General English for University Students 9785696049151

Citation preview

Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Южно-Уральский государственный университет Кафедра английского языка

Ш143.21 Ж479

Е.А. Жежера

GENERAL ENGLISH FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS Учебное пособие

Челябинск Издательский центр ЮУрГУ 2016 1

ББК Ш143.21-923 Ж479 Одобрено учебно-методической комиссией факультета лингвистики

Рецензенты: к.п.н. Е.С. Глазырина, к.п.н. В.Г. Ульянова

Ж479

Жежера, Е.А. General English for University Students: учебное пособие / Е.А. Жежера. – Челябинск: Издательский центр ЮУрГУ, 2016. – 158 с. ISBN 978-5-696-04915-1 Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов неязыковых специальностей. Пособие разработано на основе действующей учебной программы в соответствии с требованиями Государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования и охватывает все компоненты содержания обучения иностранному языку: предметы речи (темы, проблемы, ситуации общения); языковой и речевой материал; процессуальный аспект содержания обучения, включающий в себя организацию деятельности общения на репродуктивном, рецептивном и продуктивном уровнях; интеграцию социокультурного аспекта во все компоненты содержания обучения. Содержание, структура и методический аппарат пособия отражают деятельностный коммуникативно-когнитивный подход к обучению иностранным языкам. Предложенная в пособии система заданий – иллюстрация к пониманию того, как, используя смыслопорождающий потенциал содержания знаний, обеспечить перевод изучаемого материала из информативной в личностно значимую (смысло-поисковую) сферу деятельности, способствовать самоактуализации личности на уровне порождения творческой активности.

ББК Ш143.21-923

© Издательский центр ЮУрГУ, 2016

ISBN 978-5-696-04915-1 2

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ В рамках учебного пособия намечена комплексная реализация практических, воспитательных, образовательных и развивающих целей обучения иностранному языку студентов высших учебных заведений. Пособие имеет единую структуру и состоит из пяти разделов, каждый из которых включает систему тренировочных и творческих упражнений, ориентированных на развитие умений иноязычной речевой коммуникации и способствующих достижению основных целей обучения иностранному языку в неязыковом вузе. Осуществление практических целей обучения предполагает взаимосвязанное развитие коммуникативных умений чтения, диалогического и монологического общения, умений дискутирования и аргументации, расширение и систематизацию активного словаря, обеспечивающего коммуникацию в рамках социально-бытовой, социально-культурной и учебно-трудовой сфер общения. Интеграция всех видов речевой деятельности при освоении учебного материала обеспечивает внутреннюю, деятельностную логику уроков. Работа над каждой темой предусматривает стартовую актуализацию личностного опыта и лингвистических знаний студентов; презентацию и тренировку лексико-грамматического материала, отобранного на основе принципов семантической ценности и частотности; практику творческого использования приобретенных знаний, умений и навыков в продуктивных видах речевой деятельности. Качество речевого творчества студентов достигается посредством организации упражнений, направленных на обучение правильному комбинированию изолированных языковых единиц, отдельных словосочетаний, предложений. Упражнения на развитие лексических умений находят свое логическое завершение в заданиях на развитие умений чтения и говорения. Работа с аутентичным текстовым материалом нацелена на обучение разным стратегиям чтения (просмотрового, поискового, чтения с пониманием основного содержания, с полным пониманием прочитанного). Тексты сопровождаются до- и послетекстовыми заданиями, обеспечивающими проблемную подачу информации, включение студентов в диалоговое и полилоговое взаимодействие, в том числе дискуссии, диспуты, интервью. Тематическое единство каждого из пяти разделов, преемственность в развитии грамматических и речевых навыков, создание психологического стимула для занятий английским языком входят в методический замысел учебного пособия. При написании пособия автор руководствовался новейшими направлениями в отечественной и зарубежной методике и психологии, такими, в частности, как личностно-ориентированный, деятельностный, коммуникативно-когнитивный и социокультурный подходы к обучению иностранным языкам. Автор надеется, что работа с пособием будет стимулировать сознательное отношение к изучению английского языка, содействовать развитию всех составляющих иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции студентов.

3

Unit 1. BREAKING THE ICE To make the world a friendly place, one must show it a friendly face.

LEAD-IN

1. Read the following words of wisdom. What do they mean? •

The world is a looking glass and gives back to each person a reflection of his attitude.

•

Treat everyone with politeness, even those who are rude to you – not because they are nice, but because you are.

•

True politeness is perfect ease and freedom. It simply consists in treating others just as you love to be treated yourself. (Chesterfield)

•

Ceremonies are different in every country, but true POLITENESS is everywhere the same. (Oliver Goldsmith) A Short Course in Human Relations The Six Most Important Words: "I admit I made a mistake" The Five Most Important Words: "You did a good job” The Four Most Important Words: "What is your opinion?" The Three Most Important Words: "If you please" The Two Most Important Words: "Thank you" The One Most Important Word: "We" The Least Important Word: "I"

VOCABULARY 1. meet (met) (v)

– встречать(ся); знакомиться

meeting (n)

– встреча, деловая встреча, свидание

2. greet (v)

– приветствовать; здороваться

greeting (n)

– приветствие

3. treat (v)

– обращаться, обходиться; относиться

4. admit (v)

– допускать, соглашаться; признавать

5. behave (v)

– поступать, вести себя

behaviour (n)

– поведение, манеры 4

6. polite (a)

– вежливый, любезный, обходительный

politeness (n)

– вежливость, учтивость

7. attitude to / towards (n)

– отношение к чему-л. (кому-л.)

8. introduce (v)

– представлять, знакомить

introduction (n)

– (официальное) представление

9. name (n)

– имя; фамилия

first name

– имя

last name, surname, family name

– фамилия

full name

– полное имя

10. request (v)

– просить о чем-л.; запрашивать

request (n)

– просьба; запрос

make a request

– обратиться с просьбой

11. respond (v)

– отвечать; реагировать

response (n)

– ответ; отклик, реакция

12. advise (v)

– советовать

advice (n)

– совет

turn to somebody for advice

– обращаться к кому-л. за советом

follow somebody’s advice

– следовать чьему-л. совету

13. come from (v)

– быть родом из …

14. birth (n)

– рождение

be born

– родиться

15. raise (v)

– растить, воспитывать (детей)

was born and raised

– родился и вырос

16. age (n)

– возраст

at the age of (23)

– в возрасте (23 лет)

17. occupation (n)

– род занятий, профессия

18. graduate from (v)

– окончить (вуз)

graduate (n)

– выпускник

graduation (n)

– окончание учебного заведения

upon graduation

– по окончании учебного заведения

19. choose (chose, chosen) (v)

– выбирать

choice (n)

– выбор

20. arrive at / in (v)

– прибывать куда-л.

arrival (n)

– прибытие

on arrival

– по прибытии

21. move to (v)

– переезжать; переселяться 5

22. marry (v)

– женить(ся), выходить/выдавать замуж;

get married

– жениться, выйти замуж

marriage (n)

– брак; замужество; женитьба

23. be good at /with

– быть способным к чему-л., иметь склонность к чему-л.

24. able (a)

– умелый, умеющий; знающий; способный, талантливый

be able

– уметь, мочь, быть в состоянии, в силах

ability (n)

– способность; умение; дарование

25. skill (n)

– мастерство; умение

skilled (a)

– квалифицированный, искусный

skilful (a)

– искусный, умелый

26. like/dislike doing something (v)

– любить/не любить делать что-л.

likes and dislikes

– пристрастия и антипатии

27. leisure (n)

– досуг, свободное время

leisure time activities

– свободное времяпрепровождение

28. favourite (a)

– любимый

29. interest (v)

– интересовать

be interested in

– интересоваться чем-л.

get / become interested in

– заинтересоваться чем-л.

30. be keen on

– страстно увлекаться чем-л.

31. smart (a)

– умный, остроумный, находчивый

32. experienced (a)

– опытный

33. famous (a)

– знаменитый

be famous for

– славиться чем-л.

34. be proud of / inf.

– гордиться

Word building 2. Say how the prefixes dis-, un-, in-, im- change the meaning of the words (a–h). a) dislike ← like

e) inexperienced ← experienced

b) disrespect ← respect

f) inoccupation ← occupation

c) unskilled ← skilled

g) impolite ← polite

d) unsociable ←sociable

h) impersonal ← personal 6

If you want to learn the highest truths, begin with the alphabet. Chinese proverb 3. Translate the derivatives; say to what part of speech they belong. 1. event (n) – событие → eventful, eventless 2. meaning (n) – значение; смысл → meaningful, meaningless 3. use (n) – польза → useful, useless 4. skill (n) – умение → skilled, skillful 5. memory (n) – память → memorable 6. move (v) – двигаться → movable 7. polite (a) – вежливый → politeness 8. rude (a) – грубый, невоспитанный → rudeness 9. able (a) – способный → ability 10. mobile (a) – подвижный → mobility 11. arrive (v) – прибывать → arrival 12. refuse (v) – отказывать → refusal 4. Match the parts of speech (a–d) with the lists of typical suffixes (1–4). a) verb

1 -able (-ible), -al, -ic, -ent, -ed, -ous, -ive, -ful, -less

b) adjective

2 -age, -er, -ing, -tion, -sion, -ence, -ance, -al, -ity, -ment, -ness

c) noun

3 -ee, -er (-or), -ist, -ian

d) noun (person)

4 -ate, -en, -ify, -ize (-ise)

5. Choose the corresponding English word. 1 опытный

a) experience

b) experienced

c) inexperienced

2 умный

a) intelligible

b) intelligence

c) intelligent

3 другой

a) differ

b) different

c) difference

4 различный

a) vary

b) variety

c) various

5 вежливость

a) politely

b) polite

c) politeness

6 род занятий

a) occupy

b) occupation

c) occupancy

7 заявление

a) application

b) apply

c) applicant

8 способность

a) able

b) enable

c) ability

7

6. Match the words of similar meaning. 1 clever

a different

2 keen on

b answer

3 various

c smart

4 memorable

d act or behave towards

5 treat

e very interested in

6 response

f well-known

7 famous

g unforgettable

7. Match the words to their opposites. 1 early

a single

2 easy

b inexperienced

3 polite

c late

4 different

d forget

5 married

e (the) same

6 experienced

f rude/impolite

7 remember

g difficult

8. Express the following in one word. polite, greeting, attitude, clever, experienced, skill, introduce

1 to tell someone’s name to a person or group of people, so that they meet formally 2 a form of words or an action used on meeting someone 3 having or showing good manners and consideration for other people 4 way of feeling, thinking or behaving 5 knowing a lot about life, people, etc. 6 good at learning and understanding things quickly 7 ability to do something well 9. Read and translate the sentences. 1. Good evening, Raymond. Let me introduce David Bruce, one of my colleagues. 2. “Mrs Johnson?” “Please, call me by my first name.” 3. We don’t use surnames – it’s too formal. 4. Her name’s Tanya and she’s from Los Angeles. We both graduated from the same high school in LA. 5. Ever heard of a girl named Emma Handley? 6. When she was at school 8

she was very good at art. 7. Actually I’m not very keen on modern art. 8. You may not like her, but you have to admit that she’s good at her job. 9. I must admit I never was very good at dancing. 10. I’ve always been interested in cars, ever since I was a child. 11. Margaret became interested in acting when she was a student at Cambridge. 12. She has her likes and dislikes as we all have. 13. I don’t know why you dislike my father so much. 14. Josh turned round to shake hands and exchange greetings with some of his friends. 15. Their behaviour towards their guests tends to be rather formal. 16. What time does Jim arrive? 17. Half our guests arrived late, making the usual excuses. 18. Let me know the date and time of your arrival. 19. Their guests were given a very warm welcome on arrival. 20. During my stay in Japan, I was treated with great politeness by everyone I met. 21. Mrs Thomas is a very able teacher. 22. Laura’s smart and she has plenty of ambition. She’s sure to get a good job. 23. You have to be very intelligent to go to Oxford University. 24. My sister was always the cleverest student in her class. 25. Ann has very good language skills. 26. Adrian was a skilled architect. 27. Gascoigne is an extremely skilful player. 28. I feel very proud when people admire my work. 29. Mr Bruce is a very experienced teacher; he has been working in this school for twenty years. 30. I realize now that at the age of eighteen I was very naïve and inexperienced. 31. The pop star’s wife politely refused any requests for interviews. 32. Alan tried to start a conversation, but when Lockwood made no response, he gave up. 33. Her response to his suggestion was a simple refusal. 34. His attitude to his new job seemed to be very negative. 35. When I told them I was a doctor their whole attitude changed. 36. Why did you choose such a bright colour? 37. You have a choice. You can go to university now or wait until next September. 38. I sometimes wonder why she chose Jerry as her assistant. He’s useless. 10. Fill in the correct word from the list below. Some words may be used more than once. meet,

introduce,

experienced,

polite,

inexperienced,

rude,

behaviour,

greeting,

response

1. “Good morning,” I said, but she didn’t return the ___. 2. Let me ___ Mr Henry Shaw, our Marketing Manager. 3. Mum, Dad, I want you to ___ my friend Sheila. 4. He gave no ___ to my question. 5. Don’t be so ___ to your father. 6. It is not considered ___ to ask a lady how old she is. 7. I was young and relatively ___ in dealing with members of the opposite sex. 8. Paul liked to turn to more ___ people for advice. 9. His ___ towards me shows that he does not like me. 9

10. She’s always extremely ___ to me, but I never know what she is really thinking. 11. What a ___ man! He just ignored me when I said “Good morning.” 12. ___ managers often have problems with their staff. 11. Complete the sentences with the prepositions in the box. at, in, on, for, from, of, to 1. He graduated ___ Manchester University in 1994. 2. ___ the age of 80 he still leads a very busy and interesting life. 3. When are you moving ___ your new house? 4. In her early years her family moved ___ one town ___ another. 5. Jim is very good ___ mathematics but his interests include the theatre, American literature and cricket. 6. We’re not particularly interested ___ sport. 7. She seems very keen ___ learning to drive. 8. We’re proud ___ our country and we don’t like people insulting it. 9. ___ arrival in London report to the Ministry of Education. 10. When he was at school he didn’t show much interest ___ girls. 11. When you have a problem, who do you turn to ___ advice? 12. What makes San Francisco so interesting is its architecture, which is completely different ___ that of other American cities. 13. Spartans were famous ___ being brave, but not for being clever. 14. His attitude ___ his new job seemed to be very negative. 15. I’ve lost all interest ___ my job and I feel constantly tired. 12. Match the sentence beginnings (a-h) with their endings (1-8). a) b) c) d)

Mr Grimshaw got up from behind his desk ... I called Steve’s name but ... I admire her – ... Andrew learned to speak Japanese in six months –... e) She chose that house ... f) Meeting Professor Kearney was an event ... g) The way a man behaves towards his mother ...

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

h) Our doctor is very experienced in these matters; ...

will behave towards his wife.

10

she’s very good at her job. which changed my life. to greet me and offer me a chair. there was no response. now that’s something to be proud of. you should follow his advice. because she liked the garden. can be a good indicator of how he

GRAMMAR Verb to be 13. Put in am/am not/is/isn’t/are/aren’t. 1. I ___ from Russia. 2. Debbie and Mark ___ British. They ___ German. 3. My friends ___ interested in computers. 4. His parents ___ around 40. 5. How old ___ you? I ___ 18. 6. London ___ situated on the river Evans. It ___ situated on the river Thames. 7. I ___ keen on sports. But I ___ rather good at basketball. 8. Her name ___ Jane. It ___ Helen. 14. Give short answers (Yes, I am/No, he isn’t, etc.). 1. Are you from Russia? 2. Is your home town small? 3. Are all your school friends students now? 4. Is your best friend the same age as you? 5. Are you good at languages? 6. Is English difficult? 7. Are you satisfied with your speaking abilities so far? 8. Is it important to have good communication skills? 15. Write questions with these words. Give short answers. 1. your partner / from the UK? 2. everything / okay? 3. it / hot? 4. you / tired? 5. I / right? 6. your parents / at work? 7. you / interested in art? 8. this subject / difficult? 9. I / good at English? 10. you / happy today? 11

16. Write questions that match the answers. Example: What is your name? — My name’s Mark. 1. ___________________ ?

— Her name’s Pam.

2. ___________________ ?

— No, my sister is at school.

3. ___________________ ?

— Yes, it is Frank Ellis.

4. ___________________ ?

— No, I’m not Diana. I’m Ann.

5. ___________________ ?

— No, it isn’t Ronald. It’s Gerald.

6. ___________________ ?

— 14 King Street, London.

7. ___________________ ?

— 805-9866

8. ___________________ ?

— His car is white.

9. ___________________ ?

— Olga is a very friendly person.

10. ___________________ ?

— Sue is fond of dancing.

Subject Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives Subject Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives

Example Sentences

I

MY

— My friend is from St Petersburg.

YOU

YOUR

— Your friend is from Kazan.

HE

HIS

— His friend is from Zlatoust.

SHE

HER

— Her friend is from Volgograd.

IT

ITS

— Russia is famous for its ballet.

WE

OUR

— Our friends are from China.

YOU

YOUR

— Your friends are from Japan.

THEY

THEIR

— Their friends are from Holland.

17. Complete the sentences with possessive adjectives. 1. I like football. It’s ___ favourite sport. 2. “What’s ___ address?” — “My address is 20 North Street, Liverpool.” 3. She’s from Spain. ___ home town is Sevilla. 4. We live in Chelyabinsk. ___ flat is in the city centre. 5. They’re at the party with ___ friends. 6. He’s in ___ office. 7. Sue is 20 now. ___ birthday is in spring. 8. Amsterdam is famous for ___ canals. 12

Object Pronouns Subject Pronoun

Object Pronoun

I

ME

HE

HIM

SHE

HER

IT

IT

WE

US

YOU

YOU

THEY

THEM

18. Complete the sentences with object pronouns. 1. Hello, Sabine. I’m Sally. — Glad to meet ___. 2. English is a great language. I like ___. 3. I don’t think you know Miss Baker, do you? — No, I don’t know ___. 4. I’m going to the movies tonight, would you like to join ___? 5. He says he can fly a plane but I don’t believe ___. 6. Me elder sister Ann is very smart and I’m proud of ___. 7. These shoes are very comfortable. I like ___. 8. Where’s my address book? I can’t find ___. 9. We’re having lunch. Would you like to join ___? Present Simple I / You / We / They work. – He / She / It works. Do you work? – Does he work? Yes, I do. / No, he doesn’t. I do not (don’t) work. – He does not (doesn’t) work.

19. Put these words into three groups according to the pronunciation of the -s/-es endings. think, learn, choose, go, treat, show, dance, leave, enjoy, invite, refuse, worry, behave, ignore, admit, apologize, include, advise, dislike, admire, exchange, request, introduce, agree /s/

speaks, ...

/z/

lives, ...

/ɪz/ watches, ... 13

20. Complete the sentences putting the verbs in the Present Simple Tense. 1. We all ___ (agree) on the importance of communication skills. 2. I always ___ (think) about the feelings of other people. 3. Sometimes he ___ (behave) very strangely towards me. 4. Teenagers and their parents rarely ___ (agree). 5. My friend ___ (live) next door to me. 6. We often ___ (enjoy) the same things. 7. I ___ (belong) to a sports club. 21. Write positive sentences with the verb in the correct form. 1. My mother doesn’t come from Russia. 2. My friends don’t live in Chelyabinsk. 3. We don’t see each other socially very much. 4. Paul doesn’t study at Trinity College. 5. My father doesn’t work as an engineer. 6. My friends and I don’t go to the cinema at weekends. 7. My friend doesn’t wear jeans and a T-shirt to university. 22. Write negative sentences with the verb in the correct form. 1. I ___ (take) the dog for a walk every morning. 2. Paul ___ (get up) early at weekends. 3. My friends ___ (work) in a bank. 4. We ___ (go) to football matches every Sunday. 5. I ___ (find) it easy to mix with other people. 6. She ___ (buy) all the food in the nearest supermarket. 7. This car ___ (cost) much money – it’s rather old. 23. Write true sentences with the given words. 1. It / rain a lot in autumn. 2. A restaurant / sell shoes. 3. A restaurant / serve food. 4. An architect / design buildings. 5. Doctors / take care of sick people. 6. Glass / break easily. 7. Scientists / have all the answers to the mysteries of the Universe. 14

24. Add do or does to make general questions and do, don’t, does or doesn’t to give short answers. 1. ___ I speak good Italian? — Yes, you ___. 2. ___ you drive to work? — No, I ___. 3. ___ they work hard at university? — Yes, they ___. 4. ___ Bill smoke? — No, he ___. 5. ___ Kate like ice-cream? — Yes, she ___. 6. ___ you know how old David is? — No, I ___. 25. You are asking somebody questions. Write questions with Do / Does ...? 1. I work hard. And you? Do you work hard? 2. I know the answer. And you? ______? 3. I speak English. And Ann? ______? 4. I play tennis. And your friends? ______? 5. I like hot weather. And you? ______? 6. I do exercises every morning. And you? ______? 7. I want to learn Spanish. And you? ______? 26. Make these sentences into general questions. 1. It rains a lot here in spring. 2. The shops close at 5 o’clock. 3. They have parties every weekend. 4. She speaks good English. 5. You drink a lot of tea. 6. They go shopping on Saturdays. 27. Write questions that match the answers. 1. Ann comes from Germany.

Where ______________?

2. She teaches Art.

What _______________?

3. We go shopping on Fridays.

When ______________?

4. I don’t like Mike because he always makes fun of me.

Why _______________?

5. I see him every week.

How often ___________?

6. It takes me an hour and a half to get ready for my English class.

How long ___________?

7. Our new car costs a lot of money.

How much __________?

8. Jane likes classical music.

What sort of music ____? 15

Past Simple I / He / She / We returned. / left. Did he return / leave? / Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t. He did not (didn’t) return / leave. 28. Find the word that doesn’t belong to each list. Give the Present Tense form of the verbs. a) said,

visited,

flew,

sold,

began,

cost;

b) seemed,

happened,

listened,

slept,

showed,

watched;

c) phoned,

bought,

was,

thought,

saw,

drove;

d) liked,

closed,

read,

decided,

married,

enjoyed;

e) were,

grew,

had,

moved,

ran,

gave.

29. Put these words into three groups according to the pronunciation of the -ed endings. pass, waste, wash, rain, enjoy, watch, decide, remember, suggest, return, fail, need, stop, study, mix, end, ask, love, use, listen, want, dance, happen, change, greet /d/

moved, ...

/t/

worked, ...

/ɪd/ visited, ... 30. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Past Simple. 1. I ___ (live) in this house last year. 2. Two hundred years ago our town ___ (be) just a small village. 3. Lidia ___ (decide) to study in England. 4. Several years ago they ___ (be) married. 5. He always ___ (seem) such a nice guy before. 6. They ___ (have) enough money to buy lots of new clothes. 7. He ___ (dance) with me last night. 8. I ___ (be / not) busy yesterday. 9. I ___ (learn / not) English at school. 10. I ___ (begin) to study English in 2008. 11. Before that, I ___ (work) as a teacher in Italy for a year. 12. Emma ___ (be) the best student in our group. 16

31. Complete the sentences using the words in the list. Use the Simple Present or the Simple Past.

invite, stay, like, do, want, watch, happen Example: Mike often asks questions. He asked a lot of questions in class yesterday. 1. After a hard day’s work Tom ___ to relax by going for a swim. But yesterday all he ___ to do was lie down and get some sleep. 2. Ann seldom ___ her homework before midnight. But yesterday she ___ her homework at 10 p.m. 3. I usually ___ a lot of people to my birthday party. But last year I ___ only my close friends. 4. Take care! This crossroads is extremely dangerous. Accidents are often here. A serious accident ___ at this crossroads only a few days ago. 5. In the evening my parents ___ at home and ___ TV. As usual they ___ at home and ___ TV last night. 32. Make the following sentences negative. Example: She spoke to me at the party. — She didn’t speak to me at the party. 1. I had a tiring day. 2. The train arrived on time. 3. They left for the airport at 5 a.m. 4. Dan ran the marathon in two hours. 5. I found the end of the film very moving. 6. The end of the game was really exciting. 7. You made a bad mistake. 8.

She had a headache yesterday.

9. Mr Benson and his wife were in Canada a month ago. 10. The weather was hot in New York City last summer. 33. Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1. The hotel ___ (not/be) very expensive. It ___ (not/cost) very much. 2. After the accident it ___ (be) a long time before she ___ (be) able to walk again. 17

3. The bed ___ (be) uncomfortable. I ___ (not/sleep) very well. 4. Madame Tussaud ___ (start) making models in wax as a teenager. 5. The film ___ (be) boring. I ___ (not/enjoy) it very much. 6. Nicholas ___ (try) different schools but he was bored and unhappy. 7. All morning as she ___ (wait) for the interview her nervousness ___ (grow). 8. I ___ (find) the whole event pretty boring, but the kids ___ (seem) to be enjoying themselves. 34. Rewrite each sentence as positive, negative or a general question, according to the instructions. Example: My dad didn’t work late yesterday. (positive) — My dad worked late yesterday. Greg went to the theatre at the weekend. (question) — Did Greg go to the theatre at the weekend? I visited my parents last week. (negative) — I didn’t visit my parents last week. 1. We began our new language course book in May. (negative) 2. Mike got some tickets for the World Cup. (question) 3. Our trip lasted a fortnight. (negative) 4. Tanya didn’t sleep well at all last night.(positive) 5. They worked overtime in their new job. (negative) 6. The alarm clock woke Helen from a deep sleep. (negative) 7. He arrived at the hotel at midnight. (question) 35. Ask questions about the information in italics. Example: Bobby played golf yesterday. — What did Bobby do yesterday? 1. My parents were on holiday in Greece in June. 2. It took Clare an hour to pack her travelling bag. 3. Charlotte Hughes (the second oldest person in the world) didn’t marry until sixtythree. 4. Alexander Bell started his first telephone company on August 2nd 1877. 5. Martin worked the whole summer. The job was tiring but he earned a lot of money. 36. Ask subject or object questions. Give short answers to subject questions. Example: We waited for him at the door. — Who waited for him at the door? — We did. — Who did you wait for at the door? 18

1. We listened to the news at breakfast. 2. Anthony talked to his girlfriend on the phone all evening. 3. Fred’s sister married a famous actor. 4. They bought a present for us. 5. I reported the accident to the police. 37. Complete the sentences. Use is, are, was, were, do, does, did. 1. When and where ___ you born? 2. Where ___ you go to school? 3. When ___ you move to Chelyabinsk? — When I ___ a teenager. 4. How large ___ your family? 5. What languages ___ you speak? 6. What city ___ she from? 7. What sort of person ___ she? / What ___ she like? 8. What ___ she like doing in her spare time? 9. What ___ she look like? 10. ___ he married? 11. What ___ you think of me? 12. ___ you know what time it ___? 13. What time ___ the next train leave? 14. What ___ the weather like today? 38. Complete the following tag questions. Example: You learn English, don’t you? Your sister doesn’t go to university, does she? You enjoyed the concert, didn’t you? You are 20 years old, aren’t you? She isn’t a journalist, is she? He can drive a car, can’t he? 1. You are a first year student, ___? 2. You aren’t married, ___? 3. You read a lot, ___? 19

4. He is interested in music, ___? 5. They do sports, ___? 6. Your brother studies medicine, ___? 7. You know how to use this computer, ___? 8. He can fly a plane, ___? 9. She doesn’t speak French, ___? 10. He is going to apply to university, ___? 11. Your sister is a college graduate, ___? 12. Her parents come from Scotland, ___? 13. You are going to be an architect, ___? 14. You look like your father, ___? 15. We can’t afford to take a vacation this year, ___? 39. Work with a partner. Complete the tag questions; act out the following dialogue. APPLYING FOR A JOB

Interviewer:

Come in. Please, sit down. It’s Mr Robbins, ___?

Mr. Robbins:

Yes, that’s right. Good afternoon.

Interviewer:

Good afternoon. Well, I’ve got your application form here. I just want to check the information. Is that all right?

Mr. Robbins:

Yes, of course.

Interviewer:

Now, you are 21, ___?

Mr. Robbins:

Yes, I am.

Interviewer:

And you are not married, ___?

Mr. Robbins:

No, I’m not married, not yet.

Interviewer:

You went to secondary school and technical college, ___?

