Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship and Management (Tutorial) [1, 1 ed.]

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JAVOKHIRBEK AZIZOV

FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND MANAGEMENT (Tutorial)

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The training manual includes the nature of enterprises and small enterprises, the content of entrepreneurship and its importance for the society, aspects of entrepreneurship and the nature of entrepreneurship, the principles of becoming an entrepreneur, business goals, and the realization of one's own business. andmethods of its management, development of a business plan and further directions of development of one's own business, the procedure of taxation of business entities are theoretically and methodologically discussed in detail. At the same time, this tutorial includes interesting work games, quizzes, and various business tips. The training manual is suitable for professors and students of vocational colleges and academic lyceums, as well as teachers and students of business schools, employees of small businesses engaged in entrepreneurial activity, and the general public interested in entrepreneurship and business. intended. Reviewers: Q.X. Abdurahmanov, doctor of economics, professor A.V. Vahobov is a doctor of economics, professor This textbook is authorized for publication by the Ministry of Education, Science and Innovation under Order No. 399 of November 2, 2023 of Uzbekistan

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INTRODUCTION Economic reforms aimed at the development of small business and private entrepreneurship, strengthening of its legal and regulatoryfoundations in the conditions of economic liberalization are one of the urgent issues. Based on the development of small business, a number of socio-economic tasks are supposed to be solved. First of all, world experience shows that small business is the most important sector that fills the domestic market with necessary goods and services, determines the structure and basis of the economy, and is the most important factor and source in providing employment to the population and increasing its income. serves as Secondly, it is obvious to everyone that the competition in the global and regional markets is intensifying in the current conditions. Aunan small business is notable for its mobility, the ability to modernize production more easily and quickly due to its low capital requirements, to modernize the types of products being produced,and thus to be able to adapt well to the changing requirements of the market environment. Thirdly, with the growth of small business and private entrepreneurship, the task of forming the middle class of owners, whoare the country's wealthier and prosperous ones, will be solved directly. In general, small business and private entrepreneurship today is an important link that provides employment and is the main source of income. Therefore, in the conditions of the transition of our republic to a market economy, it is necessary to strengthen the socialization of the economy, to implement and organize production based on the demands of consumers, and to open a wide opportunity for citizens to engage in entrepreneurship, and to make full use of existing opportunities, great attention is being paid to their entrepreneurial activity on the basis of efficiency, initiative and organization.

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ABOUT AUTHOR Javokhirbek Azizov is a mature specialist in the field of entrepreneurship. He was born on July 8, 1994 in the city of Bukhara. Management economist, studied at Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology. One of the main achievements of Javokhirbek Azizov is his participation in the development of tourism in projects and joint works with well-known European companies. Javokhirbek Azizov started his personal business activity in 2011. "VIRTUAL FOOTBALL SPORT CLUB" was founded in 2011. In addition, he opened his own company in order to continue his activities and develop the tourism industry. In 2016, he opened a business restaurant "Azizov Odil Azimovich - trade" for the development of the tourism system of Uzbekistan and this year in his city. Javokhirbek Azizov is completely different from other peers with his diligence, hard work, and thirst for knowledge. He opened "BUKHARA EL CLASSICO RESTAURANT" this year. By 2019, based on his extensive knowledge and experience, Javokhirbek Azizov opened the Bukhara Vavilon Plaza hotel in Bukhara. In different years, he visited Germany, Italy, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), France, the United States of America, and other countries. In addition, he actively participated in many international conferences and conventions. In September 2022, he contacted Switzerland, United Arab Emirates (UAE) for travel destinations. After this visit, the company significantly increased its revenues In December 2022, Germany, which was in the European zone, made successful agreements on the development of tourism between the countries of Italy and France and Uzbekistan. In May 2023, he participated in the conference "IMEX FRANKFURT 2023". After this seminar, 7 companies signed a memorandum on the development of tourism between the countries. 4

In 2023, he participated in the "Houston" seminar held in the city of the USA from June 28 to June 29. In this seminar, he learned the new technology of innovative and service products. His scientific articles have been published in many local and international journals. In 2023, based on all the accumulated experiences and opportunities, he published his first book, a study guide called "Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship and Management". This study guide, known as "Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship and Management", was written on the basis of many practical experiences during the years 2021-2023. This guide is for those who want to learn about entrepreneurial potential and character, ways to become an entrepreneur, business ideas, ways to create and manage your own business, prepare a business plan, and develop your own business. serves as a basis. CHAPTER I. ENTREPRENEURSHIP, ITS TYPES AND FORMS 1.1 Meaning and importance of entrepreneurship "Our one important task is to support and encourage small business and entrepreneurship, to strengthen the economic power of our country, peace and stability, social harmony in our country, and tocreate favorable conditions for increasing the share of this sector». Asfor why, an entrepreneur not only feeds himself and his family, but also the people and the state. I will never get tired of saying, even if it is repeated, that if the people are strong, the state will be strong and powerful." Entrepreneurial activity (entrepreneurship) is an initiative activity aimed at obtaining income (profit) at one's own risk and under one's own responsibility, carried out by the subjects of entrepreneurial activity in accordance with legal documents. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Guarantees of Freedom of Entrepreneurial Activity"No. ORQ-328 of July 2, 2012, as amended, Article 31. An entrepreneur connects other basic factors of production water (natural resources), capital (means of production) and 1

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Decision adopted by the Legislative Chamber on February 29, 2012 and approved by the Senate on March 23, 2012. https://lex.uz/docs/-2006789

labor resources, ensuring their mutual movement, producing products or providing services. An entrepreneur is a person who has the ability to do business, i.e. the knowledge, skills, and experience in organizing the process ofproduction or service of any type of goods. Initial studies of business activity in economics in the 18th century by R. Contilon, A. Tuurgo, F. Kene, A. Smith and J.B. It beganto be realized in the works of Sei. However, until now, the concept of "entrepreneurship" remains ambiguous in public opinion. Often in the scientific literature, there areideas about this concept that it consists of a set of economic, organizational and spiritual descriptions of an extraordinary event. In the initial stages, the most important sign of entrepreneurship was evaluated as a factor of uncertainty, which determines the economic or harmful nature of the activity of an individual - an entrepreneur. The socio-economic task of entrepreneurship is recognized as a perfect activity to balance supply and demand in various markets. The concepts of "farm owner" and "entrepreneur" began to differ from each other. The entrepreneur ensures the circulation and growth of capital, and in this regard, he is a "venture" investor, a person who skillfully disposes of the funds involved, using his ideas, knowledge and skills to make the work successful. and spends those funds on risky activities in order to get a lot of profit. The word "business" is an English word, it is an entrepreneurial activity, or in other words, an entrepreneurial activity aimed at profitingpeople. The term "businessman" (entrepreneur) was used for the first time in the English economy in the 18th century, and it means "property owner".

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For example, Adam Smith defined an entrepreneur as a propertyowner and emphasized that he is a person who takes economic risks in order to realize some kind of commercial

goal in order to get profit. The entrepreneur himself plans his work, organizes production, sells the product and manages his income. Business is, first of all, the organization of production, economic activity and relationships, life itself, and then making money. Businessis a foreign word that has spread all over the world and is used in all countries. In Uzbek, the word business means entrepreneurship, and businessman means entrepreneur. The Uzbek word corresponds to the word «khorijiu», but also gives it an additional meaning. Behind these words is "work", i.e. doing business or establishing an enterprise. Therefore, businessmeans the establishment of an enterprise (industrial enterprise, trade store, service enterprise, audit office, law office, bank, etc.). So, business is not about making money from something, but about organizing a complex production or service. An entrepreneur is always devoted to his work, knowledgeable. Itis necessary to study for entrepreneurship, not only in the initial steps,but an entrepreneur should study and search for a lifetime. Entrepreneurship is an economic activity characteristic of a market economy. In other words, it is goods and services in order to achieve a favorable socio-economic result. It is the conscious and purposeful economic activity of the owners or their representatives in the organization of production and exchange of services. The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Guarantees of Freedom of Entrepreneurial Activity2 defines the concept of entrepreneurial activity as follows: "Entrepreneurial activity (entrepreneurship) is an activity carried out by subjects of entrepreneurial activity in accordance with legislation, at risk and with their own property. an initiative activity aimed at obtaining income under his responsibility". The essence of entrepreneurship is heard through the following. First of all, who can be the subject of entrepreneurship? According to the law, every citizen who has reached the age of majority can engage in any type of activity that does not contradict the law that he has created on the basis of his property or on the basis of the authority of the owner of the 2

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In accordance with the new version of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated May 2, 2012 No. ORQ-328 "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Guarantees of Freedom of Entrepreneurial Activity" approved. https://lex.uz/acts/-31846

property. Secondly, in the above definition, only one side of entrepreneurship is expressed - its content, which has a broad and diverse appearance. The choice of business activity, its organization and development is not a matter of state and public importance, but a freely chosen activity. Three types of entrepreneurial activity and, accordingly, three groups of entrepreneurs can be specified separately: organization of a product or service contract. Owners of intellectual property - innovators and entrepreneurs are engaged in this type of business; entrepreneurs engaged in the organization of production of goods; entrepreneurs engaged in the sale of goods, the sale of goods and the organization of commercial activities. In the third time, there are two types of entrepreneurship in terms of purpose: - aims to gain profit and economic efficiency; It is possible to distinguish types aimed at achieving social results (for example, nature protection, education of the next generation, health care). Entrepreneurs have the following characteristics:Knowledge of the field of work. Ability to take initiative in making risk-based decisions.A deep understanding of economic processes. Obedience to laws. Innovation activity. Goal orientation. Organization. To be economical. Going beyond his word. Purity and honesty of spirit. Fighting for one's team. The following conditions are required for the development of entrepreneurship: Consolidation of property relations. In the conditions of the market economy, property relations are determined by three aspects: Ownership, to have complete control over property as the owner of the property: to sell, to rent, to give away; foreclosure, i.e. temporary foreclosure of the property under the control of the property owner for certain conditions and payment; 8

implementation of operational management, i.e., the right to manage the property under the control of the owner of the property to distribute resources and organize production. Providing the following economic freedoms to entrepreneurs to fully demonstrate their potential: freedom to choose product types and production methods; independent selection of partners; freedom to independently spend funds in areas that do not violate the law, etc. The openness of the market, i.e. the availability of goods, capital, information, labor, and artificial means for the movement of raw materials. Availability of market infrastructure. This includes the following: commercial banks; commodity, stock, labor, currency exchanges; commercial risk and property insurance; information and advertising sources, mass media, means ofcommunication; expert bureaus, certificate centers, customs offices, tax control organizations, arbitrations, etc. The existence of rights and guarantees for entrepreneurship, thatis, the existence of legislation protecting entrepreneurship. Privileges granted by the state to such enterprises for recruitingpersonnel, obtaining loans, paying taxes, using natural resources, etc.What should an entrepreneur know and do? First of all, he should know how to carry out business activities, how to act in whatconditions, how to solve obstacles faced by an entrepreneur and how to achieve success. An entrepreneur must know how to organize production and sell products. It is necessary to assess the specific conditions that arise inthe market relations and to be able to choose the right son. No one ever taught an entrepreneur what to do and came to me in difficult situations. Every entrepreneur should believe and rely only on his own strength, knowledge and ingenuity. The basic principles of entrepreneurship that help to conduct business successfully include the following: To be a property owner. In this case, entrepreneurs should own limited resources and products. They rely on their own property orrent other people's property. Seeking to gain profit. An entrepreneur's economic interest is profit, and it is achieved by profit. 9

Economic freedom. Depending on the market, an entrepreneur can decide what to produce, how much, based on what kind of technology, to whom, when and how much to sell the goods, how to contact the bank, how to find a partner, in short, any kind of economicactivity, regardless of category. does as much as he knows. Economic responsibility. The entrepreneur assumes the responsibility and is responsible for his own losses. Economics and risk. The entrepreneur took risks, worked in the "over him, under him" manner, took economic risks and was not afraidof failure. Violation of the law. Entrepreneurial efforts have their own rules, obeying them is both a duty and a duty. Participation in the competition. An entrepreneur must always compete with others according to the rule of "who is the best". The secret of entrepreneurship. In business, technology, product development, market finding, price setting, contract conclusion, etc. are kept secret. Work with integrity. Entrepreneurship should be based on earning money honestly, fraud, embezzlement and deception are against its nature. According to the laws of Uzbekistan, producers of goods must satisfy the demand of consumers for the quality of goods and guarantee the quality of goods. The state controls the implementation of these laws. To have influence. Reputation means being reputable among the people, among entrepreneurs. An entrepreneur must protect his honor, honor the name of the company, not tarnish it, and create a good name. There is a self-management process in entrepreneurship. The state does not interfere in the work of the company, but helps entrepreneurs with economic policies, creates conditions for entrepreneurship through laws. For example, according to the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the state supports entrepreneurship and ensures the inviolability of entrepreneurs' property. The basis of the market economy on different forms of property can be clearly seen in entrepreneurship. All kinds of benefits that bring benefit to a person are definitely someone's property. Only the owner of what no one needs. As the market economy isbased on gathering what is needed and consuming it through the market, it necessarily requires ownership. Property is a form of appropriation of material and household 10

goods by people legally and in a prescribed manner. The procedureof appropriation is determined by property and law; it determines who is the owner, the rules of using the property, state guarantee of the property, etc. Property in our country is managed according to the Constitution of Uzbekistan and the Law "On Property"3 Entrepreneurs are the subject of property and relationship, and a participant in it. The things they acquire as property consist of clothes,buildings, structures, equipment, machines and mechanisms, used goods, scientific ideas, patents, trademarks, etc. These are objects of property and relations. There are three stages of ownership: 1. ownership; 2. usage; 3. disposition. Their integrity affects ownership. The property and status of entrepreneurs are two-fold, firstly, they operate based on their own property, i.e. material resources and purchased goods are their own. Secondly, they are also active by renting other people's property, in which they temporarily own the property and enjoy the property, but they could not dispose of it and manage it. However, in both cases, the owner of the purchased goods remains an entrepreneur. An entrepreneur must benefit from his property, only then his economic interest will be enhanced. An entrepreneur earns money using his property, sells his property at a high price and sees a profit, works on his property and earns money with it, and finally, he leaves his property as a legacy. Good entrepreneur will give a gift to his son. The entrepreneur himselfdecides how to use the property, that is, he chooses the most suitableone. The entrepreneur takes ownership and responsibility for the benefit of his property, that is, the responsibility for the rational use of the property. Entrepreneurship takes place within the framework of various forms of ownership and, depending on the law, its types come to the fore. In the market economy, private property is in the leading position. Private property is property that belongs to aurum people private entrepreneurship. Private property itself 3

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In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Amendments to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Uzbek SSR" dated September 30, 1991 No. 364-XII The words "Republic of Uzbekistan" have been replaced by the words "Republic of Uzbekistan". Also, the words "Qarakalpakistan ASSR", "Qarakalpakstan MSSJ" have been replaced by the words "Karakalpakstan Republic" in the relevant agreement. https://lex.uz/acts/-111466

has two forms: Sole private property is the property of a single person, and an enterprise based on this property is an enterprise owned by a single person. There are also enterprises that belong to the owner, but employ workers, or are operated by the owner himself and his family members. Group - corporate private property - this is the private property of property owners united with each other for a specific purpose. Each owner owns this property not separately, but jointly. Its example is corporations, which in practice are active in the form of a communityof shareholders. This business is carried out within the framework of the corporation. Entrepreneurship is also based on community ownership. This property is the common property of the people who joined the community. Members of the team must contribute to its property.There is also a shareholder rule in this game, but it differs from actuarial in that the owner of the property must work as part of a team. Examples of this are cooperatives, neighborhood and community farms. State property consists of property serving the performance of state tasks, state enterprises and organizations. State unitary enterprises are also engaged in business and make profits. 1.2

