Extinct Medical Schools of Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia [Reprint 2016 ed.] 9781512800227

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Extinct Medical Schools of Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia

Extinct Medical Schools of Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia by Harold J . Abrahams

Introduction by Wm. Frederick Norwood

Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press

© 1966 by the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania

Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number : 64-24509

Published in Great Britain, India, and Pakistan by the Oxford University Press London, Bombay, and Karachi

7480 Printed in the United States of America

In Memoriam Ethel Salkind Abrahams

Foreword

has been made in the development of studies in the history and philosophy of the various sciences to persuade us that historical studies, when made in the true spirit of science, need no further justification than their own proved value to the scientist. Cicero's remark, "Historia magistra vitae," could, with justification, be amplified by historians of the sciences, to read, "History is as well the teacher of men of science as it is of life itself." A long look backward may spare us the painful, costly, and needless repetition of experiments once performed and found unproductive. SUFFICIENT

PROGRESS

Collecting, studying, organizing, and collating the data which constitute the main portion of the present work have brought me numerous things, among them a great many happy hours, but I am left with the fervent hope that I may not have "labored in vain, nor brought forth confusion." For the many inevitable errors of various kinds which may have been made, and which time alone will surely reveal, I assume full responsibility, absolving the many extremely kind persons who so readily responded to my calls for assistance, from both near and afar. The study having been suggested to me by Dr. W. B. McDaniel II, Curator of Library Historical Collections, College of Physicians of Philadelphia, I acknowledge my deep indebtedness to him, not only for having brought to my attention the need for making this material more easily available 7

8

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

to those persons who may have use for it, but also for his invaluable guidance and counsel. T o Dr. William F. Norwood, Chairman, Division of Legal and Cultural Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, I acknowledge my great debt for his authoritative, learned, and interesting introductory chapter, and I feel singularly fortunate that he so readily consented to perform this very generous service for me. Miss Marion B. Savin, Philadelphia biologist, has helped to search for, gather, and turn into usable form a great portion of the needed data. It is most pleasant to record my appreciation of the guidance and counsel given me by Dr. George W. Corner, Executive Officer of the American Philosophical Society, and by Dr. Roy F. Nichols, Vice-Provost and Dean, University of Pennsylvania. T o Dr. Richard H. Shryock, Librarian of the American Philosophical Society, I express my gratitude for suggestions and encouragement. Dr. Wyndham D. Miles, Historian, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, has been a loyal friend of the project, supplying encouragement, counsel, and abundant data not otherwise available without the necessity of making frequent trips to the National Library of Medicine. With pleasure I express my deeply-felt gratitude to Professor Fred B. Rogers, Editor of Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, for his encouragement and expert advice. Mr. Elliott H. Morse and Miss Mary E. Feeney, Librarian and Assistant Librarian, respectively, of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, have displayed skill and manysided helpfulness, as have other members of the library staff. The Library Committee of the College also merits my acknowledgment of its co-operation.

Foreword

9

I am grateful for the services of Mr. Kenneth V. Hahn, Mr. Myron Reiff, and Mr. Jerry Rosenzweig, my former students, who have been helpful in the drudgery of alphabetizing and verifying the long lists of names which appear in this study. Many librarians have given their cheerful co-operation, for which I express my very sincere thanks : Mr. Charles Roos (assisted by Mrs. Genevieve Schiffman) and Mrs. Maxine Hanke, Head of the Reference Section and Interlibrary Loan Librarian, respectively, of the National Library of Medicine; Miss Grace Quimby, Chief of the National Archives Library, Mr. Richard P. Weinert, of its Navy and Military Service Branch, Mr. Frank E. Bridgers, of its Central Research Room Branch, and Miss Jane F. Smith, Chief of its Social and Economic Branch, (Office of Civil Archives); Miss Madeline Stanton, Librarian of Historical Collections, Yale Medical Library; Miss Frances R. Houston, Librarian, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Miss Gertrude L. Annan, Librarian, the New York Academy of Medicine; Mr. R. N. Williams, Director of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Mrs. Lillian Tonkin, of the Library Company of Philadelphia; Miss Hilda E. Moore, Associate Librarian, Health Sciences Library, University of Maryland; Miss B. Elizabeth Ulrich, Chief Reference Librarian, Library of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania; Mrs. Karl M. Koudelka, Curator of Rare Books and Archives, Welch Medical Library, Johns Hopkins University; Miss Dorothy Baker, Reference Librarian, Boston Medical Library; Mr. Samuel A. Davis, Associate Librarian, Jefferson Medical College; Dr. Frederick R. Goff, Chief, Rare Book Division, and Mr. Henry J. Dubester, Chief, General Reference and Bibliographical Division, both of the Library of Congress ; Mr. L. Robert Newburn, Librarian of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the State of Maryland; Miss Barbara Knapczyk, Circulation Librarian,

10

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Midwest Inter-Library Center, Chicago; Mr. Warren Albert, Associate Librarian, American Medical Association Library, Chicago; Miss Anne F. Sturtevant, Head of the Education, Philosophy and Religion Department, and Mrs. Jean Hopper, Head of the Business, Science and Industry Department, respectively, of the Free Library of Philadelphia; and Mr. Dale Fields, Archival Examiner of the Department of Records of the City of Philadelphia. The investigation upon which this work is based was supported by a Public Health Service research grant, number GM-10, 656-01, from the History of Medicine Studies Section, U.S. Public Health Service.

Contents

Foreword

7

Introduction

15

1

The M e d i c a l D e p a r t m e n t of Pennsylvania College

29

2

The Philadelphia C o l l e g e of Medicine

111

3

The Franklin Medical College

161

4

'I'he Penn M e d i c a l University

176

5

T h e Eclectic M e d i c a l College of Pennsylvania a n d the A m e r i c a n University of Philadelphia

232

6

T h e Eclectic M e d i c a l College of Philadelphia a n d Philadelphia University of M e d i c i n e a n d Surgery

334

7 8

Flie L a s t D a y s of the Bogus Schools

418

S u m m a r y a n d Conclusion

549

Bibliography

565

Index

569

List of Illustrations The following

illustrations

appear

as a group after page

128:

Matriculation and lecture tickets, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College. Opening measures of the "Pennsylvania College Waltz." Photocopy of an engraving of the exterior of the Philadelphia College of Medicine Letter from the Dean of the Penn Medical University, Philadelphia, congratulating a woman medical graduate. Advertisement of the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania for the 1 8 6 4 - 6 5 terms. Quaint descriptions of Venus and Mars, from the catalogue of the museum of the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania. Copy of a letter from J o h n Eaton, United States Commissioner of Education, to J o h n Buchanan, Dean of the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania. T h e Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery. Some of the "entirely new" remedies of the Eclectics. Diploma of the Eclectic Medical College of Philadelphia, issued to Ν. B. Wolfe in 1861, one of the years of its " g o o d " period. T h e Fanning diploma. T h e bogus diploma (Doctor of Laws) issued to "George Austin Dawson" by the American University of Philadelphia. 13

Introduction

THE

STORY

OF

PHILADELPHIA'S

transitory medical schools,

which Dr. Abrahams has exhumed from archives of history and re-examined with histological care, enriches our understanding of the predicament of American medical education in the nineteenth century. Likewise his treatment of artifacts in the body of medical education sheds additional light on the character of the social order in those gaslight decades. Comparable studies related to other m a j o r cities could and should be carried out where similar ephemerae characterized the local scene. T h e public exposure of diploma mills and spurious medical schools in Philadelphia in 1 8 8 0 brought to an end the last (if the institutions in Dr. Abrahams' study. O t h e r communities

were

less fortunate.

Wretched

circumstances

prevailed in numerous places until the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of T e a c h i n g published the historic Flexner report in 1910. T h i s candid report triggered a rapid purge of medical education's most disreputable schools, set the stage for strengthening the better schools, and ultimately eliminated surviving poor schools. It was fortunate for Philadelphia that public-spirited citizens focused their zeal on this sort of civic impurity as early as 1880. T h e institutions placed on parade in this monograph cover a broad spectrum of quality. T h e y range from the bonafide to the bogus. Among the numerous professors associated with the better schools were men of honor and a few of distinction. 15

16

Extinct Medical

Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Identified with the disreputable schools were amoral characters who seemed to be utterly lacking in fealty to the ideals of any profession or standards of education. Not one of the better schools in this ephemeral group securely possessed all the qualities vital to institutional longevity. In spite of their good intentions an air of artificiality and handicraft seemed at times to pervade their operation. Furthermore, fate placed them on the stage at a time when the passing of events conspired to favor the fittest. Their spoken lines were few. Within the scope of their labored contributions were noble efforts to advocate and adopt needed reforms in medical education, but constitutional weakness prevented the enduring fulfillment of their good intentions. The laissez-faire society, which favors the strong, does, by default, often permit nefarious and venal forces to thrive until their inflicted phlebotomy is painfully apparent. In this manner the bogus schools of Philadelphia ran their course until cut off by an aroused public. Their extinction was fully justified. Dr. Abrahams' study begins with 1840. Thus the phenomena which he scrutinized cover a span of forty years. These were significant decades in the maturation of the young republic. If the nation was emerging from its childhood in the opening years of the nineteenth century, it was in the full blush of adolescence by 1840. The great American faith was clearly formulated by 1860, but the maturation of the nation followed painfully during the agonies of civil war and the ordeal of reconstruction. The infant republic had been nurtured on the pap of dynamic democracy and evangelical religion, the two principal elements of which were Calvinism and Quakerism. These philosophical nutriments provided a stimulating cultural diet. Combined with less thermal units, they strengthened the dig-

Introduction

17

nity of the individual, put sinew into the body politic, and fortified the faith of Americans in their institutions. At the turn of the eighteenth century the belief of the nation in the worth of the individual and the utility of tolerance in a democratic society were strengthened by a religious revival which swept the country. At the same time Jefferson's Louisiana purchase practically doubled the nation's potential for growth a n d spurred the rationale which later undergirded "manifest destiny." Already the frontier was known as the place where tradition a n d custom gave way to whatever initiative a n d ingenuity was necessary to accomplish "impossible" tasks. Settlers w h o with courage a n d vigor m a d e the frontier their home became a p a r t of democracy t r i u m p h a n t . By 1810 there was a population of a million in trans-Appalachia, three a n d a half million in 1830, a n d six million in 1840. Although some Easterners held frontiersmen in contempt a n d feared t h a t their success would drain the East of cheap labor a n d artisans, the philosophy of the frontier came to color the thinking of the entire nation. T h e self-made, self-confident f r o n t i e r s m a n was accepted as the American type. T h i s " A m e r i c a n , " given a b r o a d e r appeal with the sobriquet "the c o m m o n m a n , " swept A n d r e w Jackson into power. Between 1830 a n d 1850 Jacksonian democracy rid most of the states of important regulatory acts related to the governing of business a n d the professions. T h i s careless shepherding of its fiscal and cultural resources was one facet of American extravagance which also manifested itself in the dissipation of vast natural resources. Effervescent frontier faith and a widespread belief in the perfectibility of m a n a n d democrat institutions, in m u t u a l ferment, spawned a variety of cults a n d utopias which a p p e a r e d in n u m e r o u s places d u r i n g the first half of the century. Some were short-lived a n d soon forgotten. O t h e r s possessed substance

18

Extinct

Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

and contributed to the social and cultural growth of the nation. This same ebullient confidence in the destiny of the nation helped to produce another American type —the reformer. Some reformers were the advocates of cults and utopias. Others formulated panaceas for social ills or sought to right the wrongs suffered by segments of society. A great variety of movements arose, encompassing politics, religion, slavery, education, women's rights, temperance, health, and countless other areas of contention. There was a reform movement, or constellation of movements, to match the emotional needs of any spirited citizen. Throughout these decades of adolescence Americans in mass readily identified for or against current issues and movements with the lust and vigor of youth. By 1850 agitation for the abolition of slavery held the center of the stage. T h e social, economic, and moral ingredients of the conflict distilled a toxic potion that poisoned the nation. Families, churches, clubs, societies, and political parties were disrupted. The abolition syndrome polarized the populace and split the personality of "the common m a n . " Torn by conflicting emotions, forced to make decisions when the live options were neither black nor white, driven to preserve ego status when the personality of the social order was already split, the nation staggered into civil-war—an ordeal by fire, blood, and exhaustion. But the institution of slavery was abolished, the Union was preserved, and national integrity was restored. The Civil W a r and the Reconstruction Era had a cogent as well as a traumatic impact on the nation. Valuable lessons were learned in manufacturing, merchandising, transportation, communications, medicine, surgery, public health, and nursing, to note a few areas which advanced during and after the war. The ante-bellum humanitarian crusades which survived and in some instances benefited by the war again challenged

Introduction

19

public interest. Genuine social problems related to immigration, labor, industry, agriculture, and the rapid growth of urban communities attracted the attention of social reformers. T h e industrial revolution assumed impressive proportions during the latter half of the century. Growing pains in many social and economic areas plagued the nation. Traditional American optimism and belief in the predestined triumph of its institutions persisted. This conviction, buttressed by the new and convenient doctrine of social Darwinism, certified success to the hard-working "fittest" in industry and business as well as on the raw frontier . According to Frederick Jackson Turner, the American frontier "closed" in 1890. Other aspects of Turner's frontier philosophy seem to be an over-simplification of the role and influence of the frontier in American culture. But it is clear that the typical, advancing, western frontier coasted to a halt about this time, leaving remnants of the Old West encysted in many rural communities. By 1890 a gratifying growth and advancement was generally acclaimed for American culture on all fronts, so much so that this tenth decade became the watershed of national maturation. Germane aspects of the cultural scene in nineteenth century United States have been noted. American medicine and medical education throughout these decades were shaped by the character and destiny of the nation. Likewise, men of the healing art influenced the destiny of the new republic. They appeared early in the first coastal communities and were quick to join the westward trek to trans-Appalachia, where they succored the pioneers in communities up to the cutting edge of the frontier. Many early American physicians had broad interests and were talented enough to combine with their practice of medicine the ministry, law, business, soldiering, and public service in legislative assemblies and other elective or appointive positions.

20

Extinct

Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

In spite of their flexibility and native talent, the great majority of early American physicians were inadequately prepared to practice medicine. Of the 3500 doctors who served in the Continental Army in the American Revolution, approximately ten per cent had earned the M.D. degree. The remainder were apprentice-trained. They perpetuated both the wisdom and ignorance of their preceptors, whom they had served three or more years. Most of the few institutionally trained men earned their degrees in Edinburgh, London, Leyden, or Paris — principally Edinburgh before 1776. Very few had been graduated from the two American medical schools founded before the Revolutionary War. John Morgan apprenticed under John Redman of Philadelphia, journeyed to Edinburgh for a medical degree, and in addition visited medical centers in England and on the Continent before he returned to the City of Brotherly Love in 1765, in time to give the spring commencement address at the College of Philadelphia. Dr. Morgan made two emphases. First, he repudiated the general practice of medicine as an impractical pattern for the profession in America, especially in the populous communities. Up to this time the typical American physician had covered the fields of medicine and surgery, in addition to compounding his own drugs, since pharmacy as an independent calling was not yet established in the colonies. For himself, Morgan would practice only medicine. He would refer all surgery to gentlemen who preferred this branch and to whom he was also willing to relegate the preparation and sale of medicines. Laymen in John Morgan's audience may have seen light in his proposal to separate medicine from surgery in practice, but the great majority of American physicians for the next hundred years continued to concern themselves with all aspects of medicine and surgery, save when a keen conscience dictated restraint or referral to a more competent colleague. Specializa-

Introduction

21

tion was not a major phenomenon in American medicine until well after the Civil War. Specialization was stimulated first by the advent of anesthesiology, Listerism, Civil War surgical and medical experience, and later by the development of the basic medical sciences. These experimental areas justified medicine's claim to being scientific by contributing the breadth of observation and the depth of reason to the formulation of medical thought and philosophy. The contemporary development of the modern hospital as the specialists' workshop made specialization possible and logical. Second, Morgan strongly endorsed the plan of the trustees of the College of Philadelphia to establish a medical school. He was effusive in his predictions for the future of medical education in the English Colonies. H e urged pre-professional education in Latin, Greek, French, mathematics, and the sciences. Only one American medical school established comparable admission requirements before 1900. Morgan emphasized the importance of a strong scientific motivation in medical education. Unfortunately proprietary qualities soon crept into American medical education and characterized much of the prevailing system until early in the twentieth century. Morgan saw educational virtue in coordinating didactic lectures with clinical demonstrations. Although scattered efforts were made to bring the lecture hall and ward together in a meaningful relationship, the first hospital in the United States built and continuously maintained specifically for the purpose of teaching medicine was at the University of Pennsylvania (successor to the College of Philadelphia) late in the third quarter of the nineteenth century. A graded curriculum, advocated by Morgan, was soon lost sight of. Although graded curriculums were subsequently proposed in different institutions at various times (instances are cited by Dr. Abrahams), it seems that Lind University (Northwestern University) in 1859 became the first to establish firmly a graded medical curriculum. The efforts of

22

Extinct

Medical

Schools of l'Jth-Century

Philadelphia

President Eliot of H a r v a r d in 1871 to r e f o r m a n d u p d a t e t h e m e d i c a l c u r r i c u l u m w a s the b e g i n n i n g of a r e f o r m m o v e m e n t t h a t m o v e d all t o o slowly. D i s t u r b e d b y t h e necessity f o r m e d i c a l school t e a c h e r s to m a k e t h e i r living in p r a c t i c e , while d e v o t e d to t e a c h i n g , M o r g a n suggested t h e utility of a p a i d faculty. Not

until

(University of

t h e early

1850's did a

Michigan) employ

medical

school

a f u l l - t i m e f a c u l t y —five

professors. P h i l a d e l p h i a w a s the n a t u r a l location for the first m e d i c a l school in N o r t h A m e r i c a . Calvinists in N e w E n g l a n d

and

Q u a k e r s in P h i l a d e l p h i a

that

h a d c o m e t o the conclusion

business in legitimate f o r m s a n d the f u n c t i o n s of t h e c o u n t i n g house were nccessary to t h e process of N e w W o r l d

empire-

building, especially since t h e i r C o m m o n w e a l t h s w e r e i n t e n d e d to be illustrious e x a m p l e s to t h e oppressed peoples of t h e w o r l d . T h i s v a r i a t i o n f r o m their original social austerity w a s a n easier philosophical g y m n a s t i c for Q u a k e r s t h a n f o r P u r i t a n s . T h e f o r m e r h a d n o p o n d e r o u s b o d y of theology to consult a n d n o clergy to e d u c a t e a n d s u p p o r t . Q u a k e r influence w a s i m p o r t a n t in the f o u n d i n g of the College of P h i l a d e l p h i a in 1749 — t h e first secular college to be f o u n d e d in the colonies. All o t h e r s w e r e c h u r c h - r e l a t e d a n d c h a r g e d p r i m a r i l y with

producing

a n e d u c a t e d clergy. Q u a k e r s were not p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d in e d u c a t i o n as t h e n u n d e r s t o o d , b u t their p r a c t i c a l b e n t p r e p a r e d t h e m to see the utility of a n institution which could, c o n t r a r y to the c u s t o m of c h u r c h - r e l a t e d institutions, give i n s t r u c t i o n in such useful subjects as m a t h e m a t i c s , a c c o u n t i n g , surveying, and geography. Likewise, Q u a k e r s s u p p o r t e d the c h a r t e r i n g a n d b u i l d i n g of t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a H o s p i t a l w h i c h o p e n e d in 1752, a u t i l i t a r i a n a n d b e n e v o l e n t a d j u n c t to the c o m m u n i t y a n d colony. T h e salubrious e d u c a t i o n a l

a n d professional c l i m a t e c r e a t e d

by

these t w o institutions m a d e t h e f o u n d i n g of a m e d i c a l school a wise a n d n a t u r a l c o n s e q u e n c e in 1765. Of t h e f o u r m e d i c a l

Introduction

23

schools founded before 1800, only the College of Philadelphia had a suitable educational relationship with an a d e q u a t e hospital when instruction was instituted. W h e n in 1850 w o m e n ' s rights agitation in Philadelphia culminated in the opening of the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, it was natural that leading Quakers were active in this new development. Early in the history of the Univ ersity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and other eighteenth-century schools, serious functional problems arose from a shortage of textbooks a n d teaching materials and at times f r o m a dearth of instructors. T h e faculties compensated by requiring students to attend two complete courses of lectures, the second term being a repetition of the first. In this way, it was claimed, a student would more adequately cover the subjects. As late as 1808, the University merely stated that the candidate for the M . D . degree must attend school for two winters and take each professor's course of lectures. T h i s pedagogic foible, at first justified as an expediency, became by 1820 the universal practice in American medical schools and was naively justified because it was the custom in Philadelphia. Preceptorial training continued to be an important feature of medical education until late in the nineteenth century. Although medical schools conventionally required three years of apprenticeship, little or no attention was actually given to checking the credentials or ability of preceptors whose n a m e s the students were required to submit for the record. Schools were also increasingly lax in other historic requirements such as the thesis, which was a b a n d o n e d by some. T h o u s a n d s of young Americans left medical school early and entered practice without benefit of an M . D . degree. Some had only an apprenticeship —all too often an inadequate learning experience. Such irregularities were most c o m m o n after 1830 w h e n

24

Extinct

Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

the ground swell of Jacksonianism began sweeping away the protective legislative acts, leaving the public and reputable professions virtually without definitive and protective laws in their respective Commonwealths. Thus, while legislators for several decades burned incense to the rights of "the common man," the portals of private practice were opened to thousands of poorly qualified Americans, not to mention hordes of irregulars who rode the crest of succeeding waves of immigration from Europe. By 1895, 21 states had established or restored some form of licensure by examination and 14 others licensed only graduates of approved medical schools, but there was no standardized system for accrediting them. During the lax decades, ambitious and venal-minded physicians, in rural and frontier communities, lacking a mature sense of professional and educational judgment, multiplied the number of medical schools on the presumption that it was their "right" and that the public demanded more medical education facilities. At the same time, jealous and feuding professors in metropolitan areas organized weak, inadequate schools which for a time produced many physicians of doubtful quality. The competitive race among medical schools began in the decade of the twenties, which saw 11 new schools established, and reached its peak of production in the decade of the eighties, which added 46 new schools. The contest was not fully halted until after the turn of the century. The years 1839-1860 witnessed both the founding and the collapse of many of the country schools. Published statements discrediting the value of hospital instruction and extensive anatomical dissection along with exaggerated claims for their own clinical facilities did not preserve country schools from the devastating competition of city schools which thrived on their "abundant anatomical material" and "hospital connections" propaganda. When the Civil War broke out, practically all Southern

Introduction

25

medical schools and a few weaker Northern schools closed, being unable to withstand the shock of mass student volunteering for combat service. Especially in the South, numerous professors responded to the call for medical personnel. Also, the South was slow to recognize the vital necessity of not interrupting a steady supply of qualified young medical men. Many second-year students in Northern schools served as surgical or clinical assistants in the Army, for which they received medical school credit. During the years of fictitious prosperity following the Civil War, medical education recovered its full-flavored competitive spirit. Even the panic of 1873 did not materially alter the growing flood tide of young men into medical schools. Some observers complained that many young men, whose parents had planned to set them up in business, after 1873 chose for them a medical career because they could achieve professional status with even less time and effort than required to enter business or a trade. It was also noted that many physicians, finding in medical practice a poor living, had abandoned it entirely or had combined practice with business or farming. As the country rounded out its first century of independence, thoughtful physicians, estimating that there was one physician for each 600 of population, concluded that there were too many graduates. It was common knowledge during these dreary decades of proprietary medical education that the few better schools, usually university- or hospital-connected, because of keen competition played down their admission and graduation requirements and hesitated to prescribe genuine clinical experience for fear of losing students to the less selective schools. In his story of defunct medical schools in Philadelphia, Dr. Abrahams has been both candid and fair. H e has presented men and events faithfully, whether to be praised or condemned. Some were entitled to both. His account throws light

26

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

on the frailties of the allopaths as well as on the follies of the medical sectarians w h o thrived in America throughout the forty year period. In addition to his meticulous treatment of tangled and spotty institutional careers, Dr. A b r a h a m s has assembled a mass of encyclopedic information related to textbooks, curriculums, and dates of school sessions, a n d biographical data presented in lists of faculties, registrants, a n d graduates. General as well as medical librarians will cherish this monograph especially for its reference value. Historians and antiquarians will be grateful for the care a n d diligence with which the a u t h o r conducted his "post-mortem" a n d prepared his report on a neglected aspect of American medical and cultural history. W M . FREDERICK N O R W O O D ,

Los Angeles April 1964

Ph.D.

