Ethiopic Paradigms: A Summary of Classical Ethiopic Ge'ez Morphology (English and Geez Edition) [Bilingual ed.] 9042944862, 9789042944862

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AARON M. BUTTS

Ethiopic Paradigms

A Summary of Classical Ethiopic (Gǝˁǝz) Morphology

PEETERS

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

AARON M. BUTTS

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

A Summary of Classical Ethiopic (Gǝˁǝz) Morphology

PEETERS LEUVEN - PARIS - BRISTOL, CT 2022

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. © Peeters, Bondgenotenlaan 153, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium - 2022 D/2022/0602/40 ISBN 978-90-429-4486-2 eISBN 978-90-429-4487-9 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

For Gene Gragg

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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IX

Abbreviations .

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XI

. . . . -ā, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . and -o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 14 15 16

Preface .

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Paradigms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Independent Personal Pronouns . . . . . . . 2. Pronominal Suffixes on Consonant-Final Nouns . . 3. Pronominal Suffixes on Singular Nouns Ending in -i 4. Pronominal Suffixes on Singular Nouns Ending in -e, 5. Pronominal Suffixes on Plural Nouns . . . . . 6. Pronominal Suffixes on the ‘Four Nouns’ . . . . 7. Pronominal Suffixes on እድ ˀǝd ‘hand’ . . . . . 8. Object Pronominal Suffixes . . . . . . . . . 9. First Series of ‘Near’ Demonstratives . . . . . 10. Second Series of ‘Near’ Demonstratives . . . . . 11. First Series of ‘Far’ Demonstratives . . . . . . 12. Second Series of ‘Far’ Demonstratives . . . . . 13. Relative Pronoun . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. Interrogative Pronouns and Adjectives . . . . . 15. Interrogative Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . 16. State Marking on Nouns . . . . . . . . . . 17. Case Marking on Nouns. . . . . . . . . . 18. Cardinal numbers 1-10 . . . . . . . . . . 19. Strong Verb: Verbal Stems . . . . . . . . . 20. Strong Verb: G-Stem Perfect . . . . . . . . 21. Strong Verb: G-Stem Imperfect . . . . . . . 22. Strong Verb: G-Stem Subjunctive. . . . . . . 23. Strong Verb: G-Stem Imperative . . . . . . . 24. Strong Verb: G-Stem Converb . . . . . . . . 25. II=III: Verbal Stems . . . . . . . . . . . 26. II=III (B-type): G-Stem Perfect . . . . . . . 27. II=III: G-Stem Imperfect . . . . . . . . . 28. II=III: G-Stem Imperative . . . . . . . . . 29. I=w/y: Verbal Stems . . . . . . . . . . . 30. II=w/y: Verbal Stems . . . . . . . . . . 31. III=w: Verbal Stems . . . . . . . . . . . 32. III=w: G-Stem Perfect . . . . . . . . . .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VIII

33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

III=w: G-Stem Imperfect . . . . III=w: G-Stem Subjunctive . . . . III=y: Verbal Stems . . . . . . III=y: G-Stem Perfect . . . . . III=y: G-Stem Imperfect . . . . III=y: G-Stem Subjunctive . . . . I=Guttural: Verbal Stems . . . . II=Guttural: Verbal Stems . . . . III=Guttural: Verbal Stems . . . . III=Guttural: G-Stem Perfect . . . III=Guttural: G-Stem Subjunctive . . Q: Verbal Stems . . . . . . . Perfect with Pronominal Suffixes . . Imperfect with Pronominal Suffixes . Subjunctive with Pronominal Suffixes

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16 16 17 18 18 18 19 20 21 22 22 23 24 25 26

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Appendix: Parsing Guide .

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27

Bibliography.

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PREFACE

There has long been a need for a fresh collection of paradigms of Gǝˁǝz (Classical Ethiopic). This is largely a reflection of the current state of grammars available for this language. Over the past several decades, many students, especially in the English-speaking world, have learned Gǝˁǝz through T. O. Lambdin’s Introduction to Classical Ethiopic (Geˁez) (Harvard Semitic Studies 24; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1978). Its many strengths notwithstanding, one shortcoming of this textbook is that it does not include sufficient paradigms for reference: A paltry three pages at the end of the book are dedicated to paradigms. In addition, and equally problematically, Lambdin’s Introduction does not employ the Gǝˁǝz script but instead transcription throughout. Similar shortcomings are found with J. Tropper’s Altäthiopisch. Grammatik des Geˁez mit Übungstexten und Glossar (Elementa Linguarum Orientis 2; Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2002), which likewise has too few paradigms and again all in transcription. The situation is slightly improved in the recent English translation of Tropper’s grammar by R. Hasselbach-Andee under the title Classical Ethiopic. A Grammar of Geˁez (Languages of the Ancient Near East 10; University Park: Eisenbrauns, 2021): The Gǝˁǝz script has happily been added throughout the main text, but unfortunately the collection of paradigms at the end still lacks the Gǝˁǝz script, and in addition it remains too meager. Students learning from these textbooks must inevitably search elsewhere for a convenient collection of paradigms in the Gǝˁǝz script. Most students end up consulting one of several older grammars, including F. Praetorius’s Grammatica aethiopica (Karlsruhe and Leipzig: H. Reuther, 1886) and M. Chaine, Grammaire éthiopienne (new ed.; Beirut: Imprimerie catholique, 1938). Recourse can of course also be made to what continues to be the standard reference grammar of Gǝˁǝz, even though it is woefully out of date and in need of replacement: A. Dillmann’s Grammatik der äthiopischen Sprache (1st ed. Leipzig: T. O. Weigel, 1857; 2nd ed. Leipzig: C. H. Tauchnitz, 1899), the second edition of which, as enlarged and expanded by C. Bezold, was translated into English by J. A. Crichton under the title Ethiopic Grammar (London: Williams & Norgate, 1907). These grammars include helpful selections of paradigms in the Ethiopic script. They are not, however, always readily at hand for beginning students. In addition, these grammars only use the Gǝˁǝz script, never providing transcription. This leaves crucial grammatical information ambiguous, since the Gǝˁǝz script is undermarked in several ways, including that it does not mark consonantal gemination (i.e., doubling) and that it does not mark the distinction between the vowel ǝ and no vowel. Both of these features are phonemic in Gǝˁǝz, and recognizing

X

PREFACE

them is crucial to an accurate analysis of the language. Thus, it is essential that students see the language both in Gǝˁǝz script—if nothing else, for the ease of reading—and in transcription, where certain ambiguous features of the script can be clarified. To date, there is no resource that accomplishes this double task. The present compendium aims to fill this void. This compendium has been greatly improved over the course of a number of years by students in my Gǝˁǝz classes, first at Yale University and now at The Catholic University of America. These students have done everything from weeding out typos to offering more-far-reaching conceptual suggestions on the presentation of the material. I am grateful to these students without whose input this work would have been much less accurate and useful. I would also like to thank Jeremy Brown, Heath Dewrell, and Dawit Muluneh, who used this material in their own teaching and provided extensive feedback and corrections based on this, as well as Michael Hensley and Mehari Worku, who helped with the correction of the proofs. One person’s name often came to mind as I worked on this material over the years: Gene Gragg. Gene has devoted significant attention to analyzing the paradigms of Afroasiatic languages (including Gǝˁǝz) in the context of his Afroasiastic Morphological Archive (AAMA) project, which previously had the more comical acronym COMA, for Cushitic-Omotic Morphological Archive. In addition, even after his retirement, Gene was still willing to set aside time to read Gǝˁǝz texts with me when I was a beginning graduate student at the University of Chicago. And so it is to Gene that I dedicate this work as a small token of my appreciation. Aaron Michael Butts The Catholic University of America

ABBREVIATIONS 1 2 3 ACC C CNVRB F IMPF IMPV INF M NON-ACC PF PL SG SUBJ

first-person second-person third-person accusative common (gender) converb feminine imperfect imperative infinitive masculine non-accusative perfect plural singular subjunctive

PARADIGMS 1. INDEPENDENT PERSONAL PRONOUNS SG

አነ አንተ አንቲ ውእቱ ውእተ ይእቲ ይእተ

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M.NON-ACC 3.M.ACC 3.F.NON-ACC 3.F.ACC

ˀana ˀanta ˀanti wǝˀǝtu wǝˀǝta yǝˀǝti yǝˀǝta

PL

ንሕነ አንትሙ አንትን

nǝḥna ˀantǝmu ˀantǝn

እሙንቱ

ˀǝmuntu

እማንቱ

ˀǝmāntu

* ውእቶሙ wǝˀǝtomu is also attested for 3.C.PL. ** ውእቶን wǝˀǝton is also occasionally found for 3.F.PL.

2. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES ON CONSONANT-FINAL NOUNS NON-ACC

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG 1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

ሀገርየ ሀገርከ ሀገርኪ ሀገሩ ሀገራ ሀገርነ ሀገርክሙ ሀገርክን ሀገሮሙ ሀገሮን

noun

hagarǝya hagarǝka hagarǝki hagaru hagarā hagarǝna hagarǝkǝmu hagarǝkǝn hagaromu hagaron

ACC

ሀገርየ ሀገረከ ሀገረኪ ሀገሮ ሀገራ ሀገረነ ሀገረክሙ ሀገረክን ሀገሮሙ ሀገሮን

noun hagarǝya hagaraka hagaraki hagaro hagarā hagarana hagarakǝmu hagarakǝn hagaromu hagaron

2

AARON M. BUTTS

3. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES ON SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN -I NON-ACC

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG 1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

ጸሓፊየ ጸሓፊከ ጸሓፊኪ ጸሓፊሁ ጸሓፊሃ ጸሓፊነ ጸሓፊክሙ ጸሓፊክን ጸሓፊሆሙ ጸሓፊሆን

noun

ṣaḥāfiya ṣaḥāfika ṣaḥāfiki ṣaḥāfihu ṣaḥāfihā ṣaḥāfina ṣaḥāfikǝmu ṣaḥāfikǝn ṣaḥāfihomu ṣaḥāfihon

ACC

ጸሓፊየ ጸሓፌከ ጸሓፌኪ ጸሓፊሁ ጸሓፊሃ ጸሓፊነ ጸሓፌክሙ ጸሓፌክን ጸሓፊሆሙ ጸሓፊሆን

noun ṣaḥāfiya ṣaḥāfeka ṣaḥāfeki ṣaḥāfihu ṣaḥāfihā ṣaḥāfina ṣaḥāfekǝmu ṣaḥāfekǝn ṣaḥāfihomu ṣaḥāfihon

4. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES ON SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN -E, -Ā, NON-ACC

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG 1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

አርዌየ አርዌከ አርዌኪ አርዌሁ አርዌሃ አርዌነ አርዌክሙ አርዌክን አርዌሆሙ አርዌሆን

/ ACC noun ˀarweya ˀarweka ˀarweki ˀarwehu ˀarwehā ˀarwena ˀarwekǝmu ˀarwekǝn ˀarwehomu ˀarwehon

AND -O

3

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

5. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES ON PLURAL NOUNS NON-ACC

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG 1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

አህጉሪየ / አህጉርየ አህጉሪከ አህጉሪኪ / አህጉርኪ አህጉሪሁ አህጉሪሃ አህጉሪነ አህጉሪክሙ አህጉሪክን አህጉሪሆሙ አህጉሪሆን

6. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES ON NON-ACC

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG 1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

አቡየ አቡከ አቡኪ አቡሁ አቡሃ አቡነ አቡክሙ አቡክን አቡሆሙ አቡሆን

noun

ˀabuya ˀabuka ˀabuki ˀabuhu ˀabuhā ˀabuna ˀabukǝmu ˀabukǝn ˀabuhomu ˀabuhon

/

ACC

noun

ˀahguriya / ˀahgurǝya ˀahgurika ˀahguriki / ˀahgurǝki ˀahgurihu ˀahgurihā ˀahgurina ˀahgurikǝmu ˀahgurikǝn ˀahgurihomu ˀahgurihon

THE

‘FOUR NOUNS’ ACC

noun

አባየ ˀabāya አባከ ˀabāka አባኪ ˀabāki አባሁ ˀabāhu አባሃ ˀabāhā አባነ ˀabāna አባክሙ ˀabākǝmu አባክን ˀabākǝn አባሆሙ ˀabāhomu አባሆን ˀabāhon

4

AARON M. BUTTS

7. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES ON እድ ҶƎD ‘HAND’ NON-ACC

/ ACC noun

እዴየ እዴከ እዴኪ እዴሁ እዴሃ እዴነ እዴክሙ እዴክን እዴሆሙ እዴሆን

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG 1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

ˀǝdeya ˀǝdeka ˀǝdeki ˀǝdehu ˀǝdehā ˀǝdena ˀǝdekǝmu ˀǝdekǝn ˀǝdehomu ˀǝdehon

8. OBJECT PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES See pp. 24–26 below.

9. FIRST SERIES

OF

‘NEAR’ DEMONSTRATIVES SG

ዝ zǝ ዘ za

M.NON-ACC M.ACC

F.NON-ACC

/

ACC

ዛ zā

PL

እሉ

ˀǝllu

እላ ˀǝllā እሎን ˀǝllon

5

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

10. SECOND SERIES OF ‘NEAR’ DEMONSTRATIVES SG M.NON-ACC

ዝንቱ

zǝntu

M.ACC

ዘንተ

zanta

F.NON-ACC

ዛቲ

zātti

F.ACC

ዛተ

zātta

11. FIRST SERIES

OF

M.ACC

F.NON-ACC F.ACC

ዝኩ ዝኰ እንትኩ እንትኰ

እሎንቱ እሉንቱ እሎንተ እሉንተ እላንቱ እላንቲ እላንተ

ˀǝllontu ˀǝlluntu ˀǝllonta ˀǝllunta ˀǝllāntu ˀǝllānti ˀǝllānta

‘FAR’ DEMONSTRATIVES

SG M.NON-ACC

PL

PL

zǝ(k)ku zǝ(k)kwa ˀǝntǝ(k)ku ˀǝntǝ(k)kwa

እልኩ ˀǝllǝ(k)ku

12. SECOND SERIES OF ‘FAR’ DEMONSTRATIVES SG M.NON-ACC M.ACC F.NON-ACC F.ACC

ዝክቱ ዝኵቱ ዝክተ ዝኵተ እንታክቲ እንታክተ

PL

zǝktu zǝkwtu zǝkta zǝkwta ˀǝntākti ˀǝntākta

እልክቱ እልኵቱ እልክተ እልኵተ እላክቱ እላክተ

ˀǝllǝktu ˀǝllǝkwtu ˀǝllǝkta ˀǝllǝkwta ˀǝllāktu ˀǝllākta

6

AARON M. BUTTS

13. RELATIVE PRONOUN SG

ዘ እንተ

M F

PL

zaˀǝnta

እለ

ˀǝlla

14. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES NON-ACC

who? what? which? (SG) which? (PL)

መኑ ምንት አይ አያት

ACC

mannu mǝnt ˀayy ˀayyāt

መነ ምንተ አየ አያተ

manna mǝnta ˀayya ˀayyāta

15. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS where? when? how? why?

አይቴ ማእዜ እፎ ለምንት በእንተ፡ምንት

ˀayte māˀze ˀǝffo lamǝnt baˀǝnta mǝnt

16. STATE MARKING ON NOUNS absolute

construct

ending in consonant

ንጉሥ

nǝguś

ንጉሠ

nǝguśa

ending in -i

ጸሓፊ

ṣaḥāfi

ጸሓፌ

ṣaḥāfe

ending in -e, -ā, -o

አርዌ

ˀarwe

አርዌ

ˀarwe

7

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

17. CASE MARKING ON NOUNS NON-ACC

ending in consonant ending in -i ending in -e, -ā, -o proper noun 1

ንጉሥ ጸሓፊ አርዌ ዮሐንስ

NON-ACC

1 2* 3 4 5 6

አሐዱ ክልኤቱ ሠለስቱ አርባዕቱ ኀምስቱ ስድስቱ

7

10

nǝguśa ṣaḥāfe ˀarwe yoḥannǝshā1

The unumarked (non-accusative) form also occurs for the accusative.

NUMBERS

used with masculine nouns

9

ንጉሠ ጸሓፌ አርዌ ዮሐንስሃ

nǝguś ṣaḥāfi ˀarwe yoḥannǝs

18. CARDINAL

8

ACC

ACC

1-10 used with feminine nouns NON-ACC

አሐደ ክልኤተ ሠለስተ አርባዕተ ኀምስተ ስድስተ

ˀaḥada kǝlˀeta śalasta ˀarbāˁta ḫamǝsta sǝdǝsta

ሰብዐቱ sabˁatu ሰባዕቱ sabāˁtu

ሰብዐተ ሰባዕተ

sabˁata sabāˁta

ሰመንቱ ሰማንቱ ሰማኒቱ ትስዐቱ ተስዐቱ ተሳዕቱ

ሰመንተ ሰማንተ ሰማኒተ ትስዐተ ተስዐተ ተሳዕተ

samanta samānta ሰማኒ samānita tǝsˁata ትስዑ tasˁata ተስዑ tasāˁta ዐሥሩ ˁaśarta ዐሥር

ˀaḥadu kǝlˀetu śalastu ˀarbāˁtu ḫamǝstu sǝdǝstu

samantu samāntu samānitu tǝsˁatu tasˁatu tasāˁtu

ዐሠርቱ ˁaśartu

ዐሠርተ

አሐቲ ክልኤቲ ሠላስ አርባዕ ኀምስ ስሱ ሰብዑ ሰብዕ ስብዕ

ACC

ˀaḥatti kǝlˀeti śalās ˀarbāˁ ḫams sǝssu sabˁu sabˁ sǝbˁ

አሐተ ክልኤተ ሠላሰ አርባዐ ኀምሰ ስሱ

ˀaḥatta kǝlˀeta śalāsa ˀarbāˁa ḫamsa sǝssu

ሰብዑ

sabˁu

samāni

ሰማኒ

samāni

tǝsˁu tasˁu

ትስዑ ተስዑ

tǝsˁu tasˁu

ˁaśru ˁaśr

ዐሥሩ ዐሥረ

ˁaśru ˁaśra

* For two, the form ክልኤ kǝlˀe is also used with both masculine and feminine nouns regardless of case.

