Engineering Solutions Toward Sustainable Development: Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Engineering Solutions Toward Sustainable Development (Earth and Environmental Sciences Library) 3031464907, 9783031464904
This book constitutes the referred proceeding of the 1st International Conference on Engineering Solutions Toward Sustai
137 52 34MB
English Pages 863 [831] Year 2024
Preface
Contents
Clean Energy
Ventilation Systems for Efficient Energy Use
1 Introduction
2 Natural Ventilation
2.1 Single-Sided Ventilation
2.2 High-Level Roof Ventilation
2.3 Crossflow Ventilation
2.4 Ventilation Chimneys
2.5 Wind Scoop
3 Mechanical Ventilation
4 Hybrid Ventilation Systems (Mixed Mode)
5 Renewable Energy-Based Ventilation Systems
5.1 Solar Energy Systems
5.2 Wind Energy Systems
6 Conclusion
7 Recommendation
References
A Comprehensive Review of Biomass Pyrolysis to Produce Sustainable Alternative Biofuel
1 Introduction
2 Plastic
3 Tires
4 Wood
5 Rubber
6 Municipal Solid Waste Pyrolysis
7 Conclusion
8 Recommendation
References
Performance Analysis of a Green Hydrogen Production System in Several Coastal Locations in Egypt
1 Introduction
2 Meteorological Data
3 Mathematical Modeling
4 Results and Discussions
5 Conclusion
6 Recommendation
References
Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Integrated Solar Chimney for Seawater Desalination System in Egypt
1 Introduction
2 Concept Description
3 Experimental Work
4 Numerical Modeling and Simulation
4.1 Numerical Model
4.2 Model Validation
5 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusion
7 Recommendation
References
An Efficient MPP Tracker Based on Flower Pollination Algorithm to Capture Maximum Power from PEM Fuel Cell
1 Introduction
2 System Description
3 Metaheuristic Algorithms Based-MPPT Controller
3.1 PSO Algorithm
3.2 FP Algorithm
4 Results and Discussions
5 Conclusion
6 Recommendation
References
Experimental Investigation of Two Bio-inspired MPPT Algorithms for Partially Shaded PV Arrays
1 Introduction
2 System Configuration
3 Bio-Inspired Optimization Algorithms
3.1 AGPSO Algorithm
3.2 CS Algorithm
4 Simulation Results
5 Experimental Results
6 Conclusion
7 Recommendation
References
A Modified Model Predictive Speed Control Based on Sensorless Hybrid MPPT Algorithm in Wind Turbine Systems
1 Introduction
2 Wind Turbine System Modeling
2.1 Wind Turbine Model
2.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms
2.3 Wind Speed Estimation Method
2.4 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Dynamic Model
3 Finite-Control-Set Model Predictive Control
3.1 Modified Model Predictive Speed Control for MSC
3.2 Model Predictive Current Control for GSC
4 Simulation Results
4.1 Step Change in Wind Speed
4.2 Random Change in Wind Speed
5 Conclusion
6 Recommendations
References
Clean Water
A Review of Wastewater Treatment Using Biodegradable Polymers for Dyes Removal
1 Introduction
2 Dyes in Wastewater
3 Environmental and Health Effects of Dyes
4 Dye Classifications and Applications
5 Biodegradable Polymers-Based Adsorbents for Dyes Removal
6 Conclusion
7 Recommendation
References
Treatment of Printing Ink Wastewater Using Natural and Synthetic Coagulants
1 Introduction
2 Printing Ink Wastewater Treatment Techniques
2.1 Coagulation
2.2 Adsorption
2.3 Electrolysis Method
2.4 Oxidation
3 Biological Approach
4 Ink Raw Materials
4.1 Pigments
4.2 Resins
4.3 Solvents
5 Chemical Coagulants and Flocculants
5.1 Inorganic Compounds
5.2 Chitosan and Tannin
5.3 Fenton Oxidation
6 Mechanism of Coagulation by Natural Coagulants
7 Sustainability of Natural Coagulants
8 Conclusion
9 Recommendation
References
Artificial Intelligence for Predicting the Performance of Adsorption Processes in Wastewater Treatment: A Critical Review
1 Introduction
2 Adsorption Process and Artificial Intelligence Techniques
3 Support Vector Machine
3.1 K-Nearest Neighbor
3.2 Decision Tree (DT)
3.3 Random Forest
3.4 Artificial Neural Network
3.5 Reinforcement Learning
3.6 AI-Optimized Adsorption Process
3.7 Data Collection and Cleaning
3.8 Feature Engineering
3.9 Model Selection
3.10 Model Evaluation and Assessment
4 Applications of AI-Enhanced Adsorption Processes
4.1 Dyes
4.2 Heavy Metals
4.3 Organic Compounds, Nutrients, Pharmaceuticals, Drugs, and Pesticides
5 Challenges and Future Research Directions
6 Conclusion
7 Recommendations
References
A Critical Review of Sustainable Biodegradable Polymeric Reverse Osmosis Membranes
1 Introduction
1.1 Limitations Associated with the Reverse Osmosis Process
2 Reverse Osmosis Membranes
2.1 Membrane Modules
3 Reverse Osmosis Membrane Materials
3.1 Polymeric Membrane Materials
4 Conclusion
5 Recommendation and Future Work
References
A Critical Review of Bilgewater Treatment
1 Introduction
2 General Bilgewater Characteristics
3 State of the Art Bilge Water Treatment
3.1 Electrochemical Process
3.2 Biological Treatment Processes
3.3 Membrane Technologies
4 Conclusion
5 Recommendations
References
Utilization of Fly Ash in Wastewater Treatment: A Review
1 Introduction
2 Environmental Impact of Dyes and Methods of Removal
2.1 Description of Dyes and Their Classification
2.2 Toxicity Effects of Dyes
2.3 Importance and Methods of Dyes Removal
2.4 Adsorption Using Fly Ash
3 Batch Process and Fixed Bed Column
4 Conclusions
5 Recommendation
References
Assessing the Performance and Fouling of Polytetrafluorethylene Hydrophobic Membrane for the Treatment of Oil-Polluted Seawater Using AGMD
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Surface Morphology and Surface Composition
3.2 Chemical Structure
3.3 Membrane Surface Roughness
3.4 Membrane Testing Experiment
4 Conclusion
5 Recommendations
References
Low-Cost Filter Media for Removal of Hazardous Pollutants from Industry Wastewater Effluents
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Study Design
2.2 Filter Media
2.3 Design and Set Up of the Filter
2.4 Wastewater Sample Collection and Filtration
2.5 Wastewater Collection and Analysis
3 Result and Disscussion
3.1 Effect of Pottery Type
3.2 Effect of Pottery Thickness
4 Conclusion
5 Recommendations
References
Saline Water Desalination Using Direct Contact Membrane Distillation: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation
1 Introduction
2 Methods
2.1 Experimental Setup Description
2.2 Heat and Mass Transfer of One-Dimension Model for DCMD
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Model Validation
3.2 Temperature Distribution Along the Membrane Sheet
3.3 Average Temperature Difference Across the Sides of the Membrane
3.4 Influence of Feed Velocity on Flux
3.5 Influence of Membrane Different Effective Lengths on Flux
4 Conclusions
5 Recommendations
References
Tanneries Wastewater Treatment by Coagulation and Reverse Osmosis
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Reverse Osmosis Filtration
3.2 Chromium, COD, BOD, and TDS Removal
4 Conclusion
5 Recommendations
References
Removal of Methylene Blue from an Aqueous Solution Using a Surfactant-Modified Activated Carbon
1 Introduction
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials
2.2 Formation of Activated Carbon Modified by Surfactants
2.3 Testing for Adsorption
2.4 Data Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Investigation of the Surfactant Modified Activated Carbon
3.2 Adsorption Measurements
3.3 Adsorption Kinetic and Isotherm Calculations
4 Conclusions
5 Recommendations
References
Textile Wastewater Treatment Using a Modified Coal Fly Ash as a Low-Cost Adsorbent
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Preparation of Activated Fly Ash (AFA)
2.2 Sources of Wastewater
2.3 Characterization of Materials
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Characterization of Adsorbent
3.2 Textile Wastewater Treatment
4 Conclusion
5 Recommendation
References
Contrasting the Water Consumption Estimation Methods: Case of USA and South Africa