Extinct Medical Schools of Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia

I The Medical Department of Pennsylvania College

of the nineteenth century, there arose in Philadelphia a number of medical schools' whose lives were destined to be but of short duration. For a time they thrived, achieved a measure of usefulness and distinction, then, as though to fulfill the words of the royal psalmist, after flourishing in the morning and growing up, in the evening they were cut down and passed into extinction. As living things often leave their fossil remains, so these schools bequeathed us their artifacts, in the form of printed yearly "announcements" which now rest on the shelves of the Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, and elsewhere, available for study. This, the first chapter of a study of these schools, deals with the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College. In 1839, Dr. George McClellan, newly dismissed from the faculty of Jefferson Medical College, which he had founded,

D U R I N G T H E MIDDLE D E C A D E S

1 Medical Department o f Pennsylvania College, Philadelphia College of M e d i c i n e , Franklin M e d i c a l College, Penn Medical University, Eclcctic Medical College of Pennsylvania and American University of Philadelphia, Eclectic Medical College of Philadelphia (later known as Philadelphia University of M e d i c i n e and Surgery).

29

30

Extinct

Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

associated himself with Drs. Samuel Colhoun, William Rush and Samuel G. Morton, all Philadelphia physicians, and on September 14 of that year, wrote to the Board of Trustees of Pennsylvania College, a Lutheran institution at Gettysburg, requesting that they be organized as a medical faculty in Philadelphia and as a Board of Regents empowered to confer the degree of doctor of medicine upon those candidates who could meet the following requirements : 1. Three years of study under a respectable practitioner of medicine . 2. T w o years of attendance at full courses of lectures, at least one of which should be at this college, and another either at the same or some other respectable school; "or, in lieu thereof one full course of lectures with not less than four years assiduously devoted to the practice of medicine after the regular period of study." 3. Passing of an examination, conducted by the Faculty, in the presence of a committee of three respectable practitioners of the city or state, who, with the Faculty, will certify to the Board of Trustees of Gettysburg College that the Candidate has met the requirements for the medical degree. The Trustees at Gettysburg granted the request by resolution, and appointed the four petitioners to the Faculty of the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College in Philadelphia, as it was henceforth called, with the powers requested. T h e school was virtually autonomous, despite frequently acknowledged subordination to the college at Gettysburg and the payment into the treasury there of one-half of the matriculation fees of $5.00; $2.50 for the college at Gettysburg, and $2.50 for the Medical Department. Before the first year had ended, McClellan and Rush asked for, and obtained, from the Pennsylvania Legislature, an

The Mcdical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

31

a m e n d m e n t t o t h e College C h a r t e r , a u t h o r i z i n g it t o g r a n t m e d i c a l degrees in P h i l a d e l p h i a

(March

1840). T h e

Legis-

l a t u r e , in the second section of t h e act of a m e n d m e n t , m a d e it impossible t h e r e a f t e r for a n y o t h e r college " t o establish a n y F a c u l t y for t h e p u r p o s e of c o n f e r r i n g degrees . . .

in a n y

C i t y . . . o t h e r t h a n t h a t in w h i c h said college is . . . l o c a t e d . "

I. BUILDINGS AND E Q U I P M E N T

The

first

Medical Department

Street, a b o v e

b u i l d i n g stood

at

Filbert

11th, in a " p l e a s a n t , respectable a n d

healthy

p a r t of the c i t y , " a n d was said to be c o m m o d i o u s ,

elegant,

well-lighted a n d ventilated a n d a d m i r a b l y a d a p t e d to its use. T h e r e were t w o lecture r o o m s (one a d a p t e d to a n a t o m i c a l purposes), a m u s e u m , a r e a d i n g r o o m , a dissecting r o o m a n d a c h e m i c a l l a b o r a t o r y . T h e b u i l d i n g was h e a t e d by m e a n s of w a r m - a i r f u r n a c e s a n d lighted with gas a n d s u p p l i e d

with

"Schuylkill w a t e r . . . i n t r o d u c e d into e a c h s t o r y . " It w a s c l a i m e d t h a t all conveniences c o n d u c i v e to cleanliness

and

c o m f o r t w e r e available. It served In its c a p a c i t y as t h e m e d i c a l school b u i l d i n g f o r ten years. A dispensary w a s o p e n daily a n d clinical facilities at Blockley a n d P e n n s y l v a n i a H o s p i t a l s w e r e accessible to s t u d e n t s of the college. I n 1849 a lot was p u r c h a s e d f o r the erection of a n e w h o m e f o r the school

at the southwest c o r n e r of 9th Street

and

Shield's Alley, below Locust. A deep-seated c h a n g e in t h e F a c u l t y h a d t a k e n place in t h e ten years' o p e r a t i o n of t h e college. T h e first m a j o r c h a n g e w a s the d e a t h of D e a n Colh o u n , a n d his r e p l a c e m e n t by D r . R o b e r t M . Bird, in 1841. A second u p h e a v a l was the resignation of t h e entire f a c u l t y in S e p t e m b e r , 1843, d u e to p e r s o n a l differences a m o n g selves, as well as to

financial

them-

problems. (George M c C l e l l a n ' s

letter of resignation, r e p r o d u c e d in o n e of t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s of

32

Extinct Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

the college," shows a deletion — probably an allusion to a personal controversy.) The Trustees acknowledged the dissolution of the Faculty and empowered it to appoint a new Faculty from among former members, or elsewhere. Time was growing short before the new sessions would open and the Board of Trustees could not, according to the charter, hold a special meeting before another four weeks. The old Faculty failing, or refusing, to act, despite a plea from both Secretary of the Board and the President of the College, their written relinquishment of all rights and use of the charter, signed by four of their number, was followed by transfer of these rights to a group of local physicians on November 6, 1843, thus creating an entirely new Faculty. This came about in the following manner : the old Faculty having failed to agree upon their successors, Drs. William Darrach and Henry S. Patterson, armed with a letter from Dr. Morton, went to Gettysburg to solicit for themselves and Drs. William R. Grant and John Wiltbank, appointments as members of the new Faculty. The Board at Gettysburg advised the issuance of the relinquishing document and in April 1844, confirmed the new Faculty appointments. Dr. David Gilbert, secretary of the Board at Gettysburg, was added to the Faculty at this time, as was Dr. Washington L. Atlee. Another significant development was an Act of March 29, 1849, in which the state legislature created a fifteen-man body known as the "Trustees of the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College," tacitly giving the Faculty of the Medical Department still greater independence and authorizing it to erect the new building alluded to above, through the agency of its Trustees, incorporated for purposes of raising a loan of $40,000 and holding the property in trust for the Medical Department. The Faculty was also to have the power to fill 1 "Statement of Facts Connected with the Reorganization of the Faculty of the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College" (1855).

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

33

vacancies which might arise on the staff. T h e new building, "the most complete and elegant structure of its kind in A m e r i c a , ' " was of "collegiate Gothic"design and was equipped with three lecture rooms, each seating five hundred persons, a museum, dissecting room, offices for professors, ante-rooms for students and living quarters for the janitor. It was shielded from street noises by the location of the building. Audio-visual facilities in the lecture rooms were good and the museum was large, attractive, and had means for illustrating lectures with anatomical and pathological specimens, wet and dry, and paintings, surgical apparatus, plates, drawings, wax, plaster, leather and papier maché models. An extensive cabinet of materia medica with painted plates and dried specimens of medicinal plants from all over the world, was also provided, with obstetrical models, drawings and preparations. There was a reading room which was supplied with journals (foreign and American) on medicine, surgery, science in general, and with daily newspapers of Philadelphia and various parts of the country. T h e dissection room was large, well ventilated, had an abundance of material and was supervised by the Professor of Anatomy, assisted by the Demonstrator. Special attention was given to medical chemistry "(particularly as it applies to physiology and pathology) in a laboratory well supplied with apparatus and the course made interesting and attractive to the student." Clinical instruction was, as before, at Blockley and Pennsylvania Hospitals. Tickets for free admission to other Philadelphia hospitals were also issued to students. There was a faculty-foundation for free scholarships to a limited number of students. T h e great Library of the Pennsylvania Hospital wits also accessible to students. Some years later a clinic on 3 This structure eventually became the home of the Philadelphia University of Medicine and Surgery. See engraving in the chapter on that school.

34

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

diseases of women was established by the Professor of Midwifery. In 1851 Atlee resigned, and in 1852 Grant died. T h e chair of "Institutes" was introduced and Dr. Francis G. Smith was appointed to it. Drs. John J . Reese and J . M . Allen became members of the faculty in 1852. By the resignation of Dr. Patterson in 1853, the chair of Materia Medica and Therapeutics became vacant and Dr. John B. Biddle was appointed his successor. In 1854, great bitterness and recrimination split the faculty into two irreconcilable factions. Drs. Darrach (President), and Wiltbank, attempting to oust Drs. Gilbert, Reese, Biddle, Smith, and Allen, made a denial of the fact that despite virtual independence from Gettysburg College, the Medical Department did have a tie to the mother institution, as evidenced by the payment of half of all matriculation moneys into the treasury at Gettysburg and numerous allusions to the same fact at public functions. At a private meeting held on April 19, 1854, Darrach and Wiltbank passed a resolution expelling the other five professors in their absence, and repudiated all allegiance to the parent institution.' On June 6, 1854, the Trustees at Gettysburg unanimously vacated the chairs held by Darrach and Wiltbank, whereupon the two professors, jointly with the Trustees of the Medical Department Building, created by act of State Legislature in 1849, to hold the new building in trust, filed a bill in equity in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia against the Medical Faculty and the Gettysburg Trustees, asking an injunction on grounds that Gettysburg had no jurisdiction over the Philadelphia school. T h e injunction was denied and Darrach and Wiltbank were replaced by Dr. Alfred Stille and Dr. Gilbert, respectively. 4 T h e five professors appealed, through Dr. Gilbert, to Darrach and Wiltbank to resign, for the good of the school, and claimed that the unpopularity of the two was causing a decline in enrollment. T h e five

The Medical In

1858,

the

Department

of Pennsylvania

eleven-year-old

College

Philadelphia

35

College

of

Medicine made an agreement with the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, probably due to mutual

financial

difficulties, that after one year from date the two schools should merge. In the Spring of 1859 the entire faculty of the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College resigned and that of the Philadelphia College of Medicine presided over the merged schools, which bore the title " M e d i c a l Department of Pennsylvania College." T h e Civil W a r reduced enrollment, causing a decline in income, and a large bill for unpaid taxes was met by the shifting of responsibility from one to another place. T h e professors, viewing the entire matter as hopeless, resigned. T h e struggle for existence of more than a score of years went down to defeat. T w o later efforts to revive the school were unavailing.

II.

CURRICULUM

T h e following branches were taught : Anatomy, Physiology, Histology, Chemistry, Materia Medica and Pharmacy, Theory and Practice of Medicine. Principles and Practice of Surgery, Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children (Practical Anatomy, Clinical Medicine, Clinical Surgery, Toxicology and Pathology were included). T h e courses ran for four and onehalf months (19 weeks), without intermission," and the student was required to attend six lectures daily except on clinic days. published, " A Statement of the Facts Connected with the Reorganization of the Faculty e t c . , " a 64-page pamphlet (octavo). This was replied to by Darrach in a 68-page (octavo) " R e p l y to a Pamphlet Entitled Ά Statement of the Facts,' etc.," and this in turn, drew a rebuttal from the five professors, having the title " A Refutation of the Misstatements Contained in a Pamphlet etc.," 64 pages (octavo). These three pamphlets, in the Library of the College of Physicians o f Philadelphia, give evidence of the bitterness of the controversy. 5 Theory and Practice of Medicine 100, Obstetrics 75, Materia Medica 75, Anatomy and Physiology 110, Chemistry 75, Surgery 75, lectures.

36

Extinct Medical

Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Examinations were held daily or weekly for purposes of review, emphasis, or correction of errors, due to misunderstanding by the student of what he had heard in the lectures.

Theory

and Practice

of

Medicine

This course was illustrated by "numerous and expensive" diagrams, pathological paintings and specimens, and was arranged under the divisions of Fevers, Inflammations, Nervous and Chronic Diseases. Instruction in each division was first devoted to an explanation of the appropriate medical principles, and the entire course itself to the "principles as apply more generally to all diseases; introducing thereby, appositely and practically, so much of what is now abstractly termed the 'Institutes' as indispensably belongs to this branch of medical science." Fevers Opening with nosology, the lecturer then passed to etiology, introducing to an American school "the profound and practical doctrines of Schoenlein," at that time regarded as the most distinguished teacher of pathology in Germany. Miasm, " a most important item in etiology," was given special consideration. T h e febrile principle was divided into internal and external miasms, the former being of five varieties —necro, eleo, lumato, hydralnero, and eleo-lumato-miasmata, and the latter being the idio-miasma. Such an analysis made possible the reconciling of discordant views on idiopathic fever and contagion, and rendered three natural orders of fevers — endemic, epidemic, and contagious; endemic fevers were of three possible species —intermittent, remittent, and continued; epidemic fevers were of three species — pertussis, influenza, and

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

37

College

certain exanthems; contagious fevers included typhus, plague, small-pox, etc. Inflammations The

phlegmasiae

of

head,

chest,

and

abdomen

were

considered. T h e multiform renal diseases were adequately discussed, with the help of accurate paintings. Hippocratic and physiological doctrines, as set forth by Fordyce and Broussais, were reconciled,

the indispensable use of the lancet,

calomel, and antimony, and other items of the antiphlogistic treatment were expounded, and the error of Hahnemann exposed. Due credit was given the Continental, British, and American schools for their labors in giving us certainty of diagnosis of the diseases of this division.

Chronic

Diseases

There were three classes : those due to an abnormal state of the blood, those due to association, sympathy, and metastasis, and those of structural lesion. T h e lecturer gave practical prominence to the too much neglected diseases of the blood, and evaluated the doctrines of the humoralists, solidists, and humoro-solidists, dispelling some of the existing vagueness about these diseases. Nervous

Diseases

T h e lecturer discussed "motor and sensitive nerves," respiratory nerves, the relation between seventh and fifth pairs, the gangliar system, and the encephalon, which, considered together and

compared

with the nervous organization

of

inferior animals, show the unity of the nervous system. T h e

38

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

pathology was divided into two parts : (a) morbid conditions of the intellect, senses, muscles, and those of mixed character; and (b) those of the gangliar system. The course ended with general remarks on diagnosis, semeiology, and medical bibliography. Obstetrics

and the Diseases

of Women

and

Children

The course was practical and "demonstrative." It began with a consideration of the anatomy of the parts concerned with reproduction and parturition —the female pelvis, its form, straits, axes, and diameters, and all other considerations of obstetrical importance — the organs concerned in conception, gestation, and labor, their diseases and various displacements. Theories of generation were considered, as were the history of pregnancy, with its phenomena, symptoms, signs, and diseases. The process of parturition in all its forms was taught, and its mechanism shown on the manikin. The difficulties and mostapproved methods of obviating them were explained, and the accidents and diseases which sometimes complicate labor were given careful attention. Manual and instrumental obstetrical operations were taught, and students were encouraged to practice upon the manikin. The physiology and pathology of the puerperal state was discussed. The management of the newly born infant and the medical and physical treatment of infants and young children were taught. There was instruction upon such points of the Institutes and Medical Jurisprudence as relate to reproduction. Illustrative material included enlarged paintings "by a celebrated artist," and numerous wet and dry preparations from the college museum. Materia

Medica

and

Therapeutics

All of the approved remedial means in ordinary use were considered, without undue prominence to any. Their natural

The Medical Department

of Pennsylvania

College

39

and commercial histories, chemical composition, incompatibilities, varieties, and modes of preparation were discussed and demonstrated, and each remedy exhibited, but most of the time was devoted to the therapeutic uses and the circumstances which called for administration. T h e course was as complete and practical for everyday use as possible. Remedies were grouped according to their resemblances in the application to the cure of disease, while minor differences, which allow the practitioner a choice, were pointed out. T h e modus operandi of each article of the materia medica and general rules of use were remarked upon. T h e nomenclature and method of preparation were those of the United States Pharmacopoeia. There were several lectures on the use of blood-letting (general and local), on diet and regimen, and on the art of prescribing. Illustrative material consisted of a complete cabinet of specimens and a series of beautiful "plates" of the vegetable remedies, the large paintings of indigenous medicinal plants having been made by able artists, who used living plants as their models. Anatomy

and

Physiology

The professor gave a full demonstration of the structure and a detailed discussion of the physiological use or function of every part of the h u m a n body. T h e course began with a study of histology, after which the following were treated : 1. Osteology — the bones were described in general and particular, and their names, composition, form, situation, and use (separately and combined) were considered. T h e ligaments were also discussed. 2. Myology — muscles were classified, demonstrated, and named, and their attachment shown; effects of contraction,

40

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

singly and combined, were pointed out, and their surgical relations to important arteries, veins, nerves, viscera, and influences on fractures and dislocations (topographical or surgical anatomy) were given particular attention. 3. Angeology — the heart, its structure, relations, and function, distribution of the arteries, veins, and lymphatics directly or indirectly connected with it as the central organ of circulation, normal distribution and important relations of the vessels were discussed, and common and interesting varieties of vessels exhibited. 4. Neurology — including the medulla spinallis, cerebrospinal nerves, encephalon (with its membranes, divisions and functions) — was given careful treatment, and its structures were demonstrated according to the plans of both ancient and modern anatomists; the ganglionic or great sympathetic system, showing its peculiarities and relations to the organs, was also dealt with. 5. Splanchnology — included a consideration of the different viscera, membranous and solid, glandular and follicular, thoracic, abdomenal, and pelvic, the organs of speech and of deglutition, their various peculiarities and uses, the anatomical structure and function of each organ, the anatomy and physiology of the organs of the special senses, including integument and appendages. T h e demonstrations made use of recent dissections, enlarged models, accurate diagrams of minute and intricate parts, and a complete cabinet of dry and wet preparations. Principles and Practice of

Surgery

T h e professor kept in mind that the beginner must proceed from the simple to the more intricate, and therefore the first lectures were based upon the early demonstrations in the

The Medical Department

of Pennsylvania College

41

course on anatomy. He dealt, in his first lecture, with the various grades of constitutional shock (with their complications) and with reaction (and proper immediate treatment), both of which resulted from a primary disturbance of the vital powers caused by violent injury from without the body. T h e n the following were presented : method of examination, in order to discover local injury, fractures, and dislocations, starting with the simplest (and eventually considering all varieties), illustrated by drawings and morbid preparations; various forms of apparatus, exhibited, described, and applied; the requisite operations for reduction and retention, illustrated; injuries, indications in their treatment, the process of the union of bone, the untoward accidents which may occur and modification of treatment then necessary; wounds (on the surface of the body, or involving the great cavities or vital organs), exhibited on the dead body; means for suppression of haemorrhage; readjustment of the displaced parts; forms of dressing, subsequent treatment ; union of parts by the first intention ; pathological principles of especial interest; irritation, congestion, and inflammation; results of inflammation (abscess and mortification), modifications of inflammation produced by special causes such as burns, syphilis, or a state of the constitution, such as erysipelas, scrofula, anthrax, etc., were considered and treatment given. T h e course ended with a discussion of operative surgery —when and how to operate, skillfully illustrated by numerous drawings, and operations performed upon the dead subject ; the more important surgical instruments were exhibited and their use explained; details of minor surgery, so important but generally neglected, were given due prominence. T h e professor did not pretend that he had an adequate surgical clinic, but presented to his class as much practical surgery as he could, especially when the cases were such as would do no violence to the feelings and welfare of the patients.

42

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century Medical

Philadelphia

Chemistry

The course was general and systematic, but omitted all matter having no direct bearing upon medicine. Elements, compounds, and principles governing chemical action were taught within that frame of reference. Physiological and pathological chemistry, including the physical and chemical relations of the fluids and solids of the body in health and in the diseased state were presented, and microscopy in support of the evidence of experimental chemistry was added. All of the Institutes of Medicine belonging to chemistry were introduced in their proper and natural connection. Toxicology (including the physiological action of poisons, evidences of poisoning, tests, treatment, medico-legal questions), was part of the course. There were chemical demonstrations and illustrations with the aid of diagrams and work at the blackboard. Clinical

Instruction

T h e faculty was not in favor of the substitution of a weekly or semi-weekly clinic at the college for the old system of hospital attendance, because it gave the student little or no opportunity for personal inspection of the patient, whom he could see only at a distance, learning nothing more of the course or termination of the case. But the free clinic at other colleges made it necessary for this school to offer its students an equivalent, and it therefore gave each second-year student a ticket to the Pennsylvania Hospital. All of the professors at this college aimed at being practical, yet educating rather than merely instructing, so that their graduates would be able to reason upon medicine, as well as be in possession of a multiplicity of facts. Professors gave examinations (to students who wished them) at stated times, thus

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

43

helping students to have better recall of the course-content and the professor to have a better knowledge of his students' strengths and weaknesses. (The foregoing discussion of the curriculum is based upon statements made in the Annual Announcement for the session of 1847-48.) Heber Chase : The Medical Student's Guide (Philadelphia, 1842), gives (page 25) the roster of lectures for the session of 1842-43 : Hour

Monday

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

10

Obstetrics Obstetrics

Obstetrics Obstetrics

11

Chemistry Chemistry

Chemistry Chemistry

12

Anatomy

Anatomy Anatomy Anatomy

Anatomy

1

Practice

Practice

Practice

4

Materia Materia Medica Medica

5

Surgery

Surgery

Practice

Practice

Materia Materia Medica Medica Surgery

Surgery

Surgery

For a time there was "summer medical instruction," which was not, however, recognized as equivalent to the usual "winter course," from the point of view of graduation. The lectures (early April to October, "with the usual mid-summer recess") were held in the College building : Anatomy, by J . M . Allen M.D., General Pathology and Practice, by Alfred Stille M.D., Clinical Surgery, by John Neill M.D., Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, by David Gilbert M.D., Materia Medica, by John B. Biddle M.D., Medical Chemistry, by John J . Reese M.D., and Physiology and Physiological Anatomy, by F. G. Smith M.D., Instruction in Surgery consisted of a daily clinic at the Pennsylvania Hospital, and the lectures on Obstetrics were illustrated by clinical cases.

44

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century M.

