Ethnic Conflict and Protest in Tibet and Xinjiang: Unrest in China's West 9780231540445

Citation preview

Ethnic Conflict and Protest in Tibet and Xinjiang

Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University

C6881.indb i

2/22/16 1:05 PM

Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute, Columbia University 7  KH6WXGLHVRIWKH:HDWKHUKHDG(DVW$VLDQ,QVWLWXWHRI&ROXPELD8QL YHUVLW\ZHUHLQDXJXUDWHGLQWREULQJWRDZLGHUSXEOLFWKHUHVXOWV RIVLJQLϮFDQWQHZUHVHDUFKRQPRGHUQDQGFRQWHPSRUDU\(DVW$VLD )RUDOLVWRIWLWOHVLQWKLVVHULHVVHHSDJH 

C6881.indb ii

2/22/16 1:05 PM

Ethnic Conflict and Protest in Tibet and Xinjiang Unrest in China's West

EDITED BY BEN HILLMAN AND GRAY TUTTLE

&  ROXPELD8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 1  HZFLYLO GLVREHGLHQFH@LQWR7LEHWDQDV´VS\LPDQJJLEUWVLENXUPLE\HGSDµ>OLWHUDOO\ QRQUHVSHFWLQJDVIDUDVFLYLOLDQVDUHFRQFHUQHG@EXWWKLQNLQJWKDWWKLV GLGQRWH[DFWO\PHHWWKHOH[LFDOVWDQGDUGRIEHLQJHDVLO\SURQRXQFHDEOH DQGVXFFLQFWLQPHDQLQJ,KDYHDPHQGHGWKHWUDQVODWLRQWR´VS\LPDQJ JL PL VWRQ SDµ >FLYLO QRQIROORZLQJ@ 7KLV LV EHFDXVH DFFRUGLQJ WR %WVDQ OKD1JDJGEDQJWVKXONKULPV·*ROGHQ0LUURU/H[LFRQ´VWRQSDLVVXϲ [HGWR ¬FRQϮGHQFHGHVLUHIROORZLQJDIWHUDQGVRRQLQDUFKDLFXVDJHµ DQGWKLVDUFKDLFIRUPZLWKWKHQHJDWLYHSUHϮ[GRHVFRQYH\WKHVHQVHRI WKH&KLQHVHWHUP

=  KRJV GXQJ HQGHDYRUV WR FRLQ DSSURSULDWH DQG IURP ZKDW KH VD\V FOHDU EULHI DQG WUDQVSDUHQW QHRORJLVPV IRU QHZ SROLWLFDO QRWLRQV QHL WKHU WRR FRQVWUDLQHG QRU DUWLϮFLDO³DOWKRXJK KLV FKRLFH RI DQ DUFKDLVP IRU´QRQIROORZLQJµPD\HQWDLOGLϲ FXOWLHVIRUVRPHUHDGHUV,QVSLWHRIKLV KDUVKFULWLFLVPRIWKHDVFHQGDQF\RI%XGGKLVPZLWKLQWKHPLQGVRIKLVIHO ORZ7LEHWDQVKHLVDOVRFDUHIXOLQHVWDEOLVKLQJOLQNVZLWK%XGGKLVWWHUPV DQG YLHZV WKDW ϮW WKH FXOWXUDO PLQGVHW DQG ZRUOGYLHZ RI 7LEHWDQV )RU LQVWDQFH UHJDUGLQJ KLV WUDQVODWLRQ RI FLYLO GLVREHGLHQFH KH LV DZDUH WKDW WKHYHUEFKRVHQWRH[SUHVV´REH\µVWRQSDLVDOVRXVHGLQD%XGGKLVWFXO WXUDOHQYLURQPHQW+HH[SODLQV´೓¶6WRQSDE]KL·>IRXUUHOLDQFHV@DQG¶0LVWRQ SDE]KL· >IRXU QRQUHOLDQFHV@ DUH WHUPV IDPLOLDU IURP RXU UHOLJLRXV UHFLWD WLRQVµ7KHVDPHFRQFHUQLVDWZRUNZKHQKHH[SODLQV´6DW\DJUDKDµIURP D*DQGKLDQSRLQWRIYLHZDGDSWLQJLWWRD%XGGKLVWDXGLHQFH+HUHPLQGV