8

AARON M. BUTTS

19. STRONG VERB: VERBAL STEMS G-stem

underived

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

C-stem

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

T-stem

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

CT-stem

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

D-stem

ቀተለ ይቀትል ይቅትል ቅትል ቀቲሎ ቀቲል

ḳatala yǝḳattǝl yǝḳtǝl2 ḳǝtǝl3 ḳatilo ḳatil4

አቅተለ ያቀትል ያቅትል አቅትል አቅቲሎ አቅትሎ(ት) ተቀተለ ይትቀተል ይትቀተል ተቀተል ተቀቲሎ ተቀትሎ(ት) አስተቅተለ ያስተቀትል ያስተቅትል አስተቅትል አስተቅቲሎ አስተቅትሎ(ት)

ˀaḳtala yāḳattǝl yāḳtǝl ˀaḳtǝl ˀaḳtilo ˀaḳtǝlo(t)

1

ቀተለ ይቄትል ይቀትል ቀትል ቀቲሎ ቀትሎ(ት)

አቀተለ ያቄትል ያቀትል አቀትል አቀቲሎ አቀትሎ(ት) ተቀተለ taḳatala5 ይትቄተል yǝtḳattal ይትቀተል yǝtḳatal ተቀተል taḳatal ተቀቲሎ taḳatilo taḳatǝlo(t) ተቀትሎ(ት) ˀastaḳtala6 አስተቀተለ yāstaḳattǝl ያስተቄትል ያስተቀትል yāstaḳtǝl አስተቀትል ˀastaḳtǝl አስተቀቲሎ ˀastaḳtilo ˀastaḳtǝlo(t) አስተቀትሎ(ት)

ḳattala yǝḳettǝl yǝḳattǝl ḳattǝl ḳattilo ḳattǝlo(t)

L-stem

ቃተለ ይቃትል ይቃትል ቃትል ቃቲሎ ቃትሎ(ት)

አቃተለ ያቃትል ያቃትል አቃትል አቃቲሎ አቃትሎ(ት) ተቃተለ taḳattala ይትቃተል yǝtḳettal ይትቃተል yǝtḳattal ተቃተል taḳattal ተቃቲሎ taḳattilo taḳattǝlo(t) ተቃትሎ(ት) አስተቃተለ ˀastaḳattala yāstaḳettǝl ያስተቃትል ያስተቃትል yāstaḳattǝl አስተቃትል ˀastaḳattǝl አስተቃቲሎ ˀastaḳattilo ˀastaḳattǝlo(t) አስተቃትሎ(ት)

ˀaḳattala yāḳettǝl yāḳattǝl ˀaḳattǝl ˀaḳattilo ˀaḳattǝlo(t)

* The root ḳtl is used for illustration only; it is not attested in all stems. 1 B-type ገብረ gabra. 2 B-type ይግበር yǝgbar. 3 B-type ግበር gǝbar. 4 Also ቀቲሎት ḳatilot. 5 Also ተቀትለ taḳatla. 6 Also አስተቀተለ ˀastaḳatala.

ḳātala yǝḳāttǝl yǝḳātǝl ḳātǝl ḳātilo ḳātǝlo(t) ˀaḳātala yāḳāttǝl yāḳātǝl ˀaḳātǝl ˀaḳātilo ˀaḳātǝlo(t) taḳātala yǝtḳāttal yǝtḳātal taḳātal taḳātilo taḳātǝlo(t) ˀastaḳātala yāstaḳāttǝl yāstaḳātǝl ˀastaḳātǝl ˀastaḳātilo ˀastaḳātǝlo(t)

9

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

20. STRONG VERB: G-STEM PERFECT SG B-type

A-type

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M 3.F

ነገርኩ ነገርከ ነገርኪ ነገረ ነገረት

PL

nagarku nagarka nagarki nagara nagarat

ገበርኩ ገበርከ ገበርኪ ገብረ ገብረት

gabarku gabarka gabarki gabra gabrat

A-type

ነገርነ ነገርክሙ ነገርክን ነገሩ ነገራ

B-type

nagarna nagarkǝmu nagarkǝn nagaru nagarā

ገበርነ ገበርክሙ ገበርክን ገብሩ ገብራ

21. STRONG VERB: G-STEM IMPERFECT SG

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M 3.F

እነግር ትነግር ትነግሪ ይነግር ትነግር

ˀǝnaggǝr tǝnaggǝr tǝnaggǝri yǝnaggǝr tǝnaggǝr

PL

ንነግር ትነግሩ ትነግራ ይነግሩ ይነግራ

nǝnaggǝr tǝnaggǝru tǝnaggǝrā yǝnaggǝru yǝnaggǝrā

gabarna gabarkǝmu gabarkǝn gabru gabrā

10

AARON M. BUTTS

22. STRONG VERB: G-STEM SUBJUNCTIVE SG

PL B-type

A-type

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M 3.F

እንግር ትንግር ትንግሪ ይንግር ትንግር

እግበር ትግበር ትግበሪ ይግበር ትግበር

ˀǝngǝr tǝngǝr tǝngǝri yǝngǝr tǝngǝr

ˀǝgbar tǝgbar tǝgbari yǝgbar tǝgbar

A-type

ንንግር ትንግሩ ትንግራ ይንግሩ ይንግራ

B-type

ንግበር ትግበሩ ትግበራ ይግበሩ ይግበራ

nǝngǝr tǝngǝru tǝngǝrā yǝngǝru yǝngǝrā

nǝgbar tǝgbaru tǝgbarā yǝgbaru yǝgbarā

23. STRONG VERB: G-STEM IMPERATIVE SG B-type

A-type

2.M 2.F

PL

ንግር nǝgǝr ንግሪ nǝgǝri

ግበር gǝbar ግበሪ gǝbari

A-type

ንግሩ nǝgǝru ንግራ nǝgǝrā

B-type

ግበሩ gǝbaru ግበራ gǝbarā

24. STRONG VERB: G-STEM CONVERB SG

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M 3.F

ነጊርየ ነጊረከ ነጊረኪ ነጊሮ ነጊራ

nagirǝya nagiraka nagiraki nagiro nagirā

PL

ነጊረነ ነጊረክሙ ነጊረክን ነጊሮሙ ነጊሮን

nagirana nagirakǝmu nagirakǝn nagiromu nagiron

11

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

25. II=III: VERBAL STEMS G-stem

underived

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF C-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF T-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

CT-stem

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

D-stem

L-stem

ነበበ ይነብብ ይንብብ ንብብ ነቢቦ ነቢብ

nababa1 yǝnabbǝb yǝnbǝb2 nǝbǝb3 nabibo nabib4

ነበበ ይኔብብ ይነብብ ነብብ ነቢቦ ነብቦ(ት)

nabbaba yǝnebbǝb yǝnabbǝb nabbǝb nabbibo nabbǝbo(t)

ናበበ ይናብብ ይናብብ ናብብ ናቢቦ ናብቦ(ት)

nābaba yǝnābbǝb yǝnābǝb nābǝb nābibo nābǝbo(t)

አንበበ ያነብብ ያንብብ አንብብ አንቢቦ አንብቦ(ት)

ˀanbaba yānabbǝb yānbǝb ˀanbǝb ˀanbibo ˀanbǝbo(t)

አነበበ ያኔብብ ያነብብ አነብብ አነቢቦ አነብቦ(ት)

ˀanabbaba yānebbǝb yānabbǝb ˀanabbǝb ˀanabbibo ˀanabbǝbo(t)

አናበበ ያናብብ ያናብብ አናብብ አናቢቦ አናብቦ(ት)

ˀanābaba yānābbǝb yānābǝb ˀanābǝb ˀanābibo ˀanābǝbo(t)

ተነበ ይትነበብ ይትነበብ ተነበብ ተነቢቦ ተነብቦ(ት)

tanabba5 yǝtnabbab yǝtnabab tanabab tanabibo tanabǝbo(t)

ተነበበ ይትኔበብ ይትነበብ ተነበብ ተነቢቦ ተነብቦ(ት)

tanabbaba yǝtnebbab yǝtnabbab tanabbab tanabbibo tanabbǝbo(t)

ተናበበ ይትናበብ ይትናበብ ተናበብ ተናቢቦ ተናብቦ(ት)

tanābaba yǝtnābbab yǝtnābab tanābab tanābibo tanābǝbo(t)

አስተነበበ ያስተነብብ ያስተንብብ አስተንብብ አስተንቢቦ አስተንብቦ(ት)

ˀastanababa yāstanabbǝb yāstanbǝb ˀastanbǝb ˀastanbibo ˀastanbǝbo(t)

አስተነበበ ያስተኔብብ ያስተነብብ አስተነብብ አስተነቢቦ አስተነብቦ(ት)

ˀastanabbaba yāstanebbǝb yāstanabbǝb ˀastanabbǝb ˀastanabbibo ˀastanabbǝbo(t)

አስተናበበ ያስተናብብ ያስተናብብ አስተናብብ አስተናቢቦ አስተናብቦ(ት)

ˀastanābaba yāstanābbǝb yāstanābǝb ˀastanābǝb ˀastanābibo ˀastanābǝbo(t)

* The root nbb is used for illustration only; it is not attested in all stems. 1 B-type ነደ nadda. 2 B-type ይንደድ yǝndad. 3 B-type ንደድ nǝdad. 4 Also ነቢቦት nabibot. 5 Also ተነበበ tanababa.

