Gender in Science and Technology: Interdisciplinary Approaches 383762434X, 9783837624342

Citation preview

Waltraud Ernst, Ilona Horwath (eds.) Gender in Science and Technology

Gender Studies

Waltraud Ernst, Ilona Horwath (eds.)

Gender in Science and Technology Interdisciplinary Approaches

Published with the support of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): PUB 103-G15

»Gendering the Technological Imagination,« in Designing Culture, Anne Balsamo, pp. 27-51. Copyright, 2011, Duke University Press. All rights reserved. Republished by permission of the copyright holder. www.dukeupress.edu. This permissions license excludes inclusion of excerpt as part of the book’s CC BY-ND license as this is reprinted matter that has been published exclusive of CC licenses.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de © 2014 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover Layout: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Typeset: Maren Lachmund English Proofreading: Matthias Müller Printed by Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar ISBN 978-3-8376-2434-2

Table of Contents

Introduction Waltraud Ernst and Ilona Horwath | 7

A. G ENDER IN THE D ESIGN P ROCESSES OF N EW TECHNOLOGIES Gendering the Technological Imagination Anne Balsamo | 19 'XH WR OLFHQVLQJ UHDVRQV WKLV FRQWULEXWLRQ LV QRW HQFORVHG LQ WKH H ERRN YHUVLRQ RI WKLV SXEOLFDWLRQ

Feminist Interventions in the Design Process Els Rommes | 41

Searching for Methodology. Feminist Technology Design in Computer Science Corinna Bath | 57

Masks between the Visible and the Invisible Cecile K. M. Crutzen | 79

B. G ENDER IN E PISTEMOLOGICAL F OUNDATIONS OF S CIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Homunculus in the Hormones? Rebecca Jordan Young | 111

0RWKHUKRRG DQG 6FLHQWL¿F ,QQRYDWLRQ 7KH 6WRU\ RI 1DWXUDO YHUVXV $UWL¿FLDO %DE\ )RRG LQ WKH WK &HQWXU\ Barbara Orland | 129

'LIIUDFWLRQ 3DWWHUQV" 6KLIWLQJ *HQGHU 1RUPV LQ %LRORJ\ DQG 7HFKQRORJ\ Waltraud Ernst | 147

Gender Research as Knowledge Resource in Technology and Engineering Lena Trojer | 165

C. R EFLECTING U N / EQUAL C ONDITIONS FOR P ARTICIPATION Can Women Engineers be ‘Real Engineers’ and ‘Real Women’? Gender In/Authenticity in Engineering Wendy Faulkner | 187

6LPLODU %XW 'LIIHUHQW" &RJQLWLYH 'LIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH Discussion of Women in Science and Technology Ilona Horwath, Nicole Kronberger, Markus Appel | 205

Gender Competence in Mathematics Teacher Education Andrea Blunck, Anina Mischau, Sabine Mehlmann | 235

Contributors | 259

Introduction WALTRAUD ERNST

AND I LONA

HORWATH

:KDW UROH GRHV JHQGHU SOD\ LQ VFLHQWL¿F UHVHDUFK DQG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV" 7KLV TXHVWLRQ KDV EHHQ DVNHG IURP PDQ\ GLIIHUHQW DQJOHV 7KLV ERRN SURYLGHV PHWKRGRORJLFDO H[SHUWLVH UHVHDUFK H[SHULHQFHV DQG HPSLUL FDO UHVXOWV IURP D YHU\ G\QDPLF DQG PXOWLIDFHWHG ¿HOG IHPLQLVW VFLHQFH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ VWXGLHV ,Q HDFK RI LWV FKDSWHUV LW FRQQHFWV RQ PDQ\ OHYHOV LQ VLJKWV IURP JHQGHU VWXGLHV DQG VFLHQFH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ VWXGLHV 676  ,W DLPV WR WUDQVODWH DQG OLQN NQRZOHGJH IURP JHQGHU VWXGLHV SURGXFHG LQ WKH KXPDQL WLHV VRFLDO VFLHQFHV DQG FXOWXUDO VWXGLHV WR JHQGHU VWXGLHV LQ WKH OLIH VFLHQFHV and material sciences as well as in mathematics and engineering. But more WKDQ WKLV WKH ERRN VHHNV WR HQKDQFH NQRZOHGJH IRU WKH UHÀHFWLRQ DQG SUDFWLFH RI VFLHQWL¿F UHVHDUFK DQG WHFKQRORJLFDO LQQRYDWLRQ E\ LQYHVWLJDWLQJ LWV PDQ\ JHQGHUHG GLPHQVLRQV ,W DLPV WR VKRZ KRZ UHÀHFWLQJ XSRQ JHQGHU LQ PDQLIROG FULWLFDO ZD\V FDQ KHOS WR RYHUFRPH JHQGHU KLHUDUFKLHV H[FOXVLRQ SUDFWLFHV stereotypes, and other epistemic, ethical, and political problems. )RU D ORQJ WLPH GLIIHUHQW JURXSV RI SHRSOH KDYH KDG PL[HG UHODWLRQV WR WHFKQRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQWV DQG VFLHQWL¿F DGYDQFHPHQWV )RU VRPH GHFDGHV WKH VLPSOH EHOLHI LQ WKH GHPRFUDWLF SXUSRVH DQG XVH RI VFLHQFH DQG WHFKQRO RJ\ KDV EHHQ DOVR TXHVWLRQHG E\ KLVWRULDQV RI VFLHQFH ZKR SRLQWHG RXW WKH HQWDQJOHPHQWV RI VFLHQWL¿F FRQWURYHUVLHV ZLWK SROLWLFDO VWUXJJOHV VHH IRU H[ DPSOH 6FKLHELQJHU  6HUUHV   0RUHRYHU VRFLRORJLVWV RI VFLHQFH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ GLVFXVV WKH IXQGDPHQWDO FRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQ RI VFLHQWL¿F HQGHDYRU LQ VRFLDO GHYHORSPHQWV LQFOXGLQJ FRPSOH[ VWUXFWXUHV RI SRZHU VHH IRU H[ DPSOH -DVDQRII  1RZRWQ\ HW DO   7KH\ GLVFXVV WKH FR HYROXWLRQ RI science and society and demand socially robust knowledge in the sense that UREXVWQHVV LV HQKDQFHG LI UHVHDUFK LV LPSURYHG E\ VRFLDO NQRZOHGJH 1RZRWQ\ HW DO    %XW ZKDW LV VRFLDO NQRZOHGJH" +RZ FDQ ZH GLIIHUHQWLDWH

8

WALTRAUD E RNST

AND I LONA

H ORWATH

EHWZHHQ VRFLDO EHOLHIV RI VFKRODUV HQWHULQJ VFLHQWL¿F WKHRULHV WHFKQRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQW RU HPSLULFDO UHVHDUFK GHVLJQV ZLWKRXW IXUWKHU WKRXJKW DQG NQRZO HGJH WKDW KDV EHHQ V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ DVVHVVHG LQ D FROOHFWLYHO\ UHÀHFWHG DQG FRQ WUROOHG ZD\" :KDW LV WKH UHOHYDQW FROOHFWLYLW\ WR GHFLGH RQ D FHUWDLQ VHW RI TXHVWLRQV /RQJLQR   " 7KHVH TXHVWLRQV EHFRPH HVSHFLDOO\ FUXFLDO ZKHQ LW FRPHV WR WKH ¿HOG RI JHQGHU VWXGLHV %HFDXVH RXU FXOWXUH KDV EHHQ VWUXFWXUHG IRU VXFK D ORQJ WLPH E\ WKLV FKDQJLQJ EXW SRZHUIXO VHW RI G\QDPLFV WKHUH LV D FDSDFLRXV PL[ RI EH OLHIV DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ SUDFWLFHV DERXW JHQGHU H[SHULHQFHG E\ PDQ\ VFLHQWLVWV DQG HQJLQHHUV ZKR DUH QRW QHFHVVDULO\ DZDUH RI LWV LPSDFW RQ WKHLU SUDFWLFH RI VFLHQFH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ 7KLV ERRN ZDV ZULWWHQ HVSHFLDOO\ IRU WKRVH VWXGHQWV DQG VFKRODUV RI VFLHQFH DQG HQJLQHHULQJ ZKR DUH UHDG\ WR FRQIURQW XQUHÀHFWHG assumptions about women and men and who want to learn about methods and VWUDWHJLHV WR GHYHORS UHVHDUFK DQG LQQRYDWLRQ VHUYLQJ DOO JHQGHUV DQG HQDEOH WKHP WR FROODERUDWH RQ HTXDO WHUPV )RU WKLV SXUSRVH WKH ERRN FRYHUV D UDQJH RI WKHRUHWLFDO LQVLJKWV IURP WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI JHQGHU VH[ DQG VH[XDOLW\ WR DS SOLFDWLRQV RI JHQGHU LQ SUDFWLFHV RI HQJLQHHULQJ GHVLJQ DQG VFLHQWL¿F UHDVRQLQJ 6LQFH WKH ODVW GHFDGHV RI WKH th FHQWXU\ D ¿HOG RI NQRZOHGJH KDV HPHUJHG WKDW FRQQHFWV WKH LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ NQRZOHGJH IURP JHQGHU VWXGLHV ZLWK DQ RWKHU LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ ¿HOG RI NQRZOHGJH WKDW RI VRFLDO DQG FXOWXUDO VWXGLHV RI VFLHQFH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ ,Q IDFW WKHVH ¿HOGV KDYH EHHQ HQWDQJOHG IURP WKH EHJLQQLQJ IRUFLQJ VFKRODUV WR TXHVWLRQ XQGHUJLUGLQJ WKHRULHV LQ ERWK JHQGHU VWXGLHV DQG 676 5R\   7KLV ¿HOG RI IHPLQLVW VWXGLHV RI VFLHQFH DQG technology has grown rapidly as a discipline that transgresses disciplines as well as the barrier between social sciences, humanities, and cultural studies RQ WKH RQH KDQG DQG OLIH VFLHQFHV HQJLQHHULQJ DQG PDWHULDO VFLHQFHV RQ WKH RWKHU 7KLV ¿HOG KDV VKHG OLJKW RQ WKH HQWDQJOHPHQWV RI VFLHQFH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ ZLWK JHQGHUHG SRZHU UHODWLRQV DQG FXOWXUDO FRQVWUXFWLRQV RI IHPLQLQLW\ DQG PDVFXOLQLW\ $OWKRXJK LW KDV EHHQ TXLWH FRQWURYHUVLDO KRZ WR UHODWH WKH FULWLFDO LQVLJKWV LQ WKLV SRZHUIXO ¿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

I NTRODUCTION

dynamic, especially concerning the insight that gender is connected to other FRQVWUXFWLRQV RI SRZHU VXFK DV HWKQLFLW\ UHOLJLRQ VH[XDOLW\ GLVDELOLW\ DQG FODVV ,W LV LQ WKLV UHJDUG WKDW WRGD\ IHPLQLVW WHFKQRVFLHQFH LQYHVWLJDWHV ³WHFK nological change [a]s a contingent and heterogeneous process in which tech QRORJ\ DQG VRFLHW\ DUH PXWXDOO\ FRQVWLWXWHG´ :DMFPDQ   ZLWK JHQ GHU EHLQJ XQGHUVWRRG DV D SHUIRUPDQFH RU VRFLDO DFKLHYHPHQW ³LW LV WKH SURGXFW RI D PRYLQJ UHODWLRQDO SURFHVV HPHUJLQJ IURP FROOHFWLYH DQG LQGLYLGXDO DFWV RI LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ´   $V D FRQVHTXHQFH ³WKH PDWHULDOLW\ RI WHFKQRORJ\ DIIRUGV RU LQKLELWV WKH GRLQJ RI SDUWLFXODU JHQGHU SRZHU UHODWLRQV´   2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG :DMFPDQ SURSRVHV WKDW ³WKH SROLWLFV RI WHFKQRORJ\ LV LQWHJUDO WR D PRUH MXVW GLVWULEXWLRQ RI SRZHU LQ JHQGHU UHODWLRQV´   :H ZDQW WR FRQWULEXWH ZLWK RXU ERRN WR D EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKLV FRPSOH[ UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ gender, science, and technology. 7KH ERRN HPHUJHV DOVR IURP D VSHFL¿F ORFDO SURMHFW ³)RU )XWXUH ,QQRYD WLRQV *HQGHU LQ 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\´ ZDV WKH WLWOH RI D OHFWXUH VHULHV ZH RUJDQL]HG LQ WKH ZLQWHU WHUP  DW WKH -RKDQQHV .HSOHU 8QLYHUVLW\ /LQ] -.8  $XVWULD 2XU DLP ZDV WR VKRZ KRZ JHQGHU EHFRPHV UHOHYDQW LQ QDWXUDO VFLHQFHV HQJLQHHULQJ DQG WHFKQRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQW 7KLV FRQFHUQ HYROYHG LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI RXU LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ ZRUN HQYLURQPHQW DW WKH -.8 ZKHUH D XQLYHUVLW\ ZLGH GHYHORSPHQW IRFXV LQ WKH DUHD RI ZRPHQ¶V DQG JHQGHU VWXGLHV promotes inter and transdisciplinary research cooperations with colleagues DQG VWXGHQWV IURP WHFKQRORJ\ DQG QDWXUDO VFLHQFHV ,Q WKLV QHWZRUN ZH ZHUH DEOH WR REVHUYH DQ LQFUHDVLQJ LQWHUHVW LQ WKH UROH JHQGHU SOD\V LQ VFLHQWL¿F UHVHDUFK RXWVLGH RI VRFLDO VFLHQFHV DQG KRZ WKLV FDWHJRU\ FDQ EH LPSOHPHQWHG LQ DFWXDO UHVHDUFK DQG GHYHORSPHQW SURFHVVHV +RZ FDQ JHQGHU LQÀXHQFH WKH VKDSH RI WHFKQRORJLHV DW DOO LI WKHVH DUH IDVKLRQHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI QHXWUDO SULQ FLSOHV ZLWK UHJDUG WR IXQFWLRQ DQG GHVLJQ" 7KH H[SHUWV FKRVHQ IRU WKH OHFWXUH VHULHV DW WKH -RKDQQHV .HSOHU 8QLYHUVLW\ /LQ] LQ $XVWULD DQG VXEVHTXHQWO\ DV DXWKRUV IRU WKLV YROXPH ZRUN ZLWK D WUDQV GLVFLSOLQDU\ DSSURDFK 7KLV PHDQV WKDW WKH\ DUH IDPLOLDU QRW RQO\ ZLWK WKHRULHV DQG HPSLULFDO UHVXOWV IURP WKH WUDQVGLVFLSOLQDU\ ¿HOG RI JHQGHU VWXGLHV EXW DOVR ZLWK WKRVH RI WKH WUDQVGLVFLSOLQDU\ ¿HOG RI VFLHQFH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ VWXGLHV 1HYHUWKHOHVV DOWKRXJK VRPH DXWKRUV KDYH DGGLWLRQDOO\ KDG LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ WUDLQLQJ DOO KDYH D IXOO VFDOH DFDGHPLF EDFNJURXQG LQ RQH RU PRUH VSHFL¿F VFLHQWL¿F GLVFLSOLQHV &RPLQJ IURP VXFK GLYHUVH GLVFLSOLQHV DV PHGLD VWXGLHV computer science, social sciences, philosophy, mathematics, history, and biol RJ\ WKH DXWKRUV GLVFXVV KRZ WR DVN TXHVWLRQV DERXW JHQGHU DQG JLYH H[DPSOHV IRU WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ UHVHDUFK GHYHORSPHQW DQG WHDFKLQJ