C6881.indb 77

2/22/16 1:05 PM

78

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

KLVUHDGHUVWKDW*DQGKLVDLG´6LQFH*RGSHUYDGHVDOO+HLVDOVRLQWKHKHDUW RIHDFKKXPDQEHLQJ7KDWLVZK\HDFKKXPDQEHLQJLVDPDQLIHVWDWLRQRI *RGµDQGKHUHODWHVDQGDGDSWVLWWRD%XGGKLVWYLHZ´6HQWLHQWEHLQJVDUH EXGGKDVEXWLQVWDQWO\GHϮOHGE\REVFXUDWLRQV2QFHWKHVHGHϮOHPHQWVDUH FOHDQVHGWKH\DUHDFWXDOEXGGKDVµRU´:KDWZHFDOOSHRSOHDUHEXGGKDV 7KH%KDJDYDQLVQRWGLϸHUHQWIURPWKHPµ=KRJVGXQJFRQWLQXHV´,IZHDO WHUDFRXSOHRIV\OODEOHVWRPDNHLW¶(YHU\KXPDQEHLQJLV*RGEXWLQVWDQWO\ GHϮOHGE\VLQ2QFHWKHVLQIXOPLQGLVSXULϮHGWKH\DUHDFWXDOO\*RG·DQG ¶:KDWZHFDOOSHRSOHDUH*RG7KHGLYLQHUHDOPLVQRWRWKHUWKDQWKHP·WKLV LVERWKFRQVLVWHQWZLWK*DQGKL·VYLHZDQGPRUHHDVLO\FRPSUHKHQVLEOHIRU 7LEHWDQVµ7KHXWPRVWFDUHZLWKZKLFK=KRJVGXQJHQGHDYRUVWRWUDQVIHU LQ7LEHWDQODQJXDJHVRPHSROLWLFDOQRWLRQVWKXVIDUOLWWOHFRPPHQWHGRQ LVTXLWHDSSDUHQW7KLVFRQFHUQIRUODQJXDJHLVDSSUHFLDWHGE\:X4LD7L EHWDQIURP$PGRZKRVHGRFWRUDOWKHVLVUHϰHFWVRQWKHWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ WUDGLWLRQDQGPRGHUQLW\LQ$PGR:XGHVFULEHVWKLVWHQVLRQERWKIURPDQ HWKQRJUDSKLFSRLQWRIYLHZIRFXVLQJRQPDWHULDOFXOWXUHDQGNLQVKLS DQG IURPKLVVWXG\RIWKH1HZ7KLQNHUVJURXSWRZKLFKKHGHGLFDWHVPRUHWKDQ RQHKXQGUHGSDJHV:KLOHEHLQJRWKHUZLVHYHU\FULWLFDORI=KRJVGXQJDQG KLVJURXS·VWKHRULHV:X ZULWHVWKDW´WKH1HZ7KLQNHUVKDYH KDGDSRVLWLYHLQϰXHQFHRQ7LEHW·VSXEOLFDWLRQODQJXDJH7KH1HZ7KLQN HUVKDYHWULHGWREXLOGQHZWHUPVLQWRWKH7LEHWDQODQJXDJHµ =  KRJVGXQJ·VERRNZDVSROLWLFDOO\ORDGHGDQGLWJRWKLPLQWRWURXEOH+H ZDVDUUHVWHGRQ$SULODQGFKDUJHGZLWK´LQVWLJDWLQJWRVSOLWWKH PRWKHUODQGµ8QXVXDOIRUD7LEHWDQKHKLUHGD&KLQHVHODZ\HU/L)DQSLQJ /LLVDSURPLQHQWKXPDQULJKWVODZ\HULQ&KLQDDQG=KRJVGXQJ·VFKRLFH RIKLPPD\UHYHDOWKHQHWZRUNGHYHORSHGE\=KRJVGXQJDQGSRVVLEO\KLV FRQQHFWLRQVZLWKULJKWVDGYRFDWHVLQ&KLQD+HZDVUHOHDVHGRQEDLODIWHU VL[PRQWKV+LVVWDWXUHKDVLIDQ\WKLQJEHHQHQKDQFHGE\KLVERRNDQG KLV DUUHVW HVSHFLDOO\ DPRQJ \RXQJ XQLYHUVLW\ JUDGXDWHV 7KH QXPEHU RI \RXQJDXWKRUVZKRXVHDSHQQDPHEHJLQQLQJZLWK=KRJV 0RUQLQJ LVDQ LQGLFDWLRQ RI =KRJV GXQJ·V SRSXODULW\ $V D JHVWXUH RI VXSSRUW WR KLP D ERRNZDVUHOHDVHGLQ$SULOFDOOHG=KRJVGXQJVQ\LQJVWREV=KRJVGXQJ·V FRXUDJH KLQWLQJDWRQHRI=KRJVGXQJ·VRWKHUERRNV'RJVVORQJVQ\LQJVWREV 7KHFRXUDJHRIVNHSWLFLVP  7KHVHOIQDPHG´'XUNKURGµ)XQHUDOVLWH  RQHRIWKHHGLWRUVRIWKHYROXPHH[SODLQHGLQDEORJSRVWFDOOLQJIRUFRQ WULEXWLRQVWKDWKHDQGDJURXSRIDGPLUHUVKDGGHFLGHGWRSD\KRPDJHWR ´7KH+RQRUDEOH0U=KRJVGXQJµ6NX]KDEV=KRJVGXQJODJV PDNLQJXVH