Mr. Robbins:

Yes, I did.

Interviewer:

But you didn’t go to university, ___?

Mr. Robbins:

No, I didn’t. I started work after finishing school.

Interviewer:

I see. You can speak French and Russian, ___?

20

Mr. Robbins:

Yes, I can, but not fluently. I can speak French better than Russian.

Interviewer:

But you can’t speak Spanish, ___?

Mr. Robbins:

No, I’m afraid I can’t,

Interviewer:

And your hobby is travelling, ___?

Mr. Robbins:

Yes, it is. And I also like doing a lot of other things.

Interviewer:

Well, thank you very much.

40. Work with your partner. Imagine you are going to get a new job and you are being interviewed by a hiring manager (HM). Complete the conversation. HM:

Please, come in. Sit down.

You:

________________________________________________

HM:

Now, what’s your name?

You:

________________________________________________

HM:

Ah, yes. Now, when did you finish school?

You:

________________________________________________

HM:

Fine. And where did you go to school?

You:

________________________________________________

HM:

What were your best subjects?

You:

________________________________________________

HM:

I see. And what subjects didn’t you like studying?

You:

________________________________________________

HM:

Why?

You:

________________________________________________

HM:

And hobbies... What do you like doing in your leisure time?

You:

________________________________________________

HM:

What sort of job do you want to do?

You:

________________________________________________

HM:

Why do you think you’d like doing that?

You:

________________________________________________

HM:

Well, thank you very much.

41. Complete the sentences. Use in, with, at, about, on. 1. Which city were you born ___? 21

2. What sports are you good ___? 3. What kind of music are you interested ___? 4. Who do you live ___? 5. What sort of things do you worry ___? 6. What do you spend the most money ___? 42. Write questions that match the answers. 1. I’m interested in lots of different things. What ______________________________? 2. I’m good at playing the guitar.

What ______________________________?

3. I’m keen on table tennis.

What ______________________________?

4. I belong to a sports club.

What clubs or groups _________________?

5. I applied to SUSU.

Which university ____________________?

6. I live with my parents.

Who_______________________________?

7. I worry about finding a job and about What kind of things___________________? money. 8. I spend my money on education.

What ______________________________?

43. Write the words in order to complete the questions. Then answer the questions. 1. your – What – name – is – full ? 2. old – you – How – are ? 3. you – born – When – were ? 4. come – you – do – from – Where? 5. Where – you – now – do – live ? 6. arrive – you – When – here – did ? 7. finish – you – did – school – When ? 8. good – subjects – were – What – at – you ? 9. you – English – at – good – Were ? 10. now – do – What – you – do ? 11. you – to – university – apply – Which – did ? 12. are – graduation – going – upon – to be – you – What ? 13. sort – you – What – of – are – person ? 14. What – in – you – interested – are ? 15. favourite – are – activities – What – your – leisure ? 22

44. Read the text and do the tasks below. Hello. My name is Paul Simon. I am British. I am from Bristol, which is situated on the river Avon, in the South–West of England. I’m a language student at Christ Church College in Oxford. Christ Church College is quite famous and I’m proud to be a student of it. I’m twenty. I’m not married yet, I’m single. My new friends are from various countries – Spain, Italy, France, Germany, Holland and Japan, too. We are very friendly but it isn’t quite easy to understand each other. You see, our accents are so different! Sabine is French. Her home town is Bordeaux. She is in her late teens. Sabine is very smart and her English is rather good. She is keen on classical music and art. Mr Lewis, our language teacher is from Manchester. He is intelligent, experienced and always ready to help. My favourite subjects are Literature and History. I’m also interested in Natural Sciences and I’m good at sports. My hobbies are table tennis and computer games. Am I happy here? Yes, sure. The only trouble is my parents are far away and I feel a bit lonely sometimes. 45. Are the following sentences true or false? If false, say why. 1. Paul is British. 2. He is a History student. 3. His friends are from Britain and Holland. 4. Mr Lewis is a young and inexperienced teacher. 5. Sabine is from France. 6. It’s not easy to understand Sabine because of her French accent. 7. Paul is interested in History and Literature. 8. He is keen on music and art. 9. Paul is proud to be a student at Christ Church College. 46. Here are the answers to some questions about the text. Ask the questions. 1 ____________________?

— Paul.

2 ____________________?

— Simon.

23

3 ____________________?

— From Bristol.

4 ____________________?

— In Oxford.

5 ____________________?

— 20.

6 ____________________?

— No, he’s single.

7 ____________________?

— From various countries.

8 ____________________?

— She isn’t German. She is French.

9 ____________________?

— She’s in her late teens.

10 ____________________?

— Classical music.

11 ____________________?

— A language teacher.

12 ____________________?

— Clever and experienced.

Future Simple Не/They will (’ll) come. Will he/they come? Yes, he will./No, they won’t. Не/They will not (won’t) come. 47. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple Tense. Use contraction (’ll) where possible. 1. How old is your sister? — She ___ (be) twelve next month. 2. Stop talking or I ___ (send) you out of the class. 3. We ___ (see) you later. 4. His parents think he ___ (become) an artist one day. 5. They ___ (arrive) home before midnight tonight. 6. I ___ (get back) from the work trip till the next morning. 7. I think the trip ___ (be) rather exciting. 8. I ___ (come) to the airport to pick you up. 9. My colleague, Susan Fleming, ___ (be) there to welcome you in the arrivals hall and to accompany you to your hotel. 10. Could I speak to Jim, please? — Wait a minute. I ___ (get) him for you. 11. Did you ask Jackie to the party? — Oh no! I forgot! I ___ (ask) her tonight. 12. Bill looks tired, I think he ___ (go) to bed early tonight.

24

48. Write negative sentences with the verb in the correct form. 1. I know she ___ (agree) with this idea. 2. I ___ (give up). 3. My parents ___ (return) home before twelve. 4. It ___ (rain) today. 5. I ___ (go) anywhere for a walk tonight. 6. Don’t trust this company. You ___ (see) your money again. 49. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb given in the box. be, get, go, win, enjoy, leave, tell, cut, open 1. Don’t say anything to Sally about the surprise party on Friday. — Don’t worry, I ___ her. 2. Randy and Diana are in love with each other. — Yes. I think they ___ married soon. 3. Let’s meet in town. We ___ shopping together and have lunch. 4. I promise, I ___ on time. I ___ late. 5. Please, stay with me. — Don’t worry, I ___ you. 6. It’s too hot in here. — You’re right. I ___ a window. 7. These bags look really heavy – are you sure you ___ able to carry them on your own? 8. I’m too tired to cut the grass. — Don’t worry! I ___ it for you. 9. I’m going to the big baseball match tonight. My team, Dallas Cowboys, are playing. — Do you think they ___? 10. Are you looking forward to your party? — Yes. I hope everyone ___ it. 50. Make these sentences into general questions. Give short answers. Example: (You be) at home tomorrow? — Will you be at home tomorrow? — Yes, I will./ No, I won’t. 1.

(You see) your parents this weekend?

2. (They go) to Scotland in June? 3. (You come) to dinner tomorrow? 4. (Sam be) at the party too? 5. (You marry) me?

25

51. Complete the sentences. Example: Who will arrange everything? — Diana. 1. ______ Kate ___ next year? — She’ll be 18. 2. ______ for breakfast? — I’ll have a cup of coffee and a toast. 3. ______ at the station? — They’ll meet at about 3 o’clock. 4. ______ it take? — About an hour. 5. ______ win the race? — It’s rather difficult to predict. 52. Ask questions about the information in italics. 1. At the weekend we’ll probably go to the cinema. 2. It will be rainy and quite cold. 3. They’ll meet Joyce at the airport at 7 o’clock. 4. No, I won’t work from Wednesday till Friday. 5. It’ll take you an hour and a half to get to the city centre. SOCIAL ENGLISH INTRODUCING YOURSELF AND OTHERS 53. “Breaking the ice” is an idiom that means getting to know someone. An atmosphere that was cold becomes warm. Now we will break the ice by introducing ourselves. Activity 1. Introducing yourself A. When you meet someone for the first time, it is customary to introduce yourself. Some expressions used: My name is ... / My name’s ... I’m ... (first name, last name) Hi / Hello How do you do?

26

B. Go over this dialogue: Neil: Ami: Neil: Ami: Neil: Ami: Neil: Ami: Neil:

Hello. Are you a student here? Yes, I am. So am I. My name’s Neil Bois. How do you do? I’m Ami Frank. I’m pleased to meet you. Is Frank your first name or your last name? My last name. Neil’s my first name. Please call me Neil. Okay, Neil, and please call me Ami. Okay, Ami.

Activity 2. Preparing to Introduce Someone A. Here are some expressions used when we want to introduce someone: I’d like to introduce ... I’d like you to meet ... Can I introduce you to ... Quan, this is Rodolfo. This is my friend? Jack. — Hi, Jack. I’m Linda. (After an introduction) Nice to meet you. — Nice to meet you too. B. These types of introductions involve three people: A: The introducer (who knows both B and C) B: Introducee (knows A but not C) C: Introducee (knows A but not B) Example: A: Have you two met each other? B: No, we haven’t. A: Ben, this is Carol. Carol this is Ben. (B and C smile and shake hands.) B: Nice to meet you Carol. C: Nice to meet you too, Ben.

27

C. After you have been introduced to someone, it is polite to ask a few general questions to get acquainted. For example: B: Where are you from, Carol? C: I’m from Connecticut. B: Connecticut, which part? C: Hartford, the capital. How about you, Ben? B: Nebraska – a place called Bellevue. It’s near Omaha. C: How do you know Alan? B: He is my friend from college. D. Work in small groups. Practise introducing your friends to each other. Remember to smile (and use handshakes where appropriate). E. The purpose of this activity is to get information about another person, and then introduce him/her to the class. You will be working in pairs. Here are some questions to use: 1. What’s your name? 2. Where are you from? 3. Do you work? If not, what do you do? 4. When did you arrive here? 5. Do you have a hobby? 6. What are three things you like and three things you dislike? 54. Read through the following paragraph and practise introducing yourself to a roomful of people. HOW TO INTRODUCE YOURSELF TO A ROOMFUL OF PEOPLE At times, a self-introduction may be one-sided – such as when a roomful1 of people are asked to introduce themselves. In this case, you may be asked to provide specific information, but at other times you may be free to respond in any manner you choose. The first case is easy – just remember to include a greeting, your name, and all the requested information (regardless2 of the responses of previous participants). Focus On Three Things Only 28

When the introduction details are your choice, be conversational and brief, focusing on only three things. The idea is to build rapport3. By choosing just three things, your introduction will be more memorable. For example, for a very short introduction I might say something like, “Hi, everyone. I’m Lisa, Lisa Marshall. I’m a professional speaker and author who enjoys dancing and photography.” For a longer answer I might say something like… “Hi, everyone. I’m Lisa, Lisa B. Marshall. I’m a professional speaker and author. I specialize in communication skills and I’m excited because my new audiobook on interviewing skills will be released shortly. I enjoy dancing, although4 I’m not that good at it. I really love Latin music and salsa dancing is my favourite. I also enjoy photography. In fact, I am thinking of buying myself a digital SLR5 for my upcoming birthday.” Lisa B. Marshall _________________________ 1 roomful – полная комната (людей, гостей и т.п.) 2 regardless – не обращая внимания, невзирая на 3 build rapport – установить контакт с кем-л. 4 although – хотя 6 digital SLR (digital single-lens reflex camera) – цифровой однообъективный зеркальный фотоаппарат

SPEAKING 55. Make notes about yourself under the headings, then talk about yourself. • •

a greeting; some words about who you are and where you are from (name; place of origin / where you live);

•

your occupation;

•

your likes and dislikes;

•

your hobbies;

•

your dreams or plans for the future.

29

GUESSING GAME 56. Work in pairs following the instruction: Student A. Think about a famous person you know something about (an artist, a musician, a politician ...). Write down in note form some details of their life (date and place of birth; what sort of family he/she was born into; education; career; first job; what he/she was famous for, etc.). Bring your notes to the lesson. •

Do not reveal their identity. Use he or she.

•

Use the time expressions (at the age of; after that; during is/her life ...).

Student B. Ask student A questions to find out as much as you can about the famous person and try to guess his/her name. READING 57. Read and learn how “social language rules” work in English. Then do the task that follows.

TEXT 1 POLITENESS CONVENTIONS The basic principle of politeness is to show respect for the partner. The principle can be embodied in a number of maxims1: 1. Do not be dogmatic. Remember that the partner may have a different opinion. This maxim implies2: a) The use of I think, I believe, I expect as introducers or as tags. If they are unstressed, their use does not indicate uncertainty3 or lack of confidence4. I think his mother is Italian. She comes from Calabria, I believe. b) The use of you know, of course to imply that the partner is not ignorant. Of course, his mother is Italian, you know. с) The use of tag questions to invite the partner’s agreement (falling intonation) or confirmation5 (rising intonation). His mother is Italian, isn’t she? 2. Be reluctant6 to say what may distress or displease the partner. This maxim implies such strategies as: a) Expressing the reluctance: I don’t want to be difficult but … (e.g. this machine doesn’t work). I don’t like saying so, but … (e.g. the music is too loud). 30

b) Seeking the partner’s agreement: I hope you don’t mind … Don’t you agree that …? с) Apologizing or expressing regret: I’m sorry but … (your work is not good enough). I’m afraid you can’t smoke in here. 3. Do not force the partner to act. Allow him to appear to act voluntarily. This maxim implies: a) Adding please whenever you call for action by the partner. Where is the toilet, please? (asking the information) A return ticket, please. (requesting something) Sit down, please. (giving instructions, orders) b) Avoiding7 simple imperatives8 when asking the partner to do something for you. Instead, ask if he •

is willing to act: Will you open the window, please?

•

is able to act: Can you open this tin for me, please?

• wishes to act: Would you like to help me, please? _________________________ 1

maxim – максима (краткое изречение, выражающее общеизвестную истину,

правило поведения или этический принцип) 2

imply – предполагать, подразумевать, заключать в себе, значить

3

uncertainty – неуверенность, нерешительность

4

confidence – уверенность, убеждённость

5

confirmation – подтверждение

6

reluctant – делающий что-л. с большой неохотой, вынужденный

7

avoid – избегать

8

imperative – повелительное наклонение, императив; повеление; распоряжение

TEXT 2 HOW TO BE A GOOD LISTENER? Careful listening can build good relations. It can help you make friends and settle arguments. Some practical advice 31

SHOW YOUR INTEREST a) non-verbally – letting your ‘body language’ show that you are paying attention: nodding1 your head, frequently looking the person in the eye, etc. When seated lean2 forward slightly. Don’t scowl3, frown, fold your arms, etc. b) verbally – inviting the speaker to say more, e.g. by saying: I see. Really? Oh? Tell me more. DO NOT INTERRUPT Pay attention to the speaker. Don’t interrupt4 him/her even though you think you know what the speaker is going to say. Save your thoughts until the other person has finished talking. SUM UP WHAT HAS BEEN SAID Restate (paraphrase) what the other person has said in your own words. This will tell the speaker whether you understood what he or she said, and it will give the speaker a chance to explain again and correct any misunderstanding. Ask questions if necessary. Typical phrases used in beginning a clarifying5 response: Are you saying (restate in other words)? I heard you say (then summarize). LISTEN FOR FEELINGS In paraphrasing the other person’s ideas don’t mimic or parrot6 his/her exact words. Also, avoid any indication of approval7 or disapproval. Refrain from blaming8, giving advice or persuading9. For example, the phrase "Oh, you shouldn’t let that upset10 you!" suggests that the person’s feelings are wrong. But feelings are not right or wrong – they just are. Sometimes people just want to express their feelings – they are not looking for advice. If you have something to offer, ask first. Try to show understanding and acceptance of the other person’s feelings or experience. For example, say “Yes, I see that this is important to you”, or “I understand (appreciate, value) what it means to you (or how it makes you feel)”, or “It’s really sad (great, emotional, amazing, unfair, etc.).” Especially important is to show understanding and acceptance of the other person’s expressed feelings or opinions when you want to disagree, or when you have different opinion or perspective. In this case it is appropriate to say “What you have said is really important (you can repeat the person’s statement). There is something that I want to add (point out, mention). Smiling is one of the most important indicators of a good listener! This does not mean laughing at someone, or grinning, or an ironic face. Just keeping a friendly smile on your face,

32

nodding your head and saying "uhm..." from time to time will get you the recognition of a good listener and a nice person. This will be an important message to another person, which will indicate that you are happy to be in his/her company, that you are paying attention to the conversation, and you are not preoccupied with your own stressful or sad thoughts instead of listening. _________________________ 1

nod – кивнуть головой

2

lean – наклоняться; склоняться

3

scowl – хмуриться, хмурить брови; смотреть сердито

4

interrupt – обрывать, прерывать

5

clarify – прояснить

6

parrot – механически повторять

7

approval – одобрение; благоприятное мнение

8

blame – порицать, осуждать, критиковать

9

persuade – убеждать (в чём-л.); урезонивать

10

upset – расстраивать, огорчать

DID YOU KNOW? 93 per cent of our communication with others is non-verbal. What we actually say makes up only seven per cent of the picture! That’s what US scientist Ray Birdwhistell found out when he began to study body language back in the 1950s. He filmed conversations and then played them back in slow motion to examine gestures, expressions and posture1. When he noticed the same movements happening again and again, he realised that the body can talk too! We use our bodies to send messages all the time. We nod instead of saying “Yes”, shrug our shoulders to mean “I don’t know”, or raise our eyebrows to show surprise. But even when we don’t want other people to know how we’re feeling, our body language can give us away2. The way we sit or stand, the expression on our face can reveal3 far more than words. _____________________ 1

give away – выдавать, разоблачать (кого-л.)

2

posture – положение тела, поза

3

reveal – обнаруживать, показывать

33

58. Answer the following questions. 1. What are the basic maxims of politeness? 2. What makes a good listener? 3. What are the most important indicators of a good listener? 4. Do you agree that paralinguistic features (body language, gesture, eye contact, facial expression, etc.) are very important in real communication? 59. Express the following in one word. apologize, regret, uncertainty, express, reluctance, force, ignorant 1. lacking information or knowledge 2. lack of confidence 3. lack of willingness 4. feel sorry about something that has happened 5. say sorry 6. make someone do something that they do not want to do 7. tell someone about a feeling, opinion, etc. / show a feeling on your face or give information by your behaviour 60. Find a synonym in the box for each underlined word or phrase. absence, apologize, expression, body language, regret 1. There’s nothing to be sorry about. You haven’t done anything wrong. 2. Go and say sorry to your mother, Andrew. 3. She showed a complete lack of interest in her own baby. 4. Facial expression and gesture are almost as important as language for expressing meaning. 5. You should have seen the look on his face when I told him I was leaving. 61. Choose a word from the box to complete each sentence. Some words may be used more than once. agree, express, expression, apologize, regret, opinion, confidence

34

1. That was an awful thing to say – I think you should ___. 2. I always find it hard to ___ my feelings. 3. You need patience and ___ to be a good teacher. 4. I must ___ for my son’s behaviour – he isn’t usually this moody. 5. Do you want my ___? I think you’re taking a terrible risk. 6. Mr Johnson thinks it’s too risky, and I tend to ___ with him. 7. She pretended she wasn’t excited but the ___ on her face gave her away. 8. She could be very good at this work, but she lacks ___. 62. Read and learn how different nations behave in the same situations. Think about whether this is different in your culture.

SAYING IT WITHOUT WORDS Good manners are manifested not only in the way we speak but also in the way we move. Mind your mimics and your body language, don’t gesticulate too much. These are the general rules, but much depends on national traditions. Say, handshaking in Great Britain is not so widely used as in Europe. Older people in Britain usually shake hands when they meet for the first time, but young people don’t do this very often. In France, many people of all ages shake hands every time they see each other – they say the French spend 20 minutes a day shaking hands! In Britain, men often kiss women friends once or twice on the cheek and women sometimes kiss each other too, but men don’t usually kiss each other. However, men in the Arab world often hug and kiss each other on the cheek. Meanwhile, in Japan, people bow when they meet each other; neither men nor women kiss in public. When Americans meet and speak, there is about a 2–4 feet distance between them. However, if you watch a Japanese speaking to an American you will see him moving towards the American, trying to shorten the distance between them, which makes the American move backwards. Video recordings of this phenomenon give an impression that both men are dancing around the conference room. It partly explains why, when negotiating business, Asians and Americans sometimes misunderstand each other, the Americans thinking of the Asians as “too familiar” and the Asians regarding the Americans as “too cold” and “too official”. 35

Americans like people who smile and agree with them, but Australians are more interested in people who disagree with them. So sometimes Americans think Australians are rude and unfriendly, and Australians think polite friendly Americans are boring! In Europe, it’s friendly to smile at strangers, but in many Asian countries it isn’t polite. And in Japan you must cover your mouth when you smile or laugh. In Western cultures, young people and adults look each other in the eye during a conversation to show interest and trust, but in many Asian countries, it’s rude to look people in the eye, especially a superior such as a teacher. In Britain and the United States it isn’t polite to stare at strangers, but Indians often look long and thoughtfully at people they don’t know. In Britain, it’s polite to respond during conversations and to make comments to show that you’re interested. But in parts of Northern Europe and in Japan, it’s quite common for people to stay silent when someone is talking to them. In China, Japan, and Korea, young people don’t usually start conversations with adults and only speak if an adult speaks to them. In contrast, Americans encourage young people to start conversations. 63. Read the text again, then ask and answer questions based on it. 64. In groups collect information about cultural differences in verbal and nonverbal communication. Use the Internet or other sources. Prepare a quiz for your groupmates.

36

65. Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the questions. 1. Do you enjoy meeting new people? 2. What do you like most or least about it? 3. What kind of people do you like to meet? 4. Who was the last new person you met and where did you meet him/her? 5. Are you nervous when you are introduced to someone new? 6. What do people do when they meet a new person in your culture? 7. What are the customary greetings and behaviours for meeting/greeting someone? 8. Do you ever shake hands when you meet a new person? 9. The favourite topic for new acquaintances in Britain is the weather, in America it’s where you come from, what is it in your culture? 10. What are some good things to ask someone you just met? 11. What are some things you shouldn’t ask people you just met? 12. How far apart do people stand from each other when they talk in your culture? 13. Do people in your culture show their emotions when communicating with others or do they hide some feelings? How do they show their emotions? What kind of feelings might they hide? 14. What advice would you give a foreigner visiting your country who would like to show good manners? 15. Why do we have manners? 16. Can you think of some good manners that are bad manners in another country? 17. Do you think staring at somebody that looks totally different from you is good manners? 18. Can manners affect your success in life? How? 19. Do you feel comfortable with people from other cultures? 20. What can we do to create more understanding and harmony among people in our world?

37

Unit 2. DAILY LIFE By doing nothing we learn to do ill. English saying

LEAD-IN

1. Remember some words of wisdom. •

“The secret of your future is hidden in your daily routine.” (Mike Murdock)

•

“Every morning you are handed 24 golden hours. They are one of the few things in this world that you get free of charge. If you had all the money in the world, you couldn’t buy an extra hour. What will you do with this priceless treasure?” (Author Unknown)

•

“It has been my observation that most people get ahead during the time that others waste.” (Henry Ford)

2. Read the text and answer the questions below. PLANNING ONE’S DAILY ROUND Have you ever thought that 24 hours isn’t enough to do all you have to do? All of us have so many duties and obligations! In addition to the daily routine at offices, schools, hospitals, etc., we have always got some housework to do and shopping, we have to cook the meals and keep the house clean. It is really surprising how much work some people manage to do! But it often happens that we don’t have enough time to do everything and put it off till “some other time”. What do you think is the reason? Why do some people manage and not others? A lot depends on how you plan your daily round. If you plan your day carefully, you’ll be able to do more and it takes you less time. Planning the day is especially necessary for people who want to make time for important things. Many outstanding people say that a daily timetable has helped them greatly to achieve what they have. 1. Do you agree that 24 hours isn’t enough to do all we have to do? 2. Do you often put off things till some other time? Why? 3. Do you find it necessary to plan your daily round? Give your reasons. 4. Some people say that a strict timetable makes life dull and uninteresting. What do you think? 38

VOCABULARY 1. routine (n) daily routine 2. round (n) the daily round

– заведенный порядок; определенный режим – повседневный распорядок – круг; цикл – круг ежедневных занятий

3. habit (n)

– привычка, обыкновение

4. duty (n)

– долг, обязанность

5. obligation (n)

– обязательность; обязанность; долг

6. necessary (a)

– необходимый, нужный

7. important (a)

– важный, значительный, существенный

importance (n) 8. time (n)

– важность, значительность – время

spend time (spent, spent)

– проводить время

waste time

– тратить время впустую

save time

– беречь (экономить) время

timetable (n)

– расписание (занятий), график (работы)

in time

– вовремя, без опоздания

on time

– точно к назначенному часу

What time ...?

– Когда, в котором часу …?

it’s time to do something

– пора сделать что-л.

9. enough (a) have enough time

– достаточный – располагать достаточным запасом времени

10. schedule (n)

– программа, план; график

11. put off (put, put)

– откладывать

12. manage (v)

– справляться, ухитряться, суметь; – управлять

13. achieve (v)

– достигать

14. success (n)

– успех

be a success

– удаться, иметь успех

successful (a)

– успешный; удачный

15. depend on (n)

– зависеть от чего-л.

16. think (v) (thought, thought)

– думать, обдумывать; мыслить

thought

– размышление; мысль

17. remember (v)

– помнить

18. forget (v) (forgot, forgotten)

– забывать 39

19. late (a, adv) be late for 20. next (a) next week/month/year

– поздний; поздно – опоздать куда-л. – следующий, будущий – на следующей неделе/в следующем месяце/году

21. last (a) last (v)

– последний, прошлый – продолжаться, длиться

22. be over

– закончиться, завершиться

23. midday (n)

– полдень

24. night (n)

– ночь, вечер

midnight (n)

– полночь

tonight (adv)

– сегодня вечером или ночью

25. get (got, got) (v)

– получать; достигать, добираться

get home

– добраться домой

get to work

– прибыть на работу

get to the university

– прибыть в университет

get up

– вставать, подниматься

get dressed

– одеваться

26. sleep (v) (slept, slept)

– спать, засыпать

sleep in

– спать дольше обычного

oversleep(v)

– проспать

sleep (n)

– сон

go to sleep

– заснуть

get a sleep (got, got)

– поспать

asleep (a)

– спящий

be asleep

– спать

fall asleep (fell, fallen)

– заснуть

sleepy (a)

– сонный, сонливый

27. wake up (v) (woke, woken)

– проснуться, просыпаться

awake (a)

– бодрствующий

be awake

– бодрствовать, не спать

28. put on (v) (put, put)

– надевать

29. take off (took, taken)

– снимать

30. wear (v) (wore, worn)

– быть одетым (во что-л.); носить (одежду и т.п.)