1 Introduction
2 Methods Exploration
3 Result and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Climate Action
Sustainability Research at Port Said University Towards the Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals
1 Introduction
2 Sustainable Development Goals in Port Said University
2.1 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG 1
2.2 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG 2
2.3 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG 3
2.4 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG 4
2.5 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG 5
2.6 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG 6
2.7 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG 7
2.8 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG 8
2.9 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG 9
2.10 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG10
2.11 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG11
2.12 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG12
2.13 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG13
2.14 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG14
2.15 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG15
2.16 Recent Progress in PSU Research Towards the Fulfillment of SDG16
3 Conclusions
4 Recommendations
References
An Overview of LCA Integration Methods at the Early Design Stage Towards National Application
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 LCA Studies Related to Buildings in Egypt
4 Methodology
5 Results and Discussion
5.1 Overall Bibliometric Analysis
5.2 LCA Integration Methods
6 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
How Urban Morphology Affects Energy Consumption and Building Energy Loads? Strategies Based on Urban Ventilation
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Method
3.1 Database Development
3.2 Selection of VOSviewer Tool for Data Analysis
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 General Information
4.2 Bibliometric Analysis
5 Proposed Matrix
6 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
Parametric Urbanism in Optimising Outdoor Thermal Comfort of Urban Spaces
1 Introduction
1.1 Urban Geometry
1.2 Thermal Comfort
1.3 Research Problem and Objectives
2 Methodology
2.1 Simulation Workflow
2.2 Workflow Validation
2.3 Hypothetical Study Modelling
2.4 Simulation Setup
2.5 Climate Context
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 Phase 1
3.2 Phase 2
3.3 Phase 3
4 Conclusions
5 Recommendations
References
Field Measurements Used to Validate Envi-MET and Conduct Sensitivity Analysis in Egypt
1 Introduction
2 Problem Definition
3 Methodology
4 Validation of Envi-Met Software Using Measured and Predicted Air Temperatures, Relative Humidity and Wind Speed in Obour City
4.1 Air Temperature Validation
4.2 Relative Humidity Validation
4.3 Wind Speed Validation
5 Results Ratios of Relationship Between Program Simulation and Site Measures
6 Conclution
7 Recommendation
References
Smart Cities and Communities
Sustainable Development: A Review of Concepts, Domains, Technologies, and Trends in Smart Cities
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Database Selection and Search
2.2 Initial Data Analytics
2.3 Analysing the Leading Data Indicators
2.4 The Keyword Co-occurrence Network (KCN)
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Geographic and Chronological Information
3.2 The Subject Area
3.3 Keyword Statistics
3.4 Keyword Co-occurrence Networks
4 Findings
4.1 The Evolution of the Concept of Smart Cities
4.2 The Domains of Smart Cities
4.3 Main Smart City Applications
4.4 Challenges of Smart Cities
5 Conclusion
6 Recommendations
References
Questions Concerning the Role of the Skycourt as a Passive Strategy to Enhance Energy Efficiency
1 Introduction
2 Research Questions
2.1 What Are Skycourts and How and When Did They Transform into Buildings?
2.2 What Is the Difference Between Courtyards, Atriums, and Skycourts?
2.3 What Are the Different Skycourt Forms?
2.4 What Are the Benefits of Skycourts in Multistory Buildings?
2.5 Can Energy Efficiency in Buildings Be Affected by Courtyard and Skycourt Strategies?
3 Conclusions
4 Recommendations
References
Utilizing Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resource Scheduling in Virtualized Clouds
1 Introduction
2 Resource Scheduling in Cloud Environment
2.1 Cloud Environments
2.2 Deep Reinforcement Learning
3 Related Work
4 The Proposed Solution: DRL Scheduler
4.1 DRL Scheduler Overview
4.2 Network Architecture
5 Experimental Evaluation
5.1 Experimental Setup
5.2 Experimental Results
6 Conclusion
7 Recommendations
References
Enhanced COVID-19 Classification Using Ensemble Meta-Algorithms on Chest X-ray Images
1 Introduction
2 The Proposed Models
2.1 Boosting Ensemble Proposed Model
2.2 The Proposed ML Feature and Decision Fusion (MLFDF) Model
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Data Description
3.2 Performance of Multi-Class Classification
4 Conclusion
5 Recommendation
References
Epileptic Seizure Detection Contribution in Healthcare Sustainability
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of the Dataset
2.2 Proposed Method
3 Simulation Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
5 Recommendations
References
Performance Analysis of Emerging Waveforms for 6G Wireless Communications
1 Introduction
2 System Model
2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
2.2 Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS)
2.3 Orthogonal Time Sequency Multiplexing (OTSM)
2.4 Orthogonal Chirp Division Multiplexing (OCDM)
3 Simulation Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
5 Recommendations
References
Post-pandemic Active Learning (PPAL): A Framework for Active Architectural Education
1 Introduction
2 Transition from Conventional to E-Learning
3 Approaches to Active Learning Process
4 Active Learning Strategies
5 Architectural Education
6 PPAL Framework
7 Discussion
8 Conclusion
References
Real-Time Facial Emotion Recognition Using Haar-Cascade Classifier and MobileNet in Smart Cities
1 Introduction
2 Research Methodology
2.1 Haar-Cascade Classifier
2.2 MobileNet
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
5 Recommendations
References
Parametric Form-Finding in Architecture: Dimensions Classification and Processes Guidelines
1 Introduction
1.1 History of Digital Tools
1.2 Parametric Architecture
1.3 From Form-Generation to Parametric Form-Finding
1.4 Evolution of Parametric Architecture and Form-Finding
2 Methodology (Dimensions of Digital Form-Finding in the Previous Work)
2.1 Approaches to Generating Forms
2.2 Sources of Making Design Decisions
2.3 Design Methods and Processes
2.4 Tools of Designing Parametric Forms
2.5 Implementation of Designed Forms
3 Findings (Proposed Classification for the Dimensions of Parametric Form-Finding)
3.1 Approaches (Sources of Inspiration)
3.2 Sources of Decision Making
3.3 Methods
3.4 Processes
3.5 Tools
3.6 Implementation of Digital Forms
4 Discussion
4.1 Efficiency of the Proposed Classification
4.2 Categorization for the Current Practices of Parametric Form-Finding Processes
4.3 Guidelines for Architects in Designing Parametric Forms
5 Conclusion
6 Recommendations
References
Risk Categorization for Various Project Delivery Methods in Construction Sector
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background
2.1 Project Delivery Methods
2.2 Risk Management
3 Methodology
4 Conclusions
5 Recommendations
References
A Strategy to Create a City Brand as a Tool to Achieve Sustainable Development (Case Study: Branding of Port-Said City-Egypt)
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
2.1 Emotive Visual City Image
2.2 Existential Genuineness
2.3 Sense of Community Identity
2.4 Local Culture and History of Development of the City
3 Research Methodology