C6881.indb 78

2/22/16 1:05 PM

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

79

RIDQXQXVXDOKRQRULϮFIRUPLQ$PGR+HUHTXHVWHGHVVD\VWKDWDQDO\]HG =KRJV GXQJ·V ´FRXUDJHRXV WKRXJKWV DQG EUDYH FULWLFLVPµ 6WLOO DZDUH RI WKHVHQVLWLYLW\RIWKHWRSLFKHEHJJHGSRWHQWLDOFRQWULEXWRUV´QRWWRGLV FXVV >=KRJV GXQJ·V@ SROLWLFDO FRXUDJHµ ZKLFK LQGLFDWHV WKDW LQ DGGLWLRQ WRDFXOWXUDOUHIRUPHUKHLVDOVRSHUFHLYHGWREHDSROLWLFDO WKLQNHU7KH ERRNZDVDSSDUHQWO\SXEOLVKHGWKHIROORZLQJ\HDUDQGLQFOXGHGQXPHURXV HVVD\VE\DXWKRUVVXFKDV·*DUUWVH·-LJVPHG$ULJ'JHPWKRQJDQH[LOH PRQN DQG5QRVEUHQJZKRUXQVWKHRSLQLRQZHEVLWH1HZRI SROLWLFDO DZDUHQHVV WR JURZ@µ =KRJV GXQJ    ,W LVDSRVVLELOLW\WKDW1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEORDOLNHO\UHDGHURI=KRJVGXQJ·V ERRNGHFLGHGWRXQGHUWDNHDQHZWUDQVODWLRQ6HFRQGWKLVQHZWUDQVODWLRQ LVSUHFHGHGE\DVKRUWIRUHZRUGE\1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEOR7KLUGLWKDVJHQ HUDWHGDQXPEHURIFRPPHQWVDVHOHFWLRQRIZKLFKZLOODOVREHSUHVHQWHG EHORZIRUZKDWWKH\UHYHDODERXW7LEHWDQZHEXVHUV·UHDFWLRQVWRWKLVNLQG RISRVWLQJ 1  DJV WVKDQJ 1XV EOR·V IRUHZRUG EHJLQV ´2XU FRXQWU\ LV D SHUPDQHQW PHPEHURIWKH>6HFXULW\&RXQFLORIWKH@81,WLVWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIDOO PHPEHUVWDWHVWRSXEOLFL]HNK\DEEVJUDJV WKHGRFXPHQWVRIWKH81WKHLU IXQFWLRQLQJHWFDQGWRKLJKO\YDOXHDQGHQVXUHWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI KXPDQULJKWVDQGRWKHUULJKWV3OHDVHUHDGWKH8'+5WKDW,KDYHSRVWHG EHORZµ7KLVVWDWHPHQWFDQEHUHDGDVDVRWWRYRFHLQGLFWPHQWRIWKHQRQLP SOHPHQWDWLRQE\WKH35&DXWKRULWLHVRIWKH8'+5RUDWOHDVWRILWVIDLOXUH WRSXEOLFL]HLWLQ´PLQRULW\µODQJXDJHV 7  KHFRPPHQWVRIWKHUHDGHUVYDU\IURPSUDLVHIRUWKLVLQLWLDWLYHWRF\QL FLVP7KHϮUVWWRUHDFWVRPHRQHJRLQJE\WKHQDPH5WDPJULQDSSODXGV 1XVEORVD\LQJWKDW´DOO7LEHWDQVZLOOXQGRXEWHGO\ZHOFRPHVXFKDJRRG SLHFH7KDQN\RXIRU\RXUZHEVLWHµ7KLVFRPPHQWLVLPPHGLDWHO\IROORZHG E\DOHQJWK\UHSO\E\1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEORZKLFKLVHQOLJKWHQLQJIRURXU GLVFXVVLRQDQGLVPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKDQKLVIRUHZRUGEHFDXVHLWUHYHDOVKLV LQWHQWLRQIRUSRVWLQJWKHWH[W,ZLOOWUDQVODWHLWLQLWVHQWLUHW\

C6881.indb 83

2/22/16 1:05 PM

84

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

7  DONLQJIURPWKHSRLQWRIYLHZRIDKXPDQEHLQJQRWRQO\VKRXOGHDFK DQGHYHU\RQHRIXVEHDZDUHWKDWWKH\SRVVHVVIXQGDPHQWDOULJKWVEXW WKH\VKRXOGDOVREHDZDUHWKDWVXFKULJKWVPXVWEHJXDUDQWHHGOHJDOO\ :KHWKHUOLYLQJLQDFRXQWU\WKDWLVIUHHRUDFRORQ\RUDFRXQWU\WKDW GRHVQRWJRYHUQLWVHOISROLWLFDOO\HDFKSHUVRQPXVWLQLWLDOO\VWXG\ZHOOWKH ODZRIWKHLUFRXQWU\(DFKSHUVRQ·VULJKWVDQGVRRQDUHJXDUDQWHHGE\WKH ODZRIRQH·VFRXQWU\RQDOHJDOEDVLV,QPDQ\SODFHVOHJDOGLVFRXUVHVDUH QLFHEXWDUHQRWLPSOHPHQWHGWKLVLVϮUVWGXHWRDPLQRULW\RIEDGOHDG HUVZKRKDYHQRPHUF\DQGVHFRQGO\WRVRPHSHRSOHNQRZLQJRQO\KRZ WRSRFNHWVWDWHPRQH\EXWLJQRUHWKHRϲ FLDOOHJDOV\VWHP:KDWHYHUWKH FDVHPD\EHKRZHYHUWKHOHJDOV\VWHPRIDVRYHUHLJQFRXQWU\PD\KDYH DVWURQJFDSDFLW\WRSURWHFWLWVFLWL]HQVDQGPRVWODZVPD\EHKRQHVWDQG IDLUDQGWKHQDWLRQDOOHJDOV\VWHPPD\EHϮQHEXWDIHZDJJUHVVLYHVRY HUHLJQFRXQWULHVVKDPHOHVVO\IDLOWRLPSOHPHQWWKHODZ7KLVLVREYLRXV 7KLVTXHVWLRQGHSHQGVRQHDFKLQGLYLGXDO·VFDSDFLW\WRNQRZH[WHQVLYHO\ WKHLUFRXQWU\·VOHJDOV\VWHPDQGWKHLURZQQHHGVLQWHUPVRIJXDUDQWHH LQJRQH·VRZQULJKWV,WLVHUURQHRXVWRWKLQNWKDWRQH·VFRXQWU\·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·VRZQVLWXDWLRQ

