Energy Atlas: Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg 9783868598902

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ENERGY ATLAS Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg

INTERNATIONALE BAUAUSSTELLUNG HAMBURG (ED.)

ENERGY ATLAS Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg

JOVIS

6 8 11 14

The IBA Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg Christoph Ahlhaus The Modern Metropolis as Green Capital Anja Hajduk The Necessity of a Climate Protection Concept for a Renewable Wilhelmsburg Uli Hellweg Climate Change and Climate Policy Klaus Töpfer

WILHELMSBURG ON THE WAY TO THE FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

21 27 36

The Post-fossil and Non-nuclear Energy Metropolises of Tomorrow Simona Weisleder, Karsten Wessel Our Urban Destiny Peter Droege A Brief Energy History of the Elbe Island Margret Markert

METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

43 50

The Basics and the Initial Situation Dieter D. Genske, Jana Henning-Jacob, Thomas Joedecke, Ariane Ruff Prototype Urban Environments (UET) in the IBA Area

FUTURE SCENARIOS FOR WILHELMSBURG

71 79

Wilhelmsburg on the Way to the Solar Industrial Age Harry Lehmann Forecasts for the Reference Scenarios Dieter D. Genske, Jana Henning-Jacob, Thomas Joedecke, Ariane Ruff

97 118

121

Forecasts for the Excellence Scenarios Dieter D. Genske, Jana Henning-Jacob, Thomas Joedecke, Ariane Ruff Comparison of Scenarios People, Cities, Climate Change Stefan Schurig

ENERGY EFFICIENCY THROUGH COST EFFICIENCY

130 146

Costs and Gains of the Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg Joost Hartwig Challenges and Opportunities of Urban Energy Policy: Not a Cost Issue Irene Peters

SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

156

Energy and Awareness Udo Kuckartz, Anke Rheingans-Heintze

ROAD MAP FOR WILHELMSBURG

170 189 196

Spatial Energy Concept Manfred Hegger Spatial Energy Action Plan for the Elbe Islands Simona Weisleder, Karsten Wessel

Project Gallery

218 Glossary 222 Authors 223 Picture Credits 224 Imprint

CHRISTOPH AHLHAUS

The IBA Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg

When, if not now? Where, if not here? Who, if

tainability and the quality of life of the people

not us? Cities as we experience them today,

living in them. Energy supplies play a key role

from their built-up environments, their econo-

in this because not only electricity and heating

mies, and their traffic through to their social

production, but also our mobility, are almost

structure, are the result of industrialisation and

entirely dependent on the climate-damaging

are therefore dependent on the combustion

combustion of fossil fuel resources.

of coal, oil, and gas. Agriculture, too, is largely

The question of how cities need to be react-

directed at supplying cities with foodstuffs. The

ing to these challenges is now being posed all

overall flow of goods within and for the world’s

over the world. How can they be converted to a

conurbations is based on fossil fuel energy

sustainable energy system within a short period

production. Hence the fact that around 80 per

of time? How can the energy exploited be used

cent of all oil, gas, and coal reserves worldwide

more efficiently? How much mobility will be nec-

are used to supply cities, despite cities covering

essary in the future, or, be possibly improved?

less than 1 per cent of the world’s surface. More

Asking ourselves these questions is no easy

than two-thirds of all people in the industria-

task, of course, for, ultimately, this is also about

lised countries today live in cities. This trend

how we are to live and work in the future. New

is on the increase: according to the United Na-

technologies, new land use planning concepts,

tions, forecast growth in the world population

and new energy supply concepts are required,

will occur primarily in the cities.

but without forgetting the question of people.

In view of the growing threats presented by

Climate protection, economic development,

climate change, cities are both victims and cul-

fair educational opportunities, integration, and

prits. Culprits, because they are responsible for the largest proportion of worldwide CO2 emis-

culture also need to be considered in the quest for sustainable urban development solutions.

sions. Victims, because the majority of all cities are situated close to the coast, where they are

I am therefore especially pleased that the

therefore to some extent fully exposed to rising

Internationale Bauausstellung (International

sea levels. Then there is also the consider-

Building Exhibition; IBA) has adopted precisely

able economic damage due to climate change.

this focus. And it has stood up to the test. The

Researchers warn that Germany alone will face

many innovative ideas and concepts already

costs to its national economy of around 800

developed are now the subject of discussion

billion euros over the next fifty years due to

way beyond Hamburg itself. The first concrete

climate change.

projects such as the “IBA DOCK” have been

Man’s ability to halt the rapid rise in global

realised and are making a significant impact.

temperature therefore depends primarily on

The “Klimaschutzkonzept Erneuerbares

how the cities organise the future. The seismo-

Wilhelmsburg” (“Climate Protection Concept

graphs for successful cities are their future sus-

Renewable Wilhelmsburg”) presents an overall

6

Climate protection, economic development, fair educational opportunities, integration, and culture also need to be considered in the quest for sustainable urban development solutions.

The IBA’s many future-oriented ideas and projects are already of tremendous benefit for the whole of Hamburg. Furthermore, they provide a strong impetus for international discussion on sustainable urban development.

model of how a city district can become inde-

With the IBA, Hamburg has a special opportuni-

pendent in terms of energy, step-by-step, as

ty to be able to develop concepts for a sustain-

well as becoming a great deal more attractive

able city and thus to exert a positive influence

for its residents and from an economic perspec-

on the development of cities throughout the

tive. Based on a comprehensive scientific study,

world. With the IBA ENERGY ATLAS, Hamburg

different scenarios establish and compare

is taking a leading position on the issue of how

future energy demand, identifying savings and

societies in cities will live in the future.

renewable energy potential, and ultimately devising very concrete measures. A series of four steps—beginning with the realisation of the IBA projects up until 2013 and the perspectives for 2020/2030/2050—shows how a city district is able to gradually reduce its energy supply CO2 emissions to zero. The first step is the climate neutrality of all of the IBA’s own construction projects. The new buildings’ unavoidable CO2 emissions are off-set by savings in existing buildings and by the development of renewable energy projects on the Elbe Islands. Not only does the IBA’s climate protection concept initiate innovative steps in Wilhelmsburg, the IBA’s many future-oriented ideas and projects are already of tremendous benefit for the whole of Hamburg. Furthermore, they provide a strong impetus for international discussion on sustainable urban development.

INTRODUCTION

7

ANJA HAJDUK

The Modern Metropolis as Green Capital

Climate change is a great urban challenge. Half

And last but not least, the issue of Cities and

of the world’s population now lives in cities, and

Climate Change has been from the outset one

this proportion is set to increase further. Cities

of the three central topics of the Internationale

now claim the lion’s part of the resources that

Bauausstellung (International Building Exhibi-

the world has available, but as economic and

tion; IBA) in Hamburg.

scientific centres they are also capable of making the key contributions in the battle against

In a large, modern city little is not related to

climate change. If they fail to do so, they will

energy. The conversion of the energy system is

remain the main cause of climate change.

therefore a complex task. The complexity also

Hamburg is facing up to its responsibility with

harbours tremendous potential, however, for

ambitious climate protection targets. These ef-

energy supplies based on renewable sources

forts have played an important role in Hamburg

will mean that the intelligent integration of

being nominated European Green Capital in

energy production, distribution, and consump-

2009. With this title, we are obliged to continue

tion will play a key role. Examples of this include

producing examples of how the quality of the

virtual power plants, the use of electric vehicles

urban environment can be improved, as well

as decentralised storage units, or the product-

as to act as the inspiration and facilitator for

related control of the electricity demand of

the exchange of ideas between European cit-

individual consumers. Energy supplies therefore

ies. To this end, we held an international city

have to be linked as well with the rest of the

conference in the autumn of 2009, formulating

urban infrastructure, such as mobility or refuse

demands for the Copenhagen Climate Summit,

disposal.

as well as reinforcing the commitment of cities

With the “Klimaschutzkonzept Erneuerbares

to climate protection.

Wilhelmsburg” (“Climate Protection Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg”), the IBA provides

The climate protection steps already under-

an exemplary illustration on the Elbe Islands

taken by Hamburg include the comprehen-

of how such a comprehensive undertaking

sive climate protection programme; the high

for a city might appear. As demanding as the

energy standards for buildings included in the

undertaking may be, Hamburg and Wilhelms-

Hamburg climate protection regulations; the

burg have the potential to turn it into reality.

co-operation between the Senate and the eco-

What’s more, it enables us to demonstrate that

nomic sector aimed at energy-efficiency within

the climate-conscious city will also be the city

the scope of the environmental partnership;

with a better quality of life: a city with more

as well as the founding of the city’s energy

user-friendly buildings, with less traffic noise

supply company Hamburg Energie, which is

but with greater mobility for all—a city where

committed to the development of sustainable

participation in achieving this reality is of

energy supplies for Hamburg in the future.

great benefit to all of its residents.

8

IBA DOCK The headquarters where concepts for the metropolis of the twenty-first century are developed. The Elbe islands are a model for the entire city.

ULI HELLWEG

The Necessity of a Climate Protection Concept for a Renewable Wilhelmsburg

This ENERGY ATLAS of the Elbe Islands is a

the “Energieberg” (“Energy Hill”) project came

very special step for the IBA Hamburg. On the

into being.

one hand, it provides us with a reflection of our

The energy specifications applying to all the

own work over the last three years with regard

IBA’s construction projects are stricter than those prescribed by law—exceeding the Ener-

to the key theme of “Stadt im Klimawandel”

Optimised building services engineering and the ambitious renovation of existing buildings reduce energy consumption, while co-generation units and regional and local energy association systems improve energy efficiency. The proportion of renewable energy is gradually being raised to 100 per cent.

(“Cities and Climate Change”) and, on the other,

gieeinsparverordnung (German Energy Saving

it is the IBA Hamburg’s attempt to bring a new

Regulations; EnEV) of 2009 by 30 per cent.

direction to the Internationale Bauausstellun-

In fact, the majority of the projects in fact set

gen (International Building Exhibitions)—moving away from an incrementalist perspective

themselves targets that are even more ambitious. For example, the “open house” housing

towards concept-based projects—meaning that

construction project is being implemented

the projects become sustainable only when

under the name “Passivhaus Plus” (“Passive

incorporated into coherent overall concepts.

House Plus”), meaning that the overall electric-

Since 2007, the IBA Hamburg has been develop-

ity requirements are taken into consideration

ing and improving projects following its main

and largely generated locally from renewable

themes—some of these projects based on ap-

sources. The construction of the new Urban De-

proaches from specialists; some of them taken from the Weissbuch (White Book) of the Zukun-

velopment and Environment Authority building

ftskonferenz Wilhelmsburg (Future of Wilhelms-

to be a model project, certified according to

burg Conference),1 drawn up in the course of a

the guidelines of the Deutsche Gesellschaft

broadly participative process on the Elbe Island

für Nachhaltiges Bauen (German Sustainable

in 2001/02; and of course the projects initiated

Building Council; DGNB), and achieving its Gold

by the IBA. The same has also applied to the

Standard.

key theme “Stadt im Klimawandel” (“Cities and

In addition to the many ambitious energy

Climate Change”): the Wilhelmsburg bunker

projects, the IBA Hamburg increasingly worked

project stemmed from the idea of setting up a

towards not merely having these projects stand

large solar thermal plant inside a World War II

in isolation but utilising the special features of

bunker, and thereby transformed into the Energy Bunker by the IBA, and developed into the

this urban island, and to attempt the preparation of an overall concept, a kind of road map,

sound and viable project that it is today. Plans

showing the way into the post-fossil fuel and

to build a photovoltaic unit on the Georgswerd-

nuclear-free age—the “Klimaschutzkonzept

er refuse dump, as well as to repower, to revital-

Erneuerbares Wilhelmsburg” (“Climate Protec-

ise and upgrade the old wind energy units there

tion Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg”).

were arose in existence before loud calls from

IBA Hamburg intends to set new standards

within the neighbourhood for this “mountain”

for resource conservation and climate-neutral

to be made suitable for public use—and hence

construction with this concept: optimised build-

in the centre of Wilhelmsburg is also intended

INTRODUCTION

11

ing services engineering and the ambitious

earth’s desert regions, or whether support for

renovation of existing buildings reduce energy

decentralisation in fact harbours undreamt-of

consumption, while co-generation units and

possibilities for new multiskilled markets, highly

regional and local energy association systems

innovative engineering skills, and many new

improve energy efficiency. The proportion of re-

jobs—not to mention the high degree of energy

newable energy is gradually being raised to 100

security.

per cent. The IBA Hamburg, together with the

We have a year of intensive discussion with

resident population and numerous other par-

the group of authors involved in this ENERGY

ticipants, aims to show how cities can become

ATLAS behind us. We would not have been able

powerful champions of climate protection.

to achieve the present level of quality without

The aim of this ENERGY ATLAS of the Elbe

this panel of experts and the comprehensive

Islands is to formulate spatial energy guidelines

groundwork carried out by Dr. Genske and his

and a plan of action that can serve as a proto-

team. Our special thanks go to all of those

type for a renewable Hamburg. The intention

involved for their committed and pioneering

is not the development of theories but a very

work.

practical demonstration for this showcase area

Nevertheless, it is still not a finished product to

of how it could be, what the influences affecting

be interpreted on a 1:1 basis. The complexity, the

the IBA projects already highlighted are, and

innovative character, and the process orienta-

what needs to happen after 2013 in order for

tion of the ENERGY ATLAS mean that it is not

climate neutrality and 100 per cent renewable

a static plan but an instrument demonstrating

energy to be achieved.

options for the climate-neutral Elbe Island as it

International building exhibitions are urban

gradually converts to 100 per cent renewable

laboratories, working under real conditions on a

energy and presenting these topics for discus-

scale of 1:1. This means that the actual politi-

sion as examples for the energetic renewal of

cal, social, legal, financial, and other relevant

metropolises.

parameters have to be incorporated into our

The goal is the intensive examination and fur-

concepts and projects as “variables.” In the

ther development of this road map in the years

context of the “Climate Protection Concept

ahead, together with many institutions, associa-

Renewable Wilhelmsburg” this also means deal-

tions, experts, and the general population. This

ing with real economic, social, and demographic

also means closer consideration of further mod-

situations and taking them into consideration

ules in the next few years—particularly the issue

as key parameters for the implementation of

of mobility and the development of solutions

strategic climate protection concepts. We have

specially adapted to the Elbe Island.

therefore expanded our Climate and Energy Advisory Board2 to include the expertise of the environmental communication experts from the University of Marburg,3 in order to be able to explore the needed sociodemographic implementation strategies in more detail. The examination of the commercial and economic side of the “decentralised” approaches to the “Climate Protection Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg” was no less important to us. There is the fundamental question, however, of whether we envisage the post-fossil fuel age as supported by a new industrial mega-structure with gigantic offshore wind parks and huge expanses of photovoltaic installations in the

12

Notes 1 Zukunftskonferenz Wilhelmsburg (ed.): Zukunftskonferenz Wilhelmsburg—Insel im Fluss—Brücke in die Zukunft. Weissbuch. Bericht der Arbeitsgruppen Mai 2001–Januar 2002. Wilhelmsburg 2002. 2 The members of the Climate and Energy Advisory Board are: Prof. Peter Droege (World Council for Renewable Energy), Dr Harry Lehmann (Federal Office for the Environment, Dessau), Prof. Irene Peters (HafenCity University Hamburg), Prof. Manfred Hegger (TU Darmstadt), Stefan Schurig (World Future Council, Hamburg), Prof. Matthias Schuler (Transsolar, Stuttgart). 3 Prof. Dr Udo Kuckartz and Dr Anke Rheingans-Heintze.

The goal is the intensive examination and further development of this road map in the years ahead, together with many institutions, associations, experts, and the general population.

Dieser ENERGIEATLAS der Elbinseln ist aus

Umwelt in der Wilhelmsburger Mitte als Vor-

Sicht der IBA Hamburg ein ganz besonderer

bildprojekt, nach den Richtlinien der Deutschen

Schritt. Zum einen reflektieren wir damit die

Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB)

eigene Arbeit der vergangenen drei Jahre im

zertifiziert, den Gold-Standard erreichen.