12

AARON M. BUTTS

26. II=III (B-TYPE): G-STEM PERFECT SG

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M 3.F

ነደድኩ ነደድከ ነደድኪ ነደ ነደት

nadadku nadadka nadadki nadda naddat

PL

ነደድነ ነደድክሙ ነደድክን ነዱ ነዳ

nadadna nadadkǝmu nadadkǝn naddu naddā

27. II=III: G-STEM IMPERFECT SG

እነብብ 1.C ትነብብ 2.M 2.F ትነብቢ tǝnabbǝbi or ይነብብ 3.M ትነብብ 3.F

PL

ˀǝnabbǝb tǝnabbǝb ትነቢ tǝnabbi yǝnabbǝb tǝnabbǝb

ትነብቡ ትነብባ ይነብቡ ይነብባ

ንነብብ tǝnabbǝbu tǝnabbǝbā yǝnabbǝbu yǝnabbǝbā

or or      or      or

nǝnabbǝb ትነቡ tǝnabbu ትነባ tǝnabbā ይነቡ yǝnabbu ይነባ yǝnabbā

28. II=III: G-STEM IMPERATIVE SG

2.M 2.F ንብቢ

ንብብ nǝbǝbi or

PL

nǝbǝb ንቢ nǝbbi

ንብቡ ንብባ

nǝbǝbu or nǝbǝbā or

ንቡ ንባ

nǝbbu nǝbbā

13

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

29. I=W/Y: VERBAL STEMS G-stem

underived

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF C-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF T-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

CT-stem

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

D-stem

ወረደ ይወርድ ይረድ ረድ ወሪዶ ወሪድ

warada yǝwarrǝd 2 yǝrad3 rad4 warido warid5

አውረደ ያወርድ ያውርድ አውርድ አውሪዶ አውርዶ(ት)

L-stem

warrada yǝwerrǝd yǝwarrǝd warrǝd warrido warrǝdo(t)

ˀawrada yāwarrǝd yāwrǝd ˀawrǝd ˀawrido ˀawrǝdo(t)

ወረደ ይዌርድ ይወርድ ወርድ ወሪዶ ወርዶ(ት) አወረደ ያዌርድ ያወርድ አወርድ አወሪዶ አወርዶ(ት)

ተወርደ ይትወረድ ይትወረድ ተወረድ ተወሪዶ ተወርዶ(ት)

tawarda yǝtwarrad yǝtwarad tawarad tawarido tawarǝdo(t)

ተወረደ ይትዌረድ ይትወረድ ተወረድ ተወሪዶ ተወርዶ(ት)

tawarrada yǝtwerrad yǝtwarrad tawarrad tawarrido tawarrǝdo(t)

ተዋረደ ይትዋረድ ይትዋረድ ተዋረድ ተዋሪዶ ተዋርዶ(ት)

tawārada yǝtwārrad yǝtwārad tawārad tawārido tawārǝdo(t)

አስተውረደ ያስተወርድ ያስተውርድ አስተውርድ አስተውሪዶ አስተውርዶ(ት)

ˀastawrada yāstawarrǝd yāstawrǝd ˀastawrǝd ˀastawrido ˀastawrǝdo(t)

አስተወረደ ያስተዌርድ ያስተወርድ አስተወርድ አስተወሪዶ አስተወርዶ(ት)

ˀastawarrada yāstawerrǝd yāstawarrǝd ˀastawarrǝd ˀastawarrido ˀastawarrǝdo(t)

አስተዋረደ ያስተዋርድ ያስተዋርድ አስተዋርድ አስተዋሪዶ አስተዋርዶ(ት)

ˀastawārada yāstawārrǝd yāstawārǝd ˀastawārǝd ˀastawārido ˀastawārǝdo(t)

1

ˀawarrada yāwerrǝd yāwarrǝd ˀawarrǝd ˀawarrido ˀawarrǝdo(t)

* The root wrd is used for illustration only; it is not attested in all stems. 1 B-type ወድቀ wadḳa. 2 Note also the irregular form ይሁብ yǝhub. 3 Alternative forms include ይውስድ yǝwsǝd (especially for A-type) and more rarely ይስድ yǝsǝd and ይውሐዝ yǝwḥaz. Note also the irregular form የሀብ yahab. 4 Alternative forms include ውጥን wǝṭǝn (especially for A-type) and more rarely ስድ sǝd. 5 Also ወሪዶት waridot.

14

AARON M. BUTTS

30. II=W/Y: VERBAL STEMS G-stem

underived

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF C-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF T-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

D-stem

ቆመ ይቀውም ይቁም ቁም ቀዊሞ ቀዊም

ḳoma yǝḳawwǝm  yǝḳum 2 ḳum3 ḳawimo4 ḳawim5

ቀወመ ይቄውም ይቀውም ቀውም ቀዊሞ ቀውሞ(ት)

ḳawwama yǝḳewwǝm yǝḳawwǝm ḳawwǝm ḳawwimo ḳawwǝmo(t)

አቆመ ያቀውም ያቁም አቁም አቅዊሞ አቅውም(ት)

ˀaḳoma6 yāḳawwǝm yāḳum7 ˀaḳum8 ˀaḳwimo ˀaḳwǝmo(t)

አቀወመ ያቄውም ያቀውም አቀውም አቀዊሞ አቀውሞ(ት)

ˀaḳawwama yāḳewwǝm yāḳawwǝm ˀaḳawwǝm ˀaḳawwimo ˀaḳawwǝmo(t)

ተቀውመ ይትቀወም ይትቀወም ተቀወም ተቀዊሞ ተቀውሞ(ት)

taḳawma 9 yǝtḳawwam yǝtḳawam taḳawam taḳawimo taḳawǝmo(t)

ተቀወመ ይትቄወም ይትቀወም ተቀወም ተቀዊሞ ተቀውሞ(ት)

taḳawwama yǝtḳewwam yǝtḳawwam taḳawwam taḳawwimo taḳawwǝmo(t)

1

CT-stem

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

* The root qwm is used for illustration only; it is not attested in all stems. ** Unless otherwise noted, for II-y, simply change w to y. 1 II-y is ሤመ śema. 2 Also ይሖር yǝḥor and more rarely ይባእ yǝbāˀ. II-y is ይሢም yǝśim. 3 Also ሖር ḥor and more rarely ባእ bāˀ. II-y is ሢም śim. 4 Also ቀውሞ ḳawǝmo. 5 Also ቀውም ḳawǝm as well as ቀዊሞት ḳawimot and ቀውሞት ḳawǝmot. 6 Also አቀመ ˀaḳama. II-y is አኬደ ˀakeda. 7 Also ያቅም yāḳǝm. II-y is ያኪድ yākid (rarely ያክድ yākǝd). 8 Also አቅም ˀaḳǝm. II-y is አኪድ ˀakid (rarely አክድ ˀakǝd). 9 Also ተቀወመ taḳawama.

L-stem

ተቃወመ ይትቃወም ይትቃወም ተቃወም ተቃዊሞ ተቃውሞ(ት)

taḳāwama yǝtḳāwwam yǝtḳāwam taḳāwam taḳāwimo taḳāwǝmo(t)

አስተቃወመ ያስተቃውም ያስተቃውም አስተቃውም አስተቃዊሞ አስተቃውሞ(ት)

ˀastaḳāwama yāstaḳāwwǝm yāstaḳāwǝm ˀastaḳāwǝm ˀastaḳāwimo ˀastaḳāwǝmo(t)

15

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

31. III=W: VERBAL STEMS G-stem

underived

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF C-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF T-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

CT-stem

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

ገለወ ይገሉ ይግሉ ግሉ ገሊዎ ገሊው

D-stem

galawa yǝgallu yǝglu2 gǝlu3 galiwo galiw4

ገለወ ይጌሉ ይገሉ ገሉ ገሊዎ ገልዎ(ት)

አግለወ ያገሉ ያግሉ አግሉ አግሊዎ አግልዎ(ት)

ˀaglawa yāgallu yāglu ˀaglu ˀagliwo ˀaglǝwo(t)

ተገልወ ይትገለው ይትገለው ተገለው ተገሊዎ ተገልዎ(ት) አስተግለወ ያስተገሉ ያስተግሉ አስተግሉ አስተግሊዎ አስተግልዎ(ት)

L-stem

gallawa yǝgellu yǝgallu gallu galliwo gallǝwo(t)

ጋለወ ይጋሉ ይጋሉ ጋሉ ጋሊዎ ጋልዎ(ት)

gālawa yǝgāllu yǝgālu gālu gāliwo gālǝwo(t)

አገለወ ያጌሉ ያገሉ አገሉ አገሊዎ አገልዎ(ት)

ˀagallawa yāgellu yāgallu ˀagallu ˀagalliwo ˀagallǝwo(t)

አጋለወ ያጋሉ ያጋሉ አጋሉ አጋሊዎ አጋልዎ(ት)

ˀagālawa yāgāllu yāgālu ˀagālu ˀagāliwo ˀagālǝwo(t)

tagalwa5 yǝtgallaw yǝtgalaw tagalaw tagaliwo tagalǝwo(t)

ተገለወ ይትጌለው ይትገለው ተገለው ተገሊዎ ተገልዎ(ት)

tagallawa yǝtgellaw yǝtgallaw tagallaw tagalliwo tagallǝwo(t)

ተጋለወ ይትጋለው ይትጋለው ተጋለው ተጋሊዎ ተጋልዎ(ት)

tagālawa yǝtgāllaw yǝtgālaw tagālaw tagāliwo tagālǝwo(t)

ˀastaglawa6 yāstagallu yāstaglu ˀastaglu ˀastagliwo ˀastaglǝwo(t)

አስተገለወ ያስተጌሉ ያስተገሉ አስተገሉ አስተገሊዎ አስተገልዎ(ት)

ˀastagallawa yāstagellu yāstagallu ˀastagallu ˀastagalliwo ˀastagallǝwo(t)

አስተጋለወ ያስተጋሉ ያስተጋሉ አስተጋሉ አስተጋሊዎ አስተጋልዎ(ት)

ˀastagālawa yāstagāllu yāstagālu ˀastagālu ˀastagāliwo ˀastagālǝwo(t)

1

* The root glw is used for illustration only; it is not attested in all stems. ** All forms ending in -aw can optionally contract to -o (this is not indicated). 1 B-type ፈትወ fatwa. 2 B-type ይፍተው yǝftaw. 3 B-type ፍተው fǝtaw. 4 Also ገሊዎት galiwot. 5 Also ተገለወ tagalawa. 6 Also አስተገለወ ˀastagalawa.

