Encyclopedia of Entomology [2nd ed. 2008] 1402062427, 9781402062421

Table of contents :
cover-large.TIF
front-matter.pdf
HalfTitle.pdf
Encyclopedia of Entomology
TitlePage.pdf
Encyclopedia of Entomology Volume 1
Encyclopedia of Entomology Volume 4
Copyright.pdf
Editorial.pdf
Editorial Board
Acknowledgment.pdf
Acknowledgments
Preface.pdf
Preface
Highlights.pdf
Highlights of the Encyclopedia of Entomology
Major Taxa of Insects and Their Near Relatives
Other Groups
Morphology and Anatomy
Physiology
Genetics
Behavior
Ecology and Evolution
Microbiology and Pathology
Humans and Insects
Notable and Pioneer Entomologists
Pest Management
Pesticides and Pesticide Application
Pests Groups and Their Management
Medical and Veterinary Entomology
Arthropods of Economic Importance
List of Contributors.pdf
List of Contributors
fulltext.pdf
Abafi-Aigner, Lajos (Ludwig Aigner)
Reference
Abaxial Surface
Abbott, John
Reference
AbbottŁ s Formula
Abdomen
Abdomen of Hexapods
The Pregenital Region
The Genital Region
References
Abdominal Pumping
Abiotic Disease
Abiotic Factors
Abnormality
Abrocomophagidae
Absolute Methods of Sampling
Acanaloniidae
Acanthmetropodidae
Acanthopteroctetidae
Acanthosomatidae
Acaricide
Acaricides or Miticides
Acaricide Classification
Insecticides as Acaricides
Acaricide Types
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Essential Oils
Inorganics
Petroleum Oils
Organosulfurs
Organotins
Insecticides with Acaricidal Activity
Organophosphorus Pesticides
Carbamates
Formamides
Pyrethroids
Pyrroles
Other Acaricides
Azadirachtin
Avermectin
Clofentezine and Hexythiazox
Tebufenpyrad
Acaricides and Fungicides
Resistance in Mites
Methods for Evaluating Resistance
Slide Dip Bioassays
Leaf Dip or Leaf Spray Bioassays
Whole Plant Bioassays
Field Tests
References
Accessory Cell
Accessory Circulatory Organ
Accessory Gland
Accessory Vein
Accessory Hearts
Accidental Host
Accidental Species
Acclimation
Accuracy
Acephalous
Acerentomidae
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine Esterase
Achilidae
Aclerididae
Acoustical Communication in Heteroptera (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
Production of Vibrational Signals and Songs
Reception of Vibrational Signals and Songs
Transmission of Vibratory Signals and Songs
Acoustic Characteristics of Vibrational Signals
Specificity and Variability of Vibratory Signals
Vibratory Signaling in the Families of Heteroptera
Corixidae
Notonectidae
Reduviidae
Miridae
Tingidae
Cydnidae
Pentatomidae
References
Acoustic Aposematism (Clicking) by Caterpillars
Reference
Acoustic Communication in Insects
Sound
Sound Production
Sound Reception
Functions of Acoustic Signals
References
Acrididae
Acriology
Acrobat Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Acroceridae
Acrolepiidae
Acrolophidae
Acron
Acrosternite
Action Threshold
Active Dispersal
Active Ingredient (AI)
Active Space
Active Ventilation
Aculae
Aculeus
Acute
Acute Bee Paralysis
Aculeate
Acute Toxicity
Adaptation
Adaptation of Indigenous Insects to Introduced Crops
References
Adaxial Surface
Adeheterothripidae
Adelgidae
Adelidae
Adephaga
Aderidae
Adfrontal Areas
Adelphoparasitism
Adherence
Adipohemocyte
Adipokinetic Hormone (AKH)
Adipokinetic and Hypertrehalosemic Neurohormones
Historical Perspective
Chemistry of the AKH/RPCH Family
Physiological Actions
References
Adjuvants
Adoption Substance
Adult
Adulticide
Adultoid Reproductive
Adult Transport
Adventitious Veins
Adventive
Aedeagus
Aenictopecheidae
Aeolothripidae
Aepophilidae
Aeshnidae
Aetalionid Treehoppers
Aerial Photography
Aeropile
Aerosol
Aesthetic Injury Level
Aesthetic Pest
Aestivation
Aetalionidae
African Armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Biology and Ecology
Seasonal Movements and Armyworm Outbreaks
Economic Importance of Outbreaks of S exempta
Survey and Control
References
African Honey Bee, Africanized Honey Bee, or Killer Bee, Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Description and Behavior
Life Cycle and Genetic Dominance
Public Risks
Managing African Bee Colonies
Conclusion
References
African Horse Sickness Viruses
References
Africanized Bees
African Mahogany-Feeding Caterpillar, Heteronygmia dissimilis aurivillius (Lepidoptera: Lymantriida)
References
African Maiden Moths (Lepidoptera: Thyretidae)
References
African Pine-Feeding Grasshoppers, Plagiotriptus pinivorus (Descamps) and P Hippiscus (Gerst.) (Orthoptera: Eumastacidae)
References
African Primitive Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Prototheoridae)
References
African Red Tick, Rhipicephalus evertsi, (Acarina: Ixodidae)
African Skipper Moths (Lepidoptera: Apoprogonidae)
References
African Sleeping Sickness
African Slug Caterpillar Moths (Lepidoptera: Chrysopolomidae)
References
African Swine Fever
Agaonidae (Hymenoptera)
References
Agathiphagidae
Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe
References
Age Polythism
Aggregation
Aggregation Pheromone
Aggregative Response
Agnathous
Aggressive Mimicry
Agonoxenidae
Agricolous
Agricultural Chemicals
Agricultural Consultant
Agricultural Crop Pests in Southeast Asia Including Southern China
Insects of Rice
Rice Leafhopper and Planthopper Complex
Sugar Cane Insects
Fruit Tree Insects: Mango-Citrus-Banana-Litchi
Litchi and Longan Fruit Insects
Vegetable Insects
References
Agroecology
Nutrient Cycling
Cropping Systems
Pest Management
Landscape Ecology
References
Agromyzidae
Agyrtidae
AI
Alarm-Defense System
Air Sacs
Alarm Pheromone
Alarm Pheromones of Insects
Hemipteran Alarm Pheromones
Alarm Pheromones of Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Alarm Pheromones of True Bugs (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)
Alarm Pheromones of Social Insects (Hymenoptera)
The Honeybee (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Alarm Pheromones of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Alarm Pheromones of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Cockroach Alarm Pheromones (Blattodea: Blattidae)
Alarm Pheromones of Beetles (Coleoptera)
Lacewing Alarm Pheromones (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Conclusions
References
Alarm-Recruitment System
Alary Muscles
Alate (pl., Alatae or Alates)
Alderflies
Alderflies and Dobsonflies (Megaloptera)
References
Aldrovandi, Ulisse (Ulysse, Ulysses)
References
Aldyidae
Aleyrodidae
Alexander, Charles Paul
Reference
Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee, Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Life History
Domestication
Natural Enemies
References
Alfalfa (Lucerne) Pests and their Management
Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Root Weevils, Sitona spp., Atrichonotus taeniatulus (Berg), Others (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Blister Beetles (Epicauta spp.) (Coleoptera: Meloidae)
Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Grasshoppers (Melanoplus spp and Phaulacridium spp) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Cutworms, Armyworms and Budworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Lucerne Flea, Sminthurus viridis (Collembola)
Mites (Acari)
Pest Management in Alfalfa
References
Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Alga (pl., Algae)
Alien
Alienicolae
Alimentary Canal and Digestion
The Foregut
The Midgut
The Hindgut
Digestive Enzyme Secretion
Carbohydrate Digestion
Lipid Digestion
Protein Digestion
Absorption of Digested Products
Gut pH
Illustrative Examples of Diversity in Food, Form and Function of the Alimentary Canal
References
Alimentary System
Alinotum
Alitrunk
Allatostatins
Allatotropins
Alleculidae
Allegheny Mound Ant, Formica exsectoides (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
References
Allele
Allelochemic
Allelochemicals
A World of Allelochemicals
Sequestration and its Consequences
Sequestration of Insect Toxins by Vertebrates: A Significant ŁAllelochemicalŽ Phenomenon
Initial Processing of Allelochemicals by Specialists
Immediate Allelochemical Excretion
Allelochemical Metabolism
Selective Biomagnification of Allelochemicals in Tissues
The Diverse Functions of ŁCapturedŽ Allelochemicals
Insect Sequestration of Bacterial Compounds and their Glandular Secretion
Additives in Defensive Glands
Regurgitation and Defecation of Allelochemicals
Allelochemicals as Tissue Colorants
Allelochemicals as Inhibitors of Toxin Production
Allelochemicals as Pheromonal Precursors
Allelochemicals as Structural Paint
Allelochemicals as Metabolites in Primary Metabolic Pathways
Allelochemicals as Agents of Sexual Development
Allelochemical Discharge from Non-glandular Reservoirs
Allelochemicals as Defensive Agents of Eggs
Allelochemicals as a Copulatory Bonus
Allelochemicals as Synergists for Pheromones
Allelochemicals as Phagostimulants
Allelochemicals as Inducers of Detoxifying Enzymes
Allelochemicals as Allomonal Precursors
Allelochemicals as Communicative ŁJammingŽ Agents
Quenchers of Phototoxic Allelochemicals
Antibiotic Functions of Allelochemicals
Specialists and Generalists: Two Selected Case Studies
The Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus
The Lubber Grasshopper, Romalea microptera (also known as R guttata)
References
Allelopathy
AllenŁs Rule
Allochronic Speciation
Allogenic Succession
Allometric Growth
Allomone
Allopatric
Allopatric Speciation
Allophagic Speciation
Allozyme
Almond Seed Wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)
References
Alpha Taxonomy
Alternate Host
Alternation of Generations
Altruism
Alucitidae
Alula
Amazonian Primitive Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Neotheoridae)
References
Amber Insects: DNA Preserved?
Insect DNA in Amber?
References
Ambrosia Beetles
Ambush Bugs
Ameletopsidae
Amelitidae
Amerasinghe, Felix P
Reference
American Butterfly Moths (Lepidoptera: Hedylidae)
References
American Dog Tick
American False Tiger Moths (Lepidoptera: Dioptidae)
References
American Grasshopper, Schistocerca americana (Drury) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
American Foulbrood
References
American Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Life Cycle and Description
Egg
Larva
Adult
Host Plants
Damage
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Insecticides
Cultural Practices
References
American Silkworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Apatelodidae)
References
American Swallowtail Moths (Lepidoptera: Sematuridae)
References
American Tropical Silkworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Oxytenidae)
References
Ametabolous
Ametropodidae
Amino Acid
Ammophilous
Amoebae
References
Amoebiasis
Amorphoscelididae
Amphienotomidae
Amphiposocidae
Amphipterygidae
Amphitheridae
Amphitoky
Amphizoidae
Amplification
Amplification Hosts
Ampulicidae
Anagrus Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)
Taxonomy and Adult Morphology
Biology
Behavior and Ecology
References
Anajapygidae
Anal Angle
Anal Cell
Anal Comb
Anal Gills
Anal Hooks
Anal Furrow
Anal Legs (Prolegs)
Anal Lobe
Anal Loop
Anal Plate
Anal Tube
Anal Vein
Anamorphosis
Anaxyelidae
Ancistrosyllidae
Andean Moon Moths (Lepidoptera: Cercophanidae)
References
Andesianidae
Andrenidae
Andrewartha, Herbert George
Reference
Androconia
Androparae
Anemometer
Anemotaxis
Angel Insects (Zoraptera)
Characteristics
Biology
References
Angoumois Grain Moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Angulate
Anholocyclic Life Cycle
Animal Sleeping Sickness
Anisembiidae
Anisopodidae
Anneal
Annual
Anobiidae
Anomosetidae
Anoplura
Anostostomatidae
Anteclypeus
Antagonist
Antecosta (pl., antecostae)
Antenna (pl., antennae)
Antennae of Hexapods
Segmented Type
Annulated Type
Filiform
Moniliform
Setaceous
Aristate
Stylate
Clavate
Capitate
Serrate
Pectinate
Flabellate
Lamellate
Plumose
Geniculate
References
Antennal Club
Antennal Fossa
Antennal Sclerite
Antennation
Antennule
Anterior
Anthelidae
Anther Smut of Carnations
Anthicidae
Anthocoridae
Anthomyiid Flies
Anthomyiidae
Anthomyzid Flies
Anthomyzidae
Anthophilous
Anthribidae
Anthrophagy
Anthrophoridae
Anthropocentric
Anthropomorphism
Anthropophilic
Antibiosis
Antibiotic
Anticodon
Antidote
Antidiuretic Hormones
Anti-Drift Agent
Antixenosis
Antlike Flower Beetles
Antlike Leaf Beetles
Antlike Stone Beetles
Antlions
Ant-plant Interactions
Ants as Seed Predators
Early ŁFarmersŽ (Attines)
Pastoralists
Biotic Defenses of Plants
Some Definitions and Constructs
Factors Driving Evolutionary Specialization
Conflicts of Interest between Partners
Long-Term Evolutionary Histories of Ant-Plant Associations
Implications of Exudate-Feeding for the Evolutionary Ecology of Ants
Some Parallels Between Ants and Plants
Nutritional Benefits to Plants (Myrmecotrophy)
Ants as Seed Dispersers, Pollinators and Partners of Insectivorous Plants
Seed Dispersal
Ants as Pollinators
Relationships Between Ants and Insectivorous Plants
Effects of Ant-Plant Interactions on the Diversification of Ants
References
Ants
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Morphology
Life/Colony Cycle
Control
References
Anus
Aorta
Apatelodidae
Aphelinidae
Aphelocheiridae
Aphicide
Aphididae
Aphidivorous
Aphidophagous
Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Classification
Distribution
Origin and Evolution
Metamorphosis
External Morphology
Internal Anatomy
Digestive System
Bacteriocytes
Nervous System
Reproductive System
Excretion
Ingestion and Digestion
Sex Determination
Parthenogenesis
Life Cycles
Host Plant Alternation
Polymorphism and Polyphenism
Soldiers
Color Morphs
Aphid Influence on Host Plants
Negative Effect
Nutrient Drain
Pathogen Transmission
Salivary Toxins
Honeydew Excretion
Beneficial Effect
Galling
Ant-Aphid Mutualism
Natural Enemies of Aphids
Predators
Ladybird Beetles (Order Coleoptera, Family Coccinellidae)
Lacewings (Order Neuroptera, Families Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae)
Hoverflies (Order Diptera, Family Syrphidae)
Cecid Flies (Order Diptera, Family Cecidomyiidae)
Anthocorid Bugs (Order Hemiptera, Family Anthocoridae)
Parasitoids
Hyperparasitoids
Aphid Defenses
Control of Aphids
Chemical Control and Resistance
Application of Aphicides
Resistance
Biological Control
Host Plant Resistance (HPR)
Modifying Aphid Behavior
Cultural Control
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Important Aphid Species
Green Peach Aphid
Black Bean Aphid
Cotton or Melon Aphid