Types and forms of business

By active entrepreneur we mean business people who are ableto develop a competitive product, and most importantly, create jobs, support not only themselves and their families, but also benefit the entire society. Economic activities are carried out in different ways. For example, we produce and differentiate various products (bread, clothing, school supplies, cars, etc.) and provide services (home services, education, healthcare, consulting, etc.). Accordingly, based on the characteristics of industries and sectors of the economy, types of business activities differ in the form and content of procedures and methods of their implementation. Entrepreneurial activity is relatively effective in such areas as theprovision of services, intermediary activities, production of consumer goods, and financial transactions. Types of entrepreneurship differ in the focus of entrepreneurial activity, the object of investment andspecific results. 12

The type of business is a system of characteristics that differ in the type of business activity, the area of capital investment and the result of the activity. Before you start a business, you need to choose the type that suits you. Let's say you want to open a small confectionery shop. To do this, you need to have a building, the necessary equipment and supplies, and financial resources. Your confectionery business is called manufacturing. Production entrepreneurship is an activity aimed at the production or provision of services for the purpose of selling to consumers. Manufacturing entrepreneurship also includes service provision. For example, car maintenance, laundry cleaning, advice on various issues, educational services, etc. are among these. The choice of the field of production entrepreneurship is determined by the entrepreneur's financial resources and personal ability. First of all, marketing research is conducted, the market is studied, the degree of need of the offered product to the consumer, the level and change of demand, factors affecting the level of demand, estimated costs and sales volumes are determined. Unfortunately, you may not have enough resources for a manufacturing business. In that case, you can engage in commercial entrepreneurship, which does not require as much production resources and has more working capital. Commercial entrepreneurship is an activity based on commodity- monetary relations and trade-exchange operations, i.e. direct sale of goods and services. Retail and wholesale trade, mediation in the sale of various assets, including real estate, are examples of commercial entrepreneurship. In commercial business, the basic rule is that the selling price of goods is higher than its purchase price. Accordingly, the market situation is thoroughly analyzed before the implementation ofcommercial entrepreneurship. Financial entrepreneurship is an entrepreneurial activity related to the trading of money and securities. The trading of securities (shares, bonds, etc.), currency values, and national currencies is a characteristic of financial entrepreneurship. Also, in order to organize financial activities, it is required to activate the activities of commercial banks, financial and credit 13

companies, funds, currency exchanges and other such special institutions. Life is full of various coincidences and unexpected events. Anyone can unexpectedly lose their health, property due to a natural disaster or an accident. Also, in the conditions of the market economy, the result of nobody's activity is not fully guaranteed, and enterprises may face a financial crisis. The work of business people who strive to achieve success is to ensure that the range of services provided is gradually wider, the manufactured goods are slightly better, or to improve their competitiveadvantages with others. Every year, many businesses fail, but many succeed! Those whoachieve success provide services or offer goods for sale in order to meet the needs of the community operating in their territory. If the enterprise cannot satisfy the needs of the population that is sufficient to support it, then this enterprise will suffer. As the population grows, the need for such enterprises will increase. There are enterprises that do not have the opportunity to expand to meet their needs, or they do not want to do it, besides, as soon as the population centers are growing, there is a need to establish enterprises in these areas. Every family produces several million babies, and "these babies are big business." These babies grow up to be teenagers, students, workers, managers and consumers of tomorrow. Even taking into account deaths, the annual net increase in population is quite large! A businessman does not need to be the best manager or own the biggest store in order to successfully resist the competition. Everything is quite relative. If a man or woman sees a need for a storefor a growing community and starts moving in that direction before others, they will have a significant competitive advantage. If the location of the enterprise is chosen in a convenient way, soon they will find other trading places around them, but even in this case, if the neighbors offer different goods and services, they will be in direct competition. may not face, as a result, the enterprise will continue to grow. It is important to understand that anyone who has the imagination and a certain amount of courage to realize their potential and satisfy their passions can usually succeed in business if they are willing to take risks for a good business. This person has a foundational education, skills and knowledge, and in business in order 14

to reduce the probability of failure, it is necessary to achieve a certainlevel of maturity. Any business is risky. With good education, experience, and common sense, thechances of failure are greatly reduced. There is an element of luck in any business. Income entrepreneurs are very lucky. But you shouldn't just rely on luck! 1.3. The importance of entrepreneurship for society The progress of both individuals and the whole society will be significantly accelerated when the basis of entrepreneurship is considered as fraternity in solving all issues. Since entrepreneurship is the driving factor of economic development, both individuals and the whole society can speed up their actions towards a prosperous life by applying entrepreneurship to both business development and management activities. Individual and community goals. The follow-up to setting goals and achieving them is a sign of the community's maturity and responsibility, as well as the individual's maturity. What goals do people set for themselves in the economy and life? And how successfully are these goals achieved? These are the questions that will be discussed in this article. A full-scale economy is one of the most important goals people set for their economy. The production resources available to us are labor, we want to make full use of natural resources and use them efficiently. To what extent are we achieving the goals of full employment and full-scale production? In fact, 100% of men and women who are able to work and want to work in the society could not expect to be provided with work on a permanent basis. A certain amount - approximately 2% to 5% of the working population is always unemployed. However, if millions of people belong to the category of unemployed without any need, it means thatthey do not contribute to the welfare of their country and do not earn money. Therefore, the goal of full-scale production, which requires full employment and high labor efficiency, is one of the most important goals for our economy. Sustainable growth is the second important goal. We want our economy to be bigger and better from home to home. We evaluate the national production of our goods and services numerically by monitoring the change in the statistical 15

indicator of gross domestic product (GDP). Economic growth is a constant increase in GDP per capita (total GDP divided by population). We strive to achieve a relatively constantgrowth of GDP of 4% to 5% per year without any declines in labor activity or rapid price increases (inflation), or increases in unemployment. Growth in production, employment, and GDP are all very well measured. But when we move on to consider other economic goals, we should think about them based on general assumptions. Freedom of choice is at the top of everyone's list of goals. But what does this mean in concrete terms? Economists argue that freedom of choice is important for consumers, employees, and businesses. Consumer freedom of choice means that consumers can choose the goods they want to buy from a wide range of alternative goods based solely on their needs and preferences. "You can have any size and color hat you want, but it must be a medium size and black!" We were not completely satisfied with the so-called system. Freedom to choose a profession and activity is an important aspect of economic freedom. Men and women want to be able to choose a job that they are passionate about and at the same time get a decent salary andpersonal satisfaction. And finally, we often hear about the importance of "free entrepreneurship". This is an important aspect of freedom of choice. Itallows people to freely organize their own businesses and, as a result, to profit, conveniently use the factors of production. The modern economic system is built on the foundation of this particular type of freedom. Equality of opportunity is the only goal. This is inextricably linked to freedom of choice, as he emphasized that all people should have roughly the same level of freedom - the freedom to exercise their rights as consumers, employees and entrepreneurs. The goal of economic security means that we strive to ensure that members of our economic community have enough money to buy decent food, clothing, shelter, and other necessities. The prevalence of poverty not only shows that our attempts to achieve the goal of economic and security for people have gone in vain, but also raises a serious question about the possibility of achieving the goal of economic and justice in 16

society. Not everyone agrees with the interpretation of the concepts of neutrality and justice in the economy, but everyone understands the importance of setting this goal and doing things aimed at achieving it. There is another important economic goal, which is not limited to the state borders of one country, but spreads to other countries as well. This is the goal of international balance. We want to maintain strong and balanced relationships in the fields of foreign trade and international payments. Failure to achieve this goal may not only cause serious economic problems at home and abroad, but may also increase the likelihood of international tensions that threaten peace. Currently, in the private sector of the economy, entrepreneurship, when performing basic economic tasks, is more efficient than the public sector and the concept that it ensures labor productivity is accepted all over the world. The main part of national prosperity is formed as a result of the activity of enterprises: Goods and services. The main economic task of the enterprise is the production and distribution of goods and services that people are interested in. Entrepreneurs play the role of determining consumer demand and fulfilling all the necessary things to satisfy this demand. Employment. Enterprises are the main creators of "real" jobs, they provide employment for people who need and want to work. The level of paid employment is a very important indicator of national well- being. 3. Income. By creating jobs, the enterprise ensures its income base in the form of wages and salaries of employees, benefits and taxes. 4. Wages and allowances of workers and servants. The issue of providing the opportunity to receive wages and benefits, the point of paying taxes and transferring income (income after taxes) to the consumption fund and financial funds to the consumer savings fund (investment capital) is a very important issue for business. 5. Taxes. It would be impossible for state institutions and services to function without tax collection from individuals and enterprises. 6. Income after taxes. In other words, this income, known as retained earnings, is the income after taxes are paid. It is generated and can be used to purchase consumer goods and accumulate savings. Spending on consumption purposes. Spending money for consumption purposes is necessary not only to satisfy basic 17

needs, but also to create a demand aimed at stimulating the production of goods and services. Personal savings. Personal savings are income not spent on direct consumption expenditures. Investments in production funds. The enterprise finances its investments through reserves, retained earnings, debt, or the sale of the enterprise's assets. And for enterprises that do not work in the field, the use of these sources will be limited. The enterprise will need investment capital to increase production capacity: its technologies, modernization and expansion of production assets. National welfare. A significant part of the means of production, trade and public services, and technological "know-how" necessary tosatisfy our needs originates from the activity of enterprises, that is, as a result of the economic development of privately owned resources. Usually, the entrepreneur faces the following questions:What should be produced? Since 2/3 of the total produced goods and services are concentrated in the consumer goods sector, the consumers of these goods and services are the group that determines what should be produced. Who should it be produced for? "For Whom?" in Economics This question usually determines who has the most money to buy the product produced from the factors of production (resources). In general, the richest people are the owners of prosperous businesses (consumers want their goods and services) and those who are in high demand (businesses need their skills and abilities). How it is to be produced? The answer to this question is given taking into account the needs of the consumer and is achieved through the interaction of enterprises and consumers. For example, "Rolls-Rouse" is a luxuriouscar that is driven with great care and therefore lasts for a long time. But many consumers could not afford to own a Rolls-Royce. Entrepreneurs understand this, and to satisfy the desire of people who cannot afford to buy a Rolls-Rouse, they sell less reliable cars at lower prices.

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II. CHAPTER ASSESSMENT OF COMPETENCE OF ENTREPRENEURS 2.1 Entrepreneurship Expropriation and privatization of enterprises in the process of introducing market relations to the economy is the leading link of economic reforms. As a result of privatization, a layer of private property owners - entrepreneurs, forming the social base and economy of the democratic society, is formed. In our country, the necessary legal framework for the implementation of business activity has been formed and relevant regulatory documents have been adopted. According to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Guarantees of Freedom of Entrepreneurial Activity"4, entrepreneurial activity is an entrepreneurial activity carried out by the subjects of entrepreneurial activity in accordance with the law, at their own risk and under their own responsibility and ownership. Who are the entrepreneurs? What skills and opportunities shouldthey have? Therefore, an entrepreneur is an enterprising person who carriesout his business activity in accordance with the law and aims to profit from his activity at his own risk and under his own responsibility. We can think about how an entrepreneur can evaluate his abilities and work on his possibilities within the framework of some examples. Let's look at this in the case of students who are closest to the student. Before entering a lesson, students always try to assess their knowledge about the lesson. The student's worldview, the interest and familiarity of the subject of the lesson, and the free atmosphere in the auditorium greatlyincrease the opportunities of the students. They try to make the most of these opportunities. Because it was not always possible to see a familiar and interesting topic, a good teacher and a good teacher. In such cases, the students' initial determination and entrepreneurialabilities will fail. It is expedient for people who intend to start a business activity to first evaluate their entrepreneurial skills and start work at the level of their capabilities. When assessing entrepreneurial potential, being able to clearly answer the following questions provides a wide range 4

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Adopted by the Legislative Chamber on February 29, 2012 and approved by the Senate on March 23, 2012. https://lex.uz/docs/-2006789

of possibilities: 1. How do you feel about mass media and reading books? 2. Do you take risks just because it gets on your nerves? 3. Will you be successful in attracting people to work for you? 4. Someone from your acquaintances with the experience oforganizing a business with you discussed? 5. Have you ever been bored with your job? 6. Have you noticed that you are always thinking about things? 7. Did you like school? 8. Do you hesitate to get into the details? 9. Did you do any odd jobs before you were ten? 10. Do you get bored easily? 11. Can you focus on something for a long time? 12. Have you ever learned to make something out of a situation? 13. Do you have a savings account in the bank or other personal funds? 14. Do you think entrepreneurs take too many risks? 15. Do you think that successful entrepreneurs must be highlyeducated? These questions are aimed at assessing the general wellbeing of the entrepreneur. It is recommended that a person ask himself these types of questions before starting a chaotic type of business. 2.2

Aspects of an entrepreneur's character

What should an entrepreneur know and do? First of all, he should know how to carry out entrepreneurial activity, how to act in what conditions, how to solve the obstacles faced by the entrepreneur, and how to achieve success. Organization of entrepreneurial production and he must know how to sell the product, evaluate the specific conditions that arise in the market relations and choose the right one. No one ever taught an entrepreneur what to do and never came to me in difficult situations. Every entrepreneur should believe and believe only in his own strength, knowledge and ingenuity. An important factor in entrepreneurship is the personality and characteristics of the entrepreneur. In order to become an entrepreneur, apart from the external condition, there are only 20

aspectsof personal dependence, without which he could not become a real entrepreneur even if he had full capital, rights and environment. This is his business and commercial ability. Entrepreneurship has a very broad concept. First of all, this is a combination of theoretical and practical knowledge, in which, first of all, it is necessary to know the basis of the economy, namely the market economy. It is known that it is impossible to be an entrepreneur without understanding the economy and understanding the differences of the market. Entrepreneurs are the creators of the market economy. Because they are not just performers, but they are responsible and developers of the market economy, its relations and mechanisms, they are people who expand the understanding of the market, ensure its diversity, and clarify its real situation. It is necessary to sense the market in time, to be able to foresee its situation, to work at the level of tomorrow's demand of the market, to be knowledgeable, sensitive and sharp in all aspects. This is the anticipation of changes in the standard of living of the population, the movement of incomes, the demand of the population of differentclasses, and all the development output means striving to change the commercial activity in accordance with this situation. For this, an entrepreneur needs to be knowledgeable in all aspects. Only then can he be a true businessman. If it is not at the level of modern equipment, technology, organization, knowledge, it will be left behind, it could not withstand the competition and it could not reach a high level as a market participant. An entrepreneur shouldbe able to have the same attitude to all factors, measures, and reality in the field of work, and to keep them all in the center of attention. In addition to these, an entrepreneur must have real human abilities and characteristics, he must be a leader, an organizer, a manager, and a person with the ability to unite many people. In practice, there are many businessmen who connect their personal interests with the interests of the people, perform necessary work for the people at their own expense, and sponsor. Wealthy businessmen-entrepreneurs who are advanced in every way, highly cultured, philanthropic and have a great reputation in front of the people are a common situation, especially in developed and economically advanced countries. A number of factors influence the formation of an entrepreneur - his education, character, family influence, previous work and personal experience, attitude to his work, plans, etc. In the process of forming amarket economy, it is 21