16

AARON M. BUTTS

32. III=W: G-STEM PERFECT SG

PL

galawna or ገሎነ galona 1.C ገለውኩ galawku or ገሎኩ galoku ገለውነ 2.M ገለውከ galawka or ገሎከ galoka ገለውክሙ galawkǝmu or ገሎክሙ galokǝmu 2.F ገለውኪ galawki or ገሎኪ galoki ገለውክን galawkǝn   or ገሎክን galokǝn ገለዉ galawu ገለወ galawa 3.M ገለዋ galawā 3.F ገለወት galawat

33. III=W: G-STEM IMPERFECT SG

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M 3.F

እገሉ ትገሉ ትገልዊ ይገሉ ትገሉ

ˀǝgallu tǝgallu tǝgallǝwi yǝgallu tǝgallu

PL

ንገሉ ትገልዉ ትገልዋ ይገልዉ ይገልዋ

nǝgallu tǝgallǝwu tǝgallǝwā yǝgallǝwu yǝgallǝwā

34. III=W: G-STEM SUBJUNCTIVE SG

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M 3.F

እግሉ ትግሉ ትግልዊ ይግሉ ትግሉ

ˀǝglu tǝglu tǝglǝwi yǝglu tǝglu

PL

ንግሉ ትግልዉ ትግልዋ ይግልዉ ይግልዋ

nǝglu tǝglǝwu tǝglǝwā yǝglǝwu yǝglǝwā

17

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

35. III=Y: VERBAL STEMS G-stem

underived

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF C-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF T-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

CT-stem

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF * ** 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

D-stem

L-stem

በከየ ይበኪ ይብኪ ብኪ በኪዮ በኪይ

bakaya yǝbakki yǝbki 2 bǝki3 bakiyo4 bakiy5

በከየ ይቤኪ ይበኪ በኪ በኪዮ በክዮ(ት)

bakkaya yǝbekki yǝbakki bakki bakkiyo bakkǝyo(t)

ባከየ ይባኪ ይባኪ ባኪ ባኪዮ ባክዮ(ት)

bākaya yǝbākki yǝbāki bāki bākiyo bākǝyo(t)

አብከየ ያበኪ ያብኪ አብኪ አብኪዮ አብክዮ(ት)

ˀabkaya yābakki yābki ˀabki ˀabkiyo ˀabkǝyo(t)

አበከየ ያቤኪ ያበኪ አበኪ አበኪዮ አበክዮ(ት)

ˀabakkaya yābekki yābakki ˀabakki ˀabakkiyo ˀabakkǝyo(t)

አባከየ ያባኪ ያባኪ አባኪ አባኪዮ አባክዮ(ት)

ˀabākaya yābākki yābāki ˀabāki ˀabākiyo ˀabākǝyo(t)

ተበክየ ይትበከይ ይትበከይ ተበከይ ተበኪዮ ተበክዮ(ት)

tabakya 6 yǝtbakkay yǝtbakay tabakay tabakiyo tabakǝyo(t)

ተበከየ ይትቤከይ ይትበከይ ተበከይ ተበኪዮ ተበክዮ(ት)

tabakkaya yǝtbekkay yǝtbakkay tabakkay tabakkiyo tabakkǝyo(t)

ተባከየ ይትባከይ ይትባከይ ተባከይ ተባኪዮ ተባክዮ(ት)

tabākaya yǝtbākkay yǝtbākay tabākay tabākiyo tabākǝyo(t)

አስተብከየ ያስተበኪ ያስተብኪ አስተብኪ አስተብኪዮ አስተብክዮ(ት)

ˀastabkaya7 yāstabakki yāstabki ˀastabki ˀastabkiyo ˀastabkǝyo(t)

አስተበከየ ያስተቤኪ ያስተበኪ አስተበኪ አስተበኪዮ አስተበክዮ(ት)

ˀastabakkaya yāstabekki yāstabakki ˀastabakki ˀastabakkiyo ˀastabakkǝyo(t)

አስተባከየ ያስተባኪ ያስተባኪ አስተባኪ አስተባኪዮ አስተባክዮ(ት)

ˀastabākaya yāstabākki yāstabāki ˀastabāki ˀastabākiyo ˀastabākǝyo(t)

1

The root bky is used for illustration only; it is not attested in all stems. Rarely, forms ending in -ay are contracted to -e. B-type ሰትየ satya. B-type ይስተይ yǝstay. B-type ስተይ sǝtay. Also በክዮ bakǝyo. Also በክይ bakǝy as well as በኪዮት bakiyot and በክዮት bakǝyot. Also ተበከየ tabakaya. Also አስተበከየ ˀastabakaya.

18

AARON M. BUTTS

36. III=Y: G-STEM PERFECT SG

PL

1.C በከይኩ bakayku or በኬኩ bakeku በከይነ

bakayna

or በኬነ

bakena

2.M በከይከ bakayka or በኬከ bakeka በከይክሙ bakaykǝmu or በኬክሙ bakekǝmu 2.F በከይኪ bakayki or በኬኪ bakeki በከይክን

bakaykǝn or በኬክን

3.M

በከየ

bakaya

በከዩ bakayu

3.F

በከየት bakayat

በከያ bakayā

* The forms with e are rare.

37. III=Y: G-STEM IMPERFECT SG

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M 3.F

እበኪ ትበኪ ትበክዪ ይበኪ ትበኪ

PL

ˀǝbakki tǝbakki tǝbakkǝyi yǝbakki tǝbakki

ንበኪ ትበክዩ ትበክያ ይበክዩ ይበክያ

nǝbakki tǝbakkǝyu tǝbakkǝyā yǝbakkǝyu yǝbakkǝyā

38. III=Y: G-STEM SUBJUNCTIVE SG

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M 3.F

እብኪ ትብኪ ትብክዪ ይብኪ ትብኪ

ˀǝbki tǝbki tǝbkǝyi yǝbki tǝbki

PL

ንብኪ ትብክዩ ትብክያ ይብክዩ ይብክያ

nǝbki tǝbkǝyu tǝbkǝyā yǝbkǝyu yǝbkǝyā

bakekǝn

19

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

39. I=GUTTURAL: VERBAL STEMS G-stem

underived

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF C-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF T-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF CT-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

D-stem

L-stem

አሰረ የአስር ይእስር እስር አሲሮ አሲር

ˀasara yaˀassǝr yǝˀsǝr 2 ˀǝsǝr 3 ˀasiro ˀasir 4

አሰረ ይኤስር የአስር አስር አሲሮ አስሮ(ት)

ˀassara yǝˀessǝr yaˀassǝr ˀassǝr ˀassiro ˀassǝro(t)

አእሰረ ያአስር ያእስር አእስር አእሲሮ አእስሮ(ት)

ˀaˀsara yāˀassǝr 5 yāˀsǝr ˀaˀsǝr ˀaˀsiro ˀaˀsǝro(t)

አአሰረ ያኤስር ያአስር አአስር አአሲሮ አአስሮ(ት)

ˀaˀassara yāˀessǝr yāˀassǝr ˀaˀassǝr ˀaˀassiro ˀaˀassǝro(t)

ተአስረ ይትአሰር ይትአሰር ተአሰር ተአሲሮ ተአስሮ(ት)

taˀasra6 yǝtˀassar yǝtˀasar taˀasar taˀasiro taˀasǝro(t)

ተአሰረ ይትኤሰር ይትአሰር ተአሰር ተአሲሮ ተአስሮ(ት)

taˀassara yǝtˀessar yǝtˀassar taˀassar taˀassiro taˀassǝro(t)

ተኣሰረ ይትኣሰር ይትኣሰር ተኣሰር ተኣሲሮ ተኣስሮ(ት)

taˀāsara yǝtˀāssar yǝtˀāsar taˀāsar taˀāsiro taˀāsǝro(t)

አስተአሰረ ያስተአስር ያስታእስር አስታእስር አስታእሲሮ አስታእስሮ(ት)

ˀastaˀasara 7 yāstaˀassǝr yāstāˀsǝr ˀastāˀsǝr ˀastāˀsiro ˀastāˀsǝro(t)

አስተአሰረ ያስተኤስር ያስተአስር አስተአስር አስተአሲሮ አስተአስሮ(ት)

ˀastaˀassara yāstaˀessǝr yāstaˀassǝr ˀastaˀassǝr ˀastaˀassiro ˀastaˀassǝro(t)

አስተኣሰረ ያስተኣስር ያስተኣስር አስተኣስር አስተኣሲሮ አስተኣስሮ(ት)

ˀastaˀāsara yāstaˀāssǝr yāstaˀāsǝr ˀastaˀāsǝr ˀastaˀāsiro ˀastaˀāsǝro(t)

1

* The root ˀsr is used for illustration only; it is not attested in all stems. 1 B-type አምነ ˀamna. 2 B-type ይእመን yǝˀman. 3 B-type እመን ˀǝman. 4 Also አሲሮት ˀasirot. 5 Also የአስር yaˀassǝr. 6 Also ተአሰረ taˀasara. 7 Also አስታእሰረ ˀastāˀsara.