4 Definitions of City Branding
5 Steps Towards City Branding
6 Stakeholders in City Branding
7 Building Strategy of Port Said Branding and Marketing Framework
8 Discussions and Recommendations
References
Towards an Action Plan to Improve the Role of Perforated Building Envelopes in Sustainable Design
1 Introduction
2 Overview of Perforated Building Envelopes Throughout History
3 How Perforated Building Envelopes Can Contribute to Sustainable Design
4 Design Considerations for Perforated Building Envelopes in Sustainable Design
5 Results and Discussion
6 Conclusions
7 Recommendations
References
An Efficient Deep Deblurring Technique Using Dark and Bright Channel Priors
1 Introduction
2 Related Work
2.1 Image Deblurring Through Deep Learning Techniques
2.2 Image Deblurring Via Dark and Bright Channel Priors
3 Proposed Network
3.1 Model Architecture
3.2 Loss Function
4 Simulation Results
4.1 Experiments Parameters
4.2 Experimental Evaluation
5 Conclusion
6 Recommendations
References
Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
Survey and Evaluation of Applied Modern Engineering Pedagogy
1 Introduction
1.1 Scope of the Paper
1.2 Conventional Pedagogy
1.3 Alternative Pedagogy
2 Active Learning in Engineering Education
2.1 Project-Based Learning
2.2 Flipped Classrooms
2.3 Experiential Learning
3 Incorporating Technology in Engineering Education
4 Assessment and Evaluation in Modern Engineering Pedagogy
5 Future Directions for Modern Engineering Pedagogy
6 Conclusions
7 Recommendations
References
Preliminary Evaluation of Experiential Learning in Engineering Pedagogy for Undergraduate Students Learning Logic Design Concepts
1 Introduction: Experiential Learning Overview
2 A Proposed Multi-Level Preliminary Logic-Design-Project Using FPGA
3 Experiential Learning Preliminary Evaluation and Numerical Results
4 Conclusions
5 Recommendations
References
Analysis of the Time Multiplexed Sampling and a Proposed Prototype for Effective Heterogenous Data Acquisition Systems
1 Introduction
1.1 Conventional Data Acquisition Systems
1.2 Alternative Technologies
2 Proposed HTMS Algorithm and Design
3 Preliminary Assessment and Evaluation of the Prototype Design
4 Conclusions
5 Recommendations
References
A Comparative Study of Three Winding Configurations for Six-Phase Induction Motors
1 Introduction
2 MPIMs Winding Configurations
3 Modeling of 6PIMs
4 Simulation Results and Discussions
5 Conclusion
References
Materials Selection and Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Poles
1 Introduction
2 Materials
3 Characterization
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
4.2 Chemical Analysis
4.3 Thermal Stability
4.4 Mechanical Analysis
5 Conclusion
6 Recommendation
References
Optimal Design of Container Ships Geometry Based on Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Emissions
1 Introduction
2 Ship Features
3 Database Features for Neural Network Training
4 Data Generation
5 Artificial Neural Network Architecture
6 Smart Model
7 Graphical User Interface
8 Conclusion
9 Recommendations
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
References
Ship Design for Green Ship Recycling: A New Approach
1 Introduction
2 Concept of Ship Design for Recycling
3 Proposed Approach
4 Case Study
5 Conclusion
6 Recommendation for Future Work
References
Enhanced Performance of Propane Refrigerant at LNG Plant in Hot Climate: Case Study
1 Introduction
2 SEGAS Propane Refrigerant Unit
3 Study Background
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
6 Recommendations
References
Condition Monitoring as a Pathway for Sustainable Operation: A Case Study for Vibration Analysis on Centrifugal Pumps
1 Introduction
2 Case Study on Cavitation Effect on Pump
3 Pump Information
4 Problem Description
5 Anomalies and Findings
6 Discussions and Correcting Measures
7 Conclusion
8 Recommendation
References
Maximization of Condensate Production in Gas-Oil Separation Plant in Gulf of Suez: Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Process Simulation
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 GOSP Terminal Products Compositions
3.2 Revamping Schemes
4 Conclusions
References
Examining the Behaviour of Lubricating Oil Film Within Marine Journal Bearing Under Emergency and Critical Operational Conditions
1 Introduction
2 Case Study
3 Crash Stop Tests Procedures
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Crash Stop at Non-stop Abrupt Rapid Speed Alteration
4.2 Crash Stop with Gradual Speed Change
4.3 Crash Stop at a Non-stop Abrupt Rapid Speed Alteration Under 200 rpm
4.4 Crash Stop Behaviour at 200 rpm by De-acceleration and Acceleration
5 Conclusions
6 Recommendations
References
Generalized Thermo-microstretch with Harmonic Wave for Mode-I Crack Problem Under Three Theories by Using a Laser Pulse with Non-Gaussian Form Temporal Profile
1 Introduction
2 The Non-Gaussian Laser Pulse
3 Formulation of Problem
4 Application
5 Numerical Result and Discussions
6 Conclusions
References
In-Situ Fabrication of Poly (m-Phenylene Isophthalamide)/Fluorographene Nanocomposites and Their Properties
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Part
2.1 Materials
2.2 Preparation of FG Sonochemical Exfoliation Method
2.3 Preparation of PMIA/FG Nanocomposites Using In-Situ Interfacial Polycondensation
2.4 Preparation of Porous PMIA/FG Nano-composites Films
2.5 PMIA/FG Film Characterization
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 The Inherent Viscosity of PMIA/FG Nanocomposites
3.2 FTIR Spectroscopy Characterization of PMIA/FG Nanocomposites
3.3 Morphologies of PMIA/FG Nanocomposites Films
3.4 The Dielectric Constants of Porous PMIA/FG Films
3.5 Thermal Properties of Porous PMIA/FG Films
3.6 Mechanical Properties of PMIA/FG Films
4 Conclusions
5 Recommendation
References
A Systematic Methodology for Retrofit Analysis of Refineries Preheat Trains with Variable Heat Capacity and Exchangers Fouling
1 Introduction
2 Statement of the Problem
3 Systematic Methodology
3.1 HEN Analysis with Variable Heat Capacity
3.2 HEN Analysis with Fouling
3.3 HEN Analysis with Variable Heat Capacity and Fouling
3.4 HEN Cost Analysis
3.5 Greenhouse Gasses Emission
4 Case Study and Results
5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Maximizing Energy Efficiency in Petroleum Refining: Case Study—Delayed Coker Unit in an Egyptian Refinery
1 Introduction
2 Research Methodology and Process Description
2.1 HEN Revamp Algorithm
2.2 Case Study and Process Description
2.3 HEN Simulation and Validation
2.4 HEN Energy Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
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Earth and Environmental Sciences Library
Abdelazim M. Negm Rawya Y. Rizk Rehab F. Abdel-Kader Asmaa Ahmed Editors
Engineering Solutions Toward Sustainable Development Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Engineering Solutions Toward Sustainable Development
Earth and Environmental Sciences Library Series Editors Abdelazim M. Negm, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt Tatiana Chaplina, Antalya, Türkiye
Earth and Environmental Sciences Library (EESL) is a multidisciplinary book series focusing on innovative approaches and solid reviews to strengthen the role of the Earth and Environmental Sciences communities, while also providing sound guidance for stakeholders, decision-makers, policymakers, international organizations, and NGOs. Topics of interest include oceanography, the marine environment, atmospheric sciences, hydrology and soil sciences, geophysics and geology, agriculture, environmental pollution, remote sensing, climate change, water resources, and natural resources management. In pursuit of these topics, the Earth Sciences and Environmental Sciences communities are invited to share their knowledge and expertise in the form of edited books, monographs, and conference proceedings.