necessary to carry out certain activities in order to have highly qualified entrepreneurs. This means, first of all, adapting the processes of training, teaching and learning. A lot of work is being done in this field in our country, and important changes are taking place in the training of specialists. The exchange of businessmen is expanding, and thousands of people are being sent to study in leading countries. The system of education, training, training of specialists is adjusted based on market demand. One of the characteristics of an entrepreneur is his culture. We can point out the following as the basic signs of entrepreneurial culture: Entrepreneurial culture is the modern organization of cultural factors in all directions (material and spiritual). This is the matching of goals, goals, and tasks for the development of the income elements of this culture. Activity of the entrepreneur within the framework of the current legislation. Entrepreneur's reliance on socio-economic, technical, modernscientific achievements. An entrepreneur should consider his employees and partners as his most valuable people in his activity. An entrepreneur should always look to the future with confidenceand hope and be able to convince others. The importance of corporate culture for an entrepreneur to achieve the goal is indisputable. Managing one's own business in entrepreneurial activity is the development of corporate culture. The stages of corporate culture management of an entrepreneur are as follows: Analysis of cultural development traditions and status. Identifying existing problems in the period under study. Identifying the objective and subjective factors of the problems. Show opportunities and ways to find a solution to the existing problem. Benefit from deeply researched and analyzed opinions. Entrepreneurial activity can be carried out in the form of joint ownership, joint ownership, and individual ownership. However, within the framework of the form of shareholder ownership and the form of collective ownership, it can be implemented depending on the extent to which the opportunities of the private owner are given to employees and managers in matters of initiative, decision-making and responsibility for their own activities. The process of converting trade, domestic service, local industry, and social sector enterprises from state to private was quite difficult. In this case, the first specialization is 22

production. It was carried out according to its departments, on their land, open-type cooperative societies were formed. The implementation of this strategy in our country mainly requires the development of entrepreneurship. Subjects of business activity are legal and natural persons registered in accordance with the regulations established in our republic. 2.3 Entrepreneurship (business) law is a separatearea of law Implementation of market relations in our country, widespread application of its laws to public life is our republic laid the foundation for the development of the economy. Entrepreneurship (business) (hereinafter referred to as entrepreneurship) activity as a driving force of the economy has an important role in this. The law and regulation of their activity, the basics of business are defined as the same for all persons, including foreign businessmen. The "Uzbek model" of development, which was developed by the President of Uzbekistan and is being consistently implemented, showed that reforms should be implemented step by step. The fact that the role and place of business entities, small business and private entrepreneurship is getting stronger and stronger in the development of market relations indicates the positive changes taking place in the structure of our economy. Including: One of the main factors of the development of the country's economy in the conditions of market relations is the development of small business and private entrepreneurship. Market and entrepreneurship are interconnected. Market is a system of relations between production and consumption that ensures the movement of goods and money. Therefore, independent decision-making relations between business entities are realized in the market. The market created broad conditions for the free activity of business entities, provided a free competitive environment, export andimport opportunities based on market laws. So, what are the concepts of "entrepreneur" and "entrepreneurship" and what does it mean? These concepts were first used by the English economist Richard Cantillon in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. In his opinion, an entrepreneur is a person who is active in risky 23

situations. Therefore, he considered the factor of labor and energy as a sourceof wealth that determines the economy and well-being. At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, the famous French economist J.B. Sei (1767-1832) in his book "Treatise on Economics" (1803) defined entrepreneurial activity as the unity of three classic factors of production - money, capital, andlabor. Entrepreneurship is an independent activity of citizens and legal entities based on their own initiative in order to gain profit. Concepts of entrepreneurship and business are interrelated and complement each other. The word "business" is an English word, it is an entrepreneurial activity, or in other words, an entrepreneurial activity aimed at making people profit. Business in the field of entrepreneurship is a profitable economicactivity, and the persons engaged in this activity as businessmen serve to strengthen the country's economy, increase the gross domestic product, and increase the wellbeing of the population. The word businessman (entrepreneur) was used for the first timein the English economy in the 18th century, and it meant "property owner". Entrepreneurial rights and relationships are not only related to the production of goods, performance of work and the provision of services, but also the establishment, establishment and termination of business entities, acquisition of a plot of land for production, acquisition or construction of a building, etc., includes relationships related to the possession of raw materials and equipment. They are relationships that are the subject of entrepreneurial law and are also related to other goals that are not aimed at obtaining direct income. In particular, all activities related to property management, establishment and liquidation of the enterprise, organization and property relations. As the market relations develop more and more, these groups, which give rise to groups of owners and entrepreneurs, participate as an independent subject of business relations as an organizational andlegal form. Most of the property and relations between them are regulated by business legislation. Along with the development of the market economy, the scope of business law and relations is expanding more and more. In particular, enterprises, farmers, farms, banks, stock exchanges, and other similar entities show their own special activity in the field of goods production and service provision. 24

2.4. Business law and types of relations The main part of business relations is the mutual vertical and horizontal relations of business entities. In the field of business law, business relations are divided into three groups. The first group of entrepreneurial rights and relations is entrepreneurial activity directly related to the organization and termination of entrepreneurial activity, production of products,performance of work, and provision of services. The second group of business rights and relations arises from the management and management of business activities betweenbusiness entities and other entities, state bodies. The internal relations of entrepreneurial law and relations are manifested in the form of internal relations between the production structures of each enterprise and association. The elements of entrepreneurial law and relationships consist of the subjects, objects and content of this relationship. It is necessary to distinguish between subjects of entrepreneurial law and subjects of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurship subjectscan be entrepreneurs (legal entities and UATTs), the state or its bodies, participating in entrepreneurship relationships. Classification of business law and relations: absolute rights and relations (property relations); absolute-relative rights and relations (business development,operational management); exclusive rights and relations to carry out one's businessactivity; non-proprietary business rights and relations; Obligatory business law and relations. III CHAPTER. SUBJECTS OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY AND THEIR TYPES 3.1.

The concept of business entities and signs

In order to determine the concept and status of subjects of entrepreneurial activity, first of all, it is necessary to deeply understand the meaning of the concepts of "subject of law" and "subject of civil law". The subject of law is considered a broad legal category, and it includes all participants of social relations who have rights 25

and obligations according to the current legal documents. In turn, each branch of law has its own subjects (in state law plaintiffs and defendants, in labor law - employer and employee, in financial law - taxpayer and tax authority, in criminal procedural law - investigator, investigator, (suspect, defendant, defendant, etc.), business law also has its subjects. All subjects of civil law are represented by the common name "persons". "Persons", in turn, are divided into three groups: the first is citizens (individuals), which includes citizens of the Republic of Uzbekistan, citizens of other countries, as well as stateless persons; the second is legal entities, which includes income. (Commercial organization) or non-commercial organization (non-commercial organization) that has profit as the main goal of its activity, and these organizations are in the form of the Republic of Uzbekistan, foreign or mixed (joint) enterprises. may be; the third is the state, which as a separate entity can participate directly on its ownbehalf, as well as on its behalf, administrative, regional structures, or state bodies. Individuals and legal entities can participate in civil law and relations as entrepreneurs, as well as without having this status. Therefore, subjects of civil law can be considered subjects of business law at the same time. The difference is that in business law and relations, the subject always takes risks, assumes responsibility, and operates with the aim of making a profit. Since the independence of our country, a lot of work has been done to make small business and private entrepreneurship not only a decisive position in the production of domestic product, but also an important factor in increasing the welfare and income of the population and solving the problem of unemployment. In fact, in accordance with our current legal documents, a wide opportunity is being opened for the development of the private sector, and as a result, entrepreneurial activity is spreading its wings. This, in turn, led to the recognition of citizens as subjects of business-legal relations. The current entrepreneurship right is a professional activity ofcitizens and private and state enterprises with all forms of ownership,while the rights of individual and collective entrepreneurs are different.However, state bodies, 26

their officials, as well as other persons prohibited by law from engaging in entrepreneurial activity cannot be subjects of entrepreneurial activity. The participants of this activity can be considered entrepreneurs only if, for the purpose of profiteering, production of goods at risk (performance of work, provision of services) becomes a specialized activity. If a citizen carries out these actions only in special cases (from time to time) with the goal of making a profit, for example, selling his surplus agricultural products or other unnecessary things, or If an agreement is made for the performance of work and a fee is charged for its performance, then this activity is not an entrepreneurial activity, because such relations are regulated by the norms of civil law. Also, citizens who put savings in banking institutions in order to receive interest, and persons who bought securities are not considered entrepreneurs. In general, the subject of entrepreneurial law can be defined as follows: a person who carries out entrepreneurial activity, has his own property, entrepreneurial rights and obligations, can be a claimant and be responsible independently of his activity and protect his rights. different property that can apply to the court for making (acquired the status of a legal entity). enterprises and their structures belonging to the forms and citizens who carry out entrepreneurial activity without establishing a legal entity - citizens with the status of sole entrepreneur, as well as the state and its authorized agencies participating in entrepreneurial rights and relations. Based on the above, the following are the distinctive features of subjects of entrepreneurial law: having passed the state register; that they must have a permit (license) to engage in illegal activities; having their own property; having entrepreneurial rights and obligations: the scope of these rights and obligations is determined by the laws of the Republic of Uzbekistan and by the constituent documents of the entities engaged in this entrepreneurial activity adopted in accordance with them; independent responsibility: responsibility is carried out within the framework of his own property; it is considered that they have the opportunity to protect their violated rights and legal interests through the court. 27

3.2. Classification of subjects of entrepreneurial law In general, subjects of business law can be divided into several types. Classification of entities is based on their form of ownership (for example, based on private property of citizens, collective property or state property), powers (namely, enterprises that directly carry out entrepreneurial activity, (such as entities that perform management), are determined depending on individuals (natural persons and legal entities) and the type of activity (commercial and non-commercialorganizations). A commercial organization is an entity that has profit-making as the main goal of its activity. The rights and conditions of commercial organizations (private enterprises, economic societies, companies)are determined by the Civil Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan and other legal documents. Non-commercial business entities act with a specific goal in mindand do not seek to make a profit. These entities include a public association, a social fund, an institution funded by the owner, and others. Business activity of natural persons In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, natural persons are given the opportunity to have the status of entrepreneurship, and they are also included in the scope of the subjects of entrepreneurship law. In particular, in accordance with Article 24 of the Civil Code, a citizen has the right to engage in entrepreneurial activity as an individual entrepreneur from the date of being registered in the state register. According to section 2 of the book "Business Law" published in 2013, co-authored by Keenan and Riches, the following types ofbusiness entities, i.e. business organizations, are listed in England. Sole proprietorship (the sole trader), partnership, company (the partnership) and company (the company). The sole trader. This activity is performed by a single person. He owns all the property and income. At the same time, he bears all damages and losses. The partnership. There are three types of partnerships. This is also called business technique. Unlimited partnership. In this case, all damages, problems and costs are shared between the partners. Thisis basically called equal partnership. The firm's debt capacity can increase without the partners havingthe opportunity to receive a certain fee. According to the rules of the court, it is not necessary to divide the profit between the partners who do not have rights and status. The 28

basis for partnership is the contract. In this case, the directions of business activity are considered to be agreed. Written contract is not important, oral contract is also important. For example, A. if person B has entered into a partnership agreement with person B, they are equal before the law. The liabilityof the partners is generally not limited. If the company fails to pay its debts, equal partners are obliged to pay. Limited partnership. As a business technique, one can get unlimited partnerships. When one partner has full liability, the liability of the remaining partners may be limited if the firm fails to pay its debts. This means that if the business is in bad shape, the partners themselves may lose their investment. But, could not interfere with theobligations of a partner whose liability is not limited. This type of partnership is usually not widely used. They are used only for collegial investors. Limited liability partnership (LLP). This is one of the last organized types of business activity. It is registered by the registering entity. The property of the enterprise is owned by the legal entity and its members. The enterprise is responsible for all its debts, there is no personal liability between any of the members. If the company goes bankrupt, the partners lose their invested capital, but they do not have any obligations regarding the company's property. The partners agree on this in the partnership agreement, but the law does not force them to agree. Nevertheless, if the enterprise goes bankrupt due to his mistake, the court may impose obligations on him. The LLP's experience so far shows that the LLP Act of 2000 has been widely used by lawyers,accountants and other responsible persons. All sections and provisions of the LLP Act 2000 and other provisions are based on the Companies Act 1985 (UK Companies Act 1985). In November 2007, the government specifically addressed the LLP section of the Companies Act 2006. It is worth noting that LLP is used for the middle business class, although it should be established on the side of large companies. It is clear that now the relevant part of the LLP Law on Enterprises of 2006should be updated5.Sections of the Act should now strike a clear balance between those who wish to join the LLP and the members of the general public. 5

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U. Abdullauev, F. Karimov. Basics of Small Business and Entrepreneurship: 100 Questions and Answers. T., "Labor", 2000.

Companies. Business activity can also be carried out in the form of a registered enterprise. It will be registered by a registration organization in Cardiff based on the registration rules. According to the 2006 law, private enterprises are not required toestablish an enterprise secretariat, but they are not prohibited from doing so if they wish. In a private enterprise, the main conclusions are generally issued by investors and business consultants, that is, special accountants and lawyers. After the implementation of the Companies Act, shares in private companies are limited to a certain extent, and we are responsible for one person. And his partnership is limited to one person. These rules are set out in the 2006 Law on Enterprises. If the business activity is quite large and the enterprise is an opentype limited liability company, it must have a secretariat according to the 2006 law. Individual entrepreneur. The Law "On Guarantees of Freedom ofEntrepreneurial Activity" adopted in July 2012, as amended, broadensthe scope of business entities. And they are small business entities, including individual entrepreneurs who do business without establishing a legal entity. was also strengthened as a small business entity. According to the law, every citizen is an entrepreneur is not considered, but only citizens who have passed the state register and obtained the status of an entrepreneur in the prescribed manner can be recognized6. Self-employment is an independent activity by an individual entrepreneur, without the right to hire employees, on the basis of property owned by him, as well as other activities that allow him to own and (or) use property. is carried out on the basis of law. Individual entrepreneurs who carry out craft activities have the right to hire up to five apprentices for the sale of goods (execution of work, provision of services) by paying them appropriate fees. An individual entrepreneur has the right to use personal and work document forms, seals, and stamps when performing his activities, the texts of which must testify that the person in question is an individual entrepreneur. 6

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A.K. Shikhov. Strakhovany. Fly away. Posobie dlya vuzov. M., "YuNITIDANA", 2001 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_hPy_1iZTU6hYJc3MJ8P2xNKSMIlH2HfFM-JDGCPWE/edit

In cases where one of the spouses uses the general and joint property of the spouses to carry out a sole proprietorship, unless otherwise stipulated by the law, the marriage contract, or a separate agreement between the spouses, the husband's (wife's) consent. is required. So, when it comes to the forms of business entities without establishing a legal entity, it should be noted that the law has strengthened them in the following manner. A sole proprietorship, without the right to hire employees, on the basis of property owned by him, as well as property sole proprietorship, which is carried out independently on the basis of the property that belongs to him due to the ownership and (or) other rightsthat allow him to use it; family business carried out by them on the basis of joint property of the spouses; An ordinary company, which is an obligation of two or more individual entrepreneurs to contribute and work together without forming a legal entity in order to obtain profit or achieve another goal that is not contrary to the law; establishing a farm without establishing a legal entity. A person must be at least 18 years of age to carry out business activities without establishing a legal entity (passing through the state register). The basis of individual entrepreneurship and family business activity, the state of formation of property differ from each other. An individual entrepreneur is entitled to own property only on the basis of property rights, as well as other rights that allow him to own and (or) use property. if it is active on the basis of property, the family business is carried out on the basis of common and joint ownership. Family and business Today, in the experience of developed countries, small business and private entrepreneurship are recognized as the most effective means of ensuring socio-economic stability, and an important factor inincreasing the employment and income of the population. In our country, since the first years of independence, the necessary regulatory and legal framework for the effective activity of industry representatives has been created and regularly improved by our state. It is worth noting that the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Family Business" on April 26, 2012 provided additional opportunities and conveniences to 31

citizens who expressed a desire to engage in entrepreneurship7. When it comes to family and entrepreneurship, the issue of law and regulation of relations that arise in cases where one of the spouses takes advantage of the joint property of the spouses is important. In this case, the husband's (wife's) consent is required, unless otherwise stipulated in such laws, marriage contract, or separate agreement between the spouses. If this consent is notarized, and if it is agreed to dispose of the property, the information related to this property must be recorded. 3.3.