Oleander or Milkweed Aphid
Pea Aphid
Summary
References
Aphid Flies
Aphodius Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Aphrophoridae
Aphylidae
Apiary
Apical
Apiculture (Beekeeping)
Products of the Hive
The Honey Bee Colony
Major Developments in Beekeeping
Sources of Information
Equipment
Building Equipment
Protecting Wooden Equipment
Wearing Protective Equipment
Management
A Model Bee Yard
Inspecting Honey Bees
Honey Bee Ecotypes
Africanized Bees
Smoking Bees
Moving Bees
Package Bees
Dividing Colonies
Feeding Colonies
Producing the Honey Crop
Extracting the Honey Crop
Managing Swarming
Managing and Rearing Queens
Managing Wintering
Nectar and Pollen Sources
Commercial Pollination
Honey Contrasted to Pollination
Conclusion
References
Apidae
Apioceridae
Apivorous
Apneumone
Apodal
Apodeme
Apodous Larva
Apoidae
Apoid Larva
Apoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Spheciformes)
Heterogynaeidae
Ampulicidae
Sphecidae
Crabronidae
Reproductive Biology of Females
Communal and Social Species
Mating Strategies
Economic Significance of Apoid Wasps
References
Apolysal Space
Apolysis
Apomorphic
Apomorphy
Apophysis
Apoprogonidae
Aposematism
References
Aposymbiotic
Apotome
Apparent Resources
Appeasement Substance
Apple Maggot
Apple Pests and their Management
Major Economic Pests
Rosy Apple Aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini)
Biology and Impact
Decision Making
Control
Spotted Tentiform Leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabricius)
Biology and Impact
Decision Making
Control
Obliquebanded Leafroller, Choristoneura Rosaceana (Harris)
Biology and Impact
Decision Making
Control
Typhlodromus pyri (Scheuten)
Amblyseius fallacis (Garman)
Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt)
Zetzellia mali (Ewing)
Stethorus punctum (Leconte)
Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst)
Biology and Impact
Decision Making
Control
Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus)
Biology and Impact
Decision Making
Control
Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)
Biology and Impact
Decision Making
Control
References
Apple Proliferation
Apple Rust Mite, Aculus Schlechtendali (Acarnia: Eriophyidae)
Apposition Eye
Appressorium
Apterae
Apteropanorpidae
Apterous
Apterygote
Apystomyiidae
Aquatic Entomology and Flyfishing
Terminology: Entomology Versus Flyfishing
Morphological Importance
Ecological and Behavioral Importance
References
Aquifer
Aradidae
Arbovirus
Archaic Bell Moths (Lepidoptera: Neopseustidae)
References
Archaic Sun Moths (Lepidoptera: Acanthopteroctetidae)
References
Archeognatha
Archipsocidae
Arctics
Arctiidae
Arculus
Area-Wide Insect Pest Management
Characteristics of Area-Wide Pest Management
Benefits of Area-Wide Pest Management
Contingencies Often Dictate Changes in Strategy
Legal Authority for Area-Wide Pest Management
Apathy, Outrage and Area-Wide Pest Management
Invasive Pests, Global Trade and Area-Wide Pest Management
Selected Episodes in the History of Area-Wide Pest Management
Migratory Locusts
Insect Vectors of Human Diseases
Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Onchocerciasis Control Program in West Africa
Chagas Disease Vectors
Cattle Ticks
Contributions of Natural Enemies
Lasting Suppression of Cottony Cushion Scale by Vedalia Beetle
Lasting Suppression of Cassava Mealybug by Epidinocarsis lopezi
Area-Wide Conservation of Predators of the Brown Planthopper
Bark Beetles
Boll Weevil Eradication in the USA
Attempts to Sharply Define the Area-Wide Pest Management Strategy
Benefit-Cost Assessment and Discounting Net Returns
KniplingŁs Imperative
References
Argasid (Soft) Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae)
Ecology
Feeding Behavior
Medical Importance
Veterinary Importance
Human Response to Tick Feeding
Management of Tick Populations
References
Argentine Ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae)
Identification and Taxonomy
Distribution
Biology
Effects
Management
References
Argidae
Argyresthiidae
Arista
Armored Scales
Army Ants
Army Cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Host Plants
Natural Enemies
Life Cycle and Description
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Damage
Management
References
Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Arnett, Jr., Ross Harold
References
Arolium
Arrestant
Arrhenogenic
Arrhenophanidae
Arrhenotoky
Artematopididae
Artheneidae
Arthropleidae
Arthropod-Associated Plant Effectors (AAPEs): Elicitors and Suppressors of Crop Defense
Volicitin
Caeliferins
Inceptin and Related Peptides
Bruchins
Glucose Oxidase
Other Systems for Consideration
Significance of AAPEs
References
Arthropods
Articulation
Ascalaphidae
Ascosphaera apis
References
Ascoviruses
References
Asexual
Ash-Gray Leaf Bugs
Ash Whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
References
Asiatic Garden Beetle, Maladera castanea (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae)
Asilidae
Asiopsocidae
Asiopsocidae
Asparagus Aphid, Brachycorynella asparagi (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Aspergillus spp Fungi
Aspirator
Assassin Bugs, Kissing Bugs and Others (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Taxonomy
Morphology
Biology
Some Aspects of Distribution
Ecological and Economic Significance
References
Assemblage
Associative Learning
Assimilation Efficiency
Astatidae
Asteiid Flies
Asteiidae
Aster Leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Asterolecaniidae
Aster Yellows
Ateluridae
Athericid Flies
Athericidae
Astrotaxis
Asymmetric Competition
Asymmetric PCR
Asynchronous Muscle
ATP
Atrophy
Attelabidae
Attenuation
Attractant
Attraction of Insects to Organic Sulfur Compounds in Plants
Glucosinolates
Organic Sulfur Compounds in Allium Plants
References
Audinet-Serville, Jean-Guillaume
Reference
Audouin, Jean-Victor
Reference
Augmentation
Augmentative Biological Control
Examples of Augmentative Releases
Controversies about Augmentative Releases
When and Where are Releases Made?
Some Logistical and Ethical Issues
Time is of the Essence
Costs of Releasing Natural Enemies
Key Research Needs
Future of Augmentation
References
Auricular Openings
Australian Archaic Sun Moths (Lepidoptera: Lophocoronidae)
References
Australian Lappet Moths (Lepidoptera: Anthelidae)
References
Australian Primitive Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Anomosetidae)
Reference
Australian Realm
Australian Sheep Blowfly, Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
References
Australian Silkworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Carthaeidae)
References
Austrophasmatidae
Autecology
Autocidal Control
Autoecious Life Cycle
Attevidae
Aulacidae
Aulacigastrid Flies
Aulacigastridae
Australembiidae
Australian Parasite Moths (Lepidoptera: Cyclotornidae)
References
Australimyzidae
Austremerellidae
Austroniidae
Austroperlidae
Austropetaliidae
Autogenic Succession
Autogenous
Autoradiography
Autoregulatory Control
Autosomes
Autotomy
Autotroph
Auxiliary Vein
Auxiliae
Avermectins
Avian Malaria, Bird Malaria
References
Axenic
Axenic Culture
Axiidae
Axillary
Axon
Azadirachtin
fulltext_2.pdf
Babesia
Babesiosis
Bacillary Paralysis
Bacillus larvae (=Paenibacillus larvae; Bacteria)
Bacillus sphaericus
Taxonomy
Target Range
Field Use
The Insecticidal Toxins
References
Bacillus thuringiensis
References
Backswimmers
Bacterial Conjugation
Bacterial Wilt of Corn
Bacterial Wilt of Cucumbers
Bacteremia
Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage Wo
References
Baculoviridae
Baculoviruses
References
Baetidae
Baetiscidae
Bagworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)
References
Bait
Balanced Mortality Hypothesis
Balance of Nature
References
Banana Pests and Their Management
Banana Weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Sugarcane Weevil, Metamasius hemipterus sericeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Biology
Pest Status
Trapping and Monitoring
Chemical Control
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Entomopathogens
Natural Enemies
Banana Pseudostem Weevil, Odoiporous longicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Biology
Pest Status
Control Measures
Cultural Control
Chemical Control
Host Plant Resistance
Banana Scab Moth, Nacoleia octasema (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Biology
Pest Status
Control Measures
Chemical Control
Biological Control
Host Plant Resistance
The Banana Skipper, Erionota thrax (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
Biology
Pest Status
Control Measures
Banana Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Biology
Pest Status
Control Measures
The Banana Aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Biology
Pest Status
Control Measures
Chemical Control
Biological Control
References
Banana Weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
The Host Crop
Biology and Life Cycle
Adult Stage
Immature Stages
Semiochemicals
Monitoring
Damage Assessment
Population Densities
Pest Status
Integrated Pest Management
Cultural Control (Habitat Management)
Crop Sanitation
Trapping
Biological Control
Classical Biological Control
Indigenous Natural Enemies
Microbial Control
Host Plant Resistance
Botanical Control
Chemical Control
References
Band
Band Application
Banded Thrips
Bandwinged Grasshoppers
Banks Grass Mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks)
Barb
Barber, Herbert Spencer
Reference
Barberry Whitefly, Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana)
Bark Beetles
Bark Beetles in the Genus Dendroctonus
References
Bark-Gnawing Beetles
Bark-Lice, Book-Lice or Psocids (Psocoptera)
Morphology
Head
Thorax
Abdomen
Systematics
Suborder: Trogiomorpha
Suborder: Troctomorpha
Suborder: Psocomorpha
Reproductive Biology
Courtship and Mating
Eggs, Oviposition, Hatching, Viviparity, Parthenogenesis
Postembryonic Development
Feeding
Natural Enemies
Parasites
Parasitoids
Ectoparasites
Predators
Defense Mechanisms
Dispersal
Ecology
Habitats
Trees and Shrubs (Foliage-Frequenting and Bark-Frequenting Psocids)
Low Vegetation
Litter
Rock Surfaces
Caves
Bird and Mammal Nests
Domestic Habitats
Ecological Distribution
Altitudinal Distribution
Substrates and Plant "Preferences"
Humidity
Psocids and Humans
References
Barley Thrips, Limothrips cerealium (Haliday)
Basal
Basalare
Base Pair (bp)
Basement Membrane
Basic Reproductive Rate
Bat Bugs
Bates, Henry Walter
References
Batesian Mimicry
Bates, Marston
References
Bat Fleas
Bat Flies
B Chromosomes
Beach Flies
Beaded Lacewings
Beak
Beauveria
References
Beck, Stanley Dwight
Reference
Bed
Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae: Cimex spp)
Morphology
Life Cycle
Behavior
Bed Bug History
Geography of the Bed Bug
Public Health Importance
Control History
Current Pest Status
Current Management Practices
Summary
References
Bee Bread
Bee Flies
Bee Lice
Bee Louse, Bee Fly, or Braulid, Braula coeca Nitzsch (Diptera: Braulidae)
Bee Louse Life Cycle and Behavior
Reference
Bee Milk
Bee Mites
Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apiformes)
Evolutionary History
Diversity and Distribution
Development and Life Cycle
Nesting
Mating Biology
Sociality
Foraging
Pollination
Diseases, Parasites and Predators
Conservation
The Families of Bees
Family Colletidae: Yellow-Faced, Masked and Plasterer Bees
Family: Andrenidae
Family Halictidae: Sweat Bees, Alkali Bee, etc
Family Megachilidae: Leaf-Cutting Bees, Mason Bees, Carder Bees and Others
Family Apidae: Carpenter Bees, Orchid Bees, Bumble Bees, Stingless Bees, Honey Bees
Subfamily Nomadinae: Cuckoo Bees
Subfamily Xylocopinae: Carpenter Bees
The Corbiculate Apinae: Orchid Bees, Bumble Bees, Stingless Bees, Honey Bees
Tribe Euglossini: Orchid Bees
Tribe Bombini: Bumble Bees
Tribe Meliponini: Stingless Bees
Tribe Apini: True Honey Bees
References
Beesoniidae
Beeswax
Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Beetles (Coleoptera)
Anatomy
Life Cycle
Evolution
Classification
Archostemata
Myxophaga
Adephaga
Polyphaga
Series: Staphyliniformia
Series: Scarabaeiformia
Series: Elateriformia
Series: Bostrichiformia
Series: Cucujiformia
Superfamily: Tenebrionoidea
Superfamily: Chrysomeloidea
Superfamily: Curculionoidea
References
Behavior of Insects: Genetic Analysis by Crossing and Selection
Crossing Experiments
Selection Experiments
Behavior Determined by One or a Few Genes
Susceptibility to American Foulbrood in the Honeybee
House-Entering Behavior in Aedes aegypti
Foraging in Drosophila
Other Behaviors Influenced by One or a Few Genes
Behaviors Determined by Multiple Genes
Host Plant Specialization in Drosophila sechellia
Other Behaviors Determined by Multiple Genes
References
Behavior: Molecular Genetic Analyses
The Insect Nervous System
The Photoperiodic Clock
The Period (Per) Gene of Drosophila
Song Cycle Behavior in Drosophila
Other Effects of Per
Learning in Drosophila
Functional Genomics of Odor Behavior in Drosophila
Learning in Apis mellifera
Pheromones in Insects
Divergent Functions of Est-6 and Est-5 in Drosophila Species
Courtship Behavior in Drosophila
Studies of Human Neurodegenerative Diseases and Addictions in Drosophila
Molecular Analyses of Complex Behaviors
References
Behningiidae
Beklemishev, Vladimir Nikolayevich
References
Belidae
Bell, William J
References
Belostomatidae
Beneficials
Benthic Community
Bertha Armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Importance
Biology
Management
References
Berytidae
Bequaert, Joseph Charles
References
Beraeidae
BergmannŁs Rule
Berlese, Antonio
References
Berlese Funnel
Bernhauer, Max
References
Berothidae
Bertram, Douglas Somerville
References
Bess Beetles (Coleoptera: Passalidae)
References
Beta Taxonomy
Bet-Hedging
Bethylidae
Bias
Bibionidae
Bicaudate
Biddies
Biennial
Bifid
Bifurcate
Big-Headed Flies
Bilateral Symmetry
Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial Sampling
Biphyllidae
Bioassay
Biocenology (Biocoenology)
Biocenosis (Biocoenosis)
Biocides
Bioclimatic Models in Entomology
Temperature Models
Distributional Models
Multivariate Models
Computational Intelligence
References
Biocontrol
Biogeographic Realms
Biogeography
Insect Biogeography
References
Bioinformatics
Biointensive Pest Management
Biological Amplification
Biological Clock
Biological Clock of the German Cockroach, Blattella Germanica (L)
What Is a Biological Clock?