Abdelazim M. Negm · Rawya Y. Rizk · Rehab F. Abdel-Kader · Asmaa Ahmed Editors
Engineering Solutions Toward Sustainable Development Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Engineering Solutions Toward Sustainable Development
Editors Abdelazim M. Negm Water and Water Structures Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Zagazig University Zagazig, Egypt Rehab F. Abdel-Kader Faculty of Engineering Port Said University Port Fouad, Egypt
Rawya Y. Rizk Faculty of Engineering Port Said University Port Fouad, Egypt Asmaa Ahmed Faculty of Engineering Port Said University Port Fouad, Egypt
ISSN 2730-6674 ISSN 2730-6682 (electronic) Earth and Environmental Sciences Library ISBN 978-3-031-46490-4 ISBN 978-3-031-46491-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46491-1 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Paper in this product is recyclable.
Preface
It is with great pleasure that we present this conference book, showcasing research articles presented at the “First International Conference on Engineering Solutions Toward Sustainable Development.” This conference book focuses solely on engineering solutions that promote sustainable development, encompassing the latest trends and advancements in sustainable engineering practices. Engineering Solutions Toward Sustainable Development (ESSD) is a comprehensive guide for engineers and professionals interested in sustainable development, covering a wide range of topics, including renewable energy, green building design, water conservation, and waste management. With practical examples and case studies, readers will learn how to apply engineering principles to develop sustainable solutions that balance economic, social, and environmental needs. Written by experts in the field, this book is a must-read for anyone interested in creating a sustainable future for our planet. The book takes an interdisciplinary approach, combining insights from engineering, environmental science, social science, and other relevant fields to comprehensively understand sustainable development, their challenges and proposed solutions. The selected articles in ESSD reflect the high quality of research work accepted and presented at the conference, highlighting the innovative approaches and cuttingedge technologies researchers employ worldwide. The contributions cover various parts, addressing various challenges and opportunities in engineering solutions for sustainability. The first part presented in this book is “Clean Energy”. Within this part, researchers examined the advancement of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Another area of investigation is energy storage technologies, which can enhance the stability and reliability of renewable energy systems. Additionally, exploring sustainable urban planning and smart grid technologies is essential to optimize energy consumption, reduce waste, and foster environmentally friendly communities. Other research investigates bioenergy, including biofuels that play a crucial role in achieving sustainable energy solutions. Moreover, understanding and improving the life cycle assessment of clean energy technologies ensures that these technologies’ overall environmental impacts are minimized. v
vi
Preface
The part “Clean Water” focuses on diverse studies related to water distillation, wastewater treatment, and environmental sustainability. Addressing water scarcity challenges through water reuse and desalination technologies is a critical area of research in this part. Research in this area focuses on developing efficient and ecofriendly treatment methods to remove pollutants and pathogens from wastewater before its safe release or reuse. Another research topic investigated in this part is sustainable water resource management aimed at developing innovative strategies to conserve and protect water sources, ensuring a reliable and clean water supply for present and future generations. “Climate Action” is another part covered in ESSD, presenting research investigating climate-resilient infrastructure design: developing engineering practices to design and retrofit infrastructure, such as communities, buildings, and universities, to withstand changing climate conditions. The part “Smart Cities and Communities” encompasses many critical topics aimed at harnessing technological advancements to create environmentally friendly and efficient urban environments. This includes recent technologies, concepts, and trends involved in green and sustainable building practices required to maximize resource efficiency, minimize environmental impact, and foster a high quality of life. One of the key areas of investigation is the development and integration of smart infrastructure and Internet of things (IoT) technologies to optimize energy consumption, resource management, communication systems, and healthcare services. Research also focuses on implementing data analytics and artificial intelligence to monitor and manage resources effectively. Another research area is the study of citizen engagement, participatory governance, and risk management in smart cities. The final part of “Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure” encompasses studies on sustainable material processing, recyclable materials, innovation in developing eco-friendly materials and technologies. These studies tend to optimize resource utilization, reduce waste generation, and promote circular economy principles. Other studies investigate innovations in ship design to support green ship recycling and green gas reduction. Other studies explore optimizing the operation of Petroleum Refineries and Gas-Oil separation plants to develop cleaner refining processes, biofuels, and sustainable alternatives that can lead to more environmentally friendly solutions. Last but not least, the editors want to extend their deepest gratitude to all the authors for their exceptional contributions to this conference book, as their unwavering dedication, expertise, and passion have rendered this publication an invaluable resource for researchers, practitioners, stakeholders, and enthusiasts alike. Their fervent aspiration is that the knowledge imparted within these pages will ignite inspiration for continued progress and foster fruitful collaborations in Engineering Solutions and Practices for Sustainability. We gratefully acknowledge the continuous help and support of the editor of the “Earth and Environmental Sciences Library series,” Prof. Abdelazim M. Negm for their invaluable contributions, including the precise review of articles of the conference proceedings and unwavering support throughout the entire lifecycle of the conference proceeding publication. Thanks are
Preface
vii
also extended to include Springer’s team, starting from the evaluation of the proposal till the end of the publication processes. Zagazig, Egypt Port Fouad, Egypt Port Fouad, Egypt Port Fouad, Egypt July 2023
Abdelazim M. Negm Rawya Y. Rizk Rehab F. Abdel-Kader Asmaa Ahmed
Contents
Clean Energy Ventilation Systems for Efficient Energy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asmaa Ahmed, Mohamed Elsakka, and Ayman Mohamed A Comprehensive Review of Biomass Pyrolysis to Produce Sustainable Alternative Biofuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yasser Elhenawy, Kareem Fouad, Mohamed Bassyouni, Mamdouh Gadalla, F. H. Ashour, and Thokozani Majozi Performance Analysis of a Green Hydrogen Production System in Several Coastal Locations in Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohamed Mohamed Elsakka, Ahmed Refaat, Asmaa Ahmed, Ahmed Amer, Ahmed Elsheikh, Medhat Elfar, Yasser Elhenawy, Nidiana Rosado Hau, Thokozani Majozi, Islam Amin, Selda Oterkus, Erkan Oterkus, and Ayman Mohamed Numerical and Experimental Investigation on Integrated Solar Chimney for Seawater Desalination System in Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mohamed Elsakka, Islam Amin, Erkan Oterkus, Selda Oterkus, Moustafa Aboelfadl, Mohamed Elsayed Abdelfattah, Omar Nimr, Amro Abdullateif, Dalia Abouzaid, and Hossam Shawky An Efficient MPP Tracker Based on Flower Pollination Algorithm to Capture Maximum Power from PEM Fuel Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ahmed Elbaz, Ahmed Refaat, Nikolay V. Korovkin, Abd-Elwahab Khalifa, Ahmed Kalas, Mohamed Mohamed Elsakka, Hussien M. Hassan, and Medhat H. Elfar Experimental Investigation of Two Bio-inspired MPPT Algorithms for Partially Shaded PV Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abd-Elwahab Khalifa, Medhat H. Elfar, Qays Adnan Ali, Ahmed Elbaz, Ahmed Kalas, Mohamed Mohamed Elsakka, Nikolay V. Korovkin, and Ahmed Refaat