Implementation of business activity by the state

As the President of our country noted, "If the role of the state in the field of management is denied, it will be difficult to ensure the transition of the economy from the administrative system to the market principles. It is self-evident that the concept of market relations will be strengthened and reforms will not be reversed. As it is provided, the influence of the state will decrease accordingly. From this point of view, the state prepares plans to change all spheres of economy and social life and undertakes to ensure itsconsistent implementation. This makes it possible to manage and regulate the economy under the market conditions with the help of the state, and to solve social and economic problems directly within the framework of law and tools. The state has specific features of business law subjects. As a subject of entrepreneurial law, the state at the same time differs from other subjects of entrepreneurial law. This is evident in the fact that in his activity, the implementation of leadership is more important than entrepreneurial activity. When entering into state economic relations, it was not required to obtain a permit to carry out its activities like other entities. At the same time, the management of the economy on the basis of legally binding normative documents is one of its characteristics.

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Makhmudov E.Kh., Isakov M.Yu. Business planning. Study guide - Tashkent: Economy, 2019

Failure to include the state in the list of subjects of business law would cause many ambiguities in solving issues related to business activity, and confusion about the need to regulate these issues with the norms of the field of law. We will try to analyze the specificfeatures of the state as a subject of business law one by one. According to our current laws, there are private and public forms of property. Public property consists of state property, which consists of two types of property: property of the Republic of Uzbekistan and municipal property. The state of Uzbekistan carries out business activities on the basis of these property objects. The state, through its bodies, gives these properties to enterprises for entrepreneurial activity, and itssubsidiary enterprises are formed. At the same time, the issue of expropriation and privatization of these enterprises, as well as their liquidation, has been brought under the authority of the state, which is the direct owner, of its special bodies. A special state-owned object is a state creditor in terms of taxes, duties and other obligations and payments that fall to the state treasury on behalf of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Also, he is responsible for the contracts concluded on behalf of the state at the expense of treasury funds. The authority of the state is a management activity in relation to business entities. The state, as a subject acting on behalf of the people, exerts its influence on business entities on a general basis by issuing laws, in which it participates in business relations based on the nature of statetasks, including its activity as a business entity. Based on their needs, they will be able to solve issues such as material and technical support, investment, etc. This type of activity is not similar to the directive acts that used to be the form of economic administration and management of the state,but at the same time that the state performs the entrepreneurialactivity on the basis of freedom in order to fulfill the huge task of satisfying the material and moral needs of people, calculating, financing, it does the job of regulating institutions like tax, entity privileges, and they appear as a single program.

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For example, regulation of the activity of entities is carried out through the adoption by the state of laws in the field of economy. The method of state regulation of business activity is carried out on a general and individual basis. If the general basis is law-making, then on a separate basis it has its influence on the subjects of business activity in various fields, i.e. it regulates various aspects of economic activity. For example, the supply and purchase of agricultural products for state needs is seen as a subject through the adoption of laws on environmental issues and nature protection in the interests of the budget. If we pay attention to the content of the influence of the state in the business activity, then we witness the activity of creating and canceling entities engaged in business activity, controlling the regulation of business activity. Based on the above, the following forms of state business regulation can be distinguished: 

issuance of normative legal documents;



state orders;



government contract;



documents defining state regulation.

As for the normative documents, these are mainly understood as documents that do not allow the direct realization of any goods, as well as those that provide for carrying out activities based on a permit. These documents can create, change and cancel the right. The documents that create rights can include licensees that give privileges or permits, as well as grants, subsidies, and loans are included in this group of documents. The documents that change the rights can include the documents of environmental protection bodies aimed at limiting the activity of enterprises.

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Documents that revoke rights include control documents. In order to limit the state interference in business activity, the development of entrepreneurship is limited within the control bodies, and the strict terms of their control are also set. One of the ways that the state, as a subject of entrepreneurial law, can influence the economy is by organizing a market mechanism in which monopolization is possible. Protection of the rights of each subject through the tax system, guaranteeing economic freedoms. 3.4.

Entrepreneurs as leaders

Entrepreneurs are responsible for setting goals and developing business plans for their businesses. Employees invest a lot in the implementation of these plans and the achievement of goals. Therefore, it is an important task of an entrepreneur to educate and maintain the logic and principles of the problem. Leadership characteristics should be developed during the development process of an entrepreneur, because initially these characteristics are different for different people. Knowing that you are responsible for your ability to be a leader motivates you to strive for excellence. There is no single best way to be a leader. Entrepreneurs are people who develop their personality and leadership factors. There are usually three factors of leadership: An "iron fist" or autocratic leader is one who makes decisions and assigns tasks without consulting the group members. "Let's vote" or democratic leaders are those who give groupmembers the right to vote for decision-making8. "Don't touch my soul" or less demanding leaders are those who leave all decision-making to the group members. A mixture of these methods is characteristic of many leaders, this group depends on the composition and situation. In the business world, leaders have two basic responsibilities: responsibility for the fulfillment of tasks "it is necessary to do so that the work must be completed", as well as responsibility for people and maintaining logical principles. Entrepreneurs usually know how to effectively motivate their employees. Most entrepreneurs encourage others with their 8

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National innovation system of Uzbekistan. Assessing potential and performance. T., Institute of Forecasting and Macroeconomic Research, PROON in Uzbekistan, 2011

hard work, but this factor of leadership is not always considered good. Entrepreneurs with strong interpersonal relationships are more likely to be successful motivators. When motivating employees, managers can use the following strategies: Build self-esteem in employees. Build self-confidence by praising employees for their accomplishments, showing that employees are expected to do their best. Provide information to employees. Try to convey information about what needs to be done to the employees. A high level ofcommunication within the enterprise has an important place in achieving success. Distribute authority and responsibility. A good leader can delegate authority and responsibility as needed. Keep in touch. Rely on your leadership role to maintain a personal relationship with all employees. Apply the principle of reinforcing success. It is necessary to encourage the behavior that is considered to be in line with the goal, and usually the employees are motivated by the incentive of thebehavior. Don't incentivize behavior that isn't in line with the goal, and employees will abandon the behavior that isn't being encouraged. Learn to be an active listener. This layer ensures the establishment of communication (the speaker must feel that his interlocutor is listening attentively). Set clear goals. These goals should be clear, understandable and measurable, and should be reviewed periodically. Take corrective action. When income encounters negative indicators in employee activity, talk to him individually. Never criticize an employee in public. To a certain extent, leadership is a situation in which an entrepreneur finds its reflection in a relationship based on the method "it must be done so that the work must be done". A leader is usually willing to accept a request that combines great risk and great opportunity. A leader fully understands the task to be performed and is ableto identify the time and innovative ways to perform this task. In orderto maintain high moral standards, it is necessary to follow the good rule of the following leaders: "Treat people the way they treat you, if you want them to be, then behave like that." Keep in touch. Rely on your leadership role to maintain a personal relationship with all employees. 36

Apply the principle of reinforcing success. It is necessary to encourage the behavior that is considered to be in line with the goal, and usually the employees are motivated by the incentive of thebehavior. Don't incentivize behavior that isn't in line with the goal, and employees will abandon the behavior that isn't being encouraged. Learn to be an active listener. This layer ensures the establishment of communication (the speaker must feel that his interlocutor is listening attentively). Establish clear objectives. These goals should be clear, understandable and measurable, and should be periodically reviewed. Take remedial action. When Aurum encounters negative employee performance, talk to the employee individually. Never criticize an employee in a public setting. To some extent, leadership is a situation in which the entrepreneur is reflected in a relationship based on the "it must be done to accomplish the task" method. The leader is usually willing to accept a request that combines great risk and great opportunity. The leader fully understands the task to be accomplished and is able to determine the timing and innovative ways to accomplish the task. To maintain high moral standards, a good rule of thumb for the following leaders should be followed: " You must handle people the way they handle you". The state played a decisive role in creating conditions for entrepreneurs. In today's market economy conditions for the development of entrepreneurship should be created. What are these prerequisites? There are a few basic rules to follow:  a policy aimed at a market economy based on sound lawand administrative order;  development of training programs for entrepreneurs; State support of entrepreneurship, which ensures that even smallenterprises can be found. The main goal of legislation on small business is to create 37

favorable economic, legal and organizational conditions for the formation of its infrastructure that ensures its effective growth. The characteristic of a small entrepreneur is his priority for industrial production during the crisis. The Small Business Development Assistance Fund (Business Fund), established by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, is the most important financing tool. In addition to the collection of funds allocated from the budget of the fund, proceeds from the privatization of state and municipal property, discretionary contributions of private and natural persons, income from the issuance and privatization of the state and municipal property. Business support provided funds for programs, projects and activities aimed at development. The main objectives of the business fund are as follows:  to support the implementation of the state policy on the step-by-step development of market relations with the support of small businesses in priority directions;  formation of infrastructure elements (banking, information, insurance, leasing, etc.) that help to create the marketinfrastructure of small business;  international financial and public organizations and foundations, corporations, agencies, representative offices, offices, private, legal and physical in the issues of allocating their own funds for the support and developmentof small business, private entrepreneurship and attracting foreign investments is to ensure mutual cooperation between individuals and business structures. The main tasks of the business fund: to provide funding to small businesses and private entrepreneurship structures to fill the republic's commodity markets, toreplace imported goods and to expand the place of exported goods,to create jobs there; support of innovative activity of small business and private business structures, competitive advantage promoting the development and production of new types of products; Creation of a data bank in the Republic of Uzbekistan and 38

provision of information rights and services for the organization and development of business; It consists of allocating financial resources for projects and programs aimed at expanding the production and services of small businesses and private enterprises. "Madad" insurance agency works in direct cooperation with the business fund. The state is its co-founder and has taken over the financing of the large risk associated with lending to the activity of small and medium-sized enterprises9. "Madad" insurance agency’s tasks are:  expert evaluation and selection of programs and projects of small and medium-sized businesses and development with international financial organizations with the aim of allocating financial resources for their implementation;  implements the development of a control mechanism over the effective funding of business structures from the funds allocated from the Business Fund;  company;

level according to the fund program of the

 relevance, urgency, reality, competitiveness of the plan, in accordance with the region's interests, the perfection of theplan's budget and schedule (such cycle) determine the financial basis of the plan;  insures the risk implementation of contracts.

associated

with

the

Measures of state support for small and private entrepreneurshipare carried out in the following forms: legal and legal support; organization and supply; creation of material and technical conditions development of entrepreneurship; financing and credit provision; providing business with insurance; providing the business branch with personnel; 9

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D. S. Kidwell, R.L. Peterson, Besquale. A financial institution is like a market. SPb., "Peter", 2000.

for

the

-

economic support of foreign economic activity; provision of information and advice; social and spiritual support of entrepreneurship, etc.

IV CHAPTER. SKILLS ENTREPRENEURSHIP

NECESSARY

FOR

4.1. Entrepreneurial abilities The skills necessary for successful entrepreneurship are very important in the formation of an entrepreneur. There are three basic skills necessary for successful entrepreneurship. They can be definedas follows: to have the necessary amount of knowledge; use a set of skills; having a set of personality traits. We will consider them in order. Knowledge was defined as the volume of accumulated information that can be recalled at any time.In a business context, it can be difficult to have (or become familiar with) information about aspects such as the following: -

opportunities opening up in business; market; consumers; competitors; production processes; technical details; business management; sources of performance.

But knowing the field of human activity, such as business or entrepreneurship, is still the key to success in organizing and managing your own enterprise. Just as learning or studying information about flying, driving, or swimming, for example, is not sufficient for you to fly, drive, or swim ina pool. Skills were defined as the ability to use knowledge; they can be acquired or developed through practical activities, for example, by practicing flying, driving a car, or swimming. In a 40

business context, a distinction can be made between technical and managerial skills. Knowledge and skills are much easier to learn and can be developed on your own. On the contrary, it takes some time to develop certain personality traits; they were not easily changed or quickly achieved. Personal qualities (characteristics) are defined by psychologists as a set of personal characteristics that make up the uniqueness of a person. These 14 personality traits of an entrepreneur are listed below: -

A successful entrepreneur: initiative; sees opportunities and realizes them; diligent; personally searches for information; is concerned about quality improvement; achieves full fulfillment of contracts;

focused on improving efficiency; regularly plans its activities; solves problems with original solutions; demonstrates self-confidence; takes calculated risks; intense; inspires confidence; uses strategies to bring others under his influence. These qualities are briefly described below. A person who does not possess all three of these abilities (knowledge, skills, personality and qualities) will have more difficulty in successfully managing his enterprise in relation to his business than a person who has these abilities. What can happen if a person has a theory? Only knowledge and skills It is extremely doubtful that a person with only knowledge and skills will survive long in business, even if he manages to start his ownwork at all. For example, without having a certain personality and qualities, when a person is faced with a serious problem, he may show less determination, in which case he may not see 41

opportunities and fail to realize himself. Then, but he is a responsible participant, because he can generally refuse the risk (even if it is calculated) and get a comfortablejob. A person who has only knowledge and entrepreneurial qualities,if he does not have technical skills, may not be able to find something better to use these skills. A walkie-talkie can determine that he's probably very vulnerable because he's so dependent on strangers. The solution to this problemmay be finding a partner with the right skills or engaging people. A future entrepreneur who has the necessary skills and entrepreneurial qualities, but does not have knowledge, can establish his own enterprise. But in a competitive environment, the lack of knowledge or at least not knowing, for example, consumers, the market (including the traditions that are developing in the market), can eventually lead to a crisis. Information is very important for any business that wants to grow successfully. For a long time, the idea that you need to have an innate ability to be an entrepreneur has prevailed for a long time. But now, in the conditions of the market economy, many recognize that anyone can be an entrepreneur. So, what should be done for this? It is difficult to give a complete answer to this question. However, according to a number of scientists, including Y. Abdullauev and F. Karimov, a modern entrepreneur should have the 10 qualities listed inthe article. Honesty and truthfulness. These concepts are the basis of entrepreneurship and a prerequisite for obtaining honest profits and establishing good relations at work. An entrepreneur is the one who knows the difference between halal and haram, first of all there must be a person to go to. The reason is that the more honestly an entrepreneur works, the higher the quality of his products, the higher his position in the market,the more expensive his products will be. Because everyone trusts honest entrepreneurs. Obligation, unconditional fulfillment. When an entrepreneur keeps his word, keeps his promise and fulfills the assigned tasks, his work will be successful. Fulfillment of one's word includes the fulfillment of complex and simple verbal tasks (going somewhere at the appointed 42

time) specified in the agreed contract. A promise must be fulfilled under any circumstances. A true businessman should not deceive his client (competitor). Completing the task late on time is also a sign of failure. Being responsible. A real entrepreneur is responsible for his actions with his own money or resources. If he is guilty, he must correct his mistake and compensate for the damage. Be respectful to others when dealing with them. An entrepreneur should treat others in such a way that others respond to him in the same way. Obey the law. Everyone who wants to become an entrepreneur must obey the law and other rights and documents, and must comply with them. Deviation from the requirements of the law means violating the law, violating law and order, and ultimately the interests and relationships protected by the state. Great Sakhibgiron Amir Temur also preached in his tuzuks that "...following the relevant order and law serves as the basis and foundation of my destiny and achievements"10. To be generous and generous. Giving to the people is the greatest virtue. A generous, generous businessman, such a person, will share in advance without asking for anything. Being honest. Honesty is the ability and ability to act according to the command of justice and conscience, in dealing with people: honesty, correctness, equality, sincerity, truthfulness. Being restrained and patient, not giving in to passions. Some hasty businessmen fall into the pit of regret due to their haste, and those who rush into work without thinking get drowned in a whirlpool of troubles. Intelligent, experienced and restrained businessmen take the initiative and patience as their brothers, they decorate their thoughts with hints and advices of the wise, and they give thempeace. They are wary of rashness and haste. Adhering to the ethics of service. Above all, treat the government with respect. Take the socio-economic and political situation of the state as your main weapon and attack them. Know that respect for government and adherence to the ethics of service are the two locomotives that drive business success. To be an expert in one's work. We live in such a time that only a specialist, a master of his work gets respect. So be an expert. 10