31. hour (n)

– час 40

an hour and a half

– полтора часа

half an hour

– полчаса

32. quarter (n)

– четверть

33. yesterday (adv)

– вчера

the day before yesterday 34. tomorrow (adv) the day after tomorrow 35. shower/bath (n) take/have a shower/bath

– позавчера – завтра – послезавтра – душ/ванна – принять душ/ванну

36. breakfast/lunch/dinner/supper (n)

– завтрак/обед, ленч/ужин/поздний ужин

37. bed (n)

– кровать, постель

go to bed

– ложиться спать

make a bed (made, made)

– застилать постель

38. leave (v) (left, left)

– покидать, уходить

leave house

– выходить из дома

leave for work

– уходить на работу

39. wash (v) wash up 40. bus/trolley bus/tram/taxi (n)

– мыть – мыть посуду – автобус/троллейбус/трамвай/такси

take a bus/tram, etc (took, taken)

– добираться на автобусе/трамвае

catch the bus/taxi (caught,

– успеть на автобус/такси

caught), etc 41. busy (a)

– деятельный; занятой

be busy with something

– быть занятым чем-л.

be busy doing something

– быть занятым чем-л.

busyness (n)

– занятость, деловитость

42. tire (v)

– утомлять(ся), уставать

tiring (a)

– утомительный, изнурительный

tired (a)

– усталый, утомленный

tireless (a)

– неутомимый; неустанный

tiredness (n)

– усталость

43. rest (v)

– отдыхать

rest (n)

– покой; отдых

have a rest

– отдохнуть, передохнуть

41

One forgets words as one forgets names. One’s vocabulary needs constant fertilizing or it will die. Evelyn Waugh

Word building

3. Translate the derivatives; say to what part of speech they belong. 1. depend (v) – зависеть → dependence, independence, dependent, independent 2. tire (v) – утомлять(ся) → tiring, tired, tiredness 3. busy (a) – деятельный; занятой → busily, busyness 4. idle (a) – ленивый; незанятый → idly, idleness 5. patient (a) – терпеливый → patiently, impatient, impatiently 6. sleep (v) – спать → oversleep, sleeper 4. Choose the corresponding English word. 1 важность, значимость

a) important

b) importance

c) importantly

2 успешно

a) success

b) successful

c) successfully

3 решение

a) decide

b) decisive

c) decision

4 мысль

a) think

b) thought

c) thoughtful

5 сила

a) strong

b) strength

c) strengthen

6 замешательство

a) confused

b) confusion

c) confusedly

Confusing Words '-ed' and '-ing' Adjectives: Describing Feelings and Things Adjectives that end in -ing are used to describe things and situations: “The lecture was boring.” Adjectives that end in -ed are used to describe our feelings: “I felt very bored.” 5. Complete the sentences below using the correct adjective. 1. I think that rainy days in autumn are ___. (depressing/depressed) 2. They arrived back from their long walk, ___ but happy. (tiring/tired) 3. I was very ___ to hear you’re well again. (pleasing/pleased) 42

4. At times, English can be a ___ language to learn. (confusing/confused) 5. Many young people are ___ about what career to choose – there are so many possibilities. (confusing/confused) 6. I really like Spielberg’s films – they’re always so ___. (exciting/excited) 7. You must be feeling really ___ about getting married. (exciting/excited) 8. I’m not going to watch it. It sounds really ___. (boring/bored) 9. She’s ___ of doing the same thing every day. (boring/bored) 10. I was ___ to hear that Simon got married. (amazing/amazed) 11. Dogs often feel ___ during fireworks. (frightening/frightened) 12. The metro can be ___ the first time you use it. (confusing/confused) 13. I felt very ___ because I didn’t know whether he wanted to see me or not. (confusing/ confused) 14. I was ___ to hear about the earthquake. (shocked/shocking) 15. I’ve never seen him looking so ___. (tiring/tired) 16. If you’re ___ I can let you have the title of the book. (interesting/interested) 6. Match the words of similar meaning. 1 worried

a go away

2 drop in

b idleness

3 leave

c energetic

4 laziness

d duty

5 dull

e visit (informally)

6 obligation

f

7 tireless

g nervous

boring

7. Match the words to their opposites. 1 wake up

a take off

2 get up

b fail

3 put on

c forget

4 remember

d fall asleep

5 manage

e deserted

6 interesting

f go to bed

7 crowded

g boring

43

8. Read and translate the sentences. 1. Jenny usually wakes up at about six in the morning. 2. Terry asked his mother to wake him up at six o’clock. 3. Are you awake yet? 4. Daniel disliked having to get up early in the morning. 5. We got up late this morning and missed our favourite programme. 6. I think I’ll go to bed late tonight and sleep in tomorrow. 7. I’m going to bed. We have a busy day ahead of us tomorrow. 8. It was Sunday and we wanted to sleep in but the telephone woke us at seven o’clock. 9. I’ve only just got out of bed and I’m still half-asleep. 10. Tim was late for work this morning because he overslept. 11. You’re not getting enough sleep. 12. We arrived at the hotel at midnight but were too sleepy to notice our beautiful surroundings. 13. I’ll have enough time to read the report this evening. 14. We don’t have enough time to go shopping now. 15. My Spanish isn’t good enough to understand Spanish radio. 16. Ella didn’t have enough free time to learn another language. 17. She didn’t arrive early enough to see the first part of the film. 18. This room isn’t large enough for public meetings. 19. Tomorrow I have to leave early to get the train up to Michigan. 20. I’m leaving for Paris on Tuesday. 21. When we arrived at the port the boat had just left. 22. You wait half an hour for a bus, then six of them arrive at once. 23. I was too busy preparing for my exam to watch the football game. 24. If you get tired, just stop for a while. 25. A tired driver has slower reactions than one who is wide awake. 26. Lily was tired out with travelling and slept almost at once. 27. Why don’t you take a taxi – it’s a tiring walk from the station to my house. 28. It was the end of a long day. Tiredness overwhelmed me. 29. Most days the bus is on time but today it was 10 minutes late. 30. I hate not being on time for class. 31. Don’t worry, I’ll be back in time to cook dinner. 32. Come in. You’re just in time for a cup of coffee. 33. I managed to catch her just as she was leaving the office. 34. I’ve never managed to catch a train with any time to spare. 35. How do you spend your spare time? 36. We don’t really do anything interesting in our free time. 37. Could I have a timetable for trains to London please? 38. I want a schedule of flights from Boston to New York. 39. What’s the schedule for today’s meeting? 40. My schedule’s pretty light next week – why don’t we meet sometime? 41. Despite the food arriving late, the party was a success. 42. He is a successful student with a bright future. 43. By the age of twenty, she had already achieved fame and wealth. 9. Fill in the correct word from the list below. Some words may be used more than once. thought, habit, schedule, feel, boring, bored, please, displeased, enough

44

1. She was ___ at my tactlessness. 2. He often acts without ___. 3. It was ___ to sit there without anything to do. 4. I was so___ – I almost fell asleep. 5. She has a ___ of leaving the front door open when she goes out. 6. She is very hard to___. 7. He was deep in___. 8. Children get bored if they don’t have ___ to do. 9. I usually ___ too tired to cook after a day at the office. 10. At first you think “I’ll just have one cigarette,” but then it becomes a ___ and you’re smoking 60 a day. 11. I’m afraid she has a very busy ___ at the moment and she doesn’t have time for interviews. 10. Match the sentence beginnings (a-g) with their endings (1-7). 1. I was going to watch the late-night movie ...

a) and now he’s very successful.

2. I want to see you ...

b) playing video games.

3. They were short of time, ...

c) and now she never sees her old friends.

4. If they hurry ...

d) to travel all over the world.

5. Bobby spends all his free time ...

e) but I was just too tired.

6. Success enabled her ...

f) they can catch the 8:30 bus.

7. Five years ago he started his own

g) so they agreed to put off the

business ...

meeting.

8. Three years ago she married a successful

h) before I leave.

businessman, ... SOCIAL ENGLISH Time Expressions — Excuse me, what time is it?

— Yes, sure. It’s ... o’clock.

— What’s the time?

— I’m sorry. My watch is wrong / slow / fast.

— Can you tell me the time? — Thanks. / Thank you.

— You are welcome. / Any time.

45

Telling the time

11. Match the time. 1. It’s three o’clock.

a) 10.35

2. It’s a quarter past eight.

b) 8.05

3. It’s ten thirty.

c) 11.25

4. It’s five to five.

d) 1.58

5. It’s nine twenty five.

e) 8.15

6. It’s twenty-five to eleven.

f) 4.55

7. It’s two to two.

g) 20.35

8. It’s eleven twenty-five.

h) 9.25

9. It’s five past eight.

i) 10.30

10. It’s twenty thirty-five.

j) 3.00

12. What is the difference between 8 a.m. and 8 p.m.? Look at the chart and check your answer. a.m.

morning

00.00–11.59

p.m.

afternoon

12.00–17.59

evening

18.00–23.59

NOTE: 00.00 = midnight 12.00 = midday (noon) in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening / in the daytime BUT: at night / at midnight / at noon 46

13. Match the times that are the same. Example: 03.00 — 3 a.m. — three o’clock in the morning 1.

03.00

2 p.m.

three o’clock in the afternoon

2.

15.00

8 p.m.

two o’clock in the afternoon

3.

20.00

3 a.m.

eight o’clock in the morning

4.

08.00

8 a.m.

three o’clock in the morning

5.

14.00

3 p.m.

eight o’clock in the evening

GRAMMAR Days and Dates What day is it today?

— (It’s) Monday.

What date is it today?

— (It’s) September 25th.

When is your birthday?

— (It’s) in March.

25/09 ... — the twenty-fifth of September or September the twenty-fifth 1919 — nineteen nineteen 1800 — eighteen hundred 1805 — eighteen-oh-five

Days

Months

Seasons

Monday

Friday

January

May

September

winter

Tuesday

Saturday

February

June

October

spring

Wednesday

Sunday

March

July

November

summer

April

August

December

autumn

Thursday

14. Practise saying these important dates in the Russian calendar. a) 07/01

b) 23/02

c) 08/03

d) 01/05

e) 09/05

47

f) 12/06

g) 04/11

Prepositions of Time at

in

on

no preposition

1. + time of the day

1. + a part of the day

1. + a day

1. before next, last,

at 2 o’clock

in the morning

on Monday

this

at midnight

in the afternoon

on Wednesday

next week

at noon (= 12 o’clock in the evening

on Saturday

last night

in the daytime)

BUT: at night

on Christmas day

this year

at lunchtime

2. + longer periods

2. + a day + a part of

2. before today,

2. + weekends

(months, seasons,

the day

tomorrow, yesterday,

at the weekend

years, etc.)

tonight

at weekends

in July;

on Monday morning

3. + public holiday

in (the) summer;

at Christmas; at Easter

on Saturday night on Wednesday

in 1998;

evening

in the sixties; in the 20th century

15. Put in the correct preposition at / on / in or —. 1.

___ 8 July

6. ___ Friday evening

2.

___ Wednesday

7. ___ Christmas

3.

___ 4 pm

8. ___ night

4.

___ spring

9. ___ the weekend

5.

___ the morning

10. ___ tomorrow evening

16. Complete the following sentences with the correct preposition of time. 1. My birthday is ___ January. In fact it’s ___ January 15th. 2. I work best ___ night. 3. I start work every morning ___ 9.00 am. 4. My English class is ___ Friday afternoon. 5. My mother was born ___ the fifties. 6. Usually I’ve got lots of presents ___ New Year’s Day. 7. Our town is quiet ___ weekends. 8. The football match is ___ Sunday. 9. ___ autumn it’s always rainy. 48

17. Work with your partner. Take it in turns to ask and answer the questions. 1. When is your birthday? 2. Was your mother born in the eighties? 3. What time of day do you work best? 4. What time do you start / finish work? 5. Do you ever get a sleep in the afternoon? 6. What time do you go to bed? Adverbs of frequency always

●●●●●●●

always

usually

●●●●●

usually

often

●●●

I

often

sometimes ●

sometimes

never

never

get to work late.

A: How often do you arrive at work on time? B: I usually arrive at work on time. 18. Rewrite each sentence with the adverb of frequency (in brackets) in its correct position. Example: I play tennis on Sundays. (often) — I often play tennis on Sundays. Peggy and Frank are late. (often) — Peggy and Frank are often late. 1. Peter doesn’t get up before seven. (usually) 2. They watch TV in the afternoon. (never) 3. My grandmother goes for a walk in the evening. (always) 4. I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes) 5. Our friends must write tests. (often) 6. Pete gets angry. (never) 7. Tom is very friendly. (usually) 8. Ramon and Frank are hungry. (often) 9. Walter helps his father in the kitchen. (usually) 10. Christine smokes. (never) 49

19. Work with a partner. Use the adverbs of frequency to talk about your daily routine. get up / wake up, have a shower, start the day with a good breakfast, cook / have (something for) breakfast / lunch / dinner, leave home, get to university, have classes, do my homework, watch TV, go to bed Example: I usually get up at seven o’clock. 20. Complete the text with the correct form of the word in brackets. Jane (be) always busy with her job. She (get) to the office before 8.30. She (take off) her coat, (put on) her reading glasses and (sit down) at her desk. Then she (read) her mail and (fill out) the daily reports. If she (have) enough time, she (have) a cup of coffee. At 9 o’clock the other workers (arrive). Some of them (be) too tired to smile. Sometimes Jane (be) too busy to talk, but she (say) hello to everyone. At 9.30 she (go) into the boss’s office. She (give) him the daily reports. They always (talk) about them for a few minutes. She (tell) the boss her plans for the day. Then she (go back) to her office and (make) phone calls. The company (do) business in England and Japan, so sometimes she (have) to call these countries. At the end of the day she (pick up) the children at school. They (be) always happy to see her and she (be) always energetic enough to play with them at home. Jane (be) important to the people at the office and to the people at home, and she (do) a good job both places. 21. Match the two halves of English sayings. Are they similar to any in your own language? How many Russian sayings about time can you think of? a) Time and tide

1 will be done at no time.

b) A stitch in time

2 like the present.

c) The one who is first to act

3 what you can do today.

d) Well begun

4 saves nine.

e) Never put off till tomorrow

5 wait for no man.

f) Busiest men

6 when you’re having fun.

g) What may be done at any time

7 achieves success.

h) There’s no time

8 find the most time.

i)

Today is the tomorrow

9 is half done.

j)

Time flies

10 we worried about yesterday. 50

22. What sort of people tend to be unpunctual? Read the following text and check your ideas. IT IS NEVER TOO LATE TO BE PUNCTUAL People who are unpunctual fall into three categories. The first, and saddest comprises the hopelessly incompetent and inefficient who worry about being on time and never are. The second lot are, strange as it may seem, impatient people who cannot bear to be kept waiting, and who make sure they don’t arrive before the appointed time, thus guaranteeing that others must wait for them. If they are outmaneuvered and compelled to wait for someone, they are the first to express disapproval of the bad manners of the latecomers. Finally, there are the egoists determined to impose their own personality on others and to impress their sense of importance on them. An easy way to do this is to keep everyone waiting until the star makes an appearance. 23. Answer the following questions. 1. How punctual are you? Do you always arrive late, early or on time? 2. Do you think you manage your time wisely? Do you manage time, or does time manage you? 3. Do you schedule out what you have to do every week? 4. Do you make a schedule for every day? 5. Do you have enough time to do things you want to do? 6. What is the most time-consuming thing you do in your life? 7. What do you like doing in your spare time? 8. What would you do if you had a few extra hours in a day? 9. Which time of day do you feel you are most productive in your work or study? Are you a “night owl” or an “early bird”? READING 24. Read the text and do the task below. Use your dictionary to help. PAUL BROWN'S DAILY ROUTINE Friday morning. The alarm clock goes off at 7. Paul usually gets up easily but not this time. It’s not simple to wake up so early if you go to bed at 3 in the morning. He can hardly 51

open his eyes. Half an hour passes before Paul finally makes himself get up. He is still sleepy. He slowly gets dressed and looks out of the window. It’s drizzling1 and the sidewalk is wet. There’s nobody in sight2. The campus looks deserted. But Paul goes jogging every morning, whatever the weather3. He sighs4, puts on his sneakers and goes out. Twenty minutes later he comes back and takes a long shower. As usual jogging and a cold shower do him good. He is wide awake now. Paul looks at the clock. It’s 8.15. Time for breakfast. He goes to the kitchen to make coffee. A cup of coffee is always reviving5, especially after the party like yesterday’s. He smiles at the thought of that delicious birthday cake. But the smile vanishes6 the moment he remembers his schedule for today. He’s got three classes on Friday. 9.00–10.30 – German Class 11.00–12.30 – Political System of Germany 14.00–15.30 – German Literature Anything else? An appointment with his tutor at 4 o’clock. He completely forgot! And there’s an essay to finish! When in the world can he do that? He suddenly remembers: lunch time (12.30—14.00). Well, he can’t afford7 a regular lunch today, just a quick snack. It gives him at least an extra hour more to finish his essay and get ready for the discussion. His tutor is always very critical of his students’ homework. You must know your subject well enough to answer his tricky questions. 8.50. Paul rushes out of the house. It doesn’t take him long to get to the college. So at 8.55 he is at the university. All the students in his class are already there. They’re very glad to see Paul. And so is he. At 9 o’clock Mr Lewis comes in and the class starts. Mr Lewis’s classes are Paul’s favourite ones. Time flies quickly. He enjoys the class so much that the end of the class at 10.30 always comes as a surprise. 10.30–11.00. Coffee break. Paul and the other students go to a coffee bar to have a chat over a cup of coffee. 11.00. Back to another class. It’s rather difficult for Paul to concentrate on the subject, all the more so he doesn’t like it too much. It isn’t as interesting as Mr Lewis’s German Class. Honestly Paul finds it boring. 12.30. Lunch time. Everybody hurries to the dining hall. But Paul doesn’t. At lunchtime he is at his desk in his room. So much work to do and so little time! Paul opens his essay book and starts writing. When he looks at the clock, it’s ten minutes past 2. He is late for the class but he feels great. His essay is ready! The thought is very comforting. Friday’s last class is German Literature, another of Paul’s favourites. It’s always very interesting and instructive. After the class Paul has got half an hour to look through the essay and his notes. He is no longer afraid of the coming meeting. He feels sure of himself.

52

The session goes well. The students discuss their essays. The tutor makes some critical remarks but on the whole he’s quite pleased with their work. Finally he sets work for them to do and they part till next time. On his way home Paul drops in at the student pub. He takes a glass of beer and sits down at the table next to his friends. He looks around. The pub is crowded, as usual at this time. Everybody is laughing and talking. Loud music is playing. But nobody is dancing. It’s too early for that. Paul suddenly feels very tired. He says good-bye to his friends and leaves the pub. The thing is that there is a concert of a Spanish guitar player at the club at 8. Paul doesn’t want to miss it but he needs some rest. The concert finishes at 11.30. When Paul comes back home, it’s nearly midnight. At long last the hard day is over! He takes off his clothes and goes to bed straightaway. 5 minutes later he is fast asleep. _________________________ 1

drizzle – мелкий дождь; моросить

2

in sight – в поле зрения

3

whatever the weather – в любую погоду

4

sigh – вздыхать

5

revive – восстанавливать (силы, энергию)

6

vanish – исчезать, пропадать

7

afford – (быть в состоянии) позволить себе

25. Are the following statements true or false? If false, say why. 1. On Friday mornings Paul never gets up before 8.15. 2. Paul always goes to bed until midnight. 3. Paul doesn’t care about the weather when he goes jogging. 4. He almost never has a regular lunch in the afternoon. Instead, he has a quick snack. 5. Paul’s college is a five minutes’ walk from the hall where he lives. 6. Paul doesn’t like all the subjects he’s studying but only some of them. 7. Paul is self-confident because he’s always ready for his classes. 8. He feels comfortable at the thought that his essay is ready. 9. The tutor is displeased with Paul’s work and he tells him to come next time. 10. There’s a student pub not far from Paul’s hall. 11. After classes Paul doesn’t drop in the pub because he is too tired. 12. In the evening he goes to the pub to see a concert of a Spanish guitar player. 26. Read the text again, then ask and answer questions based on it. 53

GRAMMAR Present Continuous I am (’m) working. You are (’re) working. He / She / It is (’s) working. Are you working? Is he working? Yes, I am. / No, he isn’t. I am (’m) not working. He is not (isn’t) working. They are not (aren’t) working. 27. Complete the sentences. Use the verbs in brackets in the Present Continuous. 1. Hurry up! The bus ___ (come). 2. I ___ (look) for my keys. 3. Look! A man ___ (swim) in the lake. 4. You ___ (drive) too fast. 5. The weather is awful. It ___ (rain) hard. 6. Look at Sue! What a beautiful dress she ___ (wear) today! 7. Sue and Joe are in the kitchen. They ___ (make) a cake for tea. 8. The kettle ___ (boil). Can you turn it off? 28. Complete the sentences with the negative form of the verbs in brackets. 1. You ___ (work) very hard. 2. It ___ (snow) heavily. 3. I ___ (listen) to music. 4. The sun ___ (shine). 5. My sister and her boyfriend ___ (have) a good time at the party. 6. We ___ (go) anywhere for Christmas. 7. She ___ (take) dancing classes currently. 29. Ask general questions and match them with the answers. Example: you / feel OK? — Are you feeling OK? — Yes, I’m feeling fine. 1. you / look for me?

a) No, the day after tomorrow.

2. your friend / enjoy / the party?

b) No, they are asleep.

3. you / leave tomorrow?

c) Yes, we are.

4. you / wear / new jeans?

d) No, I’m working on Sunday.

5. the children / playing?

e) No, he’s bored.

6. you / have a date / on Sunday?

f) No, these are my old ones. 54

30. Ask questions about the information in italics. 1. I ‘m writing a report for tomorrow’s meeting. 2. We are laughing because the film is very funny. 3. The secretary is typing some letters. 4. Nancy is learning two foreign languages. 5. They are dancing in the club. 6. They are meeting at 8 o’clock in the evening. 7. John is watching TV in the living room. 31. Ask subject and object questions. 1. They’re waiting for the bus. 2. We’re waiting for the lecturer. 3. She’s talking about yesterday’s party. 4. Bill’s looking through his notes. 5. I’m looking for the keys. 6. Eric is shaking hands with Ken’s brother. 32. Give the correct tag to these sentences. Example: I’m listening to a new group, aren’t I? I’m not killing the time, am I? 1. They’re enjoying the party, ___? 2. You aren’t joking, ___? 3. He’s living in Paris just now, ___? 4. They’re getting married next week, ___? 5. She’s looking after the baby, ___? 6. It’s getting cold, ___? 7. I’m not studying hard, ___? 33. Put the words in the correct order to make questions in the Present Continuous. 1. to / you / who / talking / are? 2. at / you / why / me / are / laughing? 3. Ann / for / is / who / waiting? 4. is / what / about / talking / he? 5. clothes / she / kind / designing / of / is / what? 55

Present Simple Vs Present Continuous 34. Identify the tenses, then match them to the correct description. 1. We’re going on holiday on Saturday.

a. permanent states, repeated actions and

2. At the moment, I’m packing things for my trip. 3. The plane to London leaves at eleven o’clock. 4. Susan often goes skiing at the weekend. 5. You’re always leaving the door open.

daily routines general truths and laws of nature timetables and programmes actions happening at the moment of speaking temporary situations /actions happening around now trends/changing and developing situations to express criticism or annoyance actions that we have arranged to do in the near future

b. c. d. e.

6. The sun sets in the west. 7. I’m looking for a new job these days. 8. More and more people are going to university these days.

f. g. h.

35. Choose the correct present form. 1. Is David at home? — Yes, but he ___ a shower at the moment. (is having / has) 2. He ___ the train to work every morning. (is taking / takes) 3. I ___ television in the morning. (am never watching / never watch) 4. Please be quiet. I ___ to the radio. (am listening / listen) 5. I ___ to tell you my news. (am writing / write) 6. We ___ on holiday twice a year. (are going / go) 7. It rarely ___ very hot in Britain. (is getting / gets) 8. It ___ colder and colder every day. (is getting / gets) 9. ___ sunglasses in the winter? (Are you wearing / Do you wear) 10. Leave me alone! I ___ to concentrate. (am trying / try) 36. Complete the sentences with the correct present form of the verbs in brackets to express a permanent or a temporary action. 1. I always ___ (wear) a shirt and tie to work. 2. Linda ___ (learn) to drive at the moment. 3. Robert is a vegetarian. He ___ (not eat) meat. 4. I ___ (live) with my sister until my new house is ready. 56

5. I ___ (stay) with my parents at the moment, though I ___ (have) my own flat. 6. Would you like a cup of coffee? — No, thank you, I ___ (not drink) coffee. 7. Michael’s car broke down last week, so he ___ (use) his father’s for the time being. 37. Complete the sentences putting the verbs in brackets in the Present Continuous or the Present Simple. 1. My sister really makes me angry. She ___ (always / borrow) my things without asking me. 2. Peter ___ (always / catch) the 8.05 train home. 3. You ___ (constantly / interrupt) me when I’m talking. 4. Her younger brother ___ (always / lose) the keys. 5. I ___ (always / buy) food in that shop. 6. My neighbours are too noisy. They ___ (always / shout) at each other. 38. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Continuous or the Present Simple tense to express a future action. 1. The train from Sydney ___ (arrive) at 8:30. 2. I ___ (meet) John at 5 o’clock. 3. Where ___ (go) on honeymoon? 4. This year we ___ (go) to Colorado on a five-day skiing trip. 5. The swimming pool ___ (close) at 20:30 in the evening. 6. George ___ (get) married next month. 7. We ___ (visit) some friends in Scotland next week. 8. What time ___ the tennis tournament ___ tomorrow evening? (open) 39. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present form. 1. What ___ (you / look) at? — The sky. It ___ (look) as if it’s going to rain. 2. I really ___ (enjoy) home-made food. — So do I, and I ___ (enjoy) every bit of this meal. 3. Will they be ready tomorrow? — Yes, I ___ (believe) so. 4. He ___ (think) himself very clever. 5. I ___ (think) about buying a new car soon. 6. I am sorry I ___ (am not understanding / don’t understand) 7. I ___ he’s already here. (am believing / believe) 8. ___ (you / consider) it wise to interfere? 9. I ___ (consider) changing my job. 10. ___ (you / like) driving fast cars? 57

40. How do you remember all the things you have to do each day / week / month? Read the article and find out how many of your ideas are mentioned. Do you agree with the other ideas? TIME-SAVING TIPS Making lists is relaxing. It makes you feel important – all those things to do. It calms you down (it’s OK, it’s on a list somewhere) and it makes you feel good when you cross something off. The world divides into two types of list-makers. Type A makes orderly lists, prioritises and calmly sets to work on them. Type В waits until panic sets in, grabs the nearest envelope and scribbles1 all over it, sighs with relief and promptly loses it. The more you have to do, the more you need a list, and few people with high-powered jobs get by without them. Julie Rost, chief executive2 of a large chain of supermarkets, says, “Before I go to bed, I have to write down everything that’s going to stop me sleeping. If I write something down, I feel I won’t forget it, so my lists are a great comfort.” Jane Levy used to write Lists, but she would forget where she put them and then waste precious time looking for them. Then a couple of years ago she came up with a new system. Now she writes key words on the back of her hand! “At least I can’t lose it,’ she says. True, but too many trips to the bathroom could have disastrous results. Des O’Brien, a self-employed business consultant, uses another method for organising his time. He writes a list of things to do and then organises them into categories: things that have to be done straight away; other things that it would be good to do today; things that are important but don’t have to be done immediately; and things that he can put off but that he doesn’t want to forget. “Using categories to order the world is the way the human mind works,” he says. It’s all a question of what works best for you, whether it’s a tidy notebook, a forest of Post-it® notes or the back of your hand. Having tried all these, Kerry Johns, student, relies on her personal organiser. “My personal organiser has changed my life,” she says. “Up to now, I’ve always relied on my good memory, but now that I’m working and studying, I find I’ve got too much to keep in my head.” So what are you waiting for? There’s no better time than the present to take control of your work and life. So, get out your pencil and paper and make a list. Sue Kay & Vaughan Jones, New Inside Out, Macmillan

_________________________ 1

scribble – писать быстро и небрежно

2

chief executive – президент (компании), директор 58

41. Read the text and answer the questions below. PROCRASTINATION – A DIFFICULT WORD THAT MAKES LIFE DIFFICULT This word is not often used, and probably you’ve never come across it before, still a lot of people (including you may be) procrastinate every day of their lives. Longman dictionary gives the following definition: to procrastinate – to delay repeatedly and without good reason doing something that must be done. How often do you put off doing something? You know you should do it, but you don’t. We often try to put off difficult tasks, unpleasant things. In spite of what the dictionary says, usually we have reasons for putting things off, we say to ourselves: • • • •

I don’t have time. It’s unpleasant. I have too many other things to do. It’s difficult.

• • • • • • • •

I don’t feel like doing it now. I have a headache. I’m tired. Let me have a cup of coffee first. It might not work. I’ll do it when I can concentrate on it. I must think about it. Before I start I think I’ll take a break.

Well, we can think of plenty of excuses. However scientists say that the main reason for procrastination is fear or worry. We are simply afraid of doing something, so we invent excuses, try to put off doing it and secretly hope that the problem will go away by itself. It does not. Instead procrastination creates more fear and worry and more problems. Procrastination is a bad habit, which can affect your work and your life. Try to fight it. The following tips may help: • Keep your to-do list – write down things you have to do. • Break down big jobs into smaller parts – even five minutes is enough to do something. The most difficult thing is to start. Once you start you usually get going. So get started. • Try to get a better sense of time. We often think the job will take forever and so we try to avoid it. • Set deadlines to yourself. If it doesn’t work, make them public. Remember: procrastination wastes a lot of your time and time lost is lost forever, yesterday will never come back. 59

•

Does procrastination affect your life?