Leitthema „Stadt im Klimawandel“ und zum

Neben der Vielzahl der energetisch ambitionier-

anderen versucht die IBA Hamburg damit eine

ten Projekte wuchs zudem der Anspruch der IBA

neue Ausrichtung der Internationalen Bau-

Hamburg, diese Projekte nicht für sich stehen zu

ausstellungen zu implementieren – weg von inkrementalistischen Akupunkturen hin zu

lassen, sondern die Besonderheit der urbanen In-

konzeptbasierten Projekten –, sprich die Projekte werden erst dann nachhaltig, wenn sie in schlüssige Gesamtkonzepte eingebaut sind. Seit 2007 entwickelt und qualifiziert die IBA Hamburg in ihren Leitthemen Projekte – zum Teil basierend auf Ansätzen aus den Fachbehörden, einiges aufgenommen aus dem Weißbuch der Zukunftskonferenz Wilhelmsburg1, welches in einem breiten partizipativen Prozess auf den Elbinseln in den Jahren 2001/02 erarbeitet wurde; und natürlich kommen auch Projekte zum Tragen, die durch die IBA neu entstanden sind. Beim Leitthema „Stadt im Klimawandel“ war das nicht anders: Das Projekt für den Wilhelmsburger Flakbunker kam mit der Idee der Umsetzung einer großen Solarthermieanlage aus der Fachbehörde, wurde durch die IBA zum „Energiebunker“ qualifiziert und zu dem starken und damit auch umsetzbaren Projekt entwickelt, welches es heute darstellt. Das Vorhaben, auf der Deponie Georgswerder eine Photovoltaik-Anlage zu bauen und dort auch die alten Windenergieanlagen zu „repowern“, war schon existent, dazu kam die starke Forderung aus dem Stadtteil, diesen „Berg“ für die Öffentlichkeit nutzbar zu machen – und so entstand das Projekt „Energieberg“. Für alle IBA-Bauprojekte gelten strengere energetische Vorgaben als die gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen – Unterschreitung der Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) 2009 um 30 Prozent. Bei der Mehrheit der Projekte entwickeln sich die tatsächlichen Ziele noch ambitionierter. So wird zum Beispiel das Wohnungsneubauprojekt „Open House“ als sogenanntes „Passivhaus Plus“ realisiert, das heißt auch, der gesamte Strombedarf wird betrachtet und überwiegend vor Ort regenerativ erzeugt. So soll auch der Neubau der Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und

sel zu nutzen, und sich an ein Gesamtkonzept, eine Art Roadmap, heranzuwagen, welche den Weg ins postfossile und atomfreie Zeitalter weist – das „Klimaschutzkonzept Erneuerbares Wilhelmsburg“. Mit diesem Konzept will die IBA Hamburg neue Standards für Ressourcenschutz und klimaneutrales Bauen setzen: Optimierte Gebäudetechnik und ambitionierte Bestandssanierungen reduzieren den Energieverbrauch, Blockheizkraftwerke, regionale und lokale Energieverbundsysteme verbessern die Energieeffizienz. Der Anteil erneuerbarer Energien wird schrittweise auf 100 Prozent gesteigert. Zusammen mit der Bevölkerung und zahlreichen Akteuren will die IBA Hamburg zeigen, wie Städte zu Vorreitern des Klimaschutzes werden können. Ziel dieses ENERGIEATLAS für die Elbinseln ist es, ein räumlich-energetisches Leitbild und Handlungskonzept zu formulieren, das beispielhaft für ein erneuerbares Hamburg steht. Keine Theorie zu entwickeln, sondern ganz praktisch für dieses Demonstrationsgebiet aufzuzeigen, wie es gehen könnte, welchen Einfluss unsere bereits angeschobenen IBA Projekte haben und was auch nach 2013 passieren muss, damit Klimaneutralität und 100 Prozent erneuerbare Energien erreicht werden. Internationale Bauausstellungen sind Stadtlabore, die unter realen Bedingungen im Maßstab 1:1 arbeiten. Das heißt, die tatsächlichen politischen, sozialen, rechtlichen, finanziellen und sonstigen relevanten Rahmenbedingungen müssen als „veränderliche“ Rahmenbedingungen in unsere Konzepte und Projekte einfließen. Im Kontext des „Klimaschutzkonzeptes Erneuerbares Wilhelmsburg“ heißt dies ferner, sich auch mit realen wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und demografischen Situationen auseinanderzusetzen und sie als entscheidende Parameter der Umsetzung von strategischen Klimaschutzkon-

KLAUS TÖPFER

Climate Change and Climate Policy

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change‘s 15th Conference of the

crises. Leading company directors in Germany also, are seeing Blue-collar jobs2 going and

Parties (COP 15) was held in Copenhagen one

Green-collar jobs3 coming. The race for the

year before the publication of this book from

best technological solutions, the Green Race,

7–18 December 2009. At a critical juncture in

seems to have begun. An unparalleled effort by

the unravelling global climate conditions it was

non-governmental organisations saw the issue

a particularly disappointing example of the

and importance of Copenhagen being anchored

inherent difficulties of this global negotiation

in civil society more strongly than ever. The cli-

process, and yet, before this meeting, the ideal

mate experts were clearer and more urgent in

preconditions for a new, successful, internation-

their demands for political action. Expectations

ally co-ordinated climate policy seemed to be

were high—without any clear and matter-of-fact

in place. For the first time, the global threat of

consideration really having been given to what

climate change had been placed on the agenda

would make “Copenhagen” a success or what

by the heads of state themselves—more than

any alternative might look like. This significant

100 government leaders took part: from Obama

weakness on the part of all the negotiating par-

to Wen Jiabao, Angela Merkel, Brazil’s Lula, and

ties was evident even in the preliminaries to the

the Indian premier Singh, through to Zenawi,

conference. Neither was the indiscriminate el-

Ethiopia’s head of government, and the presi-

evation of Copenhagen to a kind of end game in

dents of the small island states in the Pacific.

planetary climate salvation particularly helpful.

The preparations for Copenhagen were based on the Bali Road Map, the guideline for further

Against this background, the outcome of this

negotiations agreed upon two years ago by the

“Copenhagen Accord,” has been largely labelled

nations party to the UN Framework Convention

inadequate or, drastically, determined an abso-

on Climate Change. Exceptionally difficult nego-

lute failure.

tiations were even able to achieve approval of this Road Map by the then Bush government.

All of this dust is slowly beginning to settle. It

The run-up to Copenhagen also featured, for

achievements of Copenhagen mean without

the first time, an increasing number of actively

the tactical rhetoric, and how the substance of

involved and prominent voices from within the private sector. Green Tech, namely environ-

these achievements can be rendered useable.

mentally and climate-friendly technologies,

the basis of the positions of the key negotiating

was already being defined as the driver behind

parties, such as the United States of America

a new, long “Kondratiev Wave”1 holding the promise of green growth. A Green New Deal was

and China, but more especially also of India,

presented as a paradigm shift in the common

the small island states. Retrospective finger

battle against economic and environmental

pointing does little to create a good negotiating

14

conference so laden with expectation, the

is time to take an objective look at what the

We need to analyse the considerations forming

the developing countries in Africa, as well as

Hamburg House at Expo 2010 in Shanghai The first certified passive house in China

With the pilot project in Wilhelmsburg, the IBA Hamburg creates an example of what many Wilhelmsburg residents will be able to achieve in the future.

atmosphere to achieve tangible and urgently

to increase. Climate policy will therefore be

required successful outcomes.

particularly successful if cities are increasingly

Co-operation on climate policy on a worldwide

able to use energy efficiently in an improved,

scale cannot be postponed further. Climate

indeed revolutionary, way. This will be pos-

change is a reality. The thirteen-year gap

sible if city energy supplies are able to become

between the conclusion of the UN Framework

increasingly decentralised, and thus also more

Convention on Climate Change and the imple-

likely to become less carbon-intensive.

mentation of the Kyoto measures is alarming.

This makes cities the focus of the climate policy

Meanwhile, rising greenhouse gas emissions

agenda and it is therefore especially welcome

leave no room for a repetition of this failure.

that Hamburg is taking on a pioneering role in

This gap of global silence is sheer lost time. It

this regard. In setting itself the goal of gradual-

could carry a high price if the forecasts of the

ly moving this large, cosmopolitan, vibrant city

climate experts prove to be true. It is therefore

in the direction of climate neutrality, the IBA

crucial that immediate action be taken—action

in Hamburg sends a signal to the world. This

with concrete results in terms of a reduction of CO2 and all other emissions, caused directly or

signal comes at just the right time. The recent

indirectly by human beings, which influence our

was “Better City—Better Life”. Partnership

climate.

between cities is a tremendous opportunity

At least 80 per cent of the world’s resources are

for mutual support in efforts aimed at energy-

used in cities. This percentage and the associat-

efficient and carbon-neutral energy supplies—

ed emissions will increase with ongoing urbani-

and it is possible for the IBA Hamburg to adopt

sation. Cities thus bear tremendous responsibil-

a global agenda based on this event as it moves

ity for avoidance of and adjustment to climate

into its final implementing years.

change. This obligation can be met only with

In the city context, these are perspectives

clear strategies and innovative solutions. The

linked to a decentralised approach. Hence the

“Zukunftskonzept Erneuerbares Wilhelmsburg”

city’s overall target has to be broken down

(“Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg”) is

according to the individual city districts and

very easily integrated into such an approach. It

neighbourhoods. In this regard, too, Hamburg is

is not about waiting for internationally binding

exemplary. It is therefore to be welcomed that

targets to be set from above but about initiating change from below. It demonstrates how climate

this “Future Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg” takes the form of its own ENERGY ATLAS. It is

neutrality can be brought about through civil

to be hoped that the measures already achieved

involvement and creative solutions. With the

and those still to be implemented here will have

pilot project in Wilhelmsburg, the IBA Hamburg

a multiplying effect in Germany and beyond. Be-

creates an example of what many Wilhelmsburg

yond the EXPO 2010, as the IBA moves towards

residents will be able to achieve in the future.

completion in 2013, there is the opportunity for

EXPO 2010 took place in Shanghai: its theme

working together on city district concepts in Three starting points for concrete action de-

Shanghai. The dynamics of this huge Chinese

serve special mention:

megacity certainly provides conditions requiring the ongoing development of new solutions with

City Involvement

scientifically verifiable effectiveness.

It has been reported often enough that, with

Concentration on Existing Buildings

the new millennium, the world has entered an “urban millennium.” More than 50 per cent of

More than 40 per cent of greenhouse gas emis-

the world’s population now lives in cities, in

sions derive from buildings already in existence.

agglomerations, in megacities, and large ur-

It is therefore rational, and imperative, that at-

banised regions. This percentage will continue

tention is paid to this source of climate-damaging

INTRODUCTION

15

emissions. A further major advantage is that in-

mobility becomes less and less. Here, too, there

vestment in improved building energy efficiency

are examples to be found in the emerging cities

also has the effect of reducing the energy costs

of the Third World that could find meaning-

for the building’s residents or users. Economic

ful application in urban development in highly

and ecological criteria therefore go hand in hand

developed countries. This particularly applies

here, thus facilitating implementation.

to the preference for public transport when it

The initiation of concrete measures in this

comes to the road network.

regard and their exemplary implementation in

A climate-friendly alternative also requires the

Hamburg, more specifically in Wilhelmsburg, is

use of new energy sources for transport. The

again very significant. There is a direct link with

trend towards electrical mobility will become

China in this respect as well. Over 50 per cent

part of this when the electricity required can be

of building activity worldwide takes place in

supplied on a renewable basis. The mobility de-

China. What is not currently being incorporated

bate, therefore, must not be limited to a single

by way of improved insulation, greater energy

technology but needs to be further optimised

efficiency, and the supply of renewable energy

within the system as a whole.

to buildings will not be able to be redressed in

Overall, an ecological approach should not be

the long term in China and in many of the other

viewed as a negative challenge but rather as an

rapidly growing developing countries. Close

opportunity. We live in a world with just under

co-operation is therefore a basic prerequisite

seven billion people. In the year 2050 it will be

for the development of global concepts and for

nine billion. Such rapid population growth also

their incorporation in a legally binding form in

means a rise in the number of people living

later negotiations.

in poverty. The hunger for energy on the part

Notes 1 Named after the Russian economist Nikolai Kondratiev, this refers to technologies triggering a sustained economic upturn. Examples include the investments made in the development of a comprehensive rail network and, more recently, IT technologies. 2 Blue-collar job = occupation largely characterised by physical labour. 3 Green-collar job = occupation in the environmental sector.

of those attempting to free themselves from

Mobility

this is increasing at the same time. China is again a much-cited example in this regard. This

Mobility is the third concrete area of activity.

hunger for energy will not be able to be satis-

Emissions from the various modes of transport

fied by fossil fuels alone, however. If energy

continue to rise significantly. The range of op-

and resource efficiency are not raised and if

tions available to a city needs to focus specially

the range of energy options is not subjected

on passenger and goods transport within the

to a fundamental expansion, then resource

city in question. The key task will be to develop

shortages and price increases will be unavoid-

urban structures in such a way that they do

able. Initiatives such as the “Future Concept

not necessitate mobility through too great a

Renewable Wilhelmsburg” therefore represent

segregation of the individual functions of hu-

not only a necessary step in avoiding climate

man life at a local level. This also corresponds

change; they will also increasingly become

to a general tendency towards social unity.

an economic necessity and a driving force

City centres are again becoming increasingly

for creativity in our economies. Germany is

sought-after locations, particularly by single

a technology leader and needs to retain this

households and by older members of the popu-

top position—preferably expanding on it. It is

lation. The development of public spaces into

to our advantage to be the country with the

areas of social contact and the incorporation

greatest energy efficiency, providing products

of retail and service outlets are job-creating in-

and production processes with minimal energy

vestments on the one hand and, on the other, a

requirements, and standing at the forefront

basic condition for a way of life that also avoids

of technological developments in renewable

unnecessary traffic.

energy. If we recognise and use this innovation

In addition to these requirements at a planning

potential in good time, we will also be able to

level, there is also a need to make public trans-

maintain Germany’s competitiveness as a busi-

port so attractive that the need for individual

ness location in the future.

16

Oil disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, 2010 Harvesting fossil-based energy involves ever greater risks: the consequences for the environment are often underestimated.

WILHELMSBURG ON THE WAY TO THE FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

SIMONA WEISLEDER, KARSTEN WESSEL

The Post-fossil and Non-nuclear Energy Metropolises of Tomorrow

The IBA Hamburg’s project area: The Elbe islands of Wilhelmsburg and Veddel, together with Harburg upriver port.

The IBA Hamburg has set itself the overall goal

“Cities and Climate Change” is: how are cities

of demonstrating “projects for the future of our

to follow the path into the post-fossil fuel and

cities.” The cities of tomorrow are faced with

nuclear energy-free age?

pressing challenges resulting from globalisa-

The Elbe Islands constitute a classic example of

tion, migration, economic dynamics, environ-

the seeming clash between economic growth

mental destruction, a shortage of resources,

and environmental concerns. Cities are charac-

and the consequences of climate change. For

terised by competing demands for space for dif-

a seven-year period—from 2007 to 2013—the

ferent uses—housing, traffic, trade, industry. At

Internationale Bauausstellung (International

the same time, they are places of high energy

Building Exhibition) Hamburg is therefore dedi-

consumption and concentrated emissions. The

cating itself to precisely those urban develop-

IBA Hamburg projects provide examples of how

ment issues whose effects will have a signifi-

growth and sustainability can be brought into

cant influence on the future of cities. The IBA

harmony in built-up urban areas.

Hamburg is thus part of a long and ambitious

For more than five hundred years, marsh farm-

tradition of international building exhibitions in

ers have been reclaiming the Elbe Island from

Germany.

the river, defending it against the storm tides

The IBA instrument is always put into use when

of the North Sea. It was originally an archi-

the proven, institutionalised approaches no lon-

pelago of almost two dozen shallow islands; the

ger suffice for the pressing problems at hand,

ring dyke around “Europe’s largest inhabited

the solution to which means finding new alli-

river island” was first completed in the mid-

ances and a course of action to enable econom-

nineteenth century—but it has not always been

ic, administrative, and political barriers to be

effective, as the devastating storm tide of 1962

overcome. “It is about the social and cultural is-

showed. Awareness of the sea level dangers

sues of the future. All of the international build-

posed by climate change is therefore greater

ing exhibitions to date have provided a central

in Wilhelmsburg than it is anywhere else in

theme and agenda for which model solutions

Hamburg.

were sought. An IBA is not a purely theoretical

The IBA’s key theme “Cities and Climate

event; instead, it seeks concrete solutions and

Change” did not have to be invented for the

these have to be exemplary and enduring. …

Elbe Island; it had been on the agenda at least

This also requires the courage to experiment.”1 Hamburg has displayed this courage with the

since the 4th IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on

choice of demonstration area—Hamburg’s

report by the United Nations panel of experts

Elbe Islands and the future-oriented projects

provides scientific evidence that climate change

making up the IBA’s key themes: “Kosmopolis”

has anthropogenic causes, and makes it clear

(“Cosmopolis”), “Metrozones,” and “Stadt im

that just the most important industrialised

Klimawandel” (“Cities and Climate Change”).

nations have to reduce their greenhouse gas

The issue addressed by the IBA Hamburg with

emissions by 80–95 per cent (based on 1990

Climate Change) report of February 2007. This

WILHELMSBURG ON THE WAY TO THE FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

21

emissions levels) by the year 2050, simply to be

projects—as part of this important step being

able to prevent drastic consequences.

taken by the city of Hamburg.