20

AARON M. BUTTS

40. II=GUTTURAL: VERBAL STEMS G-stem

underived

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF C-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF T-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF CT-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

D-stem

L-stem

ለአከ ይልእክ ይልአክ ለአክ ልኢኮ ልኢክ

laˀaka yǝlǝˀˀǝk yǝlˀak2 laˀak3 lǝˀiko lǝˀik4

ለአከ ይሌእክ ይልእክ ልእክ ልኢኮ ልእኮ(ት)

laˀˀaka yǝleˀˀǝk yǝlǝˀˀǝk lǝˀˀǝk lǝˀˀiko lǝˀˀǝko(t)

ላአከ ይላእክ ይላእክ ላእክ ላኢኮ ላእኮ(ት)

lāˀaka yǝlāˀˀǝk yǝlāˀǝk lāˀǝk lāˀiko lāˀǝko(t)

አልአከ ያልእክ ያልእክ አልእክ አልኢኮ አልእኮ(ት)

ˀalˀaka yālǝˀˀǝk yālˀǝk ˀalˀǝk ˀalˀiko ˀalˀǝko(t)

አለአከ ያሌእክ ያልእክ አልእክ አልኢኮ አልእኮ(ት)

ˀalaˀˀaka7 yāleˀˀǝk yālǝˀˀǝk ˀalǝˀˀǝk ˀalǝˀˀiko ˀalǝˀˀǝko(t)

አላአከ ያላእክ ያላእክ አላእክ አላኢኮ አላእኮ(ት)

ˀalāˀaka yālāˀˀǝk yālāˀǝk ˀalāˀǝk ˀalāˀiko ˀalāˀǝko(t)

ተልእከ ይትለአክ ይትለአክ ተለአክ ተልኢኮ ተልእኮ(ት)

talǝˀka5 yǝtlaˀˀak yǝtlaˀak talaˀak talǝˀiko talǝˀǝko(t)

ተለአከ ይትሌአክ ይትለአክ ተለአክ ተልኢኮ ተልእኮ(ት)

talaˀˀaka 8 yǝtleˀˀak yǝtlaˀˀak talaˀˀak talǝˀˀiko talǝˀˀǝko(t)

ተላአከ ይትላአክ ይትላአክ ተላአክ ተላኢኮ ተላእኮ(ት)

talāˀaka yǝtlāˀˀak yǝtlāˀak talāˀak talāˀiko talāˀǝko(t)

አስተልአከ ያስተልእክ ያስተልእክ አስተልእክ አስተልኢኮ አስተልእኮ(ት)

ˀastalˀaka 6 yāstalǝˀˀǝk yāstalˀǝk ˀastalˀǝk ˀastalˀiko ˀastalˀǝko(t)

አስተላአከ ያስተላእክ ያስተላእክ አስተላእክ አስተላኢኮ አስተላእኮ(ት)

ˀastalāˀaka yāstalāˀˀǝk yāstalāˀǝk ˀastalāˀǝk ˀastalāˀiko ˀastalāˀǝko(t)

1

* The root lˀk is used for illustration only; it is not attested in all stems. 1 B-type ልህቀ lǝhḳa. 2 B-type is the same, i.e., ይልሀቅ yǝlhaḳ. 3 B-type is the same, i.e., ለሀቅ lahaḳ. 4 Also ልኢኮት lǝˀikot. 5 Also ተለአከ talaˀaka. 6 Also አስተለአከ ˀastalaˀaka. 7 Also አልአከ ˀalˀaka. 8 Also ተልእከ talǝˀˀǝka.

21

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

41. III=GUTTURAL: VERBAL STEMS G-stem

underived

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF C-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF T-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

CT-stem

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

D-stem

መጽአ ይመጽእ ይምጻእ ምጻእ መጺኦ መጺእ

maṣˀa yǝmaṣṣǝˀ yǝmṣāˀ  mǝṣāˀ maṣiˀo maṣiˀ 1

መጽአ ይሜጽእ ይመጽእ መጽእ መጺኦ መጽኦ(ት)

maṣṣǝˀa yǝmeṣṣǝˀ yǝmaṣṣǝˀ maṣṣǝˀ maṣṣiˀo maṣṣǝˀo(t)

አምጽአ ያመጽእ ያምጽእ አምጽእ አምጺኦ አምጽኦ(ት)

ˀamṣǝˀa yāmaṣṣǝˀ yāmṣǝˀ ˀamṣǝˀ ˀamṣiˀo ˀamṣǝˀo(t)

አመጽአ ያሜጽእ ያመጽእ አመጽእ አመጺኦ አመጽኦ(ት)

ˀamaṣṣǝˀa yāmeṣṣǝˀ yāmaṣṣǝˀ ˀamaṣṣǝˀ ˀamaṣṣiˀo ˀamaṣṣǝˀo(t)

ተመጽአ ይትመጻእ ይትመጻእ ተመጻእ ተመጺኦ ተመጽኦ(ት)

tamaṣˀa yǝtmaṣṣāˀ yǝtmaṣāˀ tamaṣāˀ tamaṣiˀo tamaṣǝˀo(t)

ተመጽአ ይትሜጻእ ይትመጻእ ተመጻእ ተመጺኦ ተመጽኦ(ት)

አስተመጽአ ያስተመጽእ ያስተምጽእ አስተምጽእ አስተምጺኦ አስተምጽኦ(ት)

ˀastamaṣˀa2 yāstamaṣṣǝˀ yāstamṣǝˀ ˀastamṣǝˀ ˀastamṣiˀo ˀastamṣǝˀo(t)

አስተመጽአ ያስተሜጽእ ያስተመጽእ አስተመጽእ አስተመጺኦ አስተመጽኦ(ት)

L-stem

ማጽአ ይማጽእ ይማጽእ ማጽእ ማጺኦ ማጽኦ(ት)

māṣǝˀa yǝmāṣṣǝˀ yǝmāṣǝˀ māṣǝˀ māṣiˀo māṣǝˀo(t)

tamaṣṣǝˀa yǝtmeṣṣāˀ yǝtmaṣṣāˀ tamaṣṣāˀ tamaṣṣiˀo tamaṣṣǝˀo(t)

ተማጽአ ይትማጻእ ይትማጻእ ተማጻእ ተማጺኦ ተማጽኦ(ት)

tamāṣǝˀa yǝtmāṣṣāˀ yǝtmāṣāˀ tamāṣāˀ tamāṣiˀo tamāṣǝˀo(t)

ˀastamaṣṣǝˀa yāstameṣṣǝˀ yāstamaṣṣǝˀ ˀastamaṣṣǝˀ ˀastamaṣṣiˀo ˀastamaṣṣǝˀo(t)

አስተማጽአ ያስተማጽእ ያስተማጽእ አስተማጽእ አስተማጺኦ አስተማጽኦ(ት)

ˀastamāṣǝˀa yāstamāṣṣǝˀ yāstamāṣǝˀ ˀastamāṣǝˀ ˀastamāṣiˀo ˀastamāṣǝˀo(t)

* The root mṣˀ is used for illustration only; it is not attested in all stems. 1 Also መጺኦት maṣiˀot. 2 Also አስተምጽአ ˀastamṣǝˀa.

22

AARON M. BUTTS

42. III=GUTTURAL: G-STEM PERFECT SG

መጻእኩ መጻእከ መጻእኪ መጽአ መጽአት

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M 3.F

PL

maṣāˀku maṣāˀka maṣāˀki maṣˀa maṣˀat

መጻእነ መጻእክሙ መጻእክን መጽኡ መጽኣ

maṣāˀna maṣāˀkǝmu maṣāˀkǝn maṣˀu maṣˀā

43. III=GUTTURAL: G-STEM SUBJUNCTIVE SG

1.C 2.M 2.F 3.M 3.F

እምጻእ ትምጻእ ትምጽኢ ይምጻእ ትምጻእ

ˀǝmṣāˀ tǝmṣāˀ tǝmṣǝˀi yǝmṣāˀ tǝmṣāˀ

PL

ንምጻእ ትምጽኡ ትምጽኣ ይምጽኡ ይምጽኣ

nǝmṣāˀ tǝmṣǝˀu tǝmṣǝˀā yǝmṣǝˀu yǝmṣǝˀā

23

ETHIOPIC PARADIGMS

44. Q: VERBAL STEMS G-stem

underived

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF C-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF PF T-stem

IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

CT-stem

PF IMPF SUBJ IMPV CNVRB INF

L-stem

ፈድፈደ ይፈደፍድ ይፈድፍድ ፈድፍድ ፈድፊዶ ፈድፍዶ(ት)

fadfada yǝfadaffǝd yǝfadfǝd fadfǝd fadfido fadfǝdo(t)

አመንደበ ያመነድብ ያመንድብ አመንድብ አመንዲቦ አመንድቦ(ት)

ˀamandaba yāmanaddǝb yāmandǝb ˀamandǝb ˀamandibo ˀamandǝbo(t)

ተመንደበ ይትመነደብ ይትመንደብ ተመንደብ ተመንዲቦ ተመንድቦ(ት)

tamandaba yǝtmanaddab yǝtmandab tamandab tamandibo tamandǝbo(t)

ተሰናሰለ ይሰናሰል ይሰናሰል ተሰናሰል ተሰናሲሎ ተሰናስሎ(ት)

tasanāsala yǝssanāssal yǝssanāsal tasanāsal tasanāsilo tasanāsəlo(t)

አስተጠንቀቀ ያስተጠነቅቅ ያስተጠንቅቅ አስተጠንቅቅ አስተጠንቂቆ አስተጠንቅቆ(ት)

ˀastaṭanḳaḳa yāstaṭanaḳḳəḳ yāstaṭanḳəḳ ˀastaṭanḳəḳ ˀastaṭanḳiḳo ˀastaṭanḳəḳo(t)

አስተጐናደየ ያስተጐናዲ ያስተጐናዲ አስተጐናዲ አስተጐናድዮ አስተጐናድዮ(ት)

ˀastagwanādaya yāstagwanāddi 1 yāstagwanādi 2 ˀastagwanādi 3 ˀastagwanādəyo 4 ˀastagwanādəyo(t) 5

* Different roots are cited throughout. 1 Note the contraction of əy to i at the end; 3.M.PL is ያስተጐናድዩ yāstagwanāddəyu. 2 Note the contraction of əy to i at the end; 3.M.PL is ያስተጐናድዩ yāstagwanādəyu. 3 Note the contraction of əy to i at the end; M.PL is አስተጐናድዩ ˀastagwanādəyu. 4 Also አስተጐናዲዮ ˀastagwanādiyo. 5 Also አስተጐናዲዮ(ት) ˀastagwanādiyo(t).