•

Do you often put off doing something?

•

What do you think is the main reason for procrastination?

•

How can we fight a habit of putting off difficult tasks?

42. Express the following in one word. waste, procrastinate, excuse, failure, deadline 1 delay action 2 use without a good purpose 3 fixed date for finishing (doing) something 4 reason given (true or invented) to explain or defend one’s conduct 5 lack of success 43. Fill in the correct word from the list below. avoid, put off, excuses, success, discipline, procrastinated, wasted 1

There’s always the temptation to … the most difficult task till last.

2

He … until it was too late.

3

He’s always making … for being late.

4

Try to … danger.

5

The thought of … years behind him made Mark sick with bitterness.

6

He had all the attributes of a great leader: charisma, energy, ... and resourcefulness.

7

All great leaders share certain characteristics which must be seen as the key to their ... .

44. Work with a partner. What advice would you give somebody who wants to fight a habit of putting off difficult tasks? Give advice using should or shouldn’t. Example: You should learn to plan your time. You should remember: the longer you put it off, the worse it will be. You shouldn’t leave your work until it’s done.

60

USEFUL PHRASES ● ● ● ● ●

get rid of your doubts and fears list what you have to do look at large projects as a series of steps you complete one at a time divide the task into parts you can manage focus on one task at a time

45. Render the text in Russian. . WHAT ARE THE WAYS TO PREVENT TIREDNESS? (Some important rules suggested by psychologists) 1. Rest before you get tired (not after). 2. Learn to relax. If you are having hard times find a quiet half-hour all for yourself to gain strength. 3. Don’t forget about four good working habits: •

clean your desk of all papers except those you need at hand;

•

do things in order of their importance;

•

when you face a problem, first analyse the facts, then make a decision;

•

learn to organize things.

4. Put enthusiasm into your work; it’s the only way to enjoy what you are doing. 5. Remember: no one was ever killed by doing well-organized work. 6. Don’t be a mental loafer. Don’t be afraid to concentrate on some ideas, to think hard and to exercise your will and memory.

SPEAKING

46. What’s a typical day for you? Look at the activities below and fill in the time you spend on each activity. • • •

sleep........ study....... exercise.......

• • •

61

watch television....... surf the Internet....... do housework.......

EVERYDAY ROUTINE Useful Words and Expressions to get up / to wake up; to wash / to shave; to have a shower/a bath; to put on one’s clothes / to get dressed; to have breakfast; to go to work/university; to have (a) lunch (break); to finish work; to do some shopping / to go shopping; to go home / to come home; to go to bed / to go to sleep. 47. Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the questions about your daily routine. 1. When do you usually get up on weekdays? 2. What’s the first thing you do in the morning? 3. When do you have breakfast? 4. What kind of breakfast do you usually have? 5. Do you have tea or coffee for breakfast? 6. How do you get to university? 7. How long does it usually take you? 8. When do your classes start? 9. When do you have your lunch break? 10. How long does it last? 11. Where do you have lunch? 12. When is your working day over? 13. What do you like doing in the evenings? 14. When do you do your homework? 15. What time do you go to bed? 16. What do you like doing in your spare time? 17. What don’t you like doing at all? 18. Do you go out on Friday evenings? Where do you usually go out?

62

19. Do you like staying at home? What do you do then? 20. What do you do at weekends? 48. Read through these two morning routines. Underline the correct alternatives. Which person is most like you? Person A My alarm goes off early, and it takes me ten minutes to eat my breakfast, drink two cups of coffee, have a shower, pack my bag and read the post and thirty minutes to (1) get dressed / wear. I start thinking about what I’m going to (2) get dressed / wear while I have my breakfast. After a shower, I (3) put on / wear my underwear and then I look in my wardrobe and choose a pair of trousers. If they still (4) fit / look me, I put them on. If they feel a bit tight around the waist, I (5) try them on / take them off and spend a few minutes feeling guilty about all those chocolates I had last night. Then, I choose a looser pair of trousers and think about a top that (6) goes with / fits it. I usually (7) have on / try on two or three tops before I find one that (8) looks / wears right and (9) feels / fits comfortable. Finding a pair of socks usually takes about five minutes – I can find two dozen odd pairs, but none that (10) look / match. By now, I’m late. Person В I get up as late as I possibly can and jump in and out of the shower. I (1) put on / fit the trousers I (2) had on / got dressed yesterday and take a shirt out of the wardrobe – it doesn’t matter which one as long as it’s ironed. I find the jacket that (3) fits / goes with the trousers, look down and check that my socks (4) match / feel, and that’s it. Nearly all my clothes are either blue or brown, because I’ve been told that they are the only colours that (5) suit / match me. So I never really have to worry about what I (6) look like / go with. The important thing is to make sure I have enough time to enjoy my favourite drink of the day: that first cup of coffee... Sue Kay & Vaughan Jones, New Inside Out, Macmillan 63

49. Think about your morning routine from the moment you get out of bed to the moment you leave the house.

•

What do you do? What order do you do things in?

•

How long does each activity usually take you?

Now compare with a partner. What are the differences?

50. Work with a partner. Take it in turns to describe your daily routines.

TALKING ABOUT PAST ACTIONS 51. Ask your partner what he/she did last weekend. Respond with related questions. Example: — What did you do last Saturday? — I stayed at home and cleaned my room. — Did you do anything fun? — Not really. 52. Tell your partner or classmates what you did yesterday. Remember to use past tense. Example: Yesterday, I went to the mall. I bought some shorts and a baseball cap. I spent almost $20. 53. Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the questions. •

When was the last time you went shopping? Where? Who with?

•

What sort of things did you buy?

54. Work with a partner. Act out the following dialogue. I WENT SHOPPING Tom :

Sarah, what did you do today?

Sarah :

I went shopping.

64

Tom :

Did you buy anything?

Sarah :

Yes, I bought a few things.

Tom :

What did you buy?

Sarah :

I bought this coat. Do you like it?

Tom :

Yeah, I like it a lot. It’s very pretty. Where did you buy it?

Sarah :

At the mall on 5th street.

Tom :

Was it expensive?

Sarah :

No, it wasn’t expensive. It was on sale for 20 dollars.

Tom :

That’s cheap.

Sarah :

I know. It was a really good deal.

Tom :

I don’t think you’ll need to wear it for a while. It’s been really hot lately.

55. Explain the meaning of the following words and collocations. do the shopping

go to shops in order to buy the things that you need regularly such as food

go shopping

go to shops to look at and buy things, often for enjoyment

shop around

go to several different shops comparing goods and their prices before deciding which ones to buy

get

get something by buying it, especially ordinary things such as food, clothes, or things for your house

shopping centre; mall

a specially-built large covered area where there are a lot of shops

department store

a large shop which is divided into several parts, each of which sells one type of thing, for example men’s clothes, children’s toys, or kitchen equipment

supermarket; grocery store

a large shop that sells food and other things that people regularly need

goods

movable articles (e.g. clothes, food, etc.) which can be bought or sold

customer

someone who buys goods or services

purchase

1) buying; 2) an act of buying; 3) an article that has just been bought

bargain

something bought or offered cheaply

refund

repayment

65

56. Express the following in one word. stall, shop / store, chemist’s / drugstore, market, kiosk, greengrocer’s, baker’s, butcher’s 1

a building where goods are sold to the public

2

a place outside where you can go to buy things

3

a table, especially outdoors, where goods are sold

4

a small hut on a street that sells things such as newspapers, cigarettes, and drinks

5

a shop selling vegetables and fruit

6

a shop where medical goods are sold

7

a shop where meat is sold

8

a shop where bread is sold

57. Fill in the correct word from the list below. Some words may be used more than once. stall, buying, shopping, goods, shopping mall, shelves, markets 1. Renaissance Centre is a huge steel and glass ... in downtown Detroit. 2. This shop sells a variety of ... . 3. On Saturdays we usually do the ... and clean the car. 4. I really like that tie – I was thinking of ... it for my husband for his birthday. 5. The ... tend to be cheaper, especially for fruit and vegetables. 6. Janet has a fruit and veg ... on the market. 7. There’s an ever greater variety of goods to be found on supermarket ... . 8. I’m just going ... . Do you want anything? 9. I did all my ... yesterday. 10. You’ve been ... a lot of clothes recently. Have you decided to change your image? 58. Take roles and act out the following dialogues. The first one is between Mrs Smith and her younger son John. The second is between Mrs Smith and a shop assistant. A. It’s Saturday morning and Mrs Smith is going shopping. Mrs S:

John, I’m going to the shops. Is there anything you want?

John:

Yes, please! Can you pick up my magazine from the newsagent’s?

Mrs S:

Of course. Do you want to come with me? 66

John:

No way, I’m going round to Mike’s house, sorry.

Mrs S:

No problem. I’ll be about an hour, be home by 5 o’clock at the latest.

John:

O.K. I’ll see you later.

A bit later...... Mrs S:

John, are you home?

John:

Yes, mum, I’m upstairs.

Mrs S:

Come down here, I bought you a new Nike T-shirt, I want you to try it on.

John:

Nike? Great I’m coming!

A few minutes later..... Mrs S:

Well, does it fit?

John:

I think it’s a bit too small.

Mrs S:

Let’s have a look. Hmmm, I think you’ve grown again!

John:

I can’t wear it though.

Mrs S:

Do you like it?

John:

Yeah, it’s a nice colour.

Mrs S:

I’ll take it back to the supermarket and see if I can change it.

B. Mrs Smith had bought a nice new T-shirt for John, but when he tried it on it didn’t fit. It’s Saturday evening and Mrs Smith has to return the T-shirt. Mrs S:

Excuse me, can you help me?

Shop assistant: Yes, of course, what can I do for you? Mrs S:

I bought this T-shirt for my son this afternoon, but it doesn’t fit him, it’s too small.

Shop assistant: Do you want to change it or get a refund? Mrs S:

I’d like to change it for a larger size. Do you have these in large?

Shop assistant: I’ll just check. Let’s see, yes, we have large or extra large, which would you prefer? Mrs S:

I think large will be fine, it’s for my son.

Shop assistant: That’s fine, if it doesn’t fit just bring it back again. If you take it to the customer service desk, they’ll sort it all out for you. Mrs. S:

Thank you. Just as a matter of interest, do you give refunds?

Shop assistant: Yes, of course. You can bring any clothing items back up to three weeks after purchase, but you must keep the receipt. Mrs S:

I see, thanks again.

Shop assistant: You’re welcome. 67

USEFUL SHOPPING PHRASES Finding a Shop Questions Can you recommend a good clothes shop? Is there a supermarket in the area? Where’s the nearest shopping centre? Where can I get...

What time do you open, please? What time do you close, please? What are your opening hours? Are you open all day? Are you open on Sundays?

Answers/Comments The best toy shop is in the shopping centre. There’s a really good bookshop just around the corner. The nearest one is a few miles away. You can buy that here in the hotel.

Opening Hours We’re open from 9am till 6pm, Monday to Friday. We’re closed at lunchtime, between 12 and 2pm. We’re open from 9am till 6pm, Monday to Friday. Shopping for Clothes

Questions Answers/Comments Could you help me, please? The ladies / gents changing rooms are over Could you tell me where the ... department there. is? It’s too long / short. Excuse me, I’m looking for a ... It’s too tight / loose. Is there somewhere I can try this on, please? You can bring it back and exchange it or get a Does it suit me? refund within 2 weeks if you keep the receipt. Do you have this in a (larger /smaller size) (different colour), please? Do you have a refund policy? Asking about prices Questions How much is this, please? How much are these? Is this in the sale? Questions Do you take credit cards? Do you give credit? Do you have a loyalty card? Does it have a warranty? Can I pay by cheque? Do you offer a cash discount?

Answers/Comments It’s only 99 dollars. It’s in the sale. There’s 25% off. Those are 75 dollars each, with the reduction. Paying Answers/Comments We take all the major credit cards. We only accept cheques with a cheque card. We are offering 6 months free credit with no deposit. Sorry, no. Yes, certainly. 68

59. Now it’s your turn. Create your own dialogue between a customer and a shop assistant and act it out. LISTENING 60. a) Cover the audioscript. Listen to a dialogue between two women and answer the question: What four things have they got in common?

b) Complete the audioscript with one word in each gap. A:

So, let’s find four things we’ve got in common. What about going shopping? Do you like going shopping?

B:

Ermm... well, I’m not very (1) ____________ on shopping in general, but... I like clothes shopping.

A:

Yes, me too. I really like looking for interesting clothes... you know, something a bit (2) ____________...

B:

Mmm... I like looking for interesting (3) ____________ clothes. Lots of clothes are so (4) ____________, but if you look hard enough, you can usually find some bargains.

A:

Yes, it’s always good to find bargains! OK ... well, I think that’s two things we’ve got in common: We both like shopping ... clothes shopping, I (5) ____________. And both of us like looking for bargains.

B:

How do you usually pay for things when you go shopping? I pay in cash. (6) ____________, I always pay in cash because I haven’t got a credit card or anything.

A:

Yes, that’s the (7) ____________ for me. I haven’t got a credit card either.

B:

OK ... So, neither of us has got a credit card – that’s number three erm...

A:

And ... number four is ... we both pay in cash when we go shopping. Yeah ... that’s four things we’ve got in common.

c) Listen and check your answers. 69

SPEAKING 61. Some people like shopping, others don’t but they all have to go shopping at least once a week because they need food and other things for their life. However, there are people who are addicted to shopping. They are crazy about looking around and choosing things. For them shopping is a hobby. What about you? 1. Do you enjoy shopping? Why or why not? 2. What do you like to shop for? 3. What kind of shops do you like most of all? Why? 4. Is it better to go shopping on your own or with friends/family? Why? 5. How much do you spend each month? 6. Do you usually shop around before buying clothes? 7. When you go to a shop or supermarket, do you ever buy items that you hadn’t planned to buy before you entered the shop? 8. What sort of things do you buy like this and why do you buy them? 62. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following quotes. 1. The odds of going to the store for a loaf of bread and coming out with only a loaf of bread are three billion to one. (Erma Bombeck) 2. A bargain is something you can’t use at a price you can’t resist. (Franklin P. Jones) 3. When women are depressed, they eat or go shopping. Men invade another country. It’s a whole different way of thinking. (Elayne Boosler) 4. The quickest way to know a woman is to go shopping with her. (Marcelene Cox) 5. Anyone who lives within their means suffers from a lack of imagination. (Oscar Wilde) 6. We used to build civilizations. Now we build shopping malls. (Bill Bryson) 63. Discuss the following in small groups. •

Why do you think shopping is more popular with women than with men?

•

How has the way we shop changed over the last fifty years? What has allowed these changes to happen?

•

We’ve already seen an explosion of shopping on the Internet. Do you think this trend is going to continue? Do you agree that this kind of shopping is convenient? Why? 70

Unit 3. LIFESTYLE: LEISURE FOR PLEASURE The more joy we have, the more nearly perfect we are. B. Spinoza

LEAD-IN

1. Answer the following questions. 1. What ways of spending free time do you know? 2. What is a hobby? 3. What kinds of hobbies do you know? 4. Do you think hobbies make people’s lives more interesting? 5. How do young people spend their free time? What leisure activities do they prefer? Class Survey 2. Find out how many people in the class... a) are reading a novel at the moment. b) enjoy reading biographies and autobiographies. c) still listen to the same music that they did ten years ago. d) have a favourite place to read. e) buy and play CDs. f) prefer watching a film to reading a book. g) have been to a concert recently. h) have seen a film they didn’t enjoy recently. 3. Look at the following list of hobbies and leisure activities. Arrange them in order of their popularity with your classmates. Work in small groups. • • • • • •

Indoor as well as outdoor sports Surfing the Internet Learning the know-how of different gadgets Art and crafts Music (singing, composing) Dancing 71

• • • • • •

Social Networking Watching movies Computer games or programming Reading Going to cultural locations/ events Learning new skills

4. Work with a partner. Discuss the following questions. 1. How do you prefer to spend your leisure time? 2. Do you spend much time surfing the Internet? 3. What is your favourite cultural activity? 4. What appeals to you most: theatre, opera, ballet, classical music or modern music? 5. Where do you like to listen to music? 6. Do you like to attend concerts? 7. Do you listen to music while you are working? 8. Do you play a musical instrument? 9. Has your taste in music ever changed over the years? 10. Are you fond of reading? If so, what kind of reading do you prefer: do you like reading books? newspapers? magazines? 11. Is reading only a pleasure or something special for you? 5. Read the following paragraph and answer the questions below. It’s becoming easier to meet young people who know how to use computers or consult video encyclopedias, but who don’t know how to appreciate the fascination of reading. Some people say television is to blame as it offers attractive programmes which don’t require the “effort” of reading. For others it’s the fault of schools which don’t teach children to appreciate literature and its wonders. And what do you think? 1. What’s the reason, in your opinion, that young people today read so little? 2. Why is the number of people who aren’t reading increasing? 3. Why do you think reading is important? 6. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following quotes. • • • • •

A classic is something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read. (Mark Twain) If we encounter a man of rare intellect, we should ask him what books he reads. (Ralph Emerson) If one cannot enjoy reading a book over and over again, there is no use in reading it at all. (Oscar Wilde) In a good book the best is between the lines. (Swedish proverb) The most technologically efficient machine that man has ever invented is the book. (Northrop Frye) 72

7. Read and choose the correct alternatives in the sentences below. BOOK CHOICE Several people were asked the question, “How do you choose a book to read?” Here are their replies.

A. “I judge a book by its cover. If the cover looks interesting / interested, I buy the book. Sometimes I’m lucky, and the book is good. And sometimes I’m disappointing / disappointed.” B. “I always read book reviews in newspapers and magazines, and when I read about a book that sounds interesting / interested, I write it down in my diary.” C. “I don’t take any risks – I always read books by authors I know. I get really exciting / excited when one of my favourite authors brings out a new book, and I buy it immediately. This way I’m never disappointing / disappointed.” D. “I read the first page, and if it’s boring / bored, I don’t buy the book – if I want to turn over the page and carry on reading, I buy the book.” E. “It’s easy – I never read fiction but I’m fascinating / fascinated by biographies of famous people. I find strong women in history particularly inspiring / inspired.” F. “I tend to choose books written by women. Women have a better feeling for characters and the relationships between them, and that’s I find interesting / interested in a book. Having said that, I’ve just finished ‘The Beach’ by Alex Garland, and it was brilliant.” 8. Add the adjectives in task 6 to the table below. Use them in the sentences of your own. To describe how people feel

To describe the thing that causes the feeling

tired, worried, relaxed, confused

tiring, worrying, relaxing, confusing

GRAMMAR Would like (to do) or like (doing) would like to...

like ...-ing

Means that you want to do something now or Means that you always (usually/often) enjoy in the future.

doing something.

I would like to give a party. =

I like giving parties. =

I want to give a party.

I enjoy giving parties. 73

9. Work with a partner. Choose the correct form. 1. A: Would you like to go for a swim? Do you like swimming? B: What a good idea! It’s so hot today! 2. A: What do you like doing at the weekend? What would you like to do this weekend? B: I like to put my feet up and relax. Sometimes I play football. 3. A: Do you like watching TV? Would you like to watch TV? B: Yes, especially films and game shows. 10. Match a question in column A with an answer in column B. A

B

1. What do you like doing at weekends?

a. I like working alone.

2. Do you like getting up early?

b. Sure, my spoken English isn’t good

3. Would you like to speak more in your

enough. c. Meeting my friends and having fun.

English class? 4. Do you like doing your homework alone or with some of your friends?

d. No, thanks. I prefer tea. e. No, I’m not an early bird.

5. Would you like a cup of hot coffee? SOCIAL ENGLISH Expressing Preference and Reluctance

Which do you prefer / like better,

cinema or theatre? comedy or melodrama? TV programmes or video films?

What would you rather prefer to watch,

a thriller or an action film?

Why don’t we

go to the theatre go to the cinema stay at home and watch a video film 74

tonight?

Expressing Preference — I prefer... — I like ... better. Expressing Reluctance — No, thank you. I don’t (really) want to. / I don’t feel like it. / I’m not (really) in the mood. 11. Match a line in A with a line in B. A

B

1. Which do you like better, Russian or

a) Oh, no. I’d prefer something more serious.

American films? 2. Why don’t you watch “The Adventures of Marco Polo”?

b) I don’t really feel like it. c) I’d rather not. I’m not keen on nature programmes.

3. Which do you prefer, cinema or theatre? 4. Let’s watch “Underwater World”.

d) I like good films.

5. How about a musical?

e) None. I prefer TV.

12. Use the words in the list below to express your preferences. Example: I prefer reading to watching TV. I prefer classical music to pop music. WATCH films (thrillers, action films, comedies, horror films, westerns, science fiction, documentaries, popular science films, etc.), news and current affairs programmes, sports programmes, cultural programmes (opera, ballet), historical programmes, educational programmes, entertainment programmes (serial shows, television series, talk shows, game shows, quiz shows, comedy programmes), nature/wildlife programmes, etc. LISTEN TO jazz/ rock/rap/reggae/classical/country/etc. music READ historical novels, psychological novels, autobiographical novels, horror (mystery) novels, adventure novels, short stories, novelettes, detective stories, thrilling stories, love stories, memoirs, science fiction, fairy tales, poems (verse), etc. PLAY a game of chess, the guitar, basketball/football/tennis, etc. 13. Give reasons why you enjoy doing something. Example: I enjoy reading detective stories when I’m tired because it helps me to have a good rest. 75

VOCABULARY 1. leisure (n) leisure (-time) activities

– досуг, свободное время – деятельность в свободное от работы время

at (one’s) leisure / in one’s leisure – на досуге time 2. pleasure (n) pleasurable (a) 3. prefer (v) preference (n)

– развлечение, удовольствие – доставляющий удовольствие – предпочитать – предпочтение

4. appeal to (v)

– привлекать, нравиться

5. enjoy (v)

– любить (что-л.), получать удовольствие

enjoyable (a)

– приятный, доставляющий удовольствие

enjoyment (n)

– удовольствие

6. appreciate (v)

– понимать, (высоко) ценить

appreciated (a)

– оценённый по достоинству; высоко ценимый

appreciation (n)

– (высокая) оценка; понимание

7. fascinate (v) fascination (n)

– восхищать, очаровывать – очарование

8. inspire (v)

– вдохновлять, вселять (чувства)

9. absorb (v)

– увлекать, поглощать

absorbing (a)

– всепоглощающий, захватывающий, увлекательный

absorbed in reading

– поглощённый чтением

10. disappoint (v)

– разочаровывать, не оправдывать ожиданий

11. entertain (v)

– занимать, развлекать

entertainment (n) 12. amateur (n)

– увеселительное мероприятие; развлечение – любитель; поклонник; непрофессионал

amateur of music

– любитель музыки

amateur (a)

– любительский, самодеятельный

amateur photography

– любительская фотография

13. take up (v) take up photography 14. involve (v) be involved in

– браться (за что-л.); заниматься (чем-л.) – заняться фотографией – вовлекать, включать – увлекаться (чем-л.) 76

15. engage in (v)

– заниматься (чем-л.), быть занятым (чем-л.)

16. pursue (v)

– заниматься (чем-л.)

pursue a hobby 17. labour, Am. labor (n) laborious (a)

– иметь хобби – труд; работа – трудный, трудоёмкий; трудолюбивый

18. create (v)

– порождать; создавать, творить

19. recreate (v)

– развлекаться, отдыхать, расслабляться

recreation (n)

– отдых; восстановление здоровья

recreation activities

– развлечение, приятное времяпровождение

20. benefit (n) beneficial (a)

– выгода; польза – благотворный; выгодный, полезный

21. wellbeing (n)

– здоровье; благополучие

22. depend on (v)

– зависеть (от кого-л. / чего-л.)

23. experience (n)

– (жизненный) опыт; событие; переживание

24. worth (a)

– стоящий; достойный, заслуживающий

25. goal (n)

– задача, цель

26. devote (v)

– посвящать

27. judge (v)

– оценивать, судить; считать, полагать

judge (n)

– знаток, ценитель

be a (good) judge of smth

– знать толк в чем-л.

28. quality (n)

– качество; свойство; особенность

29. accomplish (v)

– совершать, выполнять; достигать;

accomplishment (n) 30. fulfil (v)

– выполнение; достижение, успех – выполнять, осуществлять, совершать; удовлетворять (требованиям, условиям)

fulfil oneself

– достичь совершенства (в пределах своих возможностей), наиболее полно выразить себя

fulfilled (a)

– реализовавшийся

self-fulfilment (n)

– самореализация

31. efficient (a) efficiency (n) 32. challenge (n) challenging (a)

– действенный, результативный, эффективный – эффективность; деловитость, умелость – вызов, сложная задача – требующий напряжения сил; испытывающий (способности, стойкость) 77

33. demand (v)

– требовать; предъявлять требование

demanding (a)

– требующий (напряжения сил и т.п.)

demanding job

– ответственная работа

34. require (v) requirement (n) 35. improve (v) improvement (n) 36. increase (v) increase (n) 37. reduce (v) reduction (n) 38. research (n) researcher (n) 39. science (n)

– нуждаться (в чём-л.); требовать (чего-л.) – требование; необходимость, потребность – улучшать(ся), совершенствовать(ся) – улучшение, усовершенствование – возрастать; увеличивать(ся); усиливаться – возрастание, рост – ослаблять, понижать, сокращать, уменьшать – снижение, понижение, сокращение – исследование – исследователь – наука

scientist (n)

– ученый

scientific (n)

– научный

40. approach (n)

– подход (к решению проблемы, задачи)

Word building 14. Translate the derivatives; say to what part of speech they belong. A. 1. particular (особенный) → particularly 2. proper (правильный, должный; надлежащий) → properly 3. extreme (чрезвычайный) → extremely 4. immense (безмерный, очень большой) → immensely 5. efficient (эффективный) → efficiently 6. complete (полный) → completely 7. immediate (прямой, непосредственный) → immediately 8. inevitable (неизбежный) → inevitably 9. attentive (внимательный) → attentively 10. cheerful (весёлый, радостный; энергичный) → cheerfully 78

B. 1. prefer (v) – предпочитать → preferable, preference 2. attract (v) – привлекать → attractive, attraction 3. enjoy (v) – любить, получать удовольствие → enjoyable, enjoyably, enjoyment 4. disappoint (v) – разочаровывать → disappointing, disappointed, disappointment 5. inspire (v) – вдохновлять → inspiring, inspired, inspiration 6. fulfil (v) – наиболее полно выразить себя → fulfilling, fulfilled, fulfilment 7. fascinate (v) – восхищать, очаровывать → fascinating, fascinated, fascination 15. Choose the corresponding English word. 1 деятельность

a) active

b) action

c) activity

2 увлекательный

a) absorb

b) absorbing

c) absorbed

3 требование

a) require

b) required

c) requirement

4 эффективность

a) efficient

b) efficiency

c) efficiently

5 улучшение

a) improver

b) improvement

c) improve

6 развлекательный a) entertain

b) entertaining

c) entertainment

7 захватывающий

b) thrilled

c) thrilling

a) thriller

16. Match the parts of speech (a–d) with the lists of typical suffixes (1–4). a) verb

1 -able, -ic, -al, -ous, -ive, -ent, -ing, -ed, -ful, -less

b) adverb

2

c) noun

3 -ly

d) adjective

4 -ate, -ify, -ize (-ise)

-ion, -ence, -ity, -ment, -ness

17. Match the words/phrases of similar meaning. 1 leisure

a like better

2 enjoyable

b make greater

3 prefer

c spare time

4 appreciate

d make better

5 effort

e understand and enjoy

6 increase

f pleasurable

7 improve

g trying hard

79

18. Match the words to their opposites. 1 labour

a enjoyable

2 amateur

b low

3 boring

c leisure

4 difficult

d reduce

5 high

e easy

6 satisfy

f professional

7 increase

g disappoint

19. Express the following in one word. wellbeing, fascinating, hobby, demanding, leisure, fulfilling, fulfilled 1. time available for ease and relaxation 2. an activity like sport or reading that one enjoys doing in one’s spare time 3. the condition of being healthy, happy, and having no problems 4. satisfied with your life because you feel that what you do, for example at work, is interesting, useful, and important 5. making you feel fulfilled 6. extremely interesting 7. requiring especially great patience and effort and skill 20. Find the odd word out. a) recreation, leisure, entertainment, hobby, pastime, labour, relaxation; b) enjoyable, pleasant, pleasurable, boring, satisfying, entertaining; c) interesting, absorbing, fascinating, disappointing, exciting, inspiring; d) challenging, demanding, difficult, effortless, hard, heavy, tough, laborious. 21. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold. 1.