Cities consume 80 per cent of all resources,

With its projects and the “Klimaschutzkonzept

even though they occupy just 2 per cent of the

Erneuerbares Wilhelmsburg” (“Climate Protec-

world’s surface area, and urbanisation contin-

tion Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg”), the

ues unabated worldwide (by 2030 the propor-

IBA Hamburg’s main aim is to demonstrate solu-

tion of the world’s population living in cities

tions for the urban, largely built-up environ-

will rise from the current 50 per cent to 60 per cent).2 Consequently, no contemporary exhibi-

ment—in contrast to Masdar, for instance, where

tion related to building and urban development

sustainable city from scratch. Moreover, the IBA

is able to avoid addressing the issue of climate

Hamburg examines ways in which maximum use

protection—through energy savings, energy

can be made of local renewable energy sources intra muros, such as energy savings and energy efficiency, and how local economies can be strengthened as a result. In addition to its distinct spatial boundaries, the IBA Hamburg’s demonstration area also has an important strategic advantage: it does not form part of the Hamburg district heating network’s supply area, reliant on conventional, non-renewable energy sources. This means that, here, the IBA Hamburg does in fact have a real opportunity for testing and evaluating the numerous decentralised and local approaches to energy supply! How can this goal of comprehensive renewable energy supply and maximum climate relief be implemented as a feasible “hands-on” strategy of action for the Elbe Islands? The elements making up this road map are: to identify consumers and levels of consumption; to determine the potential and location of the projects relating to energy saving, increased efficiency, and the implementation of renewable energy; and to draw up an implementation timeframe—these are the constituent elements of the ENERGY ATLAS of the Elbe Islands—in which the IBA projects are instrumental. In order to develop this ENERGY ATLAS, the IBA Hamburg shifted in 2008 its focus to energy consumption (electricity and heating) in existing buildings, commissioning the Bremer Energie Institut (Bremen Energy Institute) to carry out a survey of current heating and energy consumption in residential, service, office, and administrative buildings on the Elbe Islands. A joint venture with the local network operators Vattenfall Europe Distribution and E.ON Hanse in the planned

efficiency, and the increasing use of renewable energy—and adjustment to the consequences of climate change. The future of our climate will be determined by and in our cities! With its projects and concepts, the IBA has now become an established feature of the city of Hamburg’s efforts to face up to its responsibility as a significant climate factor. The Hamburg Senate’s 2007–2012 Climate Protection Concept and Hamburg’s climate protection regulations established ambitious energy standards for emission avoidance and energy efficiency, going beyond Germany‘s federal targets. Hamburg‘s ambitious path has received international recognition: the city has been named European Green Capital 2011. In the run-up to Hamburg’s year in this capacity the IBA, as a kind of “urban laboratory,” constitutes a special and unique opportunity for developing and testing innovative concepts for renewable energy supply as well as for emission and resource cutbacks at a city level—from individual buildings through to entire districts. In the overall urban context, the founding in 2009 of the city’s own new energy firm HAMBURG ENERGIE, to supply its own energy without the use of coal or nuclear energy, is also an important milestone for the Hanseatic city. This is a topic currently being debated throughout the Federal Republic of Germany: how cities and municipalities can regain increased influence over their energy supplies and actively co-ordinate their climate and energy policy. The IBA Hamburg has sought concrete co-operation in this regard, is aiming for valuable synergies, and sees itself as an inspiration for innovative

22

the opportunity is for building a brand new

The IBA’s demonstration area does not form part of the Hamburg district heating network’s supply area, meaning that the IBA Hamburg does in fact have a real opportunity for testing and evaluating the numerous decentralised and local approaches to energy supply!

With its projects and the ”Climate Protection Concept Renewable Wilhelmsburg” the IBA Hamburg’s main aim is to demonstrate solutions for the urban, largely built-up environment—in contrast to Masdar, for instance, where the opportunity is for building a brand new sustainable city from scratch.

EnEff:IBA project means that the IBA Hamburg

to incorporate concrete IBA projects and also

will also have access to concrete consumption

to examine different areas of emphasis in

data (electricity/gas) for the years 2008–2013.

renewable energy supplies. The first scenario

The implementation strategy was consolidated

is characterised by a strong focus on possible

together with local and international experts

local deep geothermal opportunities, which—if

as well as interested Elbe Island residents in an

realised—would produce significant yields. This

IBA Laboratory in 2009: a workshop to advance

is being initiated by the IBA Hamburg with

a creative approach to the islands’ potential for

its 2010 research project. The second excel-

renewable energy, for energy efficiency, and

lence scenario focuses on the diversification of

energy savings.

renewable energy sources. The two scenarios

Motivated by the federal Experimental Residen-

share the fact that they are local and decentra-

tial Study Program (ExWoSt) research project

lised solutions adapted to the special local abil-

“Nutzung städtischer Freiflächen für erneuer-

ity to achieve autonomy in renewable energy.

bare Energien” (Use of urban spaces for renewable energy)3 of the Federal Ministry of Trans-

The results of the study, undertaken in close co-

port, Building, and Urban Development and the

Climate Advisory Board, form the most impor-

Federal Office for Building and Regional Plan-

tant basis for this ENERGY ATLAS of the Elbe

ning, the IBA Hamburg sought an exchange of

Islands, and represent the strategic instruments

ideas. Based on these experiences and informa-

and projects for the Elbe Islands’ future energy

tion, a working group—comprising JHJ Bleich-

supply systems. The aim is the presentation of

erode and the egs Netzwerk Nordhausen—was

a spatial energy model for the IBA’s demonstra-

commissioned in 2009 to undertake the study

tion region.

“Energetische Optimierung des Modellraums

The IBA Hamburg has attempted to develop a

IBA Hamburg” (Energy Optimisation of the

uniform approach that (a) is grounded in the

IBA Hamburg Model Region). This study used a

place in question; (b) demonstrates a clear

scenario analysis to compare future energy de-

direction in energy savings, efficiency, and

mand and the potential for savings, increased

renewable energy implementation; (c) takes

efficiency, and the use of renewable energy in

the economic dimension into account; and (d)

the various types of urban environment on the

accommodates the special social conditions on

Elbe Island, and to develop strategic measures

the Elbe Islands.

operation with the IBA’s specialist Energy and

for the optimisation of energy supplies. The study undertook a concrete examination of two different reference scenarios illustrating developments in 2013/2020/2050, applying Germany-wide trends in renovation, efficiency, and the introduction of renewable energy to the Elbe Islands. Use was made of two reference scenarios in order to demonstrate the possible impact of a district heating network on the Elbe Islands, supplied by the Moorburg coal power station currently under construction, and, as a distinct counterbalance, the opportunities that would arise (a) if the focus was no longer on this fossil fuel technology locally, and (b) if, the

Notes 1 Engelbert Lütke Daldrup: “Die Zukunft Internationaler Bauausstellungen”. In: IBA Hamburg GmbH (ed.): IBA meets IBA. Zur Zukunft Internationaler Bauausstellungen. Berlin 2010, pp. 50–55, here p. 53. 2 Herbert Girardet (ed.): Zukunft ist möglich—Wege aus dem Klima-Chaos. Hamburg 2007. 3 The project “Nutzung städtischer Freiflächen für erneuerbare Energien” (“Use of urban spaces for renewable energy”) is part of the research programme “Experimenteller Wohnungs- und Städtebau” (“Experimental residential and urban development”) research programme by the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building, and Urban Development, and the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning, 2009.

construction of new coal power stations were to be stopped elsewhere. Two so-called excellence scenarios were developed as alternative to the reference scenarios

WILHELMSBURG ON THE WAY TO THE FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

23

Declaration of the Hamburg City Climate Conference 2009* 7 Facts, 7 Commitments and 7 Calls for a Low-carbon Future The signatory cities declare that combating climate change is above all a matter for cities. They commit to do everything in their power to mitigate climate change and to master the consequences of climate change. They support the commitments by the cities of the Covenant of Mayors. They call upon COP15, national governments and international bodies, to adopt regulations which will make it possible to achieve the 2-degree target.

Declaration of the Hamburg City Climate Con7 facts about cities in the face of climate change

80 per cent by 2050, to permit achievement of

7 commitments of the signatories

the global goal of 50 per cent. The signatory cities, towns, and regions commit 5. Cities need national and international

to the following principles:

support. 1. Cities are key players and key parties

The cities want to mitigate climate change by

1. A new dimension of global cooperation

affected by climate change.

efficient use of renewable resources, by using

Cities will work together actively, in internation-

Cities and towns account for 75 per cent of the

energy-efficient motors and equipment, and by

al city networks, for the transfer of knowledge

world’s greenhouse gas emissions. That is why

drastically reducing their energy consumption.

in their twin city partnerships and to specifi-

they have a key role to play in achieving the

They need effective international agreements

cally support cities in the developing countries.

global reduction goal of 50 per cent by 2050.

and national legislation to do that.

They will develop new models for bilateral and

2. Mitigation is mainly an urban issue.

6. Cities are particularly exposed to risk.

multilateral climate partnerships. They encourage the Climate Alliance CO2 emissions reduc-

Per capita emissions can be particularly low in

Almost all cities are located on rivers or seas, or

tion targets, the declaration by EUROCITIES on

cities. Urban life can be organised with shorter

in valleys, and are therefore specifically vulner-

climate change, the Local Government Climate

travelling distances, denser housing, and syner-

able to flooding, and rising sea levels. They are

Roadmap Process initiated by ICLEI and the

gies in energy supply, in such a way that the

also threatened by storms, heat waves, and

Energie-Cités initiatives.

reduction targets are met.

scarcity of drinking water. Due to concentration of people, infrastructure and values, cities have

2. Cooperation with surrounding areas

3. Cities of the world start from different

particularly high loss potentials. International

Cities will cooperate increasingly with the sur-

conditions.

and national regulations are needed to manage

rounding areas in the use of renewable energies

That is why they have to support one another.

the consequences of climate change.

and in measures to adapt to climate change.

future belong together. Cities in developing

7. Cities need a stronger voice.

3. Municipal climate action programme

countries have to be empowered by the inter-

Despite their key role in mitigating climate

Cities will develop climate programmes ori-

national regulatory system to contribute to cli-

change, the cities of the world are currently

ented towards the two-degree target, and will

mate action and to deal with the consequences

not sufficiently involved in the political decision

implement them and continuously monitor

of climate change.

making process. Their experience should be

their effectiveness.

Fighting poverty and fighting for a low-carbon

used to set up regulations that are effective in 4. Cities in the industrial countries have to

practice.

4. Cities as models

cut carbon emissions by 80 per cent.

City administrations will become role models

Populations and economies in developing

in public procurement and in their own build-

countries are growing. They can reduce their

ings, for private sector businesses and for

greenhouse gas emissions only in the longer

citizens.

term. So cities in the industrialised countries have to reduce their GHG emissions by at least

24

5. Energy-saving policy Cities will implement policies to encourage energy efficiency action in private households and in industry and commerce; to support public

7 calls for support by COP15, governments and international organisations

transport and to prevent unnecessary traffic

of intercontinental power grids for renewable energies. 4. Energy efficiency and energy savings Industrialised countries are required to legislate

volumes; and to encourage the use of electric

1. Binding commitment of the global

for high efficiency thermal insulation of new

cars, bicycles, and walking.

community to the two-degree target of the

buildings right now, and for subsequent insula-

IPCC

tion of existing buildings by 2025 at the latest.

6. Pro-climate urban planning

Global warming of more than two degrees

The construction of transport infrastructure

Cities will encourage and implement mitigatory

would destabilise the global ecosystems and

and adaptive measures by means of regulations

economies. It is therefore essential for emis-

and subsidies to / taxation of means of transport must be based on their CO2 emissions.

and incentives in their urban planning.

sions to be limited in such a way that this level is not exceeded. The international reduction

5. Protection of primeval forests

7. Citizen participation

agreements must specify concrete goals for in-

The cities call for international agreements on

Cities will actively involve their citizens in

dustrialised and developing countries, achieving

protection of primeval forest areas in Africa,

planning and implementation of climate action

at least a 50 per cent reduction by 2050.

Asia, and Latin America, including financial compensation for the countries affected. Trade

programmes and motivate them to make a contribution by their efforts to combat climate

2. Fair solutions, because only fairness will

in wood obtained non-sustainably from these

change.

help in the long term

forests must be banned, and the ban must be

To keep within the 2-degree target, a maximum of 750 gigatonnes CO2 emission is permissible

effectively monitored.

up to 2050. An allocation mechanism based on

6. Flood defences and protection of drinking

the principle of equal per capita emissions is

water reserves

needed. Financial compensation must be cre-

We need international agreements to support

ated for those countries and populations that

cities in protection from the rise in sea levels. It

generate fewer emissions. The historic emis-

is also necessary to set up international coop-

sions by the industrialised countries have to be

eration for protection of freshwater reserves.

taken into consideration in this calculation. 7. Appropriate involvement of cities

* During the Hamburg City Climate Conference in November 2009, around 290 participants from forty countries reiterated their solidarity and responsibility in the battle against global warming by signing the Hamburg Declaration

3. Boost of renewables

Cities must be involved in the decision-making

A tremendous joint international effort is

processes at national and international levels to

needed in order to obtain about 80 per cent of

combat climate change.

energy from renewables by 2050. It requires exchange of technologies, funding of technology transfer, and development of renewable infrastructures. That includes the establishment

WILHELMSBURG ON THE WAY TO THE FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

25

Als übergeordneten Anspruch hat sich die

Emissionen. Wie Wachstum und Nachhaltigkeit

IBA Hamburg das Ziel gesteckt, „Projekte für

in den gebauten Städten in Einklang gebracht

die Zukunft der Metropolen“ zu zeigen. Die

werden können, zeigen beispielhaft die Projekte

Metropolen von morgen sehen sich durch

der IBA Hamburg.

Globalisierung, Migration, ökonomische Dyna-

Über mehr als 500 Jahre hinweg haben Gene-

mik, Umweltzerstörung, Ressourcenknappheit

rationen von Marschbauern die Elbinseln dem

und Folgen des Klimawandels vor drängende

Elbstrom abgerungen und gegen die Sturmflu-

Herausforderungen gestellt. Die Internationale

ten der Nordsee verteidigt. Ursprünglich ein

Bauausstellung Hamburg widmet sich deshalb

Archipel von fast zwei Dutzend flachen Inseln,

sieben Jahre lang – von 2007 bis 2013 – ge-

wurde der Ringdeich um „Europas größte

nau jenen Fragen der Stadtentwicklung, deren

bewohnte Flussinsel“ erst in der Mitte des 19.

Wechselwirkungen maßgeblichen Einfluss

Jahrhunderts geschlossen – nicht immer erfolg-

auf die Zukunft der Städte haben werden. Die

reich, wie man spätestens nach der verheeren-

IBA Hamburg steht damit in einer langen und

den Sturmflut von 1962 weiß. Das Bewusstsein

anspruchsvollen Tradition Internationaler Bau-

über die Gefahren des Klimawandels ist daher

ausstellungen in Deutschland.

anderswo in Hamburg kaum so ausgeprägt wie

Das Instrument IBA wird immer dann ergrif-

in Wilhelmsburg.

fen, wenn für die drängenden Probleme die

Das IBA Leitthema „Stadt im Klimawandel“

bewährten, institutionalisierten Handlungsmus-

musste somit für die Elbinseln nicht erfunden

ter nicht mehr greifen und für die Lösung neue

werden, sondern stand spätestens seit dem

Bündnisse und Aktionsformen gefunden werden

4. IPCC-Bericht (Intergovernmental Panel on

müssen, die ein Durchbrechen von ökonomi-

Climate Change) vom Februar 2007 auf der

schen, administrativen und politischen Barrie-

Agenda. Jener Bericht des ExpertInnen-Rats

ren ermöglichen. „Es geht um gesellschaftliche

der United Nations belegt wissenschaftlich,

und kulturelle Zukunftsfragen. Dazu haben

dass der Klimawandel anthropogene Ursachen

bislang alle Internationalen Bauausstellungen

hat, und macht deutlich, dass die wichtigsten

eine programmatische Leitidee gegeben, zu

Industrieländer allein nur zur Verhinderung der

der modellhafte Lösungen gesucht wurden.

drastischsten Folgen ihre Treibhausgasemissi-

Eine IBA ist keine reine Theorieveranstaltung,

onen bis zum Jahr 2050 um 80 bis 95 Prozent

sondern sucht konkrete Lösungen und diese

reduzieren müssen (gemessen am Emissionsni-

müssen exemplarisch und einprägsam sein.

veau von 1990).

