged by titles. "Recent" may mean up to a year or l\,vo, depe nding on the frequency of the pe riodical itself, e.g. weekly, monthly, quarterly (many journals), semiannual, and even annual, as well as irregular or "occasional." And ultimately, bound, numbe red volumes of back issues are usually in the library stacks arranged by classification call number, and possibly on mic rofiltn . Today you need the "current," i. e. the most recent received by and available in the library, or most recent available issues of each of the titles on your list of journals. At some point in thi s process it may be useful to invest a day's trip to a large university campus \vhich has numerous subject-specialized libraries and librarians. Before you go, check the schedule as well as ,vhe n the subject-specialist reference or coHection developme nt librarian \viii be on duty for a consultation. After you have take n your list of approximately twelve journals to the library shelves and examined the curre nt issues to confirm and complete the information you have assembled, re read the recent issues of periodicals to which you submit manuscripts. If necessary, send for au thor's instructions. Select "one best" journal in te rms of your article's contents and the journal's re putation scope, subject matte r and audience.

• • • " ... most people, no doubt, -.vhe n they espouse human righ ts, make the ir own me ntal reservations about the prope r application of the ,vord 'human' .. . " Suzan ne LaFollette (1889- 1983). United States. Concerning Women, 1926. Arno 1972 reprint.

Many journals have prepared procedures for submitting articles and pe rhaps book reviews and othe r types of su bmissions. Instructions to prospective authors usually appear in the preliminary pages of each journal issue, at the e nd of th e issue, once in each volume (which gene rally e ncompasses a year), are avai lable from the editorial office upon request, or are nonexiste nt ... suggesting perhaps that un solicited contributions are not actively sought. Also note whether the names of the editorial board are pro-

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Getting Published in Women's Studies

vided. They may review articles, or evaluate in a preliminary screening, or participate in a final decision. For your own edification, note whether the make up of this judgmental group is representative of the demographics of the readership or association membership. The time may come when you will have the opportunity to contribute to this type of professional endeavor. After you have obtained professional reaction to the content and organization of your paper by having a colleague go over it, and perhaps sharing it at a conference or other presentation, and after you have judiciously applied suggestions you receive, it is ready to prepare for submission to The Right Journal. Your article should be organized according to the protocol of your field or discipline and the type of article it is, and it should be prepared according to the require me nts of the journal to which you submit. The possibility of seeking counsel regarding ,vhat you have in mind or have written from a journal editor before you submit the article is suggested by some, but I do not commend this, mainly because I do not think it will be forth coming. Article formats vary according to the field and article type, but there are organizational aspects which they have in co1nmon. Make sure that you can describe your article's major point or focus, and that it is of particular interest to the journal's readership. This " 'ill involve provision of several "sub"-points. Break the article's organization down into an outline whose parts you me ntally labe l. Incorporate in your article's title all the keywords relate d to its re trie"a] whe n using standard and on-line tools. Consider an attractive, but not cute, relatively short preliminary title, plus a subtitle which is more descriptive and probably longe r. For example , "Two Martinis and a Rested Woman: 'Liberation' in the Sunday Comics" by Linda Mooney and Sarah Brabant (Sex Roles; A Journal of Research 17 [October 1987]:409-20), "Amazons, Hermaphrodites, and Plain Monsters: The 'Masculine' Women in English Satire and Social Criticism from 1580- 1650" by Susan C. Shapiro [Atlantis: A Women's Studies Journal/Joum.al dEtudes sur la Femme 13 [fall 1987):66-77), and "The Gender/Science System: Or Is Sex to Gender as Nature Is to Science?" by Evelyn F ox Kelle r (Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 2 [fall 1987]: 37-50.) An abstract is a brief summary that gives the essential points of an artic le, dissertation, book, e tc . It is not, or it should not be, evaluative or critical. Prepare it after you have completed the article. The overall theme, together with one or two subpoints, should be identified in it. Many computerized abstracting tools input journal article titles' and abstracts' keywords. Some professional journals are no longer reproducing the author's abstract at the heading of the article. Instead, they provide a stateme nt from the editor summarizing the article and perhaps how it came about, e .g. the Journal of the National Association for Women Deans, Ad-

Troth for Authority: Journal Articles

63

ministrators and Counselors. Science journals continue to provide abstracts at the heading of the first page of the published journal article. To prepare an abstract of your submission, determine the maximum number of words or lines the journal requires or permits. The maximum length will usually be indicated in terms of the number of words-one hundred fifty or so. If there is no indication, do not exceed one page. Spell out acronyms. State purpose, method, results, conclusions. Do not cite others' titles unless your study is a replication or evaluation of another's work. Do not include information that is not contained in the articles, or it will not be an abstract. Keep in mind that the abstract's main purpose is to serve a busy readership. Scan a copy of your article. Tentatively delete all descriptive words and elaborative phrases and sentences. Extract from the remaining phrases what you need in order to summarize the essence of the article. A topical sentence should state what \Vas found. Follow with some details; place general statements, if any, at the end. Differentiate between hypothesis and experiment. Use short but complete (not cryptic) sentences. The abstract provides a condensed version of the article's content, without comment or evaluation, and it should rely on the words in the article. An annotation is not an abstract. Strictly speaking, an abstract of a publication does not use such annotative or descriptive phrases as "the author points out" or "the article consists of." It is not easy to prepare a functional abstract. It should serve someone in communicating whether the article which follows will be relevant to her or his needs and should be read in its entirety. Or, when using an abstracting service, whether the journal issue containing the article should be retrieved from the library's collection so it can be read in its entirety. You are providing prospective readers of the article (and frequently users of secondary services such as the abstracting tools which adopt the author's abstract) with the essence of the document. It should contain no added interpretation or criticism or words, and it should not be possible to determine who the abstract preparer is by reading the abstract. The abstract will appear after the title and just before the beginning of the article when it is published in the journal issue. It may also be used by abstracting tools which index that journal, such as those listed at the conclusion of the Ulrich's entry for that journal. You may have noticed in abstracting tools attribution credit to the abstractor is by means of initials in p arentheses at the end of the abstract. Sample abstracts appear in Chapter Four. The introduction to the article should lead the reader easily into the central points in the body. Make clear early in the article that your purpose is a new approach to this topic or a significant contribution to it. A review of the literature for this purpose is not a conventional exh austive survey nor a list of landmark titles such as a guide to the literature of your field usually provides. Mention titles which pertain to this article's genesis and to its

64

Getting Published in Women's Studies

main points in the context of the background or takeoff point which the literature review can provide. You might need to document little or inadequate previous work or to refer to publications with which you 'disagree. This review of pertinent literature does not consist of a bibliography, although the titles to \vhich you refer should be provided with full bibliographic citations. Utilize your review of the pertinent literature to enable you to present the body of your article, findings, and conclusions. In the body of the article, describe your method if it is a report of a study or experiment. Your analysis should be a clear, convincing argument. It may be an analysis of findings, observations, or contentions, depending on the discipline and type of article. Demonstrate that this topic is worth investigating, your research is sound, you have considered and are aware of all relevant sources and points of viev.,, and that this is s01nething new. Make clear that it is a contribution to the field. Put it all together so that your arti cle does not exceed the length require,nents of the journal and confonns to the journal's instructions. Apply the style manual the journal requires authors to use or which is discipline appropriate. Many journals no longer specify style manuals, and simply commend systematic reference to a single, appropriate style guide. The manuscript should follow the journal's format guidelines closely. If there are none: • Adj ust the length to that of the typical article currently published in the journal, or perhaps t\venty manuscript pages. • Use wide margins. • Type doublespace using 12 pitch type (12 strokes to the inch). • Use subheadings generously. • Prepare a cover sheet on a separate piece of paper, with your name, article title, date, address, and affi liation. If there is more than one author, determine v1ho is the primary author and place that name first. • On the first page of the article itself, put "Page 1 of[#]" at the top, and proceed to number in one sequence all pages. • Proofread carefull y, including at least once after several days have elapsed. • All numbered notes and references should follow the article-Le., no footnotes at the botto,n of pages. • Avoid appendices; you might summarize a unique-but-lengthy, very relevant questionnaire within the article. In the absence of other instructions, your package should consist of: • A one-page transmittal letter, on a letterhead if possible, in which you include your telephone numbers and mailing address and convey any information which could enhance the possibility of publication and clarify any

Truth for Authority: Journal Articles

• • •

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65

pertine nt matte rs, e.g. that the research was done while abroad, a grant was associated with it, status of authorship whe n more than one name is listed , e tc. The writer should be the primary author. D o not refer to "joint authorship." Two copies of the article. Some journals require the original and copies. An abstract no more than one page in le ngth. Author biography no more than one page in length on a separate page \Vhich foc uses on your credentials for researching or reporting on the material in your article. A self-addressed stamped post card. Some journals require a stamped self-addressed e nvelope in which to return the manuscript. If you mail overseas, e nclose Inte rnational Reply Coupons, ,vhich you purchase at the post office.

Mail your package first class in a flat e nvelope so that the pages are not folded. Spending ,noney on a re turn receipt from the post office is unproductive. I advise against sending it to the editor at he r or his residence. Some getting-published books suggest delivering it pe rsona1l y. Put in on your cale ndar. If you have not received acknowledgme nt of receipt within four weeks, write or telephone to inquire. Keep a copy of the manuscript you submit, and 1naintain anothe r copy on which you ,nake notes and apply minor revisions in th e long inte ri1n. Th e journal n1ay assign your manuscript a numbe r and record the dates it \Vas received and a decision reached . It may or ,nay not have a policy or goal regarding the amoun t of tune which can elapse until the author is informed. You should be prepared to wait from three to six 1nonths, and much longer is quite possible. Some journals now provide the sequence of dates with the published article. For example, Basow and Silbe rg presented their research on stude nt evaluations of college professors in March 1985 at an association meeting. Later they sub,nitted a pape r on \vhich the publishing journal suggested some revisions. The sequence appears in the Journal of Educational Psychology September 1987 issue, in which the article ,vas published: [Research p resented at Association meeting Manuscript received by Journal Revisions received by journal Article accepted by j ournal Article published in issue dated [Issue de livered

l\ilarch 1985] July 1986 February 1987 March 1987 Septen1ber 198737 Octobe r 1987]

If you have not received a decision or reaction beyond acknov,,Iedgme nt afte r six months, do not tell yourself No Answer ,neans No. Write and inquire about its status. As a matter of routine or pride. it appear s that most

,

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Getting Published in Women's Studies

journals will expect you to make some changes in your article, particularly if you are unpublished. Many authors do so from need, weariness, or habit. Relatively new, less prestigious, or regional journals may need articles. Your article's topic may happen to fit well into a journal's publishing plan or to touch 0 11 a subject which is sought for some other reason. A journal may even be looking for representative topics and authors. Think positive, but after six months, begin your preparations so you will be ready to se nd the article to the next journal on your list. Do not send it to another journal until the first has actually rejected it, preferably in writing. If the editor tells you the bad news by phone or at a meeting, request that the conversation be foil owed up by le tter and that some suggestions be provided . Be tter still, request copies of all of the revie\vers' comments. If, however, the editor suggests revisions and the possibility of resubmission (and you are willing to apply the suggested require ments), respond immediately that you will do so, and immediately get to work on the revision. The journal editor and referees may realize the te mptation to attempt to place the article elsev.rhere during their lengthy inte rim , and they \vill definitely be miffed if you return to them later as a last resort. When your article is accepted and until it appears, list it on your publications li st or resu1ne unde r "ln Press." The journal 1nay send you galleys to proofread, in which case, give your pe rsonal atte ntion to the m immediatel y. But suppose your article is rejected. It is important that you unde rstand the crite ria for evaluating journal articles and recognize the pote ntial problems for ,vomen . Presumably journals are concerned with conte nt, readability, and impact or relevance. Presumably the double blind refereeing process has provided the author ,vith several expert critiques and suggestions, opportunity to revise and perhaps even encouragement and guidance by subject specialists who do not know the author nor her or his characteristics. If you have not received statements of referees, write and ask how many reviewers conside red it and request copies of all of their comments. Editors may assume that you will not do so, but that if you do, you will accept the standard nonspecific reasons, which include backlog, recent issues having had information or articles on this subject or "covered it," or no reason . Editors are evasive about how many persons reviewed an article because copies of all their reviews are less likely to sustain a completely negative response, one that does not provide any e ncourage ment nor e ncourage the writer to apply a reviewer's suggestions or to resubmit. Some journals now simply report that they have decided not to accept "if' for publication, and that "comme nts from refe rees are available to you upon request." Se rious comments should be seriously conside red .