7  KLVLQVLVWHQFHRQWKHQHHGWRGHYHORSOHJDODZDUHQHVVDPRQJ7LEHWDQVLV SUHVHQWHGZLWKDXWKRULW\E\1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEOR$VVRPHRQHZKRZRUNHG LQWKHOHJDOϮHOGIRUKLVHQWLUHFDUHHUKHNQRZVWKDWWKHOHJDOIUDPHZRUN GRHVH[LVWLQWKHRU\DQGWKDWLJQRUDQFHRILWRQWKHSDUWRI7LEHWDQVRQO\ PDNHVLWHDVLHUIRUWKHVWDWHWRQRWDSSO\LW$OWKRXJKUHVRUWLQJWRWKHXVXDO &KLQHVHRϲ FLDOGLVFXUVLYHSUDFWLFHRIEODPLQJWKHIHZWRVSDUHWKHV\VWHP SUREOHPVDUHDVFULEDEOHWRDKDQGIXORIHYLOLQWHQWLRQHGSHRSOHQRWWRWKH &RPPXQLVW3DUW\SHUVH LWLVTXLWHWUDQVSDUHQWWKDWKHPHDQVWKDWFLWL

C6881.indb 84

2/22/16 1:05 PM

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

85

]HQVLQ&KLQDDQG7LEHWDQVLQSDUWLFXODUZRXOGEHZHOODGYLVHGLQRUGHUWR PD[LPL]HWKHLUFKDQFHVIRUUHDOMXVWLFHWRDFTXLUHDNQRZOHGJHRIWKHOHJDO V\VWHPVRDVWRKROGWKHVWDWHDFFRXQWDEOHWRLW %  XWVRPHUHDGHUVVLPSO\VKUXJRϸ1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEOR·VLQVLVWHQFHRQ WKHLPSRUWDQFHRINQRZLQJRQH·VULJKWVRQHSHUVRQFRPPHQWVWKDWQRODZ DWDOOZRXOGEHEHWWHUWKDQDOHJDOV\VWHPLILWLVQRWWREHLPSOHPHQWHG UHϰHFWLQJWKHGLVLOOXVLRQPHQWIHOWE\7LEHWDQVDQGLQGHHGPRVW35&FLWL ]HQVZLWKWKHFXUUHQWVWDWHRIWKHOHJDOV\VWHPLQ&KLQD1RWRQO\LVWKH ODZOHVVQHVVRIWKH&KLQHVHOHJDOV\VWHPODPHQWHGDVDZKROHEXWRQHFRP PHQWDWRUDSSDUHQWO\IURP5QJDED5QJDED6NDOE]DQJFRPSODLQVEOXQWO\ WKDW7LEHWDQVDUHSDUWLFXODUO\XQGHUSULYLOHJHGLQWKH35&´:KDWOHYHORI JXDUDQWHHGRHVWKH35&RϸHULQWHUPVRIKXPDQULJKWV":KDWLVVRGLϲ FXOW ZLWKEHLQJDEOHWRJXDUDQWHHKXPDQULJKWVRIRQH·VRZQFLWL]HQV":KHUH DUHWKHRQHVSURWHFWLQJWKHULJKWVRI7LEHWDQV"&DQVRPHRQHDQVZHUWKHVH TXHVWLRQV"µ$QRWKHUUHDGHU7UHKRU'SD·GJD·FRQFXUVRQWKHWRSLFRIWKH HWKQLFDOO\ELDVHGMXGLFLDOV\VWHPWKXVUHWXUQLQJWRWKHFRPSODLQWVYRLFHG LQLQ6KDUGXQJULDQGRWKHURSLQLRQPDJD]LQHVVXUYH\HGDERYH´:KR JXDUDQWHHV WKH ULJKWV RI 7LEHWDQV" 7KHUH LV QR RQH ZKR FDQ LPSOHPHQW WKHP:KRUHSUHVVHGZKRNLOOHGWKLV\HDUDQGODVW\HDUGXULQJWKHQXPHU RXVHYHQWVWKDWKDSSHQHGLQ7LEHWDQORFDOLWLHVEHORQJLQJWR'NDUPG]HV %UDJPJR5WDER5G]RJVFKHQ*VHUWKDU5QJDED·']DPWKDQJHWF":KR ZHUHWKHSURWHFWRUV"1RQHHGWRVD\LWLWLVH[WUHPHO\FOHDU7KLVLVQRWGXH WRWKHFRXQWU\·VODZVEHLQJEDGEXWEHFDXVHRIDIHZVKDPHOHVVH[WUHP LVWVZKRGRQRWLPSOHPHQWWKHFRXQWU\·VODZV¬¬¬$OO7LEHWDQVNQRZWKLVµ $EORJJHUFDOOLQJKLPVHOI%VDPE]DQJJLYHVDPRUHPRGHUDWHRSLQLRQEH JLQQLQJ VNLOOIXOO\ ZLWK D SUDLVH WR WKH OHJDO V\VWHP LQ 4LQJKDL DQG WKHQ EODPLQJPHUFLOHVVDQGLJQRUDQWDXWKRULWLHVUDWKHUWKDQWKHRYHUDOOV\VWHP ´4LQJKDLGRHVKDYHODZVWKDWJXDUDQWHHWKHULJKWVRI7LEHWDQV$QGLWKDV GRQHDJRRGMREDERXWLW:KDWHYHUKDSSHQVEDVLQJRQHVHOIXSRQSHRSOH·V ULJKWVSUREOHPVFDQEHVROYHGLQDSHDFHIXOZD\,QDIHZODZOHVVDUHDVODZ LVQRWHYHQDSSOLHGRQWKHWLSRIWKHEODGHDQGWKHUHLQKDELWDQWVUHFHLYH RQO\ZRUGVIRUVRODFHDQGDUHRSSUHVVHGZLWKRXWUHVWUDLQW¬¬(YHU\RQH DOVRNQRZVWKDWLWLVQRWDPDWWHURINQRZLQJRUQRWNQRZLQJWKHODZEXW ZKHWKHUSHRSOHZKRDSSO\WKHODZDUHNLQGRUQRWµ 7  KLVWRQHLVQRWWRWKHWDVWHRIVRPHRQHFDOOLQJKLPVHOI5G]DED%VDP UGRU ZKRVH GHMHFWHG UHMRLQGHU EULQJV HWKQLFLW\ DJDLQ LQWR WKH GHEDWH ´1DJVWVKDQJ1XVEORLVULJKW+HVD\VWKDWWKHOHJDOV\VWHPRIDFRXQWU\