9

10

WALTRAUD E RNST

AND I LONA

H ORWATH

7KH WRSLFV UDQJH IURP WKH GHVLJQ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQROR JLHV HSLVWHPRORJLHV RI ELRORJ\ DQG FKHPLVWU\ WR WHDFKLQJ PDWKHPDWLFV DQG SURIHVVLRQDO SURFHVVHV RI HQJLQHHULQJ 7KH ¿UVW VHFWLRQ DQDO\]HV JHQGHU LQ WKH GHVLJQ SURFHVVHV RI QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV 7KH DXWKRUV LQTXLUH KRZ QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV FDQ EH GHYHORSHG WR IRVWHU HTXDO RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU DOO JHQGHUV :KDW UROH GRHV FXOWXUDO LPDJLQDWLRQ SOD\ LQ LQ QRYDWLRQ SURFHVVHV" ,Q DGGUHVVLQJ WKHVH LVVXHV WKH FRQWULEXWLRQV GR QRW IRFXV RQ RQH EHVW ZD\ WR JXDUDQWHH WKH EHVW RXWFRPH EXW GLVFXVV GLIIHUHQW PHWKRGV 7KH FRQWULEXWLRQV VKRZ WKDW WKHUH LV DOVR QR µRQH EHVW ZD\¶ IRU D IHPLQLVW GHVLJQ RI QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV EXW WKDW WKHUH is the possibility to take gender LQWR DFFRXQW LQ D WKHRUHWLFDOO\ UHÀHFWHG DQG PHWKRGRORJLFDOO\ V\VWHPDWLF ZD\ LQ RUGHU WR FRXQWHUDFW SUREOHPDWLF JHQGHULQJ (PSLULFDO ¿QGLQJV IURP ERWK DQDO\VHV VXJJHVW WKDW GLVUHJDUGLQJ WKH FDWHJRU\ RI JHQGHU GRHV JHQHUDOO\ QRW OHDG WR µQHXWUDO¶ WHFKQRORJLHV EXW WHQGV WR UHSURGXFH JHQGHU KLHUDUFKLHV DQG VWHUHRW\SHV 7KH DXWKRUV DVN TXHVWLRQV DERXW WKH UROH RI FXOWXUH LQ WHFKQRORJL FDO LQQRYDWLRQV DQG ZKDW NLQG RI VRFLDO H[SHULHQFHV DUH LQYROYHG LQ WHFKQR ORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQWV &RQFHUQLQJ WKH GHVLJQ RI WHFKQRORJLFDO DUWLIDFWV LQ HQJLQHHULQJ DV ZHOO DV LQ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV $QQH %DOVDPR SURPRWHV DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI GHVLJQ SUDFWLFHV DV D ³SURFHVV RI WHFKQRFXOWXUDO LQQRYDWLRQ´ $V WKLV SURFHVV LQYROYHV KXPDQ EHLQJV WKH JHQGHULQJ RI WKH SURFHVV KDSSHQV E\ ZD\ RI WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV¶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¿UVW GHYHORSV D FRQFHSWXDO IUDPHZRUN IRU WKH DQDO\VLV RI WKH JHQ GHUHGQHVV RI ,&7V %\ GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ SDUWLFXODU DSSURDFKHV RI WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI JHQGHU 5RPPHV GLVFXVVHV KRZ D IHPLQLVW GHVLJQ FRXOG ORRN OLNH )LQDOO\ VKH H[SORUHV HPSLULFDO UHVXOWV RQ KRZ  (XURSHDQ FRPSDQLHV VWXGLHG LQ WKH 6,*,6 SURMHFW (8 6WUDWHJLHV RI ,QFOXVLRQ *HQGHU LQ WKH ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6RFLHW\ DFWXDOO\ WRRN JHQGHU LQWR DFFRXQW DQG HODERUDWHV WKH SURV DQG FRQV RI WKH PRVW common design methodologies.

I NTRODUCTION

7R SURYLGH D EDVLF PHWKRGRORJLFDO IUDPHZRUN IRU IHPLQLVW GHVLJQ LQ FRP SXWHU VFLHQFH LV WKH REMHFWLYH RI &RULQQD %DWK %DVHG RQ HPSLULFDO DQDO\VLV RI JHQGHULQJ SURFHVVHV LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI QHZ WHFKQRORJLHV VKH GLIIHUHQWLDWHV IRXU PDLQ PHFKDQLVPV WKDW UHSHDWHGO\ OHDG WR JHQGHUHG FRPSXWDWLRQDO DUWL IDFWV 'UDZLQJ RQ WKH ZRUN RI -XGLWK %XWOHU .DUHQ %DUDG DQG /XF\ 6XFKPDQ %DWK GHYHORSV D WKHRUHWLFDO IRXQGDWLRQ IRU D ³GH JHQGHULQJ´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³JHQGHU PDVTXHUDGHV RI SDVW DQG SUHVHQW´ FDQ OHDG XV WR WKH GLVFORVXUH RI WKH PDVTXHUDGH RI KXPDQV LQ URERWV 7KH VHFRQG VHFWLRQ RI WKH ERRN GLVFXVVHV JHQGHU LQ HSLVWHPRORJLFDO IRXQGD WLRQV RI VFLHQFH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ +HUH FRQFHSWXDO TXHVWLRQV DERXW KRZ JHQGHU EHFRPHV D SUREOHP LQ VFLHQWL¿F UHVHDUFK DUH DVNHG +RZ LV JHQGHU IUDPHG DV a phenomenon constituting epistemic problems to do research on? On which conceptual paths do cultural assumptions about women and men enter research on humans as well as on organic and non organic entities? How is it possible, as scholars and engineers, to analyze hidden assumptions about gender, to re À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´-DTXHW&KLIIHOOHHWDO 7KH³EXEEOHV´FRQFHSWRI/DXUHQW%HVOD\DQG+DQQX+DNDODDPRGHOIRU ³LQIRUPDWLRQDOLPPXQHVSDFHV´ZLWKWZRVLGHGFRQGLWLRQDOERUGHUVIDFLOLWDWHV WKHPDQDJHPHQWRIDQDSSURSULDWHLQIRUPDWLRQDOGLVWDQFHIURPRWKHUKXPDQV DQGIURPQRQKXPDQDFWRUV ³$ EXEEOH LV D WHPSRUDU\ EXW ZHOOGH¿QHG VSDFH WKDW FDQ EH XVHG WR OLPLWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQFRPLQJLQWRDQGOHDYLQJWKHEXEEOHLQWKHGLJLWDO GRPDLQ>@$EXEEOHFDQEHFUHDWHGZKHQHYHULWLVQHFHVVDU\IRUSHUsonal, community or global use. The bubbles can be shared between LQGLYLGXDOVRUJURXSV´%HVOD\DQG+DNDOD± 

7KHEXEEOHLVDSURWHFWLRQPDVNWRUHDOL]HWKHLQWHJULW\RILQIRUPDWLRQLQVLGH the bubble.

The Mask as a Conservator 0DVNVDFTXLUHWKHLUPHDQLQJIURPWKHLUDSSHDUDQFHDQGWKURXJKWKHZHDUHUV¶ DFWLRQVDQGWKURXJKWKHDFWLRQVWKH\SURYRNH0DVNVDUHDOZD\VIXQGDPHQ1_6HHKWWSVHDUFKVHFXULW\WHFKWDUJHWFRPV'H¿QLWLRQVLGBJFLKWPODFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU 

M ASKS

BETWEEN THE

VISIBLE

AND THE I NVISIBLE

WDOO\GRXEOHLQIXQFWLRQVLJQL¿FDWLRQDQGH[SHULHQFHVHUYLQJVLPXOWDQHRXVO\ DVWRROVIRUGLVJXLVHFRQQHFWHGZLWKSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHPHDQLQJVEXWDOVR DV PDUNHUV RI LGHQWLW\ ,Q WKH 5RPDQ WKHDWUH WKH PDVN ZDV VWDQGDUGL]HG WR VWHUHRW\SHV³,WZDVDPLUURUIRUKXPDQIRLEOHVDQGSHFXOLDULWLHV´,QWKH&RPPHGLDGHOO¶$UWHWKHFKDUDFWHUVSHUIRUPHGE\WKHDFWRUVZHUHFDOOHGPDVNV,Q DPDVNW\SHDFWRUVSRUWUD\HGHVVHQWLDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFEHKDYLRUDOSDWWHUQVDVDQ DEVWUDFWLRQIURPWKHEHKDYLRULQUHDOOLIH0LWFKHOO±  +XPDQVSUHVHQWWKHPVHOYHVZLWKIRUPDOPDVNVXQLIRUPVUREHVDQGZLJV WRSURYRNHD³SUHIHUUHGUHDGLQJ´+DOO 2RIWKHLUVRFLDOLGHQWLW\DQGDFWLQJ7KH\DFWDVPHQWDOO\LQYLVLEOHSHUVRQV7KHEDUULVWHU¶VDQGPDJLVWUDWH¶V UREHV WUDQVIRUP D ODZ\HU LQWR DQ DGYRFDWH DQG WKH SHUVRQ EHKLQG WKDW UREH VKRXOGEHFRPHPHQWDOO\LQYLVLEOHZKHQGRLQJWKHMRE6XFKPDVNVFUHDWHPHWKRGLFDOYLVLELOLW\DQGLQYLVLELOLW\WRREHFDXVHWKH\LQKDELWDQDFWLQJVFULSW 7KHDYDWDUVDQGKXPDQRLGURERWVZHDUHFRQIURQWHGZLWKWU\WRFRQVHUYH KXPDQYDOXHV(YHQLQVWLWXWLRQDODFWRUVPDVNEHKLQGVFUHHQEDVHGKXPDQRLGV HTXLSSHGZLWKH[SUHVVLRQRIµVLPXODWHG¶HPRWLRQVDQGHPSDWK\ 6RPH PDFKLQHV DUH PDVNHG DV µVRFLDO DQG KXJJDEOH¶ ORYH UHWXUQLQJ SHW URERWV7KH\KDYHDIDFHWKH\PRYHWKHLUH\HVWKH\PDNHJHVWXUHV:HKHDUD ORWRIDUWL¿FLDOYRLFHVVLPXODWLQJWKDWZHDUHWDONLQJWRUHDOSHUVRQV,QRXUUHDOLW\ZHLQWHUDFWZLWKDQLPDOOLNHURERWVIRUHQWHUWDLQPHQWDQGWKHUDS\:HVHH VWDQGDUGL]HGDYDWDUVLQWKHZHEWU\LQJWRRYHUWUXVWXVZLWKDVLPXODWHGFDUH ³+XPDQRLGVRFLDOURERWVVHUYHDVµSURVWKHWLFH[WHQVLRQV¶RIKXPDQLQGLYLGXDOVE\DFWLQJDVWKHLUVXUURJDWHVLQVRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQ6WDQGLQJLQ SUR[\IRUEDQNWHOOHUVVKRSDVVLVWDQWVWHOHSKRQHRSHUDWRUVWRXUJXLGHV KRXVHPDLGVDQGSOD\PDWHVWRQDPHEXWDIHZKXPDQRLGVRFLDOURERWV LQWHUDFW ZLWK KXPDQV DV KXPDQV DQG RQ EHKDOI RI KXPDQV´ =KDR 

_6WXDUW+DOO DUJXHGWKDWWKHGRPLQDQWLGHRORJ\LVLQVFULEHGDVWKHµSUHIHUUHGUHDGLQJ¶LQDPHGLDWH[WEXWWKDWWKLVLVQRWDXWRPDWLFDOO\DGRSWHGE\UHDGHUV,Q VRFLDOVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHWKHUHDGLQJWDNHVSODFHSHRSOHFDQ³>@DGRSWGLIIHUHQWVWDQFHV µ'RPLQDQW¶UHDGLQJVDUHSURGXFHGE\WKRVHZKRVHVRFLDOVLWXDWLRQIDYRXUVWKHSUHIHUUHG UHDGLQJµQHJRWLDWHG¶UHDGLQJVDUHSURGXFHGE\WKRVHZKRLQÀHFWWKHSUHIHUUHGUHDGLQJWR WDNHDFFRXQWRIWKHLUVRFLDOSRVLWLRQDQGµRSSRVLWLRQDO¶UHDGLQJVDUHSURGXFHGE\WKRVH ZKRVHVRFLDOSRVLWLRQSXWVWKHPLQWRGLUHFWFRQÀLFWZLWKWKHSUHIHUUHGUHDGLQJ´&KDQGOHU 