Characters of Circadian Clocks
Molecular Clock Mechanisms
Ecological Significance
Biological Clock of the German Cockroach
Conclusion
References
Biological Control
Biological Control by Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
References
Biological Control of Invasive Plants in Latin America
Biological Control Activities Against Invasive Plants in Latin America
Exportation of Latin American Biological Control Agents
Limitations on the Implementation of Biological Control of Invasive Plants in Latin America
Potential for Biological Control of Invasive Plants in Latin America
Reference
Biological Control of Weeds
Procedures in a Classical Weed Biological Control Project
Importance of Host Specificity
Taxa Used in Classical Biological Control of Weeds
Classical Biological Control of Weeds in Aquatic Habitats
Classical Biological Control of Weeds in Stable and Ephemeral Habitats
References
Biological Insecticides
Biology
Bioluminescence
Biomagnification
Biomass
Biome
Biopesticide
Biorational Pesticides
Biosphere
Biosystematics
Biota
Biotechnology
Biotic Disease
Biotic Potential
Biotic Release
Biotope
Biotype
Bipectinate
Bird and Rodent Fleas
Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid
Bird Lice
Bird Malaria
Birnaviruses
References
Bíró, Lajos
Reference
Bisexual
Biting Midges, Culicoides spp (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Classification and Recognition
Distribution
Ecology and Behavior
Mating Behavior
Host Finding and Feeding Behavior
Biting Behavior: Implications for Man and Animals
Disease Transmission
Animal Welfare
Human Annoyance
Control
Chemical Control
Habitat Manipulation
Repellents
Traps
Biological Control
References
Biting Rate
Bittacidae
Bivoltine
Bivouac
Blaberidae
Black Bean Aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Blackburn, Thomas
Reference
Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Black Earwigs
Black Fig Fly (Diptera: Lonchaeidae)
References
Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)
References
Damage
Biology
Management
References
Blackheaded Fireworm, Rhopobota naevena (Hübner) (Lepidoptera; Tortricidae)
Black Grain Stem Sawfly, Trachelus tabidus (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
Blacklegged Tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae)
Blacklight Trap
Black Parlatoria Scale, Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Black Pod of Cacao
Black Scale, Saissetia spp (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
Black Scavenger Flies
Black Turfgrass Ataenius
Blackwelder, Richard Elliot
Reference
Blaisdell, Frank Ellsworth
Reference
Blasticotomidae
Blastobasidae
Blastoderm
Blatchley, Willis Stanley
Reference
Blattaria
Blattellidae
Blattidae
Blattodea
Blephariceridae
Blind Springtails
Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae)
Characteristics
Life Cycle
Natural Enemies
Damage Caused by Blister Beetles
Beneficial Effects of Blister Beetles
Management
References
Blister Beetle Antennal Twisting Behavior
References
Blood Gill
Blow Flies
Blueberry Maggot, Rhagoletis mendax (Curran) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Bluebottle Flies
Bluegrass Billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Blues
Bluetongue Disease
Insect Vectors
The Disease
The Viruses
Impact and Problems
References
Boat Flies
Bodenheimer, Friedrich (Frederick) Simon
Reference
Body Lice
Bogong Moth, Agrotis diffusa (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Life Cycle and Description
Economic Importance
References
Bohart, Richard M
Reference
Bohartillidae
Boheman, Carl Heinrich
References
Boisduval, Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Dechauffour De
References
Bokor, Elemér
References
Bolitophilidae
Boll Rot of Cotton
Boll Weevil, Anthonomous grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Description and Life History
Host Plants
Damage
Management
References
Bombycidae
Bombyliidae
Bonnet, Charles
Reference
Book-Lice
Boopidae
Boreal
Bootstrapping
Bootstrap Values
Boreidae
Borgmeier, Thomas
Reference
Boric Acid
References
Boridae
Bostrichidae
Botanical
Botanical Insecticides
Pyrethrum
Rotenone
Neem
Tobacco
Other Botanicals
References
Bot Flies
Bothrideridae
Boutonneuse Fever
Bovine Babesiosis
Bovine Hypodermosis: Phenology in Europe
References
Bøving, Adam Giede
Reference
Brachelytry
Some Examples Among Chrysomelidae
References
Brachodidae
Brachycentridae
Brachypsectridae
Brachypteridae
Brachypterous
Brachytosis
Brackish
Braconidae
Bradynobaenidae
Brahmaeidae
Brahmin Moths (Lepidoptera: Brahmaeidae)
References
Brain
Brain Hormone
Brauer, Friedrich Moritz
Reference
Braulidae
Brentidae
Bristle-Legged Moths (Lepidoptera: Schreckensteiniidae)
References
Bristletails (Archeognatha)
Classification
Characteristics
Biology
References
Broadcast Application
Broad-Headed Bugs
Broadleaf Plant
Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae)
Broad-Shouldered Water Treaders
Broad-Winged Damselflies
Broad-Winged Thrips
Bromeliad Fauna
Aquatic Animals Using Bromeliad Phytotelmata as Habitat for their Immature Stages
Rotifera
Annelida
Crustacea
Acari
Odonata
Hemiptera
Coleoptera
Trichoptera
Diptera
Anura (frogs)
Terrestrial Animals Using Bromeliad Terraria as Habitat for their Immature Stages
Terrestrial Animals Using Bromeliads as Occasional Habitat, the Visitors
Terrestrial Animals Eating Bromeliads
Animals as Dispersers of Bromeliad Seed
Animals as Pollinators of Bromeliads
Animals as Food for Bromeliads (Carnivory)
Conclusion
References
Bronzed Cutworm, Nephelodes minians Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Brood
Brood Cell
Brooding
Brood Sac
Broun, Thomas
References
Brown Citrus Aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
References
References
Brown Lacewings
Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Brown Rot of Fruit
Brown Wheat Mite, Petrobia latens (Müller) (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Brown-Banded Cockroach, Supella longipalpa (Fabricius) (Blattodea, Blattellidae)
Bruch, Carlos
Reference
Bruchidae
Brues, II, Charles Thomas
Reference
Brulle, Gaspard Auguste
Reference
Brunner Von Wattenwyl, Carl
References
Brush-Footed Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Distinguishing Characteristics and Relationships
Morphology
Adult
Immature Stages
Diversity, Distribution and Biogeography
Habitats
Ecology
Immature Stages
Adults
Economic Importance
Conservation
References
Brush Organ
Bryopsocidae
Bt
Bubo
Bubonic Plague
Buccal Cavity
Bucculatricidae
Budding
Buffalo Gnats
Buffalograss Chinch Bug, Blissus occiduus Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae)
Buffer Zone
Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc (Comte De)
References
Bugs (Hemiptera)
Classification
Suborder Sternorrhyncha
Aphidoidea (Aphidoids)
Aleyrodoidea (Whiteflies)
Coccoidea (Scale Insects)
Psylloidea (Jumping Plant Lice)
Suborder Fulgoromorpha
Suborder Cicadomorpha
Cicadoidea-Cicadas
Cercopoidea-Froghoppers
Membracoidea-Treehoppers and Leafhoppers
Suborder Coleorhyncha-Moss Bugs
Suborder Heteroptera
Defense
Feeding
Medically Important Species
Development and Cytogenetics
References
Bulb Mites, Rhizoglyphus (Acari: Acaridae)
References
Bulldog Ant or Bull Ant, Myrmecia spp (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Bullet Ant, Paraponera clavata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Bumble Bees
Bunchy Top of Papaya
Buprestidae
Burgess, Albert Franklin
Reference
Burmeister, Carl Hermann Conrad
References
Burnet Moth Biology (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)
External Morphology
Life History and Habits
Cyanogenesis
Predators and Parasitoids
Economic Importance
References
Burnet Moths (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) Burrower Bugs
Burrowing Water Beetles
Bursa Copulatrix
Bursicon
Bush Crickets
Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera)
References
Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera)
Classification
Evolution
Characteristics
Adults
Larvae
Eggs
Pupae
Ecology
Biodiversity
Primitive Moths
Micropterigoidea
Agathiphagoidea
Heterobathmioidea
Eriocranioidea
Lophocoronoidea
Myoglossata
Neopseustina
Neopseustoidea
Exoporia
Mnesarchaeoidea
Hepialoidea
Monotrysian Moths
Andesianoidea
Nepticuloidea
Tischerioidea
Palaephatoidea
Incurvarioidea
Ditrysia
Tineina
Tineoidea
Gelechioidea
Copromorphoidea
Yponomeutoidea
Immoidea
Pyraloidea
Pterophoroidea
Sesiina
Sesioidea
Zygaenoidea
Cossina
Cossoidea
Castnioidea
Tortricoidea
Bombycina
Calliduloidea
Uranioidea
Geometroidea
Papilionoidea
Drepanoidea
Bombycoidea
Sphingoidea
Noctuoidea
References
Butterfly Counts
References
Butterfly Gardening
The Butterfly Life Cycle
The Elements of a Butterfly Garden
Adult Nectar Sources
Larval Host Plants
Other Attractants
Water
Shelter
Keeping the Butterfly Garden Productive
Choice of Butterfly Plants
List of Plants to Attract Butterflies in Nebraska
Annual Flowers
Biennials
Shrubs
Perennial Herbaceous Plants
Plants For ­Butterfly Gardening in Florida
Trees
Shrubs
Vines
Herbaceous Perennials
Some Larval Host Plants and Species Supported:
References
Buxton, Patrick Alfred
Reference
Byrrhidae
fulltext_3.pdf
Cabbage Aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
References
Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Description and Life Cycle
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Host Plants
Damage
Natural Enemies
Management
References
Cabbage Maggot or Cabbage Root Fly, Delia radicum (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Life Cycle and Description
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Damage
Host Plants
Natural Enemies
Management
References
Cactus Flies
Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Biology
Distribution
Control
References
Caddisflies (Trichoptera)
Family: Brachycentridae (Humpless Caddisflies)
Family: Glossosomatidae (Saddle-case Caddisflies)
Family: Helicopsychidae (Snail-case Cadisflies)
Family: Hydropsychidae (Net-spinning Caddisflies)
Family: Hydroptilidae (Microcaddisflies)
Family: Lepidostomatidae (Lepidostomatid Caddisflies)
Family: Leptoceridae (Long-horned Caddisflies)
Family: Limnephilidae (Northern Caddisflies)
Family: Molanidae (Hood-case Caddisflies)
Family: Philopotamidae (Finger-net Caddisflies)
Family: Phyrganeidae (Large Caddisflies)
Family: Polycentropodidae (Trumpet-net Caddisflies)
Family: Rhyacophilidae (Primitive Caddisflies)
References
Cadelle, Tenebroides mauritanicus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Caeciliidae
Caecum (pl., caeca)
Caenidae
Calamoceratidae
Calcaria
Calibrate
California Red Scale, Aonidiella auranti (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspidae)
Calipharixenidae
Callidulidae
Calliphoridae
Callirhipidae
Callow
Calophllidae
Calopsocidae
Calopterygidae
Calvert, Philip Powell
References
Calypter (pl., calypteres)
Calyptodomous
Camel Crickets
Cameron, Malcolm
References
Cambrian Period
Camillid Flies
Camillidae
Campestral
Campodeidae
Campodeiform Larva
Canacidae
Candeèze, Ernest Charles Auguste
References
Canine Babesiosis
Canine Piroplasmosis
Cannibalism
Population Regulation
Nutrition
Trophic Eggs
Sexual Cannibalism
Costs of Cannibalism
References
Canopidae
Canopy
Canthariasis
Cantharidae
Cantharidin
Canthus
Cape Honey Bees, Apis mellifera capensis Escholtz
Identification
Distribution
Reproduction in Cape Bees
Biology and Behavior
Problems for Beekeepers
References
Capitate
Capniidae
Capsid
Capsids
Capsomere
Carabidae
Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as Parasitoids
References
Carabiform Larva
Caraboid Larva
Carapace
Carayonemidae
Carbamate Insecticide
Carbohydrate
Carboniferous Period
Carcinogen
Carcinophoridae
Cardo
Careers in Entomology
Qualifications and Skills
Research
Teaching
Extension
Regulatory
Industry
Opportunities
Educational Institutions
Land Grant Universities and Cooperative Extension
Other Public and Private Research Universities
Undergraduate Colleges and Universities with a Focus on Teaching
United States Government
US Department of Agriculture
Armed Forces
Other Agencies
Industry
Urban Pest Control and Landscape Maintenance
Pesticide and Pest Control Device Manufacturers
Food, Tobacco, and Drug Companies
International Aid Organizations
Independent Entomologists
Research and Development of Products
Lectures, Workshops and Other Courses
Writing and Photography
Urban Pest Control
Consultant and Contract Work
Non Profit Organizations
Retail or Wholesale Business
Caribbean Fruit Fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Carina (pl., Carinae)
Carnid Flies
Carnidae
Carnivore
Carnivore Fleas
Carnivorous
Carnivorous Plants
References
Carnivory and Symbiosis in the Purple Pitcher Plant
Sarracenia Species in North America
The Purple Pitcher Plant, Sarracenia purpurea
Carnivory in Purple Pitcher Plants
Limnological Characteristics in Pitchers of the Purple Pitcher Plant
Aquatic Pitcher Inhabitants
Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett) (Diptera: Culicidae): The Pitcher Plant Mosquito
Metriocnemus knabi Coquillet (Diptera: Chironomidae): The Pitcher Plant Midge
Fletcherimyia fletcheri (Aldrich) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae): The Pitcher Plant Flesh Fly
Other Pitcher Plant Inhabitants
Pitcher Plants as "Model Ecosystems"
Summary
References
Carob Midge Complex, Asphondylia spp (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Cyprus
Damage
Mortality Factors
References
Carotenoids
Carpenter Ants, Camponotus spp (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Colony Development
Home Range
Foraging
Trophallaxis
Pest Management
References
Carpenter Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Xylocopinae)
References
Carpenter, Frank Morton
Reference
Carpenterworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Cossidae)
References
Carposinidae
Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
Distinguishing Characteristics and Relationships
Morphology
Adult
Larvae
Classification, Diversity, and Distribution
Ecology
Conservation
Recent Research
References
Carsidaridae
Carter, Herbert James
References
Carthaeidae
Carton
Carrier
Carrying Capacity
Casebearer Moths (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae)
References
Casey, Thomas Lincoln
Reference
Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Morphology and Biology
Damage
Control Options
The Solution: Biological Control
References
Cassava Pests and their Management
The Cassava Arthropod Pest Complex and Crop Damage
Management of Cassava Arthropod Pests
Foliage Feeders
Whiteflies
Damage
Biology and Behavior
Control
Host Plant Resistance
Biological Control
Cultural Control
Chemical Control
Cassava Mites
Damage
Biology and Behavior
Management
Host Plant Resistance
Biological Control
Cassava Mealybugs
Damage
Biology and Behavior
Management
Thrips
Damage
Management
Cassava Lacebugs
Damage
Biology and Behavior
Management
Cassava Hornworms
Damage
Biology and Behavior
Management