C6881.indb 85

2/22/16 1:05 PM

86

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

PXVW DEVROXWHO\ JXDUDQWHH DQ LQGLYLGXDO·V ULJKWV ,I DXWKRULWDULDQ >EWVDQ GUDJ@ DQG XQODZIXO SROLFLHV DUH HQIRUFHG XSRQ PLQRULWLHV RI D VRYHUHLJQ VWDWHZLOOWKHODZEHLQDSRVLWLRQWRJXDUDQWHHWKHULJKWVRIWKHPDVVHV",W LVϮQHWKDWRXUFRXQWU\RIWHQWDONVDERXWODZEXWZKHQVRPHWKLQJ>HYHQ@ VPDOOKDSSHQVZKHUHLVODZ":HRQO\PHHWDXWKRULWDULDQYLROHQFHµ ) LQDOO\ DW OHDVW DW WKH WLPH RI ZULWLQJ WKLV FKDSWHU WKH 'KDUDPVDOD WUDQVODWLRQRIWKH8'+5ZDVSRVWHGDIRXUWKWLPHRQOLQHRQDVLWHWKDWVSH FLDOL]HV LQ QHZV DQG SXEOLF RSLQLRQV ZLWKLQ 7LEHW 5DQJJURO 3UHVHQWHG ZLWKDSUHWW\ϰRZHU\7LEHWDQGHVLJQLQWKHEDFNJURXQGRIWKHGRFXPHQW ´7LEHWDQL]LQJµDQGHPEHOOLVKLQJWKHRXWORRNRIWKHWH[WLWKDGUHFRUGHG KLWVIRXUPRQWKVDIWHULWVSRVWLQJRQOLQHZKLFKLVKLJKHUWKDQPRVW RWKHUSRVWLQJVRQHKXQGUHGWRWZRKXQGUHGKLWVRQDYHUDJH 

 , QWKLVGLVFXVVLRQRQWKHVSUHDGRIWKHWHUPVDQGFRQFHSWVRIKXPDQULJKWV LQ7LEHWDQLQ7LEHWRQHVKRXOGQRWLJQRUHWKH&KLQHVHVRFLDODQGSROLWL FDOHQYLURQPHQWDQGFRQWH[WLQZKLFKWKHVH7LEHWDQGHEDWHVWDNHSODFH 5LJKWVDQGKXPDQULJKWVGLVFRXUVHVKDYHEHHQRQWKHLQFUHDVHDQGKDYH HYHQEHFRPHLQWHUQDOL]HGLQ&KLQDSURSHUHVSHFLDOO\VLQFHWKHVLQ UHVSRQVHWRLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGGRPHVWLFSUHVVXUH0RUHRYHULQWHOOHFWXDOV DQGODZSURIHVVLRQDOVKDYHDOVREHFRPHPRUHDFWLYH7RQDPHEXWDIHZ LQVWDQFHV /LX ;LDRER·V &KDUWHU  PDGH DPSOH UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH QRWLRQ RIULJKWVDQGKXPDQULJKWV ,Q)HEUXDU\FDOOVZHUHPDGHE\LQϰX HQWLDOLQWHOOHFWXDOVDPRQJWKHP+DQ&KLQHVH ULJKWVVSHFLDOLVWVIRUWKH 1DWLRQDO 3HRSOH·V &RQJUHVV WR UDWLI\ WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RYHQDQW RQ &LYLO DQG3ROLWLFDO5LJKWVVLJQHGLQ 2UGLQDU\&KLQHVHFLWL]HQVKDYHDOVR EHFRPH PRUH ULJKWVFRQVFLRXV 6WDUWLQJ LQ WKH HDUO\ V WKH GHYHORS PHQWRIODUJHO\LQIRUPDOVRFLDOPRYHPHQWVFDOOHGZHLTXDQ\XQGRQJULJKWV GHIHQVHPRYHPHQW SRSXODUO\NQRZQDVWKH´FLYLOULJKWVPRYHPHQWµWHV WLϮHVWRWKHULVHRIDOHJDOO\DZDUHVWUDWXPDPRQJ&KLQHVHFLWL]HQV 7KLV KDVOHGDFFRUGLQJWR)HQJWR´WKH&KLQHVHJRYHUQPHQW¬¬¬EHFRPLQJLQ FUHDVLQJO\WROHUDQWRIULJKWVDVVHUWLRQLQVSLWHRIWKHIDFWWKDWLWFRQWLQXHV WRVHOHFWLYHO\FUDFNGRZQRQLQGLYLGXDOULJKWVGHIHQFHODZ\HUVDQGKXPDQ ULJKWVDFWLYLVWVµ)HQJ  7  KLV FKDSWHU KDV VKRZQ WKDW 7LEHWDQV· ULJKWV DZDUHQHVV LV RQ WKH LQ FUHDVHWRRLQVRPHVHJPHQWVRIWKH\RXQJDQGHGXFDWHGOD\SRSXODWLRQ