Daneben bedarf es des Muts zum Experiment.“ 1 Diesen Mut zeigt Hamburg mit der Auswahl des

80 Prozent aller Ressourcen werden in den

Demonstrationsgebietes – den Hamburger Elb-

Fläche einnehmen, und die Verstädterung

inseln und den zukunftsorientierten Projekten

schreitet weltweit unaufhaltsam voran (bis

in ihren Leitthemen „Kosmopolis“, „Metrozo-

2030 wird der Anteil der Weltbevölkerung, der

nen“ und „Stadt im Klimawandel“. Die Frage, die die IBA Hamburg in ihrem Leitthe-

in Städten lebt, von derzeit gut 50 auf 60 Prozent steigen).2 Angesichts dessen kommt heute

ma „Stadt im Klimawandel“ umtreibt, ist: Wie

keine Ausstellung, die mit Bauen und Stadtent-

kann die Metropole den Weg in das postfossile

wicklung zu tun hat, umhin, den Klimaschutz

und atomenergiefreie Zeitalter beschreiten?

– durch Energieeinsparung, Energieeffizienz

Auf den Elbinseln treffen Wachstums- und

und den zunehmenden Einsatz erneuerbarer

Umweltbelange beispielhaft aufeinander.

Energien – und die Anpassung an die Folgen des

Metropolen befinden sich im Spannungsfeld

Klimawandels zu thematisieren. Die Zukunft des

konkurrierender Flächenansprüche von unter-

Klimas entscheiden die Städte!

schiedlichen Nutzungen – Wohnen, Verkehr,

Die IBA ist mit ihren Projekten und Konzepten

Handel, Industrie. Gleichzeitig sind sie Orte

inzwischen fester Bestandteil in den Bestre-

hohen Energieverbrauchs und konzentrierter

bungen der Stadt Hamburg geworden, sich der

Städten verbraucht, die nur zwei Prozent der

PETER DROEGE

Our Urban Destiny

The IBA Hamburg is achieving success at a local level without waiting for global agreements, the conclusion of which seems to lie ever further in the future.

Shenyang in China, 2005 As viewed from the International Space Station

The historical contribution being made by the

combustion of a depleting resource—fossil fuel.

Internationale Bauausstellung (International

More than 85 per cent of global primary com-

Building Exhibition; IBA) Hamburg lies in the creative and practical approach to the global

mercial energy is supplied by non-renewable, toxic sources2—and these sources, especially oil,

challenges of a multifaceted energy crisis.

are entering a historical peaking stage. Some

This crisis extends from the shortage of non-

95 per cent of motorised transport—essential

renewable resources, far-reaching structural

to economies, cities, and the very dynamics of

issues at an economic level, through to climate destabilisation. It is highly significant that the

urban growth and lifestyles—is petroleum dependent.3 Peak oil—the inexorable arrival of the

IBA Hamburg is characterised by intensive local

maximum point of oil production beyond which

involvement and a quest for effective, practical

demand increasingly outstrips supply—exposes a

solutions pointing the way towards sustainable

structural flaw in the global urbanisation archi-

existence. Success is being achieved here at a local level without waiting for global agree-

tecture. Global oil production probably already reached its peak in 2006.4 And given continued

ments, the conclusion of which seems to lie

demand trajectories, the production downturn

ever further in the future. The IBA shows what

is also likely going to be much sharper and more

needs to become normal practice worldwide

dramatic than predicted by most peak oil ex-

within a few years. It is in this respect that

perts, due to the “net peak” effect: as reserves

IBA Hamburg also differs from all the previous

become scarcer it takes an increasing amount

international building exhibitions before it by

of energy to produce the dwindling resource. In

portraying within a specific social and eco-

2000, it took one barrel of oil to extract eleven

nomic context, a path of hope that is relevant and necessary at a worldwide level. This path

barrels in the United States—down from a ratio of 1:100 in the nineteen-thirties.5 As the point

promises the residents of Wilhelmsburg real

of peak is approached and transgressed, the

improvements, economic advantages, access

rapidly decreasing production efficiency leaves

to new technologies, and new expertise—all of

substantially less in net usable production

which are important in view of the scale of the

capacity than the 50 per cent of total available

impending energy turnaround. The task at hand is a massive one. Of the nearly

resources usually depicted.6 By its very nature, the abundant fossil energy

330 billion tons of carbon released by fossil fuel

system supported the rise of cities. Cities

burning and cement production since the middle

bulged as a direct consequence—and poisoned,

of the eighteenth century, a full half has been

paved, filled, or drained vast stretches of aqui-

emitted since the nineteen-seventies, and con-

fers, rivers, and lakes in the process. Wetlands,

tinues to rise at the precipitous rate of 3.4 per cent each year.1 But climate change is not the

bushlands, and grasslands disappeared at

only reason to act, and to act quickly, because

tered with highways and landfill sites. And they

three-quarters of this emission rise is due to the

emerged as the narrative backdrop for count-

growing rates. Metropolitan regions grew lit-

WILHELMSBURG ON THE WAY TO THE FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

27

less human lives lost in income, class, energy

heaval; targets that should be as low as 350 or,

inequities, oil wars, and environmental catas-

better, 280 parts per million.

7

trophes like the great Gulf of Mexico calamity of 2010. Mapped onto city geographies around the globe, misguided energy policy emerged as an avoidable tragedy, because decision makers

Winner of the Solar Decathlon 2009 in Washington D.C. The sur-PLUShome designed by Technische Universität Darmstadt

Seven Tools to Achieve Urban Energy Autonomy

ignored the sun—a practically limitless, ubiqui-

As renewable energy (RE) autonomy emerges

tous, and free source, embodied in solar, wind,

as an inexorable global goal, cities—being

water, and bio-energy.

most endangered by the threat—must lead the

When assessing the costs of this destructive

way. Each city must find its own path based

process, its most menacing legacy turns out to

on climate and weather, available resources,

be the atmosphere. The cocktail of anthropo-

development history, degree of globalisation or

genic carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane,

trade dependence, the relation to the region,

and chlorofluorocarbons that enriches the thin

governance capacity, and the manner in which

layer of terrestrial air is the global gaseous

civil society is engaged. Unlike the old fossil and

waste pool resulting from generations of fossil

nuclear power systems, the technical tools to

fuel burning, cement production, and rapacious

achieve energy autonomy are local: roof and

land management practice. The oceans serve as

façade surfaces for solar conversion into elec-

overflow receptacle. The most immediate alarm

tricity and thermal energy; small wind power;

is struck in both runaway Arctic and Greenland

heat pumps and deep geothermal sources; bio-

ice melts and African droughts. Erroneous

methane capture and use; biomass, in autono-

assumptions are now exposed: any further

mous islands or as distributed networks. Cities

temperature rise over the 0.7º Celsius already

can become extremely effective in implement-

experienced in the twentieth century will signifi-

ing 100 per cent renewable strategies, using a

cantly increase the risks.

comprehensive set of tools:

The two degrees Celsius (C) rise advocated in international climate talks is unacceptable as

Regulation, legislation, and standards

a policy target not only because it accepts the

Cities can issue suitable building regulations,

drowning of low-lying regions and evaporating

efficiency standards, and mandatory renew-

water supplies for millions of urban and rural

able energy provisions for new buildings. Cities

dwellers. It also risks the unravelling of features

can embrace a full alternative energy supply

that helped stabilise climatic conditions for a

as mandatory, where climate and national

large and somewhat advanced human civilisa-

resource pricing mechanisms allow this. Regula-

tion to evolve. These have already begun to

tions and standards can also be provided in co-

shift or unravel at the seemingly small rise

operation with state and national governments,

experienced during the twentieth century.

wherever municipal powers are limited.

With melting permafrost soils and lakebeds increasingly venting methane, the point of no

Incentives

return—beyond which no human intervention

Incentives for taking efficiency measures and

can halt the climatic cataclysm—is likely to be

developing RE installations, but also for renew-

reached below 450 parts per million, which is

able energy service companies, can be provided

the political benchmark so many cling to like

through taxation and pricing policies. Free or

a magic mantra. Instead, levels substantially

highly affordable, well-designed public transport

below the present level of 390 parts per million

systems will induce changes in commuter behav-

concentration—involving the removal of excess

iour. Cities can also regulate priority access for

greenhouse gas in the atmosphere-land-ocean

electric vehicles, provide production and market

carbon cycle—must be aimed at to have some

incentives for green energy charging stations,

reasonable hope of managing the climate up-

and encourage solar car-share providers.

28

Solar settlement in Vauban A district of Freiburg im Breisgau, 2007, Rolf Disch Solar Architecture

The facilities and stock owned, operated, man-

Institutional reform: strategic and general

aged and/or controlled by the city—from the

planning practices

urban infrastructure apparatus, to the develop-

Established city government is modelled on

ment of municipal buildings, to streetlights, car

nineteenth- and twentieth-century realities,

fleets, and undeveloped or underused proper-

including energy practices. It is highly stratified

ty—can be deployed as a readily available tool

and structured around specialised sectors—the

as well. Indeed, the public sector has a higher

famous guilds of bureaucracy. But the modern

degree of accountability and responsibility and

world of energy and emissions-conscious gover-

hence an obligation not only to do better than

nance has no room for such over-specialisation.

the private sector—or no worse than the best

Now is a time for the broad-banding of skills,

of the private industry. It is also obliged to use

outcome-oriented practice, and institutional

its asset management and capital investment

structures in which all departments are focused

policies and practices to set a powerful example to the community.

on moving towards energy autonomy. The primary rule is: Know Thy Assets. Understanding

Furthermore, institutional assets in the form

the city’s energy flows is a necessary starting

of municipal power companies can be used as

point. The next step is to map renewable energy

powerful tools in projecting renewable energy

potential, realising what roof and open space

and efficiency policies, develop infrastructure,

assets are available for renewable electricity

and engage in farsighted measures of all kinds.

and thermal energy conversion.

Where no public power assets exist, these can sometimes be established or re-acquired.

Community action, industry alliances,

These asset establishment initiatives can be

information, and education

summarised as follows: . The development of virtual utilities or area

Outreach is another very traditional but underused municipal function. Much can be achieved

renewable power developers as policy instru-

without large assets or capital investment

ments in the absence of real public power

capacity. The examples of effective municipal

companies is a real and practical option for

agencies, activist support organisations, edu-

large metropolitan areas or smaller cities in

cational and information programmes, and com-

alliance with regional or state government. . Renewable power asset investment, such as

munity aid entities focused on improved energy practice are legion. Cities and their community

bond financing, city assets, public-private

organisations could take up the energy au-

partnerships, and contracting arrangements,

tonomy agenda—neighbourhood by neighbour-

can be used by cities to develop projects

hood, precinct by precinct, and ward by ward.

near or far. . Long-term renewable power purchasing con-

Some cities will be culturally more amenable to this agenda than others.

tracts, as bulk purchasing for end-consumer use, are becoming increasingly popular,

Fostering urban and regional carbon

allowing cities to act as non-profit agents to

sequestration practice

acquire renewable electricity at large-volume

The methodical use of open space for urban

rates and passing the savings on to the com-

garden and forest, wetland development, and

munity by distributing the power without

water management can contribute to lowering

price mark-up. . Conversion of existing city-owned buildings

a city’s carbon footprint. This means rebuilding regional links, one of the most exciting and

into high-efficiency structures, and develop-

challenging, but also promising, opportunities.

ment of a comprehensive renewable energy

From nurturing regional forests, to making food

infrastructure.

supplies more locally based, building up humus combined with the use of biochar, producing bioenergy crops, anaerobic digestion and

30

Solar Decathlon 2007 in Washington D.C. Façade of the Plus Energy House of Texas A&M University

methane capture of farm wastes, and solar

emissions generated from operational energy

and wind farms—the reconnection of city and

use only. This approach is problematic because

region promises to become a powerful driver of

the targets are typically set arbitrarily and for

geographically proximate partnerships among

political purposes; they are set too low and for

long-separated neighbours: city cores, suburban

too distant a time horizon; and they cover only

rings, and rural economies.

a small band in the energy use spectrum. In wealthy cities, energy embodied in goods and

Renewable movement in and between cities

services consumed represent up to 70 per cent

Perhaps the most astonishing feature of the

of household energy use—yet this lifestyle fac-

fossil fuel revolution is the lure of mass mobility of people and goods: our “mass consumption of

tor is not reflected in municipal statistics or policies.8 Understanding embodied and imported

global space,” the seemingly limitless possibility

fossil energy or emissions is crucial in assigning

of moving around the globe by air, sea, rail, and

responsibility to consumers and reducing the

road. The very psychology of societal attitudes

ecological footprint of urban dwellers. Con-

has been deeply influenced by this: global mo-

sumption emissions are easy to understand, yet

bility and trade patterns, as well as a myriad of

their control is seen to go beyond the tradition-

personal and public choices are being driven by

al scope of urban public policy. Nevertheless,

an accelerating ease of mobility. The fact, how-

embodied fossil fuel and carbon emissions can

ever, is that oil combustion is needed to achieve

be countered with a wide array of measures,

this. Virtually all global motorised movements

ranging from local food supply strategies to

depend on oil, whether it is cheap but polluting

building local renewable energy powered indus-

bunker crude oil being burnt by global shipping

trial production capacity, from enhancing and

fleets, or subsidised aviation kerosene sending

promoting local and regional environmental and

millions of travellers aloft each month. Signifi-

cultural qualities, to lowering the demand for

cant changes are imminent.

international recreational travel.

But intraurban mobility is another critical issue.

In all of these areas, communities lead the way,

To decouple transportation from the use of

supported by enlightened government policy.

oil, a good start can be made in cities. Today’s

The IBA Hamburg, together with the interna-

call is for a 100 per cent renewable electricity-

tional garden show and, by extension, its home,

based individual and public transport system.

the city of Hamburg as Europe’s Green Capital

Most cities can find ways to supply vehicles

in 2011 have taken up the important task of

with the renewable energy sourced locally—and

leading the way into a resilient, just, and more

the batteries of these vehicles can even be

sustainably prosperous urban future.

used as floating storage systems—for electricity peak shaving, for example. Electric and hybrid vehicle technology can greatly reduce urban air and noise pollution and is a near-perfect fit for urban integration. Lower embodied energy and resource content An all-encompassing, global effort—far beyond the current timid action—is unavoidable and urgent. Only the pursuit of total renewable energy reliance is useful. This will cover all electricity and thermal consumption, transport energy—and also include consumed energy, embodied in the goods and services procured. Most fractional targets aim at the direct use of

WILHELMSBURG ON THE WAY TO THE FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

31

Notes 1 Boden, T.A./ Marland, G./ Andres, R.J.: Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 2009. 2 EIA – US Energy Information Administration. 1986. World Energy Outlook 1996–2006. http://www.eia.doe. gov/iea/overview.html. 3 IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge 2001. 4 Zittel, J./ Schindler, W: Geht uns das Erdöl aus? Freiburg 2009. 5 Cleveland, C.J.: “Net energy from the extraction of oil and gas in the United States.” In: Energy, Volume 30, Issue 5, April 2005, pp. 769–782. 6 Murphy, D.: The Net Hubbert Curve: What Does It Mean? http://netenergy.theoildrum.com/node/5500 (2009). 7 Hansen, J. et al.: Target Atmospheric CO2: Where Should Humanity Aim? NASA/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, http://www.columbia.edu/~jeh1/2008/ TargetCO2_20080407.pdf (2008). See also: Meinshausen, M.: On the Risk of Overshooting 2°C. Paper presented at Scientific Symposium “Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change,” MetOffice, Exeter, 1–3 February 2005. http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~mmalte/simcap/ publications/meinshausenm_risk_of_overshooting_final_webversion.pdf 8 Lenzen, M. et al: “Embodied Energy: the Importance of Lifestyle.” In Droege, P. et al.: Urban Energy Transition. München 2008.