91

92

C ECILE K. M. C RUTZEN

,QWKHVHLQWHUDFWLRQSOD\VEHWZHHQKXPDQVDQGPDFKLQHVWKHYLVLEOHFRYHURI WKH URERWV DQG DYDWDUV PDVN QRW RQO\ WKH PDFKLQH FKDUDFWHU RI WKHVH WKLQJV EXWWKH\UHSUHVHQWDOVRWKHYDOXHVRIWKHKDELWVRIKXPDQVZHOLNHWRLQWHUDFW ZLWK7KH\PLPLFWKHZRUOGZHKDYHORVW(YD*XVWDYVVRQDQG%DUEDUD&]DUQLDZVNDFRQFOXGHGWKDWLQ³EXVLQHVVRQWKHQHW´DPDMRULW\RIWKHXVHGDYDWDUV DUHIHPDOHV7KHLUMRELV³WRDVVLVWFXVWRPHUVE\JLYLQJDGYLFHDQGGHOLYHULQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ´7KH\DUHWKHPDVNRIWKHEXVLQHVVEHKLQGWKHPUHSUHVHQWLQJWKH EXVLQHVVDVFDULQJDQGKHOSIXO7KH\IXO¿OQRWRQO\WKHGHVLJQHUV¶GUHDPEXW DOVRWKDWRIWKHFRQVXPHUV ³9LUWXDOZRPHQPXFKPRUHWKDQOLYLQJPRGHOVDQGPDFKLQHVFDQEH FUHDWHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUGHVLJQHUV¶ZLVKHV$QGHYHQLIGHVLJQHUVDUH QRWDOZD\VPHQWKH\WHQGWRUHFUHDWHWKHPDOHGUHDPRIDZRPDQ>@D VHOIUHSOLFDWLQJFLUFOHVHHPVWREHLQSODFHVXEVHTXHQWYHUVLRQVRI:HE Women perpetuate the same projection, and we perpetuate the same UHFLSURFDWLRQSHUFHLYLQJWKHFRPSDQLHVWKDWSURGXFHWKHPDVEHLQJLQVHQVLWLYHDQGFKDXYLQLVWLF´*XVWDYVVRQDQG&]DUQLDZVND 

)RUWXQDWHO\WKHUHLVDOVRDFRXQWHUPRYHPHQWRIWUDQVIRUPDWLRQWRWKLVFRQYHUsation masking.

The Mask as a Transformation Device For hiding our identity and representing another identity the mask has become WKHV\PERORIWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ.HDWV 0DVNVJLYHKXPDQVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRIUHHWKHPVHOYHVIURPWKHLUVRFLDOLGHQWLWLHV7KHPDVNFRQIHUVWKH IUHHGRPRIDQRQ\PLW\DQGRIWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ,QFDUQLYDOZHXVHWKHPDVNWR LQWHUDFWZLWKRWKHUPHPEHUVRIWKHVRFLHW\RXWVLGHWKHERXQGVRILGHQWLW\DQG HYHU\GD\FRQYHQWLRQ ³7KHPDVNVVHUYHGDQLPSRUWDQWVRFLDOSXUSRVHRINHHSLQJHYHU\FLWL]HQRQDQHTXDOSOD\LQJ¿HOG0DVNHGDVHUYDQWFRXOGEHPLVWDNHQIRU DQREOHPDQ±RUYLFHYHUVD6WDWHLQTXLVLWRUVDQGVSLHVFRXOGTXHVWLRQ FLWL]HQVZLWKRXWIHDURIWKHLUWUXHLGHQWLW\EHLQJGLVFRYHUHGDQGFLWL]HQV FRXOGDQVZHUZLWKRXWIHDURIUHWULEXWLRQ 7KHPRUDOHRIWKHSHRSOHZDV

M ASKS

BETWEEN THE

VISIBLE

AND THE I NVISIBLE

PDLQWDLQHGWKURXJKWKHXVHRIPDVNV±IRUZLWKQRIDFHVHYHU\RQHKDG YRLFHV´3

$QGURJ\QHFORZQVOLNH3LHUURWUHSUHVHQWHGDUHEHOOLRQDJDLQVWVRFLHW\³7KH\ EOXUUHGWKHUHDOLW\RIWKHGLYLVLRQRIJHQGHUDQGFDOOHGLQWRTXHVWLRQDOOWKHDWWULEXWHVWKDWZHUHDSSRUWLRQHGWRZKDWZDVPDOHDQGZKDWIHPDOH´.UHXLWHU  7KHFRORXUHGEDODFODYDPDVNVXVHGE\WKHIHPDOHSXQNEDQG3XVV\ 5LRWKDYHEHFRPHWKHV\PEROVIRUUHEHOOLRQDQGDFU\IRUWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRI VRFLHW\LQWRDFRORXUHGVRFLHW\LQZKLFKGLYHUVLW\LVSRVVLEOH³:KHQ,¶PLQ DPDVN,IHHODOLWWOHELWOLNHDVXSHUKHURDQGPD\EHIHHOPRUHSRZHU,IHHO UHDOO\EUDYH,EHOLHYHWKDW,FDQGRHYHU\WKLQJDQG,EHOLHYHWKDW,FDQFKDQJH the situation.”47KH*X\)DZNHVPDVNWKHLFRQRIWKH$QRQ\PRXVPRYHPHQW DVVRFLDWHGZLWKFROODERUDWLYHLQWHUQDWLRQDOKDFNWLYLVPLVWKHV\PEROIRUWKH VWUXJJOHEHWZHHQWKHYLVLELOLW\DQGLQYLVLELOLW\DVSHFWVRIWKH,QWHUQHWDQGE\ KLGLQJWKHLUSHUVRQDOYLVLELOLW\PDVNVWKH\VWDUWQHJRWLDWLRQSURFHVVHVPDNLQJ WKH LQYLVLEOH YLVLEOH$FFRUGLQJ WR *DEULHOOD &ROHPDQ$QRQ\PRXV KDV VXFceeded in spreading its messages: ³$OWKRXJK FORDNHG DQG YHLOHG PDQ\ RI WKHLU DFWLRQV VHHN WUDQVSDUHQF\ IURP WKH VWDWH DQG FRUSRUDWLRQV DQG DOVR RIWHQ VWULNH DW OHJLVODWLRQ±FRS\ULJKWVWDWXWHVVXUYHLOODQFHELOOV±VHHQWRWKUHDWHQ,QWHUQHW IUHHGRPV ,W GHSHQGV RQ D VSHFWDFXODU YLVLELOLW\ DQG LQYLVLELOLW\ LW LV HYHU\ZKHUH\HWGLI¿FXOWWRSLQGRZQ,WWKULYHVRIIDG\QDPLFWHQVLRQ between cool and hot, openness and secrecy, pranks and seriousness, DQGSUHGLFWDELOLW\DQGXQSUHGLFWDELOLW\´&ROHPDQ

8VLQJ WKH PDVN RI D SVHXGRQ\P ZDV DOUHDG\ SUDFWLVHG LQ WKH th century. 5HDGHUVRIWKHSHULRGLFDOAthenian MercuryZKLFKFRQVLVWHGRQO\RIDQRQ\PRXVOHWWHUVRIUHDGHUVDQGWKHDQVZHUVWRWKRVHOHWWHUVFRXOGSDUWLFLSDWHLQGHEDWHVWKURXJKSVHXGRQ\PRXVOHWWHUVWRWKHHGLWRU(VSHFLDOO\IHPDOHZULWHUVRI OHWWHUVRUSRHPVFRXOG³E\SDVVQRWLRQVRIPLGGOHFODVVSURSULHW\´EHKLQGWKLV 3 | 6HH KWWSZZZPDVNLWDOLDFRPPDVNKLVWRU\KWP DFFHVVHG  6HSWHPEHU   DQG KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL9HQHWLDQBPDVN9HQHWLDQBFDUQLYDOBPDVNVDFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  4_$VWDWHPHQWRI6SDUURZDPHPEHURI3XVV\5LRWTXRWHGLQDQDUWLFOHRI&DUROH&DG walladr, The Observer-XO\$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZJXDUGLDQFRXNZRUOG MXOSXVV\ULRWSURWHVWYODGLPLUSXWLQUXVVLD"DFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU 

93

94

C ECILE K. M. C RUTZEN

YLUWXDOPDVN³7KHSURWHFWLRQRIIHUHGE\DSVHXGRQ\P>@PDGHWKHPIHHOIUHH WR MRLQ LQ DQ XQLQKLELWHG SXEOLF GLVFXVVLRQ ZKLOH WKH\ WKHPVHOYHV UHPDLQHG VDIHO\KLGGHQLQWKHLURZQSULYDWHVSKHUHV´,WZDVDOVRSRVVLEOHWRDGYHUWLVH XQGHUDSVHXGRQ\PIRUSULYDWHRUFRPPHUFLDOWUDQVDFWLRQV+H\O  %HKLQGWKHPDVNKXPDQVDUHIUHHWRH[SUHVVMR\SDLQRUDQJHUZLWKRXW VRFLDOUHVWUDLQWV:LWKYLGHRJDPHVKXPDQVFDQWUDQVIRUPWKHPVHOYHVLQWRH[FHOOHQWVSRUWVSHUVRQVIRUJHWWLQJWKHSK\VLFDOFRQVWUDLQWVRIWKHLUERG\0DVNV DUHWKHDWWULEXWHVRIWKHWHPSRUDOUHDOLW\LQYLUWXDOZRUOGV³7KHSHUIRUPHULV GH¿QHGDQHZE\WKHPDVNDQGLVWUDQVIRUPHGLQWRDGHLW\DGHPRQRUVRPH XQLYHUVDOVXSHUKXPDQW\SHRUFRQYHUVHO\LQWRDQH[DJJHUDWHGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RIDVXEKXPDQLPSXOVH´6KHSSDUG  ,QWKHVHYLUWXDOZRUOGVPDVNVFUHDWHQHZIRUPVRIEHLQJZLWKHDFKRWKHU ³$WWKHHQGRIWKHFRXUVHZHKDGDQLQIRUPDOVRFLDOPHHWLQJLQDYLUWXDO ZRUOGFDOOHGµ7KH9LUWXDO0,7+RXVH¶7KHWZRRIXVVWD\HGDQGWDONHG ORQJDIWHUWKHRWKHUVKDGOHIW:HWDONHGDERXWYHU\VHULRXVDQGSHUVRQDO LVVXHVDQGIHOWFRPIRUWDEOHLQGRLQJVRGHVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWZHNQHZ YHU\OLWWOHDERXWHDFKRWKHU:HDWWULEXWHWKLVWRWKHZD\WKHDYDWDUZRUNV as a mask that shields the person behind it and in this way tends to make WKHSHUVRQPRUHRSHQ´-DNREVVRQDQG3RSGDQ 

7KHYLUWXDOZRUOG6HFRQG/LIHKDVHYROYHGIURPLQWLPDWHH[SOLFLWRIWHQSRUQRJUDSKLFH[SUHVVLRQVWR³FRQWHQWWKDWLVPHUHO\LQWLPDWHURPDQWLFDIIHFWLRQDWH EXWQRWRYHUWO\VH[XDO´%DUG]HOODQG%DUG]HOO  *HQGHUVZDSSLQJZDVRQHRIWKH¿UVWSKHQRPHQRQVLQWKH,QWHUQHW$P\ %UXFNPDQ    VDZ JHQGHU VZDSSLQJ DV DQ LGHQWLW\ ZRUNVKRS LQ ZKLFKWKHYLUWXDOUROHSOD\LQJZDVDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRGLVFRYHUVHYHUDODVSHFWV RIRQH¶VRZQLGHQWLW\$OUHDG\LQWH[WEDVHGFKDWHQYLURQPHQWVKXPDQVXVHG QLFNQDPHVWREHUHOHDVHGIURPWKHLUXVXDOVRFLDOLGHQWLWLHVDQGWRSUHWHQGDQG SHUIRUPWREHDQRWKHU,WZDVWKH³SDUDGR[LFDOFRPELQDWLRQRIERWKDQRQ\PLW\ DQGLQWLPDF\>@6RPHLQGLYLGXDOVDUHDOUHDG\OLYLQJSDUWRIWKHLUGDLO\OLIHLQ WKHVHFKDWPRGHVDGRSWLQJHLWKHUDJHQGHUIUHHLGHQWLW\RUSOD\LQJDUROHDVD PHPEHURIWKHRSSRVLWHJHQGHU´'DQHW  $FFRUGLQJWR6KHUU\7XUNOH³WKH,QWHUQHWKDVEHFRPHDVLJQL¿FDQWVRFLDO ODERUDWRU\IRUH[SHULPHQWLQJZLWKWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQVDQGUHFRQVWUXFWLRQVRIVHOI WKDW FKDUDFWHUL]H SRVWPRGHUQ OLIH ,Q LWV YLUWXDO UHDOLW\ ZH VHOIIDVKLRQ DQG VHOIFUHDWH´7XUNOH 6KHZDVLQWKRVHHDUO\GD\VDOVRYHU\GRXEWIXODERXWWKHVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKH,QWHUQHW,QKHURSLQLRQWKH:::ZDVWKH