Philadelphia

(A) FACULTY

Sessions of 1839-40,

until 1842-43,

inclusive

Samuel G. Morton, M.D., Prof essor of Anatomy and Physiology. George McClellan, M.D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery. Samuel Colhoun, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy." William Rush, M.D., Professor of the Theory and Practice of Physic. Samuel McClellan, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. Walter R. Johnson, M.A., Professor of Chemistry. Thomas R. Colhoun, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy (1842). Sessions of 1843—44, until 1851-52,

inclusive

William Darrach, M.D., President, Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. John Wiltbank, M.D., Registrar, Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. William R. Grant, M.D., Professor of Anatomy and Physiology.' Henry S. Patterson, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica and Pharmacy. David Gilbert, M.D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery. Washington L. Atlee, M.D., Professor of Medical Chemistry." William H. Gobrecht, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy (185152). James Hunter, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy (1850-51). A. F. Mclntyre, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy (1848-49). * Dr. Colhoun died in of Materia Medica and 'Deceased March 28, "Resigned December

1841 and was replaced in that year as Professor Pharmacy by Robert Montgomery Bird. 1852. 23, 1851.

The Medical Department Sessions of 1852-53,

of Pennsylvania College and

45

1853-54'

William Darrach, M.D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. John Wiltbank, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. Henry S. Patterson, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. 10 David Gilbert, M.D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery. John J . Reese, M.D., Professor of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacy. J . M. Allen, M.D., Professor of Anatomy. Francis G. Smith, M.D., Professor of the Institutes of Medicine. William H. Gobrecht, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. Sessions 1854-55

until 1858-59,

inclusive

David Gilbert, M.D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. Alfred Stille, M.D., Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. John Neill, M.D., Professor of Principies and Practicc of Surgery. J . M. Allen, M.D., Professor of Special and Surgical Anatomy." John J . Reese, M.D., Professor of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacy. John B. Biddle, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. * T h e order of the names of the members of the Faculty as given here was by resolution of the members on May 17, 1852. 10 Dr. Patterson resigned and became Emeritus Professor. He was replaced by John B. Biddle in 1853. " Dr. Allen resigned in 1856 and was replaced by Dr. T . G. Richardson, of LouisviJle, Ky.

46

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Francis G. Smith, M.D., Professor of Institutes of Medicine. William H. Gobrecht, M.D., Prosector to the Professor of Surgery (1854). Joseph Shippen, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy (1855). H. W. DeSaussure Ford, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy (1856). J . Frank Bell, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy (1858-59). J . H. B. McClellan, M.D., Professor of Special and General Anatomy (1858-59). Faculty

Sessions

of 1859-60,

and

1860-61

B. Howard Rand, M.D., Dean, Professor of Medical Chemistry. Henry Hartshorne, M.D., Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine. Lewis D. Harlow, M.D., Dean, Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children. William S. Halsey, M.D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery. William Hembel Taggart, M.D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics. James Aitken Meigs, M.D., Professor of the Institues of Medicine. William H. Gobrecht, M.D., Professor of Anatomy. Theodore A. Demmé, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. HI. (B) A L P H A B E T I Z E D LIST OF M E M B E R S OF T H E FACULTY

( For Faculty

grouped

by year, see previous

pages)

Allen, J . M., M.D.,': 1 8 5 2 - 5 6 . " A n a t o m i s t , and author o f The Practical Anatomist, or the Student's Guide to the Dissecting Room. His excessive application to his work caused his health to break down.

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

47

Atlee, Washington L., M.D.,u 1 8 4 3 - 5 1 . Bell, J. Frank, M.D., 1858. Biddle, John B., M.D.," 1 8 5 3 - 5 9 . Bird, Robert M., M.D./5 1841-43. 11 It has been said of him that " h e did more than anyone in the world to establish ovariotomy as a legitimate practice." H e was deeply interested in medical chemistry (which he taught for a n u m b e r of years), in botany, and in practical anatomy. Dr. Atlee was accused of m u r d e r after his first, and fatal, ovariotomy. I n 1851 he prepared a p a p e r giving a table of all ovariotomies from 1701 until 1851. By 1878 he had performed almost four h u n d r e d such operations, probably more than any living surgeon, save one. In 1861, in Williamsport, amidst the confusion resulting from the fall of surgeon, patient, and spectators to the first floor of a f r a m e building when the second floor collapsed, he calmly completed his operation. He produced a sensation in 1853 with his surgery for uterine fibroids. T h e importance of tapping as a means of diagnosis and estimation of the character of the removed fluids were demonstrated by him. Dr. Atlee helped to organise the American Medical Association. H e was the author of numerous articles, and the large work General and Differential Diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors with Specific Reference to the Operation of Ovariotomy (1872).

" After graduating, he studied in Paris, then returned to Philadelphia, where, with M e r e d i t h Clymer, he started The Medical Examiner, which ran from 1838 until 1844 then merged with The North American MedicoChirurgical Review. In 1865 he succeeded to the chair of M a t e r i a Medica a n d General Therapeutics, earlier held by T h o m a s D. Mitchell. His widely used treatise, Materia Medica for the Use of Students (300 pages), appeared in 1852 and passed through eight editions. 15 Robert Montgomery Bird practiced medicina for but o n e year because of his dislike of receiving monetary payment from his patients, and welcomed the opportunity of filling the vacancy at this college resulting from the death of Dr. Colhoun in 1841. (See footnote 6.) H e was very widely read in botany, chemistry, agriculture, history, ancient and modern literature, and had a working knowledge of Latin, Greek, Spanish, and French. After 1843 he turned to the writing of plays (of which two romantic tragedies and two comedies of life in Philadelphia remain in manuscript), then wrote Pelopides, which Edwin Forrest purchased but did not produce, and Gladiator, ini which Forrest continued to a p p e a r on the stage as long as he lived, earning a fortune in doing so and winning great recognition for Dr. Bird at Drury L a n e in 1836 when the play had to compete with a nearly all-Shakespeare repertoire. T h e s e and other plays remained unpublished until 1917, d u e to Forrest's selfishness. H e turned to the novel as an outlet f o r his abilities and wrote Calavar, The Infidel, The Hawks of Hawk Hollow (a story which takes place toward the close of the American Revolution at the Water-Gap), Sheppard Lee

48

Extinct Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Colhoun, Samuel, M.D.," 1839—4-1. Colhoun, Thomas, M.D., 1842. Darrach, William, M.D.," 1843-54. Demmé, Theodore Α., M.D., 1 8 5 9 - 6 1 . Ford, H. W. DeS., M.D., 1856. Gilbert, David, M.D.," 1 8 4 3 - 5 9 . Gobrecht, William H., M.D., 1 8 5 1 - 6 1 . Grant, William R., M.D., 1843-52. Halsey, William S., M.D., 1 8 5 9 - 6 1 . Harlow, Lewis D., M.D., 1 8 5 9 - 6 1 . Hartshorne, Henry, M.D., 1 8 5 9 - 6 1 . Hunter, James, M.D., 1850. Johnson, Walter R., M.A., 1839-43. McClellan, George, M.D., " 1839-43. and Nick of the Woods, which was reprinted at least ten times in London, by 1900, and four times in Germany. T h e r e were other novels also. " D r . Colhoun (Calhoun until 1832) had a w a r m and generous nature, as a result of which he m a d e frequent trips into the squalid areas of I he city in search of poor old men and women whom he would take to restaurants for hot meals at his expense. When his friend George McClellan was excluded from Jefferson he helped him in founding the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College. 17 William Darrach was an office-student with Philip Syng Physick for three years. Some of his notes on the typhus epidemic at the Philadelphia Almshouse a r e still preserved. He spent three years in England, Scotland. France and Italy, where he studied with Abernethy, Brodie, M a y o , Bell, and Cooper, attended lectures at the J a r d i n des Plantes, College de France, l'Ecole de Médecin, and clinics at the Hôtel-Dieu, La Charité, l'Hôpital de St. Louis, etc. He al Ό studied comparative a n a t o m y with Blainville, diseases of the skin with Alibert, and surgery with Roux, Boyer, CafTroir, Larrey, and Scrapa. He is remembered for his folio lithographed plates, Drawings of the Anatomy of the Groin (1830), produced from the dissections which he made in Paris in 1820 and which were facilitated by forcing air into the different planes of the tissues. T h e publication was intended for the instruction of surgeons concerned with strangulated hernia. Dr. Darrach was a general practitioner throughout his entire professional life. " Surgeon. Physician of the Port of Philadelphia. 19 George McClellan's interest in science was greatly quickened by Professor Silliman at Yale. He had the most successful private school of anatomy and surgery in Philadelphia. His prediction that medical educa-

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49

McClellan, J. H . B., M.D., 1858. McClellan, Samuel, M.D., 1 8 3 9 - 4 3 . M c l n t y r e , A. F., M.D., 1848. Meigs, J a m e s Α., M.D., 1 8 5 9 - 6 1 . M o r t o n , S a m u e l G . , M.D., 1 "

1839^3.

tion would prosper (and not decline) despite the opening of a new medical school was fulfilled by 1849, when o n e t h o u s a n d students were in a t t e n d a n c e in Philadelphia, c o m p a r e d with five h u n d r e d in 1825. H e h a d a large surgical practice and was gifted with a very alert, dexterous, bold, a n d resourceful surgical talent. It has been said that he was o n e of the greatest of men in a g r o u p of distinguished persons. A l t h o u g h J o h n Bell had earlier said that the operation for t h e extirpation of t h e p a r o t i d gland was impossible and absurd, Dr. McClellan eventually p e r f o r m e d it eleven times, with only one d e a t h . T h a t he was a genius seems to have gone unquestioned. His description of shock has b e e n called a classic. H e did not live to complete his Principles and Practice of Surgery, which was published by his son in 1848. H e is credited with t h e establishment of a clinic, with the opening of Jefferson M e d i c a l College a f t e r h a v i n g conducted a clinic of his own, t h e patients of which were then referred to the College clinic. T h i s was an early a t t e m p t to bring medical students into contact with patients. H e was the f a t h e r of G e o r g e B. M c C l e l l a n , Civil W a r general. 30 Physician and naturalist. A f t e r g r a d u a t i n g from the University of Pennsylvania, h e studied at E d i n b u r g h . H e carried o n researches in medicine, geology, vertebrate paleontology, and zoology. His paleontologica! publications i n c l u d e : Synopsis of Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group in the United States (1834), dealing with fossils b r o u g h t back by t h e Lewis and Clark Expedition, and said to be the starting point of all paleontological and systematic work on American fossils; a n d Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Ferruginous Sand Formation of the United States, on the fossils of plesiosaurus, crocodiles, horses, elephants, a n d mastodons found n e a r the R a r i t a n River, in New Jersey. In one of his zoological p a p e r s he described a new species of h i p p o p o t amus. Besides his medical papers he published an American edition of J o h n Mackintosh's Principles of Pathology (1836) and Human Anatomy (1848), a book of p e r m a n e n t value u p o n which much of his lasting r e p u t a t i o n rests. His m a j o r interest was in collecting skulls f o r comp a r a t i v e study. Louis Agassiz thought that his collection, which consisted mostly of specimens presented t o him by o n e h u n d r e d friends to which h e had a d d e d specimens costing him from ten to fifteen thousand dollars, w a s w o r t h a journey to America. H e published t w o works based u p o n his studies of skulls: Crania Americana a n d Crania JEgyptiaca. His conclusion that t h e races of m a n were of diverse origin brought him i n t o conflict with m e m b e r s of the clergy. I n Dr. M o r t o n ' s influence u p o n Agassiz he was second only to Cuvier.

50

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

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Neill, John, M.D./' 1854-59. Patterson, Henry S., M.D.," 1843-53. Rand, B. Howard, M.D.," 1859-61. Reese, John J., M.D./4 1852-59. Richardson, T . G., M.D.," 1856. 11 He is best remembered for his work during the Civil War. O n the day that Fort Sumter fell he searched the city for a suitable hospital building, and obtained the Mayor's permission to use one located at Ninth and Christian Streets. Here he established the first United States military hospital in Philadelphia. When L e e invaded Pennsylvania in 1863, Dr. Neill was appointed medical director of the forces from the state, and established military hospitals at Carlisle and Fine Grove, Pa., and Hagerstown, M d . He was a popular teacher and the author of three little books, which had colored figures of arteries, veins, and nerves. He was co-author, with Francis G. Smith, of An Analytical Compendium of the Various Branches of Medical Science (1848). H e also published an American edition of William Perrie's Principles and Practice of Surgery. H e was the inventor of an apparatus for the treatment of fractures of the leg. H Studied with Joseph Parrish. He was a biographer and historian, with an accomplished style in the manner of the old flowery medical lecturer. H e had seven valedictory addresses and introductory lectures to his credit. His historical writings are said to throw light upon the aspirations, ideals, and medical theories of his time. n Dr. R a n d was an efficient teacher of chemistry. T h e respect of his students was based upon his thorough mastery of his subject, which he taught, at various times, at a number of institutions, namely, this college, the Franklin Institute, the Central High School of Philadelphia (1859— 64), and Jefferson Medical College. H e published Chemistry for Students (1855) and Elements of Medical Chemistry (1863 and 1875), and edited Metcalf's Caloric (two volumes, 1859). He was a member of the American Philosophical Society. M He was a medico-legal expert and an excellent, interesting lecturer. Besides later teaching medical jurisprudence and toxicology at the University of Pennsylvania, he edited the seventh American edition of A. S. Taylor's Medical Jurisprudence and published his own Medical Jurisprudence and Toxicology, which passed through seven editions and brought him fame. T h i s work gives a good picture of toxicology and forensic medicine as it was in his day. H e was also the author of Analysis of Physiology. In the Civil W a r he was head of the Christian Street Hospital in Philadelphia. " A u t h o r of Elements of Human Anatomy, General, Descriptive, and Practical (734 pages and 269 illustrations, in which he, uniquely, substituted English for L a t i n terms "wherever practicable and judicious") and many papers in North American Medical and Chirurgical Review,

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Rush, William, M.D., 1 8 3 9 - 4 3 . Shippen, Joseph, M.D., 1855. Smith, Francis G., M.D./" 1 8 5 2 - 5 9 . Stille, Alfred, M.D." 1 8 5 4 - 5 9 . Taggart, William H., M.D., 1 8 5 9 - 6 1 . Wiltbank, John, M.D., 1 8 4 3 - 5 4 . IN

(c)

TRUSTEES

Morris Patterson, Esq., President Hon. William D. Kelley, Secretary New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, and Transactions of the American Medical Association. He was president of the A.M.A. in 1878. In the Confederate Army he served as medical director. " Obstetrician and physiologist, lecturer in physiology at the Philadelphia Association for Medical Instruction and eventual successor to Samuel Jackson's chair at the University of Pennsylvania, where, in 1875, he founded the first physiological laboratory. He was the first president of the Philadelphia Obstetrical Society. He translated, and added to, Barth and Roger's Manual of Auscultation and Percussion and, with John Neill, published Handbook of Anatomy. He edited the third American edition of the fourth English edition of Carpenter's Principles of Human Physiology. In 1856 he had Alexis St. Martin under observation and published the results of his experiments in The Medical Examiner (of which he was, at the time, Editor) and as Experiments upon Digestion (16 pages) in the same year. 71 Alfred Stille was house physician at Blockley under W. W. Gerhard, a great clinical teacher who had studied with the famous French physician Louis. Dr. Stille played a part in the eventual differentiation between typhus and typhoid. He was deeply devoted to accuracy and methodical procedure. His gifts as teacher, practitioner, and writer won him deserved recognition. He lectured on pathology and practice of medicine at the Philadelphia Association for Medical Instruction, was elected professor of theory and practice at this college, and, after it closed, he succeeded Dr. Pepper at the University of Pennsylvania. He was a staunch advocate of improved medical education through better preliminary training, longer sessions, and advanced methods of teaching. He was the first secretary of the A.M.A. and, in 1867, its president. He wrote Elements of General Pathology (1848), Cerebrospinal Meningitis (1867), Cholera (1885), Therapeutics and Materia Medica (1860), The National Dispensatory (with J . M. Maisch, 1879). In a valedictory adrcss he once remarked: "Only two things are essential —to live uprightly and to be wisely industrious."

52

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Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

John Anspach, Esq., Treasurer Joseph Patterson, Esq. John McCallister, Esq. Thomas Robins, Esq. William Dulty, Esq. Martin Buehler, Esq. W. C. Patterson, Esq. William Harris, M.D. John Cooke, Esq. David Lewis, Esq. IV. TEXTBOOKS

USED

Anatomy

Wilson's, Wistar's, Morton's, Smith and Horner's Atlas, Carpenter's, Dunglison's, Kirke's Physiology, Masse's Atlas— until 1852. Allen's, Morton's, Sharpey and Quain's, Cruveilhier's, from 1852 until 1854. Same as 1852, with Neill's Plates added, from 1854 until 1856. Same as 1852, with Dublin Dissector added, from 1856 until 1858. Wilson's (edited by Professor Gobrecht), Gray's Descriptive Anatomy, Cruveilhier's, Allen's Dissector's Guide, from 1859 until 1861. Medical Fownes's, S i m o n ' s Chemistry

Chemistry of Man,

Christison

on Poisons —

until 1852. Graham's, Taylor on Poisons were added to those used until 1854.

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Regnault's, Bird on Urinary Deposits were added, from 1854 until 1856. Bowman's was added, and Regnault's abandoned, from 1856 until 1859. Rand's, Fownes's, Lehman's, from 1859 until 1861. Materia

Medica

Eberle's Therapeutics, U. S. Dispensatory, Pereira's Materia Medica. Griffith's Medical Botany, Ballard's and Garrod's, until 1854. Only the U. S. Dispensatory and Pereira's Materia Medica were retained, and Biddle's Review of Materia Medica added, from 1854 until 1859. Same as for 1854-1859. except substitution of Wood's Therapeutics for Biddle's Review of Materia Medica, from 1859 until 1861. Institutes

of

Medicine

Carpenter's Human Physiology, Kirke's and Paget's, or Reese's Physiology, Williams' Principles of Medicine, Guy's Forensic Medicine, Taylor's Medical Jurisprudence, until 1854. Same as until 1854, except that Guy's Forensic Medicine was abandoned in 1855 and Wharton and Stillé's Medical Jurisprudence was added, from 1854 until 1859. Paget's, Reese's, Williams' were abandoned, and, in addition to Carpenter's, Kirke's, and Taylor's, Dalton's Treatise on Human Physiology, and Peaslee's Human Histology were added from 1859-1861. Obstetrics and Diseases of Women

and

Children

Dewee's, Lee's, or Ramsbotham's Midwifery, Ashwell on Diseases of Females, Condie on Diseases of Children, Rigby's

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Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

(until 1851); Beck (in 1846), Meigs (added in 1851) until 1859. (Churchill's Diseases of Women added in 1854; Lee abandoned in 1855.) Ramsbotham's, Miller's, Churchill's Diseases of Women, Colombat's, Bennett's, Churchill's Diseases of Children, West, Condie, Meigs, from 1859 until 1861. Theory

and Practice of

Medicine

Eberle's or Watson's Practice of Medicine; Fordyce on Fever. Broussais' Chronic Phlegmasiae, Andral's Clinic, Hall on Diagnosis, until 1854. Watson's, Wood's, Bell and Stokes, from 1854 until 1859. Wood's, Watson's, Hartshorne's Medical Principles, from 1859 until 1861. Williams' in 1859-60 only. Principles and Practice of

Surgery

McClellan's, Miller's, Ferguson's, Druitt's or Skey's Surgery; Darrach on the Groin, Maclise's Surgical Anatomy (used in 1850 only), Liston 's Surgery (used in 1850 only), Cooper's Outlines (used in 1850 only), South's Chelius (abandoned in 1 8 4 9 ) - u n t i l 1854. Perrie's Surgery (by Neill), Miller's Principles and Practice of Surgery, Erichsen's, McClellan's, Paget's Surgical Pathology, from 1854 until 1859. Miller's, Erichsen's, Druitt's, from 1859 until 1861. V.

L I S T O F M A T R I C U L A T E S A N D G R A D U A T E S O F T H E MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE

The letters M.D. indicate that the degree of Doctor of Medicine was conferred by the Medical Department of Pennsyl-

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55

vania College in the year stated immediately following the degree. If, however, M.D. is enclosed in parentheses, i.e. "(M.D.)," neither the date nor the school which conferred the degree is known. T h e absence of M.D. after a name is to be taken to mean that available records show only that the person named was a matriculate in the year or years given. T h e school year began in the Fall and ended in the following Spring, so that for matriculates, '50 would mean the school year from Fall, 1850, until the following Spring, 1851. Thus " ' 5 0 , ' 5 1 , " would mean two school years, 1850-1851 and 1 8 5 1 - 1 8 5 2 . Any years stated after the first date following the "M.D." means that the holder of the degree spent that time in the school subsequent to the conferring of the degree, presumably as a post-graduate. Parentheses around a letter indicate that existing records show variant spellings, and the possibility that two different persons might be involved cannot be ruled out with certainty.

Examples : 1. Doe, John, '50—Matriculate, college year 1 8 5 0 - 1 8 5 1 . 2. Doe, John, '50, '51 - Matriculate, years 1850-1851 and 1851-1852. 3 . Doe, John, M . D . , ' 5 1 — Degree conferred by Medical Department of Pennsylvania College in 1851. 4. Doe, John (M.D.) '51 — Did post-graduate work at the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College in college year 1851-1852, but year and college which conferred M.D. degree are not on record. 5. Doe, John, M.D., '51, '52, '53 —M.D. degree conferred by Medical Department of Pennsylvania College in 1851. Did post-graduate work there in years 1 8 5 2 - 1 8 5 3 , and 1853— 1854.