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Notes l. Ulrich 's International Periodicals Directory, 26th edition, 1987-1988. ew York: Bo,vke r, 1987. p. vi. 2. [Ulrich 's International Periodicals Directory,] Irregular Serials and Annuals, 13th edition, 1987-1988. Ne,v York: Bo-.vker, 198 7. p. vi. 3. Gale Directory of Publications, 12th e dition, Volume 2. Detroit, Michigan: Gale Research, 1988. p. viii. 4. Katz, vVillia,n . Introduction to Reference \.Vork, 5th editior! , Volu,ne 1: Basic Irifonnation Sources. Ne-.v York: McGrav;-H ill, 1987. p. 31. 5 . Maste rs, vVilliam, Virginia Johnson, and Robert Kolodny. Crisis: Het erosexual Behavior in the Age of AIDS. Nev.r York: Grove, 1988. "Sex in the Age of AIDS" (excerpt) Newsweek Ill (March 14, 1988). Special Report begins on p. 42. 6. Directory of Wo,nen's ~1edia . Edited hy Martha Leslie Allen. Washing ton, D.C.: The \,\!omen's Institute for Freedo,n of the Press, 1988. The Institute is located at 3306 Ross Place, N.vV., Washington, D.C . 20008. Also listed are publishe rs, news services, columns, radjo and television g roups and programs, video and cable, filtn and ,vrite rs' groups, editorial an d public relations people, speakers' bureaus, distributors, media o rganizations, bookstores, and majl order sou rces throughout the ,vorld. 7. "One in ten of New Er1pJa11d Journal of 1\fedicine n1anuscripts are [sic) published ." Dr. Arnold S. Re ltnan, Editor. May -l, 1988, "~lacNeil-Lehrer Ne,vs Report," a PBS broadcast. 8. Katz, Willian1 . i ntroduction to Reference \.Vork, 5th edition. Volu,ne 1: Basic Jnforr11ation Sources. Ne-.v York: McGra\.v, 1987. p. 31. 9. Astin, He len S., and Diane E. Davis. "Research Productivity Across the Life and Caree r Cycles: Facilitators and Barriers for Women." In Scholarly \¥riti11g & Publishing: Issues, Proble,ns and Solutions, pp. 14 7-60. Edited by tvlary Frank Fox. Boulder, Colorado: \ ,\Iestvie\.v, 1985. 10. Katz, Bill. "Publishing, Serials." The ALA Yearbook of Library & Information Services: A Review of Library £i;ents, 1986, Volume 12, pp. 25-l-56. Chi cago, Illinois: Ame rican Library Association, 1987. p. 256. 11. Rush, Ra1nona R., Carol E. Oukrop, and Sandra vV. Ernet. ,\Jore Than You Ever Wanted to Know About Women and Journalism Educatio11. Paper presented before the Division of Minori ties and Communications at the convention of the Association for Education in Journalism, Carbondale, Ill inois, August 1972. Re fere nced by Nancy W . Sharp e t al. Faculty \¥0111en in Journalis1n and J\'l ass Com1nunications: Proble111s and Progress. Syracuse, Ne,v York : Gannett Fou ndation, 1985. pp. 29-30. 12, 13, 14. Sharp, Nancy W., e t aJ . Faculty Women in j ournalism and Alass Com1nunications: Proble,ns and Progress. Syracuse, New York : Gan ne tt Fou ndation, 1985 . p. 30, p . 31., p. 34. 15. Blum , D eb ra E . "Black Woman Scholar [Sondra A. O'Neal] at E,nory University Loses 3-Year Battle to O verturn Tenure Denial, But Vo,vs to Fight On." Chronicle of Higher Education 34 (June 22, 1988): Al5- A16. 16. International Congress o n Peer Review in Bion1edical Publication , C hicago, Illinois, Mav 10-12, 1988. Corresponde nce fro,n the American l\1edical Association, 535 North ·Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60610. 17. Lloyd , James E. "Selling Scholarship Do,vn the River: The Pernic ious Aspects of Peer Revie,v." Chronicle of Higher Education 30 (June 26, 1985): 6-L

68

Getting Publishe d in Won1en's Studies

18. Ceci, Stephen J. , and Douglas P. Peters. "Lette rs of Reference: A Naturalistic Study of the Effects of Confide ntiality." A ,nerican Psychologist 39 (January 1984):29-31. Four years late r, University of Chicago Press Social Service Revieu; editor John R. Schue rman's declaration that "these days, deception in social research is almost universally conde1nned" was quoted by the Chronicle of Higher Education in its reportage that begins, "The editors and reviewers of a nu1nber of journals in social ,vork and related fi elds have been stung." Reference is made to Schue rman's "rejecting the paper and offering he r a chance to respond to the charge of plagiarisn1 ." My requests of both Chronicle of Higher Education and Social Service Review editors for furthe r inform ation, sharing of the e mbarrassing "multiple subrnissions." or fonvarding rny request ,vere not answered . (34 [February 3, 1988]: A4). "1-le r" ide ntity re mained unkno,vn until tbe Chronicle of 1-figher Education re porte d that \Villiarn B. Epste in had submitted the "bogus article" to journals as part of a study of review procedures. (35 [November 2, 1988]: Al, A7). "Selling Scholarship Down the River: The Pe rnicious Aspects of Peer Revie\v." Chronicle of 1-figher Education 30 (June 26, 1985): 64. 20. Lloyd refers to David F. Horrobin's "Peer Review -A Philosophically Faulty Concept \Vhich ls Proving Disastrous For Scie nce." Behal./ioral arid Brain Sciences 5 (1982): 21 7-218. 2 L. Arn1s trong, Jon. "Barriers to Scientific- Contributors- The Author's Formula." Beha vioral and Brain Sciences 5 (1982): 197-99. 22. Lloyd, Jarnes E. "Selling Scholarship Do\vn the River: The Pernicious Aspects of Peer Revie,v." Chronicle of Higher Education 30 (June 26, 1985): 64. 23. Stieg, Margaret F . "Refereeing the Editorial Process: The A1nericar1 His torical Revie1,e and Webb." Scholarly Publishing 14 (February 1983): 99- 122. 2-1. Guidelines fo r Authors, Editors and Publishers of Literature in the Library and lnfo n nation Field. Adopted hy ALA Council , 1983. Prepared by the ALA Library Jnfonnation Lite rature l\1e1nbe rship Initiative Group. 5 pp. 25. Stanton, Do111na C. "\,Vhat's Jn A Na1ne? The Case for Author-Anonymous Reviewing Polic ies." In \.\1ome11 in Print, Vol,nne II: Opportunities for Wo1nen 's Studies Publication in Language and Literature, pp. 65-78. Edited by Joan E. Hartrnan and Elle n Messer-Oavidow. Ne,v York: Mode rn Language Association of A1ne rica, 1982. 26. Luey, Be th . A Handbook f or Academ ic Authors. "Journal Articles,"· pp. 7-22. Ne,v York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. 27. Whe n both v,rorke d full-tirne year-round, the average American ,voman earned 64¢ for every dollar received by the average American ,nan in 1984. ("20 Facts on \Vome n \:Vorkers." Fact Sheet No. 86-1, U.S. Departinent of Labor, Wo1nen's Bureau, 1986.] Despite increases in wonlen's labor force participation, education, or experie nce levels, the \vage gap actually \videned between 1955 (\vhen \Von1en averaged 6.5 percent of me n's earnings) and 1981 (whe n women averaged o nly 59 pe rcent). At 63.5 percent in 1983, the wage gap \Vas wide r than it had been thirty years earlier . "If women were paid the sa1ne ,vages that me n of similar qualifications earn , about half the families no-w living in poverty [in the United States] would not be poor." Uune l, 1988, cornmunication from the Wome n's Economic Agenda Project, 518 17th Street, #200, Oakland, CA 94612. pp. 1, 2.] 28. In March 1985, 79 percent of worne n 25-64 years of age with four or more years of college ,vere in the labor force, whereas only 44 perce nt of women with less than four years of high school were labor force participants. (Fact Sheet 86-1.] Data comparing e ducational attainme nt and monthly income of women and men as of spring 1984 sho,ved an average monthly income of women of $734.00 and of

Truth for Authority: j ournal Articles

69

me n $1,620.00; 0.2 percent of the adult won1en surveyed held the doctorate, hut insufficie nt d ata exist to detenn ine the ir ,nonthl y inconle. Monthl y income of the 1nen doctorates (9.7 pe rcent) ,vas $3,667.00. \iVomen holding the ,naster's degree (3.0 percent) earned $1,645.00 ,vhile master's degree ,nales (3.8 pe rcent) had monthly incomes of $2,843 .00. ["Educational Attainme nt and Month lv Income." Chronicle of Higher Education 34 (October 14, 1987):A36.] ' 29. College and university athletic directors showed a 53.4 percent differential favoring males' rnedian salaries in 1985-1986; library service d irectors, 25.8 pe rcent; library and infonnation sciences deans, 15.6 percent; food services directors, 34.3 pe rcent; stude nt he~tlth services directors ,vho are physicians, 18 percent; develop1nent and alu1nni affairs directors, 30.4 percent; and social ,vork deans, 19.7 percent diffe re ntials favoring males in each case. [College and University Personne l Association's 1985-1986 Administration Compe nsation Survey.] 30. Chronicle of Higher Education 33 (January 14, 1987). 31. "Information for Authors" announcement of Psychology of \.Vo,nen Quarterly, undated. 32. "Instructions for Authors" announceme nt of H,nvorth Press: \,\/0111e11 & Politics, undate d. 33. Turne r, Judith Axler. "U.S. Research Libraries Search for Ways to Co1nbat Spiraling Subscription Costs of Scholarl y Journals." Cli.ro11icle of Higher Education 34 (June 8, 1988): A4, A6. 34. MIMP: ~1aga::,ine lnc/u:,try 1\,larkel Place 1986. ''Publishe rs of ~-1ultiple Periodicals" section. 35. Chronicle of 1-figher Education 34 (J anuary 13, 1988): A4. 36. Fe1ninist Periodicals: A Current Listing of Contents. Madison, Wisconsin: Office of the \iVon1e n's Studies Librarian-at-Large, Un iversity of Wisconsiu Syste n1, 198137. Baso,v, Susan, and Nancy T . Silbe r. "Student Evaluations of College Professors: Are Fe1nale and Male Professors Rated Diffe re ntl y?" Journal of Educational Psychology 79 (September 1987): 308-14.

Bibliography In addition to 1nanv of the titles cited in the Notes, the follo·.ving publications and 1ne ntioned tools ·withi11 the Resources section should be consulted. Arnold, June. "Fe1ninist Presses and Fe minist Politics." Quest: A Fe,ninist Quarterly 3 (1976): 18-26. Bridge\vate r, Carol A., e t al. "Pre tenure and Postte nure Productivity Tre nds of Acad emic Psychologists." A,nerican Psychologist 37 (February 1982): 236- 38. Bunch, Carol A., et al. "Fe minist Journals: Writing for a Fe1ninist Future." In Wonien in Print, Voh11ne II: ()pportunities for Wom en's Studies Publication in Language and Literature, pp. 139-52. Edited by Joan E . H artJnan and Ellen ~fesser-Davidow. New York : Modern Language Association of An1erica, 1982. Casewit, Curtis W . Freelance \,Vriting: Advice from the Pros, New Rev. Edition. New York: Collie r, 1985. Cole, Jonathan R., and Harriet Zucke nnan. "The Productivity Puzzle: Persistence and Change in Patterns of Publication of ~len and \,\!omen Scie ntists." In \,\/omen in Science. Volum e 2: Advances in !Vlotivation and Achievement. Edited by ~larjorie W . Steinka1np and Martin L. Maehr. Cree11\vich, Connecticut: JAi, 1984.