M ASKS

BETWEEN THE

VISIBLE

AND THE I NVISIBLE

PDWHULDOL]DWLRQRIWKHSRVWPRGHUQZLVKIRUGLIIHUHQFHV6KHIHDUHGDOVRWKHORVV RIWKHERGLO\H[SHULHQFHV ³>@9LUWXDOH[SHULHQFHPD\EHVRFRPSHOOLQJWKDWZHEHOLHYHWKDWZLWKLQLWZH¶YHDFKLHYHGPRUHWKDQZHKDYH0DQ\RIWKHSHRSOH>@FODLP WKDW YLUWXDO JHQGHUVZDSSLQJ >@ HQDEOHV WKHP WR XQGHUVWDQG ZKDW LW¶V OLNHWREHDSHUVRQRIWKHRWKHUJHQGHU>@%XWDV,KDYHOLVWHQHGWRWKLV ERDVW P\ PLQG KDV RIWHQ WUDYHOOHG WR P\ RZQ H[SHULHQFHV RI OLYLQJ LQDZRPDQ¶VERG\7KHVHLQFOXGHZRUU\DERXWSK\VLFDOYXOQHUDELOLW\ IHDUVRIXQZDQWHGSUHJQDQF\DQGLQIHUWLOLW\¿QHWXQHGGHFLVLRQVDERXW KRZPXFKPDNHXSWRZHDUWRDMRELQWHUYLHZDQGWKHGLI¿FXOW\RIJLYLQJ D SURIHVVLRQDO VHPLQDU ZKLOH GRXEOHG RYHU ZLWK PRQWKO\ FUDPSV 6RPHNQRZOHGJHLVLQKHUHQWO\H[SHULHQWLDOGHSHQGHQWRQSK\VLFDOVHQVDWLRQV´7XUNOH 

3OD\LQJ ZLWK LGHQWLW\ XVLQJ WKH ,QWHUQHW VHHPV WR EH ERGLOHVV +RZHYHU WKLV IRUJHWWLQJRIWKHSK\VLFDOERG\¶VH[LVWHQFHRFFXUUHGDOUHDG\LQDQFLHQW*UHHN WKHDWUH0DVNVZHUHXVHGIRUWKHSRUWUD\DORIYDULRXVVWRFNFKDUDFWHUVEHLW WKH 0LVFKLHYRXV 6ODYH WKH ,GOH 6RQ RU WKH$QJU\ )DWKHU7KH\ ZHUH QRW D GLVJXLVHEXWDWUDQVIRUPDWLRQWRRO7KHDFWRURQWKHVWDJHH[SUHVVHVDFKDUDFWHU HPERG\LQJ WKH OLIH DQG WKH UHODWHG HPRWLRQV RI KLV PDVN 0DGXUDP   7KHERGLHVRIWKHPDVNZHDULQJKXPDQVZHUHRQO\VHHQDVLQVWUXPHQWV DFWLQJOLNHDQLQWHUQDOFORFNZRUN³7RWKLVH[WHQWWKHPDVNDQGFRVWXPHDUH WKHFKDUDFWHUDQGWKHDFWRUPHUHO\WKHPHFKDQLVPWKDWJLYHVWKHPWHPSRUDU\ PRWLRQ´0LWFKHOO 6HYHUDOFKDUDFWHUVZHUHSHUIRUPHGE\DVLQJOH DFWRUHVSHFLDOO\PDOHDFWRUVFRXOGWUDQVIRUPWKHPVHOYHVLQWRIHPDOHFKDUDFWHUV7KHZHDUHUVRIWKHPDVNVHSDUDWHGWKHPVHOYHVIURPWKHLUNQRZQLGHQWLW\ presented by their own body by the masks representing symbolic images with DXQLYHUVDOFKDUDFWHU0LWFKHOO +LGLQJEHKLQGDPDVNJLYHVKXPDQV WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ IRU ³VHWWLQJ DVLGH VRFLDO WDERRV DQG IUHHO\ SDUWLFLSDWLQJ´ LQ LQWHUDFWLRQSOD\VTXHVWLRQLQJWKHUXOHVDQGURXWLQHVRIVRFLHW\6RWKH³PDVN LQYLWHVFXULRVLW\SURYLGLQJRFFDVLRQIRUWKHZRUNLQJVRIVHGXFWLRQ´&R\QHHW DO±  6RHYHQLQWKHIXQFWLRQRIKLGLQJWKHPDVNUHYHDOVDVZHOODVFRQFHDOV PDNLQJ WKH ERG\ SK\VLFDOO\ LQYLVLEOH DQG PDNLQJ RXU GDLO\ DFWLQJ PHQWDOO\ YLVLEOHDJDLQ:LWKPDVNHGLQWHUDFWLRQVKXPDQVWUDQVIRUPWKHPVHOYHVDQGWKH ZRUOGVWKH\LQWHUDFWLQ%XWLQWKHPDVNLWVHOIDUHIHUHQFHWRDKXPDQERG\LV mostly present; alternated or swapped.

95

96

C ECILE K. M. C RUTZEN

The Mask as a Mediator 7KHPDVNLVDPHGLDWRUEHWZHHQWKHLQQHUVHOIRILWVZHDUHUVWKHZRUOGWKH\ OLYHLQDQGWKHZRUOGVWKH\FDQQRWUHDFK$VWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\6FDQGLQDYLDQSDLQWHU(JLO-DFREVRQIDPRXVIRUKLVPDVNSDLQWLQJVZURWHWRKLVELRJUDSKHU3HU+RYGHQDNN ³7KHPDVNKDVH[LVWHGIRUPLOOHQQLDDVDQH[SUHVVLRQLQPDQ\ZLGHO\ GLIIHULQJFXOWXUHV,WFDQEHSULPLWLYHRUVRSKLVWLFDWHG$OOPRRGVFDQ EHH[SUHVVHGWKURXJKLW>@:KHQHYHU,WKLQNRIWKHPDVNLWLVQRWWR FRQFHDORUWRIULJKWHQEXWWRH[SUHVVLQQHUDQGRXWHUH[SHULHQFHVDQGWR IUHHWKHVHH[SHULHQFHVDQGSDVVWKHPRQ7KHH\HVORRNLQZDUGVWU\LQJ to recognize something, and look outward to unite it with its surroundLQJV,WLVLQZDUGWXUQHGVHOIUHFRJQLWLRQDQGRXWZDUGWXUQHGOLEHUDWLRQ IRUWKH'UDPDVHHNLQJWKHZKROHDSRHWLFV\QWKHVLV´0XVVDUL ± 

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and Followers we need.

T HE T HEATRE AND THE M ASKS IN OUR VIRTUAL WORLDS The Masquerade World ,IZHGH¿QHDPDVTXHUDGHZRUOGDVDVRFLDOJDWKHULQJRIDFWRUVZHDULQJPDVNV WKHQWKHLQWHJUDWLRQDQGPL[LQJRIWKHYLUWXDODQGUHDOZRUOGVDUHPDVTXHUDGHV :HDUHOLYLQJPRUHDQGPRUHLQDQDUWL¿FLDOWKHDWUHSOD\ZLWKSODQQHGVFULSWV and human and non-human actors disguised behind masks. Actors are wearing

M ASKS

BETWEEN THE

VISIBLE

AND THE I NVISIBLE

VHYHUDOPDVNVDVDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGIRUSURWHFWLRQIRUKLGLQJDQGIRUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ:HDUHGHDOLQJZLWKDUWL¿FLDODFWRUVZHDULQJWKHPDVNVRIKXPDQV DQGKXPDQVZHDULQJYLUWXDODQGUHDOPDVNV5HDOLW\LVLQ¿OWUDWHGZLWKVHQVLQJ FRPSXWLQJ WUDQVPLWWLQJ DQG DFWLQJ KDUGZDUH7KH DFWLQJ RI SHRSOH ZLOO EH SUHFHGHG DFFRPSDQLHG DQG IROORZHG E\ WKH LQYLVLEOH DQG YLVLEOH DFWLQJ RI DUWL¿FLDOLQWHOOLJHQWWRROVDQGHQYLURQPHQWV±DQGWKHLUSURYLGHUV 0L[HGUHDOLW\LVDZRUOGRIIUDJPHQWHGSDUWLDOLGHQWLWLHVUHIHUULQJWRKXman and non-human actors. Persons can create many identities and identities FDQEHVKDUHGE\PDQ\SHUVRQVRUSUHVHQWDFRPPXQLW\RIDFWRUV$QQDPDULD 6GH5RVDFDOOVWKLVVHOIEDSWLVP'H5RVD 7KLVULWXDOLVWKHVWDUWRIDQ DGYHQWXUHLQZKLFKKXPDQVFDQGLVFRYHUWKDWWKHLUERG\LVµRQH¶EXWWKHLUVHOIV DUHIUDJPHQWHGDV9LWDQJHOR0RVFDUGDWKHSURWDJRQLVWLQ/XLJL3LUDQGHOOR¶V QRYHOOne, None and a Hundred Thousand (Uno, Nessuno e Centomila) disFRYHUHGGXULQJDQLOOQHVV$IWHUKHZDVFXUHGKHZDVIUHHIURPKLVSDVW+H ZDVQRORQJHUOLYLQJLQKLPVHOIEXWLQHYHU\WKLQJDURXQGDQGRXWVLGHKLP,Q WKLVVHQVHWKHXVDJHRIVHYHUDOLGHQWLWLHVLQWKH,QWHUQHWFRXOGEHDGLVHDVHWKDW GLVUXSWVWKHLPDJHRIRXUVHOI±RUDUHZHDOUHDG\H[SHULHQFLQJWKHKHDOLQJ" ,Q WKH PL[HG UHDOLWLHV LQWHUDFWLRQ KDV EHFRPH DQ LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ masks: ³2QWKH,QWHUQHWLWFDQEHKDUGWRNQRZLIWKHHQWLW\ZHDUHLQWHUDFWLQJ ZLWKLVRIÀHVKDQGEORRGRURQO\GLJLWDO:HDUHQRZIDFLQJDFRPSOH[ UHDOLW\ERWKLQWKHµUHDO¶ZRUOGDQGLQWKHLQIRUPDWLRQVRFLHW\:HKDYH to deal with subjects acting behind masks.” The masks are the actors in RXUPL[HGUHDOLW\³,QIURQWRIWKHPDVNZHKDYHWKHLGHQWLW\´-DTXHW &KLIIHOOHHWDO 

7KHSOD\ZLWKLGHQWLW\LQPL[HGUHDOLW\KDVEOXUUHGWKHFRQFHSWRIDQRI¿FLDO XQLTXHDQGOHJDOLGHQWLW\LQWKHV\VWHPRIVWDWHVDQGFRXQWULHV,QWKDWV\VWHP ZHDUHUHJLVWHUHGE\RXUELUWKPDUULDJHVVH[DQGGHDWK+XPDQDFWRUVFDQ DFWRQO\KDYLQJWKHVHLGHQWLW\GRFXPHQWV(QWHUDQGOHDYHDFRXQWU\EX\DQG VHOOKDYHDOHJDOMRE7KHRI¿FLDOLGHQWLW\GRFXPHQWVDUHWUDQVSDUHQWPDVNV ZKLFKUHIHUWRRXURI¿FLDOVWDWXVDQGZLOOOLQNXVZLWKWKHDFWLYLW\RIWKHSDVW DQG WKH ULJKWV DQG GXWLHV RI WKH SUHVHQW +RZHYHU WKH XQLTXHQHVV RI LGHQWLW\LVGLVVROYHGE\WKHXVHRIHOHFWURQLFPHGLD³3HRSOHKDYHPDQ\LGHQWLWLHV QRZDGD\V DQG VRPH LGHQWLWLHV PD\ DOVR EH VKDUHG E\ GLIIHUHQW SHUVRQV RU HYHQE\WKLQJV´-DTXHW&KLIIHOOHHWDO 7KHVWDWHKDVDOUHDG\ORVW WKHH[FOXVLYHSRZHURIUHJLVWUDWLRQDQGSURGXFWLRQRILGHQWLW\GRFXPHQWV,W

97

98

C ECILE K. M. C RUTZEN

RQO\SURGXFHVµÀHVKDQGEORRG¶LGHQWLWLHVOLQNLQJWKHPWRDPDWHULDOERG\E\ HQKDQFLQJWKHDPRXQWRIELRPHWULFDOGDWDLQWKHLGHQWLW\GRFXPHQWV6RLWFDQ RQO\WLHULJKWVDQGGXWLHVWRWKDWPDWHULDOERG\6WDWHDQGFRXQWULHVDUHDZDUHRI WKLVORVVDQGDUHSURGXFLQJODZVIRUXQPDVNLQJWKHUHDODQGWKHYLUWXDOSHUVRQV IRUELGGLQJWKHEXUNDDQGWKHFRYHULQJRIKHDGDQGIDFHDQGHQFU\SWLQJ,QWHUQHW communication.5+XPDQVZLOOEHFRQIURQWHGZLWKTXHVWLRQVOLNH ³$UHWKHPDVNVLQRXUPL[HGUHDOLW\UHDOO\UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHGHYLO as was thought in the Middle Ages? Should we listen to the authority OLNHWKHFOHULFDODXWKRULWLHVLQWKH0LGGOH$JHVZKRZDQWWRIRUELGRXU PL[HGUHDOLW\PDVNV"2UDUHWKHVHDXWKRULWLHVWKHPVHOYHVWKHHYLOIRUFHV ZKRZDQWWRSRVVHVLGHQWLW\DQGXQPDVNRXULQWHUDFWLYLWLHV"´0LWFKHOO 