Stemborers and Stem Feeders
Stemborers
Damage
Biology and Behavior
Management
Scale Insects
Damage
Management
Fruit Flies
Shoot Flies
Damage
Management
Soil-Borne Pests
Cassava Burrower Bug
Damage
Biology and Behavior
Management
White Grubs
Damage
Biology and Behavior
Management
Cassava Root Mealybugs
Secondary Pests
Grasshoppers
Damage
Biology and Behavior
Control
Gall Midges
Leaf-cutter Ants
Termites
Leafhoppers
Future Trends and Considerations
References
Caste
Castes
Ants
Social Bees and Wasps
Termites
References
Castniidae
Caterpillar
Cat Flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouché (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)
References
Cattle Grub, Hypoderma spp (Diptera: Oestridae)
Cattle Ticks
Cauda
Caudal
Caudal Filaments
Caudal Lamellae
Caudate
Caudell, Andrew Nelson
Reference
Cave Adapted Insects
References
Cave Habitat Colonization
References
Cayenne Tick, Amblyomma cajennense Fabricius (Ixodida: Ixodidae)
cDNA
cDNA Library
Cecidomyiidae
Cecidosidae
Cedar Beetles
Cell
Cell Culture
Cell Culture of Insects
Physical Conditions
Chemical Conditions
Characteristics of Cells
Practical Applications
References
Celyphidae
Cement
Cenchrus (pl., Cenchri)
Census
Centipedes (Class Chilopoda)
Characteristics
Classification
Ecology
Reference
Central Body
Central Dogma
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Centromere
Cephalothorax
Cephidae
Cerambycidae
Cerambycoid Larva
Ceraphronidae
Ceratocanthid Scarab Beetles
Ceratocanthidae
Ceratocombidae
Ceratophyllidae
Ceratopogonidae
Cercoccidae
Cercophanidae
Cercopidae
Cercus (pl., cerci)
Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Cereal Stem Moths (Lepidoptera: Ochsenheimeriidae)
References
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
Cerococcidae
Cerumen
Cervical Shield
Cervix
Cervical Sclerites
Cerylonidae
Cestodes or Tapeworms
References
Chaeta (pl, chaetae)
Chaeteessidae
Chaetotaxy
Chaff Scale, Oulema melanopus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae
Chafers
Chagas, Carlos Justiniano Ribeiro
References
Chagas Disease: Biochemistry of the Vector
Feeding
Protein Metabolism
Reproduction
Lipid Composition, Metabolism, and Transport
The Integument
References
Chagas Disease or American Trypanosomiasis
References
Chalaza (pl., chalazae)
Chalcididae
Chalkbrood
Reference
Chamaemyiidae
Chaoboridae
Charipidae
Chaudoir, Maximilien Stanislavovitch De
References
Champion, George Charles
Reference
Chapman, Reginald Frederick
Checkered Beetles
Cheek
Chela
Chelating Agent
Chelicera (pl chelicerae)
Chelisochidae
Chelonariidae
Cheloniform Larva
Chemical Ecology of Insects
References
Chemigation
Chemokinesis
Chemoreceptor
Chemotaxis
Chestnut Gall Wasp Classical Biological Control in Japan
References
Chevrolat, Louis Alexandre Auguste
Reference
Classification
Chewing and Sucking Lice (Phthiraptera)
Characteristics
Biology
References
Chewing Mouthparts
Chiang, Huai C
Reference
Chigger
Chikungunya
Symptoms, Treatment, and Prevention
Epidemiology
References
Chilli Thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Economic Importance
Recognizing S dorsalis Infestations
Life History
Host Plants
Monitoring and Management
References
Chimaeropsyllidae
Chinaberry, Melia azedarach L, A Biopesticidal Tree
Classification
Geographic Distribution
Botanical Characteristics
Phytochemical Properties
Production of Meliaceous Trees
Medicinal and Other Uses
Bioactivity of the Melia azedarach Tree Against Insects
Bioactivity of Extracts of Melia azedarach
Bioactivity of Melia azedarach components against insects
Integration With Natural Enemies
Potentials in Sustainable Systems
References
China, William Edward
Reference
Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus (Say) (Hemiptera: Blissidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Chironomidae
Chironomids as a Nuisance and of Medical Importance
References
Chitin
Chitinase
Chitinous
Chittenden, Frank Hurlbut
Reference
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Chloroperlidae
Chloropidae
Chlorosis
Choreutidae
Cholinesterase
Chordotonal Sensory Organs
References
Choriogenesis
Chorion
Choristidae
Christophers, (Sir) Samuel Rickard
Reference
Chromatids
Chromomere
Chromosome Imprinting
Chromosome Puffs
Chromosomes
Chronic
Chronic Bee Paralysis
Chronic Toxicity
Chronotoxicology
Historical Perspective
Coincidence of Insecticide Susceptibility Rhythms and Other Biological Rhythms
Biological Rhythms and Measuring Toxicity Parameters
Concluding Remarks
References
Chrysalis
Chrysididae
Chrysomelidae
Chrysopidae
Chrysopolomidae
Chyromyid Flies
Chyromyidae
Cibarium
Cicada Parasite Beetles
Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea)
Classification
Family Tettigarctidae White
Family Cicadidae Latreille
Chararacteristics
Adults
Immature Stages
Natural History
Agricultural Importance
References
Cicadellidae
Cicindelidae
Cigarette Beetle
Ciidae
Cimbicidae
Cimicidae
Circadian Rhythm
Circulative Virus
Circumesophageal Connective
Citricola Scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
Citrus Blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi (Ashby) (Hempitera: Aleyrodidae)
Citrus Greening Disease
Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae)"
Citrus Mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) (Hempitera: Pseudococcidae)
Citrus Peelminer, Marmara gulosa (Guillen and Davis) (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae)
Citrus Pests and their Management
History of Citrus
Pest Descriptions
Acari
Eriophyidae
Tetranychidae
Tenuipalpidae
Tarsonemidae
Orthoptera
Acrididae
Tettigoniidae
Gryllidae
Isoptera
Rhinotermitidae
Kalotermitidae
Hemiptera
Coreidae
Lygaeidae
Pentatomidae
Cicadellidae
Flatidae
Psyllidae
Aleyrodidae
Aphididae
Margarodidae
Coccidae
Diaspididae
Pseudococcidae
Thysanoptera
Thripidae
Coleoptera
Diptera
Cecidomyiidae
Tephritidae
Lepidoptera
Gracillariidae
Tortricidae
Megalopygidae
Papilionidae
Hymenoptera
Formicidae
Helicidae
Citrus Pest Management
Fresh or Processing Market
Sampling and Thresholds
Management Strategies
References
Citrus Rust Mites (Acari: Eriophyidae)
Citrus Snow Scale, Unaspis citri (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Citrus Stubborn Disease
Citrus Whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Cixiidae
Cladistic Analysis
Clade
Cladiopsocidae
Cladistics
Cladogenic Speciation
Cladogram
Clambidae
Class
Classical Biological Control
Naturally Occurring Biological Control
Classical Biological Control
Assumptions of Classical Biological Control
Steps in Classical Biological Control
Cooperation Between Scientists Aids in Citrus Blackfly Project
Classical Biological Control and the Gypsy Moth
Continent-Wide Control of the Cassava Mealybug in Africa
Conservation of Natural Enemies
Effective Natural Enemies
Biological Control in Relation to Other Pest Management Approaches
Evaluating Classical Biological Control Programs
Exclude, Eliminate, or Reduce Natural Enemies
Correlation
Modeling
Risk Assessments
References
Classification
Variations on this System of Classification
Characteristics of the Major Groups
Clastopteridae
Claustral Colony Founding
Clavate
Clavate Larva
Clavola
Clavus
Claw
Clearwing Moths(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)
References
Cleptobiosis
Cleptoparasite
Cleridae
Click Beetles
Clicking by Caterpillars
Reference
Climatic Release
Climax
Cline
Cloaca
Clone
Closed Cell
Clothes Moths
Clothodidae
Clover Mite, Bryobia praetiosa Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Club Fleas
Clubtails
Clumped Distribution
Clusiid Flies
Clusiidae
Cluster Analysis
Cluster Fly, Pollenia rudis (Fabricius) and P pseudorudis Rognes (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
References
Clypeofrontal Suture
Clypeus
Coarctate Larva
Coarctate Pupa
Coccidae
Coccinellidae
Coccoidae
Cochineal Insects
Cockerell, Theodor Dru Alison
Reference
Cockroaches (Blattodea)
Classification
Characteristics
Habitats and Food
Parental Care
Ecological Importance
Domiciliary Cockroaches
Cockroaches as Pests
The Principal Cockroach Pest Species
Management
Exclusion and Sanitation
Toxicants
Cockroach Baits
Insect Growth Regulators
Inorganic Dusts
Traps
Biological Control
Oothecal Parasitoids
References
Cockroaches and Disease
Important Species
Public Health Importance of Cockroaches
Domestic Nuisance
Cockroach Bites
Accidental Invasion of the Body
Disease Carriers
Allergies
Focus on Sanitation
References
Cocoon
Coconut Mite, Aceria guerreronis (Acari: Eriophyidae)
Distribution
Description
Hosts
Biology and Ecology
Damage and Economic Importance
Management
Chemical Control
Mechanical Control
Cultural Control
Host Plant Resistance
Biological Control
References
Cocoon Breaker
Coding Strand
Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Codon
Coelomomyces
References
Coelopidae
Coenagrionidae
Coevolution
Coffee Bean Rot
Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
References
Coffee Pests and their Management
Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling Infested Berries
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Insect Traps
Chemical Control
Coffee Leaf Miner, Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Méneville) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling Damaged Leaves
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Root Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseodococcidae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Plant Resistance to Insects
Chemical Control
Scale Insects, Mealybugs and Related Foliage Pests (Hemiptera)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Pest Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Cutworms and Armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Pest Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Mechanical Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Brown Coffee Borer, Xylosandrus morigerus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Stem Borers Plagiohammus spp (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
White Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Pest Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Physical-Mechanical Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Black Citrus Aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer De Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Leaf-Cutting Ants, Atta and Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Pest Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Long-Horned Grasshoppers or Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Mechanical Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Bush Crickets, Paroecanthus spp (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Leaf-Eating Caterpillars (Lepidoptera)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Mechanical Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Leaf Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Coffee Bean Weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Bilogical Control
Chemical Control
Spider Mites (Acari)
Distribution
Damage and Economic Importance
Description
Biology and Ecology
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control
References
Cold Tolerance in Insects
Classification of Cold Tolerance
Mechanisms of Cold Tolerance
References
Cole Crops
Collectors
Coleophoridae
Coleoptera
Collecting and Preserving Insects
Key elements to successful insect collecting
Collecting Techniques
Living Insects
Killing Methods
Recording
Preserving Insects
Vials
Mounting Techniques
Pinning
Storage in Transparent Envelopes
Pointing
Card Mounts
Adhesives
Card Mounts, Card Points, and Labels
Genitalia
Slides
Soft-Bodied Specimens
Labeling Specimens
Information on Labels
Pinning Blocks
Storing Collections
Storage Containers and Cabinets
Supply Houses
Permits
References
Collembola
Colleterial Glands
Colletidae
Collophore
Colobathristidae
Coloburiscidae
Colonization
Colony
Colony Fission
Colony Odor
Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
References
Colorado Tick Fever
Columnar Cells
Colydiidae
Comb
Comb-Clawed Beetles
Commensalism
Common Fleas
Common Name
Common Oviduct
Common Sawflies
Common Scorpionflies
Common Skimmers
Common Stoneflies
Common Thrips
Common (Vernacular) Names of Insects
Vernacular Names Derived from Scientific Names
"Official" Common Names
Reference
Common Walkingsticks
Communal Behavior
Community
Companion Planting
Competitive Displacement
Complex Metamorphosis
Compliance Procedure (for a Consignment)
Compound Eyes
Compsocidae
Compound Nest
Comstock, John Henry
Reference
Concealer Moths (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)
References
Conchaspididae
Conditional Lethal
Conditioned Stimulus
Condyle
Confused Flour Beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Congeners
Congo Floor Maggot, Auchmeromyia senegalensis (luteola) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Congener
Conidiophore
Conidium
Conifer Bark Beetles
Conifer Sawflies
Coniopterygidae
Conjunctiva
Connexivum
Conopidae
Conservation Biological Control
Practices Detrimental to Natural Enemies
Practices that Enhance Natural Enemy Effectiveness
References
Conservation of Ground Beetles in Annual Crops
References
Conservation of Insects
Cites
The Importance of Subspecies
Butterflies as an Index Group in Conservation
Case Studies of Four Endangered Swallowtail Butterflies (Papilionidae) from Different World Regions
Ornithoptera alexandrae, New Guinea, and other birdwing butterflies
Homerus swallowtail, Papilio homerus, Jamaica
Parnassius apollo, Europe
Schaus' Swallowtail, Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus Schaus, Florida
References
Conspecific
Construction Behavior of Insects
Types of Structure and Nest Architecture
Building Materials
Function and Evolution of Insect Structures
Regulation of Construction Behavior
Conclusions
References
Consumption Efficiency
Contact Poison
Contagious Disease
Containment
Contamination
Continental Drift
Controlled Atmosphere Technologies for Insect Control
Low Oxygen
High Carbon Dioxide
Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Temperature Combinations
Ozone, Other Chemicals and Processes
Machinery
Approved Treatments
References
Convergent Evolution
Cooloola Monsters
Cooloolidae
Cooties
Coppers
Copromorphidae
Coprophagous
Coprophagy
Coptopsyllidae
Copularium
Coquillett, Daniel William
Reference
Coral Treaders
Corazonin
Role of Corazonin in the Control of Body-Color Polymorphism in Locusts
Effect of Corazonin on Body Shape
Effect of Corazonin on the Formation of Antennal Sensilla
Corazonins in Other Insects
References
Corbicula
Cordulegastridae
Corduliidae
Coreidae
Stenocephalidae
Coreidae
Alydidae
Rhopalidae
Hyocephalidae
References
Coremata
Corethrellidae
Corioxenidae
Corium
Corixidae
Corn Delphacid, Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
References
Cornea
Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Life Cycle and Description
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Host Plants