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A Modified Model Predictive Speed Control Based on Sensorless Hybrid MPPT Algorithm in Wind Turbine Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Mai N. Abuhashish, Ahmed A. Daoud, Ahmed Refaat, and Medhat H. Elfar Clean Water A Review of Wastewater Treatment Using Biodegradable Polymers for Dyes Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Rana Gamal, Mohamed Bassyouni, Medhat M. H. ElZahar, and Mamdouh Y. Saleh Treatment of Printing Ink Wastewater Using Natural and Synthetic Coagulants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Menna Eid, S. M. El-Marsafy, and M. Bassyouni Artificial Intelligence for Predicting the Performance of Adsorption Processes in Wastewater Treatment: A Critical Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Mohammad Mansour, M. Bassyouni, Rehab F. Abdel-Kader, Yasser Elhenawy, Lobna A. Said, and Shereen M. S. Abdel-Hamid A Critical Review of Sustainable Biodegradable Polymeric Reverse Osmosis Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Kareem Fouad, Yasser Elhenawy, Medhat A. El-Hadek, and M. Bassyouni A Critical Review of Bilgewater Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Maggie Gad, A. E. Mansi, Noran Ashraf, Yasser Elhenawy, and M. Bassyouni Utilization of Fly Ash in Wastewater Treatment: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Medhat M. H. ElZahar, M. Bassyouni, Mayada M. Gomaa, Mohamed Z. El-Shekhiby, and Mamdouh Y. Saleh Assessing the Performance and Fouling of Polytetrafluorethylene Hydrophobic Membrane for the Treatment of Oil-Polluted Seawater Using AGMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 A. E. Mansi, Y. Elhenawy, Maggie Gad, Noran Ashraf, Ahmed Eteba, and M. Bassyouni Low-Cost Filter Media for Removal of Hazardous Pollutants from Industry Wastewater Effluents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Nehal Mossad Ashour Saline Water Desalination Using Direct Contact Membrane Distillation: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Yasser Elhenawy, Kareem Fouad, Thokozani Majozi, Shereen M. S. Majozi, and M. Bassyouni
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Tanneries Wastewater Treatment by Coagulation and Reverse Osmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 A. Essam, M. Bassyouni, Mamdouh A. Gadalla, and Fatma H. Ashour Removal of Methylene Blue from an Aqueous Solution Using a Surfactant-Modified Activated Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Farid I. El-Dossoki, Osama K. Hamza, and Esam A. Gomaa Textile Wastewater Treatment Using a Modified Coal Fly Ash as a Low-Cost Adsorbent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Ahmed Eteba, Mohamed Bassyouni, Amr Mansi, and Mamdouh Saleh Contrasting the Water Consumption Estimation Methods: Case of USA and South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 E. A. Feukeu and L. W. Snyman Climate Action Sustainability Research at Port Said University Towards the Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Mohamed M. Elsakka, Mohamed Bassyouni, Rawya Y. Rizk, and Ayman M. I. Mohamed An Overview of LCA Integration Methods at the Early Design Stage Towards National Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Sally Rashad Hassan, Naglaa Ali Megahed, Osama Mahmoud Abo Eleinen, and Asmaa Mohamed Hassan How Urban Morphology Affects Energy Consumption and Building Energy Loads? Strategies Based on Urban Ventilation . . . . 375 Sarah G. Aboria, Osama M. Abo Eleinen, Basma N. El-Mowafy, and Asmaa M. Hassan Parametric Urbanism in Optimising Outdoor Thermal Comfort of Urban Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Maram Waleed Rezk, Ashraf Elmokadem, Nancy Badawy, and Heba Adel Field Measurements Used to Validate Envi-MET and Conduct Sensitivity Analysis in Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Esraa Ebrahiem Salim, Naser Fawzy Ramadan, and Mohamed Saad Smart Cities and Communities Sustainable Development: A Review of Concepts, Domains, Technologies, and Trends in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Mohamed Elnahla and Hossam Wefki
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Questions Concerning the Role of the Skycourt as a Passive Strategy to Enhance Energy Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 Rasha A. Ali, Naglaa A. Megahed, Asmaa M. Hassan, and Merhan M. Shahda Utilizing Deep Reinforcement Learning for Resource Scheduling in Virtualized Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Mona Nashaat and Heba Nashaat Enhanced COVID-19 Classification Using Ensemble Meta-Algorithms on Chest X-ray Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 Lamiaa Menshawy, Ahmad H. Eid, and Rehab F. Abdel-Kader Epileptic Seizure Detection Contribution in Healthcare Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Saly Abd-Elateif El-Gindy, Ayman Ahmed, and Saad Elsayed Performance Analysis of Emerging Waveforms for 6G Wireless Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Walid Raslan and Heba Abdel-Atty Post-pandemic Active Learning (PPAL): A Framework for Active Architectural Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Asmaa M. Hassan and Basma N. El-Mowafy Real-Time Facial Emotion Recognition Using Haar-Cascade Classifier and MobileNet in Smart Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Shereen El-Shekheby Parametric Form-Finding in Architecture: Dimensions Classification and Processes Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Lina A. Ramadan, Ashraf El Mokadem, and Nancy Badawy Risk Categorization for Various Project Delivery Methods in Construction Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579 Ibrahim Mahdi, Ahmed Mohamed Abdelkhaleq, Hassan Mohamed Hassan, Ehab Rashad Tolba, and Lamisse Raed A Strategy to Create a City Brand as a Tool to Achieve Sustainable Development (Case Study: Branding of Port-Said City-Egypt) . . . . . . . . . 593 Shaimaa R. Nosier and Nancy M. Badawy Towards an Action Plan to Improve the Role of Perforated Building Envelopes in Sustainable Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611 Marwa Fawaz, Naglaa Ali Megahed, Basma N. El-Mowafy, and Dalia Elgheznawy An Efficient Deep Deblurring Technique Using Dark and Bright Channel Priors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 Nouran Ali, Asmaa Abdallah, I. F. Elnahry, and Randa Atta
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Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure Survey and Evaluation of Applied Modern Engineering Pedagogy . . . . . . 635 Omer Alkelany, Hatem Khater, Mohamed Kamal, and Hosam E. Mostafa Preliminary Evaluation of Experiential Learning in Engineering Pedagogy for Undergraduate Students Learning Logic Design Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 Omer Alkelany, Hatem Khater, Mohamed Kamal, and Hosam E. Mostafa Analysis of the Time Multiplexed Sampling and a Proposed Prototype for Effective Heterogenous Data Acquisition Systems . . . . . . . . 659 Omer Alkelany A Comparative Study of Three Winding Configurations for Six-Phase Induction Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669 Basant A. Kalas, Ahmed Refaat, Mahmoud Fawzi, and Ayman Samy Abdel-Khalik Materials Selection and Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Poles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 M. Bassyouni, Yasser Elhenawy, Yuliya Kulikova, Olga Babich, and Medhat A. El-Hadek Optimal Design of Container Ships Geometry Based on Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Emissions . . . . . . . 697 Hussien M. Hassan, Mohamed M. Elsakka, Ahmed Refaat, Ahmed E. Amer, and Rawya Y. Rizk Ship Design for Green Ship Recycling: A New Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 Walid M. Bahgat, El-Sayed Hegazy, Heba S. El-Kilani, Amman Ali, and M. M. Moustafa Enhanced Performance of Propane Refrigerant at LNG Plant in Hot Climate: Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725 Usama N. Eldemerdash, Belal M. Abdel Aziz, Naser Safa, and Taha E. Farrag Condition Monitoring as a Pathway for Sustainable Operation: A Case Study for Vibration Analysis on Centrifugal Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . 735 Mahmoud Mostafa, Mohamed Elsakka, Mohamed S. Soliman, and Mohamed El-Ghandour Maximization of Condensate Production in Gas-Oil Separation Plant in Gulf of Suez: Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 Mamdouh A. Gadalla, Ahmed A. Elsheemy, Hany A. Elazab, Thokozani Majozi, and Fatma H. Ashour
