Fishery Ecosystem Dynamics 019876894X, 9780198768944

Table of contents :
Cover
Fishery Ecosystem Dynamics
Copyright
Preface
About this Book
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.1.1 Historical perspectives
1.1.2 Scientific developments
1.2 Process and pattern in fishery ecosystems
1.3 Confronting complexity
1.4 Summary
Additional reading
Part I: Ecological Models: An Overview
Chapter 2: Density-Independent Population Growth
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Simple population models
2.2.1 Continuous-time model
2.2.2 Discrete-time model
2.3 Age- and stage-structured models
2.3.1 Age-structured model
2.3.1.1 Sensitivities and elasticities of matrix models
2.3.1.2 Stage-structured models
2.4 Summary
Additional reading
Chapter 3: Density-Dependent Population Growth
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Compensation in simple population models
3.2.1 Continuous-time models
3.2.1.1 The generalized logistic model
3.2.2 Multiple equilibria
3.2.2.1 Depensation
3.2.2.2 Alternative stable states
3.2.3 Discrete-time models
3.2.3.1 Complex dynamics
3.3 Time-delay models
3.3.1 Continuous-time models
3.3.2 Discrete-time models
3.4 Matrix models
3.4.1 Age-structured models
3.4.2 Stage-structured models
3.5 Summary
Additional reading
Chapter 4: Interspecific Interactions I: Predation and Parasitism
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Predation
4.2.1 Density-independent models in continuous time
4.2.2 Density-dependent models in continuous time
4.2.3 Refugia
4.2.3.1 The foraging arena
4.2.4 The functional feeding response
4.2.4.1 Implications for stability
4.2.4.2 Environmental effects
4.2.5 Predator dependence
4.2.6 Discrete-time models
4.2.6.1 Density-independent models
4.2.6.2 Prey density dependence
4.3 Parasitism and disease
4.3.1 Models for microparasites
4.3.2 Models for macroparasites
4.3.3 Epidemiological models
4.4 Summary
Additional reading
Chapter 5: Interspecific Interactions II: Competition and Mutualism
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Competition
5.2.1 Competition and the niche
5.2.1.1 Niche metrics
5.2.2 Experimental evidence for competition
5.2.2.1 Species removal experiments
5.2.2.2 Species addition “experiments”
5.2.2.3 Estimating interaction strength
5.2.3 Models of competition in continuous time
5.2.3.1 Non-linear isoclines
5.2.4 Models of competition in discrete time
5.2.5 Model-based estimation of competition coefficients
5.2.6 Altering competitive outcomes
5.2.7 The competitive production principle
5.3 Mutualism
5.3.1 Continuous-time models
5.3.2 Discrete-time models
5.4 Summary
Additional reading
Chapter 6: Community Dynamics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Some attributes of communities
6.2.1 Species diversity
6.2.2 Keystone species and trophic cascades
6.2.3 Guilds and functional groups
6.2.4 Community compensation
6.2.5 Stability and complexity
6.3 Models of community dynamics
6.3.1 Continuous-time models
6.3.1.1 Intraguild predation
6.3.1.2 Competition-predation
6.3.1.3 Non-linear predation
6.3.2 Discrete-time models
6.3.2.1 Multispecies delay–difference models
6.4 Complex dynamics
6.5 Size-spectrum models
6.6 Qualitative modeling approaches
6.7 Summary
Additional reading
Chapter 7: Spatial Processes
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Patterns of distribution and abundance
7.2 Spatial distribution of single populations
7.2.1 Measures of distribution and dispersion
7.2.1.1 Area occupied
7.2.1.2 Lloyd’s index
7.2.1.3 Lorenz curves
7.2.1.4 Center of gravity
7.2.1.5 Geographical spread
7.2.1.6 Kernel density estimators
7.2.2 Climate and distribution
7.3 Models of movement and dispersal
7.4 Spatial population models
7.4.1 Models in continuous time and space
7.4.1.1 The basin model
7.4.2 Models in continuous time and discrete space
7.4.2.1 Metapopulation models
7.4.2.2 Spatially explicit production models
7.4.3 Models in discrete time and space
7.4.3.1 Delay–difference model
7.4.3.2 Full age-structured models
7.5 Summary
Additional reading
Part II: Ecological Production
Chapter 8: Production at the Individual Level
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Energy budgets for individual organisms
8.3 Growth
8.3.1 Growth in length
8.3.2 Seasonal growth
8.3.3 Growth models in discrete time
8.3.3.1 Discontinuous growth
8.4 Reproductive processes
8.4.1 Partitioning somatic and reproductive growth
8.5 Temperature-dependent growth
8.5.1 Physiological time units
8.6 Full bioenergetic models
8.6.1 Ingestion
8.6.2 Respiration
8.6.3 Egestion and excretion
8.6.4 Energy density of predators and prey
8.6.5 Yellow perch in Lake Erie