Damage
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Insecticides
Biological Control
Host Plant Resistance
References
Cornicles
Corn Leaf Aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Corn Leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis (Delong and Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
References
Corn Stunt
Corpora Pedunculata
Corpus Allatum (pl., Corpora Allata)
Corpus Cardiacum (pl., Corpus Cardiaca)
Corpus Pendunculatum
Corydalidae
Corylophidae
Cosmetic Damage
Cosmet Moths (Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae)
References
Cosmopolitan
Cossidae
Costa
Costal Break
Costal Cell
Costal Margin
Costs and Benefits of Insects
The Negative Effects of Insects on Crops and Livestock
Yield Loss
Nonindigenous (Invasive) Pests
Pesticides
The Negative Effects of Insects on Wildlife
Biting and Stinging
Disease Transmission
Pesticides
The Negative Effects of Biting Pests and Vectors of Human Disease
The Negative Effects of Urban (Structural, Household, and Landscape) Pests
The Benefits of Pollination and Honey Production
Pollination
Honey
The Benefits of Animal Dung Decomposition
The Benefits of Insects for Recreation
The Benefits of Biological Control by Insects
Other Benefits of Insects
Silk production (sericulture)
Shellac
Dyes
Human and Animal Food
Medical Treatment
References
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Cotton or Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Cotton Stainers
Cotton Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Cottony Cushion Scale, Iceryi purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)
Cover, Border and Trap Crops for Pest and Disease Management
The Role of Mulches for Suppression of Pest Populations
Organic mulches
Synthetic Mulches
The Role of Cover Crops in Suppressing Pest Populations
The Role of Barrier or Border Crops in Suppressing Pest Populations
The Role of Trap Crops in Suppressing Pest Populations
Economics of Sustainable Agriculture
References
Cover Crops
Coxa
Crab Lice, Phthirus pubis (Linnaeus) (Phthiraptera: Pthiridae)
Crabronidae
Cranberry Fruitworm, Acrobasis vaccinii Riley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Cranberry Girdler, Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Cranberry Tipworm, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Crane Flies (Diptera: Tipulidae and Others)
Ecology
Geological Record
Taxonomic Divisions
References
Cranium
Crapemyrtle Aphid, Sarucallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
References
Craw, Alexander
Reference
Crawler
Crawling Water Beetles
Creeping Myiasis
Creeping Water Bugs
Cremaster
Crenulate
Crenulate Moths (Lepidoptera: Epiplemidae)
References
Crepuscular
Cresson, Ezra Townsend
Reference
Cretaceous Period
Cribellum
Cribrate
Crickets
Criddle, Norman
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Cristate
Critical Period
Crochets
Crop Diversity and Pest Management
References
Crop
Crop Loss Assessment
Crop Residue
Crossing Over
Cross-Resistance
Cross-Striped Cabbageworm, Evergestris rimosalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Cross Vein
Crotch, George Robert
Reference
Crowson, Roy Albert
Reference
Crucifer
Crucifer Flea Beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Crucifer Pests and their Management
Leaf or Foliage Feeders: Caterpillars and Flea Beetles
The Imported Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L) (Pieridae)
The Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Noctuidae)
Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L) (Plutellidae)
Cross-striped Cabbageworm, Evergestis rimosalis (Guenée) (Pyralidae)
Cabbage Webworm, Hellula rogatalis (Hulst) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Occasional Caterpillar Pests
Flea Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Sap Feeders: Harlequin Bugs, Aphids
Harlequin Bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Cabbage Aphids, Brevicoryne brassicae (L) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Root Feeder: Cabbage Maggot
Cabbage Maggot, Delia radicum (L) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
References
Crypsis
References
Cryptobiosis
References
Cryptoceridae
Cryptochetid Flies
Cryptochetidae
Cryptophagidae
Cryptorhamphidae
Crystalliferous
Csiki, Ernõ; (Ernst Dietl)
References
Ctenidium (pl. ctenidia)
Ctenoplectidae
Ctenostylidae
Cubitus
Cuckoo Bees
Cuckoo Wasps
Cucujidae
Cucurbit
Cucurbit Yellow Vine Disease
Culicidae
Culicifuge
Culicinomyces clavisporus
References
Cultivar
Cultivation
Cultural Control of Insect Pests
References
Cultural Entomology
Reference
Culture of Natural Enemies on Factitious Foods and Artificial Diets
References
Cuneus
Cupedidae
Curculionidae
Curculionoid Larva
Curran, Charles Howard
Reference
Cursorial
Curtis, John
Reference
Curtonotid Flies
Curtonotidae
Cushman, Robert Asa
Reference
Cuticular Lipids
Cuticle
Cuticulin
Cutworm
Cutworm Moths
Cuvier, (Baron) Georges Léopold Chretien Frédéric Dagobert
Reference
Cyclical Polymorphism
Cyclidiidae
Cycloalexy
References
Cyclo-Developmental Transmission
Cyclo-Propagative Transmission
Cyclorrhapha
Cyclotornidae
Cydnidae
Cylindrical Bark Beetles
Cymidae
Cyphoderidae
Cypselosomatid Flies
Cypselosomatidae
Cyrtocoridae
Cystocyte
Cytochrome
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility
Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Virus
Cytosol
fulltext_4.pdf
Dactyl
Dactylopiidae
Daddy Long-Legs
Dahlbom, Anders Gustav
Reference
Dalceridae
Dampwood Termites
Damsel Bugs
Damselflies
Distinguishing Characters
Morphology ƒ Adults
Morphology ƒ Immatures
Ecology
Mating Behavior
Diversity, Evolution and Distribution
References
Dark Mealworm, Tenebrio obscurus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Adults
Immature Stages
Habitats
Food
References
Dark-Winged Fungus Gnats
Darlington, Jr., Philip J
References
Darners
Darwin, Charles
References
Darwinism
Dascillidae
Geographic Distribution
Symptoms and Economic Importance
Biology
Control
References
Davis, William Thompson
Reference
Day-Degree
DDT
Dead-End Hosts
Dead Log Bark Beetles
Dealate
Dealation
Death Feigning
Death-Watch Beetles
Debach, Pau l Hevener
Reference
Decomposer Insects
Decomposers of Plant Remains
The Entomofauna of Excrement and Corpses
Decomposers of Corpses
Forensic Entomology
Decomposers of Excrement
Beneficial Actions of Decomposer Insects in Ecosystems
References
Decumbent
Decurved
Deer Flies
Deer Fly Fever
Deer Keds
Deer Midges
Deficiency Disease
Deflection Marks
References
Defoliant
Defoliation
DeGeer, Carl (Carolus, Karl, Charles)
Reference
Degree-Day
Delimiting Survey
Dejean, Pierre François Marie Auguste
Reference
Delphacidae
Delusory Parasitosis
Deme
Deimatic Behavior
Reference
Denaturation
Dendrites
Dendrogram
Dengue
The Pathogen and Disease
Vectors
Evolution, History, and Spread
Maintenance and Transmission
Risk Factors for Dengue
Economic Impact and Prevention
References
Density
Density Dependence
Density Independence
Dentate
Dentition
Denver Billbug, Sphenophorus cicastriatus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Deposit
Depressed
Derbidae
Dermal
Dermaptera
Dermatitis Linearis
References
Dermestid Beetles
Dermestidae
Derodontidae
Desensitization
Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forskål (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Plagues
References
Desert Longhorned Grasshoppers
Detection Survey
Deterministic Model
Deterrent
Dethier, Vincent Gaston
Reference
Detoxification Mechanisms in Insects
Phase I Reactions
Oxidation
Epoxidation
Hydroxylation
N-Dealkylation
O-Dealkylation
Desulfuration
Sulfoxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Phase II Reactions
Glucose Conjugation
Sulfate Conjugation
Phosphate Conjugation
Amino Acid Conjugation
Glutathione Conjugation
Induction of Detoxification Enzymes
Enzyme Induction as Detoxification Mechanism
Metabolism of Allelochemicals by Detoxification Enzymes
Role of Detoxification Enzymes in Insecticide Resistance
References
Detritivore
Detritivory
Deutocerebrum
Deuterophlebiidae
Deutonymph
Developmental Threshold
Diadocidiidae
Diagnosis
Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Diamondback Moths (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
References
Diamphipnoidae
Diapause
A Photoperiodically Controlled Phenomenon
A Temperature-Dependent Syndrome
Influence of Food
Genetic Control of Diapause
Hormonal Aspects of Diapause
References
Diapause Hormone
Diaprepes Root Weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Host Plants
Natural Enemies
Life Cycle and Description
Eggs
Larva
Pupa
Adults
Damage
Management
Sampling
Insecticides
Cultural Practices
Host Plant Resistance
Biological Control
References
Diaprepes Weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Diapriidae
Diaspididae
Diastatidae
Diastatid Flies
Diatomaceous Earth
Why is Diatomaceous Earth Insecticidal?
Environmental Interactions
Variability Among Diatomaceous Earths
What is Affected by Diatomaceous Earth?
Safety
References
Dichotomous Keys
Dicondylic Articulation or Joint
Dicot
Dicteriadidae
Dictyopharidae
Dictyoptera
Differential Grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Digger Bees
Digitate
Dilaridae
Dimboa
Dimorphic
Dinidoridae
Diopsidae
Dioptidae
Diphyllostomatid Beetles
Diphyllostomatidae
Diploid
Diplurans (Diplura)
Classification
Characteristics
Biology
References
Diprionidae
Dipsocoridae
Diptera
Dipteromimidae
Direct Flight Muscles
Directive Coloration
Direct Pests
Dirofilariasis
References
Discal Cell
Discrete Generations
Disease
Diseases of Grasshoppers and Locusts
Bacteria
Fungi
Beauveria bassiana
Entomophaga grylli Complex
Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum
Protozoa
Viruses
Grasshopper Thermal Ecology
References
Disjunct Populations
Disk
Dispersal
Dispersion
Disruptive Coloration
Distal
Distiproboscis
Ditomyiidae
Diuretic Hormones
Diurnal
Diverticulum
Dixid Midges
Dixidae
DNA
DNA Probe
DNAse
Dobsonflies
Dobzhansky, Theodosius Grigorievich
Reference
Dockage
Dog Heartworm
Dolabellopsocidae
Dolichopodidae
Dominance Hierarchy
Dominant
Dominant Species
Donisthorpe, Horace St. John Kelly
Reference
Dormant
Dormant Oil
Dorsal
Dorsal Diaphragm
Dorsal Longitudinal Muscles
Dorsal Vessel: Heart and Aorta
References
Dorsoventral Muscles
Dorsum
Double-Eye Moths (Lepidoptera: Amphitheridae)
References
Double Sampling
References
Douglasiidae
Douglas, John William
Reference
Douglas Moths (Lepidoptera: Douglasiidae)
References
Dragonflies
Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata)
Family Calopterygidae (Broad-winged Damselflies)
Family Lestidae (Spreadwinged Damselflies)
Family Coenagrionidae (Narrowwinged or Pond Damselflies)
Family Aeshnidae (Darner Dragonflies)
Family Gomphidae (Clubtail Dragonflies)
Family Libellulidae (Skimmer Dragonflies)
References
Drake, Carl John
Reference
Drench Treatment
Drepanidae
Driver Ants (Dorylus subgenus Anomma) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Taxonomy and Phylogeny
Morphology
Workers
Males
Queens
Behavior
Ecology
Habitat and Distribution
Economic Importance
References
Droplet Spermatophore
Drosophilidae
Drumming Communication and Intersexual Searching Behavior of Stoneflies (Plecoptera)
References
Dry Bark Beetles
Dry-Fungus Beetles
Dryinidae
Dryopidae
Drywood Termites
dsDNA
Dubas Bug (Old World Date Bug), Ommatissus lybicus Bergerin (Tropiduchidae: Hemiptera)
Description
Symptoms and Economical Importance
Biology
Control
References
Dudgeon Carpenterworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Dudgeoneidae)
References
Dudgeoneidae
Dudich, Endre
References
Dufour, Léon Jean Marie
References
Dufour's Gland
Dulosis
Dung Beetles
Dung Flies
Dunnage
Duponchel, Philogène August-Joseph
References
Dust
Duster
Dustywings
Dutch Elm Disease
Dyar, Harrison Grey
References
Dyar's Rule
Dytiscidae
fulltext_5.pdf
Ear Tag
Earth-Boring Dung Beetles
Earwigflies (Mecoptera: Meropeidae)
References
Earwigs (Dermaptera)
Classification
Characteristics
Biology
References
East Coast Fever
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
Virus
Mosquito Vectors
Bird Hosts
Transmission Cycle
Disease in Humans
Disease in Horses
Disease in Birds
Detection/Diagnosis
Epidemics and Epizootics
Future Outlook
References
Eastern Lubber Grasshopper, Romalea microptera (Beauvois) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Ecdysial Line
Ecdysis
Ecdysone
Ecdysone Agonists, A Novel Group of Insect Growth Regulators
Chemistry and Physical Properties
Insecticidal Mode of Action
Insecticidal Properties and Efficacy Against Target Pests
Safety to Non-target Organisms
References
Ecdysozoa
Reference
Ecdysteroids
Origin and Site of Synthesis
The Regulation of Ecdysteroid Synthesis
Ecdysteroids Metabolism
Activation
Inactivation Mechanism
Storage Mechanisms
Mode of Action of Ecdysteroids: Molecular Aspects
Involvement of Ecdysteroids in the Control of Reproduction and Embryogenesis
Ecdysteroids in Non-arthropods Metazoans
Phytoecdysteroids
References
Echinophthiriidae
Eclosion
Eclosion Hormone
Ecnomidae
Ecological Community
Ecological Homologues
Ecological Management
Ecological Niche
Ecological Succession
Ecology
Economic Injury Level (EIL)
Economic Damage
Economic Injury Level (EIL) and Economic Threshold (ET) Concepts in Pest Management
References
Economic Threshold (ET)
Ecosystem
Ecotone
Ectadene (pl ectadenia)
Ectophagous
Ectopsocidae
Ecotype
Ectognathous
Ectotherm
Ectoparasite
Edaphic
Edwards, Henry
Reference
Edwards, William Henry
Reference
Eelworm
Efficiency
Egg
Egg Burster
Egg Case
Egg Pod
Eggs of Insects
The Egg Shell
Defenses of Eggs
Size of Eggs
Number of Eggs
Oviposition
Distribution of Eggs
References
Ehrlichiosis
Eickwort, George C
Reference
Ejaculatory Duct
Elachistidae
Elasmidae
Elateridae
Elateriform Larva
Elaters
Elbowed Antennae
Electrophoresis
Elenchidae
Elephantiasis
Elfins
Elipsocidae
Elmidae
Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca (=Pyrrhalta) luteola (Müller) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
References
Elongate-Bodied Springtails
Elytron (pl elytra)
Elytron/Femur Ratio (E/F)
Emarginate
Embiidae
Embiidina
Embolium
Embioptera
Embryogenesis
References
Embolemidae
Embonychidae
Emergence
Emerson, Alfred Edwards
Reference
EmeryŁs Rule
Emigration
Emperor Moths (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
References
Empididae
Empusidae
Empodium
Emulsifier
Emulsion
Emulsifiable Concentrate
Encapsulated Pesticide
Encapsulation
Encephalitis
Encyrtidae
Endangered Area
Endangered Species
Endemic
Endemism
Enderleinellidae
Endocrine Gland
Endocrine Regulation of Insect Reproduction
Sites Where Hormones are Released in insects
Endocrine Regulation of Male Reproduction
Endocrine Regulation of Female Reproduction
References
Endogenous
Endogenous Rhythm
Endomychidae
Endoparasite
Endophagous
Endophallus
Endophytic Fungi and Grass-Feeding Insects
References
Endocuticle
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoproteases
Endopterygota