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M. Rasulov. Fundamentals of market economy. T., "Uzbekistan", 1999

If you don't have to work in the Gaussian field, definitely try to be the first. The question arises: how can it be achieved? There is only oneanswer, and even if it is, you need to work hard and constantly work on yourself. Work brings genius. The son of maturity is diligence. 4.2 Basic factors of successful organization of a small enterprise Knowing the factors that determine success allows the participants not only to evaluate themselves in terms of their ability to do business and from the point of view of the present time, but also tothink and gather the necessary things to solve the issue of self-employment independently also allows. It is emphasized that the formation of an entrepreneur's businessin a free market economy is the most important part of this process. He takes initiative and risk in establishing and organizing his business. It should be noted that all four factors or components of this structure should be under the control of the entrepreneur, that is, the presence of two or even three components are not the best recipe for success. Attention should be paid to having all four components and developing them. The entrepreneur is the most important figure in the organization of a small enterprise. He assumes the initiative and risk inestablishing and (or) managing a business that provides these values to potential buyers. There are no simple formulas or recipes for success in setting up an effective small business. Success enables consistent action by mobilizing the necessary resources and taking the inherent risk to create something interesting for consumers in the pursuit of realizing and realizing market opportunities. depending on the availability of special abilities. But regardless of what has been said above, the following components of the MQG'R model are critical to success: -

44

interest and persistence; availability of skills; existence of a business and a relevant market; availability of resources.

There should be a plan to implement the components listed above. In addition, it is necessary to manage the enterprise from the moment it is established. How to become an entrepreneur? How can I build a successful business? People often ask such questions. If you know the answers to these questions, then you are an instant multimillionaire you have the opportunity to become and become a person known to the whole world. Unfortunately, there are still no simple answers or recipes in this regard. However, as it is known from book sources, observations and experience, it is necessary to mobilize the necessary resources in order to create something interesting for consumers in order to create something that will be interesting for consumers in the process of realizing success, opportunities that have opened up in the market, and similar to this. depends on the presence of special abilities that allow for consistent action by taking risks. This is the essence of entrepreneurship in a business context. The entrepreneur is the most important part of the whole process. He assumes the initiative and risk in establishing and (or) managing a business that provides these values to potential buyers. The entrepreneur's ability to successfully carry out this work depends on four factors, namely interest, ability, ideas and resources.This is an abbreviated expression of the factors. Below, their original content is listed in turn: Goua and the market. An important factor that should be determined here is the quality of the proposed event, product, or service. In other words, a person, good, or service is capable of obtaining these and is able to acquire or purchase them in sufficient quantities to make the whole unit logical (in an economic sense). Can it satisfy the needs and desires of consumers? Indeed, if what is intended to be presented is better and more attractive than what is currently on the market, how will the competitors react to it? Interest and determination. It is widely recognized that in order toensure prosperity, a person or a group of people must have a strong interest and full determination to organize an enterprise and make it successful.

45

This is reflected, for example, in how diligent they are in overcoming the difficulties they may face, how diligently they gather information, and how they act to realize the opportunities that have opened up. Commitment to work and ability to work (quality, efficiently, for a long time), previous attempts to establish one's own enterprise and support from family and partners - proof of interest and determination will have additional characters. Abilities One important issue is that the future entrepreneur and other persons related to him must acquire the necessary knowledge, technical and management skills from the point of view of managing the enterprise and implementing the project. It is a question of whether he has the skills or not. One way to compensate for the lack of skills in this area is to build a team of people with the necessary skills or buy the services of such people. Resources. Finally, the level of the future entrepreneur's ability topurchase and mobilize resources in the area depends not only on the activity of the established enterprise. Not only affects its development, but also, in rare cases, the possibility of establishing it in general. Examples of resources are capital, cash, materials, equipment, and labor. The availability of infrastructure (for example, electricity, telephone lines, cables, etc.) and supporting services can also be very important. Business plan. A plan may be required to ensure the implementation of the four components of the business idea outlined above. In business, this plan is called a business plan. In general, the basis of a business plan should reflect four components, namely: critical -

Is the business idea, plan, or enterprise at the stage ofimplementation at a specific point in time? what are you going to do? How do you want to do all this with your son? feasibility of the plan.

Additional information on how to create a business plan can be found in Chapter 8 of the training manual.

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Organization and management. A business needs to be active, and for that to happen, it needs effective management. At the stage oforganization of the enterprise, there may be rights that must be fulfilled before the start of its activity, or other requirementsestablished by the law. In these cases, it is necessary to seek advice from professionals such as lawyers, accountants and (or) staff from small business support agencies. It is necessary to manage the enterprise itself and the processes that take place in it, the efficiency of the enterprise's activity, this management, including attracting and dealing with consumers, cash and financial management, marketing, working with employees, suppliers work with, quality management and control system - depends on how well it is organized. More information on how to set up and run a business can be found in Chapters 7 and 8. V CHAPTER. MODERN MANAGER, SUPERVISORY LABOR ORGANIZATION 5.1. Modern manager, fundamentals of organization of managerial work A manager is a qualified specialist who has received special attention, has thoroughly mastered the secrets of management, laws and regulations. A manager is a general manager and belongs to a special social class. Managers, directors, leaders, heads, administrators and managers who have the executive authority of companies, firms, enterprises, banks, financial institutions are called managers. Managers are divided into three categories according to the management level: Senior managers. Middle managers. Associate stage managers. Senior managers are engaged in determining the perspective of the company and developing important measures for its future. In short, the company develops a plan and implements it. 47

Middle managers are involved in the management of various aspects of the company's activities, such as production, sales of goods, pricing, financial activities, acquisition of goods, application of technology, labor organization, etc. Managers at different levels are responsible for organizing work at different levels, for example, shop, department, brigade, and performing daily, weekly, and weekly tasks. True, we can say that the management of the enterprise is the direct responsibility of the owner. But you don't need to be a property owner to manage. In this regard, it is appropriate that the conductor who controls the orchestra does his work even if he is not the ownerof the musical instruments. The task of management is performed by a manager who is appointed by the owner of the enterprise, but acts on behalf of the owner. As economic relations become more complex, the demand for manager's services increases, and a special social class of managers, who are masters of their work, has a special social status. The manager receives the highest salary among the employees because he is responsible for the company's health and safety. In performing management functions and public production, amodern manager: 1. leader-manager; leader-diplomat; 2. leader-coach, educator; leader-person; 3. manager-entrepreneur; 4. as a leader-innovator, he goes to the field. Each manager has his own style of management. Style means a specific way of working and managing. From this point of view, it is necessary to distinguish between the following concepts: management style; work style; the leader's work style. Management style is a set of ways and methods of solving problems that arise in the management process. Work style is a set of methods and tools of a specific and relatively stable influence on subordinates of a body or leader in order to effectively perform management functions. For example: working style of the country's governing bodies; working style of the ministry, committee, governors; 48

working method of court, prosecutor's office; the working method of the enterprise, workshops; working style of income leaders and Cartel Management bodiesand leaders at different levels and levels of management have different working styles. From this point of view, work style is a very versatile concept. The leader's work style is his unique attitude in the management process and in solving this problem. When a leader makes a decision, organizes its implementation and supervises the work of subordinates, he acts in accordance with his duties. However, each leader acts in this way in his own way, in the management process, inways that are suitable for him and determine his leadership style. Just as no two people are exactly the same, no two leadership styles are exactly the same. The style of leadership is formed in the relationship of leaders with their subordinates, in their mutual relations11. 5.2.

Management and organizational aspects of smallbusiness activity.

Business administration12 (English: Business administration) isthe science of business activity management. The state of management has an impact on production efficiency, technical and technological level, and the quality of labor force. The content of the management science is the interaction between the managementsystem and the management object, and its main task is to study the modern methods of management, the secrets of the art of leadership. What is management? Management is the process of selection, decision-making and control over its implementation. Its main goal is to train highly qualified managers who can work at all levels in the conditions of market relations. Management is related to socio-economics, socio-law, cybernetics and other disciplines. Management is closely related tothe science of economics and theory. The principles of management were developed by Teulor's contemporary, the French scientist Henri Fauol. He divides all operations carried out in the enterprise into six groups (technical, commercial, financial, protection of property and persons, accounting, administration), and includes management in 11

Olmasov. Management and business fundamentals. T., "Labor", 1997. Business administration - (English: Business administration) — the science of managing business activities. The state of the management sector affects the 12

49

the 6th group. The object of management or management is theactivity of the enterprise, and its subject is the agencies and their employees performing management work. Qualified specialists who have a special interest in management and have a deep knowledge of the rules of management professional managers - managers are engaged in management. They are separate constitutes a social layer. Management has top (developing the company's strategy), middle (production, sales, pricing, labor organization), and management (organization of work within the workshop, department, managing the execution of daily, weekly, and monthly work assignments). Accordingly, managers are divided into senior, middle and junior managers. To act well in the psychology of market relations 13, as well as in the psychology of people, to be able to work correctly with people, to communicate with them - all these are the professions of modern business. Management specialization allows you to focus your knowledge on the most important aspects and nuances of business development. With this profession, you will learn a lot of knowledge about the basics of business management, such as laws, organizing business activities, Internet business technologies, paper documents, economics and business basics. You can get this specialization both part-time and full-time. At the end of the training, the small business management specialization willhelp management to overcome problems at any stage of development. In addition, you will gain knowledge of all kinds of legal and organizational forms in these areas of activity - commercial and non- commercial, state and municipal. In addition, you can formulate your own business ideas, create and develop a business plan, analyze, calculate the cost of products, create financial reports, account for costs, and develop activities. Management, unlike general management, focuses on specific titles and job responsibilities within a business unit. As a result, people working in business management tend to focus more on roles related to the business domain. There are many departments in the field of business that people who are involved in business management are interested in studying things such as finance, accounting, marketing and economics are examples of these fields.

13

Market relations - a system of social and economic measures aimed at ensuring the transition to a market economy of the state, a part of economic reforms.

50

5.3. Management of enterprise power, learning to managethe competitiveness of goods, using them in practice. The success of any entrepreneurial activity is the correct management of the employees of the enterprise (here, the enterprise is understood as a firm, concern, company, jointstock company, cooperative, lease, small enterprise and other business units) which is an element of the management structure in foreign business. depending on the chosen strategy. Choosing a strategy depends on several factors: the size of the company's business; how high is the level of competitiveness of the enterprise; what is its market share and whether it is a leader, a competitor or a laggard; the company has set several goals for itself - strengthening leadership, joining the ranks of leaders, strengthening "in the middle" or avoiding a crisis. According to the set goals, the enterprise chose this or that strategy of market behavior. In this case, the enterprise resourcemanagement technology itself includes the following stages: 1) The structure of the dynamics and efficiency of the company'sbusiness environment, estimate its market share; 2) assessment of the competitiveness of the enterprise; 3)

analysis of business reserves and losses;

4) strategies and tactics for increasing the competitiveness of theenterprise choose; 5) the company's strategy based on the chosen strategy andtactics conducting activities to increase competitiveness. Therefore, in market conditions, management of the enterprise's performance, depending on its nature, consists of managing its competitiveness (evaluating and analyzing the factors that increase or decrease the competitiveness of the enterprise's performance, as well as choosing appropriate strategies and tactics to achieve this intended goal). In order to choose the right strategy, the manager needs to knowwhat the economy consists of. 51

The economic efficiency of any enterprise is a complex of resources (labor, material, intangible, financial, etc.) at the disposal of the enterprise and the ability of its employees and managers to use the resources for the purpose of producing goods and services and obtaining greater income. The economic performance of the enterprise is defined by four basic signs. The first symptom. The economy and efficiency of the enterprise - its economy and real possibilities in this or that field of activity aredetermined at once. On top of that, there are not only opportunities that have been implemented, but also opportunities that have not been implemented for some reason. The second symptom. The possibilities of any enterprise mostly depend on its available resources and reserves (economic, social)that have not been used in production. Therefore, the company's productivity is determined by the amount of resources and reserves, both involved in production and not involved, but transferred to it. The third sign. Personal and foreign experience convinces us that it is necessary to have resources for success in any business, butit is still not enough. It makes sense that we can equal and even surpass the United States in terms of resources! What about production results? What about Americans and our standard of living? No matter how small it may seem, you need to know how to use theavailable resources. Cartel This is the first priority in any business. The manager should not forget that the competence of the enterprise is defined not only by the opportunities and resourcesavailable in it, but also by its ability to use them for the purpose of producing goods and services and obtaining greater profits. This is why there has been no concept that unites all these four signs in the theory and practice of foreign business, i.e. "economic efficiency" of enterprises. In the course of technological progress in the West, the main priority was capital: machines, tools, equipment and other types of material resources, due to the end of the possibilities of obtaining great results from the technical factor, the main focus is on human capital, as well as on the abilities of employees, on the full use of their personal competence. This strategy has brought huge profits to the company even when all other technical possibilities seem to have been 52

exhausted. Therefore, the model of the economy and welfare of a successfulfirm today looks like this: human capital base capital working capital economy and welfare of the firm. Western businessmen see the "key" to the success of any business activity in all the mentioned elements of economic development, and above all in the coordination of human capital and capital. In this regard, we present the opinion of Lee Wacock, who has a great reputation in business circles, as evidence. He continues as follows: "All economic operations can ultimately be reduced to three words: people, products, income. People come first. "If you don't have a reliable team, there's very little you can do about the other factors." Traditionally, in foreign business, personal capital has been taken into account only partially and not directly (in the form of labor costs in the structure of working capital), therefore, at the same time, personal capital is an independent key factor in the development of production will be Foreign businessmen who know how to count money have admitted in their experience that human input (skill improvement, education, health care, spending on free time and recreation at the company's expense) increases income and increases competitiveness. The model of enterprise economy has not been demanded by practice for a long time. The model shown in our underdeveloped business even if there are enterprises that feel the need to use income elements. For example, the "Plastik" cooperative provided free lunches for employees, the duty of doctors at the expense of the cooperative, andthe construction for its employees with partial payment of their price. In addition, the cooperative allocates part of the money for their activities. However, our companies still dream of using the economic model as a whole. In foreign business, economic models are widely used in addition to others. For example, humanitarian, innovative, scientific and technical and financial models. The economic model of any enterprise is determined as follows: with the size and quality of the resources available in it (the number of people employed in the main production and non- production funds, circulating funds and material reserves, financial and intangible resources - patents, licenses, information, technologies); 53