70

Getting Published in Women's Studies

According to sociologist Cole in his Fair Science: Wonien in the Scientific Community (New York: Free Press, 1979), "The measurable amount of sex-based discrimination against wome n scie ntists is small. The data do not require that we modify prior conclusions that the scientific stratification system is basically universalistic." Karen Oppe hheim Mason found the data did not support Cole's conclusion. (Mason's book review appeared in Science 208 [April 18, 1980): 277-78.) Late r, Cole summarized his empirical studies (American Scientist 69 Uuly-August 1981): 385- 91), saying that the re is "significant gender-based discrimination in the promotion of female scientists to tenure and high academic rank." Although wome n scientists have as high intelJigence quotients as their male colleagues do, the \vomen publish less than the 1ne n. One reason for this, Cole says, may be that "many women continue to be excluded from the very activities that allow for full participation and growth, or productivity ... the infor1nal activities of scie nce - the heated disc ussions and debates in the laboratory, inclusion in the inne r core of the invisible colleges, full participation in the social networks \vhere scientists air ideas and gene rate new ones." Ferguson, Marjorie. Forever Fe,ninine: \.Vomen's f\!lagazines and the Cult of Femininity. London: Heine1nann, 1983. Forscher, Bernard K. "The Role of the Refe ree." Scholarly Publishing 11 (January 1980): 16.5-69. Harman, Eleanor, and R.M. Schoeffel. "Our Reade rs Report." Scholarly Publishing 6 (July 1975): 333-34 0. Katz, tvfichael J. Ele1nents of the Scientific Paper. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1985. Kroenfeld, Je nnie J. "Publishing In Jour-nals." In Scholarly W riting & Publishing: Issues, Problenis and Solutions, pp. 17-32. Edited by Mary Frank Fox. Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1985. Maddox, Robe rt C. "'We Still Have Quite a Backlog of Articles."' Scholarly Publishing 6 (January 1975): 127- 35. Pe naskovic, Richard . "Facing Up to the Publication Gu n." Scholarly Publishing 16 (January 1985): 136-40. Reitt, Barbara B. "An Acaden1ic Author's Checklist." Scholarly Publishing 16 (October 1984): 65- 72. Sachs, Harley L. "The Publication Require me nt Should Not Be Based Solely on 'Refereed' Journals." Chronicle of Higher Education 35 (October 19, 1988): 82. Seal, Marjorie. "The Page Charge ." Scholarly Publishing 3 (October 1971): 62-69. Wheeler, Hele n R. "A Feminist Researcher's Guide to Periodical Indexes, Abstracting Services, Citation Indexes, and Online Databases." Collection Building: Studies .. . 5 (\ Vinter 1983/1984): 3- 24. Also, 1988 edition. Whitsitt, Julia. "From Observed Courtesies to Glib Unconcern: 35 Years of Scholarly Writing, MLA Style." Ch ronicle of Higher Education 32 (March 5, 1986): 104. \,Voolf, Patricia K. '" Pressure to Publish' Is a Lame Excuse for Scie ntific Fraud." Chronicle of Higher Education 34 (Septembe r 23, 1987): A52.

Chapter Three

Sword Blades and Poppy Seed: The First Book Publication "All books are e ithe r dreams or S\VOrds. You can cut, or you can drug, \Vith ,vords." Amy Lo,vell (1874- 1925). American poet and critic. Sword Blades and Poppy Seed. Macmillan, 1914; reprinted by Haskell.

Unlike Mary D aly, Angela Davis, Betty Friedan, Cennaine Creer, Barbara Jordan, Kate Millett, Toni Morrison, Jehan Sadat, and othe rs whose reputations within and outside the acade my include good and best-selling book publications, you must take the initiative in getting a recognized publishe r's inte rest and a contract. Even before writi ng a book, the women just mentioned are able to expect much more of a publisher in contractual provisions and marketing guarantees than are other scholar-writers. Usually the unpublished author struggles me rely to get the manuscript of her first book e xamined by a faceless publishing house. Whe n she gets a contract, she may also have to conte nd with such te nure committee members' comments as "I never heard of ABC Press," and "not scholarly" when the book is published. Usually a first book is \vell unde r,vay when a contract for publication is signed by publishe r and author. If this is your first book publication, you will likely need to have a comple ted manuscript in hand, as they say, and to take initiative. The re is no law that requires you to peddle your manuscript, and you should aspire to being able, someday, to get a contract and an advance from a publishe r and then write the book! Returning to the present, you need to have a clear picture of what \.viii be in your book and to ,vhat marke t it is addressed, and to have completed the groundwork research. The re are fi ve steps to publication of this book:

• • • • •

Prepare your proposal package . Identify the right publishe r(s). Contact publishe rs and get a contract. Prepare the manuscript for publication . Follow-up during and after produc tion. 71

,

72

Getting Published in Wome n's Studies

The fact that books by relative unknowns are not usually afforded the attention and consideration given to books by scholars who have already establi shed their name and academic reputation is due to both low visibility of the author and the problems novice authors have with book publishing companies. 1 Professionally young scholars may be unaware of the many publishe rs in their field. They may rely on such hit-or-miss methods as roa1ning the exhibits area at conferences and conventions, whe re vendors and sales representatives operate. It is possible for a publisher with an impressive nu1nber of new books each year and a significant number of titles in print not to have instant name recognition and perhaps not to have a conference booth. It is not unacceptable to contact publishing house editorial and acquisitions editors at a confe rence to discuss a contract for publication of your manuscript on a subject in which they publish, especially if you are located at great distance fro1n publishers. It may be more productive to \Vrite to them beforehand to inquire about the possibility of an appointment during the confere nce, ,vhich communicates that you conside r the publisher's time and your book \VOrth making such arrangements. Do not expect a publishe r to read your manuscript during the confe rence, although you should bring along a copy you can spare. Your strategy he re is to sell the idea of publication of your book. You want a contract for a book which you have co1nple ted or ,vhich you will complete shortly. Before signing a contract ,vith you, the publishe r wi ll expect to see an outline and at least the first and last chapters, possibly all of the book, in manuscript form. If interest is aroused, you 1nay be encouraged to mail a proposal and what you have comple ted. Do this at once, with a cover lette r reminding her or him of your meeting at ABC Association conference and the encourage me nt you received. In a pape r inte nded to orient newcome rs, one faculty member has iden tified four types of pe rsonal and professional needs to be met at confe re nces and conventions: recognition, affiliation, audience, and power. In the "Fun and Games" section of he r article, Anderson lists Game #2, ''Know a Publisher," among social games she has observed being used to meet the need for affection and status. 2 He r suggestion that one visit the exhibits, as convention displays consisting largely of vendors' wares and salespeople are refe rred to, in orde r to "wangle an invitation to the company suite" does have some potential for getting published, however. It is not necessary to be in awe of a publisher or university press officer. The publishers portrayed in novels, motion pictures, and television - Shepherd "Shep" Henderson (Ja1nes Stewart) of John Van Dru te n's Bell, Book and Candle ... Gus LeRoy (Hal Holbrook) in Mary McCarthy's The Group ... and Sir Theodore Allen Mourne of Ernest Raymond's Gentle Greaves-tend to be fictional types, men of the past.

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The re are severa] fac ts about publishers of trade books, includi ng university presses, which you need to know in order to select the most appropriate ones to receive your proposal package and to structure the most judicious submission. Some of thi s information can be obtained from di rectories and a pub1isher's catalog or specia] list in your discipline, usuall y available at professiona] conferences. The publishe r may include individual persons on a mailing list, and you can request that your name be placed on it; the re may be a li st on which to sign up in the confe re nce exhibits booth . Some publishe rs rely on othe r channels to publicize their books and do not maintain rnailing 1ists. They may focus on selling n1ainly to libraries or other audiences and marke ts and utilize ,nailing lists which they purchase or struc ture based on such job-titles as United States and Canadian co1lege library acquisitions librarians or teache rs of English. One of th e bases on ,vhjch to select a publisher is titles of books pub1ished in the last few years. If you are unable to acquire a publishe r's curre nt catalog to examine, consult the Publishers' Trade List Annual in the library refe re nce department. The Literary Market Place lists many publishe rs and ,nost of their concentrations and specia1izations, but not book titles. The re are several aspects of a publisher's program v.,hich you need ideall y to con firm before you approach any publishe r. They include: • whether unsolicited proposals fo r book publication are conside red • the language (and nation) in \.vhich it publishes and distributes • the fun ction of the publishing house. It might be an outle t for a professional association (e.g. Mode rn Language Association of America); an indepe nde nt small press (e.g. Sou th End); a university press (e.g. Un iversity of California Press); a textbook publisher ,vhich is part of a conglome rate (e.g. C BI Publishing Company, a subsidiary of Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc., a division of the International Th omson Organisation); an independe nt fe minist press (e.g. Cleis Press); or n1ay have overlapping fun ctions. • its declared subject, professional, and oth er specialization s, e.g. history, education, physics, scholarly books, textbooks, bibliographies, professional books, translations, e tc. • its market(s), e.g. subject-specialized aurlie nces, bookstores, li braries, colleges, schools, professional people an d groups, e tc. • its reputation . . . its regard as prestigious, respectable, \.ve11 kno\.vn , acceptable, "the" publishe r in its and your field ... generally and on your campus • in addition to a pu blish able manuscript, anythi ng else that is expected of the author, such as a "subsidy" • the numbe r of book titles the publishe r is able to keep in print and the numbe r of book titles publi shed last year

74

Getting Published in Women's Studies

• characteristics of titles, subjects, and authors published recently • whether advances on the author's royalties are provided, and how often they are paid and accounting provided • their version of the "standard contract," and how it would be adapted to your book and you • whether they actively promote sales of books they publish, including advertising • when the press \vas founded • corporate and subsidiary relationships to other publishing entities, companies, and groups. You need a publisher ,:vhose name on your resume and dossier will be irrefutabl e (read any of the follo\ving: scholarly, respected, acceptable, major, recognized) in the judgment of the beholder. Discuss this with your colleagues. Search for publishers cornbining characteristics relevant to your book and your goals. For starters, compile a list of publishers which: • specialize and publish in your field, discipline, profession. Their records sho"v it, or they declare commitment to it. They publish books for specific educational levels, audiences, or readers, and they publish for1nats appropriate to your book, e.g. instructional materials, reference books, textbooks, translations, bibliographies. • publish in English (or your language) for distribution in English- (or other- ) speaking and reading nations and populations • seriously consider un solicited proposals and submissions. Their records sho,v that th ey are not restricted to inhouse staff or commissioned ,vriters. They have taken chances and have published unknown authors and "first books." They are not dependent on blockbusters. • promote th eir authors' books. They advertise. You may find that you have to relinquish thi s criterion first. Do not eschew publishers because they are unkno\vn to you or because they appear to be small. Ma11y publishing entities which do not have name or size recognition are sturdy, reputable parts of the marketplace, not ahvays part of a conglomerate structure. Types of publishers of books include: • sn1all presses, often associated in the past with "fine books"; today they are often regional or alternative presses. Most of the thousands of United States book publishers are very small. • alternative presses, usually committed to ecology, social responsibility, humanism , and worthy causes, currently include several formerly "feminist" publishers • feminist presses, a term not necessarily equivalent to women's studies

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lines, wome n's books (books for wome n), or wome n's reading (reading for women) • scholarly presses, perhaps overlapping "unive rsity presses" • university presses, oft en combining the qualities of academe and trade publishing. Many publish '\vome n's stud ies" books in traditional disciplines, although " ... they cou ld become more daring by seeking out books that are interdisciplinary and those that are more openly critical of prevailing modes of thought. Some of th e most exciting books in the latter category are fem inist critiques of scie nce."3 • gene ral trade publishers. Trade books have traditionaJly been hardcover books aimed at general audiences and sold through normal trade outlets. Many trade books appeal to special audiences as consume rs rathe r than professionals. So ,nany special-interest works are published and sold to both general and special audie nces that the te nn "trade book" has come to mean a book that carries a trade or long discount to bookselle rs and jobbers. The re are now also paperbound trade books. A useful family of refe rence books published by the R.R. Bov1ker Company consists of Books in Print and Publishers' Trade List Annual. Books in Print (BIP) is an annual listing of c urrently avail able, regardless of \.vhen published, English-language books. It has separate author, title. and subject (using Library of Congress subject-headings) access volumes. Publishers' Trade List Annual (PTLA) consists of the conten ts of man y publi she rs' catalogs which have been reprinted and alphabetically bound togethe r. Note also the separate, small collection of smaJI publishe rs' catalogs togethe r at the beginning of the first PTLA volume. Books which are out of print (OP) are no longer available on the open market, mainly because the publishe rs have ceased making furthe r p ri ntings. It is often possible to purchase a nev,, copy of a book which has recently become OP, even though the book is no longer listed in the current BIP, because the re may be supplies in vendors', jobbers', an d wholesale rs' warehouses. In order to have its books included in the curre nt BIP, a publishing house must publish at least three titles \.Vithin a year (university presses and publishers of dictionaries, e ncyclopedias, atlases, and braille books are excepted), and the books must be available to the trade and for single cop y purchase; imported books must have a sole U.S. distributor. The 1987-1988 BIP lists approxim ately 750,619 titles available from 22,500 United States (including Puerto Rico, Guam , and U.S. Virgin Islands) publishe rs. 4 Most nations have comparable books-in-print tools, e.g. British Books in Print, Libras en Venta . .. , e tc. !Vtany book ti tles are never retail ed in bookstore outlets, although your bookstore may be \.vill ing to specialorde r a copy of an in -prin t book you request.

