Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (Optics and Photonics) [1st ed.] 0120845903, 9780120845903, 9780585470511
Erbium Fiber Amplifiers is a comprehensive introduction to the increasingly important topic of optical amplification. Wr
313 4 331KB
English Pages 460 [481] Year 1999
Table of contents :
Front Cover......Page 1
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Fundamentals and Technology......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 11
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 16
1.1 Long Haul Fiber Networks......Page 18
1.2 Historical Development of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers......Page 22
1.3 From Glass to Systems – Outline......Page 26
2.1 Introduction......Page 30
2.2 Conventional Communication Fiber......Page 31
2.3 Rare Earth Doped Fibers......Page 33
2.4 Pump-Signal Interaction Methods......Page 42
2.5 Compositions......Page 44
2.6 Physical Properties......Page 46
3.2 Fiber Connectors......Page 60
3.3 Fusion Splicing......Page 65
3.4 Pump and Signal Combiners......Page 67
3.5 Isolators......Page 69
3.6 Circulators......Page 70
3.8 Fiber Gratings......Page 72
3.9 Signal Multiplexers and Demultiplexers......Page 78
3.10 Signal Add/Drop Components......Page 79
3.11 Dispersion Compensation Components......Page 80
3.13 Pump Lasers......Page 83
4.2 Atomic Physics of the Rare Earths......Page 104
4.3 Optical Spectra of Rare Earth Ions......Page 112
4.4 Fundamental Properties......Page 116
4.5 Spectroscopy of the Er3 Ion......Page 127
4.6 Er3 -Er3 Interaction Effects......Page 137
5.2 Amplification in Three-Level Systems – Basics......Page 148
5.3 Reduction of the Three-Level System to the Two-Level System......Page 161
5.4 Amplified Spontaneous Emission......Page 164
5.5 Analytical Solutions to the Two-Level System......Page 166
6.2 Absorption and Emission Cross Sections......Page 170
6.3 Gain and ASE Modeling......Page 173
6.4 Amplifier Simulations......Page 178
6.5 Transverse Mode Models – Erbium Confinement Effect......Page 197
6.6 Excited State Absorption Effects......Page 203
6.7 Er3 -Er3 Interaction Effects......Page 208
7.1 Introduction......Page 218
7.2 Optical Noise: Device Aspects......Page 219
7.3 Optical Noise: System Aspects......Page 229
8.2 Basic Amplifier Measurement Techniques......Page 268
8.3 Amplifier Design Issues......Page 280
9.1 Introduction......Page 338
9.2 System Demonstrations and Issues......Page 340
9.3 Soliton Systems......Page 384
10.1 Introduction......Page 418
10.2 Pr3 -doped Fiber Amplifiers......Page 421
10.3 Nd3 -Doped Fiber Amplifiers......Page 435
A.2 Introduction......Page 446
A.3 A Quick Overview and Tour......Page 447
A.4 Screen Contents and Simulation Methodology......Page 451
A.5 Simulation Looping Structure......Page 455
A.6 Sample Simulations......Page 459
A.7 Computation of Signal Related Quantities......Page 460
A.8 Computation of ASE Related Quantities......Page 461
A.9 Basic Operating Principles......Page 462
A.10 Comment on the treatment of losses......Page 465
INDEX......Page 468
Optics and Photonics......Page 478
Limited Use Software Evaluation License......Page 479
Front Cover......Page 1
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers: Fundamentals and Technology......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 11
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 16
1.1 Long Haul Fiber Networks......Page 18
1.2 Historical Development of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers......Page 22
1.3 From Glass to Systems – Outline......Page 26
2.1 Introduction......Page 30
2.2 Conventional Communication Fiber......Page 31
2.3 Rare Earth Doped Fibers......Page 33
2.4 Pump-Signal Interaction Methods......Page 42
2.5 Compositions......Page 44
2.6 Physical Properties......Page 46
3.2 Fiber Connectors......Page 60
3.3 Fusion Splicing......Page 65
3.4 Pump and Signal Combiners......Page 67
3.5 Isolators......Page 69
3.6 Circulators......Page 70
3.8 Fiber Gratings......Page 72
3.9 Signal Multiplexers and Demultiplexers......Page 78
3.10 Signal Add/Drop Components......Page 79
3.11 Dispersion Compensation Components......Page 80
3.13 Pump Lasers......Page 83
4.2 Atomic Physics of the Rare Earths......Page 104
4.3 Optical Spectra of Rare Earth Ions......Page 112
4.4 Fundamental Properties......Page 116
4.5 Spectroscopy of the Er3 Ion......Page 127
4.6 Er3 -Er3 Interaction Effects......Page 137
5.2 Amplification in Three-Level Systems – Basics......Page 148
5.3 Reduction of the Three-Level System to the Two-Level System......Page 161
5.4 Amplified Spontaneous Emission......Page 164
5.5 Analytical Solutions to the Two-Level System......Page 166
6.2 Absorption and Emission Cross Sections......Page 170
6.3 Gain and ASE Modeling......Page 173
6.4 Amplifier Simulations......Page 178
6.5 Transverse Mode Models – Erbium Confinement Effect......Page 197
6.6 Excited State Absorption Effects......Page 203
6.7 Er3 -Er3 Interaction Effects......Page 208
7.1 Introduction......Page 218
7.2 Optical Noise: Device Aspects......Page 219
7.3 Optical Noise: System Aspects......Page 229
8.2 Basic Amplifier Measurement Techniques......Page 268
8.3 Amplifier Design Issues......Page 280
9.1 Introduction......Page 338
9.2 System Demonstrations and Issues......Page 340
9.3 Soliton Systems......Page 384
10.1 Introduction......Page 418
10.2 Pr3 -doped Fiber Amplifiers......Page 421
10.3 Nd3 -Doped Fiber Amplifiers......Page 435
A.2 Introduction......Page 446
A.3 A Quick Overview and Tour......Page 447
A.4 Screen Contents and Simulation Methodology......Page 451
A.5 Simulation Looping Structure......Page 455
A.6 Sample Simulations......Page 459
A.7 Computation of Signal Related Quantities......Page 460
A.8 Computation of ASE Related Quantities......Page 461
A.9 Basic Operating Principles......Page 462
A.10 Comment on the treatment of losses......Page 465
INDEX......Page 468
Optics and Photonics......Page 478
Limited Use Software Evaluation License......Page 479
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