0DVNLQJWKHÀHVKDQGEORRGZLOOEHFRPHRQHRIWKHPDLQVWUDWHJLHVIRUKLGLQJ DQGSURWHFWLRQ$OWHULQJ¿QJHUSULQWVDQGZHDULQJDFDSDQGVXQJODVVHVLQDQ HQYLURQPHQW ZLWK FDPHUDV LV D SURWHFWLRQ DJDLQVW IDFH UHFRJQLWLRQ$QRWKHU VWUDWHJ\ LV PDVNLQJ WKH OLQN EHWZHHQ WKH ERG\ DQG RXU YLUWXDO LQWHUDFWLRQV UHGXFLQJWKHDPRXQWRILQIRUPDWLRQWKDWZLOOEHGLVFORVHGLQRXURQOLQHLQWHUDFWLRQHJVHQGHUDQRQ\PLW\UHPDLQLQJXQLGHQWL¿DEOHWRWKHFRPPXQLFDWLQJ SDUW\ DQGXQOLQNDELOLW\WKHLQDELOLW\WRGHWHUPLQHWKDW\RXDUHFRPPXQLFDWLQJ ZLWKDSDUWLFXODUUHFHLYHU 5RPDQRVN\HWDO± +RZHYHUFDQZH DYRLGWKDWLQWKHIXWXUHPDVNVDUHLQWHUDFWLYHDUWL¿FLDOLQWHOOLJHQWGHYLFHVOLQNLQJWKHPVHOYHVZLWKWKHSK\VLFDOERG\RIWKHLUZHDUHUV" ,Q WKHVH PL[HG PDVN ZRUOGV WKHUH ZLOO EH D FRQÀLFW EHWZHHQ DVSHFWV RI DXWKHQWLFLW\DQGSULYDF\$WWKHHQGRIWKH0LGGOH$JHVDFFRUGLQJWR&KULVWRSK+H\O WKHPDVNEHFDPHLQ/RQGRQDGHYLFHIRUFUHDWLQJDSULYDWH VSKHUH LQ SXEOLF ,W ZDV FRPPRQ IRU ZRPHQ WR ZHDU D PDVN LQ SXEOLF DV D SURWHFWLRQRIWKHLUSULYDF\DQGUHSXWDWLRQIURPXQLQYLWHGH\HV7KHPDVNLQLWLDOO\EHORQJHGWRWKHZLQWHUDFFHVVRULHVIRUSURWHFWLRQRIWKHIDFHDQGEHFDPH DYDLODEOHDWDQ\WLPHRIWKH\HDUWRFRQIHUYDU\LQJGHJUHHVRIDQRQ\PLW\,WV VL]HLQFUHDVHGIURPWKHKDOIPDVNWRDPDVNFRYHULQJWKHHQWLUHIDFH0DVNV were worn in special places such as London parks and theatres. With the mask, ZRPHQFRXOGHVFDSHIURPWKHUROHWKH\SOD\HGLQHYHU\GD\OLIH7KHVHPLRWLF 5_6HHIRULQVWDQFHWKHFRPPHQWRI&KDUOLH6DYDJHLQWKHDUWLFOH³867ULHVWR0DNH,W Easier to Wiretap the Internet”, New York Times6HSWHPEHU$YDLODEOHDWKWWS ZZZQ\WLPHVFRPXVZLUHWDSKWPODFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU 

M ASKS

BETWEEN THE

VISIBLE

AND THE I NVISIBLE

IXQFWLRQRIWKHVHPDVNVZDVWRGHQRWHWKDWSHRSOHPLJKWDSSURDFKHDFKRWKHU PRUHIUHHO\WKDQHOVHZKHUH ³7KHPDVNDVVXPHGDGLDOHFWLFIXQFWLRQRIUHSHOOHQWDQGLQYLWDWLRQLWV PHVVDJHZDVERWKµ,FDQ¶WEHVHHQ,DP±DWOHDVWQRWLRQDOO\±QRWKHUH DWDOO¶DQGµORRNDWPH,DPZHDULQJDPDVNPD\EH,DPDERXWWRDEDQGRQWKHUROH,QRUPDOO\SOD\¶2QHRIWKHPDVN¶VSDUDGR[LFDODWWUDFWLRQV ZDVWKDWLWFRXOGERWKHQGDQJHUDQGSURWHFWRQH¶VUHVSHFWDELOLW\2QWKH RQHKDQGZHDULQJDPDVNRQHPLJKWDOORZRQHVHOIWRGRWKLQJVZKLFK ZRXOGRWKHUZLVHEHXQWKLQNDEOH´+H\O

(QFU\SWLQJWH[WXDODFWLRQVLQWKH,QWHUQHWLVDSURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWXQDXWKRUL]HG UHDGLQJDQGLQ¿OWUDWLRQ+XPDQVLQWKHVHPL[HGUHDOLWLHVDUHRYHUORDGHGZLWK LQIRUPDWLRQDQGLQYLWDWLRQVWRDFW&UHDWLQJPDVN¿OWHUVVXFKDVµ3HRSOH@DVRFLDOO\FRQVWUXFWHG DFW0DVNLQJZLOOQRWZRUNDVGLVFXVVHGLIWKHUHLVQRVKDUHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJ>@ EHWZHHQWKHZHDUHUDQGDXGLHQFHDERXWZKDWPDVNLQJVRFLDOO\PHDQV´.LP

99

100

C ECILE K. M. C RUTZEN

 ,QWKDWXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHDXGLHQFHFDQXQGHUWDNHDGRPLQDQWQHJRWLDWHGRUDQRSSRVLWLRQDOUHDGLQJRIWKHPDVNHGSHUIRUPDQFH+DOO  7KHIROORZHUVLQ)DFHERRNDUHSHUKDSVWKHSDVVLYHDXGLWRULXPIRUZKLFKWKH SHUIRUPDQFHLVDFWDEOHLQVXFKDZD\WKDWWKH\XQGHUWDNHWKHSUHIHUUHGUHDGLQJ $ORWRIFRPPHUFLDOFRPSDQLHVMXVWIRUWKDWUHDVRQµPDVNDQGSOD\¶WKHUROH RIDIULHQG 'R ZH KDYH WKH IUHHGRP WR FKRRVH RXU UHDGLQJ SRVLWLRQ" ,Q WKH PL[HG PDVNHGZRUOGVSRZHUUHODWLRQVZLOOXQGHQLDEO\H[LVWEHWZHHQWKHPDVNHGSHUIRUPHUVDQGWKHDXGLHQFH$SHUIRUPDQFHZLWKPDVNVFDQDUWLFXODWHDQXQHTXDO UHODWLRQEHWZHHQPDVNHGSHUIRUPHUVDQGDXGLHQFH+LGLQJEHKLQGDQDYDWDU PDVNWUDQVIRUPVDQDFWRULQWRDQDQRQ\PRXVREVHUYHUDSRVLWLRQZKLFKQRUPDOO\LVUHVHUYHGIRUWKHDXGLHQFH³)UHHGRPWRJD]HDQRQ\PRXVO\LQDGDUNHQHGDXGLWRULXP7KHPDVNHGSHUIRUPHULVDOORZHGWRREVHUYHIURPEHKLQGD VKHOWHULQJFRYHU´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³:KRKDVWKHULJKWWRSUHVHQW PDVNVDQGWRWXUQRWKHUVLQWRDQDXGLHQFH"´7RNLQTXRWHGLQ'H-RQJ  7KHSOD\HUDXGLHQFHUHODWLRQVKLSVLQWKHPDVNSHUIRUPDQFHUHÀHFWRUOHgitimize social relationships but also produce them. Anonymous and Pussy 5LRWSURGXFHYLVLEOHDXGLHQFHVDQGHQJDJHWKHPLQWKHLUXQPDVNLQJDFWLYLWLHV ³7KHULJKWWRSUHVHQWPDVNVDQGWRWXUQRWKHUVLQWRDQDXGLHQFHLVLWVHOIVXEMHFW WRQHJRWLDWLRQ´'H-RQJ +RZHYHUDVGH-RQJKROGVWKHDXGLHQFH LVPRVWO\LQWKHGLVDGYDQWDJHGSRVLWLRQRIEHLQJXQDEOHWRFRQWHVWRUTXHVWLRQ the player-audience relationship.

M ASKS

BETWEEN THE

VISIBLE

AND THE I NVISIBLE

Masking as a Sign of Humanity -RDQ5LYLHUHGHVFULEHGLQKHUHVVD\RI:RPDQOLQHVVDV0DVTXHUDGH, a SURIHVVLRQDOZRPDQKDYLQJVXFFHVVLQKHUMRE³7KLVZRPDQH[SHULHQFHGDQ[LHW\DIWHUHDFKSXEOLFDSSRLQWPHQWDQGVRXJKWUHDVVXUDQFHIURPIDWKHU¿JXUHV DPRQJKHUFROOHDJXHVSULPDULO\WKURXJKLQDSSURSULDWHÀLUWLQJDQGVHGXFWLYH EHKDYLRXU´5LYLHUHTXRWHGLQ5RELQVRQ 5LYLHUHGHGXFHG³:RPDQOLQHVV WKHUHIRUH FRXOG EH DVVXPHG DQG ZRUQ DV D PDVN ERWK WR KLGH WKH SRVVHVVLRQRIPDVFXOLQLW\DQGWRDYHUWWKHUHSULVDOVH[SHFWHGLIVKHZDVIRXQG WRSRVVHVVLW´5LYLHUHTXRWHGLQ5RELQVRQ 7KLVPDVNZDVXVHGIDU PRUHDVDGHYLFHIRUDYRLGLQJDQ[LHW\WKDQDVDSULPDU\PRGHRIVH[XDOHQMR\PHQW&KRZDQLHFHWDO  /XFH,ULJDUD\VDZWKHPDVNRIIHPLQLW\DVDQHFHVVDU\NH\WRHQWHULQD ZRUOG³RIYDOXHVWKDWLVQRWKHUV´ ³7KH EHOLHI IRU H[DPSOH WKDW LW LV QHFHVVDU\ WR EHFRPH D ZRPDQ D µQRUPDO¶RQHDWWKDWZKHUHDVDPDQLVDPDQIURPWKHRXWVHW+HKDV RQO\WRHIIHFWKLVEHLQJDPDQZKHUHDVDZRPDQKDVWREHFRPHDQRUPDOZRPDQWKDWLVKDVWRHQWHULQWRWKHPDVTXHUDGHRIIHPLQLQLW\>@ DQGLQZKLFKVKHFDQµDSSHDU¶DQGFLUFXODWHRQO\ZKHQHQYHORSHGLQWKH QHHGVGHVLUHVIDQWDVLHVRIRWKHUVQDPHO\PHQ´,ULJDUD\ 5RELQVRQ± 

$FFRUGLQJWR/XFH,ULJDUD\LWLVDQDOLHQDWHGIDOVHYHUVLRQRIIHPLQLW\GHYHORSHGRXWRIWKHDZDUHQHVVRIZRPHQWRFRPIRUWPDQ¶VGHVLUHIRUKHUWREHKLV RWKHU7KHPDVNLVWKHIUDPHPDGHE\PDQ¶VGHVLUH,ULJDUD\  $FFRUGLQJWR5DIDHO&DSXUURURERWVFDQEHVHHQDOVRDVDPDVNRIKXPDQ GHVLUH³2XUORYHDIIDLUZLWKWKHPRSHQVDGRXEOHELQGUHODWLRQVKLSWKDWLQFOXGHVWKHZKROHUDQJHRIKXPDQSDVVLRQVIURPLQGLIIHUHQFHWKURXJKLGHDOL]DWLRQXQWLOULYDOU\DQGYLROHQFH´5RERWVDUHWKHPDVNVLQZKLFKZHFDQGLVFXVV ³WKHKXPDQQHVVRIKXPDQLW\>@URERWVDUHWKHEDGDQGWKHJRRGFRQVFLHQFHRI RXUVHOYHV´,QWKHURERWPDVNKXPDQVUHGH¿QHRXULGHQWLW\EXWDOVRWKHLGHQWLW\RIWKHKXPDQZHZDQWWRSRVVHVVDQGZHZDQWWREH&DSXUUR ,Q WKDWGHVLUHZHJRDVIDUDVSRVVLEOHJRLQJLQWRWKHFUHDWLRQRIDUWL¿FLDOKXPDQV It is this same longing that the mask represents in the theatre in the tribal rites, WU\LQJWRUHDFKDJRGDQGHYHQEHLQJDJRG

101

102

C ECILE K. M. C RUTZEN

7KHUHDUHDOUHDG\DORWRIPDVNHGSULHVWVOLNHIXWXULVW5D\.XU]ZHLODQ DGYRFDWHRIWKHWUDQVKXPDQLVWPRYHPHQWVZKRKDYHSXWRQWKHPDVNVRIWKH JRGDQGJLYHQWKHLUYLVLRQRIWKHIXWXUHRIKXPDQV ³$ IXWXUH SHULRG GXULQJ ZKLFK WKH SDFH RI WHFKQRORJLFDO FKDQJH ZLOO EHVRIDVWDQGIDUUHDFKLQJWKDWKXPDQH[LVWHQFHRQWKLVSODQHWZLOOEH LUUHYHUVLEO\DOWHUHG:HZLOOFRPELQHRXUEUDLQSRZHU±WKHNQRZOHGJH VNLOOVDQGSHUVRQDOLW\TXLUNVWKDWPDNHXVKXPDQ±ZLWKRXUFRPSXWHU power in order to think, reason, communicate, and create in ways we FDQVFDUFHO\HYHQFRQWHPSODWHWRGD\7KLVPHUJHURIPDQDQGPDFKLQH FRXSOHG ZLWK WKH VXGGHQ H[SORVLRQ LQ PDFKLQH LQWHOOLJHQFH DQG UDSLG LQQRYDWLRQLQJHQHUHVHDUFKDQGQDQRWHFKQRORJ\ZLOOUHVXOWLQDZRUOG where there is no distinction between the biological and the mechanical, RUEHWZHHQSK\VLFDODQGYLUWXDOUHDOLW\´.XU]ZHLO 

2IFRXUVHWKHVHSUHGLFWLRQVDUHRYHUORDGHGE\VWDWHPHQWVWKDWWHFKQRORJ\³RI FRXUVH´ZLOOEHIRUWKHEHQH¿WRIKXPDQNLQG³7KHVHGHYHORSPHQWVZLOOKHOS RYHUFRPHSROOXWLRQDQGSRYHUW\SURYLGHYDVWO\H[WHQGHGORQJHYLW\DQGHQKDQFH KXPDQ LQWHOOLJHQFH´ .XU]ZHLO    +RZHYHU KH LV SUHSDULQJ KXPDQVIRUOLYLQJLQDZRUOGWKDWZLOOQRWORQJHUEHWKHLUV7KHZRUOGFRXOG become occupied by super cyborgs in which human intelligence will be conVLGHUHGDVVXERUGLQDWHWRDUWL¿FLDOLQWHOOLJHQFH $UHWKHDSSHDUDQFHVRIPDVNVLQRXUPL[HGUHDOLW\VLJQVRIDPDVTXHUDGH RI KXPDQLW\"$UH ZH FRPIRUWLQJ WKH ZLVKHV DQG GHVLUHV RI WKH WHFKQRORJ\ VKDPDQV"2UDUHZHKHDOLQJRXUVHOYHVIURPWKHWUDXPDVLQUHDOOLIH"(PRWLRQDOLW\DQGVRFLDELOLW\DUHLQDSSURSULDWHTXDOLWLHVWRDWWDFKWRDUWL¿FLDOGHYLFHV +RZHYHUZK\DUHVRPDQ\GHVLJQHUVEXV\PDNLQJPRGHOVRIKXPDQHPRWLRQV WRPLPLFWKHPLQURERWVDQGDYDWDUV",VLWWKHH[FOXVLRQRIKXPDQHPRWLRQV LQRXUVHOYHVDQGRWKHUKXPDQV"&DQZHEHWWHUGHDOZLWKSUHSDUHGFRQWUROODEOH emotions?