76

Getting Published in Wome n's Studies

The vision of a bookstore display of books in colorful dustjacke ts and the expectation of almost any book being obtainable at any bookstore located within five minutes of campus are unrealistic. Some pe~ple will tend to judge your book based on their opinion of the publishe r; some of the m rnay also be the judges of your academic crede ntials. The only objection expressed in \.Vriting to Sharon Lede r's scholarship when she challe nged he r denial of te nure was that Green\.vood Press was "a nonscholarly press" and that he r book \.Vould have to be published and receive "positive reviews in responsible journals." After she rne t the original criteria and had been offered a publisher's contract, the board insisted that she meet new crite ria. ·rhe book? The Language of Exclusion: The Poetry of E1nily Dickinson. and Christina Rossetti. 5 Sorne worne n scholars charge that, ultimately, evaluations of women's scholarly "vork-such as the criticism of Nancy Sha\\' S research as journalistic-are not true evaluations but an autornatic response to what is seen as a com1nitment to a cause. 6 The ranking of book publishers has been conside red by Arnold, and much of what she concludes also applies to journal publishing: A femini st ,night have a 1nanuscript that is actively sought after by a prestigious acade1nic publishe r, but wish to place it ,vith a fe1ninist press. In this case, she may find that while the man uscript would be an i1npressive ite1n on her publication record vJith an acade mic publisher, it would well be "discounted" with a fe minist publisher. 7

\iVhile it is not possible to guarantee which publishers \.viii be deemed scholarly by your departin ent, revie \v board, or chancellor, it is some tim es possible to infer the names of acceptable publishers by checking book titles revie\.ved positively by acade micians in periodicals such as Choice, the Association of College and Research Libraries' conservative revie\.v journal, ,..vhich ide ntifies revie\vers' names and their affiliations in acade1ne. The publishing industry is going through change attributed variously to production costs (said to represent 25 percent of sales), computers, conglom erates, and competition. In 1986 Bertels1nann, a German publishe r, became a giant of world publishing \.vhe n it acquired Doubleday for a reported $475 million. Sirnon and Schuster and its pare nt company, Gulf + Weste rn , re mained the biggest Un ited States book publishe r, with revenues of more than $920 million for the year e nding July 31, 1986. 8 Distributors, vvholesalers, vendors, and bookselle rs are parts of the mass 1nedia experie ncing pressure for change, which ultirnately influe nces

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authors, reade rs, scholarship, and libraries. Not all books being published can ever be stocked by a bookstore. Independe nt bookselle rs lack th e advantages of highe r discounts and promotional allowances which chain stores rely on. Millions of people who have mon ey are alite rate- they can but do not read . Many of the people ,vho can afford to buy books, especiall y those \vho have recently acquired c redit status, regard books and readi ng as luxury items. Public librari es have always been perce ived as c ustodians of culture, respectability, and books, despite the efforts of socially respon sible librarians to get recognition of and support for the ir provision of infor1nation in addition to to111 es and program s combating illite racy, ,vhich in the United States is growing by 10 pe rcent every year. 9 The move to multiple owne rship of mass me dia has affected publishing houses. Conglome rate influe nce filte rs down to authors, buyers, and readers. For example, Scarecro,v Press, founded in 1950 as an inde pende nt publishe r, is now a subsidiary of Grolie r, Inc., itse lf a recent acquisiti on of France-based Hac he tte; Grolie r was orde red in th e late 1970s by the F e deral Trade Commission to cease and desist unfair sales practices. 10 \iVhe reas an author could in the past expect to receive an advance on he r or his royaJties, advances are no longer as forthcoming. l)issati sfaction among authors with the prices of scholarly publications and ti111e lags in the publishing process is widespread. 11 Professional standards a.re lowere d whe n publishe rs contrac t \Vith a uth ors w ho mee t th e ir contrac te d deadlines and hold the manuscript for a year before beginning actual production. This is yet anothe r Big Business situation impacting on ,vomen with di sparate effect, for the publishe r and its pare nt cornpan ies have, not merely an attorney, but a finn of legal publishing indu stry specialists, and a ,voman is least like ly in any adult population to have legal resources. Publishe rs of all sizes and types - not just university presses- subject women authors to the de lay-divide-discredit syndrom e which the acade my as an e mployer imposes in its practices ,vith wome n \vho respond to discrimination or othe r\vise ste p out of the ir fe,ninine role. If they are established authors whose track records be lie innue ndo, publishe rs are quick to acknov.rledge the ir be ing "bright" (young) or "feisty" (old). As in college and university life, the buddy syste rn func tions ,veil ac ross to,vn -andgo\vn campus and publishing house borde rs. Women in academe who have recogn ized and responde d to sex discrimination have re ported that one of the aspects of tange ntial re taliation and harassme nt is disparate treatme nt of the ir publications. The media have occasionally published reports of failure to re tain , promote, or te nure a \VOman acade mic based on the merit of he r book publi cations and he r publishe r, i. e. not on the fac t th at she had not published a book. A variation on thi s put-do,vn is the failure to ac kno,vledge and cele brate publicati on of

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Getting Published in \Vome n's Studies

a woman or fe minist faculty me1nber's ne\v book, which on some campuses is a chum1ny routine. Of the rnore than six thousand United States publishersl companies, 3.3 pe rcent controlled 70 pe rcent of the industry's volume in 1976. 12 West noted in 1978 in he r contemporary classic, The Passionate Perils of Publishing, that even the n a handful of large, brand-name companies controlled almost all the books produced in the United States. What's wrong ,,vith all this? ltnperfect competition results in a few large firms producing and selling books. The trend tov.,ard consolidation in the book industry has led to takeovers. Marke ting is centralized from wholesaler to the chain bookstore, like the oil business. Whe n tru sts come in , social responsibility goes out, prices go up. Conglomerates focus on highe r profits through pu blication of books \vhich are evaluated as most likely to be made into big blockbuste rs, which often exploit violence and personal insecurities. Authors ,vho provide sensationalis1n, gothic escape, torrid historical novels, and fonn ula genres are able to get agents who work on publishe rs to pay highly inflated prices, selling their author or book to the highest bidde r. Some ,vrite rs perceive conglo1ne rate publishe r tie-ins ,-.,ith war games, re pressive governme nts, and the corporate criTnes to which multinational fi nn s seem prone. 13 By 1985, fifty male-controlle d book, magazine and broadcasting conglomerates, newspaper chains, and filrn and recording studios dominated United States com,nunications. Of the thirty book publishe rs controlling 70 pe rcent of the marke t, two were headed by ,vomen, and these were O\vned by the Newhouse newspape r chain and Gulf + Western . 14 Be n Bagdikian reported in 1987 that t\venty-six companies owned th e majority of me dia outle ts in the United States. 15 E,nployees of publishing houses often have an acute case of what West describes as "ide ntify ing \Vith the oppressor." Union organizing of an elitist "glamour" profession that is not p erceived as a factory is difficult. 16 Like e1nployer colleges and universities, n1any p ublishing houses have had female-sex discrimination in e mployme nt charges file d against the m. The re are basics which, until publication of Abramson's The Invisible Wotnan, had not even been touched on in the lite rary inarketplace. 17 H e r San Francisco-based publishe r did not hesitate to say scornfully to me that "she peddle d that manuscript up and down the West Coast." (Consider the possibility of a comparable state,ne nt by a company preside nt about the author of a book documenting discrimination based on race.) The re is a strong te nde ncy to pe rceive fe male-sex discrirnination as sornewhat distinct arnong the several classes e nco,n passed by the Civil Rights Act and Ame nd1ne nts. It is in deed differe nt - so ingrained, hi storic, and pervasive as to be invisible to n1ost males and sorne fe,nales. And institutions associate d with academe are not more "professional" employers me rely because they are

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vieY.1e d as more respectable, pointing up the handicap of assumptions and stereotypes. The university itself e mpl oys all types of workers in substantial numbers -cle rical, technical, publi shing, reprographics, communicati ons, printing, and media. Abramson's next book, Old Boys- New \Vo1nen: The Politics of Sex Discrimination, was publishe d by Praeger, part of Holt, Rine hart & Winston , a subsidi ary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., distributed by Gessler Publishing Company and distributor for Dryden Press-all OY.1n ed by CBS Education al and Professional Publishing, a division of CBS, Inc. 18 I asked he r to describe her experie nce getting it published. What publishers did you approach? I can't reall y re me mber any longer ,vhich ones I approached . I re membe r the re were many. How did you go about getting a contract with Praeger? I approached the m , as I approached othe rs, ,~1 ith a query letter explaining who I am and ,vhat my book was about and asking whe the r they ,vould care to see a sample c hapte r. How did your publisher deal w ith you? Not ver y well - hut through no fault of my original editor. I was the victim of a purchase of Praeger/Holt Rjneh art & \.Vinston by CBS. Promises rnade by Praegt:r for advertising and distributi on ,vent down the tubes afte r the C BS purchase. Did you have or consider having an agent? No. I've dealt \.Vith agents in the past and found the m more of a hindrance than a help for this type of book . Did the WEEA or HEW do anything towards getting the hook published? (Abramson had been the recipie nt of a srnall , individual grant unde r the United States Departn1ent of Iiealth, Education and \Velfare Won1en's Educational Equity Act, which had partiall y enable d creation of Old Boys- 1Vew Wo,nen.) In fact I'd say they we re a negative in my case on everything except the money. The grant fund s ,vere at least half of \vhat rnade the book possible. My grant was for $15,000, and I probabl y spe nt t ..vice that much in producing the book. But it ,vould have been irnpossible without at least that level of fin anc ial s upport.The other h alf of ..vhat made the book possible \.Vas the willing ness of many ver y fine \VOmen to share the ir experiences \.vith me. Without the m there ,votild have been no book. What would you do differently? The only thing I might do diffe rently would be to keep control over page proofs . Praeger wanted to turn o ut the book after galley proofs only (in the name of reaching the market with speed). They weren't any fa ster anyway. And the final book is riddled ..,ri th typographicaJ e rrors since I rud not get a chance to look at page proofs and, apparentl y. no one at Praeger bothered to do so eithe r. Did you approach Jossey-Bass (publisher of he r previous book)? No. My reason "vas that Jossey-Bass did no bookstore distribution and very little advertising for my 1976 hook, The Invisible Wo,nan . As it turns

80

Getting Published in Women's Studies out, despite promises, Praeger did even less than Jossey-Bass. So the book did not selJ as well. Did you prepare a proposal? In a way, I did. As I said, my method ,vas to send a query letter. For those publishers who responded positively, I sent an outline and two sample chapters. This way, I was able to query many publishers at once, which saves time. And time saving is quite important with this kind of book. When did !JOU get !fOUr WEEA grant? I believe it was 1977. J traveled and did interviews throughout 1977 and wrote the hook in 1978. What differences were there between the grant product and the book? The grant product was the book. Did the grant enhance the publishers' perception? Probably not, but it is hard for me to judge. In my case, I think my past publishing record was 111ore itnportant. Did !JOU have an editor at Praeger? Not really. My editor left v;ith the CBS purchase, and I ,vas left to sort of fl oat. (I had an excellent editor with Jossey-Bass.) Did Praeger retain the cop!fright? Yes, this is the usual case. 19