C6881.indb 86

2/22/16 1:05 PM

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

87

DVDUHVXOWRIDFRPELQDWLRQRIVHYHUDOIDFWRUV2QWKHRFFDVLRQRIWKH´7L EHWVSULQJµRIIROORZHGE\WKHVHOILPPRODWLRQPRYHPHQWIURP WRPDQ\7LEHWDQVZHUHIDFHGZLWKZKDWWKH\LQWHUSUHWHGDVSURRIRI LQHTXDOLW\RIOHJDOWUHDWPHQWDIWHUWKHFUDFNGRZQRQ7LEHWDQGHPRQVWUD WRUV5REHUW%DUQHWW² KDVSURYLGHGDOLVWRIHYHU\GD\´UHVWULF WLRQVµXSRQEDVLFULJKWVLPSRVHGRQ7LEHWDQVLQWKH7$5VLQFH+LVOLVW VKRZVWKDW7LEHWDQVLQWKH7$5KDYHEHHQVXϸHULQJIURPEUHDFKHVRIWKH UHJLPHRIULJKWVIRUWZHQW\\HDUVZLWKRXWZKDWPLJKWEHFDOOHGDULJKWV EDVHGUHDFWLRQRQWKHLUSDUW %XWWKH7LEHWDQVFDOOLQJIRUWKHUHVSHFWRI WKHLU ULJKWVVXUYH\HGLQWKLVFKDSWHUGRQRWKDLOIURPWKH7$5 EXWIURP 4LQJKDL6LFKXDQDQG*DQVXSURYLQFHV7KHGHPRQVWUDWLRQVDQGWKH ²LPPRODWLRQVDOVRWRRNSODFHPRVWO\RXWVLGHWKH7$5,QWKHVHDU HDV7LEHWDQVKDGQRWSUHYLRXVO\EHHQVXEMHFWHGWRHGXFDWHGDERXWRUXVHG WRVXFKLQWHQVH´UHVWULFWLRQVµDVLQWKH7$56HYHUHPHDVXUHVLPSRVHGRQ PDQ\VHFWLRQVRIWKH7LEHWDQVRFLHW\RXWVLGHWKH7$5IXHOHGLQWHQVHIUXV WUDWLRQLQWKHVHWKXVIDUUHODWLYHO\OLEHUDOSDUWVRI7LEHWZKHUHLQWHOOHFWXDO GHEDWHVDERXWWKHFXUUHQWVWDWHRI7LEHWZHUHEUHZLQJ0RUHRYHULWFRLQ FLGHGZLWKDVKLIWLQWKHLQWHOOHFWXDOGLVFRXUVHRIWKHJURXSRI$PGRLQWHO OHFWXDOVFDOOHGWKH´1HZ7KLQNHUVµ$V:X DUJXHVFRQYLQFLQJO\ ´8QLYHUVDOYDOXHVKDYHEHFRPHWKHFRUHRIWKH1HZ7KLQNHUV·DUJXPHQW DQGWKHLUGUHDPµEHFDXVHWKH\KDYHUHDOL]HGWKH\KDYHOLWWOHKRSHRIDF TXLULQJPDQ\IROORZHUVDPRQJ7LEHWDQVLIWKH\GLUHFWO\DWWDFNWUDGLWLRQDO 7LEHWDQVRFLHW\,WLVWKXVQRFRLQFLGHQFHWKDW=KRJVGXQJGHGLFDWHVWZHOYH SRLQWVFRYHULQJϮYHSDJHVWRKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHFRQFHSWRIXQLYHU VDOYDOXHVLQKLVERRN7KHIDFWWKDWWKLVVKRUWH[HJHVLVKDVEHHQUH SULQWHGRQVHYHUDO7LEHWDQODQJXDJHZHEVLWHVLVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIWKHLQWHU HVWWKDWVRPHHGXFDWHG7LEHWDQVVKRZRQWKHPDWWHURIZKDWWKHFXUUHQW &KLQHVHUHJLPHGRHVQRWIDYRU:HDUHWKXVZLWQHVVLQJHGXFDWHG7LEHWDQV DWWHPSWLQJ WR HTXLS WKHLU IHOORZ 7LEHWDQV ZLWK DQ DZDUHQHVV RI WKH LP SRUWDQFHRINQRZLQJLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGQDWLRQDOODZDQGULJKWVDQGWKH\ DUHJLYLQJWKHPDFFHVVLQ7LEHWDQWRLGHDVDQGNQRZOHGJHLQWKHϮHOGVRI ULJKWVLQFOXGLQJWKH8'+57KLVPRYHPHQWZDVVWDUWHGDURXQG²E\ DVPDOOHGXFDWHGOHJDOSROLWLFDODQGULJKWVVDYY\VHJPHQWRIWKH7LEHWDQ SRSXODWLRQDPRQJZKRPZHUHWKUHHVHQLRU7LEHWDQWKLQNHUVIURP$PGR 1DJV WVKDQJ 1XV EOR KDV UHDFWHG E\ VKDULQJ D GLGDFWLF SRVWLQJ RϸHULQJ D QHZ WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKH 8'+5 DQG H[SODLQLQJ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI ULJKWV DZDUHQHVVIRUDQ\FLWL]HQRI&KLQD=KRJVGXQJZKRGRHVQRWKDYHDOHJDO