C ONCLUSION 7KHPDVNLQJLQPL[HGUHDOLW\KDVDOUHDG\EHORQJHGWRRXUFXOWXUHIRUDORQJ WLPH+XPDQVQHHGWKHPDVTXHUDGHIRUGLVUXSWLQJWKHLUPHQWDOLQYLVLELOLW\EHcause it

M ASKS

BETWEEN THE

VISIBLE

AND THE I NVISIBLE

³XQVHWWOHVDQGGLVUXSWVWKHIDQWDV\RIFRKHUHQWXQLWDU\VWDEOHPXWXDOO\ H[FOXVLYH GLYLVLRQV ,W UHSODFHV FODULW\ ZLWK DPELJXLW\ FHUWDLQW\ ZLWK UHÀH[LYLW\ DQG SKDQWDVPLF FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI FRQWDLQPHQW DQG FORVXUH ZLWKFRQVWUXFWLRQVWKDWLQUHDOLW\DUHPRUHPHVV\GLYHUVHLPSXUHDQG LPSHUIHFW´7VHsORQ 

/RRNLQJ WR WKH GLIIHUHQFHV DQG UHVHPEODQFHV ZLWK PDVNLQJ LQ WKHDWUH LQ ULWHV DQGLQGDLO\OLIH,IRUPXODWHGTXHVWLRQVRQWKHPDVNLQJLQRXUPL[HGUHDOLW\E\ ZDONLQJEDFNRQWKHWUDFHVRIPDVNVDQGORRNLQJDWWKHLULPSULQWV:LV]QLHZVNL DQG&R\QH ,OHDUQHGWKDWKXPDQVKDYHDOZD\VOLYHGLQDPDVNHG VRFLHW\DQGWKDWPDVNLQJLVDQDFWLQWKHVSDFHEHWZHHQWKHLQ¿QLWHDQG¿FWLWLRXV SROHVRIWRWDOLQYLVLELOLW\DQGYLVLELOLW\³,QWKLVRVFLOODWLRQEHWZHHQDFRQFHDOLQJ DQGUHYHDOLQJRQHFDQFRPSUHKHQGSUDFWLFDOGLIIHUHQFHVZKLFKEULQJVXVFORVHU WRWKHQDWXUHRILGHQWLW\DQGFRPPXQLW\´:LV]QLHZVNLDQG&R\QH  +RZDQGZKDWWKHPDVNUHYHDOVGHSHQGVRQWKHSURGXFHUWKHZHDUHUWKHDXGLHQFHWKHLQWHUDFWLRQDQGWKHFRQWH[WVLWXDWLRQWKHPDVNLVXVHGLQ*MHUWVRQ ± 7KHJHQGHUPDVTXHUDGHVRISDVWDQGSUHVHQWFDQOHDGXVWRWKHGLVFORVXUH RIWKHPDVTXHUDGHRIKXPDQVLQURERWVDQGDYDWDUVLQWKHIXWXUHRIPL[HGUHDOLW\ 7KHSKHQRPHQRQRIWKHPDVNHVWDEOLVKHVDQDFWLYH¿HOGRISOD\EHWZHHQ QRWLRQVRISUHVHQFHDQGDEVHQFHRILQYLVLELOLW\DQGYLVLELOLW\$PDVNKDVDOZD\V WZR VLGHV WKH YLVLEOH LQ WKH PDVN DQG WKH LQYLVLEOH EHKLQG WKH PDVN 7KHLVVXHVRIYLVLELOLW\DQGLQYLVLELOLW\DUHQRWRQO\WRDVNZKRDQGZKDWLV YLVLEOH EXW ZKR VHHV ZKDW DQG ZKR FUHDWHV LQYLVLELOLWLHV LQ RXU GDLO\ OLYHV UHDOL]LQJWKDWKXPDQDQGDUWL¿FLDODFWRUVZHDUPDVNVWRKLGHIURPXQZDQWHG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVDQGWRHQKDQFHVSHFL¿FDIIRUGDQFHV0DVNV DUHWKHLGHQWLWLHVUHDG\PDGHIRULQWHUSUHWDWLRQ:HKDYHWRGHDOZLWKKXPDQ DQG DUWL¿FLDO VXEMHFWV DFWLQJ EHKLQG PDVNV$OO WKHVH PDVNV DUH LQWHUDFWLQJ DQGGHPDQGIRULQWHUSUHWDWLRQ2QO\LQWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHLUQHJRWLDWLRQV FRQÀLFWVDQGDJUHHPHQWVFDQZHWU\WRXQGHUVWDQGWKHLQWHUDFWLRQVRIPDVNV RULQWKHZRUGVRI&ODXGH/pYL6WUDXVVDPDVNH[LWVQRWLQLVRODWLRQWKHUHDUH DOZD\VRWKHUPDVNVE\LWVVLGH³$PDVNLVQRWSULPDULO\ZKDWLWUHSUHVHQWVEXW ZKDWLWWUDQVIRUPVWKDWLVWRVD\ZKDWLWFKRRVHVQRWWRUHSUHVHQW>@DPDVN GHQLHVDVPXFKDVLWDI¿UPV,WLVQRWPDGHVROHO\RIZKDWLWVD\VRUWKLQNVLWLV VD\LQJEXWRIZKDWLWH[FOXGHV´/pYL6WUDXVV 0DVNVDOZD\VJLYH XVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\RIXQPDVNLQJGLVUXSWLQJWKHPHQWDOLQYLVLELOLW\RIRXUVHOI WKHRWKHUVDQGWKHGDLO\OLIHZHDUHDFWLQJLQ$QGKDYLQJDPDVNRXUVHOYHVLW ZLOOJLYHXVWKHSURWHFWLRQZHQHHG6WLOOZHKDYHWRDVN:KRDUHWKHSURYLGHUV RIWKHPDVNVDQGZKRZLOOGRWKHXQPDVNLQJ"

103

104

C ECILE K. M. C RUTZEN

R EFERENCES $UHQGW+ The Life of the Mind: Thinking. London: Secker & Warburg. %DNHU$ 0LFNRU.HLWK%OHQGHG,GHQWLW\RIRQOLQHURFNIDQV,GHQWLW\ LQWKHLQIRUPDWLRQVRFLHW\,',6 6SHFLDO,VVXH6RFLDO,GHQWLW\RQWKHZHE  ± %DUDG .   3RVWKXPDQLVW 3HUIRUPDWLYLW\ 7RZDUG DQ 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ RI How Matter Comes to Matter. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society  ± %DUG]HOO-DQG%DUG]HOO6 )($785(,QWLPDWHLQWHUDFWLRQVRQOLQHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQGVRIWZDUHRIWKHVHOI,QWHUDFWLRQV ± %HVOD\/DQG+DNDOD+ 'LJLWDO7HUULWRU\%XEEOHV,Q.LGG37HG  (XURSHDQ9LVLRQVIRUWKH.QRZOHGJH$JH±D4XHVWIRU1HZKRUL]RQVLQWKH ,QIRUPDWLRQ6RFLHW\&KHVKLUH+HQEXU\± %H\HU+DQG+ROW]EODWW. 0DNLQJFXVWRPHUFHQWHUHGGHVLJQZRUNIRU teams. Communications of the ACM ± %R\G' Faceted id/entity: Managing representation in a digital world. 8QSXEOLVKHGPDVWHU¶VWKHVLV&DPEULGJH0$0DVVDFKXVHWWV,QVWLWXWHRI Technology. %UXFNPDQ$ ,GHQWLW\:RUNVKRS(PHUJHQW6RFLDODQG3V\FKRORJLFDO3KHQRPHQD LQ 7H[W%DVHG 9LUWXDO 5HDOLW\$YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZFFJDWHFK HGXaDVESDSHUVLGHQWLW\ZRUNVKRSUWIDFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  %UXFNPDQ$ *HQGHU6ZDSSLQJRQWKH,QWHUQHW3URFHHGLQJVRI,1(7 µ5HVWRQ9$ 7KH,QWHUQHW6RFLHW\$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZFFJDWHFK HGXaDVESDSHUVJHQGHUVZDSSLQJW[WDFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  &DSXUUR5 (WKLFVDQG5RERWLFV$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZFDSXUURGH HWKLFVDQGURERWLFVKWPODFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  &KDQGOHU '   0DU[LVW 0HGLD 7KHRU\ $YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZDEHU DFXNPHGLD'RFXPHQWVPDU[LVPPDU[LVPKWPO DFFHVVHG  6HSWHPEHU  &KRZDQLHF 8 3KLOOLSV 8 DQG 5\WN|QHQ 0   ,QWURGXFWLRQ ,Q &KRZDQLHF83KLOOLSV8DQG5\WN|QHQ0HGV 0DVTXHUDGHDQG)HPLQLQLW\ (VVD\VRQ5XVVLDQDQG3ROLVK:RPHQ:ULWHUV Newcastle, UK: Cambridge 6FKRODUV3XEOLVKLQJ± &ROHPDQ* $QRQ\PRXV)RUWKFRPLQJLQ:LHGHPDQQ&DQG=HKOH6 HGV 'HSOHWLRQ'HVLJQ$*ORVVDU\RI1HWZRUN(FRORJLHV;0/DE ,1&  $YDLODEOH DW JDEULHOODFROHPDQRUJGRF$QRQ\PRXV*ORVVDU\1HW ZRUN(FRORJLHVSGIDFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU 

M ASKS

BETWEEN THE

VISIBLE

AND THE I NVISIBLE

&RRSHU 0 DQG %HQMDPLQ ,   'UDPDWLF ,QWHUDFWLRQ LQ 9LUWXDO :RUOGV $YDLODEOH DW KWWSP\ZHEWLVFDOLFRXNLEHQMDPLQHQYLVQKWPO DFFHVVHG 6HSWHPEHU  &R\QH53DUN+DQG:LV]QLHZVNL' 'HVLJQ'HYLFHV:KDW7KH\5HYHDO and Conceal. .ULWLVFKH %HULFKWH =HLWVFKULIW IU .XQVW XQG .XOWXUZLVVHQschaften±$YDLODEOHDWKWWSFLWHVHHU[LVWSVXHGXYLHZGRFGRZQOR DG"GRL  UHS UHS W\SH SGIDFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  &UXW]HQ &.0   ,QWHUDFWLH HHQ ZHUHOG YDQ YHUVFKLOOHQ (HQ YLVLH RS informatica vanuit genderstudies. Dissertation. Heerlen: Open UniYHUVLW\ RI WKH 1HWKHUODQGV $YDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZFHFLOHFUXW]HQGH 'RZQORDGV'LVVHUWDWLH,QWHUDFWLHHHQZHUHOGYDQYHUVFKLOOHQSGI DFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  &UXW]HQ&.0 ,&75HSUHVHQWDWLRQVDVWUDQVIRUPDWLYHFULWLFDOURRPV,Q .UHXW]QHU*DQG6FKHOKRZH+HGV Agents of Change. Virtuality, Gender and the Challenge to the Traditional University. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, ± &UXW]HQ&.0DQG*HUULVVHQ-) 'RXEWLQJWKH2%-(&7:RUOG,Q%DOND(DQG6PLWK5HGV Women, Work and Computerization: Charting a Course to the Future.%RVWRQ.OXZHU$FDGHPLF3UHVV± &UXW]HQ &.0 DQG +HLQ +:   ,QYLVLELOLW\ DQG 9LVLELOLW\ WKH 6KDGRZVRIWKH$UWL¿FLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH,Q9DOOYHUGX-DQG&DVDFXEHUWD'HGV  +DQGERRNRI5HVHDUFKRQ6\QWKHWLF(PRWLRQVDQG6RFLDEOH5RERWLFV1HZ $SSOLFDWLRQVLQ$IIHFWLYH&RPSXWLQJDQG$UWL¿FLDO,QWHOOLJHQFH Hershey: ,*,*OREDO± 'DQHW% 7H[WDV0DVN*HQGHUDQG,GHQWLW\RQWKH,QWHUQHW&RQIHUHQFH RQ 0DVTXHUDGH DQG *HQGHUHG ,GHQWLW\ 9HQLFH ,WDO\  )HEUXDU\ ±  $YDLODEOH DW KWWSSOXWRPVFFKXMLDFLOaPVGDQHWPDVNKWPO DFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU  'H-RQJ) 7UDMHFWRULHVRID0DVN3HUIRUPDQFHWKH&DVHRIWKH6HQHJDlese Kumpo. Cahiers d’études africaines ± 'H5RVD$6 One, no-one, one hundred thousand ... and the virtual self, the nickname as the indicator of the multiple identity of the members of two ,WDOLDQFKDWOLQHV$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZHXURSKGHXKWPOBRQGD VVSGIB¿OHVOHFWXUHVGHURVDQLFNQDPHVMFPFSGI DFFHVVHG  6HSWHPEHU   *MHUWVRQ*: 7KH0DVNDQGWKH0DVTXH$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVFKRODUVKLS ULFHHGXELWVWUHDPKDQGOH3')DFFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU 