Bibliography This article is based in part on excerpts from Peter Droege: “One Hundred Tons to Armageddon.” In: Gary Bridge, Sophie Watson: The Blackwell Guide to the City, new edition, 2010; and Peter Droege: 100% Renewable for Cities and Beyond. World Future Council and HafenCity University 2010.

32

Following double page Vision 2030 Georgswerder Energy Hill with Veddel and Kleiner Grasbrook district

WILHELMSBURG ON THE WAY TO THE FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

33

MARGRET MARKERT

A Brief Energy History of the Elbe Island

Seen from today’s perspective, power generation on the Elbe island of Wilhelmsburg was

Harbour Development and Industrialisation

ahead of its time even in the seventeenth century. In an era when growth constraints and

With Hamburg joining the German customs

a shortage of energy resources were yet to be-

union in 1888 and the development of the free

come evident, the River Elbe and the wind were

port, Wilhelmsburg from early on became a link

used to generate power for the production and

in the southern expansion of the harbour, even

transport of goods. There is written mention in

though it did not even belong to Hamburg at

1582 of a windmill, rebuilt after a fire in 1874.

that stage. As the “most ideal industrial area

In addition to the dairy farming that formed

in the German empire” and the “Eldorado of

the livelihood of the Elbe island’s residents,

the future!” within a decade the island was

wood rafting and the timber trade have been

being exploited for future industrial estates by

a feature of Reiherstieg since the seventeenth

property speculators and real estate compa-

century. This building material was transported

nies. New harbour basins, canals, factories,

along the River Elbe to the timber docks where

and today’s Reiherstieg district had been

there was a saw mill and, as of 1706, to the first

built by the outbreak of the First World War in

shipyards on the northern Reiherstieg.1 A good two hundred years later, the industrial

1914. In 1875, Wilhelmsburg had almost 4,000

community of Harburg-Wilhelmsburg was one

reached 32,000. The island community became

of the most important centres of the German

an industrial town with substantial energy

oil industry. The origins of this development

requirements. Investors such as Hermann Ver-

form part of colonial history: Harburg mer-

ing initiated extensive development measures

chants made palm oil from Africa the lubricant

in the west of Wilhelmsburg. As of 1890, smoke

of the emergent industrialisation, processing

began belching from the factory chimneys. The

it for both engineering and for cosmetic and

local authorities were completely overwhelmed

pharmaceutical production. In 1880, the com-

by the rapid industrialisation process. In 1890,

pany Noblée und Thörl was a leading European

the local council still largely comprised farmers,

processor of tropical oil seed.2 The refineries and tank facilities belonging to

shipbuilders, and other artisans; a few years

Shell (then still Rhenania Ossag), Schindler,

companies, chairmen of property companies,

and DEA (Deutsche Erdöl Aktiengesellschaft/

and the Wilhelmsburg industrial railway.

German Oil Company) on the Reiherstieg and

In the period before the First World War,

Köhlbrand then transformed what was once the

Neuhof, in the extreme north-west of Wilhelms-

natural Wilhelmsburg Elbe island landscape into

burg, became a location for the oil industry.

an expansive harbour and industrial area, a pro-

The petroleum harbour had already been

cess that extended into the nineteen-twenties.

established in 1879 in Finkenwerder, and this

36

residents—by 1914 the population had already

later it was dominated by heads of industrial

Reiherstieg shipyard with saw mill From a steel engraving by F.C. Löhr, around 1775

benefit. In 1918, 10,863 people earned their living in the shipyards. It was only after the great inflationary crisis of 1923 that overall industrial development stabilised. Pre-war population numbers were again reached in Wilhelmsburg in 1929. Following their merger in 1927, HarburgWilhelmsburg was one of the largest industrial regions in the Weimar Republic, its around 110,000 residents and an industrial workforce of approximately 26,000 in more than a hundred large enterprises making it more important than Breslau, Königsberg, Halle, or Kassel.4 In the mid-nineteen-twenties Hamburg’s harbour further encroached on Wilhelmsburg, with Rethe and Reiherstieg being dredged. The Prussian premier Otto Braun wanted a unified industrial policy for Prussia. “The plans for Harburg and Wilhelmsburg were part of this overall Power for the first steamships Coal supplies are bunkered in Hamburg harbour

A breath of fresh air in Wilhelmsburg‘s urban development The Dutch windmill on Siedenfelder Weg, restored in 1997

industrial sector was further developed in the

strategy, ensuring the German empire’s supply

nineteen-twenties. The Neuhof power station,

of cheap potash for agriculture and oil products

connected to the grid in 1928, with what was

for industrial use and for mass consumption,

then the largest diesel engine in the world,

while simultaneously consolidating the lower

became the most important power supplier.

Elbe region in the face of competition from

Unlike Hamburg, which “had already boasted

Rotterdam and London, with defensive aspects

electric lights and trams for decades, as well as

also playing a role: the imperial army provided

electromotive power in its shipyards and facto-

support for the development of Harburg into an

ries,” Wilhelmsburg was connected to the electric grid only in 1912. The Siemens Elektrischen

oil port.”5 The Great Depression of 1929 brought with it

Betriebe power station in Harburg had a total

tremendous problems for the Wilhelmsburg

output of 670 kilowatts distributed across seven

economy as the majority of the commercial

transformer stations via a 10,000-volt line.3 From this point until well into the era of the Wei-

operations were reliant on the import of raw

mar Republic, Wilhelmsburg was a working-class

ic region despite the developing crisis, Hamburg

residential area of Hamburg. Up until about

and Prussia agreed on the foundation of the

1925, approximately one-third of Wilhelmsburg’s

Hamburgisch-Preussische Hafengemeinschaft

residents were factory workers who earned

GmbH (Hamburg-Prussian Harbour Association)

their living with Hamburg companies.

in July 1929. The objective was the financing of

materials. In order to stabilise the Elbe econom-

the building and operation of future harbours in

Economic Fluctuations and Industrial Crises

the lower Elbe economic region, as well as new

The First World War brought a halt to the rapid

Wartime Economics

transport and infrastructure measures.

industrial development, production declined, and employment figures dropped accordingly.

As of 1934, the National Socialist regime

A significant dependence on imports meant

began systematically planning for the war. By

problems for the oil and chemical industries

1938, the major Howaldtswerke shipyard and

in particular. The major shipyards, producing

the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg AG

warships for the navy, were the only ones to

(M.A.N.) engineering works had housing built

WILHELMSBURG ON THE WAY TO THE FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

37

for their workforces in Wilhelmsburg. The war-

Electricity consumption increased twenty-fold

time economy was booming and the power in-

by the nineteen-seventies.

dustry was centralised. Under the terms of the

The major coking plant, which went into opera-

Gross-Hamburg-Gesetz (Greater Hamburg Act),

tion in 1960, was built on an area double the size

the Hamburg-Harburg municipal electricity

of the Binnenalster on Kattwyk Island, and made

producer became the property of the Hambur-

Wilhelmsburg the centre of Hamburg’s gas sup-

gischen Elektrizitätswerke (HEW) in 1940.

ply. The raw material, coal, from which approxi-

During the Second World War, the Wilhelms-

mately 70 per cent of the gas was produced,

burg industrial area was one of the main areas

was brought by bulk carriers to Kattwyk quay.

targeted by Allied bombers and it enjoyed top

During the nineteen-sixties 500,000-800,000

air defence priority as one of the centres of the

cubic meters of gas were produced daily.

German oil industry, as well as for its situation in the middle of Hamburg’s harbour. This fact

Disastrous Dependency

played a role in the choice of location for the bomb shelter built in 1942 in the centre of the Reiherstieg district.6 This bunker was primarily

More enduring than the destruction of the Sec-

used for attacking the English and American

demonstration of the susceptibility to natural

bomber squadrons with anti-aircraft guns. It

disaster of a highly mechanised city, with its

also provided protective shelter for the popula-

power supply as its arteries. The electricity

tion, a great many of whom were employed by

network was the first to collapse: thousands

wartime industry.

of people were left without heating, unable to

Almost all industrial operations had been

cook, cut off from the outside world.More than

destroyed or badly damaged by the end of the

200 people drowned in Wilhelmsburg on the

war in 1945. The bombing had contaminated

night of 16/17 February 1962. Almost all of the

vast expanses of the industrial area, a legacy

industrial operations were flooded. Inconclu-

that continues to hinder development right up

sive plans by the Hamburg Senate to turn the

to the present day. The west of Wilhelmsburg

west of Wilhelmsburg into a solely industrial

will remain a harbour logistics location, other

area facilitated a gradual decline until the late

utilisation options being largely futile. The ma-

nineteen-seventies: housing stood empty, there

jority of the industrial operations were rapidly

was no more investment, industrial operations

rebuilt. With the exception of the Deutsche

relocated.

Erdöl-Aktiengesellschaft/German Oil Company

At the same time, however, Hamburg was work-

(DEA), which relocated production to Heide in

ing on further harbour expansion plans. In the

Holstein, the large refineries were again achiev-

mid-nineteen-seventies, Altenwerder was the

ing pre-war production figures within just a few

first Elbe marshland village to make way for

years. Köhlbrand Industrie GmbH, now British

the harbour expansion, with Neuhof next. The

Petroleum (BP), doubled its employee numbers.

whole of the lower Elbe area was industrialised:

The Neuhof power station saw a sharp rise in

from Dow Chemical near Stade to Reynolds

electricity consumption. The number of meter

Aluminium in Waltershof, the flagships of the

connections rose from 10,550 in 1945 to 16,100

chemical industry lined up along the banks of

ten years later, while the average consump-

the Elbe, their basic power supplies coming

tion of almost 500 kilowatt/hours annually per

from the Stade nuclear power station at cheap,

resident increased to 863.3 kilowatt/hours. In

industry-friendly rates. Hamburg’s long-stand-

1954, Wilhelmsburg had 53,285 residents, and

ing competition with Rotterdam and Antwerp

total annual electricity consumption rose to 46 million kilowatt/hours.7 The electricity was

for the title of the largest harbour in Europe

supplied to sixty industrial and 952 commercial

The scandal of the Georgswerder refuse site,

operations, as well as to 13,868 households.

where in 1984 highly toxic dioxin seeped out

38

ond World War, the floods of 1962 were a tragic

thus entered a new phase.

Side effect of the industrial upturn Fire at Deutsche Erdöl AG, Reiherstieg, in 1928

oriented project was thus also a throwback to the past: the old windmill in the east of the island was restored as “a visible sign that things are finally turning around in Wilhelmsburg …”8 Notes 1 Hermann Keesenberg: Wilhelmsburg in Wort und Bild. 3rd rev. ed., Hamburg 1980. 2 Quoted from Heiko Möhle (ed.): Branntwein, Bibeln und Bananen. Der deutsche Kolonialismus in Afrika. Hamburg 1999. 3 HEW (Hamburgische Elektrizitätswerke) advertisement in Ernst Reinstorf: Geschichte der Elbinsel Wilhelmsburg. Hamburg 1955. 4 Dirk Stegmann: “Die industrielle Entwicklung Harburgs 1900 bis 1937.” In: Jürgen Ellermeyer / Klaus Richter / Dirk Stegmann (ed.): Harburg. Von der Burg zur Industriestadt. Hamburg 1988. 5 Cf.: ibid., p. 318ff. 6 Henning Angerer: Flakbunker—betonierte Geschichte. Hamburg 2000, p. 22. 7 Wilhelmsburger Heimat-Kalender. Wilhelmsburg 1961. 8 Dittmar Machule / Jens Usadel: “Fünf Jahre Wilhelmsburg im Aufbruch. Die Zukunft des Stadtteils wird mitgestaltet.” In: DIE INSEL. Zeitschrift des Vereins für Heimatkunde Wilhelmsburg, Vols 34/35, 1999.

The euphoria of progress and pride in the most modern technology View of the Shell refinery on the Hohe Schaar, 1965

of the soakaways, was a reminder to Wilhelmsburg’s population of the powder keg they were sitting on in such close proximity to industrial operations. From household refuse through to extremely toxic industrial waste, the city of Hamburg had been dumping practically everything discarded by consumer society here since 1945. The outrage was expressed in major protests; there were hearings with experts and politicians, culminating in an international symposium to draw up a restoration plan. Wilhelmsburg’s population felt abandoned and political disenchantment was widespread. In fact, it was the residents of Wilhelmsburg themselves who in 1995 brought about a rapid acceleration in the turnaround process by coming up with the slogan “Stadtteilentwicklung statt Müllverbrennung!” (“Urban development not refuse incineration!”), following the attempt by the Senate to consolidate Wilhelmsburg’s role as the city’s backyard with the construction of a new rubbish incineration plant. The wind has since changed direction in this long-neglected area of the city. The first future-

WILHELMSBURG ON THE WAY TO THE FUTURE OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES

39

METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

DIETER D. GENSKE, JANA HENNING-JACOB, THOMAS JOEDECKE, ARIANE RUFF

The Basics and the Initial Situation

The goal is the transformation of the fossil fuel/nuclear city into a solar, sustainable city that is ultimately able to source 100 per cent of its supply from renewable energy.

The IBA Hamburg’s key theme of “Stadt im Kli-

consideration of additional energy protagonists

mawandel” (“Cities and Climate Change”) is a

will form the subject of later reviews.

reaction to the current challenges facing cities

Energy potential needs to be compared with the

as a result of climate changes and the growing

energy requirements necessary for electricity

scarcity of fossil fuel resources. The goal is the

generation and heating. To this end, a scenario

transformation of the fossil fuel/nuclear city

analysis

into a solar, sustainable city that is ultimately

1. determines the current and long-term devel-

able to source 100 per cent of its supply from

opment of energy requirements

renewable energy. This transformation is taking

2. establishes the potential for energy savings

place at a sociocultural, urban planning, eco-

3. examines the options for increasing efficiency,

nomic, and ecological level and requires entirely new strategies. Meeting the energy requirements within the

and 4. analyses the impact of implementing renewable energy.

IBA area solely by means of renewable energy

This then allows measures to be deduced for

will save resources. Decentralised renewable

optimising energy supply and reducing green-

energy production also reduces ecological energy footprints extra muros. This means that

house gases.

no resources will be consumed from outside

forecast horizon of 2050, each of them being

the IBA area, no space will be taken up, and no

considered with two different scenarios:

greenhouse gases will be emitted. The regen-

1. The IBA Hamburg’s starting year, 2007

erative energy supply, the increased energy

2. The IBA Hamburg’s final year, 2013

efficiency, and the reduced energy consumption

3. The European Commission’s target year of

will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO2, within the IBA area. The different energy consumers—households, commerce, trade, service providers, industry, and mobility—have to share energy resources. Each of these energy protagonists has their own spatial resources that they can utilise for

Four periods are determined up until the

2020, also the city of Hamburg’s target year for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 40 per cent 4. The EU’s target year of 2050, by which time CO2 emissions in all of the industrialised nations are to have been reduced by up to 95 per cent in comparison to 1990.

energy production. The areas to be used for

The first projects aimed at the goal of post-

energy purposes comprise not only wasteland,

fossil fuel energy supplies on the Elbe Islands

open areas, and traffic areas in the urban envi-

are being implemented within the scope of the

ronment, but more specifically roof and façade

IBA up until 2013.

surfaces. Only households, commerce, trade, and service providers are taken into consideration as energy protagonists here. The further

METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

43

Energy Savings and Energy Efficiency

of the forecast horizon. The efficiency of the

The urban environment harbours diverse op-

and that of the twenty-forties generation about

tions for increasing energy efficiency. With

40 per cent greater. In the interests of simplici-

private households currently using two-thirds

ty, an increase in photovoltaic module efficiency

of their overall energy requirements for space

of around 30 per cent in comparison with today

heating, the renovation of residential buildings

is assumed for the time period up to 2050.