Be prepared for impressive claims of inc redible numbers of manuscripts submitted to a publisher by unpublished authors. Women may tend to accept readily (and to repeat) such overwhelming state ments. Most "over the transom" proposals come to publishers from me n. Statistics such as the University of California Press' publishing two hundred of six hundred proposals received each year should be kept in perspective. Many unive rsity presses ope rate as trade publishers, for profit. Association with academe may carry prestige, but a university press is not necessarily more respectable nor professional than the rest of tha marke tplace. Just as a college or university administration may like to brag that it has more applications from qualified students than it can accommodate, so academic press acquisitions manage ment may paint pictures of business success which include many more manuscript submissions than can be conside red for publication. The fact is that most of the 22,500 United States trade publishers are constantly searching for suitable manuscripts. Many houses, including smaller ones, select manage me nt personnel because they are "extremely well-connected" (a phrase used by one company preside nt in admiration of a competitor's new vice president, editorial) whose strengths include ability to bring with the m, attract, locate, and sign up authors, manuscripts, and projects. These company officers and manage rs may the mselves not be successful academicians, university administrators, or authors of published books. One press's manuscript acquisitions code lists three categories or modes of conside ration: author-initiated contact with the publishing house; author having had previous ties to the house or referred

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by someone who had some connection with it; and manuscript acquisition due to editor's initiative or contacts. 20 Get systematic. Browsing bookstores and advertisements and prowling conventions and conferences are not systematic. Here is one model for generating a list of at least six publishers suited to your goals. The Literary Market Place (LMP) is an annual reference book in public and academic libraries which provides sections describing United States and Canadian publishers. Use the current LMP volume, arranged in several useful sections. The first and major section is a list of United States publishers, alphabetically arranged, from A.B. Cowles Company to Zondervan Publishing House. For each publisher, there are several types of basic information provided in a consistent display arrangement. Three indexes to these publishers make it possible to access them by subjects published, by fields of activity or types of publications, and by geographical location . Figure 3:1 is a reproduction from the alphabetical United States Book Publishers section of the 1988 LMP. We would, however, first consult the classified indexes, and then move to the alphabetical list of publishing houses. The Book Publishers Classified by Subject Matter section provides numerous lists of publishers organized under such academic subjects as anthropology, archaeology, art, biological sciences, economics, government and political science, history, literature and literary criticism, mu sic and dance, philosophy, physics, psychology, and social sciences and sociology. Publishers of books related to interdisciplinary concerns are identified under such headings as Asian Studies, Black Americans, Foreign Countries, Public Administration and Urban Studies, Third World Studies, and Women's Studies. Publishers of books related to professions, often part of university higher education offerings, are identified under such headings as Architecture and Interior Design , Business and Marketing, Child Care and Development, Communications, Computer Science and Data Processing, C riminology and Law Enforcement, Education, Finance and Investments, Human Relations, Journaljsm and Writing, Labor and Indu strial Relations, Library and Information Sciences, Medicine-Nursing-Dentistry, and Public Administration and Urban Studies. "Women's studies" is the umbrella term adopted by some publishers and used instead of "women's interests." Many publishers refer to their "women's studies" books and journals; a small number have arrangements such as Routledge & Kegan Paul's Pandora Press and Pergamon Press's Athene Series. Locate and check out at least three subject categories, especially if yours is an interdisciplinary book. You may not always find a subject list which sounds sufficientl y specific, or the ''nearest" list may consist of relatively few publishers. Broaden a bit.

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Getting Published in Women's Studies

US Book Publishers (1) 11le VaJ•ffllltJ el M"h11M Pa II Boa 1104, 139 Greene St, Ann Arbor, Ml 41106 SAN: 202·5329 Tel: 313.764.,t394 Dir. Walter Sears Ed·in-Chief & Rts & Perms: Mary C Erwin Man Ed & Prodn Mar: LcAnn Fields Prom: Marpret Haas Nonfiction, teatbooks, paperbacks; behavioral & bioloaical sciences, anthropoloay. ecok>&y & women '11tudies. 1916: 40 titles. In print: SO 1 tides Founded 1930 ISBN Prefix(es): 0...72 Imprints: Ann Arbor Paperbacks; Ann Arbor Science Paperbacks Foreign Reps: Fefl'er & Simons Inc (world eac Cao•da); Fitzhenry & Whiteside Ltd

(Canada)

Figure 3:1 Literary Market Place 1988, page 148.

For a book about the subject(s) gerontology, gender, aging, and ageism, begin by conside ring publishe rs under Social Sciences and Sociology, Women's Studies, and Behavioral Sciences. Expand to Public Administration and Urban Studies, Education, Health and Nutrition, and Government and Political Science lists. Consider Black Ame rican, Ethnic, and Gay & Lesbian. At present there are no Asian-American or HispanicAmerican lists but publishers with these authors and titles can be located if you persevere - e.g. consider Asian Studies. There are two other LMP indexes to consult as part of the first step. Be sure to examine the Book Publishe rs Classified by Fields of Activity section in te rms of your book's format or genre. Those with the most potential will probably be Bibliographies, Foreign Language and Bilingual Books, General Trade Books, Professional Books, Scholarly Books, Textbooks, and University Presses. (Occasionally this strategy might be supplemented at this point by checking the BIP subject volumes, in this case, under AGED WOMEN , and gleaning the frequ ent publishers.) Now move to the alphabetically arranged first section of the LMP: United States Book Publishe rs, and locate the displays for the publishers you have noted. Examine each entry ove rall to de termine its pote ntial relevance to your book and you. Transcribe the crucial data. In a large firm, the re may be an editor responsible for your field; for example, Praeger's LMP listing identifies a Women's Studies and Sociology editor. For a smaller press with two or three executive titles listed, transcribe the name of the editor-in-chief.

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Some publishers do not wish to ide ntify their editors in print, e.g. JosseyBass. You can te le phone the numbe r listed here and request the name of the pe rson who is presently acquistion editor for books in your field. The re is a list of publishers' "800" te lephone numbers e lsewhe re in this LMP edition, and the BIP Publishers' Volume (1987-1988, Volum e 7) has a publishers' toll-free numbe rs section. The re is, however, considerable other information in each display. Suppose your manuscript re lates to an aspect of nurses as professional managers and pay equity, or comparable worth. In the Subject Matte r index section you could start by checkjng the Medicine-De ntistry-Nursing, Wome n's Studies, Manage ment, Business, Economics, Education, Human Relations, Social Sciences and Behavioral Sciences in that order. You might quic kly compile a list consisting of Human Sciences Press, Praeger, Saunders, and Springer publishe rs, each of "vhich appears in the Professional Books list in the A(:tivities and Types of Publications classified index section. Then you would study the individual display for each in the publishers' rusplays section to confi rm your impression and to get further information and contact-data for each. Some indepe nde nt, scholarly, and university presses view disciplinary professional conferences, although conven tion-like, as a means of contacUng prospective authors of books and authors with manuscripts which are in their specialized areas. The appropriate acquisitons editor may contact pote ntial authors she or he has heard about before the confe re nce. Not all publishers are located in New York City; some have several locations throughout the United States. It is also useful to use the LMP Book Publishe rs Classified Geographically section in order to take advantage of your being in or near a publishe r's city and such conference cities as Atlanta, Chicago, New York and San Francisco. It is important not to assume that a publisher is small or does not have subject-specialized acquisitions editors on its professional staff, based on a relatively brief LMP display with few names and seemingly little information. The LMP Imprints, Subsidiaries, and Distributors section can help to clear up some of the potential overlapping, inbreedjng, conglome raterelated proble ms, so that you can avoid approaching ,.vhat appear to be two distinct and unrelated publishers. An imprint is a publisher's line, e.g. Simon & Schuster's Ourselves, Growing Older is a T ouchstone Book imprint. Not all publishe rs have separate imprints. Usually books published unde r a publisher's imprint have some thing in comm on. Simon & Schuste r's The New Our Bodies, Ourselves ,.vas also a Touchstone imprint. The lists of literary agents and of awards, contests and grants are t\.vo of the other useful LMP provisions. In January 1986 I provided technical assistance in getti ng published for United States D epartm e nt of Education Women's Educational Equity Act

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Getting Published in Women's Studies

April 17, 1986 Dear: Disabled women have the highest unemployment and underemployn1ent rate of 1nen and ,vomen, disabled and nondisabled. In fact, four out of five disable d ,vomen are une mployed. Research shows this group has a great need for more appropriate career preparation . We are pleased to te ll you about a book ,ve have written addressing this critical need, Reaching the Hidden 1\.fajority: A Leader's Guide to Career Preparation for Disabled Wo111en and Girls. This book is a comprehe nsive guide to disabled girls' and women's career preparation. The authors collectively have over 25 years of experie nce in career preparation for special needs populations; hold degrees in special education, vocational re habilitation, and guidance and counseling. We have been co-directing the Career Education for Disabled Wome n Project at University of Wisconsin-Stout since 1983. This project is federally funded through the Wome n's Educational Equity Act Program. We have conducted extensive lite rature reviews to locate similar books, including ERIC and Psychological Abstract searches. While a variety of books have been publishe d which address career preparatiou for wo1nen, e.g. How Wo,nen Find Jobs: A Guide for Workshop Leaders by V. Nonvood and Career Planningfor Minority \Vornen by S.M. Jackson, they do not address the unique needs of women and girls ,vith disabilities. Other books such as Planning You r Job Search: Making the Right -,,,,loves by Aves and Anderson address e1nploy1nent for the disabled, but not disabled wome n. The vast 1najority of career related books for wo1n en or the disabled are selfhelp 1nanuals rather than leade r guides. The few books specifically addressing disabled ,vome n's issues, e.g. Voices from the Shadows by C.F. Matthews focus on personal/social issues rathe r than career developme nt. According to Richard Harris, National Preside nt of the Association on Handicapped Student Service Programs in Post-Secondary Education, and Coordinator of Handicapped Student Services at Ball State University, our book "would be a valuable resource for service providers. The book provides detailed instructions in providing a program of career preparation to help disabled women overcome the dual discrimination they will e ncounter in the job marke t. I strongly endorse this publication because of the expe rtise of the authors and importance of the topic." This book should be made available to a broad range of service provide rs. It would be advertised in guidance and counseling, career education, special education, and vocational rehabilitation trade journals such as Journal of College Student Personnel, Journal of Learning Disabilities, Mainstream, Disabled USA, Exceptional Children, Teaching Exceptional

Figure 3:2. Query sent to fifteen publishers by the authors of Reaching the Hichkn Majority. Including the abstract, this query ran three pages and was sent out on the authors' university letterhead.

Sword Blades and Poppy Seed: The First Book Publication

Children, and The Advocate. It could also be advertised through newslette rs circulated by women's disability organizations; and direct mailings to me mbe rs of associations such as Handicapped Organized \.Vomen, Women's Educational Equity Act Projects, Transition from School to Work Projects, and the Association for Handicapped Student Services in Post-Secondary Education. An abstract of the book is included for your reviev, . \.Ve \Vould be happy to send you Table of Contents and sa1nple chapters. Thank you in advance for considering publication of Reaching the Hidden 1\ilajority: A Leader's Guide to Career Preparation for Disabled \.Vornen and Girls. We look forward to your response. We can be reached at (715) 232-1310 or (715) 232-1181, or v,rite to The Career Education Project, 430 EHS, UW-Stout.

Sincerely,

Mary Hopkins-Best, Ed.D. Associate Professor

Shirley Murphy, M.S. Training Coordinator Career Education for Disabled Women

Ann Yurcisin, Ed.S. Director Services for Students with Disabilities

Reaching the Hidden 1\ilajority: A Leader's Guide fo r Career Preparation of Disabled \1/0111e11 and Girls

Abstract This book was written in response to the critical need for comprehe nsive and specific career preparation for disabled girls and wo1nen. The book is divided into e ight topic chapters: Conquering Career Stereotypes; Utilizing Your Legal Rights; Assessing Your Career Pote ntial; Asserting Yourself; Exploring Nontraditional Careers; Breaking the Barriers; Seeking Employme nt; and Balancing Personal and Professional Roles. Additionally, an annotated bibliography is included for each chapter topic and supple me ntal suggestions are included for conducting a workshop or class. Each chapter is divided into specific training activities

85

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Getting Published in \Vomen's Studies

including time, group size, resources, learner objective, leader procedures, and evaluation. A broad variety of activities are included, e.g. questionnaires, games, group discussions, self-directed activities, and lectures. The majority of activities cost nothing to impleme nt as student materials are included in the book. The activities have been successfully field tested with a \\1ide range of disabilities and age groups. The activities can be used individually or collectively for a workshop, class or counseling situations. The book is inte nded for use by any individual or group providing career training to girls and women who have a disability. This includes, but is not limited to: guidance counselors, teachers, tutors, coordinators of services for stude nts with disabilities, vocational rehabilitation staff, Private Industry Council staff, e mployme nt services staff, parents, local vocational e ducation coordinators, work experience coordinators, and corporate training staff.