3

2

1

ቀተልከነ ቀተልክነ ቀተለነ ቀተለተነ

ቀተልክሙነ ቀተልክናነ ቀተሉነ ቀተላነ

no suffix ቀተልኩ ḳatalku ቀተልከ ḳatalka ቀተልኪ ḳatalki ቀተለ ḳatala ቀተለት ḳatalat

ቀተልነ ቀተልክሙ ቀተልክን ቀተሉ ቀተላ

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG

1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

Also ቀተልካኒ ḳatalkāni. Also ቀተልኮ ḳatalko. Also ቀተልካሁ ḳatalkāhu.

ḳatalna ḳatalkǝmu ḳatalkǝn ḳatalu ḳatalā

ቀተልናክሙ ḳatalnākǝmu – ḳatalkǝmuna – ḳatalkǝnāna 6 – ቀተሉክሙ ḳatalukǝmu ḳataluna ቀተላክሙ ḳatalāna ḳatalākǝmu

– ḳatalkana ḳatalkǝna ḳatalana ḳatalatana

ቀተሉኪ ቀተላኪ

ቀተልናኪ ḳatalnāki – – ḳataluki ḳatalāki

2.F.SG suffix ቀተልኩኪ ḳatalkuki – – ቀተለኪ ḳatalaki ቀተለተኪ ḳatalataki

6

5

4

ቀተልናሆሙ ቀተልክምዎሙ ቀተልክናሆሙ ቀተልዎሙ ቀተላሆሙ

ḳatalnāhomu ḳatalkǝmǝwwomu ḳatalkǝnāhomu ḳatalǝwwomu ḳatalāhomu

3.M.PL suffix ቀተልክዎሙ ḳatalkǝwwomu ቀተልኮሙ ḳatalkomu ቀተልክዮሙ ḳatalkǝyyomu ቀተሎሙ ḳatalomu ቀተለቶሙ ḳatalatomu

ḳatalnāhu ḳatalkǝmǝwwo ḳatalkǝnāhu 3 ḳatalǝwwo ḳatalāhu

ḳatalkǝwwo ḳatalkāhu 2 ḳatalkǝyyo ḳatalo ḳatalato

3.M.SG suffix

ቀተልናሁ ቀተልክምዎ ቀተልክናሁ ቀተልዎ ቀተላሁ

ቀተልክዎ ቀተልካሁ ቀተልክዮ ቀተሎ ቀተለቶ

Also ቀተልካ ḳatalkā. Also ቀተልካሃ ḳatalkāhā. Also ቀተልካነ ḳatalkāna.

ቀተልናክን ḳatalnākǝn – – ቀተሉክን ḳatalukǝn ቀተላክን ḳatalākǝn

2.M.PL suffix 2.F.PL suffix ቀተልኩክሙ ḳatalkukǝmu ቀተልኩክን ḳatalkukǝn – – – – ቀተለክሙ ቀተለክን ḳatalakǝn ḳatalakǝmu ቀተለተክሙ ḳatalatakǝmu ቀተለተክን ḳatalatakǝn

ḳatalnāka – – ḳataluka ḳatalāka

2.M.SG suffix ቀተልኩከ ḳatalkuka – – ቀተለከ ḳatalaka ቀተለተከ ḳatalataka

ቀተልናከ – ḳatalkǝmuni ḳatalkǝnāni 1 ቀተሉከ ḳataluni ቀተላከ ḳatalāni

– ḳatalkani ḳatalkǝni ḳatalani ḳatalatani

1.C.PL suffix

ቀተልክሙኒ ቀተልክናኒ ቀተሉኒ ቀተላኒ

ቀተልነ ቀተልክሙ ቀተልክን ቀተሉ ቀተላ

1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

ḳatalna ḳatalkǝmu ḳatalkǝn ḳatalu ḳatalā

ቀተልከኒ ቀተልክኒ ቀተለኒ ቀተለተኒ

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG

1.C.SG suffix

no suffix ቀተልኩ ḳatalku ቀተልከ ḳatalka ቀተልኪ ḳatalki ቀተለ ḳatala ቀተለት ḳatalat

45. PERFECT WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES

ḳatalnāhā ḳatalkǝmǝwwā ḳatalkǝnāhā5 ḳatalǝwwā ḳatalāhā

ḳatalkǝwwā ḳatalkāhā4 ḳatalkǝyyā ḳatalā ḳatalatā

ቀተልናሆን ቀተልክምዎን ቀተልክናሆን ቀተልዎን ቀተላሆን

ḳatalnāhon ḳatalkǝmǝwwon ḳatalkǝnāhon ḳatalǝwwon ḳatalāhon

3.F.PL suffix ቀተልክዎን ḳatalkǝwwon ቀተልኮን ḳatalkon ቀተልክዮን ḳatalkǝyyon ቀተሎን ḳatalon ቀተለቶን ḳatalaton

ቀተልናሃ ቀተልክምዋ ቀተልክናሃ ቀተልዋ ቀተላሃ

ቀተልክዋ ቀተልካሃ ቀተልክያ ቀተላ ቀተለታ

3.F.SG suffix

2

1

ትቀትለነ ትቀትሊነ ይቀትለነ ትቀትለነ

ትቀትሉነ ትቀትላነ ይቀትሉነ ይቀትላነ

no suffix እቀትል ˀǝḳattǝl ትቀትል tǝḳattǝl ትቀትሊ tǝḳattǝli ይቀትል yǝḳattǝl ትቀትል tǝḳattǝl

ንቀትል ትቀትሉ ትቀትላ ይቀትሉ ይቀትላ

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG

1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

Also ትቀትልኒ tǝḳattǝlǝni. Also ትቀትልነ tǝḳattǝlǝna.

nǝḳattǝl tǝḳattǝlu tǝḳattǝlā yǝḳattǝlu yǝḳattǝlā

– tǝḳattǝluni tǝḳattǝlāni yǝḳattǝluni yǝḳattǝlāni

– tǝḳattǝlani tǝḳattǝlini1 yǝḳattǝlani tǝḳattǝlani

– tǝḳattǝluna tǝḳattǝlāna yǝḳattǝluna yǝḳattǝlāna

– tǝḳattǝlana tǝḳattǝlina 2 yǝḳattǝlana tǝḳattǝlana

1.C.PL suffix

ትቀትሉኒ ትቀትላኒ ይቀትሉኒ ይቀትላኒ

ንቀትል ትቀትሉ ትቀትላ ይቀትሉ ይቀትላ

1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

nǝḳattǝl tǝḳattǝlu tǝḳattǝlā yǝḳattǝlu yǝḳattǝlā

ትቀትለኒ ትቀትሊኒ ይቀትለኒ ትቀትለኒ

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG

1.C.SG suffix

no suffix እቀትል ˀǝḳattǝl ትቀትል tǝḳattǝl ትቀትሊ tǝḳattǝli ይቀትል yǝḳattǝl ትቀትል tǝḳattǝl nǝḳattǝlaka – – yǝḳattǝluka yǝḳattǝlāka

nǝḳattǝlakǝmu – – ይቀትሉክሙ yǝḳattǝlukǝmu ይቀትላክሙ yǝḳattǝlākǝmu

ንቀትለክሙ

2.M.PL suffix እቀትለክሙ ˀǝḳattǝlakǝmu – – ይቀትለክሙ yǝḳattǝlakǝmu ትቀትለክሙ tǝḳattǝlakǝmu

ይቀትሉከ ይቀትላከ

ንቀትለከ

ˀǝḳattǝlaka – – yǝḳattǝlaka tǝḳattǝlaka

2.M.SG suffix

ይቀትለከ ትቀትለከ

እቀትለከ

nǝḳattǝlaki – – yǝḳattǝluki yǝḳattǝlāki

nǝḳattǝlakǝn – – ይቀትሉክን yǝḳattǝlukǝn ይቀትላክን yǝḳattǝlākǝn

ንቀትለክን

2.F.PL suffix እቀትለክን ˀǝḳattǝlakǝn – – ይቀትለክን yǝḳattǝlakǝn ትቀትለክን tǝḳattǝlakǝn

ይቀትሉኪ ይቀትላኪ

ንቀትለኪ

2.F.SG suffix እቀትለኪ ˀǝḳattǝlaki – – ይቀትለኪ yǝḳattǝlaki ትቀትለኪ tǝḳattǝlaki nǝḳattǝlo tǝḳattǝlǝwwo tǝḳattǝlāhu yǝḳattǝlǝwwo yǝḳattǝlāhu