Endoskeleton
Endotherm
Endotoxins
Endro di, Sebo (Sebastian Endro di)
References
Endro dy-Younga, Sebastian (Sebestyén Endro dy-Younga, Sebestyén Endro dy)
References
Endromidae
Enemy Impact Hypothesis
English Grain Aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Enhanced Biodegradation of Soil-Applied Pesticides
Enhanced Biodegradation
An Example
Implications
References
Enicocephalidae
Ensiform
Ensign Coccids
Ensign Wasps
Enteric
Entognatha
Entognathous
Entomobryidae
Entomodeltiology
Entomogenous
Entomoparasitic
Entomopathogenic
Entomopathogenic Fungi and their Host Cuticle
Fungal Enzymes Involved in Cuticle Degradation
Mycoinsecticide Improvement
References
Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Insect Management
Biology
Commerical Develoment and Efficacy
References
Entomophagous
Entomophagy
Entomophagy: Human Consumption of Insects
References
Entomophilic
Entomophobia
Entomophthorales
References
Entomopoxvirus
References
Entotrophi
Enumeration Sampling
Envelope
Envenomization
Environmental Sex Determination
Environmental Influences on Behavioral Development in Insects
Background
Courtship Behavior in Drosophila
Effects of Homosexual Courtship During the First Hours of Adult Life on the Male
Effects of Visual Experience During the First Days of Adult Life
Ecological Implications of Mate Choice
Developmental Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Lead
Conclusions
References
Enzootic Disease
Enzyme
Eomeropidae
Eosentomidae
Epermeniidae
Ephemerellidae
Ephemeridae
Ephemeroptera
Ephemerythidae
Ephydridae
Epicopeiidae
Epicranial Suture
Epicranium
Epicuticle
Epicuticular Filaments
Epidemic
Epidemic Hemorrhagic Fever
Epidemic Relapsing Fever
Epidemic Typhus
Epidemiology
Epidermis
Epigaeic
Epigynum
Epimeron
Epimorphosis
Epipharynx
Epiphysis
Epiplemidae
Epipleura (pl epipleurae)
Epiproct
Epipsocidae
Epipyropidae
Episternum (pl episterna)
Epistoma
Epizootic
Epizootic Bovine Abortion
Epizootiology
Equilibrium Position (EP)
Eradication
Ergatogyne
Eremiaphilidae
Ergatoid Reproductive
Ergot of Cereals
Erichson, Wilhelm Ferdinand
Reference
Eriococcidae
Eriocottidae
Eriocraniidae
Eri Silkworm, philosamia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
References
Ermine Moths (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)
References
Erotylidae
Eruciform Larva
Esaki, Teiso
Reference
Esophagus
Essential Amino Acids
Essential Oils
Estimation
Estuarine Community
Ethiopian Realm
Etiology
Eucharitidae
Eucinetidae
Eucnemidae
Eucoilidae
Eukaryote
Eulichadid Beetles
Eulichadidae
Eulophidae
Eumastacidae
Eupelmidae
Euplantulae
Eupterotidae
Hibernation
Voltinism
Breeding
Pheromones Govern Beetle Attacks
The Epidemic Threshold
Fungal Associates
Host Tree Defense
Control of Damage
References
European Castor Bean Tick, Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus) (Acari: Ixodidae)
European Chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis Razoumowsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
European Cherry Fruit Fly, Rhagoletis cerasi (L) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
References
European Earwig, Forficula auricularia Linnaeus (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Host Plants
Natural Enemies
Life Cycle and Description
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Damage
Management
Sampling
Insecticides
Cultural practices
Host plant resistance
Biological control
References
European Honey Bee
European Foulbrood
Reference
European Red Mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae)
European Sheep Tick, Ixodes ricinus (Linnaeus) (Acari: Ixodidae)
European Wheat Stem Sawfly
Eurybrachidae
Eurychoromyiidae
Eurytomidae
Eusocial Behavior
Eustheniidae
Euthyplociidae
Evagination
Evaniidae
Evans, Howard Ensign
Reference
Eversible
Excitorepellency
Ex Larva
Eye-Cap Moths (Lepidoptera: Opostegidae)
References
Eye Gnats
Exarate Pupa
Excretion
Exocrine Gland
Exocuticle
Exogenous
Exogenous DNA
Exopeptidases
Exopterygota
Exoskeleton
Exotic
Exotoxins
Exploratory Learning
Exploratory Trail
Exponential Growth
Expression Vector
Extra-oral Digestion
Extrafloral Nectary
Extrinsic Factors
Exuviae
Eyes
Eyes and Vision
Compound Eye Structure
Visual Acuity
The Optic Lobe
Ocelli and Stemmata
The Chemical Cascade Leading to Vision
Color Vision
Detection of Plane Polarized Light by Insects
References
fulltext_6.pdf
Fabre, Jean-Henri Casimir
References
Fabricius, Johann Christian
References
Face
Face Fly, Musca autumnalis De Geer (Diptera: Muscidae)
Distribution and Colonization of North America
Reproductive Biology
Phenology and Overwintering
Veterinary Significance
Management
References
Facet
Factitious
Factitious Host
Facultative Agents
Facultative Diapause
Facultative Myiasis
Facultative Parasitism
Facultative Predators
Insect and Arachnid Groups Containing Facultative Predators
Functions and Role of Facultative Predation
Facultative Predators for Biological Pest Control
Conclusions
References
Fairchild, Alexander Graham Bell
Reference
Fairmaire, Léon
Reference
Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)
Diagnosis
Classification
Life History and Habits
Economic Importance
References
Falciform
Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Life Cycle and Description
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Host Plants
Damage
Natural Enemies
Management
Sampling
Insecticides
Cultural Techniques
Biological Control
References
Fall, Henry Clinton
Reference
Fallow
False Blister Beetles
False Burnet Moths (Lepidptera: Urodidae)
References
False Click Beetles
False Clown Beetles
False Darkling Beetles
False Diamondback Moths (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae)
References
False Firefly Beetles
False Flower Beetles
False Ground Beetles
False Katydids
False Long-Horned Beetles
False Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles
False Owlet Moths (Lepidoptera: Thyatiridae)
References
False Pit Scales
False Plume Moths (Lepidoptera: Tineodidae)
References
False Skin Beetles
False Soft Scales
False Wireworm
Family
Fanniidae
Fast-Footed Bugs
Fastigium
Fat Body
Fatty Acid Binding Proteins
References
Fauriellidae
Fauvel, Charles Adolphe Albert
Reference
Feather-Winged Beetles
Feces
Fecundity
Feeding Deterrents
Felt, Ephraim Porter
Reference
Femur (pl, femora)
Fenichel, Sámuel
Reference
Fennah, Ronald Gordon
References
Feral
Fergusoninidae
Fernald, Charles Henry
Reference
Fern Scale, Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Ferris, Gordon Floyd
Reference
Ferruginous
Fertility
Fertilization
Festoons
Fetid
Fibroin
Fideliidae
Field Capacity
Field Crickets
Fig Rots
Fig Wasps
References
Filariasis
File
Filiform
Filter Chamber
Filter Feeders
Filter Rearing System for Sterile Insect Technology
References
Filth Fly Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in North America
References
Finger-Net Caddisflies
Fingerprinting
Fire Blight
Fire-Colored Beetles
Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)
Life history
Eggs
Larvae
Pupae
Adults
Sexual Communication
Daytime-Dark Fireflies
Glowworm Fireflies
Lightningbug Fireflies
Flash Pattern Specificity
Female Flash Response
Supernumerary Flash Patterns, Pattern Change-Over and Defaulting
Miscellaneous Flashes
Aggressive Mimicry
Flash Pattern Mimicry
Conclusion
Fireflies and Intrusive Light
Noise
Illumination
Misinformation
Intrusive Light as a Synergistic Aggravator
Essences of Lumens
Applications of Firefly Chemistry
Common Questions Asked About Fireflies
Fireflies and Human Culture
References
Fireflies: Control of Flashing
Morphology and Physiology of the Photuris lantern
Firefly Flash Control
References
First Grub
Fischer Von Waldheim, Gotthelf
References
Fishflies
Fitch, Asa
Reference
Fixed-Sample Size Sampling Plan
Flabellate
Flabellum
Fitness
Flacherie
Flagellomere
Flagellum
Flannel Moths (Lepidoptera: Megalopygidae)
References
Flapping Flight
Flash Colors
References
Flat Bark Beetles
Flat Bugs
Flat Flies
Flat Grain Beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus (Schönherr) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)
Flat-Footed Flies
Flatidae
Flea Beetles
Flea Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae)
Crucifer Flea Beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze)
Morphology
Host Range and Food Selection
Biology
Damage
Economic Impact
Management
Economic Thresholds
Monitoring
Cultural Practices
Host Plant Resistance
Biological Control
Chemical Control
References
Flea Collar
Fleas (Siphonaptera)
Classification
Characteristics
Biology
Problems Associated With Domestic Fleas
Domestic Fleas
Management of Fleas Affecting Household Pets
Treating the Pet
Treating the Home
Treating the Yard
References
Flesh Flies
Fletcher, James
Reference
Flies (Diptera)
Classification
Characteristics
Biology and Importance
Important Taxa
Crane Flies (Tipulidae)
Mosquitoes (Culicidae)
Black Flies (Simuliidae)
Biting Midges (Ceratopogonidae)
Fungus Gnats (Mycetophilidae)
Gall Midges (Cecidomyiidae)
Horse or Deer Flies (Tabanidae)
Robber Flies (Asilidae)
Bee Flies (Bombyliidae)
Flower or Hover Flies (Syrphidae)
Small Fruit Flies (Drosophilidae)
Warble or Bot Flies (Oestridae)
Blow Flies (Calliphoridae)
Tachinid Flies (Tachinidae)
Leaf Miners (Agromyzidae)
Large Fruit Flies (Tephritidae)
References
Flocculant
Florida Red Scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Floristic Kingdoms
Flour Beetle
Flowable
Flower Beetles
Flower Flies
Flower Moths (Lepidoptera: Scythrididae)
References
Flower Strips as Ecological Compensation Areas for Pest Management
Flower Strips
Establishment of Flower Strips
Seed Mixtures
Maintenance
Flower Strips and Farmers
Weeds
Response of Beneficial Insects to Flower Strips
Economic Impact of Flower Strips
References
Flower Thrips, Frankliniella spp (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Flower-Loving Flies
Flutter Flies
Fly Paper
Focus (pl, foci)
Foliar Application
Folivory
Follicular Epithelium
Food-Based Poisoned Baits for Insect Control
History
Different Types of Baits
Advantages of Baits
References
Food Canal
Food Chain
Food Habits of Insects
What do Insects Eat?
Insects That do not Eat
Insects That Eat Living Plants
Insects That Eat Living Animals
Insects That Eat Dead Plants and Animals
References
Food Web
Foote, Richard H
Reference
Footman Moths
Foramen Magnum
Forbivory
Forbes, Stephen Alfred
Reference
Forceps
Ford, Edmund Brisco
Reference
Foregut
Foreign Exploration for Insects that Feed on Weeds
Criteria for Successful Exploration
Plant Ecology
Geographic Origin and Climate
References
Forel, Auguste Henri
Reference
Forensic Entomology
References
Forest Flies
Forficulidae
Formicary
Formicidae
Formosan Subterranean Termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
References
Formulation
Fossil Record of Insects
References
Fossorial
Founder Effect
Foundress
Fourcroy, Antoine-François (Comte De)
Reference
Four-Legged Mites (Eriophyoidea or Tetrapodili)
Leaf injury
Vectors of Plant Disease
Some Major Pests
Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Citrus Rust Mite)
Aculus cornutus (Peach Silver Mite)
Aculops lycopersici (Tomato Rust Mite)
Aculus schlechtendali (Apple Rust Mite)
Pesticides and Pesticide Resistance
Invasive Species
Biological Control of Weeds by Eriophyoids
Identification of Eriophyoids
References
Fovea
Frass
Frenate
Frenular Hook
Frenulum
Fringe-Tufted Moths (Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae)
References
Fringe-Winged Beetles
Frisch, K Von
Reference
Frit Fly, Oscinella frit (L) (Diptera: Chloropidae)
Frivaldszky, Imre
References
Frivaldszky, János
Reference
Froggatt, Walter Wilson
References
Froghoppers
Frons
Front
Frontal Suture
Frugivory
Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Adult
Immature stages
Plant Relationships
Life History
Behavior
Control
Evolutionary Studies
Importance to Humans
References
Fruit Stalk Borer, Oryectes elegans Prell (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Importance and Damage
Biology
Control
References
Fruitworm Beetles
Fruitworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae)
References
Fulgoridae
Fulgoroidea
Fuller Rose Beetle, Asynonychus godmani (Crotch) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Fumigant
Fumigation
Functional Genomics
Functional Response
Fundatrix (pl, fundatrigeniae)
Fungal Pathogens of Insects
Life Cycle and Invasion of the Host
Epizootics, Biological Control, and Population Regulation
Ecology
Techniques for Studying Fungal Pathogens of Insects
References
Fungicide
Fungivorous
Fungivory
Fungus Beetles
Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae and Others)
References
Fungus Moths (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)
References
Furanocoumarins
Occurrence in Plants
Effects of Furanocoumarins
Insects
Domestic Animals
Photodynamic Therapy
Mode of Action
Risks and Benefits Associated With Furanocoumarins
Side Effects of Photodynamic Therapy
References
Furcate
Furcula
Furniture Beetles
Fused
Fusiform
fulltext_7.pdf
Gahan, Arthur Burton
Reference
Galápagos Islands Insects: Colonization, Structure, and Evolution
Colonization Processes
Aerial Transport (Actively by Flight and/or Passively by Wind)
Marine Transport
Transport on or in Other Animals
Human Mediated Transport
Sources of the Colonists
Stochastic (Random) Processes in Colonization and Distribution
Structure of the Insect Fauna
An Unbalanced Fauna
Trophic Generalists
Trophic Specialists
Ecological Escape
Parthenogenesis
Vegetational Zonation and Diversity
Seasonality
Evolutionary Dynamics
Genus Level Endemism
Species Level Endemism
Speciation
Winged Endemic Species
Loss of Wings
Speciation and Flightlessness
Adaptive Radiation
Subterranean Arthropods
Extinction
Future Research
References
Galea (pl galeae)
Gall
Gall Formation
Studies of Insect Extracts and Secretions
Studies of Auxin and Cytokinin Involvement in Insect Gall Formation
References
Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Classification
Morphology
Biology
Economic Importance
References
Gall Moths (Lepidoptera: Cecidosidae)
References
Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
Gall Diversity
Biology
Gall Inhabitants
Abundance and Distribution
Economic Importance
References
Gamagrass Leafhopper, Dalbulus quinquenotatus Delong & Nault (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
References
Gallinipper
Gamete
Gamma Taxonomy
Ganglbauer, Ludwig
Reference
Ganglion (pl ganglia)
Garden Symphylan, Scutigerella immaculata (Newport) (Symphyla: Scutigerellidae)
Gaster
Gasteruptiidae
Gastric Caecum (pl gastric caeca)
GauseŁs Principle
Gelastocoridae
Gelechiidae
Gel Electrophoresis
Gena
Gene Amplification
Gene Cloning
Gene Duplication
Gene Expression
Gene Flow
Gene Gun
Gene Library
Gene Regulation
General-Use Pesticide
Generalist
Generation
Genetic Modification of Drosophila by P Elements
P Elements are Disposable Elements
Hybrid Dysgenesis
P Element Structure Varies
Transposition Method
How Did P Elements Invade D melanogaster?