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Examining the Behaviour of Lubricating Oil Film Within Marine Journal Bearing Under Emergency and Critical Operational Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 Nour A. Marey, El-Sayed H. Hegazy, and Amman A. Ali Generalized Thermo-microstretch with Harmonic Wave for Mode-I Crack Problem Under Three Theories by Using a Laser Pulse with Non-Gaussian Form Temporal Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 Wafaa Hassan and Khaled Lotfy In-Situ Fabrication of Poly (m-Phenylene Isophthalamide)/ Fluorographene Nanocomposites and Their Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 L. Elbayar, M. Abdelaty, S. A. Nosier, Abbas Anwar Ezzat, and F. Shokry A Systematic Methodology for Retrofit Analysis of Refineries Preheat Trains with Variable Heat Capacity and Exchangers Fouling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 Haya Kaled, Hany A. Elazab, Mamdouh Gadalla, Thokozani Majozi, Osama Abd El-Baari, and Fatma Ashour Maximizing Energy Efficiency in Petroleum Refining: Case Study—Delayed Coker Unit in an Egyptian Refinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 Mohamed Shahin, Hany A. Elazab, Mamdouh Gadalla, Thokozani Majozi, and Fatma Ashour
Clean Energy
Ventilation Systems for Efficient Energy Use Asmaa Ahmed, Mohamed Elsakka, and Ayman Mohamed
1 Introduction Any indoor space must be properly ventilated in order to maintain a healthy environment. During ventilation, contaminated indoor air is replaced with fresh air from outside to maintain good air quality by removing pollutants and circulating fresh air [1]. When airflow is inadequate, harmful gases and particles can build up, causing headaches, dizziness, or respiratory problems [2]. Additionally, proper ventilation can help regulate temperature and humidity levels, creating a more comfortable and productive environment. This can be done by reducing the build-up of humidity and removing excess heat from the indoor environment. According to ASHRAE Standard 62.1 [3, 4], the amount of outdoor air required in the breezing zone should not be less than the minimum rate (Vbz ) that is calculated by the following equation: Vbz = Rp × Pz + Ra × Az
(1)
where Rp , Ra , Pz , Az are the outdoor airflow rate required per person, outdoor airflow rate required per area, number of people during space use, and floor area, respectively. The ventilation can be natural, mechanical, or a combination of both through cracks, windows, or openings in the building envelope (air infiltration) or persistently provided through natural or mechanical means (hybrid or mixed-mode ventilation) A. Ahmed (B) · M. Elsakka · A. Mohamed Department of Mechanical Power Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt e-mail: [email protected] M. Elsakka e-mail: [email protected] A. Mohamed e-mail: [email protected] A. Ahmed · M. Elsakka Energy Research and Studies Centre, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024 A. M. Negm et al. (eds.), Engineering Solutions Toward Sustainable Development, Earth and Environmental Sciences Library, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46491-1_1
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[5]. Mechanical ventilation distributes airflow throughout the building through fans and ductwork, with air terminals or diffusers conducting the air into the room. In some cases, however, this process requires high levels of energy consumption, particularly if mechanical systems are used as part of the process. This power is used to move air in and out of buildings and to condition that air to the desired temperature and humidity levels. Depending on the building’s size and number of occupants, and the level of indoor air quality desired, the amount of energy required can vary. Properly designing and maintaining ventilation systems can minimize energy consumption, and adequate ventilation can still be provided. Consequently, balancing energy efficiency with adequate ventilation is essential. In some cases, providing the system with the needed energy requirements can be done by different types of renewable energy resources. The system can be supplied with the required energy levels in some cases using a variety of renewable energy resources. Renewable energy plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind do not emit greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming [6]. Additionally, renewable energy technologies have become more cost-effective and efficient in recent years, making them a viable, sustainable alternative. Several solar and wind energy technologies can be exploited for building ventilation [7–9]. In this paper, a comprehensive review of different types of ventilation methods that are being utilized in buildings is presented. This includes reviewing numerous types of natural ventilation systems, mechanical ventilation systems, hybrid ventilation systems, and renewable energy-based ventilation systems.
2 Natural Ventilation Natural ventilation (NV) is the process of supplying and removing air from an indoor space without the use of mechanical systems [10]. It relies on natural forces such as wind and temperature differences to create airflow. This method can improve indoor air quality and reduce energy consumption. NV can be achieved by opening windows, using vents, and creating air pathways. However, it should be designed in accordance with the climate, orientation of the building, and needs of occupants [11]. Several decades ago, scientists studied, analysed, and refined natural ventilation techniques [12]. Pabiou et al. [13] mentioned in their study that natural cross-ventilation is considered a promising solution to fulfil thermal comfort conditions in the summer season. However, in order to utilize this technique in hot climatic regions, the heat rate that should be dissipated must be predicted first for system effectiveness. NV schemes are an effective way to improve indoor air quality and reduce energy depletion. They work by using natural airflow to circulate fresh air throughout a building, reducing the need for mechanical ventilation systems. This can lead to significant energy savings and a healthier indoor environment. Some common natural ventilation strategies include single-sided ventilation, high-level roof ventilation, crossventilation, and ventilation chimneys. Figure 1 shows schematic diagrams of each of those methods. The effectiveness of these strategies depends on factors such as
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building design, climate, and occupancy patterns. However, when implemented properly, natural ventilation schemes can provide a cost-effective and sustainable solution for improving indoor air quality.
Fig. 1 Natural ventilation schemes: a single-sided ventilation, b high-level roof ventilation, c crossflow ventilation, d ventilation chimneys, e wind scoop
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2.1 Single-Sided Ventilation In single-sided ventilation, openings are generally placed on one side of the external wall, facing the wind as presented in Fig. 1a. This method can naturally ventilate spaces with limited areas [14]. Single-sided ventilation systems are commonly utilized in construction projects where cross-ventilation is not feasible due to various restrictions such as structural or environmental factors. These systems allow for satisfactory air circulation and exchange, ensuring a comfortable and healthy indoor environment. Additionally, single-sided ventilation systems are often more cost-effective and energy-efficient compared to other ventilation options. Gan [15] predicted theoretically the temperature distribution, airflow profile, and depth of air distribution of a single-sided ventilation scheme in a building. The findings revealed that the air distribution depth can be defined by using the internal heat of the building and outdoor temperature. Aflaki et al. [16] studied single-sided ventilation for high-level buildings in tropical climates as it is favourable in comparison with the crossflow type. The study considered the investigation of the impact of this scheme on the humidity, indoor temperature, and air velocity. At an air velocity of 0.52 m/s, the highest floor’s thermal comfort conditions have been obtained by 90%.
2.2 High-Level Roof Ventilation High-level roof ventilation is a system that is located in the upper part of a roof. It is designed to allow air to circulate through the roof space (Fig. 1b), which can help in reducing the temperature and humidity levels inside the building. The system typically consists of a series of vents or louvers that are placed at strategic locations along the roofline. These vents can be opened or closed, depending on the weather conditions and the needs of the building [17]. High-level roof ventilation effectively improves indoor air quality and reduces the risk of moisture damage to the roof structure.