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Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

6. Doe, John, '55 (M.D.) '58 — Matriculate in 1855, source of M.D. degree unknown, and returned to Medical Department of Pennsylvania College for post-graduate work in 1858. After the name of matriculate or graduate, there follow the city or state of residence, name of preceptor, and title of the thesis, in that order, where these are known. For names of matriculates, session of 1843—44, which came to hand too late for incorporation see the supplementary roll which follows this list. Honorary degrees are so indicated. Holders of the M.D. degree who were "ad eundem" are also so symbolized. Most of the documents from which the data for this list are drawn have been assembled by the Library of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia. T h e National Library of Medicine, at Bethesda, Maryland, the libraries of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Jefferson Medical College, T h e New York Academy of Medicine, and T h e Boston Medical Library also have holdings on this medical school. It has, to date, not been possible to locate the names of matriculates for the academic year 1 8 6 0 - 6 1 , nor of those of the graduates of 1854. Adams, Henry F., '59, Vermont, Dr. O. S. Searles Adams, Samuel, '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. P. Smith Adains, William, M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. Adams Adolphus, Joseph F., M.D., '49, Jamaica, W.I., Dr. J. Wiltbank Agnew, William B., M.D., '52, New Brunswick, Dr. W. R. Grant Aiken, George N., '42, Maine Akens, Robert K., '53, Philadelphia, Dr. Wiltbank Akley, B. F., '59, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College

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Albright, Chester E., '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. William Leiser Albury, William, M.D., ad eundem, '59, West Indies, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Alden, Charles Henry, M.D., '58, Rhode Island, Dr. F. G. Smith Alden, Henry F., '42, Vermont Alexander, Thos. W., '51 Allchin, William, M.D., '53, Philadelphia, Dr. B. F. Porter Alleman, Frederick O., M.D., "53, '53, '55, '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. P. H. Long Alleman, Horace, M.D., '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. N. Watson Allen, J. G. (M.D.), '57, Philadelphia, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Allen, Myron O., M.D., '54, '54, Massachusetts, Drs. N. and J. M. Allen Allen, Nathan, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Mental Philosophy Alter, Benjamin F., M.D., '45, Indiana, Evening Exacerbation of Fever, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Anderson, James, '42, New Jersey Andrews, John R., M.D., '40, New Jersey Appelbaugh, J o h n J., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Diseases of the Heart Appelbaugh, William R., '40, Pennsylvania Armstrong, James Α., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. E. Donnelly Armstrong, James M., '42, Ohio Arnold, Edmund, '42, New Jersey Ash, John, M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. B. F. Bunn Atkinson, James, '51, '51, Philadelphia, Dr. B. F. Porter Atlee, John L., M.D., '53, Tennessee, Dr. W. L. Atlee Auspach, F. M.. '40, Pennsylvania Austine, Benjamin, M.D., '57 Awl(l), Robert H., M D . , '42, '46, Pennsylvania Babb, William T., M.D., '45, Pennsylvania, Utero Bachman, Gabriel, M.D., ad eundem, '61

Gestation

58

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Backhus, C. W., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. P. R. Wagenseller Baehr, John L., M.D., '61, Maryland, Dr. J. Winner Baer, Charles Α., '56 Baer, Emannuel S., M.D., '40, Pennsylvania Baer, Reuben N., '41, Pennsylvania, Melancholia Bagg, Moses M., '40, New York Baggs, T. G., '51 Bailey, E. T. (M.D.), '58, U.S. Army Bailey, George P. (M.D.), '55 North Carolina, University of Pennsylvania Bailey, Joseph C.—see Baily, Joseph C., M.D. Bailhache, Preston H., M.D., '57, Illinois, Dr. Metcalf Baily, E. J. (M.D.), "53, U.S. Army Baily, Joseph C., M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. Baily, Acute Pleurisy Bair, William B., M.D., '54, '54, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Baker, Benjamin N., M.D., '57 Baker, Edward L., M.D., '40, North Carolina Baker, J. H. (M.D.), '58, North Carolina Baker, John J., '47, '48, '49, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. L. Bicknell Baker, William B., M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. Wiltbank Baldwin, H. S., M.D., ad eundem, '59, California Barber, John M., '50, Pennsylvania, Drs. M c M u r r a y and Hepburn Bare, Adam, '42, Pennsylvania Barker, Charles H., M.D., '54, '54, New Brunswick, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Barnitz, C. S., M.D., '53, Ohio, Dr. G. E. Wampler Barnitz, J. Warren, '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. B. Keefer Barrett, Henry W., '44, New York Barrick, Samuel Davis, '44, '45, '54, Pennsylvania (Maryland), Dr. Brotherton Barrow, John, '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. G. Barrow Barry, William Α., M.D., '45, Pennsylvania, Syphilis

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Bartine, O. H., M.D., '59, New Jersey Bartram, Thos. Shipley, M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. W. Griffith Bastian, John C., M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. Pollock Batdorf, Levi D (G)., M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. Batdorf, Typhus Fever Bates, Ira, M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. Darrach, Coagulating Lymph Battle, Lee W., M.D., '59, Alabama, Dr. J. B. Luckie Baugher, Nesbitt, '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. Gilbert Bayard, John T., M.D., '58, Maryland, Dr. W. Fiery Baynton, John C., '42, North Carolina Bean, Joseph, '50, '51, Maine, Dr. Brown Beard, J. T. (J) (M.D.), '56, '58, Maryland, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Beatty, James, '50, New Brunswick, Dr. Hamilton Beaver, Llewellyn D., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Dysentery Beaver, William K., M.D., '57 Bechtel, Joseph Y., M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. G. W. Wimley, Typhoid Fever Beck, Charles S., M.D., '53, Philadelphia, Drs. Koehler and Whipple Beckley, L. B., '54, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Bee, R. A. Newton, '49, Ohio, Dr. Stacy Beecher, George B., M.D., '59, Georgia, Dr. S. White Beidler, Daniel, M.D., '45, '50, Pennsylvania, Leucorrhoea Beidler, Jacob H., '51 Beigle, Daniel, M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Bell, B. W., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Georgia Bell, J. Frank (M.D.), M.D., '57 Bennett, A. D., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. Davidson, Causes of Indigestion Berens, Joseph, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania (Westphalia), The Brain Berky, R. B., M.D., '49, New York, Drs. Endress and Moore

60

Extinct

Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Berrie, Elijah J . (M.D.), '52, Georgia, Medical College of Georgia Berrie, Henry C., M.D., '53, '53, Georgia Bertolet(te), Joseph J ((G,T)., '51, '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. M . Luther Best, David, M.D., ad eundem, '59, Pennsylvania Beveridge, Thomas T . , '59, New Brunswick, Dr. C. P. Connell Beyard, George B., '57 Biddle, David W., '50, Tennessee, Dr. Massengill Biddle, James H., '50, Tennessee, Dr. Massengill Billups, H. C., '53, Georgia, Dr. R . D. Moore Binkley, John T., M.D., '53, Tennessee, Drs. Cunningham and Darrach Black William, (T.J.), M.D., '57, New Brunswick, Dr. Hunter Blackfan, Β. Rush, M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . R . Walker Bladen, William T., M.D., '53, '54, '56, '57, Iowa, Dr. Gilbert Blair, David O., M.D., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Brotherton Blake, Robert W., '40, Florida Bland, D. Webster, M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . G. Koehler Blaser, Christian, M.D., '47, Ohio, Drs. Miesse and Peter Bloom, Frederick G., M.D., '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. Getty Bockius, S. Atlee, M.D., '61 Bond, Thomas J . , M.D., '48, '56, '57, Choctaw Nation, Dr. Charles Noble, Iodine in Erysipelas Bonde, John K . , '56 Bonsall, William R., '51, '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. S. Patterson Boone, Samuel S., M.D., '51, South Carolina, Dr. W. H. Holleyman Bossler, S. Stine, '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . G . Kahn Bostwick, T . M., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Georgia Boucher, James H., '54, '55, Philadelphia, Drs. J . M. Allen and Frary Bournos, Touzia, '40, Louisiana Boutelle, N. R. (M.D.), '54, Maine, Jefferson Medical College

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Bowen, L. Wells, M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. W. Griffiths, Typhus Fever Bower(s), John, M.D., '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. M. B. Gorman Bowe(r)s, Manning F., M.D., '59, Michigan, Dr. R. L. Bowers Bowl by, Luther C., '51 Bowler, G. W., '59, Ohio, Dr. Cleaveland Bowman, Edward J., (Edmund), M.D., '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Aug. Ehler Bowman, Henry B., M.D., '55 Bowman, Isaac, M.D., '40, Pennsylvania Bowman, Jacob, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Tetanus Boy, B. H. (M.D.), '55, Indiana, Medical College of Ohio Boyle, William H., '57, Pennsylvania Brady, John, M.D., '56, '57, Philadelphia, Dr. Neill Brandes, C. G. Theodore, M.D., '61 Brandon, Spencer G., M.D., '57, Mississippi, Dr. F. G. Smith Braswell, William M., '59, Georgia, Dr. William Hafer Bready, John, Philadelphia, Conduct of Labor Bresee, William R., '42, Pennsylvania Brewster, Charles G., '44, '45, Pennsylvania Brewster, William, M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Montgomery Brickett, George E. (M.D.), '54, Maine, Dartmouth College Briggs, J. F., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. R. Shobert Bright, William S., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Nosology Brobst, Edward, M.D., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Schoener Brobst, J . Α., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. Schoener Brolasky, Joseph P. (M.D.), '52, '54, Pennsylvania, Jefferson Medical College Bronson Rev. William White, '52, Connecticut Brooke, Enos L., M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. Bringhurst, Intermittent Fever Brotherton, James R., '45, Virginia, Dr. Brotherton Brotherton, James, M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. Brotherton Brown, C. P., '55, Georgia, Dr. H. J. Ogilby

62

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of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Brown, George Α., M.D., '52, New Brunswick, Dr. W. S. Harding Brown, H. James, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Mental Derangement Brown, J. H., M.D., '52 Brown, Isaiah H., '51, '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Winters Brown, J. Gilbert L., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. L. Atlee Brown, Robert F., '53, Philadelphia, Dr. Darrach Brown, R. H., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. Harrison Brown, R. M., '40, Pennsylvania Brown, S. Townsend, '52, Pennsylvania Brown T. Clowes, M.D., '60, New Brunswick, Dr. G. A. Brown, Bronchitis Browne, C. H. (M.D.), '55, Massachusetts, Harvard Brubaker, D. M., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. Samuel Parker Bryan, John W. (M.D.), '59, New Jersey Bryan, William, M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . Bryan Bryant, William F., '40, Pennsylvania Bücher, Alfred V., M.D., '55, '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. Bucher Bucher, Isaac R. (J), M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. C. Bucher Bucher, Saml. R., M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. C. Bucher Budd, John H., M.D., '55, '55, Philadelphia, Dr. Wm. Darrach Buehler, Luther R., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. Gilbert Buffington, M. D., '40, Ohio Burgess, Aaron A(H)., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Drs. G. F. Heston and H. C. Paist Burkleo, Henry, M.D., '47, Illinois, Drs. Edgar and McDowell Burmeister, F. F. M.D., '60, California, Dr. W. S. Halsey, Fractures Burns, William H., M.D., '53, Illinois, University of St. Louis Burpee, David, M.D., '51, New Brunswick, Drs. R. and W. Bayard Burr, Nelson, '42, Pennsylvania Burt, J. L. (M.C.), '52, U.S. Navy (Chile), University of Pennsylvania

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

63

Burton, Edmund W., M.D., '51, '52, '57, Delaware, Dr. Wiltbank Butcher, B. F., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. Reese Butcher, Charles, M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Butcher, Samuel, '59, New Jersey, Dr. Joseph Butcher Byrd, Harvey L., M.D., '40, North Carolina Byrn, Montgomery T., '46, Tennessee, Dr. Hudson Cady, C. E. (M.D.), '59, Pennsylvania Cake, Isaac M., '51 Caldwell, DeWitt C. B., M.D., '44, '45, Pennsylvania (Virginia) Caldwell, H. Clay (M.D.), '52, "53, Virginia, University of Virginia Calhoun, David A. J., '54, '55, Philadelphia, Dr. Gilbert Calwell, George W., '48 Cameron, Charles H., M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Cameron, Rev. John, '45, Nova Scotia Canfield, Ira D., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Practitioner Capwell, Albert M., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. C. Miles Carl, David, '58, '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. C. Metcalfe Carl, George D., M.D., '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. Carl Carlisle, William W., '55, North Carolina, Dr. E. McQueen Carpenter, Henry, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Pertussis Carradine, James S., M.D., '58, Mississippi, Dr. F. G. Smith Carroll, William Joseph, M.D., '55, Georgia, Dr. D. S. Brandon Carter, Charles T., '42, Pennsylvania Carter, Horace M., M.D., '57 Carter, Robert (M.D.), '56 Carter, William E., M.D., '60, Virginia, Dr. E. V. Carter, Scarlatina Case, William Α., M.D., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. H. Case Cassel, Jacob K., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Drs. Keeler and Groff Castles, Joseph, '44, Pennsylvania Cathrall, Eugene, '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. W. Griffith

64

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Caverley, A. M. M.D., ad eundem, '59 Chamberlain, George J., M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Koehler Chandler, Swithin, '52, '53, Delaware, Dr. W. Notson Charlton, John, '42, North Carolina Chase, James M(W)., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Drs. H. B. Buck and H. C. Paist Chase, R. Y., '59, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Chatham, Benjamin F., M.D., '46, New Jersey, Dr. Isaac J u m p Cheatham, A. D., M.D., ad eundem, '59 Chester, John, '49, Pennsylvania Childs, Β. F., '58, Georgia, Dr. C. L. Ridley Christ, Levi M., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. G. Koehler Christian, Robert, '47, Virginia, Dr. T . Mitchell Christian, Robert Α., M.D., '51, Virginia, Dr. T. Mitchell Chritzman, Henry G., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. Grubb, Tart. Emet, in Venereal Claridge, W. R., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. Stapler Clendaniel, William (M.D.), '52, '55, Philadelphia, Jefferson Medical College Clewson, Edmund, '50, New Brunswick Clingan, Charles M., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania Clingman, H. P., M.D., '41, North Carolina, Pathology Closson, A. L., '51 Clower, William P., M.D., '55, Georgia, Dr. D. S. Brandon Coates, Elmer R., '56 Coates, Louis M., M.D., '50, Ohio, Dr. J. G. Coates Colcord, George W., '40, Kentucky Cole, Sephus, M.D., '53, South Carolina, Drs. Byrd and Blackwell Coleman, Amos G., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. G. Schoener, Examination of Patient Collins, Matthew Grier, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Lightner Colwell, George W., '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. Moyer Connell, Charles P., M.D., '60, New Brunswick, Dr. G. A. Brown, Medical Reflections

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

65

Conrad, Isacc C., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. Β. H. Rand, Diagnosis of Diseases of the Brain Converse, Julius M., '40, New Hampshire Cook, Lewis, '42, Pennsylvania Coon, J. M., '42, Pennsylvania Cooper, Harvey S., M.D., '52, '53, Pennsylvania Cooper, Jacob C., M.D., '49 Copp, J. M. (M.D.), '54, New York, Dartmouth College Costen, Isaac T., M.D., '57, Maryland, Dr. Dixon Coultas, Harlan, '56 Coulter, John S., '42, Maryland Covode, Joseph, M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. Fundenberg Cowgill, Clayton, Α., M.D., '46, '46, Delaware, Dr. Darrach Coxe, Marcellus, '40, Pennsylvania Craig, James W., '48 Crawford, J. Agnew, '44, Pennsylvania Crawford, John, '56 Crayton, S. P., '42, Vermont Cresler, Alonzo L., M.D., ad eundem, '61 Creveling, P. G., M.D., '58, New Jersey, Dr. R. B. Brown Crew, James H., '56 Crisman, A. Jackson, '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. Getty Crispenn, D. D., '42, Pennsylvania Crossfield, Luttillet, '57, Kentucky, Dr. W. R. Evans Crouch, Daniel O., M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. R. Crouch Crow, Calvin Α., '52, Alabama, Dr. A. Pelham Cunningham, Elijah W., M.D., '48, Tennessee, Drs. Carter and Hudson, Congestive Chill Currier, George, M.D., '51, '51, New Brunswick, Drs. R. and W. Byard Curtis, Josiah, '42, Pennsylvania Curtis, Levi, '40, Pennsylvania Cuthbert, James N., '42, South Carolina Daggett, C. R., '55, New Jersey, Dr. Daggett

66

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Danenhower, Joseph W., M.D., '53, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Solliday Daniel(s), William H., M.D., '53, Tennessee, Dr. E. W. Cunningham Darrach, Barto White, M.D., '53, New York, Dr. W. Darrach Darrach, George Munro, M.D., '50, '50, '52, Philadelphia, Dr. W. Darrach (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Darrach, James, M.D., '52, Philadelphia, Dr. W. Darrach (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Davidson, Asher, M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Practitioner, Catarrh Davidson, Benjamin, '42, New Jersey David, George W., '47, Philadelphia, Dr. C. Davis Davis, Levi, S., '42, New Hampshire Davison, Francis B., M.D., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. C. Miles Day, Benjamin J., M.D., '56, Indiana, Dr. R. Day, Bilious Vomiting Dayton, Samuel N., '42, New Jersey Deakyne, A. Clark(e), '51, '52, '53, Delaware, Dr. D. F. Gayley Dean, James S., '58, Arkansas, Dr. C. W. Dean De Bruneville, James (M.D.), '57, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania De Hay, R. B., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Mississippi Deisinger, Jonas, '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. C. S. Picking Dellinger, Frederick D., M.D., '46, '51, Missouri, Dr. J. R. Ward Delong, Daniel (David) R., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. G. W. Lott Dennis, Stephen P., M.D., '56, Maryland, Dr. E. W. Marshall, Hysteria Deppen, Darius D., M.D., '53, '53, '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. Deppen (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Deppen, James R., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. Deppen Derr, William M., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. P. Malone Dersham, Moses H., '51, '51

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

67

Deshler, Edwin J., M.D., '53, '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . Dougal Detweiler, C. H. M., M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Detweiler, Ephraim, '47, '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. B. J . Wiestling Dever, Joseph, '59, Massachusetts, Dr. D. O'C. Ward DeWitt, William Francis, M.D., '58, Maryland, Dr. T . S. Reed De Young, Horace, M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. R. Jackson Dickson, Franklin M., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. Darrach Dickson, S. Roberts, '45, New York, Dr. John G. Koehler Dillard, J . S., M.D., '58, Alabama, Dr. N. Bozeman Dilts, Jacob, '59, New Jersey, Dr. William Janney Dixon, Franklin M., '49, '50, Philadelphia, Dr. W. Darrach Dow, John O. (M.D.), '52, Massachusetts, Castleton Medical College Dowlin, James P., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . P. Edge Dowling, James, M.D., '45, Pennsylvania, Intermittent Fever Draper, George L., '42, New York Drown, Thomas M., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. Β. H. Rand Dry, Benjamin E., M.D., '57 Drysdale, Thomas (Franklin M.), M.D., '51, '52, '53, Philadelphia, Dr. W. L. Atlee (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Dungan, J . (M.D.), '55, U.S. Navy, University of Pennsylvania Dangles,

Henry

(M.D.),

'54,

Illinois,

Castleton

Medical

College Dunlap, Rufus, '57, Arkansas, Dr. James Stevenson Durburrow, George A. (Rev.), '48, Pennsylvania Durgin, E. S., '52, '53, Massachusetts, Dr. N. Allen Durham, Isaiah D., M.D., '60, South Carolina, Dr. James Harrison, Abortion Du Val, E. R., M.D., '58, Arkansas, Dr. A. Dunlap Dykes, William M., M.D., '60, Georgia, Dr. William Hafer, Pneumonia Dyott, John B., '42, Pennsylvania Dysart, Benjamin G., '57, Missouri, Dr. R. K. Lewis Dysart, William P., '57, Missouri, Dr. R. K. Lewis

68

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Earle, Alfred, M.D., '46, New Jersey (Pennsylvania), Dr. Kellogg Earp, Horatio, '42, Connecticut Easton, Alexander, '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. Biddle Ebur, Thomas R. L., M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. N. Ranck, Ergot Eckelman, F. C., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. P. R. Wagenseller Eckert, Henry C., M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . A. Shorb Edwards, James, '45, Pennsylvania, Dr. Darrach Ehler, J . Augustus, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Asthma Ehrman, Benjamin, '40, Pennsylvania Ellegood, Robert G., M.D., '52, '54, '56, Delaware, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Elliot, Thomas, '42, Arkansas Elliott, Samuel M., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . A. Shade Ellis, James, '53, Philadelphia Ellis, J. R., M.D., '60, North Carolina, Dr. W. Ellis, Typhoid Fever Ellison, Robert J., M.D., '56, Nova Scotia (New Brunswick), Dr. Grant, Dyspepsia Elsegood, Robert G., '50, Delaware, Dr. J . H. Fisher Ely, Horace, '49, '55, New Jersey, Dr. C. Foulke Emanuel, Louis M., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. St. Clair Ash Emery, Boyd, M.D., '57 Em(m)erson, V., M.D., '48, '50, '53, '56, Delaware, Dr. B. F. Chatham, The Spleen English, Thomas S., '42, Alabama Epler, J . V., M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. E. L. Beaver Ernst, William S., '47, '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. F. A. Fickardt Essenwein, Julius C., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. G. Bachman Estabrooks, William W., M.D., '47, '51, New Brunswick, Dr. Simon Fitch Evans, Barton, M.D., Honarary M.D., '46, Pennsylvania Evans, John, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Carter

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

69

Evans, Joseph R. (M.), M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. F. C. Harrison Evans, Lewis B., M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. G. F. Wimly, Signs of Pregnancy Evans, Robert T., M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. L. Atlee Evans, Samuel P., '42, New York Evans, William N., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. Darlington Everett, Charles E., M.D., '41, North Carolina, Gastritis Fagan, H. Marion, M.D., '58, New Jersey, Dr. D. L. Duncan Fahnestock, Edward G., '49, '50, M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. John Cox Fahnestock, Henry Α., M.D., '51, '57, Pennsylvania, Drs. Fahnestock and McConaughy Farios, Fermin Gomez, '40, Mexico Fassitt, Charles R., M.D., '42, Maryland Fenner, David, '51 Ferguson, Robert, M.D., '48, Philadelphia, Dr. J. Wiltbank, Retroversion of Uterus Ferguson, Thomas, '42, Maine de Ferol, Achille Lalung, M.C., Honorary, '45 Ferrili, L. C. (M.D.), '56 Field, Sharps, '49, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. Pollock Figarola, Joseph S., M.D., '61, Florida, Dr. W. H. Hazzard Filbert J. C. (M.D.), '54, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Filbert, Lewis, M.D., 47, Pennsylvania, Dr. R. H. Jones Filbert, Lewis S., M.D., '53, Pennsylvania Finney, Adam B., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. G. Treon, Scarlatina Fishbourn, Isaac (J) P., M.D., '52, '55, California (Pennsylvania), Dr. Snavely (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Fisher, Daniel G., M.D., '52, Delaware, Dr. J . H. Fisher Fisher, James Α., M.D., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. Schoener

70

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Fisher, J. Α., '58, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Fisher, James (H), M.D., '48, Delaware, Dr. E. Taylor (Tyler), Irritation Fisher, Robert, '45, Pennsylvania, Dr. Gilbert Fisher, William H., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. L. M . Coates Fisk, Marcus L., M.D., '42, Connecticut Fitch, B. Russell, M.D., '47, Vermont, Drs. Palmer and Petty Fite, James S., (L.), M.D., '58, Tennessee, Dr. J. H. Lietard Flack, W. C. A. (M.D.), '52, Indiana, Jefferson Medical College Flaig, Edward, '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. Dietrich Fleming, A. Wayne, '58, Alabama, Dr. C. H. Hall Flentje, Louis, M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. Robert, De Acido Hydrocyanico quoad organismum vivum Flickinger, John, M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Richards Flickinger, John S., M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Richards Floto, Henry, M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Ford, Thomas (B.) J., '52 (M.D.), '56, Maryland, Dr. Gilbert Forman, Abraham L., '42, New Jersey Foss, Christian J., '48, West Indies Foss, William L., '46, '48, West Indies, Dr. W. R. Grant Foster, Thomas Α., M.D., '56, Maine, Dr. Buitelle, Rubeola Foster, William Α., '58, Maine, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Fraley, W. W., '59, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Francis, Stephen L., '42, Georgia Frazier, Alexander, M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. Darrach Freas, Henry L., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. B. Wilson Freas, Horace M., M.D., '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. Harrison Freeland, Charles J., '46, North Carolina, Dr. J . Webb Freeman, John H. (M.D.), '40, Pennsylvania (Virginia) French, A. G. (M.D.),'54, New Hampshire, D a r t m o u t h College Freund, John W., '52, Philadelphia Frick, Benjamin M., '40, Pennsylvania