the ability of employees (specialists, workers, assistants) to manufacture a certain product, in other words, with their educated, qualified, psychophysiological and motivational skills; the manager's ability to use available resources in the enterprise (with the ability, talent and professional adaptation of the manager, the ability to understand and update the organizationalstructure of the enterprise); with innovative capabilities (i.e. stimulating production of the enterprise, with the ability to exchange technologies and Cartel); with informational capabilities (the method of developing and "additional processing" for use in the production of information from them); financial capabilities (enterprise competitiveness, internal and external debt in the financial sector) and others. Having enough reliable information, the company can select the most important and stable requirements of the market ("invisible hand") and use not only technological policies when choosing priority measures to increase the competitiveness of its industry literate classification, but is able to choose the most reliable and first among them. Of course, there is an element of risk in any assessment. 5.4. Training of managerial personnel and effective use ofthem in managing the economy. The key to the effective operation of any modern organization is the employees, because the business results directly depend on their level of knowledge, skills, motivation, professional and personal qualities. Modern changes in the organization of production and business processes due to the impact of scientific and technical development have placed demands on the level of knowledge of employees and their professional competence at all levels of the management hierarchy. Science has recognized that the amount of knowledge generatedin the world community doubles every two to three years. The development of technology and technology also leads to the constant obsolescence of knowledge, as a result, 54

it is necessary to keep them constantly awake. All this creates the problem that the knowledge and skills of employees do not correspond to production needs and requires constant training of personnel. Organizations that can provide continuous professional development of their employees will have additional competitive advantages by increasing the volume of production and improving thequality of services provided. International research data confirms that the implementation of training programs can have a positive effect on the growth of labor productivity and business growth. Therefore, investments in employee training are one of the main factors of increasing the efficiency of the organization, and are no less important than investments in business development (opening new directions, implementing new technologies, modernizing equipment, etc.). All of the above confirms that every modern organization should strive to create an effective personnel training system that ensures the preservation of its superior skills and the constant updating of knowledge, because it is the qualified personnel that ensure the achievement of the strategic goals of the company and the goals set for it success in the long run. Education, in general, is considered as a purposeful process of interaction between the teacher and students, during this process, personality development takes place. Professionalism of employees for the organization. It includes imparting knowledge to employees in important areas,forming skills and abilities to solve specific production situations under the guidance of experienced coaches, managers, teachers, etc. VI. CHAPTER. HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENTSTATUS OF MANAGEMENT 6.1.

History of development of management

Management was developed together with people. It was dividedinto an independent type of activity in the process of division of labor and cooperation. It is based on the need to organize and coordinate people's activities in social production. In this case, one of them will be the leader, the managers, and the others will be their subordinates, the controlled ones. The ancient Egyptians were the first to solve the problem of management. 6,000 years ago, they recognized the need for goal-oriented organization of human 55

activity, planning and control of its results, and raised the issue of decentralization of management. In the 20th century BC, King Hammurabi in Babylon, a neighbor of Egypt, used spool table documents and testimony for the purpose of management and control, recognizing the inability of officials to transfer responsibility to their subordinates. legally set the salary level.Dated to the third millennium BC, ceramic tablets contain information about commercial transactions and ancient Sumerian laws, whichalso indicate the existence of administrative practices there. A certain share was added to management in ancient times, 400 years before our era, Socrates formulated the principle of universality of management. His contemporary, the Iranian king Cyrus, moved the people. He put forward the idea of the need to conduct a special study ofmotivation and motivation14. As we learned from the history of management, the concept of the possibility of using science and principles to increase the productivity of the organization was recognized in its infancy as a science of management. The systematic application of the scientific method to management problems was the basis of scientificmanagement. But the origin of the management school of thought was quite early. During the Second World War, a group of scientists in England was successful in solving complex military issues such as optimizing the construction of civil defense and firing positions, the depth of detonation of anti-ship bombs, and the convoy of transport convoys. In the 1950s and 1960s, the methodology was refined, turned into a number of unique methods, and began to be used more widely in solving problems in industry and making decisions in various situations. Today, the models and methods of management science are used to solve the following problems: managing traffic flows in cities and optimizing traffic schedules at airports, creating work schedules for classes and auditoriums in universities, producing stocked goods in supermarkets and stores, different types of products, and different types of products. in the distribution of costs for advertising, in the planning of supply, in the distribution of equipment and labor resources for the production of various products in the factory, in the preparation of the game schedule of the baseball league for the season, etc. The main goal of management science is to "provide the 14

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Umarova, U. Eshbouev, K. Akhmadjonov. Accounting. T., "Labor", 1999.

leadersof the organization with a scientific basis for solving problems related to the interrelationship of the organizational structure and parts for the benefit of the organization as a whole." This is important for all organizations, but applying this principle to business organizationscan be difficult due to the high degree of specialization. The marketing department tries to minimize costs per unit of sales volume and maximize that volume. The finance department tries to optimize the organization's investment strategy. The HR department makes every effort to attract good employees at minimum costs and keep them in the organization. These goals do not always agree with each other in terms of content and often contradict each other. In decision-making modeling and appropriate methods, office services professionals try to evaluate the probabilities and trade-offs due to differences in goals, and determine alternative decisions that provide a balance of conflicting goals. Understanding communication from the point of view of management science will allow you to effectively deal with office professionals and clearly express the effective solution of organizational problems and work with them. 6.2.

Features of contemporary Uzbek management.

Economy and process management in Uzbekistan has a deep history and roots. As mentioned above, even before the formation of management as a science, there were great individuals who understood the essence and content of this process and successfully led a group of various complex people, who left their experiences and perspectives as a legacy to the next generation. their study has an effective influence on the development of modern management science. Among these people are Al-Khorazmiu, Abu Nasr Farobiu, Abu Ali ibn Sina (IX-X centuries), Usuf Khos Khajib (XI-XII centuries), Amir Temur, Nizamulmulk (XIII-XIV centuries), Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, Alisher Navoi (15th century)'s works on management are guidelines that can be used even today. For example, "Kutadgu bilik", "Temur's rules" and others. 6.3. To understand the management. Development of machine production. Income believes that management is the art of getting the most out of people. Characteristics of excellent management: 57

commitment to activity, research; poor structure and poor staff; loyalty to the consumer; the decisive role of a person in ensuring productivity; the right to independent administration that encourages entrepreneurship;primary focus on the type of activity; entering a field with which youare most familiar; combining freedom and strong control. The management system of companies includes general management, functional management, financial management, marketing work, personnel management, production management,scientific and technical management, etc. The evolution of management theory and practice has been expressed in different views. For example, in the 1950s and 1960s, the main focus was on the organization and structure of management, and in the 1960s and 1970s, there was a transition period from strategic planning to strategic management. By the middle of the 20th century, management developed rapidly in Uzbekistan. In 1966, the establishment of the Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the theoretical, methodological, practical scientific research conducted under the leadership of academician V. Kabulov became the basis for the development of M. science in the republic. At the end of the 20th century, at the beginning of the 21st century, management began to be taught as a special subject in higher education institutions in Uzbekistan, researches on management were launched, and textbooks were published. VII.

CHAPTER. SUPERVISION AND MANAGEMENT

7.1 Theory and principles of management In scientific terminology, management is understood as a socio- economic process, as a result of which the goals set for themselves are achieved by managing the company's resources. It should be noted that the meaning of "management" is much narrower than the term "management". For example: the machine cancontrol the technological lines, which is the task of engineers and technologists. Management means managing the socio-economic processes of the company. Management as a science came into being around the beginning of the 19th century with the birth ofcapitalism. At that time, he was ordinary, he had a military description. Early managers used military discipline, threats of punishment, and 58

unconditional obedience to all orders and decrees. This management was considered to be the most effective way to exploit the laborresources and collect as much additional value from them as possible. When an employer oppresses an employee, it is difficult for him (labor product) to be effective and productive, and when a personencourages his failure, he cannot be stimulated and improved. From the point of view of the school of human relations, the worker is not a mindless robot, but in terms of self-esteem, feeling of self-worth, approval by others, and achieving personal goals andinterests. It is an individual who has social needs in pursuit. Human relations management of the school consists of initiative, cooperation with workers, formation of "spirit of solidarity" and "common sense" in the company, and development of appropriate methods based on their stimulation. American scientist D. McGregor (1906-1964), a famous representative of the school of human relations, stated that there are two models of human behavior, the existence of two types of employee's attitude to his work, and the manager should determine the most effective methods of justifying the work of employees based on them. He said that he needed15. According to the first model, an exemplary employee is a person who is lazy by nature, therefore he tries to evade the assigned work, he lacks respect, sense of responsibility, and understanding. From this comes the following conclusion: it is necessary to constantlythreaten this employee with coercion, control, punishment and fines. The second model is the opposite of the first: selfemployedworkers are active by nature, they are characterized by initiative and perseverance, and the ability to take responsibility. In this case, the task of management is to create conditions for people to achieve theirgoals and interests in the most optimal way, and the company's policyand perspective should be organized based on the behavior of employees. it is enough to give it. Of course, these two models are only theoretical, in practice they do not exist in their pure form, man a contradictory being, it combines the qualities of both the first and second models. For this reason, it is necessary to acquire a unified form of management methods.

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B.U. Khodiuev, M.S. Kasimova, A.N. Samadov. Small business and private entrepreneurship. T., TDIU, 2010.

There are many management principles. The ones that can be easily applied in our conditions are the principles of "four goals" and "7-S". According to the principle of "four goals", it is carried out with the aim of fulfilling tasks related to management, economy, production, "know-how" and social protection. Quantities and indicators related to these four goals are determined, and all resources are directed to achieve these goals. The "7-S" principle implies that an enterprise, firm, economy will work in the following directions in order to achieve the economic results it has set for itself: strategy, structure, system, personnel composition, management rules, management skills, etc. results. In accordance with this principle, first of all, economic indicators are calculated, and in order to achieve them, it is necessary to create an appropriate production structure, provide resources, select employees, train them, and use the most effective methods and experiences in management. Japan is also a country that has made great achievements in the field of management, and is still considered one of the leading countries in the world. People understand management as first of all to work with dedication, and if necessary, to be willing to sacrifice oneself. A person who devotes himself to management will be respected and willoccupy a responsible and at the same time honorable place in society. The "Kanban"16 method belongs to Japan and is considered the most effective in the history of management science. As a management system that ensures the continuous movement of production, it transforms raw materials into valuable products andensures delivery to consumers. Evaluating and certifying the skills of selecting and hiring employees, training and improving their skills, setting specific goals and tasks for them, changing positions (rotation) are the unique features of the management of the company. In Japan, the interests of the company are placed above all otherinterests. Employees of the company are brought up in the spirit of a big family. Employees who feel cared for do not feel alienated from

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The appearance of the term Kanban is related to the list of standard operations: section foremen listed the work in progress on paper and hung them in a prominent

the company. Managers and workers are considered to have thesame fate, they even eat in the same kitchen and are always together. Therefore, the ability of the manager is evaluated based on his ability to organize the activities of many people and to integrate them into a whole team. Enterprises that are managed at the management level have less discipline, productivity, income and vice versa. Management means determining the volume and type of work to be performed, distribution among employees, delivery of resources, formation of calculation and financial results, monitoring and control of their use. Therefore, serious attention is paid to management abroad. As for the issue of management in production, due to the transition to market relations, the necessary conditions and conditionsfor the application of management have come into being. Now it is necessary to gradually apply the management methods and expand the scope of the business. No special training is required for this. The faster and earlier the management methods are applied, the faster its effect will be evident. It is possible to achieve significant economic indicators by carrying out both the reform and basic works in the management department at a high level. Any production base consists of controlled object and control subject systems. The communication between controlled and controlling systemsis formed by the interaction of people with each other. Weapons are the basis of modern production. In the "manmachine" system, man is the subject of control, and the machine is his object. In this case, a person receives direct information about the operation of the machine and takes the necessary decisions and implements them. Thus, within the framework of production, the so- called work joules, in which people and equipment interact, are created. Other production systems (enterprise, firm, section, brigade) consist of a combination of work units, in which coordination of the movement of work tools and management personnel is required in all work units. This management task is performed by a special group of people called the management apparatus. Thus, production is carried out by two types management: 61

of

management of the company and the means of labor;

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managing people (employees).

In the process of organizational management, workers influence labor organizations in order to obtain material benefits. This represents a managed object. Thus, the management of production consists in the management of workers, who in turn manage the means of labor. This, in turn, represents the subject of management. At present, it is impossible to effectively manage the national economy and enterprises without relying on scientific management principles and laws. The implementation of management requires to learn more and more about the laws of social development and to apply them in practice on a scientific basis. Because the importanceof science and technology in the production forces increases in the "Man-Machine" relationship. 7.2. Financial management Financial management is a type of professional activity designed to manage the financial and economic activity of the company based on modern methods. Financial management includes the following: development and implementation of the company's financial policy in terms of various financial methods; making decisions on financial issues, developing methods forclarifying and implementing them; providing information based on the compilation and analysis ofthe company's financial report; assessment of investment projects and formation of investmentportfolio; assessment of capital expenditures; financial planning and control; organizing the management apparatus of the company'sfinancial and economic activity. Such management methods can assess the following: the riskiness and profitability of the way money is spent on anywork; the efficiency of the company's work; the speed of capital turnover and its productivity.