C6881.indb 87

2/22/16 1:05 PM

88

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

EDFNJURXQGEXWZKRLVDQDYLGUHDGHURI:HVWHUQSROLWLFDOVFLHQFHKDVIRU KLVSDUWXQGHUWDNHQWRDQFKRUWKHFRQFHSWRIFLYLOGLVREHGLHQFHLQKLV7L EHWDQUHDGHUV·PLQGVDQGKDVXUJHGWKHPWRRϸHUDQHZWUDQVODWLRQRIWKH 8'+53KXQWVKRJVGEDQJUJ\DODVWDXQFKVHQLRU&&3PHPEHUKDVVWULYHQ WRH[SODLQWKH0DU[LVWYLHZRQWKHULJKWWRDXWRQRP\IRUPLQRULWLHV :  KDW WKH &KLQD ODZ VFKRODU 6DP &UDQH VD\V UHJDUGLQJ WKH LPSDFW RI ULJKWVDGYRFDWHVLQ&KLQDFRXOGHTXDOO\EHDSSOLHGWR7LEHWDQVLQVSLWHRI WKHLUODFNRIHϸHFWLYHSRZHU´WKH\FRXOGEHLQϰXHQWLDOLQKRZRWKHUVXQ GHUVWDQGSRZHUDQGKRZSRZHUKROGHUVXVHWKHLUSRZHUDWFULWLFDOMXQF WXUHVµ7KH)RXFDXOGLDQIRUPXODWKDWNQRZOHGJHLVSRZHULVFHUWDLQO\QRW DSSOLFDEOHKHUHEXWDQLQFUHDVLQJO\ULJKWVDZDUHQHZJHQHUDWLRQRIHGX FDWHG7LEHWDQV³ZKRKDYHZLWQHVVHGDQGVRPHWLPHVSDUWLFLSDWHGLQPDV VLYHHWKQLFVWUHHWSURWHVWVZKRKDYHJURZQXSXVLQJWKH,QWHUQHWZKHUH WKH1HZ7KLQNHUV·YLHZVDUHDPSO\LQWURGXFHGZKRDUHDZDUHRIWKHLU+DQ IHOORZFLWL]HQV·JURZLQJEROGQHVVLQWHUPVRIH[SUHVVLQJULJKWVJULHYDQFHV DQG ZKR FDQ QR ORQJHU WROHUDWH WKH GRXEOH VWDQGDUG WR ZKLFK WKH\ IHHO WKH\DUHVXEPLWWHGLQWHUPVRIULJKWV³ZLOODUJXDEO\EHOHVVSOLDEOHWKDQ WKHSUHYLRXVJHQHUDWLRQ 0  RUHRYHUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIULJKWVGLVFRXUVHVDPRQJ7LEHWDQLQWHO OHFWXDOVGHVFULEHGLQWKLVFKDSWHUPD\OLNHO\EHLQWHUSUHWHGDVDUHDFWLRQ WRWKHLQFUHDVHRI+DQ&KLQHVHWKLQNHUVZKRKDYHEHHQWHUPHGQDWLRQDOLVWV QHRFRQIXFLDQLVWVRUH[FHSWLRQDOLVWV,QWKHODVWGHFDGHWKHVHLQWHOOHFWXDOV KDYH EHHQ LQFUHDVLQJO\ YRFDO LQ SXVKLQJ WRZDUG D PRUH &KLQDFHQWHUHG YLVLRQ RI SROLWLFDO DQG HFRQRPLF FKDQJH 6XFK ´FLWL]HQ LQWHOOHFWXDOVµ DUH GHVFULEHGE\:LOOLDP&DOODKDQ DVIDYRULQJ´&RQIXFLDQLVP·VKLHU DUFKLFDOV\VWHPWKDWYDOXHVRUGHURYHUIUHHGRPHWKLFVRYHUODZDQGHOLWH JRYHUQDQFHRYHUGHPRFUDF\DQGKXPDQULJKWVµ1HHGOHVVWRVD\7LEHWDQ WKLQNHUVSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVFKDSWHUGRQRWDGKHUHWRWKHVH6LQRFHQWULFYDO XHV2QWKHFRQWUDU\WKHLUVWURQJHPSKDVLVRQWKHXQLYHUVDOLW\RIULJKWV FRXOGEHLQWHUSUHWHGDVDQHϸRUWWRGHWDFK7LEHWIURPWKH&KLQHVHFXOWXUDO UHDOP DQG WKH SURSRQHQWV RI DVVLPLODWLRQLVW SROLFLHV WKDW KDYH JDLQHG JURXQGXQGHUWKHDHJLVRIVXFKVSHFLDOLVWVDV0D5RQJ ) LQDOO\ WKH SUHVHQW ϮQGLQJV GR OLWWOH WR FRQϮUP WKH ´RXWVLGH LQVWLJD WLRQµUHDG'KDUDPVDODDQGWKH´:HVWHUQKRVWLOHIRUFHVµ WKHRU\XVXDOO\ IDYRUHG E\ WKH &KLQHVH JRYHUQPHQW WR FRQGHPQ PRVW SUR7LEHWDQ SUR WHVWV DV KDYLQJ XOWHULRU PRWLYHV DQG EHLQJ LQVWUXPHQWDOL]HG E\ :HVWHUQ QHRLPSHULDOLVPLWDSSHDUVTXLWHFOHDUO\WKDWWKHQHZJHQHUDWLRQRIHGX FDWHGOD\7LEHWDQVKDVLQFUHDVLQJDFFHVVWRQRWLRQVRIWKHUHVSHFWRIKXPDQ