105

106

C ECILE K. M. C RUTZEN

*RIIPDQ (   7KH 3UHVHQWDWLRQ RI 6HOI LQ (YHU\ 'D\ /LIH. New York: Doubleday. *XVWDYVVRQ(DQG&]DUQLDZVND% :HE:RPDQ7KH2QOLQH&RQVWUXFWLRQRI&RUSRUDWHDQG*HQGHU,PDJHVOrganization ± +DFNLQJ ,   %HWZHHQ 0LFKHO )RXFDXOW DQG (UYLQJ *RIIPDQ EHWZHHQ GLVFRXUVHLQWKHDEVWUDFWDQGIDFHWRIDFHLQWHUDFWLRQ(FRQRP\DQG6RFLHW\  ± +DOO6 (QFRGLQJ'HFRGLQJ,Q+DOO6HWDOHGV Culture, Media, Language./RQGRQ+XWFKLQVRQ± +HLGHJJHU 0   Die Technik und die Kehre. 6WXWWJDUW 9HUODJ *QWKHU Neske. +H\O &   A passion for privacy: Untersuchungen zur Genese der EUJHUOLFKHQ3ULYDWVSKlUHLQ/RQGRQ±0QFKHQ2OGHQERXUJ :LVVHQVFKDIWVYHUODJ +H\O& :KHQWKH\DUHYH\O¶GRQSXUSRVHWREHVHHQ,Q(QWZKLVWOH- DQG:LOVRQ(HGV Body Dressing.2[IRUG%HUJ± ,ULJDUD\/ 7KLVVH[ZKLFKLVQRWRQH,WKDFD1@LI,FDQVHOOWKLVDWWKHVDPHUDWHLQWKHELJFLWLHV,ZLOOKDYH WREXLOGDKXJHIDFWRU\DQGZLOOEHFRPHDPLOOLRQDLUHLQQRWLPH´VHH3¿IIQHU  :LWKLQD\HDUSURGXFWLRQKDGVWDUWHGDQG1HVWOpZDVSURYHGULJKW ,QMXVWVHYHQDQGDKDOI\HDUVIURPHDUO\WRDXWXPQKHLQFUHDVHG VDOHVIURPWRWLQVRIFKLOGUHQ¶VÀRXU%\WKHSURGXFWZDV being sold in eighteen countries, with the highest sales in Germany, SwitzerODQG)UDQFH5XVVLDDQG$XVWULDLQWKDWRUGHU 7KHNH\WRVXFFHVVZKLFK FRQWLQXHGWRZRUNDIWHU+HQUL1HVWOp¶VUHWLUHPHQWIURPDFWLYHOLIHLQDQG WKHFRQYHUVLRQRIWKH¿UPLQWRDOLPLWHGFRPSDQ\OD\LQWKHFRPELQDWLRQRI YDULRXVPDUNHWLQJVWUDWHJLHV,QRUGHUWRVHWKLPVHOIDSDUWIURPWKHQXPHURXV LPLWDWLRQVRI/LHELJ¶VLQIDQW¶VµVRXS¶WKDWDGYHUWLVHGZLWK/LHELJ¶VQDPHZLWK YDU\LQJGHJUHHVRILQJHQXLW\DQGGLVUHJDUGLQJWKHIDPRXVVXSSOLHURIWKHLGHD 1HVWOpWULHGIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJWRDVVRFLDWHWKHH[FOXVLYLW\RIKLVLQYHQWLRQ ZLWKKLVRZQQDPH$WDWLPHZKHQIRRGSURGXFWVZHUHXVXDOO\VROGRSHQDQG ZHUH SDFNHG E\ WKH UHWDLOHU DQG QRW WKH PDQXIDFWXUHU WKH 1HVWOp FKLOGUHQ¶V ÀRXUFDPHRQWKHPDUNHWZLWKFRQVLVWHQWO\WKHVDPHSDFNDJLQJDQGOHWWHULQJ and a logo that was designed quickly but is still used today. It was then, in IDFW DQ LQIDQWIRRG SURGXFW WKDW ODXQFKHG WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI EUDQGLQJ DQG corporate design. 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWDVPHQWLRQHGDERYHDGYHUWLVLQJ ZDVFRQVLGHUHGGHFHSWLYHDQGGLVKRQRXUDEOHPDQXIDFWXUHVOLNH1HVWOpXQGHUstandably sought a close association with pharmaceutical products and emSOR\HG DQ DGYHUWLVLQJ VWUDWHJ\ WKDW HPSKDVL]HG WKH SXEOLF LQWHUHVW DVSHFW RU XVHG PRUDO DUJXPHQWV )XUWKHUPRUH LW ZDV FUXFLDO IRU WKHVH PDQXIDFWXUHUV WRDVVHUWWKHPVHOYHVLQWKHKHDOWKSROLF\GHEDWHV)RUWKLVUHDVRQ1HVWOpXVHG

M OTHERHOOD

AND

S CIENTIFIC I NNOVATION

DXWKRULW\EDVHGDGYHUWLVLQJ3DLGDVVHVVPHQWVE\GRFWRUVRUUHFRJQL]HGIRUHQVLF RU UHVHDUFK FKHPLVWV DQG WKDQN\RX OHWWHUV IURP GRFWRUV VHOHFWHG E\ WKH PDQXIDFWXUHUZHUHSXEOLVKHGLQQHZVSDSHUDGYHUWLVHPHQWVQHZVSDSHUVXSSOHPHQWVRQSDFNDJLQJDQGRQÀ\HUV10)UHHWULDOVIRUGRFWRUVZHUHDQRWKHUVWUDWHJ\VLQFHZKDWFRXOGEHPRUHEHQH¿FLDOIRUDSURGXFWWKDQWREHWHVWHGLQWKH GRFWRU¶VSUDFWLFHDQGWKHQGLVFXVVHGLQWKHUHOHYDQWDFDGHPLFMRXUQDOV"(YHQ SDHGLDWULFVWH[WERRNVKDGVHUYHGRYHUWKHGHFDGHVDVSURGXFWWHVWLQJSODWIRUPV WKDWFLWHGLQGLYLGXDOSURGXFWVPDQXIDFWXUHUVDQGFRQWDFWDGGUHVVHVVHH.HKUHUII.ROLVNRII 110RUHLPSRUWDQWO\1HVWOpDOVRQHJRWLDWHGIDYRXUDEOHFRPPLVVLRQFRQWUDFWVZLWKSKDUPDFLHVVRWKDWWKHSDFNDJLQJ VXEVHTXHQWO\FDUULHGWKHQRWLFHµ$YDLODEOHLQDOOEHWWHU SKDUPDFLHV¶

T HE R EACTION OF PAEDIATRICS: I NFANT P HYSIOLOGY AND M EDICAL NUTRITION R EGIMES 3DHGLDWULFLDQV LQLWLDOO\ KDG DV OLWWOH H[SHULHQFH ZLWK VXEVWLWXWH IRRG IRU LQIDQWV DV DQ\RQH HOVH ,URQLFDOO\ LW ZDV WKH FRPPHUFLDOL]DWLRQ RI EDE\ IRRG WKDWZRXOGH[SHGLWHWKHIRUPLQJRIDVHSDUDWHGLVFLSOLQHDQGLWVGHWDFKPHQW IURPLQWHUQDOPHGLFLQH0HGLFDOKLVWRULDQ(GXDUG6HLGOHUSXWLWWKLVZD\%DE\ IRRGEHFDPHD³YHKLFOHIRUWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRISDHGLDWULFVDVDVFLHQFHDVD PHWKRGWKDWEHFDPHWKHRU\´6HLGOHU±  8S XQWLO  RQO\ D IHZ LQGLYLGXDO SDHGLDWULFLDQV KDG FRQGXFWHG WKHLU RZQUHVHDUFK:LWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRI3KLOLSSH%LHGHUWWKHPDMRULW\KDGPHUHO\ UHDFWHGWRWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGGHYHORSPHQWV0D[6HLIIHUWDGRFWRUDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\&KLOGUHQ¶V&OLQLFLQ/HLS]LJUHPDUNHGLQH[DVSHUDWLRQWKDWLQVWHDGRI GHYHORSLQJ WKHLU RZQ JXLGHOLQHV IRU IRRG SURGXFWV GRFWRUV ZHUH REOLJHG WR OHDUQDERXWWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHLQIDQWGLJHVWLYHV\VWHPYLDUHDFWLRQVWR LQGXVWULDOO\SURGXFHGIRRGSURGXFWV,QKLVFULWLFLVPRIWKH³H[FHVVLYHOHQLHQFH WRZDUGVLQFRPSHWHQWUHIRUPHUVLQWKH¿HOGRILQIDQWQXWULWLRQDQGPLONWUHDWPHQW´KHUHIHUUHGWRWKHIDPRXVEDFWHULRORJLVW&DUO)OJJHZKRKDGKLPVHOI criticized _$FROOHFWLRQRIUHYLHZVDQGDQDO\VHVRIWKH1HVWOpFKLOGUHQ¶VÀRXUFDQEHIRXQGLQWKH $UFKLYH+LVWRULTXH1HVWOpLQ9HYH\$+1&KDP'RVVLHU± _$%RQQSDHGLDWULFLDQIRUH[DPSOHGHYRWHGDQHQWLUHERRNWRWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFRPSDULVRQ FDUULHG RXW LQ KLV RZQ SUDFWLFH ZLWK SXUFKDVDEOH FKLOGUHQ¶V QXWULWLRQ SURGXFWV 6FKRSSH 

141

142

B ARBARA O RLAND

³WKDWLQSDVW\HDUVZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHK\JLHQHRIPLONZHKDYHPDGH WKHPLVWDNHRIUHO\LQJRQWKHDGYLFHRIPHQZKRDUHQHLWKHUK\JLHQLVWV QRUSDHGLDWULFLDQVEXWFKHPLVWVIDUPHUVDQGSKDUPDFLVWVDQGWKDWZH KDYHDOORZHGRXUVHOYHVWRDVVXPHDOPRVWZLWKRXWIXUWKHUYHUL¿FDWLRQ WKDWHYHU\WKLQJWKHODWWHUKDYHSURYLGHGXVZLWKLQWHUPVRIPLONSUHSDUDWLRQV DQG WKHRULHV DQG SURFHGXUHV RI PLON WUHDWPHQW LV K\JLHQLFDOO\ DSSURSULDWH´6HLIIHUW 

,QDPDWWHURIDIHZ\HDUVUHVHDUFKZDVV\VWHPDWLFDOO\HVWDEOLVKHGDWXQLYHUVLW\FOLQLFV7KHDHWLRORJ\DQGSDWKRJHQHVLVRIQXWULWLRQDOLOOQHVVHVLQLQIDQWV UHPDLQHGWKHIRFDOSRLQWRISDHGLDWULFUHVHDUFKIRUVHYHUDOGHFDGHVVHH&]HUQ\ DQG.HOOHU ,QFUHDVLQJVLJQL¿FDQFHZDVDWWDFKHGWRWKHSK\VLRORJ\ RILQIDQWVDQGWKHDQDWRP\RIGLJHVWLRQDQGWKHTXHVWLRQVVXUURXQGLQJPHWDEROLVPZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHGLQGHWDLO What used to be described in colloquial terms as a thriving LQIDQW DQG one that fails to thriveZDVQRZGH¿QHGVFLHQWL¿FDOO\DQGUHLQWURGXFHGLQWR HYHU\GD\SUDFWLFHDVFULWHULDIRUZKDWVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHGnormal. Mothers DQG PDQXIDFWXUHUV QRZ KDG WR EULQJ WKHLU LQIDQW QXWULWLRQ SUDFWLFH LQWR OLQH ZLWKVFLHQWL¿FGH¿QLWLRQVRIµKHDOWK\¶RUµSDWKRORJLFDO¶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¶VERG\ZHLJKWLVUHFRUGHGLQ PLQXWHGHWDLO$QGDIWHUWKHPHGLFDOUHVHDUFKKDGJRWXQGHUZD\LWQRORQJHU VHHPHGIURPDSDHGLDWULFSRLQWRIYLHZQHLWKHUWKHRUHWLFDOO\QRUSUDFWLFDOO\ VFDQGDORXV WR HPEDUN RQ H[SHULPHQWV ZLWK EDE\ IRRG WKDW FRQWDLQHG QR RU YHU\ OLWWOH PLON :LWK WLPH WKLV KDG LWV HIIHFW RQ WKH SXEOLF SHUFHSWLRQ RI EUHDVWPLON$VSDHGLDWULFVZHUHVRRQWR¿QGRXWDOOWKHDWWHPSWVWRFUHDWH DQ H[DFW FRS\ RI EUHDVW PLON ZRXOG QRW KDYH EHHQ VWULFWO\ QHFHVVDU\:LWK WKHH[FHSWLRQRIWKHSUREOHPRIVXI¿FLHQWPLONK\JLHQHWKHLQIDQWRUJDQLVP SURYHGWREHPRUHDGDSWDEOHWKDQSUHYLRXVO\WKRXJKW)URPDSXUHO\SK\VLRORJLFDOSRLQWRIYLHZWKHQEUHDVWIHHGLQJEHFDPHSUDFWLFDOO\VXSHUÀXRXVDQG