2030s generation photovoltaic module is around 25 per cent greater than that of today,

in particular represents tremendous savings potential. The following measures1 ought to be undertaken to reduce energy consumption: 1. Reduction of energy consumption through

Fluctuations in Energy Consumption The energy requirements of all energy consum-

non-investment measures such as changing

ers are subject to fluctuations. The demand

user behaviour, through improved control of

fluctuations are seasonal, weekly, and daily,

heating and hot water, for instance

and affect electricity as well as heating and

2. Building shell renovations (roof, windows, and façade) 3. Renovation of the building’s utilities aimed

hot water supplies. The fluctuations in electricity demand are still compensated via the grid, but in the future they will have to be absorbed

at increased efficiency, in particular through

by means of smart grid technology and the

improved installations technology

development of electricity storage (with the

4. Supply of remaining energy requirements

introduction of electric cars, for instance).

through renewable energy production in and

The calculation of the seasonal fluctuations in

on the building and on the Elbe Islands

heating demand is based on the heating days 08 Abb.1_GuA

01 Development of the heating energy standard in Germany from 1990 to the present

Carrying out all of the necessary construction measures together within the scope of overall

Heating energy standards

renovations is both more efficient and makes economic sense. The renovation rate and depth form the parameters of the renovation

250

process. The target values for new buildings have been set as the values prescribed in the German Thermal Insulation and Energy Savings Regulations (WSVO, EnEV), as well as the more far-reaching IBA standards in the excellence scenarios. In addition to heating energy requirements, hot water and electricity demand can also be reduced by efficiency measures. With regard to energy production, the replacement of older installations results in an increase in technical efficiency, in addition to the building measures. The generation of renewable energy can be

Heating energy standards (final energy) [kWh/m2a]

and for the renovation of residential buildings 200

2. WSchVo (Thermal Insulation Regulations) 1984

150 3. WSchVo 1995 100 1. EnEV (German Energy Saving Regulations) 2002 2. EnEV 2007

50

3. EnEV 2009

increased by the use of efficient photovoltaic units on the roof and on the building shell in particular. It is assumed that all photovoltaic units will have been replaced at least once by the end

44

1990

2000

2010

2020 Time [a]

2030

2040

as their greenhouse gas emissions.

Seasonal fluctuations

This forms the basis for determining both the current and the future energy demands for the urban and landscape environment types.

0.16

This is followed by an analysis of the efficiency pro rata demand [%]

and savings potential, involving the determina0.12

Standardised hot water demand

tion of the type of energy to be saved, to what degree, in which urban and landscape environment type. Of particular importance here are

0.08

Standardised heating energy demand

0.04

the heating requirements that, as indicated, can be considerably reduced through building renovations. Furthermore, linking buildings by means of modern technology enables the pro-

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

duction of renewable energy in diverse forms and in a very efficient manner. In the next step, the different options for regenerative energy production in the IBA area are 02 Seasonal fluctuations in heating energy and hot water demand

of the German Weather Service (DWD) and the

examined and their potential assessed. Mapping

local climatic conditions applying to Hamburg,

the energy capability of the urban and land-

expressed as the number of degree days. This

scape environments forms the central focus

enables an estimation of the heating require-

of the analysis. One selection criterion is the

ments for each heating month. The estimation

surface relevance. Certain forms of renewable

of hot water demand is based on the guidelines

energy production are surface-neutral, meaning

of the German Engineers’ Association.2 The consequences of climate change in the

that they are “invisible” in the urban environ-

form of rising temperatures over the forthcom-

space. This applies to geothermal probes or

ing decades have been taken into account in

wastewater heat recovery, for example, as

these scenarios. The optimistic scenario in the Norddeutsche Klimaatlas (North German

well as to roof- and façade-surface integrated

Climate Atlas) by the Norddeutsche Klimabüro

to these are options requiring additional space,

(North German Climate Office) assumes an

such as an open-area photovoltaic unit or else

average temperature increase of one degree

the cultivation of biomass. These spaces are

Celsius by 2050.

then no longer available for other uses such as

ment or that they do not take up any additional

photovoltaic or solar thermal units. In contrast

the cultivation of foodstuffs.

Methodology

This needs to form the basis for developing a strategy that

Adapting the urban environment to the use of renewable energy sources as well as to the more efficient and sparing use of resources is a multifaceted task. It confronts cities with tremendous challenges that they will only be able to meet through a co-ordinated strategy.

1. eliminates the dependency on fossil fuel energy sources 2. focuses on renewable energy that, ideally, does not require additional space 3. saves resources and/or makes efficient use of materials, creating sustainable cycles.

In the first step, the model environment is divid-

The important foundations of sustainable

ed into homogeneous energy units. Urban and

energy supplies are the spatial and tempo-

landscape environment types are developed,

ral matching of potential with the urban and

types that are comparable with regard to their

landscape environments’ energy requirements,

energy demand, their suitability for energy pro-

as well as intelligent load management. Heating

duction, and their increased efficiency, as well

requirements in particular need to be met in

METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

45

close proximity to consumers as the transportation and storage of heat entails substantial losses.

08 abb.3_TeilA

Methodology

Energy sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, or biomass can be converted into heating directly Divided according to prototype urban and landscape environments

by consumers but these options are either not sustainable, not efficient, or are limited in terms of their potential. For this reason, within the IBA area, preference is given to either decentralised options for renewable heating supplies or

Determination of current energy demand

Determination of efficiency potential

Determination of long term energy demand

Determination of potential energy yields

renewable heating networks. The IBA projects are targeted initiatives for meeting the established heating and electricity requirements through renewable energy. Heating can be produced in a wide range of regenerative ways, while the simplest and most flexible

Determination of self-sufficiency coverage

way to generate electricity is via photovoltaic units (on buildings) and wind energy (in the urban and landscape environment). In principle, therefore, in all areas where heating can be

Determination of CO2-equivalent savings

provided by other renewable energy sources, the existing roof and/or façade surfaces are being fitted with photovoltaic rather than solar

GIS visualisation

thermal units for the purposes of electricity production. The visualisation of the energy demand and of the renewable energy potential, as well as the

Optimisation

comparison between potential and demand by means of coverage maps, clearly illustrate the energy strengths and weaknesses of the IBA region and the individual urban and landscape

retreat of the glaciers resulted in the formation

environment types.

of glacial lakes, in which initially fine sand and

03 Procedures in developing the methodology

later clay were deposited. This clay is typical of

The Natural Environment

North Germany and is called Lauenburg Clay

The structure of the natural environment in the

after the town of Lauenburg on the River Elbe.3 As it is barely permeable to water it seals the

IBA area was determined by the Pleistocene, or

ice age channels (as artesian wells), thus creat-

the Ice Age (approximately 1.8 million to 12,000

ing independent aquifers.

years ago). Almost half a million years ago, the

The glaciers finally retreated for the last time

glaciers advancing from Scandinavia covered

NN15,000 years ago, leaving behind landabout

what is now Hamburg. They retreated on a

forms that are still visible today and that are

repeated basis, only to return again later. Melt

characterised by glacial, fluvial, and aeolian (de- 100

08 abb.4_TeilA

water beneath the ice sheet created channel

Geological profile Geologisches Profil

posited by glaciers, water, and wind) sediments.

systems cutting deep into the pre-Ice Age (ter-

They formed ground and terminal moraines

tiary) sediments. The glaciers deposited a de-

as well as a specific (glaciofluvial) morphology

bris of clay and marlstone, as well as both fine

with alluvial deposits (sandy areas), eskers, and

and coarse sediments (clays, sands, pebbles,

- 300 mounds (kames). The melt waters flowed gravel

stones, and boulders) in these channels. The

into the glacial valley of the River Elbe. The Elbe

- 200

- 400

46

- 500

Top GOKground surface back filling/clay Auffüllung / Klei Sands Sande (Quartär) (Quarternary) Upper clay Oberermica Glimmerton (Tertiary) (Tertiär) Clays/sands Tone / Sande (Tertiary) (Tertiär) Channel filling Rinnenauffüllung Glacial drift Geschiebemergel (Quarternary) (Quartär) Sands (Quartär) Sande (Quarternary) Lauenburg clay Lauenburger (Quarternary) Ton (Quartär)

eilA

The Urban Environment

Geological profile

The industrial and harbour growth was accomNN

Top ground surface back filling/clay Sands (Quarternary) Upper mica clay (Tertiary) Clays/sands (Tertiary)

- 100

- 200

- 300

Channel filling Glacial drift (Quarternary)

- 400

Sands (Quarternary) Lauenburg clay (Quarternary)

- 500

[m]

West

04 Geological profile of Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg (simplified after GLA-Hamburg 2009)

East

panied by a wave of urban development that brought with it a significant expansion in housing construction for the rapidly growing population. At the end of the nineteenth century, targeted housing construction saw the development of Wilhelmsburg into the industry and harbour workers’ quarter. The acceleration of the armaments industry during the Third Reich reinforced this trend, with Volkswohnungen (municipal housing) being built in the southern Reiherstieg district.4 The autobahn was built in 1935–36, forming a further north-south barrier and cutting the south-east section of Wilhelmsburg off from the further developments on the Elbe Island as a nature and landscape zone. Wilhelmsburg was bombed by the Allies in 1944.5 Almost

Island of Wilhelmsburg forms part of this glacial

the entire harbour industry, as well as many

valley. The ensemble of exposed, partly eroded

residential buildings, were destroyed.

gravel forms is referred to as geest, a sandy,

The storm floods of 1962 constituted a grave

stony, and generally infertile landform contrast-

historical landmark. When the dykes broke in

ing with the fertile marshes still being formed

Wilhelmsburg during the night of 16/17 Febru-

by rivers and oceans today.

ary, the majority of the more than three hun-

The development of the Hanseatic city has

dred flood victims drowned in the single-storey

caused a significant metamorphosis of this original natural environment. River courses have

makeshift homes and shacks built following the end of the war.6 Following the flood catastro-

been filled in and canals created, with consider-

phe, the Hamburg senate initially abandoned

able intervention in the morphology of the area.

Wilhelmsburg as a residential location.7 It was

The result, over the centuries, has been an

only with the key Sprung über die Elbe (Leap

urban environment with technically functional

over the Elbe) project that Wilhelmsburg’s ur-

sectors adapted to the needs of a harbour

ban character was rediscovered by Hamburg’s

city. On the Elbe Island of Wilhelmsburg these include the harbour basin, the coastal defences

city planners.8 The nature of Wilhelmsburg’s past has meant

and the traffic embankments.

that only few historical urban planning testimonies survive. In most cases, these are fragments and solitary buildings that constitute only a limited reflection of the urban planning guidelines in force at the time of their construction. This has led to a tremendous diversity of urban planning and architectural structures and typologies. These include:

. pre-industrial village-like settlement remnants

. neighbourhoods laid out according to nineteenth-century (historicism, 1840–approximately 1930) principles of urban and artistic

METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

47

development (Camillo Sitte and Lenné)

. urban expansion in accordance with the

area utilisation changes as well as the implementation of new heating energy standards

welfare principle of the nineteen-twenties

(Low Energy and Passive House Standard),

and nineteen-thirties, characterised by the

resulting in the introduction of four new urban

influence of Hamburg’s senior director of

environment types (VIIc+, IXb+, Xc+, Xa+). Over-

construction Fritz Schumacher . settlement areas in the garden city and

all, twenty-three prototype urban environments

Siedlerheimstadt (settler home) tradition of the nineteen-thirties and nineteen-fifties . reconstruction ensembles from the nineteenforties and nineteen-fifties with reconstructed building components based on the original construction (rows of housing, reconstructive rebuilding, new buildings with traditional adaptations) . examples of “Urbanity through Density” (1960–70), the consolidated “subdivided and detached city” (Athens Charter, 1933) with its spatial segregation of living, working, service providers, and leisure, as well as vertical residential units situated in green belts (example: “Interbau,” IBA Berlin 1957)9 . single-family home areas dating from the nineteen-sixties through to the nineteennineties . examples of the prudent urban transformation and renewal of the nineteen-eighties as “critical reconstruction” (example: IBA Berlin 1984) . urban development measures since the nineteen-nineties, principally directed at sustainability (example: IBA Emscher Park 1989–99) . commercial, industrial, and purpose-built constructions. These are the urban development models characterising the existing buildings in the urban environment.10 They determine urban characteristics such as area ground plans, building patterns, density, existing open spaces, compactness, external and internal access systems, and so forth.

distinguished for the area under consideration

and three landscape environment types were (Fig. 5). The residential and mixed construction category is dominated by single family home areas (IX) and village-like, small-scale patterns (IV) with approximately 17 per cent of the built-up area. Overall, industrial and harbour areas (Xb) take up the largest proportion of space at approximately 55 per cent. In the undeveloped category, the green and water areas (XII, XIVb) make up approximately 60 per cent and agricultural land (XIII) 8 per cent. The model area comprises a total of 3,613 ha, 33 per cent of which being built up in the reference year 2007. The individual urban and landscape environments constitute zones dominated by a specific prototype. Individual buildings or small landscape elements can deviate from the zoning within an urban or landscape environment.

Urban Environment Types Based on a detailed analysis of the historical development of the model,11 the IBA area was divided into spatial prototypes, with imminent

48

05 Relative proportion of different city environments in the developed area and of the developed area in relation to the overall IBA area 2007

08 Abb.6_GuA Surface proportion of the urban and landscape environment types in 2007

Pre-industrial/historic city centre < 1840 (I)

(0,16 ha)

Nineteenth-century construction units < 1938 (IIa)

(9,68 ha)

Nineteenth-century and pre-war imitative buildings > 1990 (IIb)

(2,33 ha)

Nineteenth-century and pre-war villas < 1938 (IIc)

(2,38 ha)

Reconstructed areas 1950s (III)

(7,62 ha)

Village-like, small-scale (IV)

(30,36 ha)

Nineteenth-century and pre-war company and co-operative housings < 1938 (V)

(27,42 ha)

Urban environment types

1950s social welfare housings (VI)

Residual areas (traffic, disposal, water) (XIVa) 37%

(9,47 ha)

1970s high-rise housings (VII)

(28,77 ha)

Multistorey housings 1960s-1980s (VIIIa)

(34,09 ha)

Multistorey housings 1990s (VIIIb)

Built-up areas 33%

(1,41 ha)

Multistorey housings Low Energy Standard > 2002 (VIIIc)

(0,00 ha)

Multistorey housings Passive House Standard > 2013 (VIIIb+)

(0,00 ha)

Green areas (XII) 22%

Agriculture (XIII) 8%

Single-family home dwellings > 1950 (IXa)

(176,33 ha)

Single-family home dwellings Low Energy Standard > 2002 (IXb)

(2,35 ha)

Single-family home dwellings Passive House Standard > 2013 (IXb+)

(0,00 ha)

Commercial areas (Xa)

(106,53 ha)

Commercial areas Passive House Standard > 2013 (Xa+)

(0,00 ha)

Industry + harbour (Xb)

(655,75 ha)

Functional buildings and public facilities (Xc)

(83,49 ha)

Functional buildings and public facilities Passive House Standard > 2013 (Xc+)

(0,00 ha)

Commercial in mixed use areas (Xd)

(17,51 ha)

Schumacher buildings 1920s–1930s (S1)

(6,85 ha) 0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percentage [%]

METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

49

Prototype Urban Environments (UET) in the IBA Area

08 Abb.5_GuA

Prototype urban environments (UET) in the IBA area Use

UET

Era

Description

Mixed use

I

Pre-1840

Pre-industrial/historic city centre

IIa

Pre-1938

Nineteenth-century construction units

IIb

As of 1990

Nineteenth-century and pre-war imitative buildings

IIc

Pre-1938

Nineteenth-century and pre-war villas

III

1950s

Reconstructed areas

IV

Middle Ages to present

Village-like, small-scale

V

Pre-1938

Nineteenth-century and pre-war company and co-operative housings

VI

1950s

Social welfare housings

VII

1970s

High-rise housings (from about six floors)

VIIIa

1960s-1980s

Multistorey housings

VIIIb

As of 1990s

Multistorey housings

VIIIc

Since 2002

Multistorey housings Low Energy Standard and better

»

06 Division of the IBA area into prototypical UET IIa UET IIb UET IIc UET III UET IV UET V urban and green areas in 2007

N

Residential

VIIIc+ As of 2013

Multistorey housings Passive House Standard 1

IXa

As of 1950

Single-family home dwellings

IXb

As of 2002

Single-family home dwellings Low Energy Standard and better 1

IXb+

As of 2013

Single-family home dwellings Passive House Standard 1

Xa

Industrialisation to present

Commercial areas

Xa+

As of 2013

Commercial areas Passive House Standard 1

Industrial

Xb

Industrialisation to present

Industry + harbour

Functional

Xc

Industrialisation to present

Functional buildings and public facilities

Xc+

As of 2013

Functional buildings and public facilities Passive House Standard 1

Commercial I-IV

Xd

Since Industrialisation

Commercial in mixed use areas 2

Special types

S1

1920s-1930s

Schumacher Buildings

Undeveloped

XII

Green areas

XIII

Agriculture

XIV

Residual areas (parking spaces and garages, traffic areas, wastewater treatment plants, disposal sites), Areas of water

Commercial (solely)

SRT I UET

UET SRT IIa

UET SRT IIb

UET SRT IIc

UET SRT VI

UET SRT VII

UET SRT VIIIa

UET SRT IXa

UET SRT IXb

UET SRT IXb+

UET SRT Xc+

UET SRT Xd

UET SRT S1

UET SRT III

UET SRT VIIIb

UET SRT IV

UET SRT VIIIc

UET SRT Xa

UET SRT XII

UET SRT V

UET SRT VIIIc+

UET SRT Xa+

UET SRT XIII

UET SRT Xb

UET SRT Xc

UET SRT XIV

2 2 Low Energy Energy House: House: heating heating energy energy demand requirements 30 kWh/(m a); Passive heating requirements 15 kWh/(m2a). of 30 of kWh/(m a); Passive House:House: heating energyenergy demand of maximumof15maximum kWh/(m2a). In ground ground floors floors of of nineteenth-century 19th-century construction units, imitative buildings, reconstructed areas,areas,nineteenth-century 19th-century villas, village-like and ofareas historic In construction units, imitative buildings, reconstructed villas,areas village-like andcity centres. of historic city centres.