“Hello, everybody”, said Robin cheerfully.

2. They have been happily married for 30 years. 3. The two children were playing happily in the garden. 4. She left so suddenly, he didn’t get a chance to say goodbye. 80

5. “She plays the piano beautifully.” “Yes, she certainly is very gifted.” 6. Choosing the lead was extremely difficult as all the actors were extremely talented. 7. Victor was fascinated, and he listened attentively and with increasing interest. 8. Finding money for everything is becoming increasingly difficult. 9. My doctor has told me that I shouldn’t try and do anything too physically demanding. 10. Teaching young children is certainly challenging, both mentally and physically. 11. Eating healthily and taking regular exercise is the only reliable method of losing weight. 12. The doctor was cheerful and efficient, which immediately made me more relaxed. 22. Read and translate the sentences. 1. What kind of activities do you enjoy? 2. She enjoys horse-riding and other outdoor activities. 3. Exercise may be hard work, but it can also be enjoyable. 4. She spent the week quite enjoyably, reading books and going for long walks. 5. If you organize your days properly, you’ll get much more enjoyment out of your trip. 6. He normally prefers classical music to rock. 7. I really have no particular preference – you choose. 8. I chose to study law because I thought it would be a challenge. 9. She left her last job because she didn’t find it challenging enough. 10. I found the book deeply absorbing. 11. Developing your own photographs can be an absorbing hobby. 12. She’s totally absorbed in her work. 13. It was a real thrill to meet our favourite pop stars. 14. Seeing a lion in the wild was a thrilling experience. 15. I felt thrilled to be back in Africa again. 16. Julie looked thrilled when she heard that she was going to Paris for a week. 17. It was a fascinating painting, with clever use of colour and light. 18. He was fascinated to discover that they had both been born in the same town on the same day. 19. The band disappointed thousands of fans by cancelling at the last minute. 20. We left the show feeling rather disappointed. 21. She couldn’t hide her disappointment at being left out of the team. 22. The meeting was very disappointing – nothing was agreed. 23. She played rather disappointingly in the piano competition and only came third. 24. A vegetarian diet can improve your health. 25. There’s been a big improvement in her marks already. I think she’s going to pass the exam. 26. Your Italian is good, but there’s still room for improvement. 27. When going for a job interview it is important that you present a smart, efficient appearance. 28. The way you dress, your phone manner, and your general efficiency are all vital pre-requisites for success in your job. 29. Design improvements in the computer system have increased our efficiency. 30. Our training

81

programme has greatly improved efficiency and motivation among the workforce. 31. Anna finds that yoga and meditation help her in reducing stress. 32. A fulfilling career was all Barbara wanted, but she hadn’t yet found one. 33. I’m sure I’d be more fulfilled if I had a job that involved caring for other people. 23. Fill in the correct word from the list below. Some words may be used more than once. experience, enjoyed, entertained, pleasurable, pleasurably, hobby, engages, improve, improvement, disappointment 1. Coin collecting has been a ___ of mine ever since I was a child. 2. I find gardening a very ___ hobby. 3. Jumping out of an airplane at ten thousand feet is quite an ___, I can tell you! 4. He ___ in many sports. 5. He was ___ surprised. 6. It’s a fascinating film – we ___ it immensely. 7. The trip was a big ___ – it rained every day. 8. A group of children ___ us with a lively dance called a tarantella. 9. Meeting her after all these years was an unforgettable ___. 10. If your driving continues to___, you should have no problem passing the test. 11. The team played much better on Saturday. I just hope this ___ continues. 24. Complete the sentences with the prepositions in the box. in,

on,

of,

to,

with

1. The daily activities which we most enjoy are those associated ___ free time. 2. It is particularly enjoyable to take part ___ artistic activities, such as singing or taking dance lessons. 3. Only people engaging ___ a leisure activity can decide whether this activity is enjoyable or not. 4. I got her involved ___ the planning. 5. Music is one ___ my interests and I love going ___ symphony concerts. 6. Their songs appeal ___ a broad spectrum of music lovers. 7. The park was full ___ people, enjoying themselves ___ the sunshine. 8. He had a great sense ___ humour and always enjoyed a good joke. 82

9. The children were so absorbed ___ their game, that they didn’t hear me when I called. 10. Your standard of living not only depends ___ your income, but also ___ the amount of leisure you enjoy. 11. A reduction ___ working hours has led ___ an increase ___ leisure time. 12. Periods of free time are the most enjoyable moments ___ the day but our appreciation ___ our free time varies according to the activities ___ which it is devoted. 25. Match the sentence beginnings (a-g) with their endings (1-7). a) The students all ...

1 the idea of learning a new language.

b) The book is really worth reading if ...

2 to accomplish our task.

c) Learning a new language ...

3 takes a lot of effort.

d) What really appealed to me was ...

4 recreate alike.

e) It’s difficult for us to judge the situation ...

5 you’re going to take the English exam.

f) We have only six months left ...

6 just one of her many accomplishments.

g) Being able to play the piano brilliantly is ...

7 because we don’t really know enough about it.

26. Complete the paragraph with the prepositions from the box. of, in, for, from, to, by HOBBIES A thing we do ___ our free time ___ recreation and pleasure is called a hobby. Hobbies are practiced ___ interest and enjoyment, rather than ___ money. What are hobbies ___ some people are professions ___ others: a game tester may enjoy cooking as a hobby, while a professional chef might enjoy playing computer games. Generally speaking, the person who does something ___ fun, not remuneration (оплата, вознаграждение), is called an amateur (or hobbyist), as distinct ___ a professional. Engaging ___ a hobby can lead ___ acquiring substantial skill, knowledge, and experience. A lot ___ celestial bodies (небесные тела) and events have been discovered ___ amateur astronomers. However, the aim ___ a hobby is pleasure and personal fulfillment. While some hobbies strike many people as trivial or boring, hobbyists find something entertaining about them. In fact, anything can be a hobby, ___ collecting stamps and board games ___ doing extreme sports and making model airplanes.

83

READING 27. Work with a partner. Discuss the following question: •

What makes people truly happy, satisfied and fulfilled?

Read the article and check your ideas. FILL YOUR FREE TIME WITH FULFILLING ACTIVITIES Life is like a ten speed bicycle. Most of us have gears we never use. Charles M. Schulz The belief that the most enjoyable moments of life are spent relaxing in the fruits of our labour doesn’t match the real world. Research has shown that the most enjoyable moments of our life are the ones where we are most engaged. A psychologist and author, Mihály Csíkszentmihályi1, who has devoted his life’s work to the study of what makes people truly happy, satisfied and fulfilled, recorded this phenomenon. Armed with a scientific approach to measure experiences (ESM – Experience Sampling Method) Csíkszentmihályi found that people were happiest when most absorbed in their activities. Csíkszentmihályi originally studied artists and noticed it wasn’t the end-product most good painters were after2, it was the process of painting. He was surprised to see painters finish a painting and immediately set up another canvas to continue painting – without even looking at the masterpiece they had just created. This intrigued him and so he has spent his lifetime exploring this interesting and enjoyable state he calls “flow”3. According to Csíkszentmihályi, flow is completely focused motivation. The researcher describes flow as “being completely involved in an activity for its own sake4. The ego falls away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one, like playing jazz. Your whole being is involved, and you’re using your skills to the utmost5.” People whose activities are in a state of flow are using high levels of skill and challenge together to create an experience that is rich and personally beneficial.

84

Csíkszentmihályi has found that people feel at their best when they indulge in highchallenge and high-skill activities (like demanding work, playing a game, pursuing a hobby) and feel at their worst when they indulge in low-challenge, low-skill activities (like watching TV). Most often people enter a flow state when they engage in their favourite activities, whether playing or working. Csíkszentmihályi suggests that by paying close attention to what we do every day, and how we feel doing it, we can learn to maximize these positive moments and thus improve our spiritual or psychic wellbeing. The researcher shows the correlation between the choices people make and the quality of their lives. He argues that a life filled with “flow activities” is more worth living than one spent consuming passive entertainment. Happiness is derived from personal development and growth – and flow situations permit the experience of personal development. The point is to be happy while doing things that stretch your goals and skills, that help you grow and fulfil your potential. ______________________ 1

Mihály Csíkszentmihályi (Михай Чиксентмихайи) – один из авторитетных психологов

мира, известный по своим исследованиям тем счастья, креативности, субъективного благополучия, автор нескольких бестселлеров по позитивной психологии 2

be after – стараться получить что-л.

3

flow – поток, потоковое состояние

4

for its own sake – ради нее самой

5

to the utmost – в высшей степени, предельно

28. Answer the following questions about the text. 1. Is it true that people feel at their best when they indulge in low-challenge, low-skill activities? 2. Are people happiest when they are most absorbed in their activities? 3. Do people most often enter a flow state when they engage in their favourite activities? 4. Can we learn to maximize these positive moments? 5. According to the article, how can we improve our spiritual or psychic wellbeing? 29. Read the article in more detail. Answer the questions below. 1. What research did Mihály Csíkszentmihályi carry out? 2. According to the author, what is a key component of happiness? 85

3. What is “flow” in psychology? 4. How did Mihály Csíkszentmihályi come to the idea of flow? 5. How does it feel to be in the flow? 6. Do the choices people make influence the quality of their life? 30. Complete the paragraph using the words from the box. fascinated, absorbed, research, need, enjoyment, wake up, stop, experienced Flow is the mental state of operation in which a person performing an activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and ___ in the process of the activity. In essence, flow is characterized by complete absorption in what one does. Mihály Csíkszentmihályi and his fellow researchers began researching flow after Csikszentmihalyi became ___ by artists who would essentially get lost in their work. Artists, especially painters, got so immersed in their work that they would disregard their ___ for food, water and even sleep. Thus, the origin of ___ on the theory of flow came about when Csíkszentmihályi tried to understand this phenomenon ___ by these artists. Historical sources hint that Michelangelo may have painted the ceiling of the Vatican’s Sistine Chapel while in a flow state. It is reported that he painted for days at a time, and he was so ___ in his work that he did not even ___ for food or sleep until he reached the point of passing out. After this, he would ___ refreshed and, upon starting to paint again, re-enter a state of complete absorption. 31. Read the article and do the task after it. HOW TO START THE ACTIVE LEISURE HABIT Filling your free time with useful pursuits is a way of increasing your creativity, energy, enthusiasm, and sense of fulfillment from life. In this article, you’ll have the chance to explore various ways of filling your free time with useful and fulfilling activities. There

are

many

ways

you

can

upgrade

your

leisure

time,

but

it

(1)

______________________. Unlike watching television or relaxing, opportunities for flow need to be structured in advance. It can sometimes require planning and always requires an initial push of momentum to get started. 86

Here are a couple ideas to get the ball rolling1. Make a plan for your free time. Spare time will only become useful to you if you’ve focused on (2) ____________________. Write down a list of the things you’d like to be doing in your time off. Look for activities and experiences that excite and energize you. Consider some of the following hobbies that you can get started on your own: teaching yourself a new computer programming language, learning a new foreign language, graphic designing, amateur photography, learning a new type of dancing, making jewelry, cooking or baking, teaching private classes on something you already love doing. Hobbies are useful because they (3) _____________________, improve skills, and to be focused, diligent, and switched on. Moreover, a hobby allows you to enjoy yourself as you immerse2 yourself in the intricacies3 of it. Be sure to reach out to others in the same hobby so that you can connect and share ideas. Change your approach to media usage. Turn off the TV and (4) ___________________ to use media in your free time. The Internet allows us to be in charge of the input that is circulated through media, providing you with ample opportunities for turning your free time into a useful means for getting out creative, practical, or informative messages that you’d like to share with the world. Be active. Sports and exercise may be considered recreational, but they are very important because they help you be energized so that you may be able to accomplish more activities. Find a physical activity that will get you to move and provide a challenging environment. Not only will this (5) ____________________, but it will put your mind into a state of flow more easily than sitting on the couch. Challenge yourself to learn a new language. This has always been a goal of mine. I’ve heard from many sources that it can be both challenging and enjoyable (6) _______________________. Start a Project. One of my personal favorites is to get a new project going. To me a new project means finding out new things, rising to new challenges and reacting to new situations. Starting a project to complete something over the course of a couple months (7) _______________________. Go start that project you’ve been thinking about! Nicole Willson ________________________ 1

get the ball rolling – начать что-либо

2

immerse – погружаться, уходить с головой

3

intricacy – запутанность, сложность 87

Find the places in the text where the following phrases should go. a) give you the opportunity to expand knowledge b) keep you healthy c) how you’d like to use it d) requires effort e) can be exciting and incredibly rewarding f) to gain fluency in a non-native tongue g) think about creative ways

TODAY IS YOURS Don’t wait till tomorrow to reach out and grow, To learn something interesting you didn’t know. Don’t wait till tomorrow to find ways to share, To make a new friend, really show that you care. Don’t wait till tomorrow to follow your heart, To savor the beauty that life can impart. Don’t wait till tomorrow to let yourself start... Take time to do it today!

32. Comment on the following quotations about leisure. 1.

All intellectual improvement arises from leisure. (Samuel Johnson)

2.

Leisure contains the future, it is the new horizon. (Henri Lefebvre, Everyday Life in the Modern World)

3. Man does not cease to play because he grows old; man grows old because he ceases to play. (George Bernard Shaw) 88

SPEAKING

33. Outside of school and work, many people enjoy spending their free time on their hobbies. Hobbies can provide ways to develop our talents, relieve stress, and even get exercise. Look through the following list of hobbies and answer the questions below.

Hobbies for Children

Hobbies for Teenagers

•

Playing computer games

•

Music (singing, composing)

•

Watching cartoons on TV

•

Dancing

•

Taking up different sports

•

Indoor as well as outdoor sports

•

Reading

•

Adventure or extreme sports

•

Playing a musical instrument

•

Working out in a gym

•

Looking after a family pet

•

Car or bike racing

•

Horse riding

•

Computer games or programming

•

Collecting things such as stamps, badges,

•

Social Networking

postcards, pens, etc.

•

Watching movies

Hobbies for Women

Hobbies for Men

•

Fashion designing

•

Sports such as football, volley-ball, etc.

•

Interior designing

•

Exploring different places

•

Astrology, tarot card reading

•

Computer programming

•

Gardening

•

Surfing the Internet

•

Yoga, meditation

•

Watching movies

•

Cooking and baking

•

Driving

•

Diet and nutrition

•

Riding motorbikes

•

Fitness or working out in a gym

•

Mountain climbing, biking

•

Taking dance lessons

•

Wildlife photography

•

Knitting, sewing

•

Fishing

•

Jewelry making

•

Indoor games such as chess

•

Painting

•

Carpentry

89

1. Do you do any of these hobbies? 2. Which one(s) is/are the most interesting to you? 3. What kinds of hobbies do your friends have? 4. How much time every week do you spend on your hobby(-ies)? 5. What are the benefits of doing something you enjoy every day? 6. Which new hobby would you like to learn / try or explore? Why? 34. Complete the following table. Activities I want to do

Activities I can become absorbed in

Activities I find challenging and creative

35. Tell your partner about a hobby or something you like to do every day. 1. When and where do you do the activity? 2. Why did you choose this particularly hobby/activity? 3. What makes the activity fun for you? 4. Are other people interested in what you do? 5. How do you share your hobby with other people? GIVING ADVICE 36. Read the article and find places (1–6) where the following sentences (a–f) should go. MARATHONS FOR BEGINNERS Almost anyone can complete a marathon, as long as they follow a good training programme. [1] Start by gathering as much information as you can. Try reading books about marathons, surfing the net and talking to people who have already completed a marathon. It’s important to find out as much you can about different 90

training schedules and really think about how that training will affect your life. [2] Next, you should choose the date and location of your first marathon. [3] It’s a good idea to choose a race where other beginners will be taking part. Remember to give yourself plenty of time to train and get ready. Six months is the minimum training period. Before you start training, you definitely ought to consider investing in a good pair of running shoes. Getting running shoes that are suitable for your running style, foot type, and level of experience will help you run more comfortably and avoid injuries. [4] As part of your marathon training, it’s definitely worth trying out a few shorter races. [5] This is important because there are many new experiences that races bring that regular training does not. One of the best ways to motivate yourself is to find a running partner. [6] Or maybe you could post a message on this site and find another keen marathon beginner in your area! a) Think about the time of year you’ll be running and the weather. b) Why not sign up for a 5 or 10 kilometre race? c) You just need to take the time to find the right training programme for you. d) Light, comfortable running clothes are equally important. e) If none of your friends are interested, you could always join a running club near you. f) And remember to be honest with yourself about whether you can do what is needed. 37. Read the article and the sentences (a–f) again and underline any useful expressions for giving advice. 38. Give advice on how to get started with a new hobby.

GRAMMAR The Future Continuous Tense I / He / She / It We / You / They will be working. Will he be working? Yes, he will. / No, he won’t. He will not (won’t) be working.

91

39. Complete the sentences. Use the verbs in brackets in the Future Continuous. 1. Chris _____ (play) football at 4 o’clock tomorrow afternoon. 2. We _____ (watch) the tennis tournament tonight. 3. At 11.00 tomorrow she _____ (work) in the office. 4. I _____ (work) at home tomorrow – don’t call me there. 5. Everyone in the office _____ (have) lunch at that time. 6. We _____ (stay) in Newcastle for about a couple of weeks. 7. They _____ (swim) in the Mediterranean in a week. 40. Complete the sentences with the negative form of the verbs in brackets. 1. We’ll be attending the meeting at 12.00. 2. Steve will be sitting an exam at 10.00. 3. The children will be staying with their grandparents for the summer holidays. 4. They will be testing the new system tomorrow. 5. I’ll be going out with friends on Thursday night. 41. Ask questions about the information in italics. 1. They’ll be enjoying themselves at the seaside. 2. I’ll be finishing this report this time tomorrow. 3. We’ll be going on a sightseeing tour next weekend. 4. A lot of scientists will be taking part in the conference. 5. Dan will be getting a lot of money in his new job. 42. What will / won’t be happening at this time tomorrow? Write true sentences, positive or negative. Example: I / take my driving test. At this time tomorrow I will be taking my driving test. 1. I / lie in bed. 2. my friends and I / have lunch. 3. we / study for the exam. 4. I / work at home. 5. my parents / fly over the Atlantic. 6. I / do the shopping. 92

7. my classmates and I / listen to a lecture. 8. my friend and I / jog in the park. 9. I / train at the gym. The Past Continuous Tense I / He / She / It was working. We / You / They were working. Was he working? Were you working? Yes, he was. / No, we weren’t. I was not (wasn’t) working. They were not (weren’t) working. 43. Complete the sentences. Use the verbs in brackets in the Past Continuous. 1. Helen _____ (sit) up in bed, absorbed in a novel. 2. Francis and his friend _____ (drink) tea in his room. 3. Ben _____ (lie) on his bed, resting after an energetic game of squash. 4. When I _____ (train) I spent at least four hours a day at the swimming pool. 5. The two Italians _____ (have) an animated discussion about football. 6. They _____ (waste) their time trying to start the car. 7. Someone at the party _____ (wear) the same dress as me. 8. Everyone _____ (wait) for someone else to speak. 9. This just confirms what I _____ (say) earlier. 10. I _____ (not / criticize) you. I _____ (just / say) how you could improve your work. 44. Put the verbs in the Past Continuous Tense in the negative form. 1. I was feeling tired after my trip to New York. 2. They were waiting for us all evening. 3. I was working at that time yesterday afternoon. 4. He was reading a book all night. 5. We were doing a test at that time. 6. We were leaving the party when John arrived. 45. Make these sentences into general questions. Give short answers. 1. Mike wasn’t driving very fast when the accident happened. 2. They were flying over the Atlantic at 3 p.m. 3. We were enjoying ourselves at the party last night. 93

4. When I got out of the house it was raining. 5. You were waiting for us in the wrong place. 6. They were leaving when we got there. 7. The professors were wearing full academic dress for the ceremony. 46. Ask questions about the information in italics. 1. I was looking for some photos when you rang. 2. They were driving home from the theatre when the police stopped them. 3. They were doing 70 miles an hour because they didn’t want to be late for the train. 4. My grandfather was serving in the army when the war broke out. 5. He was waiting for me at the top of the stairs. 6. It was an attractive offer, and well-timed, because David was looking for a new job. 7. Joan’s husband was fixing the car when he saw a car crash. 47. Put the words in the correct order to make questions in the Past Continuous. 1. she / yesterday / staying / at / was / home? 2. speed / an / driving / at / he / excessive / was? 3. for / you / who / waiting / were? 4. she / waiting / you / where / for / was? 5. what / were / doing / speed / you? 6. fast / he / doing / hour / how / an / was? 7. were / much / you / how / earning / job / that / for? 8. you (x 2) / going / when / met / I / were / where? 48. Complete each sentence with when and while. 1. Chris was rehearsing for a TV show _____ he heard about this reward. 2. _____ Brad was filling out the car-rental form, I called Jimmy from the airport. 3. _____ he was driving at high speeds he felt truly alive. 4. She froze _____ she saw that he was holding a gun. 5. All this happened _____ we were living abroad. 6. She first met her husband _____ she was travelling to Madrid ten years ago. 7. The problems at the office seemed so petty _____ she was lying in the sun on a Mediterranean beach.

94

Past Simple Vs Past Continuous 49. Identify the tenses, then match them to the correct description. 1. The girls were chatting excitedly.

a. a completed action or an event in the

2. When I worked there, I was always making mistakes. 3. I missed the bus. 4. I pricked my finger when I was sewing. 5. While I was reading, Joan was playing the piano. 6. It was a warm summer day. The sun was shining and the birds were singing.

past b. a continuing action at a certain time in c. d. e. f.

the past an interrupted action in the past actions in progress at the same time to describe the background history or environment when telling a story to talk about actions that happened too often

50. Complete the sentences with the Past Continuous or the Past Simple. 1. I _____ (hurt) my shoulder when I _____ (play) football. 2. It _____ (rain) hard when I _____ (wake) up in the morning. 3. He _____ (drive) at 100 kilometres an hour when an accident _____ (happen). 4. When I _____ (arrive) everyone _____ (already / sit) around the table. 5. Whilst everyone _____ (watch) the action on the left of the stage, the dancers _____ (enter) from the opposite direction. 6. Dad _____ (roar) with laughter at something on TV and _____ (not / hear) me come in. 7. Everyone _____ (laugh) but I _____ (not / get) the joke. 8. When someone _____ (ask) me the time I _____ (realize) I _____ (not / wear) my watch. 9. Kate _____ (sleep) so soundly that it _____ (take) me a long time to rouse her. 10. Charlotte _____ (sleep) and her mother _____ (not / want) to wake her up. 11. I _____ (know) that he _____ (lie) but I had no evidence with which to refute his story. 12. I _____ (find) these CDs very helpful when I _____ (learn) Spanish. 13. I soon _____ (get) tired because I _____ (carry) the heavy end of the box. 14. The man _____ (walk) straight towards the hotel, but suddenly he _____ (turn) and _____ (go) down a side street. 15. I _____ (hope) to deal with this matter quickly. However, the situation is much more complicated than I _____ (think). 95

51. What time is it now? Complete the sentences to say what you were doing at these times in the past? a) This time yesterday ...

d) This time last month ...

b) This time last Sunday ...

e) This time last year ...

c) This time last week ...

f) This time ten years ago ...

52. Underline the correct alternative. Last year a group of friends (1) invited / were inviting me to go skiing with them. They (2) were / were being very experienced skiers, but I wasn’t so I (3) had to / was having to go to boring ski school every day, while others (4) had / were having a good time up in the mountains. One day, after my ski lesson, I (5) decided / was deciding to meet them at the top of the mountain. While I (6) went / was going up in the ski lift I (7) started / was starting to feel really nervous, but it was too late. I was at the top of the mountain, and there was only one way to get down. The sun (8) shone / was shining, and everyone (9) talked and laughed / was talking and laughing as we started to ski down. Suddenly, one of my friends (10) shouted / was shouting, ‘Look out!’, because I (11) went / was going towards a group of trees. I (12) tried / was trying to stop, but I couldn’t and when I (13) fell / was falling down into the snow, one of my skis (14) came / was coming off and (15) hit / was hitting me on the head. I (16) spent / was spending the rest of the week in hospital. Great!

96

53. Read the story. The verbs (1-12) are all in the past continuous. Change them to the past simple if necessary. The most exciting experience I’ve ever had was at Disney World in Florida. I was on holiday with my family, and we (1) were celebrating my parents’ 25th wedding anniversary. It was a typical Florida day – the sky was blue, the sun (2) was shining, and everybody (3) was having a great time. As I watched the roller coaster, I thought to myself, ‘Those people must be mad”. Just then, my brother (4) was coming up to me. He (5) was holding two tickets, ‘I’m going on the roller coaster,’ he said, ‘and you’re coming too.’ I’ve never done anything dangerous or exciting in my life. So I don’t know why I (6) was agreeing to go on the roller coaster, but five minutes later I (7) was holding onto my seat, 35 metres in the air, sure that I was about to die. The ride (8) was seeming to go on forever. But finally it (9) was stopping, and we got off. My head was spinning, but I felt really happy. Maybe I was just glad to be alive! Later, we looked at the photos of the day. The roller coaster photos were hilarious. Everybody (10) was laughing and waving their arms in the air. That is, everybody except me! I was holding on, and (11) was screaming. I’ve never been so terrified in my life, but I’m glad I (12) was doing it. Sue Kay & Vaughan Jones, New Inside Out, Macmillan

LISTENING & SPEAKING 54. Listen to Jake’s anecdote. Then put the headings below in the correct order to show the five stages of the story. The background

How he felt

The problem

55. Listen again and answer the questions below. 1. What was the situation? 2. When did it happen? 97

The resolution

Introduction

3. Where was Jake? 4. Who was he with? 5. What was he doing? 6. What happened? 7. What happened next? 8. How did he feel? 9. What were the consequences? AUDIOSCRIPT Jake:

Have I ever told you about the time a dog nearly attacked me?

Mary:

No – what happened?

Jake:

Oh well, it was a few years ago. I was still at school, actually, so I guess I was sixteen or seventeen. It was the weekend and it was summer – the sun was shining, and I was with some friends in the garden. We were playing football. Well, we weren’t exactly playing football, because there were only three of us, but we were playing with a ball. In fact, we were using my older brother’s football. Anyway we were having a laugh and enjoying the game, when suddenly one of my friends kicked the ball really hard, and it went up in the air, over the fence and into my neighbour’s garden. I couldn’t believe it. My brother really loved that football and he never let me use it.

Mary:

Oh no. What did you do?

Jake:

Well, I went and knocked on the neighbour’s door, but there was no answer. So I had to climb over the fence. It was really high, and my friends had to push me over. anyway, as soon as I dropped down on the other side, I realised I wasn’t alone.

Mary:

The dog?

Jake:

Yes, an enormous dog was running towards me, barking like mad. I’ve never been so frightened in my life!

Mary:

What did you do?

Jake:

I was absolutely terrified. I couldn’t move. But then I noticed a chair near the fence, so I jumped up on it and managed to climb back over the fence.

Mary:

What about the ball?

Jake:

I didn’t get the ball, but fortunately, the neighbours came back, before my brother did. So in the end, he never knew about it. Which is good because my brother is almost as frightening as the neighbour’s dog!