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

71

Fricke, Max, '51 Frishmuth, Jacob, M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. E. Walker Frost, Rev. N., '52, U.S. Navy Fryer, Franklin, '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. C. S. Weiser Fullmer, John W., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Knorr Fundenberg, George B., M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. Fahnestock Funk, Samuel (G.) J., '55, '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. G. Schwenck Gaily, A. Wylie, '50, Delaware, Dr. J. F. Gailey Galen, Gustavus E., M.D., 57, Philadelphia, Dr. H. Y. Smith Gantt, Eli, M.D., '53, Alabama, Dr. J. Gannt Garber, Christian, M.D., '55, Pennsylvania Garber, Lawrence B., M.D., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. C. Garber Gardiner, William Α., M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Gardner, James W., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. Wallace Gardner, Peter H., '44, Pennsylvania Garman, Jacob, M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. Garman Gass, Charles, '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. William Schindel Gaston, J. B., '54, South Carolina, Dr. Neill Gatchell, Jacob C., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. Hutchinson, Dysentery Gaudet, Felix, B., M.D., '55, '58, Louisiana, Drs. Smith, Allen and Reese Gauntt, Solomon F., '42, Rhode Island Gayley, Andrew W., '51, '52, '53, Philadelphia, Dr. J. F. Gayley Gemmili, J. W. (M.D.), '57, Pennsylvania Gerhard, Matthias, M.D., '42, Ohio German, Jacob, '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. Baily Gerry, R., '42, Pennsylvania Getty, John, M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Practitioner Getzwiller, Joseph, M.D., '57, Illinois, Dr. Metcalf Gibbes, S. N., '42, Connecticut

72

Extinct Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Gibbs, A. Judson, '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. W. Gibbs Gibbs, John Wilson, M.D., '57, New York (Pennsylvania), Dr. J. W. Griffith Gibbs, J. W., M.D., '51, '55, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Gibbs, Louis R., '51, '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. Gray Gibbs, Weston W., '56 Gibson, Samuel, M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. Shoemaker Gibson, William M.D., '53, '54, Philadelphia, Dr. Β. H. Porter (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Gihon, James L., '45, '46, '47, Philadelphia, Dr. Β. H. Patterson Gilbert, Edwin D., '49, Tennessee, Dr. J. B. Taylor Gilbert, Rev. E. W., D.D., '47, Philadelphia Gilbert, Franklin, '57, Philadelphia, Dr. D. Gilbert Gilbert, George Monroe (M.D.), '50, Maryland Gilbert, Humphrey T., M.D., '53, New Brunswick, Dra Roberts and Grant Gilbert, Josephus C., M.D., '53, '54, '55, Philadelphia, Dr. E. Jacoby (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Gilbert, William Kent, M.D., '52, '52, Philadelphia, Drs. Gilbert and Huber (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Gillespie, C. B., '51 Gillespie, Edward, M.D., '45, '51, Pennsylvania, Bromine Gilpin, Thomas, '42, Delaware Giltner, Jacob J(S)., M.D., '46, '47, '50, Pennsylvania, Drs. Dale and McDougal Gissy, Charles, '56 Givin, Robert, '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. L. D. Harlow Gobrecht, William H., M.D., '49, '49, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. Darrach Gominger, William H., M.D., '48, '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. K. Knorr, Catarrh Goodhart, George S., M.D., '49, Wisconsin, Dr. S. Strohecker

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

73

Goodwin, Samuel B., M.D., '60, Virginia, Dr. E. J. Goodwin, Dysentery Gouley, George F., '51 Gourlay, George, M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Grafius, William, M.D., '54, '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. Howtz (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Graham, Henry D., M.D., '49, '50, Delaware, Dr. W. Darrach Graham, Leonidas J., '54, Alabama, Dr. J. A. Kelly Graham, Nathaniel, '42, Ohio Graham, Wm. W., '51, Grant, Roderick, '58, Nova Scotia, Dr. A. Mcintosh Gray, Alexander R., '52, Philadelphia, Drs. Smith and Allen Grayson, William O., '42, New York Green, John M., M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Greenleaf, Robert P., M.D., '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Wallace Greer, Thomas B., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Georgia Gregory, Emanuel S., '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. Lyons Grey, Michael W., M.D., ad eundem, '61 Griffin, P. E., '54, South Carolina, Dr. Neill Griffiths, Amos E., M.D., '44, '44, Pennsylvania Griffiths, Charles G. M., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. Griffiths Griffiths, J. W., M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Griswald, Whiting S., M.D., '44, New York Groff, C. F., M.D., ad eundem, Pennsylvania Groff, J. (Israel), M., M.D., '58, '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. John Winters Groff, John F., M.D., '61 Groff, Martin, M.D., '40, Pennsylvania Groves, W. C., '58, '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. P. Strauss Grumbeir, William, '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. A. Fahnestock Guettich, Augustus, M.D., '49, '54, Pennsyl vania, Dr. Voight (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Guier, George Jr., M.D., '47, '47, Philadelphia, Drs. H. S. Patterson and Geo. McClellan Gunkle, William H., M.D., '51, '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Rickenbaugh

74

Extinct Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Guss, Isaac, '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. S. Halsey Guth, Israel J., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. Β. N. King Haas, Joseph, M.D., '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. W. Peale Hafer, William, M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Drs. S. L. Beck and Leiser Hageman, Lawrence V., M.D., '49, New Jersey, Dr. A. P. Hageman Haines, Alfred C., '42, Ohio Haldeman, Edwin, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Nickel Hall, Charles H., M.D., '55, Georgia, Drs. Smith, Allen and Reese Hall, David, M.D., '51, '52, '53, Delaware, Drs. Hall and Darrach Hall, F. H., '58, Georgia, Drs. C. H. Hall Hall, J. Parker, M.D., '54, '54, '55, Ohio, Drs. West and Darrach Hall, T. Hartley, M.D., '59, Pennsylvania Hall, Thomas, '40, Pennsylvania Hall, William Hansell (M.D.), '53, Georgia (Maryland) Hambach, Charles F., '51 Hamilton, G. D., '42, Kentucky Hamilton, James M., M.D., '51, '51, '52, Virginia (U.S. Navy), Dr. Wallace (University of Maryland) Hammiii, C. (M.D.), 55, New York Hammill, George A. (M.D.), '55, Virginia, Washington Medical College Hammond, Edward S., '54, South Carolina, Dr. Neill Hampton, B. W., M.D., '55, Georgia, Dr. J. P. Nelson Hance, Edmund (M.D.), '53, Pennsylvania Handy, Thomas W., '54, Pennsylvania Hanly, William H., '40, Pennsylvania Harbach, Abel, '42, Pennsylvania Hardeman, John, '58, Georgia, Dr. A. Kingman Harder, Henry Α., '49, Pennsylvania Harper, R. G., Jr., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. T. Linthicum

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

75

Harris, Douglas, M.D., '57 Harris, Hezekiah, '42, New Jersey Harris, I. Lewis, M.D., '59, Georgia, Dr. William H. Hall Harris, James M., M.D., '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. R. Grant Harris, Richard H., M.D., '59, Georgia, Dr. C. H. Hall Harris, Robert B., M.D., '53, Mississippi, Dr. Birchett Harris, William, M.D., '48, Delaware, Dr. J. B. Harris, Puerperal Fever Harrison, F. C. (M.D.), M.D., '57 Harrold, J. F. (M.D.), '54, North Carolina, Castleton Medical College Hartman, William B., M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. Pollock, Anatomy and Diseases of the Iris Hartz, John K., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. S. Halsey Hartz, Uriah W., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. L. Beck Hartzell, Ezekiel, M.D., '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. Gilbert Hartzell, Jephaniah, '51 Harvey, Amos F., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. W. Harvey Hasbrook, Thomas, '42, Louisiana Hassler, John W., '51 Hastings, G. L., '42, New York Hay, James, M.D., '53, Pennsylvania Hay, William G., '52, '53 (M.D.), '56, '58, Alabama (U.S. Navy), Drs. Allen and Smith Haydon, Theophilus, '42, Ohio Hayes, J. B., '57, '58, New York, Dr. John Neill Hayes, Jordan (M.D.), '54, Missouri, Transylvania College Haynie, S. R., M.D., ad eundem, '59, South Carolina Hays, David Black, M.D., '46, '47, Virginia (Mississippi), Dr. McClellan Hayward, Thomas B., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. W. Kerr Haywood, Thomas B., M.D., 59, Pennsylvania, Dr. William Kerr Heany, Patrick, M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, Typhoid Fever Heckel, Charles Α., '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. F. W. Heckel

76

Extinct Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Heckel, Edward B(K), M.D., '55, '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. Heckel Heintzelman, Edwin Α., M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. J. Heintzelman Heist, Daniel, M.D., '40, Pennsylvania Heist, D. L. (M.D.), '47, Pennsylvania Heist, John L., M.D., '45, Pennsylvania, Cynanche Trachealis Helffenstein, Edward, M.D., '40, Pennsylvania Helffrich, J. H., M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. Zengerl Helfrich, Jacob S., M.D., '53, Philadelphia, Dr. Wiltbank Heller, Max (M.D.), '59, Pennsylvania Henderson, James, M.D., '48, Philadelphia, Dr. W. L. Atlee, Mercury Henderson, Samuel, '42, New Jersey Henderson, William B., M.D., '53, '55, Pennsylvania, Drs. Wiestling and Atlee Hendrick, Gustavus, M.D., '56, Georgia, Drs. Smith, Allen and Reese, Chyle Henry, Elihu H., M.D., '53, Illinois, Drs. Hotchkiss and Philips Herbert, Thomas L., '42, New Hampshire Herbst, John E., '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. S. Huber Her(r)mann, Augustus F., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Drs. Paist and Bachman Hershey, Daniel, M.D., '46, '46, '47, Philadelphia, Dr. J. L. Atlee Hertz, Uriah, M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. L. Beck Heslip, James, '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. James Frow Hesse, Bernard, '57, Germany, Dr. Lewis Flentge Hetich, Augustus (M.D.), '40, Ohio Hiestand, Andrew M., M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. S. Maxwell Higgins, Archibald A. (M.D.), '54, New Jersey, University of Pennsylvania Hill, Charles M., '55, M.D., '57, '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. George Hill

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

77

Hill, John Lawrence, M.D., '46, Ohio, Dr. Gilbert Hill, Robert H., '56 Hitch, William S., '56 Hoehling, Adolphus H., '57, '58, Philadelphia, Dr. C. C. Van Wyck Holcomb, Benajah D., M.D., '47, '47, Philadelphia, Drs. McCoy and Darling Holcombe, Benjamin T., M.D., '40, Louisiana Holden, Rufus, M.D., '42, Upper Canada Hollembaek, Henry, M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. Allen Hollenbush, C. G., M.D., '56, '56, Pennsylvania, Drs. Gilbert and Strohecker, Gun-shot Wounds Holleyman, William H., M.D., '41, South Carolina, Modus Operandi of Medicines Hollinshead, Thomas S., M.D., '48, '49, Philadelphia, Dr. Darrach, Bloodletting Holman, John B., M.D., '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . E. Stetler Holmes, Α., M.D., Honorary, '41, Pennsylvania Holmes, A. R. (M.D.), '52, New York, University of Pennsylvania Holmes, John (M.D.), '54, South Carolina, University of Pennsylvania Hombach, Charles F., M.D., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Hombach Hooks, John H., M.D., '55, Georgia, Dr. Wilcher Hooper, John Edward, '44, Pennsylvania Hoover, Joseph T., M.D., '53, New York, Dr. R. C. Hoover Hoover, M. L. E., '52, New York, Dr. Ira Day Hopkins, Thomas, '42, Ohio Hornberger, E. F., M.D., ad eundem, '59, '59, Pennsylvania Horner, Samuel, S., '40, Pennsylvania Horwitz, Phineas J. (M.D.), '52, '55, U.S. Navy, Jefferson Medicai College (University of Maryland) Hostetter, Abram, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Transpiration Houghton, Charles W., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Medicai Department of Pennsylvania College, Mechanism of Labor Houghton, T. C., '42, Virginia

78

Extinct Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Houser, Martin L. E., '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. Day Houser, William, M.D., ad eundem, '59, Georgia Howell, George H. (M.D.), '53, '55, U.S. Navy, Jefferson Medical College Hubbard, Thomas D., M.D., '54, '54, Delaware, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College (Drs. Swiggett and Wiltbank) Huber, Hem y S., M.D., "46, Illinois, Dr. Wiltbank Huber, John F(T). M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. Carpenter Huckel, Jacob, M.D., ad eundem, '59, '59, Pennsylvania Hudnot, Alexander, '51 Hudson, D- M., 53, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. H. Shade Hudson, Edward (M.D.), '53, U.S. Navy Hughes, David, M.D., '44 Hughes, Isaac W. (M.D.), '54, Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Hull, Oliver P., '52, '53, Georgia, Dr. A. R. Bexley Hull, William H., '46, Maryland, Dr. D. Gilbert Hull, W. R., M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. Pollock Hulshizer, Henry (M.D.), '59, New Jersey Hulshizer, Philip F., M.D., '51, '53, New Jersey, Dr. J. C. Kennedy Humphrey, Henry, '40, Pennsylvania Humston, N. Q., '53, Virginia, Dr. Blew Hunter, James, M.D., '49, '55, New Brunswick, Dr. J. Ruddick Hunter, Robert J., M.D., '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. John Hunter Hurst, Christian, '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. Winters Hus(s)man, Frederick C., M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Hutchinson, D. W., M.D., '40, Pennsylvania Iddings, C. E., M.D., ed eundem, '59, '59, Pennsylvania Ingham, John E., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Hayden Ingram, John J., M.D., '41, South Carolina, Croup Ingram, Thomas, M.D., '47, Philadelphia, Dr. H. S. Patterson Irvine, Galbraith Α., '47, Pennsylvania, Practitioner

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

79

Jackson, Abraham Reeves, M.D., '48, '48, '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. Wiltbank, Brunonian System of Medicine Jackson, E. Boylston, M.D., '52, '53, Philadelphia, Dr. J. Wiltbank (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Jackson, E. Owen, Jr., '54, '55, Philadelphia, Dr. Ε. B. Jackson Jackson, George W., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . A. Meigs Jackson, John, '55 Jackson, J . M. B., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. Isaac Lefevre Jacobs, Henry, M.D., '51, '55, Pennsylvania, Drs. Gilbert and Cowgill Jacobs, John N., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. Todd Jahraus, John, '45, Pennsylvania, Dr. William Harris Janney, William S., '53 (M.D.), '55, Philadelphia, Dr. Livesey (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Janvier, Olney P., '42, Maryland Jaquett, Finnix S., M.D., '54, "54, Philadelphia, Dr. J . J . Reese (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Jenkins, E. M. (M.D.), '52, South Carolina, Medical College of South Carolina Jenkins, Joseph G., M.D., '41, South Carolina, Modus Operandi of Medicines Jenks, D. S., '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. Gilbert Jennings, R., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . Bryan Jewett, Henry Α., M.D., '47, Massachusetts, Dr. N. Cutter John, Allen, Rev., '49 John, J . Jonas, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . C. Robbins Johnson, Benjamin K., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Drs. Groff and Keeler Johnson, John D., M.D., '46, '48, '52, Pennsylvania Johnson, J . (John Midgly), '40, '42, '45, Pennsylvania, Dr. John Gegan Johnson, Mayhew (M.D.), '56 Johnson, M. M., '52, '56, Tennessee, Drs. Smith and Allen Johnson, S. F., '57, Nova Scotia, Dr. D. Gilbert Jones, Abraham S., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. L. Heist

80

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century Jones, Jones, Jones, Jones, Jones, Jones, Jones,

Philadelphia

Alfred, '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. L. Beaver Clement F. Jr., '58, South Carolina, Dr. S. G. Smith D. Wentworth, M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. Letterman John J., M.D., '52 Morris C., '46, Pennsylvania William H., '42, O h i o William, M.D., '48, Delaware, Dr. W. Jones, Enteritis

Kaempffer, Samuel O., '52, '53, Maryland (Pennsylvania), Dr. J. Showers Kalbach, Joseph Α., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Hipshman Kam(m)eriy, Christian E., M.D., '47, Pennsylvania, Drs. J. L. Burtt and Green Kaski, Gideon Α., M.D., '47, '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. Walter Katerman, A. B., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Schoener K a u f m a n , C. Stoner, M.D., '42, Pennsylvania, Phrenology Keating, John, '44, Pennsylvania Keefe, Joseph Α., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Watson Keeler, J. H., M.D., ad eundem, '59, '59, Pennsylvania Keel(o)er, Samuel R., M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Drs. Keeler and Groff Keir, William George, M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dysentery Keller, Charles, M.D., '61, Louisiana, Dr. W. S. Halsey Kell(e)y, Middleton D., M.D., '51, South Carolina, Dr. W. H. Holleyman Kenan, Spalding, M.D., '59, Georgia, Dr. C. H. Hall Kendall, John B., M.D., '45, Georgia, Empiricism Kenderdine, Robert S. (M.D.), '54, Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Kennedy, Η. K., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. William Leiser Kennedy, James S., M.D., '44, New Jersey Kennedy, T h o m a s F., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. G. Koehler Kenworthy, Charles J., M.D., '48, Virginia, Dr. Gerhard, Etiology of Autumnal Fever Kern, Benjamin J., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Intermittent Fever

The Medical Department of Pennsylvania College 81 Kern, Edward M., '52, Philadelphia Kerr, Henry M., '56 Kerr, John G. (M.D.), '57, China Ketcham, Frederick, '44, Prince Edward Islands (Pennsylvania) Kier, William, '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. M . Pugh Kimball, J . Pierce, M.D., '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. Harvey King, G. H., M.D., ad eundem, '59, South Carolina King, Thomas S., '56 Kinsey, J. C. (M.D.), '53, Illinois Kirkendall, George W., M.D., '56, Pennsylvania (New Jersey), Drs. Roberson and Livesey, Menstruation Kirlin, William W., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. P. R. Wagenseller Kissner, Martin, '57, Philadelphia, Dr. C. Wittig Kitchen, John S., '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. Neill Kittoe, Edward D., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Empiricism Klein, John, '49, '50, '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. Thomas Ingram Kline, Thomas N., '42, Ohio Kluge, John P., M.D., '52 Knight, W m , M.D., '52 Knobel, G. W., M.D., '47, Germany (Pennsylvania), Drs. Lachenmeyer and W. T. Babb Knorr, Charles, '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. G. Worrell Knorr, C., '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. J. Worrell Knorr, Henry, '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Charles Knorr Knorr, Nathan K., M.D., '48, Philadelphia, Dr. J. K. Knorr, Retention of Excretions Knox, James Warner, '54, '55, '57, '58, Philadelphia, Drs. William Allen and Colbert Knox, Samuel, M.D., '57 Koecker, Leonard R., M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Koehler, John G., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Fractures Koenig, Amandus O., '52, Germany Koller, Noah, '55, Ohio, Dr. J. Allaborn Krebs, Rufus J., M.D., '53, Virginia, Dr. McGuire

82

Extinct Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Krebs, William F., M.D., '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. Gilbert Kreps, David P.(T.), M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. Deshler Krum, George (John) R., M.D., '57, '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. M. Schaffer Ladd, Charles K., M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Drs. Huston and Mason Lampen, Michael, M.D., ad eundem, '59, '59, Pennsylvania Landis, Edmund, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Injuries of the Head Lane, Alfred Α., M.D., '44, Massachusetts (New Hampshire) Lar(r)ison, George H., '55, '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. Samuel Lilly Lathrop, John L., '59, California, Dr. L. D. Harlow Lauber, Martin L., M.D., '48, '50, '50, '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. Winters Lauck, Isaac S., M.D., '42, District of Columbia Lauer, John E., M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. M. Leon Laughlin, John R., M.D., '56, '56, Philadelphia, Dr. D. Gilbert, Chemical Action of Light Laurimore, James, '45, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. M. McCoy Lawes, Robert, M.D., '55, Louisiana, Drs. Smith, Allen and Reese Layton, Joseph R., M.D., '46, Delaware, Dr. G. S. Layton Layton, Tilghman M. (Masden), M.D., '51, Delaware, Dr. J. R. Sudler Lazzell, James M. (M.D.), '59, Virginia Leavitt, Lyman, M.D., '57, New Jersey, Dr. Leavitt Lechner, Henry Α., M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Lee, Alfred B., M.D., '40, Maryland Lee, W. H., '56 Lefever, Isaac, '44, Pennsylvania Lefevre, Isaac, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Gilbert Leffers, Richard, M.D., '60, North Carolina, Dr. Samuel Leffers, Remittent Fever Legge, Josiah W., '56

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

83

Leib, Charles, M.D., '49, '50, '55, Kansas (Pennsylvania), Dr. Halberstadt Leighton, Charles, M.D., '48, Ohio, Dr. D. Howard, Tubercle Leisenring, Peter S., M.D., '52, '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. C. Wilson Leiser, William, M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. L. Beck, Remittent Fever Leistner, C. Henry, M.D., '45, Indiana (Pennsylvania (Tennessee), Retroversio Uteri Le(a)itzel, John B., M.D., '53, '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. C. Smith (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Lenher, Levi H., M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Leon, Alexis, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, The Teeth Lerch, Jared, M.D., '46, '48, '53, Ohio (Pennsylvania), Dr. D. S. Cooper Lestrade, Joseph P., 45, '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. S. Patterson Letterman, J. (M.D.), '58, U.S. Army Lelterman, Willie H., M.D., '56, '57, Maryland, Drs. Smith, Allen and Reeves Climatic Influence Levengood, James Α., M.D., '51, '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. L. Atlee (University of Pennsylvania) Leveque, Joseph Α., M.D., '55, Louisiana, Dr. A. Martin Levergood, James Α., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. L. Atlee Levergood, John, M.D., '47, '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. L. Atlee Levering, Rogers J., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. Abraham Levering Lewie, Solomon R., M.D., '60, South Carolina, Drs. Bradley and Hazzard, Ligation of Arteries Lewis, Alexander, '42, North Carolina Lewis, Redding, '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. M. Arnold Lewis, Richard, '44, Pennsylvania Lewis, T. Newton, M.D., '61 Lina(d)gren, Joh(a)n G., M.D., '58, Sweden, Dr. F. G. Smith Linderman, Richard J., M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. Wimley Lineweaver, William G., M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Lippincott, Allen, '56

84

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Lippincott, Benjamin, M.D., '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. S. Patterson Lipscomb, M. Q. (M.D.), '58, Virginia, Dr. J . H. Gillespie Lister, James S., M.D., '41, Delaware, Bilious Pleurisy Littlefield, D. W., M.D., '41, New York, The Extirpation of the Parotid Gland Livermore, O. T., '55, Philadelphia, Dr. Gilbert Lloyd, Barton C., M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. B. Evans Lochman, Luther M., M.D., '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. Kerr Lockhead, J. H. (M.D.), '56 Locke, James, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Digestion Logie, James, M.D., '47, Maryland, Dr. D. Gilbert Long, Abraham S., M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. William A. Barry Long, John G., M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Drs. Kennedy and Lightner Long, Matthew Α., M.D., '42, Pennsylvania, Scarlatina Longshore, John B., M.D., '46, '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. G. Spackman Longshore, W. R., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. B. Longshore, Scarlatina Lötz, Joseph R., M.D., Honorary, '41, Pennsylvania Lowber, William (M.D.), '52, '56, U.S. Navy, University of Pennsylvania Low(e), Elisha W. M., M.D., '57 Lowndes, Charles (M.D.), '56 Lucket, F. E. (M.D.), "57, Virginia, University of Virginia Luckie, James B., M.D., '55, Georgia, Dr. J . B. Hendrick Luden, J . Bernard (M.D.), '44, Pennsylvania Luzenberg, Edward C., M.D., '46, '46, Pennsylvania (Louisiana), Dr. C. M. Griffith Lybrand, William C., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. John Rhein, Arachnitis Lyons, John C., M.D., '54, '54, '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. Darrach (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Lyons, Joseph B., M.D., '57, Delaware, Dr. W. Hall