(Figure 3:2 continued.)

grantees. Workshop participants from the University of Wisconsin- Stout had titled their grant proposal Career Education f or College Women Who Are Disabled. In 1988 the resulting book, titled Reaching the Hidden Majority: A Leader's Guide to Career Preparation for Disabled Women and Girls, was published by Carroll Press, which, according to its LMP listing, publishes textbooks and reference books for school and personal counselors with e mphasis on career guidance. This press is listed unde r the subjects Social Sciences and Sociology, Self-help, Psychology and Psychiatry, and Education. The authors' initial three-page overture (Figure 3:2) was directed to fifteen publishe rs. Four requested sample chapters, and the authors the n narrowed it to Carroll Press. The LMP includes a section listing foreign publishe rs with United States offices and has a Canadian Book Publishers section. The International Literary Market Place is a LMP counterpart volume covering one hundred sixty nations. Cassell's Directory of Publishing, published in England, lists British Commonwealth publishers and provides a Women's Studies list. The Small Press Record of Books in Print has a companion volume, the International Directory of Little Magazines and Small Presse.s. Details of these and other refe rence books with some of this information are provided in the Resources section. Professional associations and levels of government sometimes publish. The Encyclopedia of Associations, which is available in print form and for on-line searching, includes organizations which publish. Some, like the American Association of University Professors and the Older Women's League, are not listed in LMP. The word "association" does not always apptar in a group's title.

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Afte r you have groomed your list of publishers, it may be possible to arrange them in a priority order. You may still eliminate some from consideration by examining their catalogs or special brochures of curre nt books in your field. To request a catalog from a publisher, use your letterhead . While writing, pe rhaps also request a cop y of the publishe r's guidelines for its authors. If you cannot obtain a copy of a publisher's curre nt catalog, consult the PTLA. Small and large publishe rs can re present both advantages and disadvantages for authors and for women's studies books. Small publishing houses are more likely to sign unknown authors with inte resting proposals, and they can keep a book in print longer . But they te nd to provide the author with smaller and even no advances on he r or his royalties and to put out less on promotion and even nothing on advertising. The chart on pages 90-106 ide ntifies book publishers (self-) listed in the 1988 LMP and PTLA as having a women's studies subject-specialization, typically among other subject-specializations, and publishing Englishlanguage books. Inte restingly, only six of these publishe rs appear in both the LMP's and PTLA's women's studies lists: Greenwood Press, Lle\.velyn Publications, Modern Language Association of America, and the University of Michigan, North Carolina, and Oklahoma presses. Keep in mind in usi ng this list that some publishe::rs have not self-listed unde r the LMP wome n's studies subject-category, but do have a wome n's studi es line, i.e. more than a token woman-sounding title. The re are many small publish ers not included in Ll\1P and some not even in PTLA. This is not inte nded to convey a comprehensive or authoritative list of "wome n's studies publishers," which would be difficult to define as \veil as compile. Keep in mind that there are other women's studies book publishe rs worth conside ring, but they are not listed he re for any numbe r of reasons. For example, some publishers are simply not listed in LMP or even PTLA, or they might be listed in these and other directories but not ide ntified under women's studies subject-specializations, e.g. Mayfield is a publishe r of college level texts designed to serve undergraduate course programs and has published all editions of Freeman's Women: A Feminist Perspective; the Calyx Editorial Collective has produced Women and Aging (1986) and AsianAmerican Women's Anthology (1987); and Cleis Press's Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry (1987) illustrates this feminist press's output. Some publishe rs do not ide ntify any of their specializations. Refe r to the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press Directory of Media and to the International Literary Market Place for many of the wome n's studies publishers and feminist presses located in English-speaking nations and throughout the world, e.g. Hecate Press (Australia), Women's Educational Press (Canada), Editions des Femmes (France), Verlag Frauenoffensive (Fede ral Republic of Germany), Kali for Wome n (India), Attic Press (Republic of Ireland), and Shoukadoh Booksellers (Japan).

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Getting Published in Women's Studies

A sample nonfiction title published in the 1980s by each publisher has been provided wherever possible. (Space limitations require that only the surname of the primary author be listed.) Clearly '\vomen's studies" can mean many things to these publishers and their authors! Other categories applicable to each publisher's major output-including trade, textbook, scholarly and professional books, bibliographies, and translations, which are especially relevant to nonfiction book publishing in academe-are identified as \veil as some subject areas for each publisher.

Submitting Your Proposal Do not send a book manuscript to a publisher out of the blue. Wait until you have discussed it with a company representative and been encouraged to send it. Then address it to the person \Vith whom you spoke, and ,nention your correspondence or conversation. Offer to send more than one c.:opy, which will facilitate an outside review process. It is more likely, ho\vever, that you \viii be sending a proposal package consisting of two parts:

• A cover or conveyance letter addressed to the appropriate job-title person, by na,ne if possible. • An enclosure, which is the proposal, sometimes referred to as a prospectus. Some authors prefer to send a cover letter which includes considerable information or even to build the proposal into letter form. An example is Figure 3:2. l suggest a relatively brief, typed cover letter and a separate detailed proposal covering the background of the book, its audience, prospective market, related and competitive titles, and author's qualifications, and including a detailed outline. Although this may be your first book, you have some things going for you which you should highlight in your proposal. You are probably "affiliated" - on the faculty of, e1nployed by, or a graduate student or research center associate at a college, university, or education-related agency, so use this title and this letterhead. You may have been involved in a related project or begun the work on the research, report, or book based on some enabling. If you have been funded or had a grant, consider this as recognition and worth mentioning in your cover letter or including among your qualifications to write this book described within the proposal. There may be a published author on the team involved in that project, or one of several

Sword Blades and Poppy Seed: The First Book Publication

89

persons authoring the book may be published . She or he may be the writer of the cover letter and shou ld possibly be identified throughout the publication process as primary author. The cover letter should not exceed one page in length . Telephone numbers with area codes and when you can be reached at them , as well as when a tape will record a message, should appear in the vicinity of your mailing address. Type at the top of your letter "Re [Book Title]." Address the person at the first publishing house on your list by name and title. Request her or his consideration of your book in terms of "a contract for publication. " Point out that you are approaching this publisher first, or only thjs publisher at this time, if this is the case. Refer to the enclosed prospectus containing full information about your proposed book, and point out that a detailed outline is part of the prospectus; offer to send a chapter. Mention your personal availability and interest in di scussing a contract at a forthcoming conference if you are not located in the same city, making clear that you have in mind an appointment (rather than an unscheduled encounter). Think in terms of at least an hour. You may have already acquired a copy of this publisher's manuscript preparation and submission guidelines and editorial policies, but if not, request them now, probably at the end of the letter. Keep a copy of the guidelines, and start your book's file with it. I prefer to cover the follov;ing in the prospectus, although you can initiate them in your cover letter effectively if you do not exceed one page. Mention anything special. Perhaps the book is the result of a grant, in which case, clarify the copyright situation. Need for this book publication may be endorsed by Professor Big Name, an expert or practitioner in the field, or your doctoral or dissertation advisor or a dissertation committee member. If your book is to be a trade revision of your doctoral dissertation, emphasize that, while this book is related to your doctoral work, it is not the dissertation itself. It has been or wi ll be revised and supplemented with several case studies, for example. If there is more than one author, clarify that you are the primary author. If you plan to use a word processor, describe the equipment. Indicate when the book will be completed, and provide a date when you anticipate being able to provide a complete manuscript. This date may appear in the contract. While an estimate, it should be realistic and specific. Your prospectus is the enclosure, the proposal itself. It should be typed double-space, perhaps six pages in length. Your working title should contain all the key words and consist of a catchy preli1ninary title possibly followed by a dash , semicolon, or colon and a descriptive, longer subtitle. It is important to provide a statement of the problem or topic and the rationale for this book. If it is a textbook, indicate the grade-level span or other audience. If there is potential for course adoption [continued on page 107)

Book Publishers in the United States Associated with "Women's Studies" Publications Publisher and Recent Title

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Indiana University Press Andre\vS, Sisters of the Spirit: Th ree Black Women's Autobiographies of the 19th Century. 1986.

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Institute for Policy Studies Legislative Handbook on Women's Issues. 1976.

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Johns Hopkins University Press Forster, Womans Life in the Court of the Sun King. 1985.

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Labyrinth Press 1 Ferrante, Wonian as Image in Medieval Literature. 1985.

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Llewe llyn Publications Stein, Women's Spirit·uality. 1987.

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McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers Martin, The Servant Problen1: Domestic Workers in North America. 1985.

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Macmillan Publishing Company Badinter, Mother Love: Myth and Reality. 1981.

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Meyer Stone Books Be rryman , Liberation Theology . . . Latin America. 1987.

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Northeastern University Press Newman, Gertrude Stein and the 1\Jaking of Literature. 1988.

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Ohio University Press Andeli n, Mrs. Trollope: The Triu1nphant Feniinine in the Nineteenth Century. 1974.

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Persea Books dePizan, Book of the Cit y of Ladies. 1.982.

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Seal Press An Everyday Story: Norwegian Wo,nen 's Fiction. 1984.

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Spinste rs/Aunt Lute Book Co. Kuzwayo, Call Nie Woman. 1985.

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Springer Publishing Lerman, A Atl ote i11 Freud's Eye. 1980.

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Thunder's Mouth Press Sanchez, Homegirls and Handgrenades. 1984.

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Transnational Publishers Stockland, Creative Women in Changing Societies . ... 1982.

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University of Illinois Press Callaway, Gender, Culture, and Empire: European Women in Colonial Nigeria. 1987.

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University of Michigan Press Buss, Dignity: Lower Income Women Tell of Their Lives and Struggles. 1985.

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University of Nebraska Press Leco,npte, Emily; The Diary of a Hard-worked Wouian, Ernily French. 1987.

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University of North Carolina Press Rosenfeld, Farm Wo,nen: Work, Fann, and Family in the United States. 1985.

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University of Oklahoma Press Boyd, Prioress's Tale, by Geoffrey Chaucer. 1987.

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University of Tennessee Press Lauter, Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-visions of Jungian Thought. 1985.

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Wesleyan University Press Birnbaum, Liberaz ione Della Donna: Feminisrn in Italy. 1986.

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Women-In-Lite rature Dallman, \,\Ionian Poet- Th e South. 1987. Women's Legal D efe nse Fund Essentials of Child Suppo·r t Guidelines Develop,nent. 1987.

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Sword Blades and Poppy Seed: The First Book Publication

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or supplementary reading, show how you know this is so. Indicate the anticipated length of the manuscript, the estimated number of manuscript pages in each chapter, and the relative number of pages of illustrations and bibliographjc support. You can allow twenty manu script pages for the index. A delineation of your unique approach is important. You should be able to describe your point of view in three hundred words. Think about all of the books which have been written, or just those titles in print which sound as if they are on the same subject or do what you are doing! Your premise is that there is nothing else like your book, so it is needed, so it will sell But go on to demonstrate your awareness of the literature (the competition, as it were) by referring comparatively to several other books-others who have (not) done it. How is yours different- strengths and \veaknesses of others, what's unique and competitive about this content and your treatment of this material? In the case of research reportage, it might be your methodology. Refer to your sources of data. If appropriate, clarify whether this book is a collection of original or previously published articles, or a single author study. A list of at least ten periodicals to which review copies might be dispatched will demonstrate furth er your knowledge of the market (audience) as welJ as need for the publisher to send out review copies. Another list of perhaps twenty journals to receive announcemen ts of the book's publication, and reference to any specialized mailing lists to which you have access, would also be impressive. These lists should include reviewing media (e.g. Choice), scholarl y journals in your field which publish book reviews, "responsible journals," and newsletters with signilicant circulations that announce ne"v books. A list of nations where it \VOuld sell well may be appropriate. Many publishers have cooperative arrangements with others abroad. Communicate this in your proposal as a "plus," and make sure that your contract provides you language rights throughout the world. Professor Big Name should be an authority in this field or subfield. If she or he is willing to endorse your proposal or write a brief foreword for the book, state this in the prospectus. Or perhaps you can recruit someone of magnitude af'd direct relevance to the book's focus-as was Jessie Bernard to Theodore's The Campus Troubleniakers- to write a brief foreword. If possible, provide a list of six persons (at least half in academe), with their titles and affiliations, whose subject-expertise and other characteristics qualify them to evaluate this book proposal. One publisher's request for "the names of at least three senior scholars (\vith their affiliations) who have not read your manuscript, but who are working in your field and ar e qualified to read and evaluate the manuscript for the Press" is typical. An outline with descriptions of each chapter's contents, form , and length is an important part of the prospectus.