8.7 Metabolic ecology
8.8 Summary
Additional reading
Chapter 9: Production at the Cohort and Population Levels
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Compensation and regulation in aquatic populations
9.2 Cohort production
9.2.1 Growth
9.2.2 Mortality
9.2.2.1 Predation mortality
9.2.2.2 Parasitism/Disease
9.2.2.3 Other mortality
9.2.3 Estimating cohort production
9.3 Population production
9.3.1 Deterministic recruitment models
9.3.1.1 Null model
9.3.1.2 Intra-cohort competition
9.3.1.3 Cannibalism by adults
9.3.1.4 Size-dependent processes
9.3.1.5 Compensatory reproductive output
9.3.2 Recruitment variability
9.3.2.1 Recruitment models with environmental covariates
9.3.2.2 Stochastic recruitment models
9.4 Summary
Additional reading
Chapter10: Production at the Ecosystem Level
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Food webs
10.3 Energy flow and utilization
10.4 Linear network models
10.4.1 Bottom-up calculations
10.4.2 Top-down calculations
10.5 Biogeochemical models
10.5.1 Lower trophic level models
10.5.2 End-to-end models
10.6 Biomass spectra
10.7 Dynamic ecosystem models
10.8 Summary
Additional reading
Part III: Harvesting Models and Strategies
Chapter 11: Harvesting at the Cohort and Population Levels
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Humans as predators
11.2 Harvesting at the cohort level
11.2.1 Yield-per-recruit
11.2.1.1 Continuous-time model
11.2.1.2 Discrete-time model
11.2.2 Egg production and spawning biomass-per-recruit
11.3 Biomass dynamic models
11.3.1 Continuous-time models
11.3.1.1 Linear harvest functions
11.3.1.2 Non-linear harvesting
11.3.1.3 Depensatory production
11.3.2 Discrete-time models
11.3.2.1 Biomass dynamic models
11.4 Delay–difference models
11.4.1 Complex dynamics
11.5 Full age-structured models
11.6 Harvesting in randomly varying environments
11.6.1 Discrete-time models
11.6.2 Low-frequency variation and climate change
11.7 Summary
Additional reading
Chapter 12: Harvesting at the Community Level
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Technical interactions in mixed-species fisheries
12.2.1 Mixed-species cohort models
12.2.2 Mixed species biomass dynamic models
12.2.3 Identifying vulnerable species
12.2.3.1 Productivity-susceptibility analysis
12.2.3.2 Eventual threat index
12.3 Aggregate biomass dynamic models
12.4 Multispecies biomass dynamic models
12.4.1 Continuous-time models
12.4.1.1 Linear interaction terms
12.4.1.2 Non-linear predation terms
12.4.2 Discrete-time models
12.4.2.1 Multispecies production models
12.4.2.2 Multispecies delay–difference models
12.4.2.3 Functional group models
12.5 Complex dynamics
12.6 Harvesting in random environments
12.7 Size- and age-structured multispecies models
12.7.1 Predation module
12.8 Multispecies assessment models
12.8.1 Multispecies virtual population analysis
12.8.2 Multispecies statistical catch-at-age analysis
12.9 Multispecies process models
12.10 Multispecies biologicalreference points
12.11 Summary
Additional reading
Chapter 13: Harvesting at the Ecosystem Level
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fishery ecosystem production
13.2.1 Simple food chain models
13.3 Network models for exploited ecosystems
13.3.1 Mass-balance models
13.3.2 Ecosim
13.4 Size spectra
13.5 Habitat impacts andcarrying capacity
13.5.1 Effects on productivity and yield
13.5.2 By-catch and impacts on protected species
13.5.2.1 Protected species
13.6 Alternative ecosystem states
13.7 Conceptual and qualitative models
13.8 Summary
Additional reading
Chapter 14: Empirical Dynamic Modeling
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Core elements of the approach
14.2.1 State-space reconstruction
14.2.2 State-dependence
14.3 Multivariate analysis
14.3.1 Causality and convergent cross-mapping
14.4 Assessing species interaction strength
14.5 Forecasting
14.6 Complexity in social-ecological data
14.7 Summary
Additional reading
Chapter 15: Toward Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Place-based management
15.2.1 Delineating the ecosystem
15.2.2 Spatial management strategies
15.2.2.1 Single-species models
15.2.2.2 Habitat and biodiversity
15.2.2.3 Interspecific interactions
15.2.2.4 Priority areas for APAs
15.3 Maintaining ecosystem structure and function
15.3.1 Concepts of balance in fishery ecosystems
15.3.1.1 Trophic balance
15.3.1.2 Balanced harvest
15.4 Defining overfishing in an ecosystem context
15.4.1 Community-level reference points
15.4.2 Ecosystem-level reference points
15.4.3 System-level yield
15.5 Management strategy evaluation
15.6 Summary
Additional reading
Bibliography
Index