The

Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

85

Lyons, William, M.D., '56, Philadelphia, Drs. Lyons and Gilbert, Semeiology Macdonald, Archibald, M.D., '48, Nova Scotia, Dr. W. R. Grant, Acute Rheumatism Machado, Francisco M., M.D., '61, Cuba, Dr. Hazzard Macnair, William T., '54, North Carolina, Drs. Neill and Biddle Magnin, Jules, M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. L. D. Harlow Malin, David (Rev.), '48, Pennsylvania Mallory, Henry W., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. R. Grant Malone, Peter W., M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. Kerfoot Mann, Joseph H.. '54, Maryland, Dr. W. D. Noble Markley, George H., M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. Withen Marlin, Henry S. (Reisey), '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Drs. Hall, Robbins and Koehler Marr, William H., M.D., '40, Pennsylvania Marshall, David B., '42, Pennsylvania Marshall, Jacob, Rev., '40, Texas Marshall, John G., M.D., "40, Pennsylvania Martin, Charles (M.D.), '53, '54, U.S. Navy, Jefferson Medical College Martin, Thomas S., '44, '45, Pennsylvania Mason, H. P., '42, New York Mason, J. Ritner, M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. F. Seebold Masser, George W., M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Matheson, J. W., '56 Mathew, Charles, M.D., '44 Matlack, J. M., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. H. Matlack Matthew, Charles, M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Matthews, William R., M.D., '40, Alabama Maxwell, William, M.A.S., M.D., '44, Pennsylvania, Physiology Mayer, Edward, '42, Pennsylvania Mayer, Henry Smith, M.D., '44, Pennsylvania

86

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Mayweg, John W. C., '45, '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . J . Mayweg McAvoy, John, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Calomel McBride, John, M.D., '48, Philadelphia, Dr. Darrach, Ergot of Rye McBride, Milton J., M.D., '40, Florida McCamant, Thomas J., '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. McCamant McClellan, J . H. B., '42, Pennsylvania McCIoskey, James (F)X., M.D., '44, Pennsylvania McConaughy, John B., M.D., '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. I. Winters McCravy, E. R. W., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Texas McCray, Elias Β., '40, Illinois McCullough, William P., '42, Pennsylvania McDannald, Samuel, '53, Virginia, Dr. Blair McDermott, Frances V., '55, Philadelphia, Dr. F. G. Smith McDonald, Norman G., M.D., '55, Georgia, Dr. E. L. Baker McDonough, Charles, '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. McDonough McDougall, Charles E., M.D., '53, Alabama, Drs. Smith and Allen McFadden, James, M.D., '54, '54, '55, Philadelphia (Maryland), Drs. Grant and Darrach McFadden, William H., M.D., '52, '52, Philadelphia, Dr. W. Darrach (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) McGovran, Edward G., M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Practitioner McGuire, Thomas, '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. Guettich Mclnnis, W. G., '57, '58, Florida (Georgia), Dr. R. G. Bruce Mcintosh, Alexander, M.D., '58, '58, Nova Scotia, Dr. J . F. Bell Mcintosh, William Smith, M.D., '42, Ohio Mclntyre, Archibald F., M.D., '47, Pennsylvania (New York) McKee, James H., M.D., '61 McKee, John E., M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. Brotherman McKee, R. B., M.D., '59, Delaware, Dr. William N. Hamilton McKeeham, G. B., '45, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. McKeeham McKibbin, Thomas, M.D., '49, Ohio, Dr. Hildreth

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

87

McKinley, Samuel E., M.D., '48, Tennessee, Dr. Blackwell, Fevers of Middle Tennessee McKinney, Daniel F., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. Gibson McKinney, Isaac, M.D., '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Shoemaker McLane, Charles Α., M.D., Honorary, '41, Virginia McLane, Joseph, M.D., '41, Virginia, Scarlatina McMaster, Andrew J., '52, New Brunswick, Dr. J. Hunter McMeens, Robert, '42, O h i o McMicken, Joseph Α., M.D., '51, '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. C. King (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) McMonagh, P. R., '58, New Brunswick, Dr. James Sinclair McMorris, N. Calvin, M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. P. McMorris McMurray, Wesley, M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. Davidson, Indigestion McMurtie, George S., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. M c Murtrie, Water McNeal, Curtis, M.D., '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. Thornton McNeil, D. C., M.D., Honorary, '61 McPherson, DeWitt C., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Bears Mealy, Thomas S., '54, Iowa, Dr. Steese Meekly, John, M.D., '47, '47, '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. Romig Meekly, T. W., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Meekly Melhorn, Emanuel, M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. Pfeiffer Melsheimer, Edmund L., M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. F. Melscheimer Mensch, James C(G), M.D., '56, '56, Philadelphia, Dr. F. G. Schwenck, Vis Medicatrix Naturae Mercer, Samuel C., '42, Virginia Merritt, David, M.D., '51, '57, '58, '59, New Brunswick (Pennsylvania), Drs. Gilbert and Walker Middleton, Robert S., M.D., '42, New York (New Jersey) Miesse, Benjamin, M.D., '46, Ohio, Dr. G. Miesse Miesse, Jonathan, M.D., '46, Ohio, Dr. C. Bluser

88

Extinct Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Miles, B. Fullerton (M.D.), '52, Pennsylvania, Jefferson Medical College Miles, Jonathan C., M.D., '47, Wisconsin (Pennsylvania), Dr. E. S. Park Miller, Abner, (A.M.), M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. Compton Miller, C. S., '42 Miller, J. D. (M.D.), '56 Miller, J. Elliott, M.D., '60, Maryland (Pennsylvania), Dr. Ν. B. Scott, Cod Liver Oil Miller, William H. H., M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. B. Hahn Milligan, Frances H. (M.D.), '52, Missouri, Jefferson Medical College Mitchell, Thomas Α., M.D., '40, South Carolina (Georgia) Moody, William M. (W.), M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. R. Umberger Moore, B. J., M.D., '57 Moore, C. W. H., '51, '52, Pennsylvania, Drs. Moore and Bower Moore, James, M.D., '56, '56, Philadelphia (New Jersey), Drs. F. G. Smith and Given, The Circulation of the Blood Moore, John D., M.D., '47, '47, Philadelphia, Dr. J. McClintock Moore, J. Morris, M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Moore, Walter, M. D., '42, Pennsylvania Morand, A. L. S., M.D., ad eundem, '59, '59, Virginia Morehouse, David O., '53, Connecticut, Dr. Blakeman Morgan, J. Coleman, M.D., '52, '52, Philadelphia, Drs. Babb and Grant (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Morgridge, John, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, The Air Morris, Thomas B(G), M.D., '44, '44, Pennsylvania Moser, Philip S., M.D., '52, South Carolina, Dr. Wiltbank Moyer, Isaac S., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Moyer Murph(e)y, Andrew N(W), M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Montgomery

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

89

Murphy, Washington S., '42, South Carolina Murray, George, M.D., '50, Nova Scotia, Dr. W. R. Grant Murray, John, M.D., '50, '50, New York (New Jersey), Dr. J . Chase Musselman, J. F. (T.), M.D., '49, Ohio, Dr. J. Miesse Musser, Martin, M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. Benjamin Musser Mustard, David L., M.D., '58, Delaware, Dr. D. Hall Myerle, David, M.D., '53, '53, Philadelhpia, Dr. H. S. Patterson Myers, John, M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Myers, Seth Β.(F.), M.D., '57, Indiana (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Myers, William H., '52, Philadelphia, Dr. H. S. Patterson Neal, Ebenezer (M.D.), '40, Pennsylvania Neely, Shaw F., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . L. Lyon Neff, George, Rev., '46, Pennsylvania Negley, David N., M.D., '40, Indiana (Illinois) Neil, John, '51, "53, Philadelphia Neily, S. F., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . C. Lyons Nelson, Thomas, '52, '53, Georgia, Dr. W, S. Lawton Newton, Draper N., M.D., '48, New York, Dr. Ε. H. Mason, Prolapsus

Uteri

Noble, George F., '42, Ohio North, James, '42 North, James H., M.D., '57, New York (Georgia), Dr. Gilbert Norton, Samuel E., M.D., '59, Alabama, Drs. Bozeman and Karnes Nunamacher, J. H., '56 Nutz, Henry K., M.D., '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. Wiltbank Okie, Α., M.D., '40, Pennsylvania Oliver, George P., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. Davidson Oliveros, Esidro J., M.D., '56, Georgia, Dr. H. L. Byrd, Asthma

90

Extinct Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Oren, Jesse (M.D.), '54, Pennsylvania, Jefferson Medical College Osgood, William, '53, Philadelphia, Dr. Truman Paddock, Adino, M.D., '50, New Brunswick, Drs. Paddock and Grant Paddock, Arthur McL., M.D., '52, New Brunswick, Drs. Paddock and Grant (Maine) Paddock, Frederick R., M.D., '55, '55, New Brunswick, Dr. Paddock (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Paddock, John, M.D., Honorary M.D., '47 Page, Charles, '49, '50, '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Wiltbank Page, Samuel, M.D., ad eundem, '61 Paist, Henry C., '50, '51, '52, '53, Philadelphia, Dr. Fussell Palm, Henry, M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. Palm Palmer, A. D., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Maryland Palmer, James W., '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. Gilbert Parham, William, M.D., '40, South Carolina Parker, Clifford J. (M.D.), '59, Pennsylvania Parsons, George L., '53. '54, Philadelphia, Dr. E. B. Jackson Patrie, J. W. (M.D.), '57, Indiana Patrick, George W., M.D., '49, Indiana, Dr. J. Wiltbank Patterson, A. M., M.D., '57 Patterson, Andrew W., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Medical Science Patterson, James R., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Fricke Patterson, Ross, M.D., '47, Delaware, Dr. Worrell Patterson, Thomas N., M.D., '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. Ladd Patton, George, '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. R. Grant Patton, John, '42, Pennsylvania Pausey, J. (M.D.), '40, England Paynter, Woodman S., '51 Pease, Levi S., M.D., '46, Connecticut, Drs. Hamilton and Strickland Peck, Alfred H., M.D., '58, New Brunswick, Dr. J. F. Bell Peel, John W., M.D., '42, Pennsylvania

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

91

Peery, James, '59, Virginia, Dr. H. F. Peery Peirce, Thomas Α., '47, '48, Maine, Dr. A. E. Small Peironnet, Alfred, M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Pennington, William T., M.D., '41, Alabama, Cerebritis Pepper, David S., M.D., '52 Percival, Benjamin, '42, Pennsylvania Percy, Robert, '54, Louisiana, Dr. Biddle Perkins, Abram L., '42, New York Perkins, D. C. (M.D.), '54, Massachusetts, Harvard University Perry, James S., '53, South Carolina, Dr. Gerrard Pfeiffer, Nicholas, '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. G. Bachman Pfouts, George I., M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Drs. Davidson and Reed Pfouts, John S., M.D., '53, '54, Pennsylvania, Drs. Davidson and Babb (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Phelps, William C., M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. Knight, Chronic Bronchitis Phenicie, William F., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Good Phillips, Robert, M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Green Phillips, C. C., M.D., ad eundem, '59, '59, New Jersey Phillips, D. B. (M.D.), '52, U.S. Navy, Jefferson Medical College Phillips, James M. (M.D.), '52, Illinois, University of St. Louis Phillips, William B. (M.D.), '40, Virginia Phinney, J. B. (M.D.), '55, California, University of Pennsylvania Picking, Christian S., M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. R. Stewart Pierce (Pearce), John H., M.D., '40, Pennsylvania (New York) Pittinos, J. W., M.D., ad eundem, '59, '59, Pennsylvania Pogue, Joseph, M.D., '57, Illinois, Dr. Metcalf Porter, Brewster H., M.D., '50, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. S. Patterson Porter, Henry S., M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. James Bryan Porter, Samuel H., M.D., '50, '50, '51, '52, '53, Philadelphia,

92

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Dr. W. Darrach (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Porterfield, Matthew L., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. S. Wallace Potts, William F., '42, New York Potts, W. Taylor (M.D.), '59, Pennsylvania Powell, Isaac, '55, Philadelphia, Dr. D. Gilbert Powell, Samuel, M.D., '61, New Jersey, Dr. Z. Read Pratt, Alexander S., '42, Vermont Presson, John, '47, Delaware, Dr. Hamilton Price, Henry, M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. Buckholder, Typhoid Fever Price, Nathan, M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Price, Phineas, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania Price, Theophilus T., M.D., '53, '54, '55, Maryland (New Jersey), Dr. Mancy (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Priestly, Henry J., '52, '53, New Brunswick, Dr. J. Hunter Purkey, J. Α., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Mississippi Pynchon, Lewis P. (M.D.), '52, Georgia, Jefferson Medical College Raffensperger, Ε. B., '47, '48, '49, Ohio, Dr. J. Bowman Rainey, Alexander F., M.D., '56, Illinois, Dr. J. G. Rogers, Scarlatina Raker, William, M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Drs. Raker and Smith, Scarlatina Ramsay, Alexander, M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Ramsay, C. F., '42, South Carolina Ramsey, William (Rev.), '48, Pennsylvania Ramsey, William R., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Reid Randel, Christian F., '42, Vermont Rathbone, J. Henry, M.D., '57 Raub, Henry E., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. K. Raub Raub, John Κ., M.D., '51, '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. B. Musser Ray, George S., '42, Missouri Rea, Thomas D., '53, Philadelphia

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

93

Ream, Jefferson B., M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Ream Records, Edward J., '46, Delaware, Dr. Hamilton Redfield, Philander, M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. S. Patterson Redman, George, '42, Kentucky Reed, J. A. E., '51, '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. L. Atlee Reed, Uriah, M.D., '55, Pennsylvania, Drs. J. R. Lötz and J. Schuyler Reemsnyder, Henry, '47, '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. Weidler Rees, Louis L. (D,F), '53, '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. Gilbert Reese, David J., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. D. Deppen Reeves, Edward Lafferty, M.D., '59, New Jersey, Dr. S. Stille Regan, John, M.D., '58, North Carolina, Drs. Samuel McNeill and Morissey Reichart, William, '40, Pennsylvania Reichardt, W m , M.D., '52 Reichert, Wm., '51 Reid, John K., M.D., '50, '51, New Brunswick, Dr. Fisher Reiner, Joel K., M.D., '40, Illinois Reinhardt, Joseph G., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Hernia Reiser, Franklin, M.D., '52, '55 Reitzell, Franklin, '59, Illinois, Dr. S. B. V a n Valzah Remson, J o h n H., '42, O h i o Reynolds, H. M. (M.D.), '52, Kentucky, Jefferson Medical College Rice, George, (I)(J.), M.D., '58, Ohio, Dr. L. C. Rice Rice, Lewis C., (M.D.), '59, Pennsylvania Richabaugh, Jacob, M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Richards, C. Orrick, M.D., '45, Pennsylvania, Amenorrhoea Richards, G. S., '42, Pennsylvania Richards, H u g h J., M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. H . S, f a t t e r son Richardson, William S., M.D., '61 Richter, Augustus, M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. Duhring Rickabaugh, Jacob, '40

94

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Ricketts, William Wall, M.D., '60. Pennsylvania, Drs. D. D. Deppen and W. Montgomery, Pathology of Death Riddell, Richard W., M.D., '42, Mississippi (South Carolina) Ridgely, T. Howard, M.D., '57 Rieser, Franklin (M.D.), '52, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Riesser, Franklin, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Beaver Riggs, James R., M.D., '42, Alabama Riggs, William, M.D., '42, Alabama Rinehart, Jacob H., M.D., '58, Maryland, Dr. J . J. Weaver Ritchie, R. W. (M.D.), '54, Pennsylvania, Jefferson Medical College Robbins, John J., '49, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . C. King Roberts, David, '51, '52, Philadelphia, Dr. W. S. Duffee Robertson, J.E.B., '40, Tennessee Robertson, John, '47, Ireland, Dr. Patterson Robins, Galen S., M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. C. Robins Robinson, J. Α., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Alabama Robinson, John Α., '58, New Brunswick, Dr. Alward Robinson, William L., M.D., '49, Canada West, Dr. H. S. Patterson Rochelle, Eugene B., M.D., '57, Texas, Dr. Atlee Roe, Thomas H., M.D., '40, Ohio Roe, William J., M.D., '47, New Jersey, Dr. N. D. Roe Rogers, J . W., '56 Rogers, Richard R., '59, New Jersey, Dr. E. Hance Rogers, Stephen, '42, New Hampshire Rohrer, Benjamin, M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. L. Atlee Roney, W. C., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Pennsylvania Rose, David Jr., M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. W. Griffiths, Grippe Rosenberger, S., M.D., ad eundem, '61 Rouse, Samuel J., M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. L. Rouse Rowe, J . W., M.D., '53, Philadelphia, Drs. Gominger and G. W. Patterson Rowe, Thomas W., M.D., '53, Philadelphia

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

95

Rowland, George, M.D., '53, New Jersey, Dr. J. S. Hunt Rowland, John G., '52, Georgia, Drs. Smith and Allen Royer, Moses M., M.D., '55, Pennsylvania, Drs. Zerbe and Lerber Ruddick, James, M.D., '45, '45, New Brunswick, Variola Ruggles, Edward, M.D., '41, Rhode Island, The Expansive Force of Ice Rumpf, John, '50, '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. Carpenter Rumph, John C., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. R. Grant Russell, George W., M.D., '44, Mississippi Russell Levi J., M.D., '56, '56, Georgia, Drs. Smith, Allen and Reese, The Chemical and Vital Properties of the Blood Ruth, Abram, M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Delirium Tremens Rutherford, S. M., '58, Arkansas, Drs. Bumford and Shumah Ryan, W. M. (M.D.), '53, Philadelphia Sal(l)ade, Nathaniel W., M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Garman Sanderson, Fitzallan, '42, Pennsylvania Satterthwaite, Α., M.D., '60, New Jersey, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, Physical Diagnosis Scarborough, Η. B., '42, Tennessee Schaeffer, J . C., M.D., '60 Schaffer, Samuel M., M.D., '52, '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. Zerbe (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Schaffner, John Frederick, M.D., '51, '52, South Carolina, Dr. W. L. Atlee (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Scheetz, Jacob H., M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. Buskirk Schlemm, C. W. G., M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. Schlemm, Η ernia Schminky, Isaiah, M.D., '53, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Winters Schock, James L., Rev., '49, Pennsylvania S(c)hock, Simon, M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Weaver, Acidum Arseniosum Schoener, Adam, M.D., '40 Schoener, Adam (I, J), M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. Adam Schoener, True Aims of the Physician

96

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Schoener, Davilla (D. W.), M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. Schoener Schoener, Decatur G., M.D., '53, '53, '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. Schoener (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Schoener, William J., '48, '50, '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. Schoener Schofield, E., M.D., '57, Philadelphia Scholl, Ε. H., '50, New York, Dr. Bowman Scholl, Erastus R., M.D., '56, '56, '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. C. Keely (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College), Acute Dysentery Schumo, Eugene, M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. Gilbert Schuyler, Jacob, M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Schwab, Louis, M.D., '55, Ohio, Dr. Spies Schweinhar(d)(t), Peter (M. N.), M.D., '55, Pennsylvania, Drs. William Scham and Schoener Scouller, J., Brown, '44, Pennsylvania Scribner, Daniel D., '49, South Carolina, Dr. W. D. Ellis Seamans, George B., M.D., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. C. Miles Seitz, Abraham, M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. L. Atlee, Ether in Surgical Operations Seitzinger, F. S., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. D. Clarke, Neuralgia Sellers, Benjamin Α., M.D., '44, North Carolina Senderling, Michael Z., M.D., '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. Η. T. Child Sennar, Robert, M.D., '56, Philadelphia, Dr. J. Bryan, Auscultation Sewall, George Α., '42, Virginia Sewell, B. T., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. P. Hall Shade, Daniel S., M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Drs. Keeler and Groff, Cholera Infantum Shaeffer, J. C., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Drs. Gilbert and McMorris Sharp(s), John, M.D., '53, New Jersey, Drs. Shepman and Darrach

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

97

Sharp, Levi N., M.D., '61, New Brunswick, Dr. James Christie Sharp, William, M.D., ad eundem, '61 Sharp, William R. L., M.D., '53, '53, New Jersey, Dr. W. L. Atlee Shaw, John, M.D., '50, New Brunswick, Dr. J. Davidson Shearer, George, '47, Pennsylvania, Practitioner Shearer, James, M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. L. Shearer Sheetz, J. H. (M.D.), '58 Sheppard, Henry, '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. J. Reese Sheppard, William B., '42, North Carolina Shewart, Isaac G., M.D., '42, Delaware Shindel, Daniel W., M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. B. Masser Shindel, John Y., M.D., '55, Pennsylvania, Drs. J. Musser and D. W. Shindel Shippen, Edward (M.D.), '53, U.S. Navy Shirk, Benjamin E., '45, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. L. Atlee Shive, Peter C., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. R. Keeler Shober, John L., M.D., '47, '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. Breneisen Shoemaker, Charles E., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Ν. E. Shoemaker, The Ear Shoemaker, Edwin, '40, Pennsylvania Shoemaker, J. Ν. E., '56 Shoener, George R., '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. John G. Koehler Shoener, W. J., M.D., '51 Sholl, Edward H., '54, '55, Alabama, Dr. Taylor, The Ovary and its Functions Shriver, Albert (M.D.), '56 Shugert, Francis (A), '40, Pennsylvania Shultz, Horatio N., M.D., '58, Maryland, Drs. E. A. Harvy and Barrick Shunk, Samuel T., M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. K. Gilbert, Rabies Canina (Opium) Sigmund, Albert M., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. P. S. Leisenring Sill, Henry C., M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Drs. Winterode and Cox

98

Extinct Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Sim, F. L. (M.D.), M.D., '57 Simmons, John M., '58, Georgia, Dr. N. M. Holton Simonton, William B., M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. T. Simonton Simpson, T. R., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Ohio Sinclair, James, M.D., '58, Prince Edward Island, Dr. J. F. Bell Singletary, H. M., M.D., '52, South Carolina Skinner, N. Chapman, M.D., '46, North Carolina, Dr. Darrach Sloan, William J. (M.D), '53, U.S. Army Small, Edmund Alvan, M.D., '42, Maine Small, Samuel S., '42, Pennsylvania Smiley, A. H. (M.D.), '51 Smith, Augustus J. W., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Drs. D. D. Deppen and Batdorf Smith, C. L., '58, Pennsylvania Smith, C. S., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. McMurrary Smith, Charles Α., Rev., D.D., '55, Pennsylvania Smith, Charles J. (A), M.D., '58, Philadelphia, Dr. Biddle Smith, Cornelius, (s), M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Drs. McMurray and Hepburn Smith, David R., M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. Findlay Smith, H. Augustus, '55, Philadelphia, Dr. Gilbert Smith, E. Clarence, '55, '56, Philadelphia, Dr. F. G. Smith Smith, Henry Y. (M.D.), '55, Philadelphia, Franklin Medical College Smith, Herbert, '42, New York Smith, John, M.D., '48, Virginia, Dr. J. J. Moorman, Catalepsy Smith, Joseph B., '40, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. Hays Smith, Joseph N., M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Findlay Smith, Peter (M.D.), '55, Pennsylvania, Geneva Medical College Smith, Rev. Preserved, '45, '46, '48, '49, New York (New Jersey) Smith, R. K. (M.D.), '56