108

Getting Published in Women's Studies

Your credentials for authorship of this particular book will probably include degrees and institutions, previous publications, professional affiliations, and recognitions. Stress those things relevant to the proposed book. If you are a so-called reentry woman, I advise not including dates your degrees were received, and of course date of birth is rarely relevant to anything. Keep a copy; put it in your file. Send your proposal package first class n1ail, and start a '\vatch" on your cale ndar.

Su1n1nary of What to Include in a Book Proposal I. Cover or Conveyance Letter Typed. On a lette rhead. Keep a copy; start a file. No 1nore than one page in length . To appropriate person, job title, and by name. Request consideration of your work in te nn s of a contract for publication. Refer to e nclosed prospectus containing full information. Possibl v: Point out that you are approaching them first. Request a gratis copy of their author's guidelines. Conclude by: Offe ring to send a chapter. Indicating hov.r much is comple ted and when the final copy will be comple ted. Mentioning your pe rsonal availability to di scuss the 1natter. Optional in lette r, but should appear in prospectus or letter: Anything special, e.g. this \.VOrk is the result of a grant from Major Foundation or other recognition , in which case, clarify the copyright and primary authorship. Need for this book has been endorsed by Professor Big Name.

ll. Prospectus (The Enclosure) Typed. Double-space. Keep a copy; add to file. Six pages? Working title. Estimated date of completion of manuscript and how much of the work is completed . Estimated le ngth of manuscript. Statement of problem or topic, importance and need (rationale) for the book. Your unique approach, content, methodology, or design.

Sword Blades and Poppy Seed: The First Book Publication

109

Primary and secondary audie nces, potential marke t, users, readers (level). The literature. The compe tition; relate this to other books. Titles of relevant periodicals for revie,..v copies and journals for announce me nts. Authority's endorsement desirable. A list of suggested evalu ators. Outline with description of each chapte r's conte nt, fonn , treatme nt, le ngth. Author's c redentials for this particular book. MiscelJaneous: Word processing. Your requirements for illustrations, maps, appendices.

Dr. Susan Pharr shares "vith us her expe rie nces with university presses and with getting her first book published. Pharr is Professor of Governme nt and Director of the Harvard University United States-Japan Relations Progra1n. She received th e Ph.D. degree from Colu1nbia University in 1975. H er doctoral dissertation was titled Sex and Politics: Women in Social and Political Move1nents in Japan. He r book, Political Wo,nen in Japan: The Search for a Place in Political Life, was published by the University of California Press in 1981. Whe n she contac ted the Press, she had a comple ted manuscript . . . . The road to publishing a book fo r the first time is fill ed with difficulties for 1nany people, and I was no exception. I initiall y approached the editor of a major acade mic press at the annual n1eeting of the Asian Studies Association, asking whethe r I 1nig ht send 1ny book ,nanuscript to he r ,vhe n I comple ted it. The editor ,vas pleasant, but non-comn1ital. \.Yhen the manuscript ,vas ready, I then dispatched a sing le cop y to the press, for which I was thanked, and told that a review ,vould ensue .... After a full e ighteen, anxiety-producing months, l fin ally decided that I had to ,vithdra,v the manuscript fro,n the press. Be fore doing so, however, I had discussed the publication process with a frie nd who had alread y published a book \.Vith University of California Press. He told me that his experience ,vith University of California Press had been excell ent and suggested that I submit rny manuscript the re. The refore I dispatched a lette r to Phil Lilienthal, then head of the Asia list for the Press, and asked if I could speak with him at the Asian Studies Association meeting to discuss the possibiJity of sending the m my manuscript. By that time I had learned from my colleague that I should ask for "si1nultaneous review" - something l hadn't even known about be fore . Since presses normall y require t\.vo reviews in order to decide on publication, they have the option of either re questing revie\vS seque ntially or requesting reviews simultaneously. Obviously, the first process is extre1n ely time-consu,ning, since they wait

110

Getting Puhlished in \Vo1nen's Studies for the first reader's report to co1ne in, and only the n decide if the 1nanuscript ,nerits a second revie\v. It is, in every sense, preferable to an author to get si1nultaneous revie\v to avoid this riskier and 1nore timec:onsuming route. I later learned that the first press to ,vhich I had subtnitted 1ny n1anuscript ,vould have unde rtake n a siinultaneous review had I only sent then, t\vo manuscripts! Had I but kno\vn, l would have inundated the,n with copies of tny 1nanuscript . . . . At any rate, I requested si1nnltaneous revie,v of the 1nanuscript this ti1ne. I found Phil Lilie nthal extre1nely cordial at the AAS meeting. He asked 1ne to send the 1nanuscript as soon as I had withdr..l,vn it fro,n the other press (I had g iven hi1n the full story). So, ,ls soon as I had settled things with university press one, I dispatched t\vo copies of the 1nanuscript to C alifornia. They received it in t>arl y May, and h y Septen1her had gotten back t\VO favorable reader's reports and had accepted the 1nanuscript. The volu1ne ca1ne out approxin1atd y a year later. Hased on 1n y experie nce . there are several words of advice that I \\'ould offe r to anyone co nte mplating publishing th e ir first hook 1na11uscript. 1. Talk to sorneone in your own fi eld about the process. Things vary according to fi eld, and it is good to talk to son1eone ,vho has puhlished ,vith the press to ,vhich you are conte ,nplating suh1nitting a n1anuscript . 2. Always request sirnultaneous revie,v of the 1nanusc:ript if that option is available. It ,viii greatly expedite the review process. 3. Ask the press if you can suhn1it 11a1nes of possible reviewers. l11 the case of California, if I re 1ne1nber corrt:!ctl y, I gave the1n a list of so1ne i-10 pe rsons ,vhorn I regarded as pote ntiall y good reviewers of 1ny 1nanuscript. This carne at rn y suggestion, not theirs, hut it prese nted a 1narvelous opportunity, fro111 rn y standpoint, to list the people v.1ho1n I felt ,vould he the hest possible revie,vers of a 1nanuseript. -l. Also ask the press if you can 1nention people ,vho would 1101 be suitable revie,vers. Particularly in the case of 1nanusc:ripts that involvt' issues relating to wornen and gender, this is a prudent step, hecause as we all k11 one or two persons ,vho1n you n1ight he concerned ahout getting the rnanuscript, this will certainly ease your o,vn 1nind .... California Press used one person fro1n ,ny list, and one scholar ,vho1n I had not listed .21

You ,nay receive a form post card or other acknowledg1ne nt promptly. If nothing is received in six \veeks, follcl\v up \Vith a le tte r ,vhich 1nakes c lear that you are inquiring whe the r your mailing has reached the publisher and that you do not expect a reaction at this point. If you do not receive a response within six 1nore weeks, telephone. S01ne publishe rs never respond; tnost do. You may receive a fonn le tte r and questionnaire which see,ns to ask for all the infonnation you have already provided. Whether you \Vant to pursue thi s dubious routine is up to you. It depends on the questions, how n1any othe r publishe rs you have on your short list, and how 1nuch time you have. There are several variables \\ hich may influe nce a publishe r's interest. 1

Sword Blades and Po,:>py Seed: The First Book Publication

ill

Pape rback format is not necessarily cheaper to produce. If the re is a reason for your book's being relevant to the user in a particular format, th en you should make this point in your proposal or as soon as it becomes appare nt. Unusual size might be appropriate to the fun ction of a book. An 8 1/2 x ll" format is not usual , but it is possible. (The average book is 22 centime te rs tall as it stands on the she lf.) For a book, you need a minimum of two hundred fifty typed double-space manuscript pages, and it is be tte r to think in te rms of three hundred fifty pages . Five hundre d manuscript pages is probably the maximum today, and might involve discussion ,.vith the publisher. There are twenty-five sixty-character lines (abou t t\VO hundre d and fift y ,..,ords) per manu script page. Refe rence is usually made in te rms of t\velvepitch type, i.e. twelve strokes to an inch. (Typewriters are te n-, twelve-, and fiftee n-pitch .) In ,naking your list of publishe rs to approach, avoid overlapping publishers, subsidiaries, and distributors. Unlike journals, book publishe rs usually do not conside r it heresy to approach more than one of the m simultaneously about you r manuscript or idea, but neither do they bless th e practice, so do not stress that you have submitted it to other publishers.22 Ho,..,ever, begin by approac hing onl y th e fi rst p ubli she r on your systematically developed and prioritized list, and point out in your cover le tte r that you are contacting only them. The publisher's question naire which you may receive in lie u of a response may ask whe the r you are submitting it to anothe r publishe r at this tim e. Whe n you receive a firm offer, which is a contract signe d by the publishe r, and if and when you sign, date, and return it, also \Vrite to any othe r publishe rs to \vhom you have sent th e proposal. D ear Ms./Mr. D oe: Some time ago I fo rwarded for your consideration a proposal for 1ny book, _ _ _ . 1 have heard nothing fro1n you in the interin1, and l am now withdrawing it fro1n consideration. Please discard or ret urn the prospectus. Thank you for your continued inte rest. Very truly yours,

A publishe r may send th e proposal package to an outside, paid readerevaluator, whose response and ide ntity may or may not be shared \Vith you. The reader, the process, and th e press usually take an inordinan t amount of time. When or eve n before you have established a re lationship "vhich includes refe re nce to readers evaluating your manuscript , offer to send the publish er an additional copy or copies, vVhich may facili tate the outside review process. ("Ho\v to get the best reviewers for book manuscripts" was

U2

Getting Puhlis!1ed in Wo1nen's Studies

one of thirteen topics conside red at the 1988 Society for Scholarly Publishing annual meeting.) Senne publishers \viii n1ake the ir decision inhouse. A decisio n based on one evaluator's expertise is to so1ne exte nt based on opinion. Req uest "si1nultaneous revie,\/" if you have reason to believe that they norm ally use more than one outside evaluator. F eel free to request an additi onal reade r if the manu script is said to be turned do,, u on the basis of one reade r's reaction. A cop~, of the evaluation should be provided you. Re quest it if it is not provided . Th ese evaluatio ns, whe n provided, are ofte n not ano ny,n ous. I urge yo u to invest a little more in the process by writing to th ank the publi she r for the ir conside ration and to request the ir counsel in the fonn of a c ritique \vhich n1ight help you to revise your \vork . Ulti1nate ly yo u 1nay receive a negative decision \Vith no explanation . "Does not fit into our plans" is not an e xplanatio n, and yet ,nany first-book authors are not even accorded this n1uch. You and I 1nav. not co nside r '\vhile .vour proposal is an inte resti ng and ,vorth y one, it is not suited to o ur pre se nt pu bli shing prog ra,n" an e xplanation e ithe r. The first hook is generally t he ,nost diffic ult: Nothing succee ds like success, you have to have ,noney to get a loan, ad infinitu,n. Fo r publi she rs, al,nost every book is an unktH)\Vll before it is 1narketed, and a ne\v auth or is 'vet anothe r unkno,vn. The record shO\VS that vours is •' li kely to he a ,n ore diffic ult process if you are a \1/01nan scholar or your topic is gende r-re lated, so keep these good-ne\vs statistics and ,·ie,vs in 1nind ,vhe n dealing ,vith rejection until you get that contract (and you \vill ): United States book publishe rs' sales in 1986 re ached al,n ost te n anr, and a university press asks onl y that the author share costs! Luey refe rs to S1nith's 1977 survey ,vhich declared an average subvention of $1,000-$2,500 required by university presses, not to enhance the ir profits but to e nable the1n to publish books that oth er,vise ,vould not 1nake econo,nic sense. 4 1, 42 A rnore recent survey suggests that universities and colleges offe r rnore support fo r publishing in the humani ties than ,nay be generally recognized and describes a "diversity of subsidizing poli cies" follo~1ed by colleges, universities, and university presses. Gennano re1ninds us that, typicall y, state university pe rsonnel conte nd that the ir faculty 111e n1be rs' book publications cannot be subsidized because they do not have the wealth y e n 2S9 2311 Chara,·1cris1ks of lnstruc11onal Faculty at Maryland's Public Colleges and Un iversit ies. Postscconda.ry Education ED 2S3 174 Research Repons. A Computer Model for Prediction of Tenure: Ratios in Higher Education. ED 248 799 Full-Time Humanities Faculty. Fall 1982. Hicher EducaED 248 771 tion Panel Repon Number 61 . Managing Resource: Uncen:1in1y through Academic Staffing in Four-Year Colleges and Universities. AStlE 198S Annual Meetina Paper. ED 2S9 621 The Project on Realloca11on. An Executive Summary. . ED 2S7 344 Structural Reform in H igher Edlication Coll«tivc Bargaining. Proceed ings of the Annual Conference of the National Center for the Study of Collective Bargaining in Higher Education and the Professions ( 12th. New York. New York. April 1984). ED 2SS 143 A Study of Male and Female Faculty Promotion and Tenure Rates. AIR I 98S Annual Forum Paper. ED 2S9 6BS A Study of the Status of Tenure in the Nation's Public Two-Year Colleges. ED 2S0 029 Tenure Policies. SPEC Kit 9. ED 2S I 069