56. Tell your partner about a time when you were in an exciting, funny or dangerous situation. Think about what to say and how to say it. Use the questions in task 56 as a plan. 98

Unit 4. LIFESTYLE: SPORT & HEALTH He who has health has hope and he who has hope has everything. Arab proverb LEAD-IN

1. Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the following questions. 1. What words and images do you associate with the expression “a healthy way of life”? 2. Is there anything more important than health? 3. Does health depend on you? 4. Keeping fit… Is it an important issue for people? 5. Why is it necessary to go in for sports? 2. Answer the following questions.. 1. Do you care about your health? 2. What is your attitude towards bad habits? 3. How do you keep fit? 4. Do you work out in a gym? Do you jog or run? 5. What other exercise do you get? How often? READING 3. A sound mind in a sound body. An ideal person according to the Greeks was a person who was strong both physically and mentally. They never admired a person who was just a good athlete, or just a good artist or a scientist, but was not fond of sports. What do you feel when you hear: ”A sound mind in a sound body”? Read through the following texts and make up your own project about what fitness is for you. KEEPING FIT Physical fitness is a general state of good health, usually as a result of exercise and nutrition. Physical fitness can also be described as a condition that allows us to look, feel and do our best. Being fit helps us have more energy for work or studies throughout the day, and energy left over to enjoy our leisure time activities. It is also the ability to withstand stress and to carry on in circumstances where an unfit person could not continue. 99

Physical fitness involves the performance of the heart and lungs, and the muscles of the body. And, since what we do with our bodies also affects what we can do with our minds, fitness influences to some degree qualities such as mental alertness and emotional stability. Fitness is an individual quality that varies from person to person. It is influenced by age, sex, heredity, personal habits, exercise and eating practices. You can’t do anything about the first three factors. However, it is within your power to change and improve the others where needed. 7 WAYS TO GROW OLD AND TO STAY YOUNG • • • • • • •

Exercise keeps you young. Eat for health. Limit alcoholic drinks. Smoking ages you prematurely. Catch illness early when it can be treated. Deal with stress. Think young and keep your mind active.

4. Read the article and do the tasks after it. A GUIDE TO LIVING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE What does it mean to live a healthy lifestyle? It is a way of living that allows you to enjoy more aspects of your life (1) ______________________. It is not just about trying to avoid one illness after another. It is about feeling and being well physically, mentally and socially. It is about making specific choices that give you the opportunity to feel your best for as long as you can. Living a healthy lifestyle is about saying YES to life. Three Essential Ways to Live Healthy Do you want to have a body that can support you well into your old age? Do you wish to have mental clarity and an overall feeling of wellbeing? Well, living a healthy lifestyle is what can get you there, or at least improve your condition. There are three specific things that you should do: 1. Exercise. Physical activity is essential to healthy living. The body was meant to move, and when it does not, it can (2) ______________________. Physical activity stimulates the body’s natural maintenance and repair systems that keep it going. It improves circulation to our heart and lungs. It gives us strength to stave off injuries, and it increases the mobility in our muscles and joints. Physical activity also releases endorphins; the feel good hormones that (3) _________________. Physical activity is good for the body and the mind. Exercises include brisk walking, cycling, dancing, swimming, rowing, elliptical workouts and jogging. Yoga and pilates are also good exercise workouts. 100

2. Eating healthy. Have you ever heard of the saying “you are what you eat”? Well, it is true. What you put into your body (4) _____________________, your mood, your mental clarity, your internal workings, and even your skin. Eating healthy does not mean eating expensive foods with little taste. As a matter of fact, there are some fantastic health recipes that are very healthy. Basically, you want to aim for a diet that is low in salt, fat and unprocessed foods and is high in fruit, vegetables, whole grains and omega-3 fatty acids. It is also good to take a multivitamin to ensure you are meeting your nutrient requirements. 3. Reduce stress. We have got to get rid of all of this stress. Stress happens when your life (5) ____________________ physically, mentally or emotionally. This imbalance can be caused by internal stress like worrying too much, environmental stress like pressure from work, family or friends, or by stress from being fatigued or overworked. Being stressed out has the potential to affect your health in a variety of ways. You can become tired, sick, tense, irritable, and unable to think clearly. If you want (6) _____________________, you will need to manage the stress in your life so that it does not overtake you. This means taking charge of your thoughts, emotions, tasks, and environment to get your body back in balance. Find the places in the text where the following phrases should go. a) to live a healthy lifestyle b) become unhappy and ill c) directly affects how you feel physically d) becomes out of balance e) in a more fulfilling way f)

create a sense of general wellbeing

5. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a healthy lifestyle? 2. Why is it important? 3. How can you maintain a healthy living style? 4. What are the benefits of exercise? 5. What makes a healthy diet? 6. What are the benefits of healthy eating habits and healthy food choices? 7. How can stress affect your health? 8. What can you do to lower your stress levels? 101

6. Read the article and find answers to these questions. •

What is a healthy weight?

•

Why is losing weight so hard?

•

How can you change your lifestyle?

•

How can you fit physical activity into your busy day?

HEALTHY EATING A healthy weight is the natural weight you can reach through good eating, regular physical activity, managing stress, and not smoking. Reaching a specific weight is not as important as the lifestyle changes you make to become healthy. Weight is only one component of health. Even if you carry some extra weight, by eating the right food and getting plenty of physical activity, you’ll feel better, have more energy, and reduce your risk of weight-related diseases1. In fact, you may be healthier than a thin person who eats poorly and isn’t physically active. While a diet may help you lose a few pounds quickly, following a strict diet long-term is unrealistic and requires extraordinary strength of will. Once you stop dieting and exercising, the weight comes back. Some people fall into an unhealthy cycle of losing and gaining weight, which may be worse for the body than just being overweight. It’s also difficult to overcome the obstacles to weight loss: lack of time for exercise, huge portions at restaurants, holidays centered around food, and illness or injury2. Research shows that people who are most successful in improving their health have chosen a healthier lifestyle rather than3 targeted weight loss. A lifestyle of healthy eating and regular

physical activity will improve your health and quality of life, no matter what you

weigh. First you’ll need to learn the skills to make lifelong changes and find the support you need to create a healthy lifestyle that’s right for you. Look for balanced, realistic, and enjoyable ways to fit healthful changes into your life. Making small changes, such as being aware of your portion sizes, eating more fruit and vegetables, and adding a few more steps to your daily routine, can improve your health. To be successful in making lifestyle changes:

102

Don’t diet. Abandon4 the idea that you’ll go on a diet and quickly lose a certain amount of weight. This approach almost always fails. Instead, create a plan to eat healthier that works for you. Think about your relationship with food. Do you overeat? If so, try to analyze why overeat. Are you bored, stressed, or sad? Do you rely on fast foods or convenience foods5 because you don’t know how or don’t like to cook? Do you use food as a reward? Slowly change your eating habits. Rather than following a particular diet, develop a plan for a healthful eating that includes lots of fruit and vegetables, whole grains, and lean6 protein such as chicken and fish. You could set a goal of eating at least 5 servings of fruit and vegetables a day. If you make small, reasonable changes, rather than depriving7 yourself of everything you love, you will be more successful. Set small goals. Your goals should be specific and within your reach. A goal to simply work out more and eat better is too general. Instead, make a plan to be active 3 to 4 times a week. For example, start with a goal to walk for 15 minutes three times a week and then slowly increase it to 20 minutes 4 times a week. When you reach this goal and it has become routine, set a new one. But realize you may have setbacks8 now and then; it doesn’t mean you’ve failed. Try to make physical activity a regular part of your day, just like brushing your teeth or going to work. Schedule your activity in the morning if you tend to talk yourself out of it later in the day. Take the stairs instead of the elevator. Make a plan to ride your bike twice a week. Walking is an activity that most people can do safely and routinely with family members, friends, coworkers, or pets. If you don’t have time to take one 30-minute walk, break it up into three 10-minute walks. If you want a more structured way to get exercise, consider joining a health club. Find an activity that you love and feel you can stick with, and then vary it with other activities so you don’t get bored. For example, 3 days a week, take a 30-minute walk with a friend and then work out in the gym together. On other days, take a water aerobics class, ride a bike, or take the dog for a hike. Join a volleyball, or basketball league. The more you can find activities you like, the greater your chances for success. 103

______________________ 1

disease – заболевание, болезнь

2

injury – травма

3

rather than – а не; вместо того, чтобы; вместо

4

abandon – отказываться (от чего-л.)

5

convenience foods – полуфабрикаты или готовые продукты с минимальной обработкой

перед употреблением 6

lean – постный, содержащий небольшое количество жира

7

deprive – лишать (чего-л.); deprive oneself – отказывать себе во всем

8

setback – отступление, возврат, повторение (чего-л.)

7. Look at the recommendations the author gives to people who want to lose weight. Then read the following guidelines published in a glossy magazine. Decide which of them you should / should not follow. Explain why. 1. Check the calorie and fat value of the food you eat. 2. Include at least 3 low calorie meals in your diet each day. 3. If you are not hungry in the morning, skip breakfast. 4. If you notice that you are gaining weight, immediately go on a strict diet or starve for a couple of days. 5. Take diet pills to decrease your appetite. 6. Go in for sports. 8. Work with your partner. Discuss healthy weight problems. 1. Do you think people worry too much about their weight? 2. Do men or women worry more about their weight? 3. What problems do overweight and underweight people have? 4. Do you worry about your weight? 5. Does your weight go up and down easily or is it usually stable? 6. How often do you weigh yourself? 7. What’s your ideal weight? 8. Have you ever tried to lose or gain weight? 9. What’s the best way to lose or put on weight? 10. Someone once said: “The best way to lose weight is to eat all you want of everything you don’t like.” Do you agree? Why? 104

9. An English proverb says: “Don’t dig your grave with your own knife and fork.” What does this mean? Do you agree? • Without a second thought make a list of 4 foodstuffs you like most. • Now think a bit and say if the foodstuffs you’ve named are beneficial to your health. • In general, do you follow a healthy eating plan? Why? • What unhealthy eating habits can you name? What can they lead to?

10. Complete the text with the phrases in the box. As a result • In other words • Secondly • To sum up • The first and most obvious reason • What is more • In fact I don’t understand why so many people still go to fast food restaurants. We should do all we can to avoid them. (1) The first and most obvious reason for this is that the food they serve has very little nutritional value. (2) ___________________, in large quantities it is positively bad for us. We are encouraged to buy megasize portions of greasy1 fries and one-litre cups of sugary fizz. (3) ___________________, every country in the industrialised world is suffering increased problems with obesity and heart disease. (4) ___________________, these so-called restaurants are selling this high-calorie, high-fat food to adolescents2, who need a healthy diet. (5) ___________________, this junk ‘food’ is sold in polluting containers that cannot be recycled when they are covered in ketchup. (6) _______________________, a regular diet of burgers and fries with cola, ketchup and ice cream destroys not only your health but also the planet. (7) ___________________, I think that fast food places should be closed down as an environmental health danger. ______________________ 1

greasy – жирный (содержащий много жира)

2

adolescent – юноша или девушка 11–16 лет (иногда 14–20) 105

READING & LISTENING 11. a) Decide if the following statements about chocolate are true or false. 1. Chocolate is good for you. 2. White chocolate is not real chocolate. 3. Chocolate contains ‘happy chemicals’. 4. Dark chocolate is healthier than milk chocolate. 5. A piece of chocolate is a good treat for a dog. 6. Americans are the world’s biggest per capita chocolate consumers. 7. The average person will consume 10,000 chocolate bars in a lifetime. 8. A fifty gram bar of chocolate contains the same amount of caffeine as a cup of coffee. 9. American and Russian space flights have always had several bars of chocolate on board. 10. In Alfred Hitchcock’s film, Psycho, chocolate syrup was used for blood in the famous shower scene. b) Listen and check your answers. Audioscript Number 1. A little chocolate each day is good for your health. Chocolate contains antioxidants which help to protect the body against cancer. It also contains several minerals and some protein. In fact, one bar of chocolate contains more protein than a banana, so this statement is true. Number 2. White chocolate doesn’t contain any cocoa, so this statement is true. Number 3. Chocolate contains chemicals that produce the same reaction in the body as falling in love, so this statement is true. Number 4. The healthy part of chocolate is the cocoa, and dark chocolate has at least 50-70% cocoa. on the other hand, a lot of commercial milk chocolate bars have hardly any cocoa in them at all, so this statement is true. Number 5. A little chocolate can make a dog sick. A lot of chocolate can kill it, so this statement is false. Number 6. Americans consume a lot of chocolate, but per capita, the Swiss consume more. The Swiss consume ten kilograms per person per year, so this statement is false. Number 7 is true. Number 8. Chocolate contains much less caffeine than coffee, so this statement is false. Number 9 is true. Number 10 is true. In fact, they used a lot of chocolate sauce because the scene took seven days to shoot. 106

12. You are going to conduct your own “Fast Food Survey” in the classroom. a) Write five good questions about fast food in the table. Do this in pairs. Each student must write the questions on his / her own paper. b) When you have finished, interview other students. Write down their answers. c) Now return to your original partner and share and talk about what you found out. d) Make mini-presentations to other groups on your findings. 13. INTERNET INFO: Search the Internet and find more information about fast food. Talk about what you discover with your partner(s) in the next lesson. 14. Work with a partner. Discuss the following questions. 1. What images spring to mind when you hear the word “stress”? 2. Is life becoming more or less stressful? 3. Are you stressed at the moment? 4. What stresses you out? 5. What things do you get stressed about that you wish you wouldn’t? 6. What do you do to relieve your stress? 7. Can stress be a positive thing? 8. Is learning English stressful? 9. What was the most stressful time of your life? 10. How do you interact with others when you are under a lot of stress? 11. How dangerous do you think stress is? 12. What’s the best stress reliever you know of? 15. Read the text and find the places (1–4) where these headings (a–d) should go. a) What is stress? b) Sources of stress c) Signs of stress d) There are two basic types of stress.

107

STRESS – WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT IT? (1) __________________________ Stress is your body’s normal reaction to the pressures and challenges of life. Too much stress can make you unhappy or sick. (2) __________________________ When you are under stress you may have tense muscles, sweaty hands, a fast heartbeat or sleeplessness. Stress can cause a loss of appetite or overeating, frequent headaches, stomachaches1, nausea2, nervous tics or stuttering3. People experiencing stress may lose their temper easily, get frustrated4 about little things, fight or argue a lot, have more accidents and get colds more frequently. (3) __________________________ Positive stress comes from things you enjoy or look forward to. For example, making new friends, playing a sport or acting in a play. Negative stress comes from things you find unpleasant or threatening5. There is no way to avoid negative stress completely. Positive stress helps make our life interesting. (4) __________________________ Anything that makes you feel excited or uneasy is a source of stress. This happens when you face a challenge or a change. In order to reduce your stress levels you should find out what is causing you to feel stressed. Here are some common causes of stress: you may feel stressed if you have to take a test, learn a new routine when you change classes or schools, make new friends or break up with someone, have trouble at home, feel anxious about your future not knowing what direction to take in life, etc. ______________________ 1

stomachache – боль в животе; боль в желудке

2

nausea – тошнота

3

stuttering – заикание

4

get frustrated – расстраиваться

5

threatening – грозящий, угрожающий 108

16. Read the text below and answer the questions. 1. Do you do the things the author suggests? Do you think they are good ideas? Why/Why not? 2. Can you think of one more tip of advice? SOME ADVICE FOR REDUCING STRESS Think about what makes you feel stressed Avoid these things when you can. See problems for what they are Do not let your reaction to a problem confuse the situation. Focus on the problem and think about how to solve it. Make up your own mind Do not let others push you into doing something that is not right for you. When you make up your own mind, you will feel better about yourself, and less “stressed out”. Set goals that you can attain Ask yourself if there are some things you do not need to do. Be a positive thinker Keeping a positive attitude can reduce your stress level. When you look beyond your problems, you will see that the world is full of opportunities. Learn to plan your time Create an action plan to handle a worrying challenge. List what you have to do. Set priorities. A one-step-at-a-time approach divides and conquers anxiety. Prepare for stressful events Being well prepared for a test, for example, will strengthen your confidence and help you stay calm on the day of the test. Do not be afraid to fail Mistakes are an important part of personal growth. Learning from failures allows you to go on to greater success! Analyse how you explain failure Do you blame yourself? Laying blame and taking responsibilities are two different things. Pessimists blame themselves; optimists don not. Do not say, “I failed because I am stupid or incompetent.” Do say,” I failed because the test covered material I didn’t focus on when studying.” In the latter situation you are in control of changing things for the better. 109

Do something you enjoy Set aside time to have fun every day. Engage one or more of your senses to relieve stress. You could read, listen to music, dance, play an instrument, play sport, work on a hobby or spend some time with your friends. In short, do anything that helps you to relax – as long as it is healthy! Laughing is a great way to relieve tension and avoid feeling overwhelmed. Make sure you are able to laugh at yourself sometimes too. Find out about relaxation techniques Knowing how to relax is one of the most valuable skills a young person can have. Ask for help You do not have to handle everything on your own. If you are upset with someone or something, talk about your feelings and concerns with someone you trust. A friend, parent or teacher are just some of the people you can turn to. Good health is an important defence against stress Be sure to: Eat healthy food. It takes energy to deal with the stresses of daily life. Good nutrition can help supply the energy you need. Get plenty of sleep. Being rested is essential to good health, both mental and physical. Get in the habit of going to bed on time. You’ll feel better in the morning and all day long. Exercise regularly. Try an activity like walking, swimming, jogging, bicycling, skating, skiing, tennis or any kind of physical activity that you enjoy. They are good for your peace of mind. And finally, Keep a diary Keeping a diary is a helpful way to express your anger, sadness or disappointment. When you write it down, you are, in effect, transferring an emotion out of your body and onto paper. This process also helps you to understand what is behind your emotions.

110

VOCABULARY 1. age (n)

– возраст

live / reach an age

– дожить до определённого возраста

people of all ages

– люди всех возрастов

2. alert (a)

– живой, проворный

3. allow (v)

– позволять, давать возможность

4. circumstance (n)

– обстоятельство, условие

5. change (v)

– менять(ся), изменять(ся)

6. deal with (v)

– разг. справляться с (ситуацией)

7. eat (v)

– есть; поглощать, поедать

8. exercise (n)

– упражнение, тренировка; физическая

exercise (v)

нагрузка – упражняться, тренироваться

9. fit (a)

– находящийся в хорошей форме; разг. здоровый

feel / keep fit

– быть бодрым и здоровым

fitness (n)

– хорошая физическая форма

10. give up (v)

– отказаться; бросить (что-л.)

11. habit (n)

– привычка; склад характера; склонности

good / bad habit

– полезная / вредная привычка

be in the habit of doing smth

– иметь привычку что-л. делать

acquire / develop / form a habit

– приобретать привычку

break (off) a habit

– бросать привычку; избавляться от привычки

get into a habit

– привыкать

get out of a habit

– отвыкать

fall into a habit

– усвоить привычку

make a habit of smth

– делать привычку из чего-л.

12. health (n)

– здоровье

mental health

– душевное здоровье

physical health

– физическое здоровье

enjoy good health

– быть в добром здравии

be in bad / poor / ill health

– иметь слабое здоровье

promote (good) health

– способствовать улучшению здоровья

recover / regain one’s health

– восстанавливать здоровье

ruin smb’s health

– подрывать чьё-л. здоровье

She swims for her health.

– Она занимается плаванием ради здоровья. 111

healthy (a)

– здоровый; полезный

healthful (a)

– целебный; полезный; оздоровительный

13. heredity (n)

– наследственность; унаследованные особенности

14. improve (v) improve in health 15. influence (n)

– улучшать(ся), совершенствовать(ся) – поправляться – влияние, действие, воздействие

positive influence

– позитивное, положительное влияние

negative influence

– негативное влияние, пагубное воздействие

influence (v)

– оказывать влияние, воздействовать

16. involve (v)

– включать в себя, вовлекать

17. ill (a)

– больной, нездоровый

illness (n) 18. keep (v) keep to 19. mind (n) state of mind

– нездоровье; болезнь – поддерживать; сохранять – придерживаться; следовать (чему-л.) – разум; умственные способности; ум; дух, душа – настроение, расположение духа

20. need (v)

– нуждаться; иметь надобность, потребность

21. necessary (a)

– необходимый, нужный, требуемый

22. nutrition (n)

– питание; пища

23. perform (v)

– выполнять, исполнять, совершать

performance (n) 24. quality (n)

– характеристика (работы); эффективность – качество, свойство; особенность; характерная черта

25. shape be in good shape 26. vary (v)

– форма – быть в хорошей физической форме – изменяться; отличаться; варьировать

various (a)

– различный, разный, разнообразный

variety (n)

– разнообразие; многообразие

27. withstand (v)

– устоять (перед чем-л.), выдержать (что-л.); противостоять, не поддаваться (чему-л.)

28. work out (v)

– заниматься спортом, тренироваться

work out in/at a gym twice a week – тренироваться в спортзале два раза в неделю

112

Word building 17. Translate the derivatives; say to what part of speech they belong. complete → completeness (= the state of being complete) kind → kindness (= the quality of being kind / kind behavior / kind feelings) polite → politeness (= polite behavior) a) fit → fitness

e) lively → liveliness

b) alert → alertness

f) ill → illness

c) happy → happiness

g) good → goodness

d) sad → sadness

h) great → greatness

18. Choose the corresponding English word. 1 здоровый

a) healthily

b) health

c) healthy

2 необходимый

a) necessary

b) necessitate

c) necessity

3 питание

a) nutrient

b) nutrition

c) nutritious

4 энергичный

a) lively

b) livelihood

c) liveliness

5 разный

a) vary

b) variety

c) various

6 регулярный

a) regularly

b) regular

c) regularity

7 неспособный

a) unable

b) ability

c) inability

19. Read and translate the sentences. 1. Your health is more important than any amount of money. 2. To be really healthy, you must take regular exercise. 3. “How do you manage to keep so healthy?” “I exercise at least 3 times a week.” 4. He’s nearly 50 now but he’s strong and healthy and full of energy. 5. He’s got such an unhealthy lifestyle – smoking, drinking and eating too much – he won’t live to be fifty. 6. I know smoking’s very bad for me, but I find it difficult to give up. 7. We are trying to encourage people to exercise more regularly and eat more healthful foods. 8. By serving food that is healthful and nutritious, we can improve the eating habits of the population. 9. He’d like to live a healthy outdoor life but instead he’s stuck in an office and a tiny apartment. 10. He cycles to work because he thinks the exercise is good for him. 11. She likes to exercise by working in her garden. 12. You should do at least fifteen minutes’ exercise each day. 13. 113

I’m not as fit as I should be. I don’t train enough. 14. After three weeks of exercise and diet regime she was feeling fit and glowing with health. 15. Our local gym does keep-fit classes. 16. He works out every day in the gym. 17. Larry trains at the gym five mornings a week. 18. Paul, a keen sportsman, prided himself on his level of fitness. 20. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the words in brackets. A LIFESTYLE “TO DIE FOR”? Research has revealed some worrying trends in the way young people are leading their lives. Bad 1) ___ (eat) habits are at the top of the list, with many youngsters eating too much of the wrong thing. Health experts warn that the 2) ___ (consume) of large quantities of junk food puts children in danger of becoming obese1 and creating serious health problems later on in life. The sit-down lifestyle led by children today is also a major cause for concern. Preferring to sit for hours at a computer screen chatting instead of2 actually going out and mixing with friends is a growing 3) ___ (tend) among young people,

causing

them

to

become

more

antisocial. Moreover, the 4) ___ (combine) of lack of exercise and too much sitting, with eating too much 5) ___ (health) food is a recipe for disaster. There are, however, ways of 6) ___ 3

(tackle ) these problems. For example, youngsters and their parents can make sure they have a 7) ___ (balance) diet consisting of five portions of fruit and vegetables a day. Moreover, children should limit their time on the Internet and take the chance to meet with their friends in their free time. They could even join a club or society where they could make new friends. One thing is for sure, a lifestyle of junk food and lack of exercise is certainly not one worth 8) ___ (die) for. ______________________ 1

obese – тучный, страдающий ожирением

2

instead of – вместо чего-л., взамен чего-л.; вместо того чтобы

3

tackle – пытаться найти решение (проблемы) 114

21. Express the following in one word. nutrition, health, ability, illness, alert, heredity 1

condition of the body or the mind

2

the passing on of qualities from parent to child in the cells of the body

3

the action or state of being provided with food

4

unhealthy state of the body

5

capacity or power (to do something physical or mental)

6

fully awake and ready to act

22. Match the words of similar meaning. 1 affect

a continue

2 withstand

b include

3 alert

c influence

4 involve

d lively

5 carry on

e eating

6 allow

f resist

7 nutrition

g enable

23. Match the words to their opposites. 1 healthy

a stop

2 positive

b ill

3 continue

c slow / sleepyheaded

4 withstand

d negative

5 ability

e ruin / harm

6 alert

f give in / capitulate

7 improve

g inability

24. Match the words to make phrases. Use them in the sentences of your own. 1 to improve (in)

a fit

2 to keep

b illness

3 to take up

c with stress

4 to deal

d sports

5 to treat

e health 115

25. Fill in the correct word from the list below. Some words may be used more than once.

fit, unfit, shape, nutrition, exercise, enough, illness, walking 1. I ___ every day and get plenty of fresh air. 2. A serious ___ has prevented him from working for a year. 3. She keeps ___ by jogging five miles every day. 4. The magazine contained several articles about natural beauty, healthy ___, fitness and exercise. 5. I realized how ___ I was when I tried to run up the stairs. 6. Carrie likes to keep in good ___ and spends hours at the gym. 7. The doctor says I don’t get ___ exercise. 8. The only exercise I get is ___ to work. 26. Match the sentence beginnings (1-8) with their endings (a-h). 1. Exercise and a well-balanced diet ... 2. The recreation centre offers such activities ... 3. I do two hours’ training every evening – ... 4. I go jogging every morning ... 5. I know I should do more exercise, ... 6. Just because you’re on a diet ... 7. Walking to the car is ... 8. To do any sport at international level ______________________________________________________ a. but I never seem to have time. b. the only exercise you get! c. an hour running and an hour in the gym. d. as dance classes, aerobics and weight lifting. e. keeps you fit and healthy. f. you have to be extremely fit. g. and work out with weights twice a week. h. it doesn’t mean you don’t need to exercise.

116

27. Work with a partner. List the sports in the box in different groups according to the criteria a–f. A sport might belong to more than one group. a) Winter sports b) Water sports c) Team sports d) Indoor sports e) Sports that are hardly ever shown on TV f) Sports that need special footwear

athletics – badminton – baseball – basketball – boxing – cycling football – golf – horse-riding – ice hockey – judo – karate – rugby running – sailing – skating – skiing – skydiving – snowboarding – surfing swimming – tennis – table tennis – volleyball – windsurfing – wrestling Verbs PLAY, GO and DO We use different verbs with different types of sports. to play basketball / football / volleyball to go jogging / skiing / swimming to do karate / gymnastics / athletics PLAY is often used with sports that are team games, or where we play with another person. GO is often used for things done outside, and which we can do alone, especially for enjoyment and not in order to compete against people. These sports often end in –ing. 28. Complete these collocations lists with either do, go or play. wrestling

a) _____ cycling riding

karate

swimming

judo

skiing

c) _____ tennis

jogging

volleyball

b) _____ athletics

basketball

gymnastics

football

117

29. Answer the following questions. 1. Are you good at sports? 2. What kind of sports do you go in for? 3. When did you take up this sport? 4. Do you take part in any sport competitions? 5. What sports do you enjoy most? 6. What sport would you like to play professionally? 30. Work with your partner. Tell each other about the following. a) Sports you have tried b) Sports you do c) Sports you watch d) Sports you don’t like 31. Read these comments and underline the benefits of exercise. Use words from the list and prepare your own short talk on the benefits of exercise. You can include your own ideas.

since, also, what is more, in addition, moreover, finally

A “Exercising makes me feel happy and refreshed, as it frees me from tension and stress”. B “Since I started going to the gym I’ve found that I am able to concentrate more easily. It has also improved my mental performance,

and

now

I

have

fewer

problems with my studies”. C “I’ve become healthier since I joined the sports club and I’ve noticed that I hardly ever get ill anymore”. D “I have started skiing every evening and now I feel full of energy all of the time”. E “I find that walking is the best way to keep fit and healthy. It doesn’t tire me out, and it makes me feel alive and alert”. 118

GRAMMAR Adjectives / Comparisons 32. Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in brackets. 1. His son’s not much ___ (young) than I am. 2. Brown bread is ___ (nutritious) than white bread. 3. A nice salad would be ___ (good) for you than all that junk food. 4. Maxim’s is one of ___ (good) places to eat in this town. 5. He is ___ (intelligent) person I’ve ever met. 6. There’s no doubt that children were ___ (unhealthy) in the 1930s than they are today. 7. The twins are exactly the same, except one is slightly ___ (tall) than the other. 8. It’s become much ___ (difficult) to find a job in London. 9. Dad’s much ___ (healthy) since he retired. I’m sure the job was getting him down. 33. Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or superlative form. Insert than and the where necessary. Example: I’m usually happier than my best friend. (happy) 1. My friends are ______________ (fit) / me. 2. Vegetables are ______________ (good) for your health / crisps. 3. My bedroom is ______________ (cold) place in my house. 4. I feel ______________ (relaxed) today / yesterday. 5. Scuba diving in the Bahamas was by far _____________ (exciting) thing I’ve ever done. 6. I find history _______________ (interesting) / sport. 7. ______________ (sad) film I’ve ever seen is Titanic. Change the sentences to make them true for you. 34. Rewrite the sentences beginning with the words given. 1. Tennis is more popular than badminton.