11

2 2

00

50

500 500

1.000 1.000 Meter metre

51

08 Abb.5_GuA

Prototype urban environments (UET) in the IBA area Use

UET

Era

Description

Mixed use

I

Pre-1840

Pre-industrial/historic city centre

IIa

Pre-1938

Nineteenth-century construction units

IIb

As of 1990

Nineteenth-century and pre-war imitative buildings

IIc

Pre-1938

Nineteenth-century and pre-war villas

III

1950s

Reconstructed areas

IV

Middle Ages to present

Village-like, small-scale

V

Pre-1938

Nineteenth-century and pre-war company and co-operative housings

VI

1950s

Social welfare housings

VII

1970s

High-rise housings (from about six floors)

VIIIa

1960s-1980s

Multistorey housings

VIIIb

As of 1990s

Multistorey housings

VIIIc

Since 2002

Multistorey housings Low Energy Standard and better

»

06 Division of the IBA area into prototypical UET IIa UET IIb UET IIc UET III UET IV UET V urban and green areas in 2007

N

Residential

VIIIc+ As of 2013

Multistorey housings Passive House Standard 1

IXa

As of 1950

Single-family home dwellings

IXb

As of 2002

Single-family home dwellings Low Energy Standard and better 1

IXb+

As of 2013

Single-family home dwellings Passive House Standard 1

Xa

Industrialisation to present

Commercial areas

Xa+

As of 2013

Commercial areas Passive House Standard 1

Industrial

Xb

Industrialisation to present

Industry + harbour

Functional

Xc

Industrialisation to present

Functional buildings and public facilities

Xc+

As of 2013

Functional buildings and public facilities Passive House Standard 1

Commercial I-IV

Xd

Since Industrialisation

Commercial in mixed use areas 2

Special types

S1

1920s-1930s

Schumacher Buildings

Undeveloped

XII

Green areas

XIII

Agriculture

XIV

Residual areas (parking spaces and garages, traffic areas, wastewater treatment plants, disposal sites), Areas of water

Commercial (solely)

SRT I UET

UET SRT IIa

UET SRT IIb

UET SRT IIc

UET SRT VI

UET SRT VII

UET SRT VIIIa

UET SRT IXa

UET SRT IXb

UET SRT IXb+

UET SRT Xc+

UET SRT Xd

UET SRT S1

UET SRT III

UET SRT VIIIb

UET SRT IV

UET SRT VIIIc

UET SRT Xa

UET SRT XII

UET SRT V

UET SRT VIIIc+

UET SRT Xa+

UET SRT XIII

UET SRT Xb

UET SRT Xc

UET SRT XIV

2 2 Low Energy Energy House: House: heating heating energy energy demand requirements 30 kWh/(m a); Passive heating requirements 15 kWh/(m2a). of 30 of kWh/(m a); Passive House:House: heating energyenergy demand of maximumof15maximum kWh/(m2a). In ground ground floors floors of of nineteenth-century 19th-century construction units, imitative buildings, reconstructed areas,areas,nineteenth-century 19th-century villas, village-like and ofareas historic In construction units, imitative buildings, reconstructed villas,areas village-like andcity centres. of historic city centres.

11

2 2

00

50

500 500

1.000 1.000 Meter metre

51

Scenarios

corresponds to about 18 per cent of the built-up area. Commercial areas experience the greatest

Both the reference and the excellence scenarios

increase in area, with an almost three-fold in-

assume a change in the area distribution of

crease to more than 292 hectares. In the single

the urban and landscape environment types.

family home category (IXb, IXb+) the area in-

The implementation of new heating energy

crease amounts to 55 hectares. The category of

standards (Low Energy and Passive House

multistorey housing with high energy standards

Standard) means that the urban environment

(VIIIc, VIIIc+) assumes growth amounting to 84

types multistorey housing (VIIIc+), single-family

hectares, while the proportion of industrial and

homes (IXb+), purpose-built constructions, and

harbour areas declines by 93 hectares.

public facilities (Xc+), as well as commercial (Xa+) in particular, are increasing.

Scenario Comparison A comparison of the area development in the

Reference Scenarios

two scenarios makes it clear that there is a

The reference scenarios implement contempo-

smaller proportion of single-family homes in the

rary plans in accordance with construction and

excellence scenarios, while the proportion of

land use planning. The proportion of built-up

multistorey housing is greater, thus achieving a

areas increases in the reference scenarios by

higher urban development density. The decline

about 200 hectares from 2007 to 2050. This

in industrial and harbour areas is twice as high

equates to an increase of around 17 per cent

in the excellence scenario as in the reference

for the built-up area. Commercial areas make

scenario. The reason for this is the much more

up the largest proportion. They will more than

extensive conversion of industrial and harbour

double (from approximately 106 hectares in

areas into commercial and residential areas,

2007 to about 228 hectares in 2050). The pro-

through the IBA project “Neue Mitte Wil-

portion of industrial and harbour area declines

helmsburg” (“New Wilhelmsburg Centre”), for

by 46 hectares, on the other hand. In the single-

instance.

family home category, the building types with

The energy demand and renewable energy

high energy standards (IXb, IXb+) in particular

production developments in the prototype

increase in area from about 2 to about 96

urban and landscape environments depend on

hectares by 2050, while the area covered by

the scenario in question, with distinctions being

the remaining, conventional single-family home

made between the reference scenarios and ex-

category declines slightly due to demolition and

cellence scenarios. The first case—the reference

renovation. The area covered by the urban en-

scenarios—is a continuation of current develop-

vironment types featuring high heating energy

ments; the minimum legislative requirements

standards for multistorey housing (VIIIc, VIIIc+)

for the energy-efficiency of buildings and the

will increase to 52 hectares.

foreseeable technological developments of the next few years are assumed. The second case—

Excellence Scenarios

the excellence scenarios—exploits and imple-

The IBA projects have meant the definition

ments innovative and future-oriented energy

of new development areas in the excellence

concepts.

scenarios, bringing significant changes to the zoning development and leading to a greater building density. The IBA projects also led to the more rapid implementation of the higher heating energy standards. The proportion of built-up areas in the excellence scenarios increases by a total of around 211 hectares between 2007 and 2050. This

52

Wilhelmsburg Central Concrete designs and development areas, up to the port of Spreehafen

07 Development of prototypical urban and landscape areas within the IBA area in the reference scenario to 2050

Pre-industrial/historic city centre pre-1840

»

Nineteenth-century construction units pre-1938 Nineteenth-century imitative buildings since 1990

N

Nineteenth-century villas pre-1938 Nineteen-fifties reconstructed areas Village-like, small-scale Company and co-operative housing pre-1938 Nineteen-fifties social welfare housing Nineteen-seventies high-rise housing (as of approx. six floors) Multistorey housing 1960s–1980s Multistorey housing since 1990 Multistorey housing Low Energy Standard since 2002 Multistorey housing Passive House Standard as of 2013 Single-family home dwellings since 1950 Single-family home dwellings Low Energy Standard since 2002 Single-family home dwellings Passive House Standard as of 2013 Schumacher buildings 1920s–1930s Commercial areas from Industrialisation to present Commercial areas Passive House Standard as of 2013 Functional buildings and public facilities from Industrialisation to present Functional buildings and public facilities Passive House Standard as of 2013 Industry and harbour from Industrialisation to present Green areas Agricultural/horticultural areas Residual areas 0

500

1000 500 metre

0

0

0 500 1.000 Meter

54

500

2010

2050 1.000 Meter

1.000 Meter

0 500 1.000 Meter

2020

0 500 1.000 Meter

2030

08 Development of prototypical urban and landscape areas within the IBA area in the excellence scenarios to 2050

Pre-industrial/historic city centre pre-1840

»

Nineteenth-century construction units pre-1938 Nineteenth-century imitative buildings since 1990

N

Nineteenth-century villas pre-1938 Nineteen-fifties reconstructed areas Village-like, small-scale Company and co-operative housing pre-1938 Nineteen-fifties social welfare housing Nineteen-seventies high-rise housing (as of approx. six floors) Multistorey housing 1960s–1980s Multistorey housing since 1990 Multistorey housing Low Energy Standard since 2002 Multistorey housing Passive House Standard as of 2013 Single-family home dwellings since 1950 Single-family home dwellings Low Energy Standard since 2002 Single-family home dwellings Passive House Standard as of 2013 Schumacher buildings 1920s–1930s Commercial areas from Industrialisation to present Commercial areas Passive House Standard as of 2013 Functional buildings and public facilities from Industrialisation to present Functional buildings and public facilities Passive House Standard as of 2013 Industry and harbour from Industrialisation to present Green areas Agricultural/horticultural areas Residual areas

2050 0

0

0 500 1.000 Meter

500

01000 500

500

metre

2010

1.000 Meter

1.000 Meter

0 500 1.000 Meter

2020

0 500 1.000 Meter

2030

METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

55

In the reference scenarios, the number of residents increases by approximately 14,000 between 2007 and 2050, in the excellence scenarios, on the other hand, by almost 18,000.

09 Population development within the IBA area in the reference and excellence scenarios

Population Development

The fact that the area occupied by the individual urban environment types differs in the

The population prognosis for the city of Ham-

reference and excellence scenarios results in

burg up to 2030 forecasts a slight population

differing values with regard to the development

increase, with the number of residents declining

of resident numbers, indicated in the tables. In

as of 2030.12 The IBA Hamburg assumes stable

the reference scenarios, the number of resi-

population development in the areas of existing

dents increases by 13,980 between 2007 and

buildings within the IBA area. There will be a

2050, in the excellence scenarios, on the other

population increase in the planned new devel-

hand, by 17,898. The higher number of residents

opment areas.

in the excellence scenarios, approximately

The specific urban environment population

4,000 residents in 2050, derives from the as-

density—residents per hectare—and the specific

sumptions of area use changes with a greater

urban environment household size—members

proportion of multistorey housing. Accordingly,

per household—(Figs. 15 and 16) are the impor-

the additional population primarily lives in the

tant factors for determining the households’

urban environment type multistorey housing to

hot water and electricity requirements. For the

Passive House Standard (VIIIc+).

sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the specific

As a result of consolidated construction meth-

urban environment population and household

ods and the increased appeal of the living en-

densities remain unchanged in the future. This

vironment through high energy standards, the

assumption applies to both the reference and

population density in the Excellence Scenario

the excellence scenarios.

sees a greater increase than in the Reference

08 Abb.19_GuA

Scenario. An increase in density of 12.8 percent in the Excellence Scenario as opposed to 7.4

Demographic development

percent in the Reference Scenario is testimony to the improved quality of the environment.

75.000 73.078

Residents in the IBA area

70.000

69.160

65.391 65.000 62.817 60.000 Excellence scenario

57.251 56.489 55.000

2007

56

Reference scenario

55.180 2013

2020 2030 Time [a]

2040

2050

08 08Abb.17_GuA Abb.17_GuA

ECA per ha/UET in ha 2

Residents per ha UET 4

Living area per unit value in m2

I

Pre-industrial/historic city centre < 1840

1,2

0,77

7680

334

22,99

0,21

0,21

0,21

0,21

71

70

70

70

IIa

Nineteenth-century construction units < 1938

2

1,28

12800

520

24,62

12,91

12,84

12,53

12,53

6711

6676

6514

6514

IIb

Nineteenth-century and pre-war imitative buildings > 1990

2

1,28

12800

520

24,62

3,11

3,11

3,11

3,11

1619

1619

1619

1619

IIc

Nineteenth-century and pre-war villas < 1938

0,3

0,19

1920

29

66,21

3,17

3,17

3,17

3,17

92

92

92

92

III

Reconstructed areas 1950s

2

1,28

12800

555

23,06

10,16

10,01

9,92

9,92

5640

5554

5503

5503

IV

Village-like, small-scale

0,3

0,19

1920

29

66,21

40,5

40,5

40,5

39

1174

1174

1174

1130

1

0,64

6400

256

25

27,4

27,3

27,3

27,3

7021

6977

6977

6977

0,5

0,32

3200

123

26,02

9,47

9,47

9,47

9,47

1164

1164

1164

1164

1

USE Urban environment types

ECA per ha/UET in m2 3

FAR

5

Development of resident numbers in the IBA model area reference scenario in the period 2007 to 2050

Residents 7

Total UET area in ha 6 2007

2013

2020

2050

2007

2013

2020

2050

MIXED USE

RESIDENTIAL V

Nineteenth-century and pre-war housings < 1938

VI

1950s social welfare housings

VII

1970s high-rise housings

1,3

0,83

8320

363

22,92

28,77

28,77

28,77

28,77

10445

10445

10445

10445

VIIIa Multistorey housings 1960s–80s

0,8

0,51

5120

199

25,73

34,1

34,1

34,1

34,1

6783

6783

6783

6783

VIIIb Multistorey housings 1990s

0,8

0,51

5120

199

25,73

1,41

1,4

1,4

1,4

280

279

279

279

VIIIc Multistorey housings Low Energy Standard

0,8

0,51

5120

199

25,73

5,03

5,03

1000

1000

VIIIc+ Multistorey housings Passive House Standard

0,8

0,51

5120

199

25,73

0

30,3

0

6022

172,58

172,68

8456

8412

IXa

Single-family home dwellings > 1950

0,35

0,22

2240

49

45,71

IXb

Single-family home dwellings Low Energy Standard

0,35

0,22

2240

49

45,71

15,9

15,9

779

779

0,35

0,22

2240

49

45,71

0

12,4

0

609

IXb+ Single-family home dwellings Passive House Standard

176,33

168,14

8640

8239

COMMERCIAL (SOLELY) Xa

Commercial areas

1

0,64

6400

0

106,53

106,93

178,23

228,54

0

0

0

0

Xa+

Commercial areas Passive House Standard

1

0,64

6400

0

0

0

0,73

0,73

0

0

0

0

1

0,64

6400

0

656

652

672

610

0

0

0

0

INDUSTRIAL Xb Industry + harbour FUNCTIONAL Xc

Functional buildings and public facilities

2

1,28

12800

8

83,5

83

77,1

75,4

668

664

617

603

Xc+

Functional buildings Passive House Standard

2

1,28

12800

8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

1,28

12800

694

6,85

6,85

6,85

6,85

4756

4756

4756

4756

1213,25

1341,03

56489

62817

SPECIAL TYPES S1

Schumacher buildings 1920S–30S

TOTALS / AVERAGE VALUES Assumed average floor-area ratios based on the Federal Land Use Ordinance BauNV (§17) and Everding (2007), as well as own estimates. Energy consumption area per hectare of urban environment type, in ha. 3 Energy consumption area per hectare of urban environment type in square metres (calculation basis for average living area per resident 2007, cf. 5). 4 Calculated residents per hectare of urban environment type 2007 (calculation basis for residents per statistical area—empirical study). 1

2

58

18,44 25,97

5 Calculated average living area per resident in the respective urban environment type, in square metres. 6 Overall urban environment type area in hectares during this period (illustrates the area development). 7 Calculated number of residents in the respective urban environment types.