M OTHERHOOD

AND

S CIENTIFIC I NNOVATION

paediatricians gradually relinquished their hostile attitude towards industriDOO\SURGXFHGEDE\IRRG12

7UDQVODWHGIURP*HUPDQE\5HEHFFD&DUEHUU\

R EFERENCES $SSOH5' 0RWKHUVDQG0HGLFLQH$6RFLDO+LVWRU\RI,QIDQW)HHGLQJ ±0DGLVRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI:LVFRQVLQ3UHVV %HLHU5 'LH*HVFKLFKWHGHU0XWWHUPLOFK%LOGHUXQG'HXWXQJHQHLQHV ³.|USHUVDIWHV´Universitas± %HQ]DTXpQ$6 &KLOGKRRG,GHQWLW\DQG+XPDQ6FLHQFHLQWKH(QOLJKWenment. History Workshop Journal± %HUWOLQJ& (OWHUQSÀLFKWXQG.LQGHVUHFKW(LQ:RUWDQGDV0XWWHUKHU] Berlin. %LHGHUW3 'DV.LQGVHLQHJHLVWLJHXQGN|USHUOLFKH3ÀHJHYRQGHU*Hburt bis zur Reife. Stuttgart: Enke. %XQGHVDUFKLY %HUOLQ 5 Acta betr. Kindernahrungsmittel 9RO   $XJ±/HWWHURI'UPHG$UQROG9LGDORI6HSWHPEHU &]HUQ\$DQG.HOOHU$ 'HV.LQGHV(UQlKUXQJ(UQlKUXQJVVW|UXQJHQXQG(UQlKUXQJVWKHUDSLH(LQ+DQGEXFKIUbU]WHYRO/HLS]LJ9Lenna: Franz Deuticke. 'H.QHFKWYDQ(HNHOHQ$ 7KHEHVWVXEVWLWXWHIRUPRWKHU¶VPLONSURSULHWDU\ SUHSDUDWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH ULVH RI SDHGLDWULFV DQG WKH VFLHQFH RI nutrition in the Netherlands during the twentieth-century. In: Den Hartog $3HG )RRG7HFKQRORJ\6FLHQFHDQG0DUNHWLQJ(XURSHDQ'LHWLQWKH Twentieth Century.(DVW/LQWRQ7XFNZHOO3UHVV± 'HODKD\H0& Tétons et tétines. Histoire de l’allaitment. Paris: Editions trame way. _$WOHDVWXQWLOQHZUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVQHFHVVLWDWHGDUHDSSUDLVDO7KHRQO\¿QGLQJWKDW KDVVWRRGWKHWHVWRIWLPHLV%LHGHUW¶VQRWLRQRIWKHFKHPLFDOGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQEUHDVW DQGFRZ¶VPLON,QWKHFRXUVHRIWKHth century other research results emerged, again asVLJQLQJSK\VLRORJLFDOLPSRUWDQFHWREUHDVWIHHGLQJDVEUHDVWPLONZDVSURYHQWRFRQWDLQ LPPXQRORJLFDOO\LPSRUWDQWVXEVWDQFHVIRU¿JKWLQJLQIHFWLRQWKDWDUHQRWSUHVHQWLQFRZ¶V PLONVHH:DFKWHO 

143

144

B ARBARA O RLAND

(UQVW( Das “industrielle” Geheimmittel und seine Werbung. ArzneiIHUWLJZDUHQ LQ GHU ]ZHLWHQ +lOIWH GHV  -DKUKXQGHUWV LQ 'HXWVFKODQG Marburg: E. Mauersberger. )LOGHV9 :HW1XUVLQJ$+LVWRU\IURP$QWLTXLW\WRWKH3UHVHQW New York: Basil Blackwell. )LQOD\05 7KH5HKDELOLWDWLRQRIDQ$JULFXOWXUDO&KHPLVW-XVWXVYRQ /LHELJDQGWKHVHYHQWK(GLWLRQ$PEL[7KH-RXUQDORIWKH6RFLHW\IRUWKH History of Alchemy and Chemistry ± )OHFN /   (UIDKUXQJ XQG 7DWVDFKH *HVDPPHOWH$XIVlW]H )UDQNIXUW D M.: Suhrkamp. )UHYHUW8 .UDQNKHLWDOVSROLWLVFKHV3UREOHP±6R]LDOH8Qterschichten in Preussen zwischen medizinischer Polizei und staatlicher Sozialversicherung.*|WWLQJHQ9DQGHQKRHFN 5XSUHFKW )UHYHUW8 ³)UVRUJOLFKH%HODJHUXQJ´+\JLHQHEHZHJXQJXQG$UEHLWHUIUDXHQLPXQG-DKUKXQGHUWGeschichte und Gesellschaft± *pOLV-/DJHW0DQG0RUHO0) Der Weg ins Leben. Geburt und KindKHLWLQIUKHUHU=HLW0QFKHQ%HFN *HUEHU 1   =XU (UQlKUXQJ GHU .LQGHU XQG GLH .LQGHUQDKUXQJVPLWWHO %UXJJ&:ROI 6RKQ *ROGHQ- A Social History of Wet Nursing in Amercia. From Breast to Bottle.&DPEULGJHHWDO&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV -DFREXV 0   )LUVW 7KLQJV 7KH 0DWHUQDO ,PDJLQHU\ LQ /LWHUDWXUH$UW and Psychoanalysis. New York/London: Routledge. .HKUHU )$   'LH HUVWH .LQGHUQDKUXQJ ,Q 9RONPDQQ 5 HG  SamPOXQJNOLQLVFKHU9RUWUlJHLQ9HUELQGXQJPLWGHXWVFKHQ.OLQLNHQ, Nr. 170. /HLS]LJ± .ROLVNR$ 9HUVXFKHPLW%DFNKDXV¶VFKHU.LQGHUPLOFK$UFKLYIU.LQderheilkunde± /DVWLQJHU9 5H'H¿QLQJ0RWKHUKRRG%UHDVW)HHGLQJDQGWKH)UHQFK Enlightenment. :RPHQ¶V6WXGLHV$Q,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\-RXUQDO± /HZLFNL:HG  :|KOHUXQG/LHELJ%ULHIHYRQ±DXV-XVWXV YRQ /LHELJ¶V XQG )ULHGULFK :|KOHU¶V %ULHIZHFKVHO LQ GHQ -DKUHQ ± , New Edition. Göttingen: J. Cromm. /LHELJ - YRQ   (LQH QHXH 6XSSH IU .LQGHU Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie ± /LHELJ-YRQD 6XSSHIU6lXJOLQJHPLW1DFKWUlJHQLQEH]XJDXILKUH Bereitung und Anwendung3UHIDFH%UDXQVFKZHLJ)ULHGULFK9LHZHJXQG Sohn.

M OTHERHOOD

AND

S CIENTIFIC I NNOVATION

/LHELJ-YRQE 1DFKWUDJ]XPHLQHU6XSSHIU6lXJOLQJHAnnalen der Chemie und Pharmacie± /LHELJ-YRQF 1DFKWUDJ]XPHLQHU6XSSHIU6lXJOLQJHNeues ReperWRULXPIUGLH3KDUPDFLH± /LHELJ-YRQ 8HEHUGHQ(UQlKUXQJVZHUWKGHU6SHLVHQBerthold Auerbachs Deutscher Volkskalender± 0DXWKQHU/:>5LWWHUYRQ0DXWVWHLQ@ .LQGHU'LlWHWLN(LQH$QOHLWXQJ ]XUQDWXUJHPlVVHQ3ÀHJHXQG(U]LHKXQJGHV.LQGHV, 2nd ed. Wien: Carl Herold und Sohn. 0HLVVQHU )/   *UXQGODJH GHU /LWHUDWXU GHU 3lGLDWULN HQWKDOWHQG GLH 0RQRJUDSKLHQEHUGLH.LQGHUNUDQNKHLWHQ/HLS]LJ)HVW¶VFKH9HUODJVEXchhandlung. 0OOHU( 'LH%HGHXWXQJGHV.XKPLOFKIHWWHVIUGLH6lXJOLQJVHUQlKUXQJ Stuttgart: Enke. 0XQGD\3( 6turm und Dung: Justus von Liebig and the Chemistry of Agriculture3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ&RUQHOO8QLYHUVLW\ 2UODQG %   $OOWDJVJHVFKLFKWH XQG :LVVHQVFKDIWVIRUVFKXQJ RGHU 'LH XQHUNDQQWHQ 3RWHQWLDOH GHU KLVWRULVFKHQ 5HNRQVWUXNWLRQ YRQ ³$OOWDJ´ WerkstattGeschichte± 2VWKRII+&$ 8HEHUGDV6HOEVW6WLOOHQ(LQRUJDQRPLVFKPHGL]LQLVFKHU Versuch. Lemgo. 3¿IIQHU$ +HQUL1HVWOp± 9RP)UDQNIXUWHU$SRWKHNHUJHKLOfen zum Schweizer Pionierunternehmer.=XULFK&KURQRV 3ULQ]LQJ) 'LH(QWZLFNOXQJGHU.LQGHUVWHUEOLFKNHLWLQGHQHXURSlLVFKen Staaten. -DKUEFKHUIU1DWLRQDO|NRQRPLHXQG6WDWLVWLN± 5HLFKHUW .+   %HLWUDJ ]XU KLVWRULVFKHQ (QWZLFNOXQJ GHU 6lXJOLQJV HUQlKUXQJ Medical dissertation, Jena. 6DUDVLQ 3   5HL]EDUH 0DVFKLQHQ (LQH *HVFKLFKWH GHV .|USHUV ± )UDQNIXUWD06XKUNDPS 6FKLHELQJHU/ :K\0DPPDOVDUHFDOOHG0DPPDOV,Q6FKLHELQJHU/ Nature’s Body. Gender in the Making of Modern Science. Boston: Beacon 3UHVV± 6FKPLGW )$   'LH NQVWOLFKH (UQlKUXQJ GHV 6lXJOLQJV PLW NHLPIUHL JHPDFKWHU.XKPLOFKQDFKGHP6R[KOHW¶VFKHQ9HUIDKUHQ Berlin/Neuwied: L. Heuser. 6FKRSSH+ =XUNQVWOLFKHQ(UQlKUXQJGHU6lXJOLQJHLQGHQHUVWHQGUHL /HEHQVPRQDWHQ([SHULPHQWHOONOLQLVFKH8QWHUVXFKXQJ7ELQJHQ/DXSS

145

146

B ARBARA O RLAND

6HLGOHU( 'LH(UQlKUXQJGHU.LQGHULP-DKUKXQGHUW,Q$UWHOW:HW DOHG (UQlKUXQJXQG(UQlKUXQJVOHKUHLP-DKUKXQGHUW Göttingen: 9DQGHQKRHFN 5XSUHFKW 6HLIIHUW 0   'LH 9HUVRUJXQJ GHU JURVVHQ 6WlGWH PLW .LQGHUPLOFK  Teil: Die Notwendigkeit einer Umgestaltung der Kindermilcherzeugung. Leipzig: Wiegel. 6W|FNHO6 'LH%HNlPSIXQJGHU6lXJOLQJVVWHUEOLFKNHLWLP6SDQQXQJVIHOGYRQ6R]LDOHU+\JLHQHXQG(XJHQLNDP%HLVSLHO%HUOLQVLP.DLVHUUHLFK und in der Weimarer Republik. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 6XVVPDQ *'   Selling Mother’s Milk: The Wet-Nursing Business in )UDQFH±8UEDQD8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLV3UHVV 7HXWHEHUJ +-   'LH 5ROOH GHV )OHLVFKH[WUDNWV IU GLH (UQlKUXQJV wissenschaften und den Aufstieg der Suppenindustrie. Kleine Geschichte GHU )OHLVFKEUKH ZLWK (OOHUEURFN .3 6SLHNHUPDQQ 8 7KRPV 8 DQG =DWVFK$ 6WXWWJDUW)UDQ]6WHLQHU 8*/8QLYHUVLW\RI*LHVVHQ/LHELJ'HSRVLWXP 1RBrief an eine rusVLVFKH*URVVIUVWLQ/HWWHUWRD5XVVLDQ*UDQG'XFKHVV 0XQLFK 8*/8QLYHUVLW\RI*LHVVHQ/LHELJ'HSRVLWXP 1RLetter to Hermann .RSSRI)HEUXDU\ 8*/8QLYHUVLW\RI*LHVVHQ/LHELJ'HSRVLWXP 1RLetter to Charles %RQHURI$XJXVW 8*/8QLYHUVLW\RI*LHVVHQ/LHELJ'HSRVLWXP 1RLetter to his sister (OLVH.QDSSRI0D\ 8*/8QLYHUVLW\RI*LHVVHQ/LHELJ'HSRVLWXP 1RLetter to the chemist +HUPDQQYRQ)HKOLQJRI0D\ 9DXSHO( 3KLOLSS%LHGHUW± /HEHQ:HUN:LUNXQJ Medical GLVVHUWDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI+DQQRYHU :DFKWHO 8   (UQlKUXQJ YRQ JHVXQGHQ 6lXJOLQJHQ XQG .OHLQNLQGHUQ Stuttgart/New York: Thieme. :HLVVHQEDFK )-   Anleitung zur Besorgung und Auferziehung neugeborener Kinder, nebst Beschreibung der Kinderkrankheiten. Leipzig. :LWKRXWDXWKRU 'LH6lXJOLQJV(UQlKUXQJPLW9ROWPHU¶V0XWWHUPLOFK QDFKMlKULJHU(UIDKUXQJ Altona.