119

Badminton isn’t as popular as tennis. 2. Bungee jumping isn’t as difficult as kite surfing. Kite surfing is ___________________________________________ 3. Rugby isn’t as exciting as football. Football is ______________________________________________ 4. Snowboarding is much more fashionable than fishing. Fishing isn’t ____________________________________________ 5. Horse-riding isn’t as dangerous as boxing. Boxing is _______________________________________________ 6. Real Madrid are better than Chelsea. Chelsea aren’t ___________________________________________ 35. Write as many comparative and superlative statements about sports and games as you can. Present Perfect I / You have (’ve) left / arrived. He / She / It has (’s) left / arrived. Have you left / arrived? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. I have not (haven’t) left / arrived. He / She / It has not (hasn’t) left / arrived. 36. Here are the Past Participles of some verbs. Write the infinitive. been, done, gone, had, met, become, said, told, understood, given, driven, written, found, seen, caught, taught, bought, left, chosen, felt, won, built, swum, lost, slept, kept, flown, grown, broken, eaten, ridden 37. Complete the sentences putting the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect Tense. 1. I ___ all the diets and they never work. (try) 2. They ___ just in time. (arrive) 3. I’m not feeling well. I think I ___ a cold. (catch) 4. She ___ this film before. (see) 5. We ___ three exams so far this winter. (have) 120

6. She ___ a new job. (find) 7. I ___ four letters this morning. (write) 8. Good food, fresh air and hard work ___ the hill farmers a robust (крепкий) and healthy race. (make) 9. He ___ to give up racing and devote all his time to his farm in Ireland. (decide) 10. He is a man who ___ a remarkable life. (live) 11. He ___ into a fine young man. (grow) 12. I ___ the entire morning washing the floor and cleaning up. (spend) 13. The firm ___ at least 45 days through staff illness. (lose) 14. We ___ a lot of trouble with the car this year. (have) 38. Match the sentence beginnings (a-h) with their endings (1-8). a) All the leaves on the trees …

1 has grown less friendly.

b) The atmosphere in this town …

2 I’ve become fairly expert at it.

c) It wouldn’t be good manners to leave so soon – 3 has understood a word I’ve said. … d) Working in the factory all these years ...

4 have turned brown.

e) It’s becoming apparent that nobody in the class 5 has always spoken so highly of you. … f) I’ve spent so much time fixing car engines, …

6 the party has only started.

g) I’m so pleased to meet you – my wife ...

7 that I’ve had no time to prepare.

h) I’ve been so busy ...

8 has seriously affected her health.

39. Make the following positive sentences negative. Example: George’s won the lottery. — George hasn’t won the lottery. 1. The Browns have painted their house. 2. Alex has fixed his car. 3. John’s travelled all over the world. 4. He’s given us the keys. 5. They’ve accepted our offer. 6. I’ve seen the accident. 7. We’ve had our holiday this year. 121

40. Write the words in order to make sentences. 1. a / horse / I / many / ridden / ‘ve / times 2. I / karate / haven’t / before / done 3. a / I / in / never / river / swum / ‘ve 4. already / done / homework / I / my / ‘ve 5. eaten / I / just / lunch / ‘ve 6. have / lately / much / I / n’t / slept 7. broken / I / leg / my / twice / ‘ve Change the sentences to make them true for you. 41. Use the words in brackets to answer the questions. Example: Have you lost your key? (yesterday) — Yes, I lost it yesterday. 1. Have you seen Ann? (ten minutes ago) 2. Has Bill gone to France? (on Friday) 3. Have they had dinner? (at 7 o’clock) 4. Have you finished your essay yet? (an hour ago) 5. Has he passed his driving test? (two days ago) 6. Have you cleaned the windows? (yesterday) 7. Has he started his new job? (the day before yesterday) 42. Use prompts to write questions. 1. you / ever / play / badminton? 2. you / ever / ride / a horse? 3. you / ever / lose / your passport? 4. you / ever / sleep / on the beach? 5. you / ever / fly / in a helicopter? 6. you / ever / eat / Indian food? 7. you / ever / meet / an American? 8. you / ever / win / a lot of money? 9. you / ever / break / your leg? Write true answers to the questions. No, never. Yes, once / twice / a few times / many times. 122

Present Perfect Vs Past Simple 43. Complete the sentences putting the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect or the Past Simple. 1. What you ___ (do) since I last ___ (see) you? 2. I ___ (not play) much football since I ___ (leave) school. 3. Since I ___ (take) this part-time job I ___ (have) less time to concentrate on my studies. 4. I can reach my work easily now, as I ___ (buy) a new car. 5. I ___ (lose) my keys and cannot remember where I ___ (see) them last. 6. He ___ (forget) his French since he ___ (leave) Paris. 7. Years ago he ___ (be) very poor and ___ (not know) how to live. He ___ (become) very rich now. 8. He cannot see well as he ___ (become) short-sighted. 9. You ___ (hear) from Jane lately? — Yes, I ___ (get) a message from her last night. 10. I ___ (get) a fax from Boston an hour ago, but I ___ (not answer) it yet. 11. It’s the most delicious cake I ___ (ever / taste). When and where ___ (you / buy) it? 12. When you ___ (get) this wonderful ring? — I don’t remember. I ___ (have) it for years. 13. How’s Jack? When you ___ (see) him? — Oh, I ___ (not meet) him for ages! 14. You ___ (do) the shopping? — No, I ___ (forget) to take the list. 15. She ___ (learn) to play chess when she ___ (be) 16, but she ___ (not play) much since then. 16. Yesterday I ___ (work) on my computer for four hours, but I ___ (not print) the material yet. 17. I ___ (live) in London for seven years and now I miss it a lot. 18. Our new computer ___ (help) us work more efficiently but there’s still a lot of paperwork. 19. I’m feeling especially tired tonight because I ___ (have) so much work to do. 20. You can’t escape, I ___ (lock) all the doors and windows. 21. I don’t like the way they ___ (decorate) our office. 123

Present Perfect Continuous I / You have (’ve) been skiing. He / She has (’s) been skiing. Have you been skiing? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. Has he / she been skiing? I have not (haven’t) been skiing. He / She has not (hasn’t) been skiing. 44. Complete the sentences putting the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect Continuous. Example: We’re tired. We’ve been training all day. 1. I’m tired. I ___ (play) tennis all afternoon. 2. It ___ (rain) all day. 3. Ann’s eyes are red and puffy. She ___ (cry). 4. The Smiths ___ (live) in Stratford for nearly three years now. 5. A friend of mine ___ (learn) English for nearly four years, but she still doesn’t speak it very well. 6. I ___ (work) on the Inner City Development Project for the last five years. 7. She ___ (play) the piano since six o’clock in the morning. She’s only just stopped. 8. I notice you ___ (overeat) recently. 45. Read the situations and write a sentence with the Present Perfect Continuous. 1. Mark has bought a new bike. (He / save up money / for two years) 2. Greg speaks French like a native. (He / learn French / since childhood) 3. My feet are killing me. (I / do the shopping / all day) 4. They are nervous and angry. (They / wait for a bus / for over an hour) 5. We can’t drive a car today because of a snowstorm. (It / snow / since morning) 46. Write negative sentences with the verb in the correct form. 1. There’s no need to apologize. We ___ (not / wait) here for hours. 2. Jane and Paul ___ (not / talk) to each other for more than a week. 124

3. I don’t know Moscow well. I ___ (not / live) here for very long. 4. It ___ (not / rain) for almost a month. 5. I ___ (not / feel) well recently. 6. Most of us ___ (not / practise) English for quite a while. 47. Write questions with How long ...? Example: It’s snowing. — How long has it been snowing? 1. I’m taking dancing classes. 2. Kate and Nick are looking for a flat. 3. It’s raining. 4. I’m learning French. 5. A friend of mine is living in Madrid. 48. Ask questions about the information in italics. 1. I’ve been running all morning. 2. We’ve been waiting for my brother. 3. James has been teaching at the university since June. 4. I’ve been playing tennis since high school. 5. My neighbour has been looking after my dog for a week. 49. Complete the sentences putting the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous. Example: I’ve been dieting for two months and I’ve lost 6 kilos. 1. Your eyes are red. ___ (you / cry)? 2. Where ___ (you / put) my keys? I can’t find them. 3. Ah, you ___ (find) my keys. I ___ (look) everywhere for them. 4. I think I can smell smoke on Ben’s clothes. I’m sure he ___ (smoke). 5. Are you going to sunbathe? — Don’t be ridiculous! It ___ (rain) all day. 6. What ___ (you / do) up to now? — Nothing special, but I ___ (cook) dinner. 7. The police ___ (not find) the burglar yet. They ___ (look) for him since Saturday. 8. What ___ (happen) to the fridge? — Something ___ (go) wrong with it. 9. Ann ___ (fail) her exam three times because she is so bad at doing sums. But she ___ (practise) for a week now, I hope she will pass it in the end. 125

10. George ___ (collect) matchboxes ever since he left school. Now he ___ (collect) so many that he doesn’t know where to put them. 11. Where on earth ___ (you / be)? I ___ (wait) for so long! 12. Bill, you have got a black eye again. ___ (you / fight)? 13. Do you think George ___ (finish) the translation? He ___ (write) for so long! 14. Here you are! I ___ (look for) you everywhere. Where ___ (you / be)? 15. We ___ (decide) not to put up Christmas decorations this year because we won’t be at home. 16. You ___ (telephone) for ages! ___ you really (not finish)? — I ___ (not get) through yet. I am trying to get to our Paris office but the line ___ (be) engaged all morning. 17. Customers ___ (ring) up all morning complaining about getting incorrect bills. — I know. Something ___ (go) wrong with our computer. 18. Why ___ (you / not bring) me the letters? ___ (you / not type) them yet? 19. I know him well. I ___ (know) him since our childhood. 20. How long ___ (you / own) this house? — I ___ (live) here since 1982. 50. Take roles and act out the following dialogue. GOING TO THE GYM Tiffany :

Ed, what should we do today?

Ed :

I have been studying all week. I’d like to exercise.

Tiffany :

Me too. Let’s go to the gym.

Ed :

Good idea. What are we going to do there?

Tiffany :

We can lift weights or play basketball.

Ed :

I like to play basketball. Are you good at it?

Tiffany :

Not really, but I like to play. I used to play a lot when I was in school, but now there’s no time.

Ed :

I know what you mean. I used to play soccer a lot. Do you think we can play soccer there?

Tiffany :

No, there’s not enough room. I think it’s better if we play outside.

Ed :

OK, maybe we can go play soccer later this afternoon.

Tiffany :

It’s too cold outside today. Let’s wait until the weather gets a little warmer.

Ed :

OK.

126

SPEAKING 51. Think it over and answer the questions. •

Would you agree that people of the 21st century are becoming “a legless generation”? People practically have stopped walking, going on foot, haven’t they? Nowadays people spend more time glued to the telly or sitting in cars behind steering wheels, don’t they?

•

Would you call this way of living healthy?

•

Can sport help to keep people fit?

•

How does physical activity promote a healthy lifestyle?

•

Do you go in for any kind of sport? Does it help you in any way?

SOCIAL ENGLISH Giving Opinions 52. Discuss what one should or shouldn’t do if he wants to keep healthy and fit. The following are some key words and expressions used in asking for and giving opinions. Questions used to get opinions

Expressions for giving opinions

What do you think? What’s your opinion? What do you think of / about …?

If you ask me, … As I see it, … I think / believe / feel… In my opinion, … I personally believe / think / feel that … Personally, I believe / think / feel that … I’m sure (that) … I have an idea that ...

53. Think over and expand on the following. Make sure you use the expressions you’ve learned in Unit 4. •

Health of body and mind is a great blessing.

•

When a man loses his health, then he first begins to take good care of it. 127

PROJECT WORK

54. Find information on the following topics and discuss your findings with a partner. •

Serious health concerns in different countries and solutions to resolving these problems

•

A basic daily menu for a healthy lifestyle

•

Simple ways to live a healthy lifestyle

55. In small groups, create a television commercial that encourages people to eat healthy food. 56. Make up your own Healthy Living Guide. Share your ideas with the rest of the class. Some expressions to be used while making a presentation How to start giving ideas on the topic concerned Thank you for giving me the opportunity to tell you about...

How to proceed to the main idea First I’d like to talk about... I’d like to draw your attention to...

I would like to talk about...

Now, I’d like to move on to...

Let’s look at some ways of...

Next, let me describe…

I’ll start my presentation by asking you questions

I’d now like to turn to...

In the first part of my presentation, I’ll describe...

Finally, let me explain...

After that I’ll talk about...

For example... For instance…

Finally I’ll show you...

First... Second… Third... Ending the presentation

In conclusion let me remind you... I’m sure you’ll agree that... I therefore recommend... Thank you for your kind attention (for listening) I’ll be happy to answer all your questions at the end of my presentation.

128

Unit 5. FAMILY LIFE A happy family is but an earlier heaven. George Bernard Shaw

LEAD-IN 1. Answer the following questions. 1. What is a family? 2. Is the group of people sitting in front of TV a family? 3. Is family important to you? Why? 4. What functions does a family serve? 5. What is the main task of a family? 6. What are the rules you keep in your family? 2. Scan the passage to answer the questions: •

Why do people value their families?

•

What functions do families serve? BELONGING TO A FAMILY

Belonging to the family is one bond almost everyone in the world shares. People usually value their families highly. They say, “Families give us strength and purpose. Our families show us where we are. The things we need most deeply in our lives: love, communication, respect and good relationships have their beginnings in the family.” Families serve many functions. They provide conditions in which children can be born and brought up. Parents teach their children daily skills, common practices, customs, respect for elders, but the most important job for a family is to give emotional support and security. 3. Sentences a–f are missing from the article. Put them in an appropriate place. a) Broadly speaking, the family is a group of people related by blood or law, living together or associating with one another for a common purpose. b) There are people who say that the family unit in Britain is in crisis and that traditional family life is a thing of the past. 129

c) In Britain’s multi-cultural society there are many examples of different ways of living, however people continue to hope for a stable family life. d) Whatever the truth is, the family is definitely a powerful symbol. e) Concern that the family is in a state of crisis is not new in Britain. f) The nature of the family keeps changing. THE FAMILY IN BRITAIN There are many different views on family life. Some people could not do without the support and love of their families. Others say it is the source of most of our problems and anxieties1. 1 ....... . 2 ........ . This is of great concern to those who think a healthy society is dependent upon a stable family life. They see many indications that the family is in decline2, in such things as the acceptance of sex before marriage, the increased number of single parent families, the current high divorce rate and what they see as a lack of discipline within the family. Some politicians blame social problems, such as drug taking and juvenile crime on a disintegrating family life. 3 ........ . In the nineteenth century many legislators and reformers were saying the same. It was also a concern between the two World Wars, and in the 1980s it became a continuous political issue. There is no definition of a “normal family”. 4 ........ . That purpose is usually to provide shelter and food, and to bring up children. 5 ........ . In Britain it is more socially acceptable to have alternative lifestyles, relationships and ways of bringing up children than it has ever been. It is also easier to remove oneself from an unhappy family situation. In most social groups, divorce is no longer seen as taboo. Single parent families are common. Many children are given more freedom when young; when they move away from home, they move earlier (usually at 18), and go further. People experiment with relationships before committing themselves to marriage3. 6 ........ . _________________________ 1

anxiety – беспокойство, тревога

2

in decline – в состоянии упадка

3

commit oneself to marriage – связывать себя узами брака

130

4. Answer the following questions. 1. What are the main causes of public concern about the changing face of the British family? 2. Have levels of public concern over family decline changed over time? 3. What social processes are considered to be the indicators of family decline? 4. Are British people optimistic about family life? VOCABULARY 1. relate (v)

– относиться, иметь отношение; состоять в родстве

relation (n)

– отношение, связь; родство; родственник/ца

blood relation

– кровный родственник; (кровное) родство

relationship (n)

– отношение, взаимоотношение; родство, родственные отношения

relative (n)

– родственник/ца

distant relative

– дальний родственник

close relative

– близкий родственник

2. kin (n)

– родня, родственник(и); семья; родство

next of kin

– ближайший родственник

kinship (n)

– (кровное) родство

kinship ties

– родственные связи

3. bond (n)

– связь, узы

4. generation (n)

– поколение; потомство, род

5. household (n)

– семейство, семья; домочадцы, домашние; все, кто живет в конкретном доме

6. care (n) care for somebody (v) 7. support (n)

– забота, уход – заботиться о ком-л. – поддержка; помощь; содержание, материальное/финансовое обеспечение

support (v)

– поддерживать

8. adult (a)

– взрослый

9. bring up (v) (brought)

– вскармливать, воспитывать

10. grow up (v) (grew, grown)

– созревать; становиться взрослым; взрослеть

11. security (n)

– благополучие; уверенность (в будущем); чувство безопасности 131

12. concern (n)

– проблема; вопрос, требующий решения; забота; беспокойство

13. common (a) have something in common 14. sibling (n) siblings

– общий – иметь что-то общее – родной брат или родная сестра – дети одних родителей

15. brother (n)

– брат

16. half-brother (n)

– брат по одному из родителей

17. step-brother (n)

– сводный брат

18. sister (n)

– сестра

19. half-sister (n)

– сестра по одному из родителей

20. step-sister (n)

– сводная сестра

21. parents (n)

– родители

22. mother (n)

– мать, мама

23. father (n)

– отец, папа

24. spouse (n)

– супруг или супруга (муж или жена)

25. husband (n)

– муж

26. wife (n)

– жена

27. son (n)

– сын

28. daughter (n)

– дочь

29. grandparents (n)

– дедушка и бабушка

30. grandmother (n)

– бабушка

31. grandfather (n)

– дедушка

32. grandchildren (n)

– внуки

33. granddaughter (n)

– внучка

34. grandson (n)

– внук

35. nephew (n)

– племянник

36. niece (n)

– племянница

37. cousin (n)

– двоюродный брат, двоюродная сестра

38. second cousin

– троюродный брат

39. in-laws (n)

– родственники со стороны мужа/жены

40. father-in-law (n)

– тесть, свекор

41. mother-in-law (n)

– теща, свекровь

42. brother-in-law (n)

– зять (муж сестры); шурин (брат жены); деверь (брат мужа); свояк (муж свояченицы)

43. sister-in-law (n)

– невестка (жена брата); золовка (сестра мужа) 132

44. daughter-in-law (n)

– жена сына, невестка, сноха

45. son-in-law (n)

– муж дочери, зять

46. aunt (n)

– тетя

47. uncle (n)

– дядя

48. only (a)

– единственный

only (adv)

– только, единственно

an only child

– единственный ребенок – расторгать брак, разводиться – развод, расторжение брака

49. divorce (v) divorce (n)

– расходиться (о супругах); жить врозь (без развода)

50. separate (from)

Word building 5. Translate the derivatives; say to what part of speech they belong. child → childhood (= the period when you are a child) father → fatherhood (= the state of being a father) relation → relationship (= the state of being connected) friend → friendship (= the state of being friends (or friendly)) a) brother → brotherhood

e) leader → leadership

b) man → manhood

f) partner → partnership

c) adult → adulthood

g) kin → kinship

d) neighbour → neighbourhood

h) member → membership

6. Choose the corresponding English word. 1 (взаимо)отношение

a) relative

b) relational

c) relationship

2 зависимый

a) depend

b) dependent

c) dependence

3 спокойный; защищенный

a) security

b) secure

c) insecure

4 длительный; постоянный

a) continue

b) continuation

c) continuous

5 часто встречающийся

a) frequent

b) frequently

c) frequency

6 прочность, крепость

a) strong

b) strength

c) strengthen

7 принятие, одобрение

a) acceptable

b) accepted

c) acceptance

133

7. Match the definitions with the words in the box. common, bond, security, marriage, grow up, relative / relation, bring up, decline, divorce 1

someone who belongs to your family

2

a very strong relationship between people

3

union of a man and woman as husband and wife

4

to become an adult

5

to educate and care for in the family until grown-up

6

the state of being or feeling safe and confident

7

legal ending of a marriage so that husband and wife are free to marry again

8

happening or found often and in many places

9

gradual and continued loss of strength

8. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold. 1. I didn’t know you two were related to each other. 2. My best friend married my sister, so now we are related by marriage. 3. My uncle is my closest relative. 4. Is Stella a relation of yours? — Yes, she’s a distant cousin of mine. 5. He was a blood relation of Lady Fiona. 6. All his poor relations came to spend their holidays at his home. 7. What kind of relationship did you have with your father? 8. Mr Tailor is an excellent teacher and has a good relationship with his students. 9. He said his affair with Susan could not develop into a lasting relationship. 9. Match the words of similar meaning. 1 adult

a safe

2 concern

b absence

3 common

c grown-up

4 secure

d anxiety / worry

5 lack

e usual

6 accept

f

agree / approve

134

10. Match the words to their opposites. 1 marriage

a decrease

2 child

b old / past

3 increase

c divorce

4 different

d grown-up

5 current

e rare

6 frequent

f (the) same

11. Match the words to make phrases. Use them in the sentences of your own. 1 to bring up

a for a stable family life

2 to provide

b with relationships

3 to feel

c children

4 to move away

d secure

5 to experiment

e shelter and food

6 to hope

f

from home

12. Read and translate the sentences. 1. She’s really starting to grow up now. 2. He’s grown into a fine young man. 3. We grew up in a close-knit family. 4. Many women don’t want to take a job outside the home until their children have grown up. 5. Grown-ups are so boring! All they want to do is talk! 6. I suddenly realized that my son was a full-grown man quite independent of his father and me. 7. Alice was glad to be independent and making a life of her own at last. 8. She was a loving daughter who cared for her mother with unfailing devotion. 9. Victoria’s separated from her husband and caring for her children alone. 10. If you are rude to other people your child will assume that this kind of behaviour is acceptable. 11. After his father died, Peter had to leave school and find a job to support his family. 12. He has spent most of his adult life in the States. 13. Children often want to leave home as soon as they reach adulthood. 14. Parents should encourage their children to think for themselves. 15. People like to feel secure in their own homes. 16. She handed me a family photograph showing three generations. 17. Yes, Marie looks very like me but she’s actually my half-sister. 18. I’ve been thinking about what you said, and yes, I will marry you. 19. Linda and George have only been married for a year and they’re already thinking of separating. 20. Finally, after years of unhappy marriage, Eva

135

divorced Stanley. 21. It was inevitable that their marriage should end in divorce. 22. The divorce rate has risen steadily since the 1980s. 23. These problems are common to all modern societies. 13. Fill in the correct word from the list below. Some words may be used more than once. bring up (brought up), bond, purpose, family, children, secure, divorced 1. We’re a very close-knit ___. 2. Even though they’re ___ they still have a reasonably good relationship. 3. The ___ between mother and child is extremely strong. 4. Bringing up ___ in the absence of an extended family is no easy task. 5. The child felt ___ near its parents. 6. I don’t need you to tell me how to ___ my son. 7. Don’t waste your money; put it to some good ___. 8. It was obvious from the boy’s manner that he had been well ___. 14. Complete the sentences with the prepositions in the box.

in,

of,

by,

to,

with,

on

1. She says she is related ___ the royal family. 2. She is now independent ___ her parents. 3. There were ten brothers and sisters and various other members ___ the extended family living in the house. 4. Lucy was staying ___ her uncle and aunt in the nearby town of Hamilton. 5. She’s my aunt but only ___ marriage. 6. Luckily, I get on quite well ___ my in-laws. 7. Nearly 4 out of 10 marriages in the US end ___ divorce. 8. Before getting divorced, you should think carefully about the effect it will have ___ the children. 136

15. Match a line in A with a line in B. TYPES OF FAMILY

A

B

1 nuclear family

a) a family where the members have close relationships with each other

2 extended family

b) mother, father and children

3 single-parent family

c) a family where the members have serious problems with each other

4 close-knit family

d) a family which only has one parent

5 dysfunctional family

e) your entire family

•

Which type of family are each of the families below? Decide in pairs.

16. In pairs, discuss the following questions. 1. Do you live in a nuclear or in an extended family? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of these types of family? 3. Would you like to live with your grandparents? Why? 4. What is the perfect number of children to have? 5. Do you have any problems in your family? 6. Do you often argue with your mother or father? What about? 137

7. Do your relatives help you to solve your problems? 8. What’s the best thing about your family? READING 17. Which of these sentences are true about the American family? Decide in pairs or small groups. Read and check. 1. The traditional American family unit is a nuclear family. 2. The husband and wife normally share important decision making. 3. American parents establish strict control over their children. 4. It is unusual for elderly grandparents to bring up their grandchildren. THE AMERICAN FAMILY Most American families consist of a mother, a father, and three or four children living at home. There may be relatives – grandparents, aunts, uncles, and in-laws in the same community, but American families usually maintain separate households. This familial structure is known as the “nuclear family”. It is unusual for members of the family other than the husband, wife, and children to live together. Occasionally an aging grandparent may live with the family, but this arrangement is usually not considered desirable. Although the nuclear family unit is economically independent of the rest of the family, members of the whole family group often maintain close kinship ties. Visiting between parents and their married children and between married sisters and brothers is frequent when they live close to each other. If they live in different communities, they keep in touch by writing letters and by telephone. In the American family the husband and wife usually share important decision making. When the children are old enough, they participate as well. Foreign observers are frequently amazed by the permissiveness1 of American parents. The old rule that “children should be seen and not heard” is rarely followed, and children are often allowed to do what they wish without strict parental control. The father seldom expects his children to obey him without question, and children are encouraged2 to be independent at an early age. Some people believe that American parents carry this freedom too far. Young people are expected to break away from their parental families by the time they have reached their late teens or early twenties. Indeed, not to do so is often regarded3 as a failure, a kind of weak dependence.

138

This pattern of independence often results in serious problems for the aging parents of a nuclear family. The job-retirement age is usually 65. The children have left home, married, and set up their own households. Elderly couples feel useless and lonely with neither an occupation nor a close family group. Many communities and church groups sponsor social centers for “senior citizens”. At these centers older men and women can make friends and participate in a variety of planned activities, including games, trips, lectures, and discussion groups. These programs may help some old people, but they do not provide the complete solution to the problems of old age. ______________________ 1

permissiveness – вседозволенность

2

encourage – поощрять, поддерживать (в чем-л.)

3

regard (as) – расценивать, считать (кем-л. / чем-л.)