ˀǝḳattǝlo tǝḳattǝlo tǝḳattǝlǝyyo yǝḳattǝlo tǝḳattǝlo

3.M.SG suffix

ንቀትሎሙ ትቀትልዎሙ ትቀትላሆሙ ይቀትልዎሙ ይቀትላሆሙ

nǝḳattǝlomu tǝḳattǝlǝwwomu tǝḳattǝlāhomu yǝḳattǝlǝwwomu yǝḳattǝlāhomu

3.M.PL suffix እቀትሎሙ ˀǝḳattǝlomu ትቀትሎሙ tǝḳattǝlomu ትቀትልዮሙ tǝḳattǝlǝyyomu ይቀትሎሙ yǝḳattǝlomu ትቀትሎሙ tǝḳattǝlomu

ንቀትሎ ትቀትልዎ ትቀትላሁ ይቀትልዎ ይቀትላሁ

እቀትሎ ትቀትሎ ትቀትልዮ ይቀትሎ ትቀትሎ

46. IMPERFECT WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES

nǝḳattǝlā tǝḳattǝlǝwwā tǝḳattǝlāhā yǝḳattǝlǝwwā yǝḳattǝlāhā

ንቀትሎን ትቀትልዎን ትቀትላሆን ይቀትልዎን ይቀትላሆን

nǝḳattǝlon tǝḳattǝlǝwwon tǝḳattǝlāhon yǝḳattǝlǝwwon yǝḳattǝlāhon

3.F.PL suffix እቀትሎን ˀǝḳattǝlon ትቀትሎን tǝḳattǝlon ትቀትልዮን tǝḳattǝlǝyyon ይቀትሎን yǝḳattǝlon ትቀትሎን tǝḳattǝlon

ንቀትላ ትቀትልዋ ትቀትላሃ ይቀትልዋ ይቀትላሃ

3.F.SG suffix እቀትላ ˀǝḳattǝlā ትቀትላ tǝḳattǝlā ትቀትልያ tǝḳattǝlǝyyā ይቀትላ yǝḳattǝlā ትቀትላ tǝḳattǝlā

2

1

ትቅትለነ ትቅትሊነ ይቅትለነ ትቅትለነ

ትቅትሉነ ትቅትላነ ይቅትሉነ ይቅትላነ

no suffix እቅትል ˀǝḳtǝl ትቅትል tǝḳtǝl ትቅትሊ tǝḳtǝli ይቅትል yǝḳtǝl ትቅትል tǝḳtǝl

ንቅትል ትቅትሉ ትቅትላ ይቅትሉ ይቅትላ

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG

1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

Also ትቅትልኒ tǝḳtǝlǝni. Also ትቅትልነ tǝḳtǝlǝna.

nǝḳtǝl tǝḳtǝlu tǝḳtǝlā yǝḳtǝlu yǝḳtǝlā

– tǝḳtǝluni tǝḳtǝlāni yǝḳtǝluni yǝḳtǝlāni

– tǝḳtǝlani tǝḳtǝlini1 yǝḳtǝlani tǝḳtǝlani

– tǝḳtǝluna tǝḳtǝlāna yǝḳtǝluna yǝḳtǝlāna

– tǝḳtǝlana tǝḳtǝlina 2 yǝḳtǝlana tǝḳtǝlana

1.C.PL suffix

ትቅትሉኒ ትቅትላኒ ይቅትሉኒ ይቅትላኒ

ንቅትል ትቅትሉ ትቅትላ ይቅትሉ ይቅትላ

1.C.PL 2.M.PL 2.F.PL 3.M.PL 3.F.PL

nǝḳtǝl tǝḳtǝlu tǝḳtǝlā yǝḳtǝlu yǝḳtǝlā

ትቅትለኒ ትቅትሊኒ ይቅትለኒ ትቅትለኒ

1.C.SG 2.M.SG 2.F.SG 3.M.SG 3.F.SG

1.C.SG suffix

no suffix እቅትል ˀǝḳtǝl ትቅትል tǝḳtǝl ትቅትሊ tǝḳtǝli ይቅትል yǝḳtǝl ትቅትል tǝḳtǝl nǝḳtǝlka – – yǝḳtǝluka yǝḳtǝlāka

ˀǝḳtǝlka – – yǝḳtǝlka tǝḳtǝlka

ንቅትልክሙ – – ይቅትሉክሙ ይቅትላክሙ yǝḳtǝlukǝmu yǝḳtǝlākǝmu

nǝḳtǝlkǝmu

2.M.PL suffix እቅትልክሙ ˀǝḳtǝlkǝmu – – ይቅትልክሙ yǝḳtǝlkǝmu ትቅትልክሙ tǝḳtǝlkǝmu

ይቅትሉከ ይቅትላከ

ንቅትልከ

ይቅትልከ ትቅትልከ

እቅትልከ

2.M.SG suffix

nǝḳtǝlki – – yǝḳtǝluki yǝḳtǝlāki

nǝḳtǝlkǝn – – ይቅትሉክን yǝḳtǝlukǝn ይቅትላክን yǝḳtǝlākǝn

ንቅትልክን

2.F.PL suffix እቅትልክን ˀǝḳtǝlkǝn – – ይቅትልክን yǝḳtǝlkǝn ትቅትልክን tǝḳtǝlkǝn

ይቅትሉኪ ይቅትላኪ

ንቅትልኪ

2.F.SG suffix እቅትልኪ ˀǝḳtǝlki – – ይቅትልኪ yǝḳtǝlki ትቅትልኪ tǝḳtǝlki nǝḳtǝllo tǝḳtǝlǝwwo tǝḳtǝlāhu yǝḳtǝlǝwwo yǝḳtǝlāhu

ˀǝḳtǝllo tǝḳtǝllo tǝḳtǝlǝyyo yǝḳtǝllo tǝḳtǝllo

3.M.SG suffix

ንቅትሎሙ ትቅትልዎሙ ትቅትላሆሙ ይቅትልዎሙ ይቅትላሆሙ

nǝḳtǝllomu tǝḳtǝlǝwwomu tǝḳtǝlāhomu yǝḳtǝlǝwwomu yǝḳtǝlāhomu

3.M.PL suffix እቅትሎሙ ˀǝḳtǝllomu ትቅትሎሙ tǝḳtǝllomu ትቅትልዮሙ tǝḳtǝlǝyyomu ይቅትሎሙ yǝḳtǝllomu ትቅትሎሙ tǝḳtǝllomu

ንቅትሎ ትቅትልዎ ትቅትላሁ ይቅትልዎ ይቅትላሁ

እቅትሎ ትቅትሎ ትቅትልዮ ይቅትሎ ትቅትሎ

47. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES

nǝḳtǝllā tǝḳtǝlǝwwā tǝḳtǝlāhā yǝḳtǝlǝwwā yǝḳtǝlāhā

ˀǝḳtǝllā tǝḳtǝllā tǝḳtǝlǝyyā yǝḳtǝllā tǝḳtǝllā

ንቅትሎን ትቅትልዎን ትቅትላሆን ይቅትልዎን ይቅትላሆን

nǝḳtǝllon tǝḳtǝlǝwwon tǝḳtǝlāhon yǝḳtǝlǝwwon yǝḳtǝlāhon

3.F.PL suffix እቅትሎን ˀǝḳtǝllon ትቅትሎን tǝḳtǝllon ትቅትልዮን tǝḳtǝlǝyyon ይቅትሎን yǝḳtǝllon ትቅትሎን tǝḳtǝllon

ንቅትላ ትቅትልዋ ትቅትላሃ ይቅትልዋ ይቅትላሃ

እቅትላ ትቅትላ ትቅትልያ ይቅትላ ትቅትላ

3.F.SG suffix

APPENDIX: PARSING GUIDE When parsing a noun, the following morpho-syntactic information should be provided: GENDER: masculine or feminine (only relevant NUMBER: singular or plural STATE: absolute, construct, or pronominal CASE: non-accusative or accusative

for human nouns)

The following examples provide samples for parsing nouns: ወውሉደ ፡ እስራኤል ፡ ሖሩ ፡ wawǝluda ˀǝsrāˀel ḥoru ‘The children of Israel went.’ (Ex. 14:29) ውሉደ wǝluda masculine, plural, construct, non-accusative ወነሥአ ፡ ኅብስተ ፡ wanaśˀa ḫǝbǝsta ‘He took bread.’ (Gen. 21:14) ኅብስተ ḫǝbǝsta singular, absolute, accusative (ኅብስተ ḫǝbǝsta is non-human, and therefore gender is irrelevant) When parsing a verb, the following morpho-syntactic information should be provided: LEXICAL STEM: G, D, L, or Q DERIVED STEM: ø, C, T, or CT FORM: perfect, imperfect, subjunctive, PERSON: 1, 2, or 3 GENDER: masculine or feminine NUMBER: singular or plural

imperative, infinitive, or converb

All this information is required for the perfect, imperfect, subjunctive, and converb. The imperative does not require person, and the infinitive does not require person, gender, or number. The following examples provide samples for parsing verbs: ያዕቆብ ፡ ባረከ ፡ ላዕለ ፡ ፈርዖን ፡ yāˁḳob bāraka lāˁla farˁon ‘Jacob blessed Pharaoh.’ (History of Joseph) ባረከ bāraka underived L, perfect, 3, masculine, singular ምንተ ፡ ገበርከ ፡ mǝnta gabarka ‘What have you done?’ (Gen. 4:10) ገበርከ gabarka underived G, perfect, 2, masculine, singular

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