C6881.indb 88

2/22/16 1:05 PM

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

89

ULJKWVDQGWKHUXOHRIODZWKURXJKWKHLU&KLQHVHHGXFDWLRQDQGWKURXJK Rϲ FLDOGLVFRXUVHVE\&KLQHVHDXWKRULWLHVWKHPVHOYHVUDWKHUWKDQWKURXJK WKHLQVWLJDWLRQRIH[LOHUHPHPEHUWKDW=KRJVGXQJRQHRIWKHPRVWDYLG UHDGHUVRISROLWLFDOVFLHQFHDPRQJWRGD\·V7LEHWDQVKDGQRWFRPHDFURVV WKH'KDUDPVDODYHUVLRQRIWKH8'+5XQWLORU 7  KHIUHTXHQWLQVLVWHQFHRQHTXDOLW\·GUDPQ\DP LVDIXUWKHULQGLFDWLRQ WKDW WKH WUHQG LV EHLQJ GULYHQ E\ WKH &KLQHVH VLWXDWLRQ DQG E\ 7LEHWDQV ZLWKLQ WKH 35& LQWHQW RQ PDNLQJ XVH RI WKHLU DJHQF\ QRW E\ H[LOH VRFL HW\:KDWSOHDGVLQIDYRURIDQ´HQGR7LEHWDQµGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH8'+5 GLVFRXUVH LV WKH IDFW WKDW HTXDOLW\ LV VHOGRP WDNHQ XS RU SXW IRUZDUG E\ 7LEHWDQH[LOHVRULQWKH7LEHWDQ&HQWHUIRU+XPDQ5LJKWVDQG'HPRFUDF\ SXEOLFDWLRQV 2QH SRVVLEOH UHDVRQ IRU WKLV VLOHQFH RXWVLGH 7LEHW LV WKDW ´HTXDOLW\DPRQJQDWLRQDOLWLHVµ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´HTXDOLW\ DPRQJQDWLRQDOLWLHVµWKDWLVQRWH[SHULHQFHGE\WKHLUH[LOHEURWKHUV , WLVWKXVVDIHWRLQWHUSUHWWKHFXUUHQWULVHLQGLVFRXUVHVDERXWKXPDQ ULJKWVHTXDOLW\DQGULJKWVLQJHQHUDODPRQJ7LEHWDQVLQ7LEHWDVPRUH FKDUDFWHULVWLFRID´&KLQD·V7LEHWµWKDQRIDQ´H[LOH7LEHWµGLVFRXUVHDQGD IXUWKHULQGLFDWLRQWKDWLIH[LOH7LEHWDQVRFLHW\PD\SURYLGHUHVRXUFHVDQG LGHDVWR7LEHWDQVLQ7LEHWWKHODWWHUDUHEHFRPLQJLQFUHDVLQJO\VHOIUHOLDQW DQGLURQLFDOO\DEOHWRGHYHORSDULJKWVRULHQWHGGLVFRXUVHZLWKWKHXQZLOO LQJKHOSRIWKH&KLQHVHUHJLPHLWVHOI

Notes    7KHTXHVWLRQZDVSRVWHGDWKWWSDVNERG\LJRUJ"TXHVWLRQYLHZKWPO 7KHSRVWLVQRORQJHUDYDLODEOH    7KHVH ´)RXU )UHHGRPVµ ZHUH SXW IRUZDUG E\ )UDQNOLQ 5RRVHYHOW LQ KLV  6WDWH RI WKH 8QLRQ DGGUHVV 7KH\ VHHP WR EH RI VSHFLDO LQWHUHVW WR 7LEHWDQV

C6881.indb 89

2/22/16 1:05 PM

90











 



C6881.indb 90

DISCUSSING RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET

DV RQ -DQXDU\   D 7LEHWDQ SRVVLEO\ IURP 7KH ER .DQ OKR 7LEHWDQ $X WRQRPRXV 3UHIHFWXUH *DQVX 3URYLQFH  JRLQJ E\ WKH QDPH RI 7KH ER 6DQJV UJ\DVSRVWHGDUHSOLFDRIWKHSDLQWLQJE\1RUPDQ5RFNZHOOUHSUHVHQWLQJ WKHVH ´)RXU )UHHGRPVµ ZLWK DQ H[SODQDWLRQ RI WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH SDLQWLQJ VHHZZZWLEHWFPFRPKWPOKLVWBKWPO    (PLO\