18. Match the definitions with the words in the box. retirement, allow, solution, household, permissiveness, frequent, obey 1

all the people living together in a house

2

to let (someone) have or do something

3

a disposition to allow freedom of choice and behavior

4

to do what a person says that you must do

5

a way to deal with a problem

6

done many times at short intervals

7

the action or fact of leaving one’s job and ceasing to work

19. Match the words to make phrases. Use them in the sentences of your own. 1

to maintain

a close to each other

2

to share

b in a variety of activities

3

to live

c close kinship ties

4

to keep

d in serious problems

5

to participate

e important decision making

6

to result

f to problems

7

to provide solutions

g in touch

139

20. Study the following and do the tasks that follow. YOUR FAMILY TREE Your closest relatives are your parents: your mother and father; and your siblings (brothers or sisters). If your mother or father is not an only child, you also have aunts and / or uncles. An aunt is the sister of your mother or father, while an uncle is the brother of your mother or father. Your female child is called your daughter, and your male child is your son. If your aunts or uncles have children, they are your first cousins. (In English, the word cousin is used, whether the cousin is female or male.) Your female cousin is your mother’s (or father’s) niece, while a male cousin is the nephew of your mother and father. In-laws When you marry, your husband’s (or wife’s) family become your in-laws. The mother of your spouse (husband or wife) is your mother-in-law and his or her father becomes your father-in-law. The term in-law is also used to describe your relationship with the spouses of your siblings. So the husband of your sister becomes your brother-in-law, while the sister of your husband becomes your sister-in-law. If you are a woman, you become the daughter-in-law of your husband’s parents, and if you are a man, you become the son-in-law of your wife’s parents. The same term in-law is used for all generations. The husband of your aunt is still your mother’s brother-in-law, for example. Grandparents / grandchildren The parents of your parents are your grandparents – grandmother and grandfather. You are their grandchildren – either a granddaughter or a grandson. If your grandparent has a sister, she is your great-aunt. If your grandparent has a brother, he is your great-uncle. (And you are either his or her great-niece or great-nephew.) The mother of your grandmother or grandfather is your great-grandmother. The father is your great-grandfather. If you go back another generation, the grandmother of your grandmother / grandfather is your great-great-grandmother. The grandfather of your grandparent becomes your great-great-grandfather. Second families If your mother or father remarries, you can acquire a new family and set of relatives. For example, if your father marries a second wife, she becomes your step-mother. Any children she already has become your step-sisters or step-brothers. If your mother or father remarries and has children, they become your half-brothers or half-sisters.

140

You might also hear people talking about their biological brother / sister etc, to mean a brother who is related by blood, rather than by marriage. 21. Express the following in one word. •

the sister of your mother or father

•

the children of your aunt or uncle

•

the parents of your mother or father

•

the child of your son or daughter

•

the brother of your father or mother

•

a son of your brother or sister

•

a daughter of your brother or sister

•

your husband’s/ wife’s father

•

your mother’s second husband

•

your father’s second wife

•

a brother who has either the same mother or the same father as you

22. Complete the sentences with an appropriate family word. 1. We have the same mother, but different fathers. She’s my ... . 2. He’s my brother’s son. He’s my ... . 3. He married my mother after my father died. He’s my ... . 4. She married my son. She’s my ... . 5. I don’t have any brothers or sisters. I’m a/an ... . 6. She’s my brother’s daughter. She’s my ... . 7. We live together but we’re are not married. He’s my ... . 8. I used to be married to him. He’s my ... . 23. Which sentence is logically (or legally) impossible? 1. I’m an only child but I have lots of cousins. 2. My nephew is 5 years older than my wife. 3. My brother-in-law’s girlfriend is the step-daughter of my cousin. 4. My ex-wife’s second husband is a grandfather. 5. My niece’s partner has three step-children. 6. My sister’s husband is the son of my parents. 7. My father-in-law is the grandfather of my daughters. 141

24. Read the text and do the task after it. THE SIMONS The Simons are a large family. There are four generations of Simons alive today. The oldest person in Paul’s family is his grandfather, Mr Frank Simon. He is 78 and he is still full of life and energy. His wife, Mrs Olive Simon, is 5 years younger than him. She is very practical but, as Paul thinks, a bit stingy. David and Karen Clark are Paul’s uncle and aunt. Karen Clark’s 48 years old, a goodlooking 48, who looks 10 years younger than she is. She’s got well-kept, longish brown hair, a thin face and tanned skin. Karen is slimmer than average and she’s quite tall. But she isn’t only the most beautiful in the family, she is a rather talented actress! David, her husband, is a film director. They work together for the same company. Paul’s parents are in their fifties. His father, Mr Terry Simon, is a bank manager. He is still quite handsome though he hasn’t got much hair. He’s six foot tall and very well-built. He’s got blue eyes and a strong face. Terry Simon is clever, energetic, tolerant and broadminded. But in Paul’s opinion his father’s best point is his good sense of humour. Mrs Janet Simon, Paul’s mother, is a nurse. She works with her son-in-law, Ted, in a Medical Centre on the outskirts of Bristol. Janet has got short brown curly hair, brown eyes with long lashes and a straight nose. Ted and all the other doctors in the Centre like his mother-in-law very much. She’s not only an experienced nurse, she’s also an easy-going person. Paul’s first cousin is a pilot and he can fly different kinds of planes. His job is dangerous but Michael is a brave man. Though Paul is six years younger than him, they are very close. In fact, they are best friends. Michael’s interested in rock music and when he isn’t busy with his job he plays the bass guitar in a disco club. His wife Brenda is a housewife because she looks after their little twin daughters, Joan and Tracy. Brenda’s a lovely girl and all the family is happy that Michael is married to her. She is balanced, kind and very sensible. Paul’s second cousin is studying biology. Now she is at the University of London in her last year. She isn’t married yet as she thinks that education is more important for her now than family life. Pamela is very serious and industrious. She is fond of animals and at home she’s got three pets: two dogs and a cat. Paul’s sisters are very talented. His elder sister Liz is keen on languages and she is a real polyglot. Liz can speak fluent French and Italian and she knows some Spanish and Russian. Liz is 26 and she isn’t married yet: she’s too independent! She lives in a small house not far from her parents in the same neighbourhood. Her sister Rachel, who is 2 years younger than 142

her, is not like Liz at all. She is sympathetic, patient and sensitive. She isn’t as talkative and sociable as Liz but she is a much better listener. Of course, there’s quite a difference between Liz and Rachel but they look very much alike. They are almost the same height – Liz is just a bit taller. Their hair is almost the same colour, but Liz’s hair is redder. They are both in a very good shape as they do aerobics. Paul’s nephew Patrick is a schoolboy. Like most of his friends he is crazy about cartoons and computer games. He is good at most subjects at school, near the top of the class, except in Mathematics. He just isn’t interested in it. Patrick is rather tall for his age. In fact, he is much taller than some of his classmates. He has got short red hair and brown eyes. He is very amusing and imaginative. No wonder he is one of the most popular boys in his school. In general, Patrick is a good boy but he can be very naughty at times. This is the entire family. They are all friendly, nice and very interesting people. 25. Are the following statements true or false? If false, say why. 1. Mr Frank Simon is 5 years older than his wife. 2. Mrs Olive Simon isn’t very generous. 3. Karen is 10 years younger than her husband. 4. Karen has got tanned complexion. 5. Paul’s father is an intelligent and witty person. 6. Paul’s brother-in-law is a doctor. 7. Michael is always busy with his job in a disco club. 8. Paul’s family is happy that Brenda is a housewife. 9. Pamela is a student. 10. She thinks that education is as important as family life. 11. Paul’s elder sister lives on the outskirts of Bristol. 12. Liz’s Spanish and Russian are fluent. 13. Rachel is as cheerful and friendly as her younger sister. 14. Rachel and Liz are both fit. 15. Paul’s nephew is interested in most subjects at school. 16. Patrick’s hair is almost the same colour as Liz’s. 17. He is lively and inventive. 18. Mrs Janet Simon works in the city centre.

143

SPEAKING DESCRIBING PEOPLE

Useful Words and Expressions APPEARANCE

Face: Hair: Eyebrows: Eyes: Eyelashes: Nose: Lips: Cheeks: Chin: Complexion: Build: Height:

CHARACTER

“good” kind-hearted good-tempered broad-minded generous cheerful easy-going imaginative patient / tolerant reliable sympathetic thoughtful/ considerate balanced sensible sensitive sociable/ outgoing

thin / long / round / oval / square; black / brown / red(ish) / fair / blond / grey / white / dark / sandy / mousey; long(ish) / short(ish) / straight / wavy / curly / neat / untidy / well-kept; thin / bushy; blue / grey / brown / green; long / bushy / thick; long(ish) / straight / large / turned-up; thin / full; rosy / hollow; pointed / double; a beard / a moustache; pale / good / dark / sunburnt (tanned) / olive / fair / oriental / brown; fat / thin / slim / plump / stout / well-built / broad-shouldered; 1.70m / medium / average / below average / tall(ish) / short(ish); “bad” hard-hearted bad-tempered narrow-minded greedy / stingy gloomy dull / boring impatient unreliable indifferent selfish egocentric moody light-minded / unpractical thick-skinned reserved shy / bashful

144

26. Put the words from the list under the following headings: a) positive; b) neutral; c) negative. easy-going, sensible, selfish, witty, reliable, tolerant, cheerful, generous, moody, sincere, helpful, stingy, pessimistic, optimistic, bossy, lazy, impatient, tactless, balanced, industrious, talkative, kind, sympathetic, reserved, resolute, sociable, modest, hot-tempered, shy, honest, indifferent, thoughtful •

Choose three adjectives from the list to describe the qualities you like most in a person.

•

Choose another three to describe someone you don’t like.

•

If you were asked to list three adjectives that describe your personality, what would they be?

27. Give personal information. 1. Have you got a family? 2. How large is your family? 3. Who is the oldest person in your family? 4. How old is your father? 5. Is your mother younger than your father? 6. Are you an only child in the family? 7. Have you got an elder brother? 8. Who is the youngest person in your family? 9. Are your grandparents alive? 10. How old are they? 11. What are their interests? 12. Where do they live? 13. How often do you visit them? 14. Have you got any aunts or uncles? 15. What do they do? 16. Have you got any cousins? 17. What are their names? 18. Have you got common interests? 19. What are your relatives like? Who is the smartest, the kindest, the friendliest or the most stupid in the family? Who is the most beautiful? 145

28. Tell your classmates about the people in your family. Describe their personality and appearance. (If you have a family photograph, you may wish to show it to them.) 29. Work in pairs. Ask your partner questions about his / her appearance and personality. 1. How would you describe your build? 2. How tall are you? 3. How much do you weigh? 4. What kind of hair have you got? 5. What colour is it? 6. What is your hairstyle? 7. What shape is your face? 8. What colour eyes have you got? 9. What shape is your nose? 10. What is your complexion? 11. Do you think you have any special features? 12. How would you describe your personality? 30. Read and translate the dialogues. Then do the task after it. A. –

Samantha, do you look like your sister?

–

Oh, no, not at all, my sister and I look very different. I have brown eyes and she has blue eyes. We both have brown hair, but I have short curly hair and she has long straight hair. I am tall and thin. She is short and heavy. No, I don’t look anything like my sister at all. We look very different.

B. –

Kate, do you look like your sister Sherry?

–

No, not at all. My sister and I are very different. She is dark-skinned and I am very pale. Sherry is heavy and short and, as you can see, I am tall and thin. Sherry has blue eyes and I have brown eyes. She has black hair. My hair is brown. Plus our lifestyles are very different. I usually play tennis on Sunday. I live in the city and my apartment is big and tidy. My sister, on the other hand, is lazy, rarely goes out and lives in a small, unkempt apartment. 146

Work in pairs. Make up short dialogues on analogy, comparing yourself and your sister / brother / cousin. 31. Read about Ann and get ready to speak about her cousin Kate. They do not get on well together. Why? Probably, because they are so different. (When you speak be careful to use the correct verb form.) •

Ann is never in a hurry; she is punctual, careful and likes order in everything. And Kate?

•

Ann isn’t good with her hands, so she isn’t very fond of housework. She does not do her washing; she prefers to take her dirty linen to the laundry. What she is fond of is reading books. And Kate?

•

Ann is never late for work. She gets up early enough not to do things in a hurry, cooks a substantial breakfast and goes to work by bus. But what Ann cannot do is save money. She spends all she earns. And Kate?

GRAMMAR Talking about Future Actions 32. Match each sentence (1–8) to the best explanation (a–c) according to the form of the verb used. 1. We’re having a big family party on Friday. 2. My cousins are coming from London. 3. Ben’s bringing his girlfriend. 4. I’m going to invite the neighbours as well. 5. Oh no! I forgot to tell Sam and Alice – I’ll call them. 6. Mum’s doing all the food. 7. I’m going to do all the shopping tomorrow. 8. I’ll make a list of what we need. a. The speaker is making a decision as he/she speaks. b. The speaker is talking about a decision he/she has made. c. The speaker is talking about an arrangement. 147

LISTENING & GRAMMAR 33. a) Cover the audioscript. Listen to the conversation between Sam and Rachel and mark the sentences true (T) or false (F). 1. Sam is going to spend Christmas with his whole extended family. 2. He is going to take the train to Somerset on Christmas Eve. 3. Sam wants Rachel to come and spend Christmas with him and his family. 4. Sam worries that his father won’t come home for Christmas. 5. Sam is planning to hang out with his friends on Boxing Day. 6. Rachel is willing to spend Christmas with Sam’s family. b) Read the audioscript paying special attention to the ways of expressing future actions. Sam : Rachel : Sam : Rachel : Sam :

Rachel : Sam :

Rachel : Sam :

Rachel : Sam : Rachel : Sam :

Rachel :

What are you doing for Christmas this year? Are you staying here in London? Oh, I don’t know, actually. Do you want to come and spend it in Somerset with my family? Maybe. What are you planning? Well, I’m going to take the day off and drive down on Christmas Eve, because Mum’s having a little party. She always does. Everyone will be there – my brother, Ken, and his wife, Michelle, with their kids. And my sister, Di. My Granny – she’s 92 now! And my mum’s sister, Betty, with all my cousins. Oh, right. Then, we’ll have dinner together. Dad always used to make it, but since they split up, Mum does it. We usually have turkey, followed by Christmas pudding – you know, the traditional stuff. What about the afternoon? Dad’s coming over in the afternoon, with his new wife. I’m a bit worried about it actually. I don’t know what Mum’s going to say. She isn’t too happy about it. But she had to invite him, and Christmas just wouldn’t be the same without Dad. Oh. Anyway, in the afternoon we’ll all stay at home and play games, or watch a film on TV and eat chocolates. And are you coming home the next day? You mean Boxing Day? No, I’m staying for that. We always have a big lunch with friends. Then we go for a walk, if it’s not too cold or wet. I’ll come back the next day. That sounds lovely, Sam. But I think I’ll stay at home on my own.

148

34. Your relatives are preparing to leave for the country for summer. Ask them about their arrangements. Example: (when / leave?) — When are you leaving? 1. (travel / by train?) 2. (take / a lot of things?) 3. (your animals / go / with you?) 4. (let / your house / for the season?) 5. (rent / a car?) 35. Write about your friend’s plans for the coming summer vacation. Example: (Ben / go / Siberia / train) — Ben is going to Siberia by train. 1. (Paul / get around / Europe / with his girlfriend) 2. (Lucy / stay / in the South of France / with her aunt) 3. (Steve / take / his younger brother / Canada / his parents) 4. (Kate / spend / a fortnight / Rome) 5. (Peter and John / hike / the Swiss mountains) 6. (Alice and Sam / tour / Spain / in a camper) 36. Write questions with going to. Example: I’ve found a little puppy in the park. (what / with it?) — What are you going to do with it? 1. It’s unexpectedly hot today. (what / you wear?) 2. Ben has given me his latest painting. (where / you / hang it?) 3. I’ve decided to sell this house. (what / you / buy / instead?) 4. I’m really looking forward to my summer holiday. (where / you / go on holiday?) 37. You have to say what you think is going to happen in these situations. Example: Your friend has decided against going to the concert. She is going to regret it. 1. You are my best friend. We’ve been friends for many years. Now you are going away. (miss) 2. The children went to the wood all by themselves. They don’t know the area well. (get lost) 3. There is a hole in Tom’s jacket pocket. He’s put some small change in it. (lose) 149

38. Decide what to do or not to do in the following situations. Example: Letters travel too long. (phone them) I think we’ll phone them. It’s too cold today. I don’t think we’ll go skating. 1.

It’s too hot today. (for a swim)

2. You’re too tired now. (homework / tomorrow) 3. You forgot to phone Ann. (now) 4. You have a lot of work to do. (to the cinema) 5. It’s windy outside. (for a walk) 6. You don’t like travelling by train. (by car) 7. You feel sleepy. (TV tonight) 39. Agree and promise to do things. Example: Can you type this letter? (Sure / after lunch) — Sure, I’ll type it after lunch. Do you promise to phone him? (Yes / tonight) — Yes, I promise. I’ll phone him tonight. 1. Can you cook the dinner today? (Sure / in the afternoon) 2. Do you promise to write to me? (Yes / as soon as I get there) 3. Can you wash my sweater? (All right / tomorrow) 4. Please, don’t break anything. (Don’t worry / anything) 5. Will you take the children to the Zoo? (OK / on Saturday) 6. Do you promise not to tell anyone? (Don’t worry) 7. Say that you won’t be angry! (All right) 40. Put each verb in brackets into the most appropriate future time form. 1. My friend _________ (get married) in July. It (probably be) ___ really hot. 2. Your house is very small. — I know. I __________ (move) to a bigger house next year. 3. I have got a new job! — Wonderful! I __________ (call) Mum and tell her the good news. 4. How old is your daughter? — She __________ (be) eighteen next week. 5. You’d better not come in July. My mother __________ (stay) with me then. 6. When I’m older I __________ (travel) around the world. 7. What are your plans for tonight? — Well, I __________ (meet) Steve at eight o’clock. 8. I’ve left my jacket at home. — I __________ (go back) and get it for you. 9. I’ve got no plans this evening. I think I __________ (just stay in). 150

10. I __________ (do) some shopping after the lesson. I need to get some food. 11. Can you call me at 7.00, because I __________ (leave) tomorrow. 12. __________ (you take) your dog with you to Scotland? 13. I don’t think you __________ (have) any problems at the airport. 14. Leave the car here. Maybe the police __________ (not notice) it. 15. I __________ (feel) tired and I think I __________ (stay in) this evening. 41. Read the following conversations and choose the most appropriate future forms. a) A: Are you going to / Will you get married soon? B: Maybe. I ’m going to tell / ’ll tell you when we’ve decided on a date. b) A: B: A: B:

Ben, your room’s still a mess, and Grandma ’s arriving / ’ll arrive tomorrow. OK, I told you this morning – I’m going to tidy / tidying it today. I want you to do it now! OK, OK, I ’ll do / ’m doing it in five minutes.

c) A: What will you do / are you doing this afternoon? B: Oh, I ’m having / ’ll have lunch with Scarlett Johansson, then I ’ll probably play / ’m probably going to play a few rounds of golf, followed by a massage, a Jacuzzi and champagne cocktails at the Ritz. A: What? B: Well what do you think I ’ll do! / ’m doing! I’m at work of course! d) A: Are you doing / Will you do anything tonight? B: No, why? A: I ’ll see / ’m going to see the new Bond film. Do you fancy coming? B: No, I’m afraid I can’t. I have to get up early tomorrow. e) A: B: A: B: A: B:

Would you like to come to the cinema tonight? I’d love to but I ’ll work / ’m working tonight. Oh, what a shame. I know. What are you going to see / are you seeing? The new Bond film. Oh, I’ve heard it’s really good.

f) A: Where are you going to find / will you find the money? B: The bank! I ’m seeing / ’ll see the bank manager on Friday. g) A: Not again! That phone never stops ringing! B: I ’m going to get / ’ll get it. Hello? Hold on – Andy, it’s for you. A: OK, I ’m taking / ’ll take it in my office. 151

READING & SPEAKING 42. Read the text and get ready to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being an only child. Write out the words and word combinations that will help you speak on the problem. ONLY CHILDREN Is an “only child” special in some way? If children have no brothers and sisters, do they develop differently? Are they likely to be more intelligent? Or less confident? Or shier? Or more selfish? Or are they just the same as children from large families? Statistics often show that only children are “achievers” – people who become very successful in their careers. But firstborn children in general (not just only children) tend to be “achievers”. In the 1920s and 1930s the child experts used to say, “Being an only child is a disease in itself”. In fact, of course, it’s impossible to support this. Only children naturally have a very different experience in childhood. They are always the centre of attention. No younger brother or sister arrives to challenge this, and to share their childhood with them. One modern-day child expert believes they may be more dependent. They may be less willing to share things. They may have more difficulty getting used to school. But the phrase “an only child” does not necessarily mean “a lonely child”. The professor of Child Care at Sheffield Hospital, Ronald Illingworth, says: “There is one great advantage for an only child. He or she receives all the love parents have to offer. A loved child usually grows up into a loving adult”. So the general opinion of the experts is: Only children are not very different from “nononlies” in either emotions or intelligence. The journalist Angela Lewis interviewed several famous and successful people who were only children. Among them Noel Edmonds (a BBC radio disc jockey and TV presenter), Sally Oppenheim (a Conservative MP), and Chris Bonnington (the Everest climber). Sally Oppenheim: “My parents didn’t spoil me. In fact, they were stricter than many parents. As a child I used to talk to my dog for hours. (I think pets are very important to only children). Mostly I was bored. This has made me work hard in my career. I like to be busy. I married young – as an only child, I think I needed a close relationship with another adult. Even now I still don’t like being an only child. I have a horror of being alone”.

152

Noel Edmonds: “I was shy at school. I didn’t make many friends. I wasn’t used to being with other children. In the school holidays I used to play on my own. But I had a very good relationship with my parents. I don’t remember feeling lonely as a child, but I used to invent my own dream world. And I decided very early that I was going to be successful”. Chris Bonnington: “I was shy. At times I was very unhappy especially when I was sent to a boarding-school at five. I didn’t make close friends until I was about thirteen. I became very good at being by myself. I had no-one to rely on, and no-one to ask for advice. That made me independent, and I’ve always solved my problems myself. My wife and I have two sons. We didn’t want an only child, because I felt I had missed a lot of things.” 43. Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the questions. 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of being an only child? 2. Are you an only child? If so, are you sorry you are? 3. How many children would you like to have when you have a family of your own? 4. What kind of parent will you be? 5. What will you teach your children? (what values, beliefs, hobbies, skills, etc.) 44. Comment on the following: 1. Any problem, big or small, within a family, always seems to start with bad communication. Someone isn’t listening. (Emma Thompson) 2. Family life is not a computer program that runs on its own; it needs continual input from everyone. (Neil Kurshan) 3. Your family and your love must be cultivated like a garden. Time, effort, and imagination must be summoned constantly to keep any relationship flourishing and growing. (Jim Rohn) 45. In pairs, discuss the following questions. 1. What do you think makes a family close? 2. What do you and your family like to do together? 3. What are some of your fondest memories of childhood? 4. How often does your family eat dinner together? 5. What is your favourite family tradition? 6. What are some rules you have in your family? 7. Who makes the big decisions in your family? 153

8. Who does the household work, your father or your mother or both of them? 9. What household chores do you do? 10. Does your family ever push you to do things or act in a certain way? 46. Read the stories and answer the questions below. Jenny's Parents – A Traditional Marriage My parents’ marriage is very traditional in many ways. They met and fell in love during their senior year in high school and married soon after they graduated. They take pride in the fact that both of them were virgins when they married. Within a year after they married, my mother gave birth to their first child and later had three more children. My father’s job was to earn enough money to support our family, and my mother’s job was to stay home and take care of our family. My father knew he was the boss of the family; he ran the roost with a firm but fair hand. My mother knew she was the boss only when my father was not home. My father worked at a hardware store. My mother never dreamed of working outside the home – my father always said “a woman’s place is in the home.” Mother always did what Dad wanted – she cooked his favorite foods, waited on him everyday, and basically did whatever he thought was best. My father’s job at home was to take care of all the maintenance work; to do the heavy chores like lawn care and gardening. My mother’s job was to cook, clean, and care for the children. My father was the disciplinarian: if we did something wrong he would come looking for us with his big black belt and give us a whack across the backside. My mother was the nurturer: she read to us and made chocolate chip cookies for us and insisted that we take a bath every other night. When I look back on my childhood, I realize that life back then was much simpler. Men and women knew what they needed from each other and each person was clear about what responsibilities they had. Men and women didn’t expect to be equal to each other but their relationship was based on their love and respect for each other. J. Cammeron

154

Karen and Rod’s Common-Law Marriage On Valentine’s Day three years ago, Rod took Karen out for dinner and asked her to live with him. “Move in with me,” he said. “I love you and cannot live without you.” Karen loved Rod too and wanted to spend the rest of her life with him, but was disappointed that he had not asked her to marry him. She wanted a traditional marriage – lifelong commitment, children, and a home. Rod sensed her uncertainty and said, “What does a piece of paper have to do with our love for each other? I love you and only you and I want to spend the rest of my life with you. Love alone should hold a couple together more than a marriage license. And besides, when we both are ready, we can still get married.” Karen thought about what Rod said. She didn’t want to lose him. “I should follow my heart,” she told herself. “Maybe Rod is right – our love for each other is more important than a marriage license.” So she moved in with Rod. She thought she could build a life with him based on mutual love and personal commitment to each other. Now, three years later, Rod recently told Karen that he wanted to end their relationship. “We have nothing in common anymore,” he said. “I want a woman who is more exciting than you.” Karen now realizes that when she agreed to live with Rod without marrying, she gave away her dreams of marriage and family to settle for something less than what she wanted. Now, she has to start her life all over again. She knows it won’t be easy – she hasn’t dated anyone for three years, most of her friends are married, and she is older now and less attractive. Karen now realizes that love isn’t enough to hold two people together. She wishes she had been smarter three years ago and had waited for a marriage proposal from Rod. 1. What is the purpose of marriage? 2. What do most people envision when they speak of a committed traditional marriage? 3. What are the key gender roles of men and women? 4. What is a common-law marriage? 5. What do you think about this kind of arrangement? 6. What is a perfect family for you? 47. Translate the sentences paying attention to the phrases in bold. 1. In my opinion, these family problems are all Bernard’s fault. 2. In my view, no one should be blamed for their parents’ mistakes. 3. As I see it, there are two alternatives. We can either stay with your parents or rent a place. 4. The way I see it, being an only child has both 155

advantages and disadvantages. 5. As far as I can see, he has done nothing to lower our confidence in him. 6. As for me, I hate family holidays, there are always too many arguments. 7. As far as I’m concerned, it would just be a waste of time. 8. Personally, I find it boring to look at old family photographs. 9. Personally, I feel their marriage won’t last more than a year. 10. What I think is, you should never have married her. 11. I think that later-born children have the benefit of more experienced, relaxed parents. 12. In general I think that anger is a sign of weakness and tolerance a sign of strength. (Dalai Lama) 13. I don’t think he meant those things he said – he was just trying to cheer me up. 14. A lot of people are in favour of European unity, but personally, I’m against it. 15. I take the attitude that parents should be encouraged to take more responsibility for their children’s education. 48. Work in pairs or small groups. Discuss the following questions. Remember to use a variety of phrases to express your opinion. 1. What impact has modern day living had on the family? 2. Are the roles of men and women in the family changing? How? 3. What are some common problems that families have? How can these problems be solved?

49. Give a talk on family and family values. Remember to discuss: •

what family values are most important for a happy family, why

•

whether it is important to have a good family, why

•

your family members and your relationship 156

REFERENCES 1. Базанова, Е.М. Английский язык. Учебник для студентов неязыковых вузов. Intermediate / Е.М. Базанова, И.В. Фельснер. – М.: Дрофа, 2002. – 400 с. 2. Harmer, J. The Practice of English Language Teaching / J. Harmer. – Longman, 2001. – 386 с. 3. Kay, S. New Inside Out Intermediate. Student’s Book / S. Kay, V. Jones. – Macmillan, 2009. – 159 p. 4. Byram, M. From Foreign Language Education to Education for Intercultural Citizenship / M Byram. – Philadelphia, PA: Multilingual Matters, 2008. – 258 p. 5. http://www.lisabmarshall.com 6. http://www.inspirational-wisdom-quotes.com 7. http://www.learn-english-today.com/index.html

157

CONTENTS ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ ..............................................................................................................

3

Unit 1. BREAKING THE ICE ...........................................................................................

4

Unit 2. DAILY LIFE ..........................................................................................................

38

Unit 3. LIFESTYLE: LEISURE FOR PLEASURE ..........................................................

71

Unit 4. LIFESTYLE: SPORT & HEALTH .......................................................................

99

Unit 5. FAMILY LIFE ....................................................................................................... 129 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 157

158

Учебное издание

Жежера Елена Анатольевна GENERAL ENGLISH FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS Учебное пособие

Техн. редактор А.В. Миних Дизайн обложки Н.А. Аюповой Издательский центр Южно-Уральского государственного университета Подписано в печать 24.03.2016. Формат 60×84 1/8. Печать цифровая. Усл. печ. л. 18,6. Тираж 100 экз. Заказ 82/376. Отпечатано в типографии Издательского центра ЮУрГУ. 454080, г. Челябинск, пр. им. В.И. Ленина, 76.