Tenured Faculty Age Discrim inat ion on Campus. ED 2S0 999 Current Appoin1m,:n1 & Tenure Practices: Their Impact on New Faculty Careers. ASHE I 98S Annual Meeting Paper. ED 2S9 648 An Invest igation of the Status of Post-Tenure Faculty Evaluation in Selected Community Colleges. ASliE I 98S Annual Meeting Paper. ED 2S9 63S Is Concession Bargaining a Threat 10 Stability in Higher ED 2S2 166 Education Collective Bargaining? Post-Tenure Faculty Evaluation in Community Colleges: Anomaly or Real ity? lnnov.11 ion Abstracts. Volume VI. Number 29. ED 2S I I S2

TENURED FACULTY SN UF BT RT

Oct. 1983 CIJE: 27 RIE: 21 GC: 360 Academic staff who have been granted tenure (permanence of position) by their school or institution Tenured Teachers Faculty Academic Rank (Professional) College Faculty Full Time Faculty Nontenured Faculty Professors Teachers Tenure

Tenured Teachers USE TENURED FACULTY

Figure 4:4. (Left) Ste1> l: Thesat1r11s of ERIC Descriptors. (Right) Step 2: RIE 1985 Index, Page 520.

A Liberal Educatiu11 i11 Twelce Volume~

"!Ii

ED 259 685

173

HE 018 613

Ochsner. Nancy L , Ind Oth ers A Study or Male and Female Faculty Pro,notion and Tenure Rates. AIR 198S Annual Forum Paper. Pub Date- May 85

Notc-27p.; Paper presented at the Annual Forum of the Auociation for Institutional Research (25th, Portland, OR, April 28-May 1, 1985). Pub Type- Reports- Research (143) - Speechcs/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS Price • MF01/PC02 Plus Postage. Dcscriptors-•Employment Practices, •Faculty Promotion, Higher Education, Institutional Research, Longitudinal Studies, Males, •Sell Differences, State Universities, Teacher Employment, •Tenure, Women Faculty Identifiers-• AIR Forum, •University of Maryland College Park Sell differences in tenure and promotion rates and time to tenure and promotion at the University of Maryland, College Park, were studied longitudinally. The study population consisted of tenuretract assistant and associate professors appointed or promoted in 1973, 1975, and 1977, ellcluding part-time and visiting faculty. Campus-wide, 42 percent of the female and 43 percent of the male faculty in the assistant professor class of 1973 were tenured, and 25 percent of the females versus 27 percent of the men in 1977 were tenured. Promotion rates for the assistant professors were very similar to their tenure rates. Because of the small number of faculty who were hired as associate professors. statistical analyses could not be conducted. Results indicated no statistically significant sell differences in promotion and tenure rates and in time to promotion and tenure for all classes of assistant and associate professors studied. The proportions of faculty promoted and tenured, however, had declined substantially from the assistant and associate professor classes of 1973 to the classes appointed in 1977. Problems are noted of doing a study of this type (e.g., small sample sizes, lack of data on important variables, politic.al pressures and sensitivity, confounding effects of policy changes , and market changes). (SW)

Figure 4:4, continued. Step 3: RIE 1985 Abstracts, pages 1966-7.

Abstracting services in one's field aid in focusing topical ideas and publications. Both hand searching of th e printed fonnat (necessary for Wouien Studies Abstracts) and on-line cornpute r-assisted searching of th e data base counte rparts available for man y printed abstracting services (e.g. Sociological Abstracts) are now possibl e. Review lite rature and recent \Vork can be ide ntified and the search for topics consolidated by means of the abstrac ts. REVIEW can be used as a data base docu,ne nt fonnat as we ll as a title key"vord in some abstract searching. Th e revie \v essay, sorne tim es refe rred to as the bibliographic essay, can fun ction as a source of topi cal and time ly publicati on ide as. The t\-v o rnajor sources of revie\vS of developrne nts are revie\v seri als and prin1ary journals. Revie\v serials are rnainly published annuals \.Vith such titles as

Getting Puhlishe~l in Wo1nen's Studies

174

\

FACULTY DEVELOPMENT CIJE: 773 RIE: \092 SN UF BT

RT

Oct. 1977

GC: 320 Activities to encourage and enhance faculty prolessional growth Facuity Growth Faculty Improvement Professional Development Staff Development College Faculty Faculty Faculty Evaluation Faculty Fellowships Faculty Handbooks Facuity Promotion Facuity Publishing Individual Development lnservice Education lnservice Teacher Education Organizational Development Professional Continuing Education Professional Training Sabbatical Leaves Teacher Evaluation Teacher Exchange Programs Teacher Improvement Teacher Promotion

Faculty Development Academic Computing Projects II Sii Liberal Ans Colleacs. Final Repon 10 the Euon Education Foundation. -ED 266 762 Academic Renewal: Advancina H iahcr Education toward the N_ineties. A Collection of Essays Based upon Prescntauons at the Conference on Academic Renewal Held at the University of Mich iaan (Ann Arbor. Ml. June 1983). ED 267 680 ADAPT: A Developmental Activity Proaram for Teachers. ED 271 923 Advising and Faculty Development: The lnstitution·s View. ED 261 614 Analysis of Professional Dcvc:lopment Activities of Iowa Community College Faculty. ED 260 7S6 The Application of Computers in Liberal Ans Instruction. A Computer Literacy Faculty Development Project. ED 263 87S Approaches 10 Staff Development for Pan-Time Faculty. ED 270 180 ERIC Digest. ASBE Reader on Faculty and F:iculty Issues in Colleges and Univeni1ies. EO 26S 7KOI/ The Bush Foundation and the IJnivcrsrl)' of South Dakota: A Case Study of Publ ic and Private Sector ColED 264 200 laboration in Faculty Dc,•clopmcn1. Th,: Career L:iddl·r l'rogram in T cnncs.scc. ED 268 07.l Comnrun,cation Studies in Australia: Ach1c\'cmcn1s an;! ED 271 042 Prospects. The Communit)' College Professor: Teacher and Scholar. ERIC Discs!. ED 272 248 Compiling lnsiruci.,rs Perceptions of Learners' l>diciencies: A Problem-Centered Approach 10 In-Serv ice Training and Language Program Development. ED 264 722 The Compki Challenge of Professional Development: Current Trends a nd Future Opponuni1ies. EO 26S 911 \ Comprehensive Program of Evaluation and Professional Development: A Working Model. ED 170 866 Curriculum lmplemcnlation. Classroom Chance and Profcssion:il Dnclopmcnl: The Challenge for Supervision. El> 26Q 8S3 Determ inants of TcaChl·r !'reparation: A Study of 1.>,:par1ments of S1> !t,'1 '> l'I lk wlopmenl as the Aim of ln,1ructional Supcrv,.ion. ED 163 6.SS Diversified lnscrvice Slaff lkwlopment Using Models of Teaching. ED 270 8S2 The Effects of Teacher Sci Equity and Effectiveness Training on Classroom Interaction at 1hc Universitv ED 270 00.S Level. Effects on Teacher Practice of a Staff Dcvclopmen1 Pror.,:im for ln1cg•a1ing Teaching :ind Tcsting in High ED 26 7 50 I School Courses. final Report. The Eliminat ion of Sexism in Unl\·crsily Environments. ED 267 3411 Encouraging Scholarly Investigation. Strivin& for Expcnness. Colle11ial Exchanges. EO 260 4.54 Evaluation of Extension In-Service Educa1ion: Ritual or Precursor of Program Eiccllence? ED 266 14') Everyday ACls: Staff Dcvdopmenl as Continuous and InED 264 64S formal Routine. Draft Copy.

Figure 4:5. (Left) Step l: Thesa11r11s of ERIC Descriptors. (Right) Step 2: RIE 1986 [Subject] Index, page 191. "Faculty Development.

'x ED 267 348

CG 018 928

Forrest. Undo Alld OtMn 'Ille E 1e 1•etJoa of Sex.ile IJI Un.lyenfty Eariroa-

_.._

Pub Detc--Jun 8-4 Notc--37p.; Paper p""'uted at the Annual Campus Ecology Sympoeium (2nd, Pingree Park, CO, June lS-29, 198-4). P u b ~ - Reporu • General (140)-Spccches/Meetiq Papen (ISO) mRS Price • MFOIIP0>2 Pl• Poataae. Deacripto3-•C.0Uegc Environment, C.Ollcgc Students, •Faculty Development, •Females, Feminism, H.i&bcr Education, •Sex Differences, •Sex Dilcrimination, Sex Fairness, •Student Development Scxiam in educational institutions hu limited women's careen, educational opportunities, and cmploymenL Examples or this inequity include the facts that: (I) few women are chief executives in collqca; (2) women faculty earn less than men faculty; and (3) implicit and explicit attitudes auch u the "old boy" network cause problems for women. Scbolan have be,un to ,_xarnin.., theories of human development for deficiencies in male-produced theory. Femini•• tcholars have found current camput environmentt not conducive to female growth and dcvc lopment because or a lack of support for women 1tudenta' goals and lifestyles. Women may be more scmitivc to the ill effects of their environment than arc men. A conducive environment for women would recognize intimacy, responsibility for others, and the quality of relatioiuhips. Campus organizations would emphasize open, dynamic structures rather than hicrarchial ones. Rules would fit the indjvidual and process would revolve around the ability to care for others. An ecosystem model for managing the campus environment would be designed to include valuing, goal setting, programming, fitting, mapping, observing, and feedback with women"s needs as a str:icturc. Campus en·,ironments can be redesigned to maximize growth and development for all studen ts. (ABL)

Figure 4:5, continued. Step 3: RIE 1986 Docu,nent Resu,nes, page 1142.

"Advances In _ _ __ " "____ Annual," "Progress In ____," and "Review of _ __ ~. " Annual reviews of the research and publication activity of a field or discipline may suggest aspects needing furthe r research and thus publication. Unde rrepresented considerations, questions raised by recent work, and types ofbooks,journal articles, and dissertations which have appeared during the review period may be identified . For example, from 1980- 1985, subject specialists reviewed for the Women's Annual series the year's scholarship in education, health, the hum an ities, politics and law, psychology, and work, as well as such other concerns as inte rnational issues, lesbians, mass media, and the Third World. G.K. Hall discontinued this series with Volume Five, published in 1985. Write the publisher [a le tter of protest and include] an offer to prepare a chapter in your specialization, which wi11 also serve to belie the claim that qualified people are not available to prepare such articles. The Annual Review of Anthropology

176

\t

Getting Published in \iV01nen's Studies Oct. 1983 CIJE: 197 RIE: 105 GC: 720 Writing intended for acceptance by a publisher Writing (Composition) Authors Editors Faculty Publishing Journalism News Writing Periodicals Professional Development Publications Publishing Industry Publish Or Perish Issue Scholarly Journals School Publications Student Publications Technical Writing

WRITING FOR PUBLICATION SN BT RT

ED 265 445

Writing for Publication