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Therefore, the goal of financial management is to develop and apply methods, measures and instruments to achieve the goal of the company's general activity and to achieve the goal of a separate production-economic unit, its financial centers. The following can be included in this goal: - maximization of financial; - to achieve a constant standard of financial in the planned period; - increase in the income of management and investors; - increase in the price of the company's shares according to the exchange rate; Therefore, these goals are aimed at increasing the income of stockholders and company owners (capital owners). Management's task is to determine the optimal ratio of shortterm and long-term goals of the company's development. The basic issue of financial management is to make the right decision to ensure the effective movement of financial resources inside and outside the firm between the firm and its source of funding. Therefore, managing the flow of financial resources is one of the central issues of financial management. The flow of financial resources consists of the following funds: funds received as a result of financial and economic activity ofthe firm; shares, bonds sold in the financial markets, funds obtained bytaking loans; interest and dividends paid for capital to financial marketentities; funds invested for the company's production and economicactivity; funds intended for payment of tax payments. Financial management functions and economic methods can bedivided into two blocks: 1) external financial management block; 2) internal account and financial control unit of the company. The block of external financial management envisages the company's relationship with the subjects of the market, which are legally and economically independent. These entities can include suppliers and buyers of the company's products, customers, shareholders and financial markets, and even its own subsidiaries. These relations include the following:

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management of the company's current assets: management of cash flows; settling accounts with customers, management of production reserves; attraction of external sources of short -term and long -term financing: the accounting and financial control unit within the company includes the following: control of production accounting; drawing up cost estimates, controlling salaries, tax payments; compilation and development of accounting information for internal financial management and providing information to external customers; drawing up a financial report and controlling its accuracy; analyzing the financial report and using its results for internal and external audit; to assess the company's financial situation in the current period and use it for operational management decisions for the purpose of planning. In addition, the functions of financial management include the following: - financial report analysis; - predicting funds; - issuance of shares; taking loans and loans; - doing operations with investments. assessment of mergers and acquisitions of companies. Responsibility for achieving the intended goal of financial management is assigned to the vice president of financial affairs in large companies, and the deputy director of financial affairs in smaller companies. The cashier and the controller with his divisions are subordinate to the vice president for financial affairs. The first block belongs to the cashier, and the second block to the supervisor. 7.3. Content and system of innovation management, sales management and management. Increased attention to innovations and innovative management is required by the very nature of the current society, after all, the realization of innovative processes in its products and its technologyis the basis of its socio-economic development. The innovation process consists of the creation and implementation of innovative changes and consists of interconnected stages that form a single whole. The change made as a result of this process will be an innovation. 64

Diffusion is very important for the implementation of the innovation process - timely dissemination of innovations that have been mastered and developed once in their conditions and applications. The innovative process has a cyclical character, which must be taken into account when developing compact systems of economic organization and management. In the literature of the world economy, "innovation" is interpreted as the transformation of effective scientific and technical development (ITT) into the reality of its products and technologies. In our country, the problems of immediate inputs have been developed within the framework of economic research of ITT for many years. From the term "innovation" in the transition economy of Uzbekistan, a number of independent and similar concepts have been used to define: "innovation activity", "innovation process", "innovation decision" etc. Cartel. Various scientists, especially foreign ones (N. Monchev, I. Perlaki, V.D. Hartman, E. Mansfield, R. Foster, B. Twiss, U. Schumpeter, E. Rodgers, etc.) use this concept as the object of their research and different interpretations according to the subject. But the analysis of these different definitions of innovation leads to the following conclusion leads to the fact that changes constitute the unique content of innovations, and the task of changes is the maintask of innovative activity17. Austrian scientist U. Five typical changes were distinguished by Schumpeter: 1) use of new technology, new technological processes and new supply of production; 2) application of information with its characteristics; 3) consumption of raw materials; 4) changes in the organization of production and its material and technical support; 5) to identify markets for its sale. These rules. It was formed by Schumpeter in 1911. Later, in the 1930s, he introduced the concept of innovation, interpreting it as a change aimed at the application of new types of consumer goods, new production and technical means, formsof market organization to industry and development in them.Innovation is sometimes viewed as a gradual system, so that innovation is recognized as evolving over time and clearly reflected in its gradualness. The methodology of building innovations in market economy conditions is based on 17

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Financial business. Study guide. M., "KNORUS", 2009.

international standards. To coordinate the collection, development and analysis of information about science and innovation. Within the framework of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), a group of national expertson scientific and technical indicators was established, and the Frascati manual ("Proposed standard practice for the verification of research and experimental developments") was developed. The document got this name because the first version of the recommendations was adopted in 1963 in the Italian city of Frascati. The rules of the Frascati manual are periodically clarified, based on changes in the organization of scientific and technical policy strategies, scientific research and development at the national and international levels. From one of the last editions of Frascati's manual (1993 u), there are basic concepts related to scientific research and experimental development (ITTKI), their composition and limits, as well as the method of measuring the number of employees engaged in research and development. The method of collecting information about technological innovations is based on recommendationsadopted in 1992 in the city of Oslo (Norway). It is called "Oslo Guide". In accordance with international standards, an innovation is defined as the actual result of innovative activity, which is applied to the market, or an improved product, or an improved technological process, or improved social services. Innovation management is extremely complex. There were innovation managers to analyze the laws of development of innovation processes specialists are needed, they are engaged in various organizational and economic aspects of immediate introductions. Their main task in innovation management isto advance the innovation process, predict possible obstacles and determine ways to overcome them. Innovative managers organize creative teams, find and distributeinnovations, form a portfolio of projects for scientific research and development, various organizational structures (academies of sciences, scientific research institutions, scientific societies, research organizations, design bureaus, engineering companies) and others) can act in They lead scientific teams, coordinate scientific research.

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All of this places high demands on the qualifications of innovativemanagers: they must have scientific, technical and economic- psychological skills, the quality of both traditional managers and research scientists, they must be qualified economists capable of evaluating the effectiveness of their inputs and managing innovations. Innovative management18 is a set of principles, methods and forms of management of innovative processes, innovative activity,organizational structures engaged in this activity and their employees. As for any other field of management, the following are typical for it: goal setting and strategy selection, and four stages of activity: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

planning; setting and organizing conditions; execution; Leader Cartel.

VIII. CHAPTER. ORGANIZATIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 8.1. The concept of organizations and their description. Organization's growth period. Internal environment of organizations. The concept of "organization" comes from the French word "organization, organizer" - "organization, organization, uniting, regulation, attachment". In management, the concept of "organization" is used in two senses: "organization" is a function of management - asa process; "organization" as an enterprise, institution, i.e. people and conditions for their work. The three basic characteristics of organization are as follows: having at least two people who consider themselves part of the group; a goal that accepts all members of the group as common; work performed by group members in conscious cooperation toachieve a goal that is important to everyone.

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Innovative managements are a set of principles, methods and forms of management of innovative processes, innovative activity, organizational structures engaged in this activity and their employees.

An organization19 is a group of people whose activities are consciously coordinated to achieve a common goal. When the organization is considered as a social institution, it is described as having the following structure and parts: goal is a desired state; mission - confirmation that reveals its existence, specific characteristics of the activity, the essence of its basic social obligations; structure - architecture, the presence of separate parts and the ratio between them, the degree of rigidity and flexibility of the organization and configuration, the type of mutual harmony between internal elements; technology is an organization's working mechanism, a method of converting resources into results that are theorganization's goals. In addition to the listed, other characteristics are also considered: resources, interaction with the external environment, horizontal and vertical division of labor, the need for coordination of activities, organization and culture. Establishment and operation of the organization is carried out according to certain laws. A.A. The laws of organization, first described by Bogdanov in 1925, were developed in the scientific works of many researchers (V.G. Afanasev, N. Viner, P.M. Kerzhensev, B.Z. Milner, A.M. Omarov, G. Emerson and others)20. The laws defined by them are conditionally divided into static anddynamic organization laws. The laws of organization in statics include: 1) the law of composition, its essence is that the operation of all systems (elements) of the organization is subordinated to the general goal, which specifies the goals. The law of composition applies to systems that can be called single-purpose. The structuring of system goals is one of the ways of 19

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Organization is a group of people whose activity is consciously coordinated to achieve the main goal. 20 Kh. Aubeshev et al. Basics of marketing. Study guide. T., "ILM ZIYO", 2013.

its failure. Organizational goals depending on the results of the structuring process, its structure is developed according tothe levels of hierarchy; 2) the law of proportionality requires maintaining a balance between all its elements and the organization as a whole when any changes occur in the organization. This law requires a certain ratio between the components of the system (parts of the whole), as well as dimensional compatibility, compatibility, or connection. Compliance with the law of proportionality within the organization of different nature means increasing the system's adaptability and the efficiency of its operation. Imbalance undermines the stability and efficiency of the system, causes its breakdown. Proportion of system components also leads to increased synergistic effect. The state plays an important role in ensuring the proportionality of the development of pharmaceutical systems, it should monitor and analyze social and market infrastructures, optimize the distribution of budget funds; 3) the law of the smallest, according to which: "The stability of the whole is determined by the stability of its smallest parts." The total stability of the system in relation to this environment is a complex result of the stability of various parts of this system in relation to the influences directed at them. Usually, the system is subjected to unequal and uneven effects in its various parts, so the stability of the system (as a whole)depends on the smallest relative resistance of its parts at any moment; 4) the law of ontogenesis (development), its meaning isthat every system goes through all stages of the natural cycle - from its creation through its formation to its destruction. The laws of organization in dynamics include the following: 1. the law of synergy, according to which the potential of the organization as a whole (system) is greater than the sum of thepotentials of its elements (systems). This law fails when the sum ofthe characteristics of the system is not equal to the sum of the characteristics of its components. When the system is organized at a higher level, the sum of system features is greater than the sum of its

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components, features. The synergistic interaction between the sum of system features and the sum of features of its components is synergistic (additional) effect is called. When the system is organized at a low level, the sum of its features is smaller than the sum of the features of its components. The level of organization of the system depends on the level of compliance with the principles of rational organization of structures and procedures. The foundation for synergistic effect is laid in the first stage itself. Then combine and distribute labor to him; (parallelism, correct sequence, proportionality, continuity, uniformity, etc.) rational organization of procedures; based unity of team members is achieved due to a comfortable social and psychological environment; 2) the law of obtaining information (disorder). The order of activity of the members of the organization is determined by the level of their access to information. According to this law, the most important connecting element of the system consists of organized information. Order is a description of a system, which reflects the presence of order, organization, and interrelationships in a certain way that ensure the stable operation of the system in all aspects. The achievement of consistency is described in terms of quantitative and qualitative assessments. For example, when evaluating chaos, the following three aspects are: the boundaries and structure of the system are defined; that the variable components of the system are identified; It can be recognized as fully complete if it is taken into account that the system components are interconnected and the system and the external environment are interconnected, the forms, methods and means of receiving, working with, storing and transmitting information are clearly expressed. It follows from this that the increase in the quality of information supply to the management system is the most important condition for its quality operation; 3) the law of the unity of analysis and synthesis (addition) provides that the following processes in different directions: unification and specialization, integration and differentiation complement each other. In the dialectical unity of analysis and synthesis, the actions of structuring, detailing, division, specialization, and universalization are considered, before which analysis is performed, and then synthesis; 70

4) the law of self-preservation allows the entire organization to move to its quality state, without allowing its borders to change, restoring the broken balance, using its resources sparingly as a wholeto save will fail in his pursuit. Ensuring the balance and stability of the system should be carried out both statically (when organizing andbuilding the system) and dynamically (when the system is working). The following principles form the basis of pharmaceutical organization formation: leadership (commands are transmitted by one leader along a single scalar chain); specialization (one type of work is always assigned to the sameemployees, to the same departments); transfer of powers (responsibility for the fulfillment of obligations should be assigned to the executors of these obligations as much as possible); compatibility of powers and responsibility (the person who has received the powers has the right to perform the duties and at the same time assumes responsibility for the performance of the duties in front of the manager who assigned the powers to him); absolute responsibility (the person who delegated his powers isresponsible for the leadership of the person who has assumed these powers and for the results of his performance of duties); restriction of management authority (the number of employees subordinate to one leader is limited). 8.2. Modern trends in the development of organizations. An organization is a group of people united for a common goal. Chester Bernard, one of the management classics of the 1930s and 1940s, defines the organization as follows: "An organization is a system of coordinated actions of two or more people." This definition applies to formal organizations. Informal organizations come from bar to bar, people communicate with each other, but they do not have a recognized leader, they do not have founding documents. The organization has a common goal that all its members know and recognize. Simple organizations have only one purpose. Complexorganizations have multiple and interdependent sets of goals. The purpose of any organization is to use resources and change their formto achieve a certain result, to make it 71

look like a product. They will benefit from the resources of the enterprise and thecompany: 1. Capital resources. 2. Material resources. 3. Technological resources. 4. Cocktail resources. 5. Information resources. In different organizations, different resources are primary, i.e. they occupy the main place in achieving the organization's goals. 3. One of the important characteristics of the organization is the division of labor. If two people work for the same purpose, they work together. Separation of all work into its components is called labor division. 2. Internal organization environment. The development of the organization depends on many factors. We know well that the Cartel Organization is an open system. Therefore, the organization's activity is influenced by the internal and external environment. Internal variables are the situational factors within the organization. Leaders should pay attention to these variables and take them into account in their activities. However, they cannot control them all the time. Internal variables include the following: 1. Objectives. 2. Structure. 3. Tasks, goals. 4. Technology. 5. People. An organization is a group of people working together for a common goal. People act together because they could not succeed alone or because they did so ineffectively. A goal is a current state that the group must achieve. During the planning process, management achieves goals, sets them, and communicates them to members of the organization. This allows team members to better understand the situation they are aiming for. Organizations have different goals. Some organizations (manufacturing and business) strive to produce products and make a profit, while educational institutions strive to provide indepth training to employees and prepare them as competitive 72

employees. The goals are different. Business organizations serve many purposes. Each part has its own purpose. Their goals are organizational must be compatible and contribute to a common goal. Organizations are made up of levels of management and departments. We also call departments functional areas. A functional area refers to the work performed by an organization and its departments, such as management, production, incident management, financial planning. Organizational structure is the logical relationship between management levels and functional areas to ensure the effective achievement of organizational goals. Structure is the logical relationship between management levels and functional areas. Every organization has a distribution of tasks. Task distribution is the assignment of certain tasks to specialists who can perform thembetter than others. Thus, job assignment is not about finding work, but about providing it to employees who can do it effectively. Distribution of tasks is carried out in horizontal and vertical forms. As a result of the vertical distribution of tasks, the management sphere moves to the next stage. The activities of all income and departments of the organization must be coordinated. Only then can it be effective. CHAPTER IX ORGANIZATION OF MANAGEMENT WORK 9.1. Management work: definition, characteristics, types, heuristic work. In the course of performing his duties, the manager of each enterprise and organization, in dealing with other members of the team, obeys the existing ethics and rules among business people. There should be an atmosphere of kindness and respect for people in every team. The culture of management is contrary to selfishness, careerism, rudeness, and rudeness. In the management system, non-observance of state norms, promises, incorrect assessment of activityand other features were not tolerated. In practical activity, it represents the culture of management employees of science, creativity, entrepreneurship, responsibility, initiative and independence, lack of economy, bureaucracy, law-breaking, intolerance, conscientiousness, modesty and simplicity. 73