The Medical Department

of Pennsylvania

College

99

Smith, Reuben H., M.D., '44, '47, Pennsylvania Smith, Samuel, M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. C. Robins Smith, S. H., M.D., '52 Smith, Stephen, M.D., '55, New Brunswick, Dr. Ruddick Smith, Thomas W., M.D., '56, '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. Heist, Acute Hepatitis Smith, William, '42, Pennsylvania Smith, William H., '48, '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. N. Baxter Smithers, Edward F., M.D., '45, Delaware, Gout Smithson, James Α., '58, Arkansas, Dr. J. Stevenson Snavely, Cyrus J., M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. B. McConaughy Sneed, William, '42, Kentucky Spatz, John H., M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. L. Beaver, Dysentery Spayd, Charles, '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. L. D. Harlow Speed, James M., M.D., '60, Alabama, Dr. William G. Speed, Syphilis Speight, John S., '42, Pennsylvania Sta(u)nton, J. Cope, M.D., '58, Philadelphia, Dr. H. C. Paist Stare, Gideon S., '57 (M.D.), '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. L. Freas Stearly, John B., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Drs. Keeler and Groff Steeves, Isaac, '55, New Brunswick, Dr. J. Steeves Steinman, C. L., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania Steivant, Henry C., '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. Bruce Sterett, William, '44, '45, Pennsylvania Stetler, John G., M.D., '49, '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Breitenback Stevens, Edmund, '56 Stevens, Joseph, Rev., '49, Pennsylvania Steves, James T., '50, New Brunswick, Dr. Shaw Stewart, Henry C., M.D., '53, '53, Pennsylvania Stewart, Thomas, '51 Stewart, William R., M.D., Honorary, '45

100

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Stille, Α. Owen (M.D.), '52, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Stille, Samuel, M.D., '57, New Jersey, Dr. F. G. Smith Stiller, John G. (M.D.), '52, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Stites, John S., '54, Maryland, Dr. Finney Stites, Samuel, M.D., '57 Stitzel, George, M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. Oelling Stitzel, William, '45, Pennsylvania, Dr. S. L. Beck Stocksleger, Α., '59, Maryland, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Stoddard, Charles, M.D., '60, New York, Dr. Β. H. Rand, The Heart and its Neuroses Stone, John, M.D., '55, Georgia, Dr. Welch Stone, L. B., '57, '58, Philadelphia, Dr. E. Hartshorne Stones, S. (M.D.), '45, Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Stratton, Charles B., M.D., '55, Pennsylvania, Drs. Gilbert and Mc Micke η Strauss, Henry P., M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. Edwin J. Deshler, Acute Pleuritis Street, John (Rev.), '48, Pennsylvania Strohecker, Charles G., M.D., '48, Illinois (Pennsylvania), Dr. S. L. Beck, Hydrocephalus Strohecker, George W., '49, Pennsylvania, Drs. Giltner and Green Strohecker, Samuel, M.D., '40, Pennsylvania Strohecker, Samuel, '50, '52, Pennsylvania, Dr. Joice Suddards, James (M.D.), '55, U.S. Navy, University of Pennsylvania Sudler, James S., M.D., '56, '56, Delaware, Dr. J. L. Sudler, Typhoid Fever Sudler, Joseph B., M.D., '47, Delaware, Dr. J. L. Sudler Surault, Francis M. (G. J.), M.D., '44, '44, New Jersey Sweet, Joseph, M.D., '48, New York, Dr. G. L. Halsey, Inflammation

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

101

Swope, John Α., M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. Horner Talbot, J. W., '57, Mississippi, Dr. G. W. Trimble Taliaferro, Richard S., M.D., Honarary M.D., '47 Tarns, W. H., '42, Pennsylvania Tate, Theodore T., M.D., '56, Iowa, Dr. J . N. Smith, Dysentery Taylor, Frances P., M.D., '57, New Brunswick, Drs. F. G. Smith and Hunter Taylor, Henry, M.D., '40, Pennsylvania Taylor, John, '40, North Carolina Taylor John Y. (M.D.), '52, Delaware, Jefferson Medical College Taylor, Robert, '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. R. Grant Taylor, William, '46, '47, '48, Pennsylvania, Drs. W. Darrach and G. Spackman l eague, William P., '59, North Carolina, Dr. E. Turner Tennant, Solomon, '42, Ohio Terry, C., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Alabama Terry, William, M.D., '46, Connecticut, Dr. H. A. Hamilton Tharp, Augustus, M.D., '57, Georgia, Dr. G. F. Cooper Tharp, Jonathan, '45, Delaware, Dr. Salsbury Thatcher, Samuel, '42, Tennessee Terrei, James Α., '59, Mississippi, Dr. W. S. Halsey Thom, T. P. (M.D.), '52, Virginia, Jefferson Medical College Thomas, Evan, '53, New Brunswick, Dr. Miller Thomas, George S., '42, Ohio Thomas, Henry Α., '42, New Jersey Thomas, James L., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Richardson Thomas, Jesse J., M.D., '60, Philadelphia, Dr. James Bryan, Typhoid Fever Thomas, W. G., '52, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. S. Filbert Thomas, William M., '59, Virginia, Dr. E. B. Ward Thomason, Thomas J., '51, '52, '53, Philadelphia, Dr. Darrach Thompson, Benjamin, M.D., '51, Drs. H. S. Patterson and W. S. Thompson

102

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Thompson, J. C., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. B. Thompson Thompson, James M. (M.D.), '57, Pennsylvania Thompson, James P., M.D., '57 Thompson, Jeter L., M.D., '44, Cherokee Nation Thompson, J. McFarland, M.D., '40, Pennsylvania Thompson, William S., M.D., '45, '56, Pennsylvania, Puerperal Peritonitis Tindall, David M., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Conjunctivitis Tingley, William H. (M.D.), '52, Philadelphia, Jefferson Medical College Tobie, C. C. (M.D.), '40, Maryland Todd, John, (Jr.), M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Drs. Keeler and Groff Todd, Lyman, '52, Kentucky, Drs. Smith and Allen Todd, William, '40, Kentucky Tompkins, Aulay Park, '57, Philadelphia, Dr. J. Ingraham Tompkins, Eubank, '53, Georgia, Dr. Lawton Townsend, G. W., '42, New Jersey Townsend, John K., M.D., '48, Philadelphia, Intermittent Fever of Oregon Territory Townsend, Stephen, M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, Phthisis Pulmonalis Toxey, Caleb, '58, Alabama, Dr. C. H . Hall Toxey, W. S., '58, Alabama, Dr. C. H . Hall Traner, Felix, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. Patterson Trau, Adam, '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. P. T r a u Treganownan, Ambrose (M.D.), '59, New Jersey Tremper, Asa L., '42, Pennsylvania Treon, George, '58, '58, Pennsylvania, Drs. Treon and Raker Truitt, George R., "53, Delaware, Dr. Pitts Turner, Benjamin H., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. T. W. Smith Turner, Thomas (J,L,S), M.D., '51, '52, '53, Philadelphia (U.S. Navy), Dr. H. S. Patterson (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Tustin, John L., '42, Pennsylvania

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

103

Tweed, Wilson H., M.D., '53, Philadelphia, Dr. J. S. Dougal Tyson, Andrew R., '59, Pennsylvania, Drs. Keeler and Groff Tyson, Cornelius, M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Tyson, Henry, M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Tyson, Henry (M.D.), '50, '55, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Uhler, William M., M.D., ad eundem, '59, '59, Pennsylvania Ullman, Ludwig, M.D., '61 Umberger, Edmund R., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. Umberger Umberger, John R., M.D., ad eundem, '61 Updegraff, J. J. (M.D.), '51, ad eundem, '52 Utley, Samuel, M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. T. Simonton Vallette, E. F., M.D., ad eundem, '59, '59, Pennsylvania Vanallen, Francis, '42, New York Vandersloot, F. W., M.D., '56, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. S. Huber, Intermittent Fever Van Doren, William H., '49, New York Vanorsdel, Isaac W., M.D., '45, Pennsylvania, Epilepsy Vanstavoren, Jackson, M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Van Valzah, S. L., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. T. A. Thornton Varían, William, '51, '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. Atlee Waddel, John, '51, ad eundem, '52 Wa(o)ddrop, Robert, '40, South Carolina Wage(o)nseller, B.F., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Drs. P. R. and S. Wagenseiler, Ovariotomy Wagenseiler, P. R., M.D., '53, Pennsylvania, Drs. Gilbert and Huber Wagonseller, Samuel, '53, Illinois, Dr. Fitch Wagner, William H., M.D., '53, Maryland, Dr. Thomas Sim Wakefield, J. F., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Massachusetts Walborn, Isaac, M.D., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Breitenback

104

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Waldron, David, M.D., '47, Pennsylvania, Drs. J. and J. S. Dougal Walker, Charles, M.D., '55, '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. C. Zoller Walker, J. K. C., M.D., '56, Philadelphia, Dr. D. Gilbert, Variola Walker, J. N., '42, Pennsylvania Walker, S. J., '56 Walker, Thomas H., '45, Pennsylvania, Dr. T h o m a s Walker Wallace, Frederick Α., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Infantile Convulsions Wallace, J o h n Jr., M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. William Hayes, Conception Walters, David P., '49, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. Underwood Walters, Walter W., M.D., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. F. B. Martin Walters, William H., '47, New Jersey, Dr. H. Corson Walton, Richard, M.D., '46, '46, '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. McCloskey Ward, Allen, M.D., '49, '49, New Jersey, Dr. Joseph Parrish Ward, Walter, '42, Pennsylvania Warder, Augustus, L., '42, Pennsylvania Warfield, James H. B., M.D., ad eundem, '61 Warren, William C., '52, '53, Mississippi, Dr. M c L a n a h a n Watson, Nathaniel, M.D., Honorary M.D., '46 Watson, Robert H., M.D., '41, Pennsylvania, Clinical Practice Weaver, Jacob J., M.D., "46, Pennsylvania, Dr. Gilbert Wehner, J. H., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. H. Hazzard Weidler, Carpenter, M.D., '50, '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Weidler (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Weiland, Henry R., '45, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. S. Mayer Welch, Abraham Jr., M.D., '55, New York Welfley, David P., '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. H. C. Stewart Wells, John M.D., '54, '54, '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. Rickabaugh (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Wenger, Gers(h)om, M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. I. Winters Werner, Andrew J., M.D., '50, Pennsylvania, Dr. G. McClellan

The Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

105

Wertz, James F., M.D., '61, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. Ν. E. Shoemaker Wharton, Henry S., '56 Whipple, David B., M.D., '51, '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. G. Spackman White, David C., '44, New York White, J. B., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Michigan White, Jacob D., M.D., '50, '50, New Brunswick, Drs. S. Fitch and Grant White, William H., M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. G. Ohl, Syphilis White, William R., '46, Pennsylvania Whiteside(s), John E., M.D., '47, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. L. Atlee Wierzbicki, Felix Paul, M.D., '44, Rhode Island Wilder, J. (M.D), '40, New York Wiley, Elijah, M.D., '42, New Jersey Wiley, T., '40, '41, Pennsylvania Wilkinson, James, M.D., '42, Pennsylvania Wilkinson, John T., M.D.. '57, Maryland, Dr. McDaniels Willet, Samuel, M.D., '56, New Jersey, Pneumonia Williams, Arthur B., M.D., '49, Michigan, Dr. W. L. Atlee Williams, R. P., M.D., ad eundem, '59, Virginia Williamson, Alex, '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. E. C. Dougherty Williamson, Charles H., '54, U.S. Navy Wilson, Charles H., M.D., '57, Pennsylvania, Dr. A. B. Wilson Wilson, Henry, '42, Georgia Wilson, James M., Rev., '46, Pennsylvania Wilson, Jeremy, M.D., '53, '53, '54, Pennsylvania, Dr. Howtz (Pennsylvania Medical Society) Wilson, J. C., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. Alexander Wilson Wilson, John H., M.D., '53, '56, New Brunswick, Dr. C. Wilson Wilson, Thomas M., M.D., '57 Wiltbank, Alfred S., M.D., '50, Delaware, Dr. J. Wiltbank

106

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Wiltbank, Samuel S., M.D., '50, '50, Philadelphia, Drs. Wiltbank and Patterson Wingate, J . D., '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. Strohecker Winkler, Gustavus, '49, Pennsylvania Winter, Luther E., M.D., '49, Virginia, Dr. D. Gilbert Winters, Isaac D., M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . Winters, Dysentery Winters, John L., M.D., '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . Winters Winthrop, Henry, '42, Connecticut Wisdom, William Α., '50, Delaware, Dr. R. R. Porter Witherow, Colombus, M.D., '44, Pennsylvania Witmer, Jacob B., M.D., '49, Philadelphia, Dr. J . L. Atlee Witty, Walter, '45, '46, Pennsylvania, Drs. Zoller and Shober Wofford, Isaac J., M.D., '51, South Carolina, Dr. Β. E. Wofford Wofford, Jesse E., M.D., '49, South Carolina, Dr. Β. E. Wofford Wolf, Henry, M.D., '60, Pennsylvania, E>r. G. Pfeiffer, Pneumonia Wolf, Joseph Α., M.D., '48, Pennsylvania, Dr. D. H. Mellinger, Typhus Fever Wolf, J. (M.D.), '55, Pennsylvania, Medical Department of Pennsylvania College Woodhouse, John G., M.D., '49. Pennsylvania, Dr. E. Patrick Woodson, S. M. (M.D.), '54, Tennessee, University of Louisville Wooldridge, Thomas G. (M.D.), '54, Virginia, Richmond Medical College Woolfolk, John L., '47, Virginia, Dr. P. B. Pendleton, Catamenia Worrest, F. F. (W.), M.D., '53, Pennsylvania, Dr. William Hays Worthington, Seth, '42, Maine Wright, Jesse J., M.D., '59, '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. J . P. Andrews Wright, John W., M.D., '42, Pennsylvania

The

Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

College

107

Wright, Ward C., '59, New Brunswick, Dr. Preston Wright, William, '40, Connecticut Wynkoop, Alfred, M.D., '53, '53, '54, '55, Louisiana (Philadelphia), Dr. Wiltbank (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Wynn(e), William B., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. E. R. Scholl (Shull) Wythes, Joseph, M.D., ad eundem, '59, '59, Pennsylvania Yar(r)ington, Abiel Α., M.D., '51, Pennsylvania, Dr. T. W. Miner Yeates, Horatio, M.D., '42, Upper Canada Yocum, John H., M.D., '53, '55, Pennsylvania, Dr. Η. H. Fox (Medical Department of Pennsylvania College) Yoder, Daniel, M.D., '58, Pennsylvania, Dr. W. F. Martin Young, Irenee D., M.D., '48, '48, Delaware, Dr. W. R. Grant, Iodine Zaccharias, James T., '58, Maryland, Drs. Baer and Gilbert Zell, John W., M.D., '56, '58, '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. William Compton, Scarlatina Zemp, Francis L., M.D., '41, South Carolina, Phthisis Ziegler, Philip M., M.D., '59, Pennsylvania, Dr. J. L. Ziegler Zimmerman, Christian, '46, Pennsylvania, Dr. Bower S U P P L E M E N T A R Y L I S T (SESSION OF 1843-44) The following names are taken from a list of matriculates and graduates dating from the first session of the College until, and including, that of 1843-44. By inference these matriculates must have attended the session of 1843-44. (No list specifically for that session has been located.) Allen, George W., '43, New Jersey Anderson, James Rush, '43, Pennsylvania Anspach, F. M., '43, Pennsylvania

108

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Bell, William P., '43, Pennsylvania Boardman, Joseph C., '43, Connecticut Boyd, Jeremiah, '43, Pennsylvania Bressler, Charles, '43, Pennsylvania Cameron, Charles H., '43, Pennsylvania Carpenter, Alexander H., '43, Pennsylvania Cox, John, '43, Pennsylvania Cumings, Albert S., '43, Pennsylvania Cummings, S. S., (M.D.) '43, Pennsylvania Davidson, George, '43, Pennsylvania Davis, Louis R., '43, New York Davison, Benjamin, '43, New Jersey Dawson, Jones Α., '43, North Carolina Dietz, Adam, '43, Pennsylvania Diffenderfer, William L., '43, Pennsylvania Dyott, John B., '43, Pennsylvania Fisler, Israel, 43, Pennsylvania Fletcher, Charles, '43, Pennsylvania Forgus, Wellington, '43, New Jersey Fyler, Henry L., '43, Pennsylvania Gaston, Thomas N., '43, Pennsylvania Griffiths, G. W., (M.D.) '43, Pennsylvania Guernsey, Henry N., '43, Vermont Harris, Herman, '43, New Jersey Haskell, Joseph Henry, '43, Massachusetts Heistand, S. D., '43, Pennsylvania Hostetter, John L., '43, Pennsylvania John, S. Midgly, '43, Pennsylvania Johnson, S. Midgly, '43, Pennsylvania Jones, Frederick, '43, Massachusetts

Philadelphia

The

Medical

Department

of Pennsylvania

Lewis, Augustus J., '43, Pennsylvania Mathews, Charles, '43, Pennsylvania McCay, Robert Burns, '43, Pennsylvania Mellinger, Henry S., '43, Pennsylvania Miller, Joseph H., '43, Pennsylvania Mullen, William J., '43, Pennsylvania Nathans, Robert L., '43, Pennsylvania Perkins, James B., '43, Pennsylvania Pettit, John Α., '43, Ohio Price, Joseph, '43, Pennsylvania Robinson, Samuel, '43, Pennsylvania Romig, William J., '43, Pennsylvania Sandford, Thomas N., '43, Pennsylvania Schmidt, Frederick James, '43, Pennsylvania Scott, Norman Bruce, '43, Maryland Seymour, Asaph, '43, Pennsylvania Shirk, Daniel E., '43, Pennsylvania Smith, William F., '43, Pennsylvania Sprague, Alden S., (M.D.) '43, New York Stephens, Η. Α., '43, Pennsylvania Tennent, Silas Α., '43, Pennsylvania Thataher, Samuel, '43, Tennessee Thomas, William S., '43, Pennsylvania Tobias, C. C., (M.D.), '43, Maryland Tracy, Elisahib, '43, Pennsylvania Ulrick, Daniel Α., J 43, Pennsylvania Waters, Henry G., '43, Pennsylvania Weimer, Christian Lybrand, '43, Pennsylvania

College

109

110

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Werner, Andrew J., '43, Pennsylvania Wills, Samuel E., '43, Virginia Woolman, Granville S., '43, New Jersey Wright, Henry S., '43, Pennsylvania Young Alexander Z., '43, Pennsylvania Zerley, Elias, '43, Pennsylvania Ziegler, Jacob L., '43, Pennsylvania Zulick, Samuel M., '43, Pennsylvania

Philadelphia

2 The Philadelphia College of Medicine IN C H A P T E R 1 I T W A S pointed out that the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College and the Philadelphia College of Medicine agreed, in 1858, to study their respective prospects for the future, and within the coming years merge the two schools under the management of the one which held forth the brighter promise of viability. The merger did take place in 1859, the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College transmitting its name and the Philadelphia College of Medicine its faculty. It has also been noted that, within two years after the merger, financial difficulties of the resulting institution led to failure to honor tax bills, and the resignation of a dispirited faculty brought about an end to the combined schools in 1861.

We now turn back for a view of the second party to this merger, the Philadelphia College of Medicine. Dr. James McClintock, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College and student of Dr. George McClellan (founder of the first party to the merger), had established a private school of anatomy, known as " T h e Philadelphia School of Anatomy," which he had been successfully conducting since 1838, with evident organizational and promotional skill. McClintock was noted for his brilliant demonstrations on anatomy. Styled an "irregular" in his own city, he was nonetheless held in high repute 111

112

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

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elsewhere, having been called to the chair of anatomy and physiology at the Castleton Medical College in Vermont (1841), where he was elected president. He left this school in 1842 to become professor of anatomy and physiology at the Berkshire Medical Institution in Massachusetts. In 1843 he returned to Philadelphia and his earlier educational activities, in which Drs. J . H. McCloskey and Jackson V a n Stavern joined him as lecturers on practice and materia medica, respectively. In 1847 Dr. McClintock obtained from the Pennsylvania Legislature a charter for T h e Philadelphia College of Medicine" which he had organized in 1846 and which was to hold both a winter and a summer session. This institution had the power to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the close of each session. T h e other Philadelphia schools of medicine refused to accept students ad eundem from Dr. McClintock's school, because of the two-session plan, whereupon he obtained redress from the Legislature, which passed a bill compelling the recognition of his school on terms of equality with other institutions. Thus Dr. McClintock's Philadelphia School of Anatomy evolved into, and became one with the Philadelphia College of Medicine, which was destined to flourish, independently, until 1859, when it fused, then disappeared.' 1 A pamphlet in possession of the Library of the College of Physicians bears the title, "Constitutions and By-Laws of the Medical College of Philadelphia, 1 8 3 6 . " T h i s was an educational-professional society and "was conceived as a sort of American College of Physicians, to examine and register teachers," and to educate for the degree of M.D.; but it never functioned. (See William F. Norwood : Medical Education in the United States before the Civil War, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944, p. 106.) It should not be confounded with the Philadelphia College of Medicine. 1 In 1852 the famous D. Hayes Agnew revived the Philadelphia School of Anatomy, and, under him, it enjoyed a remarkable success for ten years. It became known as the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine {ibid., p. 103) later in the century, after teaching by several proprietors who succeeded Dr. Agnew.

The Philadelphia

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113

I. BUILDING AND E Q U I P M E N T

T h e first classes were held in the edifice used by the Philadelphia School of A n a t o m y , and in that of the "school of p h a r m a c y on Filbert St., above S e v e n t h " (The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy). In A u t u m n , 1847, classes moved to a building on Fifth St., south of W a l n u t . F r o m this fledgling school four h u n d r e d students were g r a d u a t e d in the first seven years. T h e building at Fifth a n d W a l n u t Streets h a d been "built with the design of a c c o m m o d a t i n g the S u p r e m e Court of the State of Pennsylvania." It was five stories high, stucco-covered, and had m a r b l e cornices a n d lintels. T h e r e were two wellappointed lecture rooms, one, the a n a t o m i c a l theatre, having a h a n d s o m e dome. T h e r e was a m u s e u m at the front of the building, above which there were rooms for the professors, a n d classrooms. T h e spacious dissecting room was well-lighted f r o m the roof a n d sides. It was well-ventilated, conveniently f u r nished a n d a b u n d a n t l y supplied with dissecting material. Gas a n d water were supplied t h r o u g h o u t the building. Located only about 100 yards f r o m I n d e p e n d e n c e Hall, it was also close to the Philadelphia Dispensary, the American Philosophical Society Library, a n d about 4 0 0 yards f r o m the Pennsylvania Hospital. N e a r b y Washington S q u a r e was an agreeable resort during the s u m m e r term. T h e College claimed that there was no more suitable building for medical instruction in the country. T h e extensive anatomical m u s e u m was an excellent one and continued to enjoy a steady growth. T h e college was equipped with scientific a p p a r a t u s , plates, drawings, enlarged wax, leather a n d papier m a c h é models, all kinds of specimens, wet a n d dry surgical preparations, medicináis, pharmaceutical preparations, pictures, diagrams, surgical appliances, manikins, a n d e q u i p m e n t for the study of medical chemistry ("recent

114

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

means of chemical diagnosis of diseases of urinary and digestive apparatus and in infections of the blood"). A department of pharmacy provided advanced students with an opportunity to learn how to compound medicines for patients. There was a large, well-lighted reading room, open day and evening, where students could study between lectures. Everything was done to enhance the health, comfort, and interest of students. Facilities available to students included the Pennsylvania Hospital and Library, The Wills Hospital, The Philadelphia Dispensary, and other dispensaries, obstetrical facilities, and a number of internships or resident studentships in the various medical charities of the city which offered "facilities in this respect . . . altogether superior to anything on this Continent." II.