2.3 Crossflow Ventilation Crossflow ventilation is a method of natural ventilation that involves the movement of air through a building, from one side to the other [18]. It is achieved by opening windows or vents on opposite sides of the building (Fig. 1c), which allows air to enter one side and exit from the other. This method of ventilation is often used in buildings where mechanical ventilation is not practical or desirable, such as in residential homes or small commercial buildings. Crossflow ventilation can help to improve indoor air quality, reduce the risk of mould and mildew growth, and lower energy costs by reducing the need for air conditioning. It is important to ensure that
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the windows or vents used for crossflow ventilation are properly sized and located to maximize airflow and minimize the risk of drafts. Chu and Chiang [19], investigated theoretically and experimentally the crossflow scheme of a building and the validation of a rule of thumb stating that the building length should be five times the building height for better ventilation rates. The findings revealed proof of the rule of thumb. However, ventilation rates decreased when increasing the building length further.
2.4 Ventilation Chimneys The chimney effect, also called the stack effect, is constantly used in vertical buildings to provide ventilation through vertical airflow. It is a natural phenomenon that occurs in buildings. It is caused by the temperature, pressure, and densities differences between indoor and outdoor air [20]. It involves ushering cool air in and warm air out with help from strategically placed openings in a building. Warm air rises and escapes through openings in the upper part of the building (Fig. 1d), clerestory, zenithally openings, or wind exhausts. On the other hand, cooler air is drawn in through openings in the lower part of the building. This creates a continuous flow of air through the building and guarantees the building’s natural ventilation. The chimney effect can positively and negatively affect a building’s energy efficiency and indoor air quality. Proper ventilation and insulation can help to mitigate the negative consequences of the chimney effect. Ding et al. [21] studied theoretically and experimentally the possibility of integrating the solar chimney with a double-skin façade. The study revealed that increasing the solar chimney height would lead to rising the ventilation rate and ensure better pressure difference distribution. However, the authors recommended that the height should exceed two-floor high.
2.5 Wind Scoop A Wind Scoop is a passive ventilation system that can be installed on the roof of a building to improve indoor air quality and thermal comfort. It captures the natural wind flow and directs it into the building, creating a cooling breeze [12] as presented in Fig. 1e. Wind Scoops are particularly effective in hot and dry climates, where air conditioning can be expensive and energy intensive. They are also environmentally friendly, as they do not require any electricity or mechanical components. Studies have shown that buildings with wind scoops have lower indoor temperatures and reduced energy consumption. Khan et al. [22] have reviewed various types of wind scoops in their recent study and suggested one with the ability to rotate with the wind direction. Overall, Wind Scoops are a cost-effective and sustainable solution for improving indoor air quality and thermal comfort in buildings.
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3 Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a system used in buildings to provide fresh air and remove stale air by means of mechanical devices [23, 24]. It is typically used in buildings where natural ventilation is not sufficient or not possible. Mechanical ventilation systems can be either central or local. Central systems are designed to serve the entire building, while local systems are designed to serve individual rooms or areas. The type of system used depends on the building’s size, layout, and occupancy. They can be designed to provide a variety of airflows, depending on the building’s needs. These systems are typically designed to meet specific standards and codes to ensure that they are safe and effective. • Central ventilation systems are an imperative component of prevailing buildings. They serve to circulate fresh air throughout the building and remove stale air, odours, and pollutants. These systems typically consist of a network of ducts and vents that are connected to a central unit. A centralized ventilation system usually uses fewer, but larger, air handling units (AHUs) as shown in Fig. 2a. These are usually located on the roof of the building or indoors in technical rooms. The system’s size and capacity depend on the building’s size and the number of occupants. Regular maintenance and cleaning are essential to ensure the system operates efficiently and effectively. • In terms of local ventilation systems, help to maintain a healthy and comfortable indoor environment by removing pollutants and excess moisture from the air. These systems are typically designed to meet specific requirements based on the size and usage of the building. They can be installed in a variety of locations, including bathrooms, kitchens, and industrial workspaces such as fans. Several points should be taken into consideration when selecting a suitable fan such as power consumption, current consumption, air volume, fan speed, noise, and the net fan weight. Proper maintenance and regular cleaning are necessary to ensure that these systems continue to function effectively.
Fig. 2 a Central ventilation system, and b local system: wall-fan
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4 Hybrid Ventilation Systems (Mixed Mode) Hybrid ventilation (HV) technology depends on utilizing both natural and mechanical ventilation systems to ensure the thermal comfort conditions of the indoor space are met [24, 25]. Sometimes, a switch between different technologies can be made depending on the year’s season. Therefore, by implementing this method, the capital cost and energy consumption can be reduced in comparison with the MV systems. In addition, vigorous indoor air quality (IAQ) and air conditioning conditions can be met. As a result, hybrid ventilation systems are becoming increasingly popular. Utilizing HV technologies in the building is subject to two main approaches. The contingency approach depends on the use of natural ventilation and utilizing mechanical systems to provide further cooling and ventilation to the building. Usually, this approach can be implemented when an old building is being renovated and strict policies should be met. On the other hand, a complementary approach is when both natural and mechanical systems are designed and integrated for operation. However, this approach takes the advantage of the outdoor ambient conditions to maintain the required indoor air quality and thermal conditions when the outside air conditions are not suitable. Figure 3 shows different configurations of HV systems for improving air quality.
5 Renewable Energy-Based Ventilation Systems Renewable energy-based ventilation systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their many benefits. These systems use clean energy sources such as wind and solar power to operate, reducing reliance on non-renewable sources. Additionally, they are environmentally friendly as they do not emit harmful pollutants into the atmosphere. Furthermore, they can help reduce energy costs in the long run as they require less maintenance and have a longer lifespan compared to traditional ventilation systems. They are, also, a practical and sustainable solution for modern buildings. Figure 4 shows different possible renewable energy options that can be implemented for ventilating a building. However, a combination of these technologies can be used under specific design conditions. The next subsections will discuss different renewable energy applications for building ventilation.
5.1 Solar Energy Systems 5.1.1
Photovoltaics
Photovoltaics (PV) are semi-conductor devices that absorb incident solar energy and convert it into electrical energy [26–29]. The PV system consists of a PV panel,
10 Fig. 3 Different configurations of HV systems when utilizing a wall fan, b ceiling fan
Fig. 4 Different scenarios of renewable energy-based ventilation systems
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Fig. 5 Solar powered exhaust fan
inverter, and battery if it is not connected to the grid. This system is most suitable to be established in locations that have high levels of incident solar irradiances for reliable operation. The geographical location of the building, and PV installation to prevent the shadowing which may occur to the solar cells are crucial parameters for system feasibility. Overall, the best operating conditions are when the PV system faces the south and the optimum tilt angle is assured. Using the power produced by the PV system, some ventilation system components can be powered [30]. These components may be actuators as they require low energy demand. Therefore, small PV modules may be suitable. However, fans require high energy consumption, involving larger PV modules and a battery bank (Fig. 5).
5.1.2
Other Solar Systems
The ventilation system may involve different solar energy technology in addition to the photovoltaic technology discussed above [30, 31]. In glazed balconies, the air enters and is heated by the sun directly in a closed space. However, this method may cause air overheating especially in summer. Therefore, regions with shorter summer
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Fig. 6 Solar chimney concept
seasons are favourable for implementing this option. In addition, the heated moist air may be condensed on the building’s window which is counted as an additional limitation. However, this method is believed to be a cost-effective option that doesn’t require regular maintenance. Another option is by using a solar collector in which the air absorbs the heat of the incident solar energy. Usually, a fan is used to force the air to pass through the solar collector and is then reheated in the central heating system of the building to increase the heat further. The system cost depends mainly on the building location and the heating level requirements (Fig. 6).