P Element Vectors and Genetic Modification of D melanogaster
Uses for P Element Vectors
Transformation of Other Insects by P Elements
Evolution of Resistance to P Elements
Using P Elements to Drive Genes into Populations
References
Genetic Code
Genetic Control
Genetic Distance
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Linkage
Genetic Marker
Genetic Sexing
Structure of GSS Based on the Selectable Markers wp and tsl
References
Genetic Transformation
References
Gene Transfer
Gengidae
Geniculate
Genitalia
Genome
Genomes of Insects
Nuclear Genome Size and Content
Sequencing Nuclear Genomes
Chromosome Systems in Arthropods
Parthenogenesis
Endopolyploidy in Arthropods
Noncoding DNA
Mitochondria
Transposable Elements
Symbionts of Arthropods
References
Genomics
Genotype
Genus (pl genera)
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Geological Time
Reference
Geometer Moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
References
Geometridae
Geophilous
Georeference
Geotaxis
Geotrupidae
Geridae
German Cockroach, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) (Blattodea: Blattelidae)
Germar, Ernst Friedrich
Reference
Germarium
Germ Band
Ghilarov, Mercury Sergeevich
Reference
Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)
References
Giant Axons
Giant Coccids
Giant Butterfly Moths (Lepidoptera: Castniidae)
References
Giant Hooktip Moths (Lepidoptera: Cyclidiidae)
References
Giant Lacewings
Giant Lappet Moths (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae)
References
Giant Leaf Katydids
Giant Mealybugs
Giant Northern Australia Termite
Giant Silkworm Moths
Giant Stoneflies
Giant Water Bugs (Hemiptera: Prosorrhyncha Belostomatidae)
Morphology
Taxonomy
Biology
Natural Enemies
Distribution
Ecological and Economic Significance
Evolution
References
Gill
Girault, Alexandre Arsène
References
Gizzard
Glabrous
Gladiators (Mantophasmatodea)
Characteristics
Biology
Taxonomy
References
Glaphyridae
Glaresid Beetles
Glaresidae
Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
References
Glial Cell
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Globular Springtails
Glory Moths (Lepidoptera: Endromidae)
References
Glossa (pl glossae)
Glossinidae
Glossosomatidae
Glossy
Glover Scale, Lepidosaphes gloveri (Packard) (Hemiptera: Diaspidae)
Glover, Townend
Reference
Glowworms
References
Glycogen
GLP
Glyphipterigidae
Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
Reference
Gnat Bugs
Gnotobiotic Culture
Goat Moths
Goblet Cells
Goblets
Gobryidae
Goeldi, Emil (Emilio) August
References
Gold Moths (Lepidoptera: Axiidae)
References
Gomphidae
Gonad
Gondwanaland Moths (Lepidoptera: Palaephatidae)
References
Gonopod
Gonopore
Gorgas, William Crawford
References
Gossamer-Winged Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
References
Gracillariidae
Gradual Metamorphosis
Graham, Marcus William Robert De Vere
Reference
Grain Beetles
Grain Borers
Grain Weevils
Gramineous Lepidopteran Stem Borders in Africa
Distribution of Major Stem Borers of Maize, Sorghum, Rice and Pearl Millet
Distribution and Pest Status of African Sugarcane Stem Borers
Pest Status of Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot, a Cob-borer of Maize in Western Africa
Displacement of Native Stem Borers by Chilo partellus
Damage and Pest Status
Busseola Fusca
Chilo Spp
Sesamia spp
Eldana Saccharina
Stem Borer…Fungal Interactions
Larval Diapause
Pest Management
Use of Synthetic Sex Pheromones
Cultural Control
Managing Crop Residues
Manipulation of Sowing Dates and Plant Densities
Fertilizers
Intercropping and Habitat Management
Host Plant Resistance
Introduction of Biological Control of Chilo partellus in Africa
Biological Control of Chilo sacchariphagus on the Indian Ocean Islands and Africa
Biological Control Attempts: Lessons from the Past
The Imoprtance of Predation by Ants
Revised Biological Control with the Use of Trichogramma sp
C sacchapriphagus in Mozambique: a Threat to the South African Sugar Industry
References
Graminivory
References
Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Granivory
Granular Formulation
Granule
Granulocyte
Granulosis
Granulovirus
Granulovirus Infection (Granulosis)
General Aspects of Granulovirus
Molecular Biology of Granulovirus
Genome
Structural Proteins
Cycle of GV Infection in Susceptible Insects
Primary Cycle of Infection
Secondary Cycle of Infection
Use of Baculovirus against Lepidoptera
A Case Study: Use of Choristoneura fumiferana Granulovirus (ChfuGV) in Canada
Production of Granulovirus-based Insecticides
Standardization and Quantification of Granulovirus-based Insecticides
Methods of Application of Granuloviruss-based Insecticides
The Future of Granulovirus
References
Grape Berry Moth, Endopiza viteana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Grape Leafhopper, Erythroneura sp (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Phylloxeridae)
Life Cycle and Biology
Native Range
Vineyards
Damage and Management
References
Grape Root Borer, Vitacea polistiformes (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)
Grapevine Leafhopper Complex (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Cyprus
References
Grass
Grass Flies
Grasshopper and Locust Pests in Africa
Desert Locust, Schistocera gregaria (Forskål)
Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche & Fairmaire)
Red Locust, Nomadacris septemfasciata (Serville)
Brown Locust, Locustana pardalina (Walker)
Moroccan Locust, Dociostaurus maroccanus (Thunberg)
Tree Locust, Anacridium melanorhodon (Walker)
Senegalese Grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss)
Sudan Plague Locust, Aiolopus simulatrix (Walker)
Variegated Grasshopper, Zonocerus variegatus (Linnaeus)
Damage
Management
References
Grasshopper and Locust Pests in Australia
Pest Species of Grasshoppers in Australia
Australian Plague Locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker)
Spur-Throated Locust, Austracris guttulosa (Walker)
Migratory Locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche & Fairmaire)
Wingless Grasshopper, Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstedt)
Management Strategies
References
Grasshopper Pests in North America
Identity of Crop-Feeding Grasshoppers (Families Acrididae, Romaleidae, Tettigoniidae)
Life Cycle of Crop-Feeding Grasshoppers
Management of Crop-Feeding Grasshoppers
Identity of Rangeland Grasshoppers
Life Cycle of Rangeland Grasshoppers
Management of Rangeland Grasshoppers
References
Grasshoppers
Grasshoppers and Locusts as Agricultural Pests
Grasshopper and Locust Control
Chemical Control
Biological Control
References
Grasshoppers, Katydids and Crickets (Orthoptera)
Suborder Caelifera
Family Acrididae
Subfamily Acridinae (Silent Slantfaced Grasshoppers)
Subfamily Calliptamine
Subfamily Catantopinae (Old World Spurthroated Grasshoppers)
Subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae
Subfamily Eyprepocnemidinae
Subfamily Gomphocerinae (Stridulating Slantfaced Grasshoppers)
Subfamily Melanoplinae (New World Spurthroated Grasshoppers)
Subfamily Oedipodinae (Bandwinged Grasshoppers)
Subfamily Oxyinae
Family Eumastacidae
Family Pamphagidae
Family Pyrgomorphidae
Family Romaleidae
Family Tanoceridae
Family Tetrigidae
Family Tridactylidae
Suborder Ensifera
Family Anostostomatidae
Family Cooloolidae
Family Gryllacrididae
Family Gryllidae
Subfamily Eneopterinae (Bush Crickets)
Subfamily Gryllinae (Field Crickets)
Subfamily Nemobiinae (Ground Crickets)
Subfamily Oecanthinae (Tree Crickets)
Subfamily Trigoniinae (Sword-Tail Crickets)
Family Gryllotalpidae
Family Mogopistinae
Family Myrmecophilidae
Family Rhaphidophoridae
Family Stenopelmatidae
Family Tettigoniidae
Subfamily Conocephalinae (Meadow and Coneheaded Katydids)
Subfamily Meconematinae (Quiet-Calling Katydids)
Subfamily Phaneropterinae (False Katydids)
Subfamily Phyllophorinae (Giant Leaf Katydids)
Subfamily Pseudophyllinae (True Katydids)
Subfamily Saginae (Stick Katydids)
Subfamily Tettigoniinae (Shield-Backed Katydids)
Evolution of Orthoptera
Natural Enemies of Orthoptera
Importance of Orthoptera to Humans
Management of Orthoptera Pests
References
Grasshoppers of the Argentine Pampas
References
Grassi, Giovanni Battista
Reference
Grass Miner Moths (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae)
References
Grass Moths
Gravenhorst, Johan Ludwig Christian
Reference
Gravid
Gray Mold of Grapes
Graybacks
Greater Date Moth, Arenipses sabella Hmps (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Description
Behavior
Biology and Damage
Control
References
Greater Fritillaries or Silverspots, Speyeria [=Argynnis] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Life History
Conservation
References
Greenbottle Flies
Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondoni) (Hempitera: Aphididae)
Green-Eyed Skimmers
Green Flies
Greenheads
Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Green June Beetle, Cotnius nitida (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Green Lacewings
Green Muscardine
Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Life History
Natural Enemies
Damage
Management
References
Green Stoneflies
Green Vegetable Bug
Gregarines of Insects
References
Gregarious Behavior
Gregarious Behavior in Insects
Benefits of Gregarious Behavior
Mate Finding
Facilitation of Feeding
Microhabitat Modification
Protection from Natural Enemies
Costs of Gregarious Behavior
Intraspecific Competition
Pathogen Transmission
Increased Conspicuousness to Predators
Physiological Costs
Population Level Consequences of Gregarious Behavior
The Desert Locust
The Mormon Cricket
References
Gregarious Parasitoid
Gressitt, Judson Linsley
Reference
Grid Mapping
Gripopterygidae
Grooming
Grote, Augustus Radcliffe
Reference
Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Feeding Ecology
General Feeding Ecology
Feeding Preferences
Searching for Food
Prey Capture
Digestion
Applied Feeding Ecology
Predation of Aphids and Leafhoppers
Predation of Flies
Predation of Beetles
Predation of Moths
Conclusion
References
Ground Beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Taxonomy
References
Ground Beetles
Ground Crickets
Ground Pearls
Group Predation
Group Selection
Grouse Locusts
Grub
Gryllacrididae
Gryllacridoids
Gryllidae
Grylloblattodea
Gryllotalpidae
Gryropidae
Guenée, Achille
Reference
Guérin-Méneville, Félix Edouard
Reference
Guest
Guild
Guinea Pig Lice
Gula
Gundlach, Johannes (Juan) Christopher
Reference
Gustatory
Gut pH
Gyllenhal, Leonhard
Reference
Gynandromorph
Gyne
Gynopara (pl gynoparae)
Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Biology
Dispersal
Hosts
Damage
Nuisance Factors
Natural Enemies
Control
References
Gyrinidae
Gyropidae
fulltext_8.pdf
Habitat
Habitat Diversity
Habituation
Haddow, Alexander John
Reference
Haematomyzidae
Haematopinidae
Hagen, Hermann August
References
Hagen, Kenneth Sverre
References
Hahn, Carl Wilhelm
Reference
Hair Pencil
Hair Plate
Hairstreaks
Hairy Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus hirtus Montandon (Hempitera: Lygaeidae)
Hairy Fungus Beetles
Hale Carpenter, Geoffrey Douglas
Reference
Half Life
Halictidae
Halictophagidae
Haliday, Alexander Henry
Reference
Halimococcidae
Haliplidae
Haltere
Hamophthiriidae
Hamulus
Handling Time
Handlirsch, Anton
Reference
Handsome Fungus Beetles
Hangingflies
Hansen, Viktor
Reference
Haplodiploidy
Haploid
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Harlequin Bug
Harlequin Bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Harris, Thaddeus William
References
Harvester Ants
Harvester Ants, Pogonomyrmex Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
References
Harvesters
Hatch, Melville Harrison
References
Haustellate
Haustellum
Hawk Lice
Hawk Moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
References
Hazelnut and Walnut Twig Borer, Oberea linearis L (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
References
Head
Head Lice, Pediculus humanus capitus DeGeer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae)
Head of Hexapods
References
Heart
Hebridae
Hedylidae
Heel Flies
Heer, Oswald
Reference
Heleomyzidae
Helgrammite
Helicopsychidae
Helicosporidium
References
Heliodinidae
Heliomyzid Flies
Heliozelidae
Heloridae
Helosciomyzidae
Helotrephidae
Hematophagous
Hematophagy
Hemelytron (pl hemelytra)
Hemerobiidae
Hemipsocidae
Hemiptera
Hemimetabolous Development
Hemocoel
Hemocoelic Insemination
Hemocytes of Insects: Their Morphology and Function
References
Hemolymph
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemophagous
Henicocoridae
Henneguy, Louis Félix
Reference
Hennig, Willi
References
Hepialidae
Heptageniidae
Heptapsogastridae
Herbaceous Vegetation
Herbicide
Herbivore
Herbivory
Herman, Ottó
References
Hermaphrodite
Hermatobatidae
Herrich-Schäffer, Gottlieb August
Reference
Hesperiidae
Hesperinidae
Hessian Fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Life History
Injury to Wheat
Control
Hessian fly Resistance in Wheat
Hessian fly Biotypes
Management and durability of resistance
References
Heterobathmiidae
Heteroceridae
Heteroecious Life Cycle
Heterogamy
Heterogastridae
Heterogynaidae
Heterogynidae
Heteronemiidae
Heteroptera
Heterosis
Heterotroph
Heterothripidae
Heterozygosity
Heterozygous
Hewitt, Charles Gordon
Hexapoda
Hibernaculum
Hilarimorphid Flies
Hilarimorphidae
Hilltopping
Hilltopping Taxa
Definition of Hilltopping
Hilltopping Behavior
General
Effectiveness of Hilltopping for Males Seeking Mates
Evidence for Hilltopping
Timing and Weather
Distances Covered
Site Tenacity
Survey of Hilltopping Insects
Conservation
References
Himantopteridae
Hindgut
Hinton, Howard Everest
References
Hippoboscidae
Hirsutella
References
Hister Beetles
Histeridae
Histopathology
History and Insects
America, the French and Yellow Fever
Yellow Fever and the Transatlantic Slave Trade
Insects, Greece, Rome and the Mongols
Bubonic Plague
The Black Death Changes Europe
Insects and Armies
Napoleon in Russia
The Mexican War of 1847
The Crimean War
The American Civil War
World War I
The Russian Revolution
Lice
Mosquitoes
Tsetse Fly
Black Flies
Mosquitoes, Disease and Society
The Continuing Effects of Insects on Society
References