CURRICULUM

A salient feature of the curriculum of this medical school was the provision which it made for two terms of instruction per year, thus enabling a student to reduce, by one year, the length of time spent by students at other schools of medicine in the city. Thus a person could enter the practice of medicine one year earlier than graduates of other schools. This made the college popular among persons wishing to be trained quickly and still meet the general requirements for graduation in force elsewhere. This two-term plan was, however, abandoned eventually after the reorganization of the faculty and the adoption, by the college, of the Code of the American Medical Association.' ' T h e Announcement for the Collegiate Year 1 8 5 4 - 5 5 laid emphasis upon the College's adoption of the principles of the American Medical Association and its o w n desire to participate in reform in medical education. "In proof of their sincerity on this point, they are prepared to recommend the establishment of an annual Board of Examiners, to consist of gentlemen not connected with the Colleges whose students are offered for graduation. T h e Faculty of the Philadelphia Medical College

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College of Medicine

115

The educational philosophy of the planners was based on the belief that a four month term was not of sufficient length to satisfy the standards of the faculty, nor to meet the requirements of the profession. The fall term, of course, was therefore followed by a spring term, beginning in early March, and continuing for four months. By this arrangement a student could have a second complete course, without the cost and loss of time involved (for out of town students) in returning home, and without additional payment of tuition for another college year. A number of points made up the argument for a twoterm year : students who heretofore were impelled to study at "country schools" could now have all the advantages of study in a city which was recognized as the medical center of the United States. No other city could provide the advantages in anatomy, surgery, obstetrics, and clinics available here in the Spring. Students from the South who might suffer derangements of health by the weather of northern winters would be will, at any period, unite with those of the other Colleges of this city in establishing this desirable reform —the principle being that the true test of fitness for a medical degree is merit and acquirement. All other requisites and conditions of graduates should be subordinate to these. It is an error to suppose that by prescribing a certain limit to the time of attendance upon lectures we can adjudge with certainty the merits of students. Experience has convinced the faculty of the impropriety of fixing rules of time which will be incapable of exception. Time does not always accurately measure capacity, labor or acquisition of knowledge. If the instruction of students in the offices of their private preceptors were more thorough (as has been suggested in some of the Reports to the National Association) the labor of Professors would be lighter, and the qualification of graduation more complete. " T h e Faculty has resolved to assimilate in one respect to the universal custom of non-medical Collegiate Institutions; —by affording an opportunity to such students as may desire it, after the termination of their first course, to undergo an examination, upon the fundamental branches oí study, to decide whether they may be admitted as "senior students" ; becoming candidates for graduation at the end of their second session. . . . By the proposition already made, to unite with other Institutions in placing the examining power with an impartial Board outside the Colleges; —it is shown that it is the wish, and will be the endeavor of the Faculty, to fit competent men for the practice of medicine and to encourage or graduate none who are incompetent."

116

Extinct

Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

better off by studying in this city in the springtime, and have the additional advantage of the greater availability of places and things (in anatomy, obstetrics, clinics), due to the fact that there were few students in the city at that season of the year. A third advantage was that some subjects could be covered by fewer lectures than others, and such courses would end ahead of the others, or be repeated and grow tiresome, but by going over the entire course carefully and completely a second time, registration upon the mind would be improved, ambiguous points cleared up, and more learning retained. European schools were not teaching greater content in medicine and surgery, but the courses in them were arranged in a plan similar to this one. Following the thought of the London schools of medicine, the Philadelphia College of Medicine recommended the European curriculum of studies, as follows : First Course : anatomy, chemistry, materia medica, midwifery, dissections. Second Course : anatomy, materia medica, physiology, obstetrics, therapeutics, toxicology, practical chemistry. Third Course : surgery, dissecting, theory and practice of medicine, chemistry, hospital attendance, and clinical instruction. Fourth Course : surgery, practice of medicine, materia medica, anatomy, physiology, pathology, diseases of women and children, hospital attendance. The claim was made that at this school three-fourths of the students attended three courses, and that the amount of instruction given equalled that embraced in the plans of the "Schools of Physic in Ireland and the School of Medicine in Paris." There were five or six lectures daily, except for Wednesdays and Saturdays, these mornings being devoted to attendance at

The Philadelphia

College of Medicine

117

hospitals and the college clinic where patients were "exhibited, operations publicly performed, and lectures delivered.'" General, Special, Surgical and Microscopic

Anatomy

The professor's lectures were accompanied by demonstrations upon the recent subject and by preparations, pictures, diagrams, and enlarged models. He directed the students' attention to any morbid and anomalous conditions and paid 4 Full lectures were given upon the following branches : Anatomy, Chemistry, Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Diseases of Women and Children, Materia Medica, Medical Jurisprudence, Midwifery, Pathology, Pharmacy, Physiology, T h e o r y and Practice of Medicine, Surgery, T h e r a peutics. ( T h e chair of Institutes was replaced in 1852 by one in Histology, in order that theoretical lectures should to some extent be replaced by direct contact of the student with the materials which he was studying. Institutes was however restored within a short time.) Lectures were copiously illustrated by use of the many resources listed under, " 1 Building and Equipment." In 1858 an obstetrical clinic, " a new idea in medical schools," was introduced into the curriculum. In the same year physical diagnosis and topographical anatomy replaced surgical anatomy in the summer supplementary course. follows: A typical roster (1851) was as Tuesday Wednesday Hour Monday Hospital Mat. Med. 10 A . M . M a t . Med. Obstetrics Hospital 11 A . M . Obstetrics Practice Practice 12 A . M . Practice Anatomy Anatomy 1 P . M . Anatomy Surgery Surgery 4 P . M . Surgery Chemistry Institutes 5 P . M . Chemistry

Hour 10 A . M . 1 1 A.M. 12 A . M . 1 P.M. 4 P.M. 5 P.M.

Thursday Mat. Med. Institutes Practice Anatomy Surgery Chemistry

Friday Mat. Med. Obstetrics Practice Anatomy Surgery Chemistry

Saturday Hospital Hospital Clinic Clinic —

Institutes

O n the basis of a session of about eighteen weeks duration, the time given to each subject was almost the same as that at the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College.

118

Extinct Medical Schools of Wth-Century

Philadelphia

particular attention to the mechanism of the functions "and the direct application of his subject to the practical branches." The demonstrator of anatomy had charge of the anatomical rooms under the supervision of the professor of that subject and the dissections were done under the management of the former. His counsel and demonstrations rendered more effective the work of the students. Chemistry

This was taught "exclusively in its relation to medicine," omitting all chemistry as applied to technology or the arts. This provided time for a minute study of chemistry as applied to materia medica and pharmacy and of the bearing of chemistry upon physiology, pathology, and diagnosis. Toxicology received a full share of attention. The various poisons and their antidotes were discussed and tests demonstrated, and there were, as well, demonstrations dealing with the other parts of the course. Institutes

of

Medicine

The lecturer presented the essential facts and principles of general and special physiology, general pathology, and therapeutics, and aimed at bringing about harmony among these areas, in order to establish a true philosophy of medicine. The course was progressive : (1) preliminary, (2) physiological, (3) pathological, (4) therapeutic. It was hoped that a scientific foundation for correct medical principles would emerge. Theory

and Practice of

Medicine

The lecturer gave a full explanation and history of the theories of medicine, in terms of that which was practical.

The Philadelphia

College

119

of Medicine

Means of diagnosis and cure were presented and emphasized. He drew upon his notes and recollections of his vast experience as a practitioner and upon the principal cases of disease among the numerous patients at the college clinic, and called to his aid many drawings, pathological specimens, wax preparations, and papier-maché models. Materia

Medica

and

Therapeutics

A discussion of the curative remedies, methods of collecting them, their commercial history, properties, physiological and toxicological actions, doses, methods of administering, "adaptation to," and modus operandi in the treatment of disease. Obstetrics

and the Diseases

of Women

and

Children

The professor discussed the physiology of reproduction, the conduct and mechanism of parturition, and the pathology and treatment of diseases of women and children. Dry and wet preparations, drawings, and diagrams helped to familiarize the student with the principles and practice of this branch. There were exercises upon the manikin. Advanced students who showed proficiency were admitted to attendance upon cases. There was an obstetrical dispensary. Principles

and Practice

of

Surgery

The professor, by use of a recent subject, showed the various and most approved modes of operating in all cases requiring the use of the knife, and supplemented his instruction with explanations, using wax, papier-maché, and leather models, wet and dry preparations, drawings, etc. He aimed at clarity, simplicity, and completeness of instruction, and gave particular

120

Extinct

Medical

Schools

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Philadelphia

attention to minor surgery. The clinic afforded ample opportunity to observe operative surgery and the treatment of "surgical diseases." At the college clinic, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, patients were prescribed for and operated upon in the presence of the class. The college endeavored to encourage students to profit from hospital instruction by issuing free tickets to them. It likewise encouraged the study of practical anatomy by providing free material sufficient for fifty students. (The foregoing discussion of the curriculum is based upon statements made in the Annual Announcement for the session of 1854-55.) The Announcement of the Philadelphia College of Medicine for 1857, while maintaining that the two-term system left it with no regrets, states that the plan has proved "excessively laborious" and has resulted in time lost (on repetition) which could have been spent with greater profit, on special topics of practical importance. The second course would, from now on, be modified and cease to be a graduating session, leaving only one such session per year. The modified ("summer") session would consist of three daily lectures for 12 weeks, beginning in April : 1. application of the microscope to physiology, pathology and diagnosis 2. practical pharmacy 3. surgery of the eye, ear and urinary organs 4. diseases of children 5. general pathology, semeiology and therapeutics 6. general and organic chemistry 7. surgical anatomy 8. medical jurisprudence and toxicology. The college placed emphasis upon formation of good character in its students and development of reasoning powers,

The Philadelphia

College

of Medicine

121

rather than reliance upon memory alone. The Announcement for 1856 tells us that prizes, given one year, had to be abandoned, out of fear that "too exciting an emulation might be aroused." Requirements

for

graduation:

/. At least 21 years of age, and spent three or more years acquiring a knowledge of medicine. 2. Two or more years of study as a pupil of a regular and reputable physician. 3. Two full courses of lectures (see text above), one of which could be in some other recognized college of medicine. 4. Thesis upon some medical subject. 5. Letter of recommendation from the preceptor. (In 1854 the number of years spent with a preceptor was raised to at least three, and one course in "hospital practice" in Philadelphia or elsewhere was stipulated.) 6. Pass an examination before the Faculty. These requirements were virtually identical with those for graduation from the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College. m (A),

Session of

FACULTY

1847-1848

Rev. J . P. Durbin, D.D. President James McClintock, M.D. Dean, Professor of General, Special and Surgical Anatomy, and of Principles and Practice of Surgery Jesse R . Burden, M.D. Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics D. Pereira Gardner, M.D. Professor of Chemistry and Medical Jurisprudence

122

Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Henry Gibbons, M.D. Professor of Institutes and Practice of Medicine Louis H. Beatty, M.D. Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children S. R . McClintock, M.D. Demonstrator of Anatomy D. J . McKibbin, M.D. Prosector of Surgery. Session of

1848-^9

James McClintock, M.D. Professor of Anatomy and of Surgery. S. R . McClintock, M.D. Adjunct Professor of Anatomy Jesse R . Burden, M.D. Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics Henry Gibbons, M.D. Professor of Institutes of Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence Charles A. Savory, M.D. Professor of Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children A. L. Kennedy, M.D. Professor of Chemistry M . W . Dickeson, M.D. Comparative and Pathological Anatomy Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine (Name of incumbent not given) Richard Burr, M.D. Prosector of Surgery. Session of 1849-50

and of Spring

1851

Hon. Jesse R. Burden, M.D. President James McClintock, M.D. Dean, Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery, and of General, Special and Surgical Anatomy Rush Van Dyke, M.D. Professor of Materia Medica and General Therapeutics Thomas D. Mitchell, M.D. Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine

The Philadelphia

College of Medicine

123

James Bryan, M.D. Professor of Institutes of Medicine and Medical Jurisprudence Ezra S. Carr, M.D. Professor of Medical Chemistry Frederick A. Fickardt, M.D." Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children George Hewston, M.D.' Demonstrator of Anatomy. Session of

1852-53

Hon. Jesse R . Burden, M.D. President James McCIintock, M.D. Dean, Professor of Anatomy Rush Van Dyke, M.D. Professor of Medicine James Bryan, M.D. Professor of Surgery Ezra S. Carr, M.D. Professor of Chemistry Frederick A. Fickardt, M.D. Professor of Materia Medica Henry Geiger, M.D. Professor of Midwifery" Henry Goadby, M . D . , F . L . S . Professor of Histology David Paul Brown, Esq., Professor of Forensic Medicine George Hewston, M.D. Demonstrator of Anatomy Session of Spring

1854

Hon. Jesse R . Burden, M.D. President Frederick S. Giger, M.D. Dean, Professor of Surgery Henry Geiger, M.D. Professor of Midwifery George Hewston, M.D. Professor of Anatomy Isaac A. Pennypacker, M.D. Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine ' A n o t h e r edition of the Announcement for 1849-50 lists Christopher C. Cox, M.D., as Professor of Midwifery and Diseases of W o m e n and Children, M . W . Dickeson, M.D., Professor of Comparative and Pathological Anatomy, N. Richards Moseley, M.D., Demonstrator of Anatomy, and Richard Burr, M.D., Prosector of Surgery. " J o h n K. Mason, M.D., was originally announced as incumbent, but in the copy of the Announcement used, his name has been deleted and Dr. Geiger's name written in.

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Extinct Medical Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

James L. Tyson, M.D. Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics Henry Hartshorne, M.D. Professor of Institutes of Medicine B. Howard Rand, M.D. Professor of Chemistry William Taylor, M.D. Prosector of Anatomy William Brisbane, Prosector of Surgery Session of

1854-55

Hon. (Chief Justice) Ellis Lewis, M.D., LL.D. President George Hewston, M.D. Professor of Anatomy B. Howard Rand, M.D. Dean, Professor of Chemistry Henry Hartshorne, M.D. Professor of Institutes of Medicine Isaac Pennypacker, M.D. Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine James L. Tyson, M.D. Professor of Materia Medica and General Therapeutics Joseph Parrish, M.D. Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children Edward M. Tilden, M.D. Professor of Surgery Theodore Castle, M.D. Demonstrator of Anatomy Session

of

1855-56

Same as Session of 1854-55, with the following changes : James Bryan, M.D. Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery, replacing Dr. Tilden. Lewis D. Harlow, M.D. Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, replacing Dr Parrish, who became emeritus professor. William H. Freeman, M.D. Demonstrator of Anatomy, replacing Dr. Castle.

The Philadelphia

College

Session of

of Medicine

125

1856-57

Same as for Session of 1854-55, with the following changes : Alfred T . King, M.D. Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine, replacing Dr. Pennypacker. George Dock, M.D. Professor of the Principles and Practice of Surgery, replacing Dr. Tilden. Lewis D. Harlow replaced Dr. Parrish in Obstetrics (1855) William Bradley, M.D. Demonstrator of Anatomy William H. Hazzard, M.D. Prosector of Surgery, replacing William Brisbane. Sessions of 1857 and

1858

Hon. (Chief Justice) Ellis Lewis, M.D., LL.D. President. William H. Gobrecht, M.D. Professor of Anatomy B. Howard Rand, M.D. Dean, Professor Medical Chemistry Henry Hartshorne, M.D. Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine Lewis D. Harlow, M.D. Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children William S. Halsey, M.D. Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery William H. Taggart, M.D. Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics James Aitken Meigs, M.D. Professor of Institutes of Medicine William Bradley, M.D. Demonstrator of Anatomy William H. Hazzard, M.D. Prosector of Surgery. III(B).

A L P H A B E T I Z E D L I S T OF M E M B E R S OF T H E

FACULTY7

(For Faculty grouped by year see previous pages) ; The service.

initial

and

final

dates

do

not

necessarily

imply

continuous

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Schools of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Beatty, Louis, M.D. 1847 Bradley, William, M.D. 1856-58. Brisbane, William 1854 Brown, David Paul' 1852 Bryan, James, M.D." 1849-55 Burden, Jesse R., M.D. 1 8 4 7 ^ 8 (President 1849-1854) Burr, Richard, M.D. 1848-49 Carr, Ezra S., M.D. 1849-52 Castle, Theodore, M.D. 1854 Cox, Christopher C., M.D.10 1849

Dickeson, M. W., M.D. 1848-49 Dock, George, M.D. 1856 Fickardt, Frederick Α., M.D. 1849-52 Freeman, William H., M.D. 1855 Gardner, D. Pereira, M.D. 1847 ' David Paul Brown attained high distinction as a lawyer, orator, and dramatist. He began studies as a medical student under Benjamin Rush. Upon Dr. Rush's death, Brown turned to a career in law His high oratorical repute led to his being selected to deliver the address of welcome to Lafayette in 1824. He wrote book-reviews, poems, and plays, in one of which, "Sertorius," Junius Brutus Booth played the title rôle, in Philadelphia, in 1830 and 1832, and later made a part of his repertoire. Because of his skill at cross-examination he was retained in almost every important criminal case in the Philadelphia courts of his time. * After graduating, he spent fourteen months in Europe, where he studied lying-in hospitals, of which he was most impressed by the City of London Lying-in Hospital. Later he lectured on surgery at Geneva Medical College, where his strong advocacy of medical education for women caused him to advise the admission of Elizabeth Blackwell as a student. He was a surgeon in the Civil War, successively under McClellan, Burnside, Rosecrans, and Grant. He advocated the establishment of schools of veterinary medicine and in 1850 the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society presented him with its silver medal, for his lecture on veterinary science. He was the author of Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of the Human Ear (1851), and of writings on the history and progress of medicine and surgery. Dr. Bryan was founder and first president of the Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia. 10 Baltimore practitioner, President of the Medical and Chirurgica] Faculty of the State of Maryland (1856-57), surgeon in the United States Army (1861-62), editor of the National Medical Journal of Washington (1870-72), Professor of Medical Jurisprudence at Georgetown University.

The

Philadelphia

College

of

Medicine

127

Geiger, Henry, M.D. 1852-54 Gibbons, Henry, M.D. 1848 Giger, Frederick, M.D. 1854 Goadby, Henry, M.D. 1852 Gobrecht, William H., M.D. 1857-58 Halsey, William S., M.D. 1857-58 Harlow, Lewis D., M.D. 1855-58 Hartshome, Henry, M.D." 1854-58 Hazzard, William H., M.D. 1856-58 Hewston, George, M.D. 1849-56 Kennedy, A. L., M.D.d 1848 King, Alfred T., M.D. 1856 McClintock, James, M.D." 1847-52 McClintock, S. R., M.D. 1847-48 McKibbin, D. J., M.D. 1847 " Henry Hartshorne was one of the founders of the American Public Health Association in 1872. H e contributed papers to the publications of T h e American Philosophical Society, particularly upon the subject of physics, and was a member of the Society. He was a prolific writer, publishing a few volumes of poetry, a novel ( Woman's Witchcraft — under the pseudonym, "Corrine L'Estrange"), and certain medical works, among which were : Essentials of the Principles and Practice of Medicine (1867), and A Conspectus of the Medical Sciences (1869), both subsequently translated into Japanese. He also edited a religious journal, The Friends' Review, was a staunch advocate of the right of women to study medicine, and worked on behalf of the prevention of traffic in opium. " Alfred L. Kennedy was a contributor to the development of education in science and technology. H e organized the Philadelphia School of Chemistry (1842), and was the prime-mover in the organization (1853) of the Polytechnic College of Pennsylvania, which he served as president and teacher of chemistry, mineralogy and geology. This college consisted of five technical divisions : schools of mines, practical chemistry, civil engineering, mechanical engineering and architecture. Dr. Kennedy's school had a great impact upon public opinion in favor of technical education. T h u s his pioneering led to the establishing of technical schools not only in Pennsylvania but also in many other states. See J. P. WickeTs h a m : A History of Education in Pennsylvania, Lancaster, Pa. (1886); also James G. McGivern : Polytechnic College of Pennsylvania, —The Forgotten College, Journal of Engineering Education, 5 2 : 106 (1961). " For a note on Dr. McClintock see Chapter Six, footnote 16.

128

Extinct

Medical

Schools

of 19th-century

Philadelphia

Meigs, James Aitken, M.D." 1857-58 Mitchell, Thomas D., M.D." 1849 Moseley, N. Richards, M.D. 1849 Parrish, Joseph, M.D." 1854 Pennypacker, Isaac, M.D. 1854-55 Rand, B. Howard, M.D." 1854-58 Savory, Charles Α., M.D. 1848 Taggart, William H., M.D. 1857-58 Taylor, William, M.D. 1854 Tilden, Edward M., M.D., 1854 " James Aitken Meigs was a noted obstetrician, teacher, author, and anthropologist. His contributions to anthropology include the Catalogue of Human Crania in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (a 103 page special supplement in the Proceedings for 1856), and The Cranial Characteristics of the Races of Man, in Indigenous Races of the Earth, by Nott and Gliddon (1856). He edited the American edition of W. S. Kirke's Manual of Physiology (1857). Dr. Meigs contributed articles to The Medical Examiner and The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. H e was especially successful in physiological demonstrations, and in lectures on the eye and ear, at Jefferson Medical College, the faculty of which he joined in 1868. 15 Thomas D. Mitchell's works include : Medical Chemistry, or a Compendious View of the Various Substances Employed in the Practice of Medicine, Elements of Chemical Philosophy (a large work), Hints on the Connexion of Labor with Study as a Preventive of Diseases Peculiar to a Student, Materia Medica and Therapeutics, and Fevers of the United States (an unpublished work). He also edited John Eberle's : A Treatise on the Diseases and Physical Education of Children. He contributed to the medical journals, his first papers appearing while he was yet a student. H e also taught chemistry in T h e Medical Institute of Louisville, Ky.| at Miami University, at T h e Medical College of Ohio, and elsewhere. " He was the son of the first Dr. Joseph Parrish. After practicing obstetrics for a short time, he made a visit to Europe; upon his return he took the post of Superintendent of the Pennsylvania School for FeebleMinded Children (Media). In the Civil War he was connected with the U.S. Sanitary Commission, visiting hospitals and camps. His great interest was in the cure of inebriates and he established the Maryland Sanitarium for such cases near Baltimore, conducted it for seven years, wrote papers on the subject, and helped found the American Association for the Cure of Inebriates. In 1848 he established the Medical and Surgical Reporter, forerunner of the Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter, and during the Civil War edited the Sanitary Commission Bulletin. " For a note on Dr. Rand see Chapter One, footnote 22.

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