5.2 Wind Energy Systems By using a wind turbine, the kinetic energy due to the air movement can be converted into electrical power or mechanical energy [32–34]. This technique depends mainly on wind direction and speed. The enclosed space can be ventilated by placing this small wind turbine in the attic or the rooftop of the building. Fresh air can flow and enter through the building by using intake and exhaust vents as shown in Fig. 7a. This can reduce the temperature of the internal space, recirculate the air to ensure indoor air quality is obtained, and certain comfort conditions have been met. The type of intake vent that is used depends on the building structure, the system design criteria, and the area where the system is to be installed. To ensure a balanced process and a sufficient flow of air through an attic, exhaust vents must be applied simultaneously with intake vents.
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Fig. 7 a Principles of using wind turbine with or without a fan for air ventilation, examples of b straight vane turbines with a curved side [12], c straight vane turbines, and d curved vane turbines
Several types of wind turbines can be utilized in ventilation systems [35] such as straight vane turbines with a curved side, straight vane turbines, and curved vane turbines as shown in Fig. 7b–d. Designed for light winds, straight vane turbines with a curved side consist of polycarbonate blades with vertical vanes and an aluminium neck. On the other hand, straight vane turbines have a vertical design made from lightweight aluminium. They work efficiently for extracting smoke. Curved vane turbines are manufactured from galvanized mild steel or lightweight aluminium. A slight breeze or convection current will activate these types of vents. Sometimes these turbines cannot be effective in providing enough air circulation. Therefore, several researchers have proposed integrating wind turbines with a fan to increase the air change rate. In some cases, this may require a power supply that can be supplied by photovoltaic panels as presented in Fig. 8. In some scenarios, the wind turbine can be integrated with photovoltaics such as a study provided by [36]. The authors suggested this prototype to enhance the ventilation rate. The system consists of a wind turbine and an inner fan powered by a photovoltaic panel as shown in Fig. 8. This combination has been found to be more effective in low wind speeds than the original design, which relies solely on wind turbines. Another study was introduced by [37] where they developed a prototype of a conventional wind turbine with the integration of a solar-driven extractor fan. The results revealed that the air temperature was reduced by about 1 °C in comparison with the original case. Overall, it might
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Fig. 8 Different configurations of a wind-solar ventilation system [36]
be the most efficient way to achieve energy efficiency is to integrate different types of renewable energy for building ventilation which still needs further research.
6 Conclusion This paper reviews air ventilation technologies to achieve proper indoor air quality and reduce heat stress. Previous research studies of each ventilation method and its working principles have been covered. From the literature, it seems that relying on mechanical ventilation technologies alone may require high levels of energy consumption. However, natural ventilation methods may also be not sufficient, particularly at low wind speeds. Therefore, a combination of these two methods may be a more efficient and reliable option. However, for a more sustainable way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and save more energy. The paper has suggested that integrating two or more renewable energy resources to provide electrical power for the mechanical parts would be the best way as it saves energy, reduces carbon emissions, and provides a uniform airflow and temperature distribution according to the season. This is considered a new direction and reliable way to achieve energy efficiency in buildings.
7 Recommendation Based on this review, it is recommended to employ a combination of mechanical and natural ventilation methods for efficient and reliable ventilation in buildings. Integration of multiple renewable energy resources to power the mechanical parts is the most energy-efficient and eco-friendly option. To achieve sustainable ventilation, building
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stakeholders must adopt integrated design and management practices that prioritize indoor air quality, energy consumption, and environmental impact. Implementing these recommendations can significantly contribute to the Sustainable Development Goal of affordable and clean energy. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT), through the ASRT Green Fund: Climate Change Adaptation and Nature Conservation, for supporting the project entitled Green innovative forced ventilation system powered by wind turbines to reduce heat stress from climate change in residential and industrial buildings.
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A Comprehensive Review of Biomass Pyrolysis to Produce Sustainable Alternative Biofuel Yasser Elhenawy, Kareem Fouad, Mohamed Bassyouni, Mamdouh Gadalla, F. H. Ashour, and Thokozani Majozi
1 Introduction Affordable and clean energy is one of the major topics in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the search for sustainable energy sources is a crucial concern [1]. At present, humanity suffers from two main issues; the first issue is Y. Elhenawy (B) · T. Majozi School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa e-mail: [email protected] T. Majozi e-mail: [email protected] Y. Elhenawy Department of Mechanical Power Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt K. Fouad Department of Civil Engineering, Higher Future Institute of Engineering and Technology, El Mansoura, Egypt e-mail: [email protected] M. Bassyouni · M. Gadalla Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt e-mail: [email protected] M. Gadalla e-mail: [email protected] M. Bassyouni Center of Excellence in Membrane-Based Water Desalination Technology for Testing and Characterization, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt F. H. Ashour Department of Chemical Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024 A. M. Negm et al. (eds.), Engineering Solutions Toward Sustainable Development, Earth and Environmental Sciences Library, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46491-1_2
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the growing levels of pollution and waste generated, and the other is the increased need for energy sources [2–7]. Food waste for example has increased dramatically as the world population has grown. According to the United Nations, the estimated worldwide food loss at roughly 1.6 billion tons. This is predicted to rise by 32% during the following ten years [8–10]. Energy is considered a vital product, and its need has expanded with global economic activity and population growth, particularly in emerging countries [10–13]. Petroleum crude fuels provided barely 4% of the whole world’s power requirements at the turn of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, crude fuels are now the utmost essential source of energy, accounting for around 40% of global power needs and generating 96% of all passage fuels. Even so, crude fuels are a non-renewable source, and fossil fuel supplies are rapidly diminishing. Furthermore, the usage of petroleum fuels has an impact on the environment by emitting large quantities of carbon dioxide and additional contaminants such as SOx and NOx. As a result, finding renewable and ecologically friendly feedstocks for a sustained supply of fuels and energy is critical [14–18]. Biofuels are environmentally friendly alternatives to fossil fuels, and their production is being pushed hard due to the hazard of climate change [15]. Table 1 shows the difference between the features of bio-oil and crude oil. Of all renewable resources, biomass is desirable because it is a plentiful forestry resource that can be converted into biofuels, bio-based products, and chemicals using various operating technologies. Because of the diminution of fossil fuels and the effluence associated with their usage, the conversion of biomass into liquid fuels is gaining popularity [9]. Pyrolysis is a simple thermochemical method without the presence of oxygen that transforms solid biomass into non-condensable gases, charcoal, and a liquid product called bio-oil. Non-condensable gases are combustion and may be utilized as gaseous fuels to power the endothermic pyrolysis procedure [17, 18]. Table 2 illustrates the pyrolysis process operating parameters and the final products. Biomass pyrolysis is frequently performed at or above 500 °C, providing adequate heat to degrade the previously stated strong bio-polymers. As a product, biomass Table 1 Features of bio-oil and crude oil [16]
Composition
Crude oil
Bio-oil
pH
–
2.8–3.8
Viscosity 50 °C (cP)
180
40–100
Water (wt%)
0.1
15–30
HHV (MJ/kg)
44
16–19
Density (kg/L)
0.86
1.05–1.25
N (wt%)