The basic principles of ensuring the culture of management staff are deepening of the science of management, regular improvement of general cultural level and qualification, analysis and understanding of the results of their activities, development of positive personal qualities. The degree of organization of the management process for management culture is of great importance. Compliance with theculture of the management process means that the modern management process is used in the enterprise. The culture of the management process also includes management work (optimum distribution, cooperation and limitation of management work, regulation of the number of workers, proper allocation and utilization of personnel) and working work environment (comfort of the work environment and the building, their sanitation and cleanliness meets the requirements), optimization, proper organization and formalization of meetings, interviews, reception of visitors, meetings, inquiries by phone, familiarization with letters of workers. Various techniques are used in the management process - from a simple calculator to complex EXMs. Managers need to know the possibilities of this technology and the areas of optimal use, which indicates the level of management culture. Authority can be in different forms. 1. Governance based on coercion. It is formed on the basis of the ability of the leader to influence the subordinate's behavior in the form of a certain punishment (regret, threat, dismissal, etc.). Based onthis form of authority, there is a risk of punishment in case of deviationfrom the established pattern. 2. Governance based on rewards. It is based on having the ability to satisfy or enjoy the necessary needs of the affected. Depending on the expected level of reward, the subordinate exerts hisenergy to complete the task. 3. Expert administration. The executive believes that he has special knowledge that allows him to satisfy the influencer's need. 4. Standard governance (model governance due to the recognition of the unique personality and qualities of the leader) is determined by the leader's ability to influence the subordinate. 5. Legal and traditional governance is based on cultural values and is one of the widespread forms of governance. All leaders used this form of government to some extent. In doing so, they are empowered to rule over other people. Law and 74

governance are valid only when they obey the instructions of the leader only because they are at a higher level of the organization. According to the researches, organizations using coercive governance are characterized by poor productivity and low product quality. Some characteristics of charismatic individuals: communication with energy. It gives the impression that these people spread energy rays and provide them to the people around them; impressive quota.A charismatic leader does not have to be handsome, but he is attractive, has a good figure and behaves well; independentcharacter. In pursuit of their own success and respect, these people depend on others; good speaking skills. They have the ability to speak and engage in personal discussion; the ability to enjoy one's personality. They feel comfortable, they are not proud or selfish when others enjoy them; the habit of behaving decently and courageously. They seem to be in control of the situation. Another tool that allows you to influence the activity of employees. It is considered leadership. Leadership can be defined as a process of trying to consciously influence a person or a group of people to achieve one or other goals. The definition of leadership is described in the form of six concepts: First, leadership is considered as a process. He is an active surgeon. Leadership is a leadership act.Secondly, leadership is based on interpersonal communication. People who have leadership qualities are the subjects of leadership.A leader can be a person, but not an organization. Thirdly, leadership characteristics can be demonstrated by anyone, such as a general manager, or even a simple nurse who has a vision to better organize customer service in his department. Leadership is directed towards people or a group of people called the object of leadership. By definition, the goal of leadership is to change the behavior of other people. Fourthly, leadershiprepresents influencing as a process. A leader tries to influence other people in three ways. First of all, it affects other people's thinking, which is intellectual. Leadership is intended to influence people's opinions. To change a person's behavior, it is first necessary to change his way of thinking. This type of influence is widespread in organizations. We want to get others to accept our views, and we do this through verbal and nonverbal communication. In turn, we are considered the object of mental influence on other people. In addition, the target of influence within the leadership process can be understanding and trust. One of the 75

most important steps is often to show enthusiasm. It is easier to encourage people to understand their thoughts than to force them to change their viewsand beliefs. Ultimately, the goal of leadership is to change behavior. Aleader needs to know how to influence people to do something they oppose. The object of influence may refuse to perform the work assigned to it until it is influenced accordingly, behaves in a certain way. Fifth, leadership is a process aimed at a specific goal. This refers to a leadership process that is always aimed at influencing otherpeople in order to achieve a certain goal that the leader has set for himself. Of course, if the goals of the leader and the subordinate match, it is easier to achieve the desired result in the form of a certaintype of behavior of the subordinate. Sixth, leadership is an ongoing process. Acceptance by "others" of a defined behavior without any influence is not a coincidence, but a conscious attempt of the leader to influence others. There are many models of leadership that show how leaders influence subordinates. We decided to present to you themodel developed by Hershey and Blankard (R. Nerseu, K. Vlanchard, Management and organizational behavior) called "situational leadership". Situational leadership: - a model of leadership adapted to the situation. It aims to choose the most appropriate type of leadership depending on the situation. Studies have confirmed that there is no ideal leadership method in all situations. On the contrary, the most perfect type of behavior is considered the "level of majority" of those who are most compatible with the situation and who follow it. "Level of commitment" refers to the presence of necessary characteristics in the followers to complete the task. Competence of the followers to complete the task. Competence of the subordinates to complete the task is divided into four levels: from R1 (reliability and lack of desire) to R4 (reliability and trust)21. 9.2. Using more time and resources by the management. Performance management is called effective management. Sustaining superior performance involves all management functions and the connective processes of communication, 21

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Sh.Z. Abdullaeva. Money circulation and credit. Study guide. T., "ILM ZIUO", 2013.

decision-making,and leadership. It is necessary to look at the enterprise from the point of view of a system consisting of interrelated elements, and the problems related to the organization's elements and the fact that the organization is closely related to the external environment are easily and quickly solved. Like other organizational problems, the problem of increasing productivity in the future requires a comprehensive approach. Productivity is affected by various factors of both the external environment and the process of system change. Since these factors influence each other, there is no fixed (uniform) principle of increasingproductivity. Many attempts to increase productivity fail because the company's managers are unable to see the results of their actions. The most common mistake in evaluating the productivity of one's enterprise is to ignore quality and only consider production volume guidelines. The experience of enterprises that have been successfully operating in recent years shows that quality is an important element of the cost package. Higher quality leads to lower costs due to increased sales volume, reduced customer demand and warranty repair. As a result, the company will have additional funds to spend on expanding its competitiveness. High quality increases the volume of sales, makes it possible to expand the scale of production and increase production. Poor quality of components affects the quality of the entire product. Because businesses are interdependent, the poor quality ofa single key product will lead to productivity declines in most industries. Low productivity in the state apparatus leads to higher taxes, as a result of which the funds that can be spent on increasing the efficiency of the economy are reduced. In order to reduce the level of environmental pollution, improve the sanitary condition of the workplace and protect the health of the workers of the enterprise, enterprises must purchase expensive equipment (for example, smoke detectors), which increases the costs leads to increase. In the future, the improvement of the environment and the protection of labor will lead to the distribution of time and, as a result, to an increase in labor productivity. An important factor affecting labor productivity is the knowledge of enterprise management. It is necessary to improve the management system for the efficient operation of the enterprise. Inthe conditions of growing competition, the management should know why the acceptable decisions do 77

not correspond to today. It was not possible to determine whether there was a clear goal to increase productivity and the level of productivity achieved was low. The goal setting serves to determine whether the activity increases the overall productivity, and the setting prevents its growth. American scientists Rags and Felik considered productivity to be an indicator of how to use specific resources to achieve goals expressed in terms of quantity and quality. The enterprise will not be productive without determining whether the product it can produce is necessary for the consumer. That is, strategic planning should always include regular analysis of market competition and enterprise opportunities. For example, Wapon entrepreneurs always set a goal for the prospect. They provide funds for scientific research and labor productivity programs that produce results from five to ten houses. Therefore, forward-looking planning is important for sustainable productivity growth. Businesses need to set their goals based on the future in order to ensure sustainable productivity for many years. The main reason most businesses fail is that they rely on technology that is outdated in terms of both value and efficiency. These companies have no future. In today's world, most entrepreneurs have realized that it is wrong to strive for immediate profit and the need to consider the long-term perspective. It is necessary to strengthen longterm productivity plans with short-term plans. Senior managers need to support middle managers rather than resisting them in purchasing equipment that has not yet reached its full potential. Management needs to demonstrate its commitment to investing in productivity and building productivity programs into future plans. Productivity planning should be followed at all stages of management. He encouraged people to increase labor productivity. Implementation of future and current productivity improvement plans should be monitored. Proper organization of management is important in increasing productivity. The organizational process is a means of uniting management labor resources, materials, technology, information and people to achieve the set goal. As a result of the effective organization of the management (adjustment of organization and procedures), it ensured optimal use of resources, reduction of labor productivity as a result of misunderstanding in the distribution of executive responsibilities, and putting an end to the violation of the interaction of departments. Proper organization and 78

procedures allow to increase labor productivity. Productivity management is inextricably linked with elements such as management technology, organization of management work and management organization system. Effective management technology is the factor that has the greatest impact on labor productivity. In today's world, American and Japanese manufacturers using automated factories, robotics, and automation systems are taking over the market because they sell high-quality products at low prices compared to their competitors. The implementation of computer technology in office work is more important than other factors in increasing labor productivity. However, advanced technology has not always led to an increase in labor productivity. The advantages of this technology may not be evident due to the negative attitude of those working towards it. Technology actually leads to increased productivity management must ensure that the requirements of the technology meet the interests of those who use it. The organizational structure of the management determines the interaction between the management and its subordinates at all levels, as well as the basic structure and divisions of the enterprise. Content has a direct impact on productivity through the ratio of administrative to managerial staff. If the company reduces the numberof managers without negatively affecting its activity, productivity will increase. The structure of the organization has a significant impact onproductivity, even if it is not very effective. For example, experts and scientists have a negative attitude to a strict order from above. They were not satisfied with the result of their work and their work was not very productive. Organizations with content that requires creativity will have wider opportunities in the competition. Getting to the world market on time, for example, with a modern computer, means a sharp increase in income and productivity. A small business is sometimes more efficient than a large one. It is known from experience that in order for the enterprise to work effectively, the performance of a task should be assigned to a specific person or department and appropriate powers should be given to him.The scope of authority given to a person or group responsible for performance should also include the right to spend funds. Failure to consider the human factor, people's attitude to time is one of the main reasons for low labor productivity and economic efficiency. Enterprises with good management 79

should take into account the human factor, pay attention to the interests of people (eliminate the threat of dismissal, involve employees in decision- making, have a promotion program, ensure the well-being of each employee) striving to provide) is characteristic. A modern worker has more knowledge than his predecessors, he strives to actively participate in the company's activities. In this case, authoritarian leadership of the worker did not work. Traditional factors of recruitment (salary, promotion) still have a great impact on productivity. To ensure sustainable growth in productivity, management wages and job growth are labor productivityshould be coordinated with the indicators. When making a decision onpromotion, an objective assessment of productivity should be thebasis, and the salary of managers should be linked to the growth of production efficiency in the long term. The amount of the monetary reward should reflect the financial value of the activity and the level of productivity growth. Labor productivity is negatively affected by morale and shock (disagreement, conflict between individuals or groups). In order to have high productivity in management, management tasks must be performed clearly and leaders of all levels must participate in this. Senior managers determine the perspective and policy of the company's mission, solve the issue of basic investments;conducts discussions with leaders of government, banks, mass media and other organizations, including suppliers and competitors. Goal setting is an integral part of life: we set goals for our career,health and tomorrow, sometimes without even thinking about it, but of course doing it correctly and consciously is better. It seems thatmodern society has literally encouraged us to always think about the next step after achieving the previous step, but we don't always think enough about the science and strategy to achieve our goals. We've put together a guide to help you set goals and achieve them.

GLOSSARY Joint-stock company - a commercial organization whose authorized fund (authorized capital) is divided into a certain number ofshares confirming the rights of shareholders to the joint-stock company Bank margin (Eng. margin, Fr. marge - difference; advantage) - the difference between loan rates for borrowers 80

of different categories. Bankruptcy (economic insolvency) - recognized by the commercial court, the debtor is able to satisfy the demands of creditors in full and (or) fulfill his obligations in terms of obligations and payments in full. that it is not. A barter contract is a contract that provides for the exchange of an agreed amount of one commodity for another commodity without making mutual payments in currency. Business (English - business) is an entrepreneurial economic activity, which is carried out at the expense of personal or borrowed funds under risk and own responsibility, the main goal of which is to gain profit and develop one's own activity. Duty-free trade store - goods are kept under customs control and realized without the application of duties, taxes and economicand administrative measures, as determined by the customs authorities of the customs territory in accordance with the Customs Code. Customs warehouse - storage of imported goods under customs control without the use of import duty, taxes and economic and administrative measures during the storage period. Processing in the customs territory - goods are brought into the customs territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan for processing under customs control without payment of import duties, taxes and economic and administrative measures, export of products of customsprocessing or they are exported under a different regime. Customs processing outside the customs territory - goods are taken out for customs processing without payment of export duties, taxes, and economic and administrative measures are not applied, and customs processing products are imported under the regime of free circulation. A market is any institution or mechanism that brings together sellers and buyers of various goods and services. Temporary importation (exportation) - allowing goods to be imported into the customs territory or outside of it with full or partial exemption from duties and taxes and without applying economic and administrative measures to the goods. Temporary storage - temporary storage of imported goods and vehicles in the customs warehouse without the application of customsduties, taxes and economic and security measures in accordance withthe selected regime, starting from the date presented to the customs authority, until the release is allowed. 81

Pledge register is a legal restriction on the rights of creditors in relation to the property provided by debtors as a means of ensuring the fulfillment of their obligations, as well as the debtor's rights to dispose of the property and use it, and the debtor a single database ofinformation containing information about other requirements related to ensuring the proper fulfillment of obligations. A public association is a voluntary association of citizens united in accordance with the procedure established by law on the basis of common interests to satisfy spiritual or other intangible needs. Community fund is a non-governmental, non-profit organizationwithout membership, established by citizens and (or) legal entities on the basis of private property contributions, aiming at charitable, social,cultural, educational or other social goals. Import - goods brought into the customs territory remain there without the obligation to take them out of this territory. A production cooperative is a professional association based on membership to conduct joint production or other economic activity based on the personal participation of citizens and the pooling of contributions of members (participants) with property.

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List of references 1. Decision adopted by the Legislative Chamber on February 29,2012 and approved by the Senate on March 23, 2012. https://lex.uz/docs/-2006789 2. In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated May 2, 2012 No. ORQ-328 "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Guarantees of Freedom of Entrepreneurial Activity" approved in the edit. https://lex.uz/acts/- 31846 3. In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Amendments to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Uzbek SSR"dated September 30, 1991 No. 364-XII, "Uzbekistan" in the name andtext of this Law The words "SSJ" have been replaced by the words "Republic of Uzbekistan" in the relevant agreement. Also, the words "Qarakalpakistan ASSR", "Qarakalpakstan MSSJ" have been replaced by the words "Karakalpakstan Republic" in the relevant agreement. https://lex.uz/acts/-111466 4. Passed by the Legislature on February 29, 2012 and approved by the Senate on March 23, 2012. https://lex.uz/docs/-2006789 5. Y. Abdullauev, F. Karimov. Basics of Small Business andEntrepreneurship: 100 Questions and Answers. T., "Labor", 2000. 6. A.K. Shikhov. Strakhovany. Fly away. Posobie dlya vuzov. M.,"YuNITI-DANA",2001. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1_hPy_1iZTU6hYJc3MJ 8P- 2xNKSMIlH2HfFM-JDGCPWE/edit 7. Makhmudov E.Kh., Isakov M.Yu. Business planning. Study guide - Tashkent: Economy, 2019. 8. National innovation system of Uzbekistan. Otsenka potentiala i rezultativnosti. T., Institute of Forecasting and MacroeconomicResearch, PROON in Uzbekistan, 2011. 9. D. S. Kidwell, R.L. Pererson, Besquale. A financial institutionis like a market. SPb., "Peter", 2000. 10. M. Rasulov. Fundamentals of market economy. T., "Uzbekistan", 1999. 11. Olmasov. Management and business fundamentals. T., "Labor", 1997. 12. M. Umarova, U. Eshbouev, K. Akhmadjonov. Accounting. T., "Labor", 1999. 13. B.U. Hodiuev, M.S. Kasimova, A.N. Samadov. Smallbusiness and private entrepreneurship. T., TDIU, 2010. 14. The emergence of the term Kanban is associated with a 83

list of standard operations: section foremen listed the work in progress on paper and placed them next to the same lists of other object foremen hung in a prominent place. 15. Financial business. Uchebnoe posobie. M., "KNORUS", 2009. 16. Innovative management is a set of principles, methods and forms of management of innovative processes, innovative activity,organizational structures and their employees engaged in this activity. 17. Organization is a group of people whose activity is consciously coordinated to achieve the main goal. 18. H. Aubeshev et al. Basics of marketing. Study guide. T., "ILMZIYO", 2013. 19. Sh.Z. Abdullaeva. Money circulation and credit. Study guide. T., "ILM ZIUO", 2013. 20. http:// www.businesspravo.ru 21. http: // www.gov.uz 22. http:// www.inter-mba.ru 23. http://www.law.uk.edu 24. http:// www.legislature.ru 25. http://www.Statiska.en 26. http: // www.lex.uz 27. http: // www.press-service.uzwww 28. http://www.Ziya.Net 29. http://strategy.gov.uz

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