08 Abb.18_GuA

ECA per ha/UET in ha 2

Residents per ha UET 4

Living area per unit value in m2

1,2

0,77

7680

334

22,99

0,21

0,21

0,21

0,21

71

70

70

70

Nineteenth-century construction units < 1938

2

1,28

12800

520

24,62

12,91

12,83

12,52

12,52

6711

6672

6510

6510

IIb

Nineteenth-century and pre-war imitative buildings > 1990

2

1,28

12800

520

24,62

3,11

3,11

3,11

3,11

1619

1619

1619

1619

IIc

Nineteenth-century and pre-war villas < 1938

0,3

0,19

1920

29

66,21

3,17

3,17

3,17

3,17

92

92

92

92

III

Reconstructed areas 1950s

IV

Village-like, small-scale

1

USE Urban environment types

ECA per ha/UET in m2 3

FAR

5

Development of resident numbers in the IBA model area excellence scenario in the period 2007 to 2050

Total UET area in ha 6

Residents 7

2007

2013

2020

2050

2007

2013

2020

2050

MIXED USE I

Pre-industrial/historic city centre < 1840

IIa

2

1,28

12800

555

23,06

10,16

10,01

9,92

9,92

5640

5554

5503

5503

0,3

0,19

1920

29

66,21

40,48

40,48

40,48

39,98

1174

1174

1174

1130

1

0,64

6400

256

25

27,42

27,17

27,17

27,17

7021

6956

6956

6956

RESIDENTIAL V

Nineteenth-century and pre-war housings < 1938

VI

1950s social welfare housings

0,5

0,32

3200

123

26,02

9,47

9,47

9,47

9,47

1164

1164

1164

1164

VII

1970s high-rise housings

1,3

0,83

8320

363

22,92

28,77

28,03

27,74

27,73

10445

10176

10069

10065

VIIIa Multistorey housings 1960s–80s

0,8

0,51

5120

199

25,73

34,09

33,31

33,29

32,96

6783

6630

6626

6559

VIIIb Multistorey housing 1990s

0,8

0,51

5120

199

25,73

1,41

1,4

1,4

1,4

280

278

278

278

VIIIc Multistorey housings Low Energy Standard

0,8

0,51

5120

199

25,73

1,23

1,23

245

245

VIIIc+ Multistorey housings Passive House Standard

10,52

51,71

2094

10291

174,91

171,60

8571

8409

0,8

0,51

5120

199

25,73

IXa

Single-family home dwellings > 1950

0,35

0,22

2240

49

45,71

IXb

Single-family home dwellings Low Energy Standard

0,35

0,22

2240

49

45,71

5,88

5,88

288

288

0,35

0,22

2240

49

45,71

5,53

15,48

271

758

0

0

0

0

0

0

IXb+ Single-family home dwellings Passive House Standard

176,33

168,18

8640

8192

COMMERCIAL (SOLELY) Xa

Commercial areas

1

0,64

6400

0

0

Xa+

Commercia lareas Passive House Standard

1

0,64

6400

0

0

4,99

1

0,64

6400

0

0

655,75 650,73 658,37

563,15

0

0

0

0

83,49

66,95

668

611

552

536

30

30

4756

4756

57251

65391

106,53

119,83

207,55 229,20

0

4,99

INDUSTRIAL Xb Industry + harbour FUNCTIONAL Xc

Functional buildings and public facilities

2

1,28

12800

8

Xc+

Functional buildings Passive House Standard

2

1,28

12800

8

2

1,28

12800

694

14,816

148160

76,32

68,97

3,78

3,78

6,85

6,85

SPECIAL TYPES S1

Schumacher buildings 1920S–30S

TOTALS / AVERAGE VALUES Assumed average floor-area ratios based on the Federal Land Use Ordinance BauNV (§17) and Everding (2007), as well as own estimates. Energy consumption area per hectare of urban environment type, in ha. 3 Energy consumption area per hectare of urban environment type in square metres (calculation basis for average living area per resident 2007, cf. 5). 4 Calculated residents per hectare of urban environment type 2007 (calculation basis for residents per statistical area—empirical study). 1

2

18,44 25,97

6,85

1229,78 1364,91

6,85

4756

4756

5 Calculated average living area per resident in the respective urban environment type, in square metres. 6 Overall urban environment type area in hectares during this period (illustrates the area development). 7 Calculated number of residents in the respective urban environment types.

METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

59

Renewable Energy Potential in the IBA Area

pumps. Where geothermal energy is used, this

Wind

for any supplementary heating that might be

Only large-scale wind power stations are taken

necessary is disregarded. During the summer

into consideration in the IBA area. Small-scale

months geothermally linked heat pumps (geo-

wind power is disregarded on the grounds of

thermal sensors) could also be used for cooling

low efficiency, acceptance problems, and ad-

purposes.

verse urban environment impact.13

Geothermal sensor potential within the IBA

Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Technology

area is limited due to the specific geological condition.18, 19 As a result, there are three homo-

With solar energy production a special focus is

geneous areas distinguished here where drill

placed on units that are integrated within the

lengths of twenty-five, fifty, and eighty metres

building shell. Open area units take up extra

are permitted.

has the positive ecological effect of allowing the thermal recovery of the subsoil. The energy

space and so are only resorted to when located on what is otherwise unusable space—such as a

Wastewater Heat Recovery

disposal site, for instance.

Wastewater heat recovery in the IBA area is

The energy yield derives from the irradiation

carried out by means of shafts directly on

characteristic for the region, the unit’s degree

the building. The auxiliary electricity require-

of utilisation, and the space in the urban envi-

ments for operating heat pumps are taken into

ronment available for solar use. The space that

account but wastewater heat recovery is only

is theoretically available needs to be reduced to

economically viable in buildings with more than

an economically meaningful extent due to the

thirty housing units, however.20 With one resident producing an average of

urban parameters, such as possible shadow and listed building regulations, in particular.14 These

100–150 litres of wastewater per day, the heat

constitute what is known as the specific urban

extraction theoretically possible could be

environment type solar figures of merit for

estimated by means of the number of residents

roofs and façades.

per urban environment. Practical projects have

15

For the whole of the IBA area, the heating demand in 2007 amounted to a total of 550 gigawatt-hours per year and the overall electricity demand to 143 gigawatt-hours per year.

since shown that, under favourable conditions, Geothermal Energy

meaning a high energy standard construc-

The energy yield from geothermal sensors

tion, all hot water requirements can be met via

derives from the feasible number of geothermal

wastewater heat recovery.21

sensors per hectare or urban environment and the energy yield per geothermal sensor.16 The energy yield of a geothermal sensor depends on the sensor’s integral length, the ground-specific extraction capacity per meter, and the seasonal performance factor.17 What also needs to be taken into consideration is that the geothermal sensor density that is theoretically possible is limited by technical parameters such as obstructions in the drilling field (trees, canals, piping, space problems) and the risk of the thermal exhaustion of the subsoil. It is therefore assumed that only half of the geothermal sensors that are theoretically possible are implemented technically. It is assumed that possible supplementary heating in summer is not supported by heat

60

10 Current heating, hot water and electricity requirements (2007), according to type of urban area

08 Abb.21_GuA Status quo in the IBA’s Starting Year 2007

Final energy demand of urban environment types [GWh/a]

The status quo is defined as the energy demand and the renewable energy production in

Pre-industrial/historic city centre < 1840 (I)

the IBA’s starting year, 2007. This is the status quo that needs to be improved and converted

Nineteenth-century construction units < 1938 (IIa)

to sustainable energy supplies.

Nineteenth-century and pre-war imitative buildings > 1990 (IIb)

Energy Demand

Nineteenth-century villas < 1938 (IIc)

Energy demand is estimated on the basis of the specific urban environments.22 The heat-

Reconstructed areas 1950s (III)

ing requirements for an urban environment are comprised of heating energy require-

Village-like, small-scale (IV)

ments, hot water demand, and process heat

Nineteenth-century and pre-war company and co-operative housings < 1938 (V)

demand. In Fig. 10 the heating energy demand figure for

Urban environment types

1950s social welfare housings (VI)

purpose-built constructions (Xc), commercial buildings (Xa), and single-family homes (IX) is

1970s high-rise housings (VII)

especially noticeable, which can be attributed to the high proportion of these building types,

Multistorey housings 1960s-1980s (VIIIa)

their specific requirements, and their poor

Multistorey housings 1990s (VIIIb)

Heating

condition from an energy perspective. Hot water energy demand depends on the

Multistorey housings Low Energy Standard > 2002 (VIIIc)

Hot water

household size characteristic of the urban

Multistorey housings Passive House Standard > 2013 (VIIIb+)

Electricity

environment in question and amounted to 890–1050 kilowatt-hours per household member and year for German households in 2005.23 For the IBA’s starting year, 2007, an

Single-family home dwellings > 1950 (IXa) Single-family home dwellings Low Energy Standard > 2002 (IXb)

average consumption of 900 kilowatt-hours per resident and year is assumed. The heating

Single-family home dwellings Passive House Standard > 2013 (IXb+)

requirements for the IBA’s starting year, as illustrated in Fig. 13, derive from heating energy and hot water.24 For the whole of the IBA area,

Commercial areas (Xa)

the heating demand in 2007 amounted to a

Commercial areas Passive House Standard > 2013 (Xa+)

total of 550 gigawatt-hours per year. As is to be expected, the urban area heating

Industry + harbour (Xb)

demand in the consolidated urban environFunctional buildings (Xc)

ments is high. In the commercial areas, process heat demand is also taken into account

Functional buildings Passive House Standard > 2013 (Xc+)

based on current statistics and employee numbers.

Commercial in mixed use areas (Xd)

Overall electricity demand for the IBA area amounts to 143 gigawatt-hours per year. Fig. 14

Schumacher buildings 1920s–1930s (S1)

depicts the electricity demand for the indi0

20

40

60

80

Final energy demand in GWh/a

100

vidual urban environment types. It is clear that the consolidated districts have increased heating and electricity requirements.

METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

61

The commercial districts are also characterised by especially high electricity demand. The cur-

CO2 Emissions Building renovations and increasing the propor-

rent electricity requirements here are based on

tion of renewable energy bring about a reduc-

the number of employees in the commercial,

tion in greenhouse gases. The potential for the reduction of CO2-equivalent emissions can thus

trade, and service provider sectors represented

be derived from two components:

in the IBA area.

. Savings through the energy renovation of buildings and more efficient energy supply technology in existing buildings

. Savings through the production and use of renewable energy.

11 Energy demand in individual urban areas in 2007

08 Abb.24_GuA

The CO2-equivalent savings according to urban environment type are based on the difference

Energy demand 2007

electric kWh/EW

Demand per resident (final energy demand)

measures undertaken in each scenario. This

thermal kWh/EW

electric kWh/m2

Demand per energy consumption area (final energy demand) thermal kWh/m2

electric GWh/ha

Demand per hectare UET (final energy demand) thermal GWh/ha

electric GWh/a

thermal GWh/a

Urban environment types

Absolute demand per UET (final energy demand)

USE

in emissions before and after the energy-saving

Pre-industrial/historic city centre < 1840

IIa

Nineteenth-century construction units < 1938

IIb

effect that the funding of energy renovations in the individual urban environments will have on CO2 reduction. The CO2-equivalent emissions are further reduced by the production and use of renewable energy. CO2 credits result when the electric-

MIXED USE I

enables localisation that then illustrates the

ity produced using renewable energy exceeds

0,29

0,05

1,84

0,32

239

42

4107

721

25,84

5,20

2,67

0,54

209

42

3851

775

electricity deficit has to be compensated by the

Nineteenth-century and pre-war imitative buildings > 1990

3,89

1,26

1,66

0,54

130

42

2400

775

established electricity mix. The Federal German

IIc

Nineteenth-century and pre-war villas < 1938

1,07

0,16

0,45

0,07

234

34

n/a

n/a

III

Reconstructed areas 1950s

20,10

3,51

2,64

0,46

206

36

3564

623

mix that will become ever “greener” in the decades to come.25 The emission factor of the

IV

Village-like, small-scale

8,95

1,87

0,29

0,06

154

32

n/a

n/a

typical Wilhelmsburg heating mix is assumed

demand. It needs to be noted that a renewable

electricity mix emission factor is assumed, a

for a renewable heating deficit (Table 19).26,  27

RESIDENTIAL

Energy production using fossil fuel energy is

V

19th-century and pre-war company and co-operative housings

38,61

6,32

1,41

0,23

220

36

5500

900

predominant in the IBA’s starting year. Heat-

VI

1950s social welfare housing

7,08

1,27

0,75

0,13

234

42

6079

1093

ing energy and hot water demand is met by a

VII

1970s high-rise housings

50,58

8,86

1,76

0,31

211

37

4842

848

VIIIa

Multistorey housings 1960s–1980s

36,65

6,28

1,08

0,18

210

36

5403

926

ation is not connected to the Hamburg district

VIIIb

Multistorey housings 1990s

0,94

0,26

0,67

0,18

131

36

3374

927

heating network; there is only a relatively small

VIIIc

Multistorey housings Low Energy Standard

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

60

36

n/a

n/a

VIIIc+ Multistorey housings Passive House Standard

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

45

36

n/a

n/a

solar collectors is negligible, while electricity

IXa

Single-family home dwellings

74,13

13,43

0,42

0,08

188

34

8580

1554

demand is also largely met by conventional

IXb

Single-family home dwellings Low Energy Standard

0,32

0,18

0,13

0,08

60

34

n/a

n/a

IXb+

Single-family home dwellings Passive House Standard

0,00

0,00

0,00

0,00

45

34

n/a

n/a

SPECIAL TYPES S1

Schumacher buildings 1920s–1930s

variety of energy sources (heating oil, gas, coal) and by electricity. The area under consider-

island network in the eastern section of Central Wilhelmsburg. Hot water supply by means of

means. The model assumes the Federal German electricity mix, which comprised about 15 per cent renewable energy in 2007. Renewable electricity production began in the IBA’s starting

20,16

3,68

2,94

0,54

230

42

4239

775

year with wind power units at the Georgs‑ werder disposal site and in the direct proximity

62

thereof (approximately thirteen gigawatt-hours

year (for the residential and the commercial,

of electricity per year). Smaller photovoltaic

trade, service provider sectors only). The high

roof-mounted units are used for electricity

CO2 emissions are due to the fact that, in 2007,

generation in individual cases but these are of

only 1 per cent of the heating demand and

little consequence.

about 10 per cent of electricity requirements

Emissions in the IBA’s starting year 2007 thus amounted to 207,823 tonnes of CO2. This means

were met by renewable means.

CO2 emissions per resident of 3.76 tonnes per 08 Abb.20_GuA

Emissions of households, commerce, trade, service providers in the IBA’s starting year 2007 thus amounted to 207,823 tonnes of CO2.

Direct CO2 emission values for the different forms of energy production (without upstream and disposal) Energy production

thermal tCO2/GWhEnd1

electric tCO2/GWhEnd1

Source

Federal Germany Energy Mix 2007

245 2

579 2

2013

230 2

512 2

(BMU5 2009b), (UBA 6 2008)

2020

211 2

429 2

(BMU5 2009b), (UBA 6 2008)

2050

118 2

25 2

(BMU5 2009b), (UBA 6 2008)

5

6

2008

Wilhelmsburg Heating Mix Households

2173

(BEI 2009)

Commerce, trade, service industry

2253

(BEI 2009) (GEMIS 7 2009)

Fossil fuels Heating oil

266–270

646

(UBA 6 2009a)

Natural gas

202

456

(UBA 6 2009a)

Anthracite

344–353

862

(UBA 6 2009a)

Brown coal

359–367

1050

(UBA 6 2009a)

District heating from Coal 4 70% Co-generation

219

(GEMIS 7 2009)

35% Co-generation

313

(GEMIS 7 2009)

0% Co-generation

407

(GEMIS 7 2009)

Moorburg grid

238

(IBA-Hamburg 2009)

Renewable energy

0

0

(UBA 6 2009a)

Based on final energy demand. 2 Based on the projected energy mix for the 2009 guideline scenario (BMU 2009. Table 10. p. 95). 3 Weighted mean based on the energy mix calculated by the Bremen Energy Institute (BEI 2009. Table 5–11. p. 42) and the fossil fuel emission factors listed in this table. 4 Electricity credit for electricity produced by coal taken into account. 5 Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. 6 Federal Environment Agency. 7 Global Emissions Model of Integrated Systems. 1

12 Direct CO2 emission values for the different forms of energy production

METHODOLOGY AND STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT

63

13 Current heat and hot water demand of households and of the commerce, trade and service provider (GHD) sector energy users (2007), including processing GHD heat demand, in the IBA area GWh/(ha*a)