History of Biological Control of Wheat Stem Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
Sawfly Natural Enemies
Previous Biological Control Programs
Summary
References
Hobby, Bertram Maurice
References
Hocking, Brian
Reference
Hodotermitidae
Holarctic Realm (Nearctic and Palearctic Realms)
Holcopogonidae
Holdfast
Holidic Diet
Holland, William Jacob
References
Holocyclic Life Cycle
Holometabolous Development
Holoptic
Holotype
Homeostasis
Homeothermic
Homeotic Gene
Homeotic Genes in Coleoptera
References
Homologous Chromosomes
Homologous Genes
Homology
Homoplasy
Homoptera
Homotomidae
Homozygous
Honey Bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Anatomy
Life History
Behavior and Physiology
Genetics and Breeding
References
Honey Bees
Honey Bee Sexuality: An Historical Perspective
References
Honeydew
Honey Pot
Hood
Hoogstraal, Harry
References
Hooktip Moths (Lepidoptera: Drepanidae)
References
Hope, Frederick William
References
Hopkins, Andrew Delmar
References
Hopperburn
Hoplopleuridae
H-Organ
References
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Horizontal Transmission
Hormoligosis
References
Hormone
Horned Powder-Post Beetles
Hornets
Horn Fly, Haematobia irritans (L) (Diptera: Muscidae)
References
Horn, George Henry
References
Horn, Hermann Wilhelm Walther
Reference
Horntails
Hornworm
Horse Flies
Horse Flies and Deer Flies (Diptera: Tabanidae)
Control
References
Horsehair Worms (Nematomorpha)
Horsfall, William R
Reference
Horticultural Oil
Dormant Oils
Summer Oils
Stylet Oils
Vegetable Oils
Phytotoxicity
Horticultural Oil
Host
Host Feeding
Host Location in Parasitic Wasps
References
Host Plant Resistance
Host Plant Selection by Insects
Description and Discussion of the Seven Earlier Hypotheses
Physical Obstruction
Visual Camouflage
Masking of Host Plant Odors
Repellent Chemicals
Altering the Profiles of the Host Plant Odors
The Resource Concentration Hypothesis
The Enemies Hypothesis
Conclusions From Recent Work
Description and Discussion of the New Theory
General Discussion
Future Work
References
Host Specific
Host Specificity
Host Specificity of Weed-Feeding Insects
Adaptations of Insects to Plants, and of Plants to Insects
Host Selection
Learning
Plant Defenses
Weed-Feeding Insects
References
House Dust Mite
House Fly, Musca domestica L (Diptera: Muscidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Hover Flies
Howard, Leland Ossian
Reference
Hübner, Jacob
References
Huffaker, Carl Barton
Reference
Human Botfly, Dermatobia hominis (Linneaus, Jr.) (Diptera: Oestridae)
References
Human Lice
Biology
Habitat and Epidemiology
Pediculus humanus
Pediculus capitis
P(h)thirus pubis
Disease Transmission
Pediculus humanus
Pediculus capitis and P(h)thirus pubis
Treatment
Pediculus humanus
Pediculus capitis
P(h)thirus pubis
Phthiriasis palpebrarum
References
Humeral
Humeral Angle
Humeral Cross Vein
Hummingbird Lice
Hummingbird Moths
Humpbacked Flies
Human Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis)
References
Human Scabies
Biology
Injury and Spread
Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis
Control
Treatment
References
Hungerford, Herbert Barker
References
Hunting Billbug, Sphenophorus venatus vestitus Chittenden (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Hyaline
Hyblaeidae
Hybosorid Scarab Beetles
Hybosoridae
Hybothiridae
Hybrid Vigor
Hydraenidae
Hydrobiosidae
Hydrometridae
Hydrophilidae
Hydropsychidae
Hydropyle
Hydroscaphidae
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Hygrokinesis
Hygrotaxis
Hymenopodidae
Hymenoptera
Hyocephalidae
Hypericin
Biological Activity
Effects on Insects
Medicinal Use and Potential
Effects on Domestic Animals
Mode of Action
References
Hypermetamorphosis
Hyperparasitoid
Hyperplasia
Hypertely
References
Hypertrehalosemic Hormone (Hth)
Hypertrophy
Hypha (pl., hyphae)
Hypochthonellidae
Hypodermosis in Deer
Effects of Hypodermosis
Deer Health
Rural Development in Poor Areas
Deer Farming
Species and Hosts of Hypoderma spp
Biology
Chronobiology
Prevalence
Other Negative Effects of Hypodermosis
Control
References
Hypogaeic
Hypogastruridae
Hypognathous
Hypopharynx
Hypostomal Bridge
Hypostome
Hypsypterygidae
Hystrichopsyllidae
fulltext_9.pdf
Ibaliidae
Ichneumonid Wasps
Ichneumonidae
Ichthybotidae
Identification of Insects
Insect Keys
Examples of Keys
References
Idiobiont
Idiostolidae
Ihering, Hermann Von
Reference
Ileum
Imaginal Disc
Imago (pl. imagoes)
Immaculate
Imma Moths (Lepidoptera: Immidae)
References
Immature
Immidae
Immigrant
Immiscible
Immigration
Imms, Augustus Daniel
Reference
Immunity
Imported Cabbageworm Pieris (Artogeia) rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Import Permit
Incense-Cedar Wood Wasps
Incidence
Incipient Species
Inclusion Body
Incomplete Metamorphosis
Incubation Period
Incurvariidae
Index of Similarity
Indian Meal Moth Plodia interpunctella Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Indicator Species
Indifferent Species
Indigenous
Indirect Flight Muscles
Indirect Pests
Induced Food Preference
Induction
Industrial Melanism
Infection
Infectivity
Infestation
Inflorescence
Innate Capacity for Increase
Innate Immunity
Pattern-Recognition Receptors of Nonself
Signaling Pathways
Antimicrobial Response
Lysozyme
Antibiotic Peptides
Linear Peptides (Cecropins)
Disulfide-Linked Peptides
Proline-Rich Peptides
Glycine-Rich Peptides
Genetics and Biosynthesis of Antibacterial Peptides and Proteins
Cellular Defense Systems
The Phagocytic Process
Cell Surface Receptors and Ligands
Immunoglobulin-like Molecules and Humoral Lectins in Insects
Prophenoloxidase (proPo) Cascade Systems
Cellular Encapsulation
Nodulation
Clotting
Phagocytosis of Nonself
Killing of Engulfed Microorganisms
Microbial Evasion of Cellular Immune Response
Summary
References
Inocelliid Snakeflies
Inocelliidae
Inoculative Biological Control
Inoculum
Inorganic
Inorganic Insecticide
Inornate
Inquilines and Cleptoparasites
References
Insecta
Insect Growth Regulator
Insecticide
Insecticide Application: The Dose Transfer Process
Consumer Usability
Spray Tank
Atomization
Measurement
Characterization
Post-atomization
Impaction and Retention
Redistribution and Deposit Formation
Degradation
Toxicant Acquisition and Biological Result
References
Insecticide Bioassay
References
Insecticide Formulation
References
Insecticide Resistance
References
Insecticides
Definitions
Pesticide
Pest
Active Ingredient
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet)
Lethal Dose Value
Exposure Type
Formulation
Restricted Use Pesticide
Mode of Action
Insecticide Toxicity Categories
Pesticide Nomenclature
Formulations
Emulsifiable Concentrates (ec)
Water-Miscible Liquids (Includes Water-Soluble Concentrates [WSC], Liquids [L], Soluble Concentrates [SC], and Solutions [S
Water-Soluble Powders (sp)
Wettable Powders (wp)
Oil Solutions
Flowables (F)
Ultralow-Volume (ulv)
Dusts (D)
Granular (G)
Aerosols
Fumigants
Baits
Controlled-Release (cr)
Insecticides
Organochlorines
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) Group
Chlorinated Cyclics
Organophosphates
Carbamates
Formamidines
Pyrethroids
Insect Growth Regulators
Juvenoids
Ecdysone Agonists
Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors (CSI)
Pyridine Azomethines
Chloronicotinyls
Inhibitors of Cellular Respiration
Pyrroles
Amidinohydrazones
Halogenated Alkyl Sulphonamides
Sulfluryl Fluoride
Additional Inhibitors of Cellular Respiration
Avermectins
Phenylpyrazoles
Miscellaneous/Botanicals
Toxicity
References
Insecticide Toxicity
References
Insectivore
Insectivorous Plants
Nepenthaceae: Nepenthes
Sarraceniaceae: Darlingtonia, Heliamphora, and Sarracenia
Cephalotaceae: Cephalotus
Bromeliaceae: Brocchinia and Catopsis
Byblidaceae: Byblis
Roridulaceae: Roridula
Dioncophyllaceae: Triphyophyllum
Drosophyllaceae: Drosophyllum
Droseraceae: Aldrovanda, Dionaea, and Drosera
Lentibulariaceae: Genlisea, Pinguicula, and Utricularia
Conclusion
References
Insectoverdin
Insects as Aphrodisiacs
References
Insight Learning
Inspection
Instar
Instinct
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Mechanical Control
Chemical Control with Enticements or Deterrents
Chemical Control with Pesticides
Regulatory Control
References
Integument
Integument: Structure and Function
Epicuticle
Exocuticle
Mesocuticle
Endocuticle
Pore Canals and Wax Channels
Epidermal Cells
References
Intercalary Vein
Intercropping
Interference Competition
Intergenic Region
Internal Anatomy of Insects
Muscular System
Fat Body
Digestive System
Circulatory System
Respiratory (Ventilatory) System
Nervous System
Glandular Systems
Reproductive System
Interneurons
Interspecific Competition
Interstitial
Intertidal Dwarf Bugs
Intima
Intraspecific Competition
Intrinsic Rate of Increase
Introduced
Introgression
Intron
Inundative Biological Control
Invader
Invasion Area
Invasive Species
Some Terminology
Why Invasive Species Are So Abundant
Enemy Release
Competitive Advantage
Novelty
Preadaptation
Pathways of Dispersal
Ecological and Taxonomic Patterns of Dispersal
Establishment and Spread
Frequency of Inoculation
Climatic Suitability of the New Environment
Biological Characteristics of the New Environment
Biological Characteristics of the Potential Invaders
Latency
Impacts
High-Profile Pests
Cumulative Effects
Increased Environmental Awareness
Risk Assessment and Quarantines
Production Management Techniques
Pre-border Clearance
Disinfestation
Border Treatments
Restricted Distribution of Commodities
Eradication
Risk Mitigation for Avocado: An Example
Field Survey
Trapping
Sanitation
Host Resistance
Post-harvest Safeguards
Phenology
Port of Arrival Inspection
Limited Distribution
References
Invasive
Inversion
Invertebrates
Inverted Copulation
Lepidoptera
Coleoptera
Conclusion
References
In Vitro
In Vivo
IPM
Iridescent Virus Disease
Iridoviruses
References
Ironclad Beetles
Ironomyiidae
Ischnopsyllidae
Island Biogeography
Iso-Amyl Acetate
Isonychiidae
Isoptera
Isotomidae
Isozyme
Issidae
Iteroparous
Ithonidae
Ithycerid Beetles
Ithyceridae
fulltext_10.pdf
Jacquelin Du Val, Pierre Nicolas Camille
Reference
Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
References
Japanese Encephalitis
References
Japygidae
Jeannel, René
Reference
Jerusalem Crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae)
Origin of Common Name
Determination of the Adult Stage
Karyotype
Life Cycle
Ecology
Drumming and Communication
Mating
Systematics
Endangered Species
References
Jewel Beetles
Jewel Bugs
Jewel Wasp, Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
References
Johannsen, Oskar Augustus
Reference
JohnstonŁs Organ
Joppeicidae
Jordan, Heinrich Ernst Karl
Reference
Jugal Lobe
Jugal Veins
Juglar-Horned Beetles
Jugum
Jumping Spiders (Class Arachnida, Order Araneae, Family Salticidae)
References
June Beetles, Phyllophaga spp (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Melolonthini)
References
Jumping Genes
Jurassic Period
Juvenile
Juvenile Hormone
References
Juvenoid
fulltext_11.pdf
Kairomone
Kala-Azar
Kalotermitidae
Kaolin
Kaolin-Based Particle Films for Arthropod Control
Development of Particle Film Technology
Action of Particle Films on Arthropods
Particle Film Applications for Arthropod Pest Control
Multi-Functionality of Particle Films
References
Kaszab, Zoltán
References
Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
References
Kaufmann Effect
References
Kauri Moths (Lepidoptera: Agathiphagidae)
References
Ked
Keel
Kellogg, Vernon Lyman
References
Kennedy, John S
Reference
Kermesidae
Keroplatidae
Kershaw, John Crampton Wilkinson
References
Kerriidae
Kevan, Douglas Keith Mcewan
References
Key Factor
Key Pests
Keystone Species
Khapra Beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)
Damage
Management
References
Kiesenwetter, Ernst August Hellmuth Von
References
King Crickets and Wetas
Kinnaridae
Kin Selection
Kinesis (pl., kineses)
Kirby, William
References
Kissing Bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae)
References
Klee, Waldemar
Reference
Knipling, Edward Fred
Reference
Knockdown
Koch's Postulates
Koinobiont
Koebele, Albert
References
Kraatz, Ernst Gustav
Reference
Kring, James Burton
Reference
K-Strategists
Kyasanur Forest Disease
fulltext_12.pdf
Labellum
Labial Glands
Labial Palpi
Labiduridae
Labiidae
Labium
Laboubeniales
References
Labrum
Lace Bugs (Hemiptera: Tingidae)
Diagnosis
Biology
Economic importance
References
Lacewings, Antlions and Mantispids (Neuroptera)
References
Lachesillidae
Lacinia
Lackey Moths
Lacquers and Dyes From Insects
Some Basic Terminology of Dyes and Finishes
Production and Use of Insect Dyes and Lacquers
References
La Crosse Encephalitis
The Virus Transmission Cycle
Symptomology and Treatment
Preventing Infection
References
Lac Scales
Lacturidae
Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera)
Classification
Description
Life Cycle and Behavior
Food
Pest Species … Feeding on Plants
Innocuous Species … Feeding on Mildews
Predatory Species … Feeding on Mites
Predatory Species … Feeding on Whiteflies
Predatory Species … Feeding on Cottonycushion Scale
Predatory Species … Feeding on Mealybugs
Predatory Species … Feeding on Armored Scale Insects
Predatory Species … Feeding on Scale Insects
Predatory Species … Feeding on Aphids
Alternative Food
Natural Enemies
Use of Ladybirds in Biological Control
Commercial Availability
The Downside of Ladybirds
References
Laemobothriidae
Laemophloeidae
Lagenidium giganteum
Lag Phase
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
References
Lamella
Lamellate
Lampyridae
Lanceolate
Lance-Wing Moths (Lepidoptera: Pterolonchidae)
References
Languriidae
Lappet Moths (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
References
Large Cabbage White Butterfly, Pieris brasicae (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Life history
Damage
Management
References
Large Caddisflies
Large-Legged Thrips
Large Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)
References
Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)
Biology, Ecology and Damage Potential
Conventional Control Strategies
Classical Biological Control
References
Largidae
Larva
Larvicide
Larviform
Larviporous
Lasiocampidae
Lasiochilidae
Latent Infection
Latent Learning
Lateral Oviduct
Lathridiidae
Latreille, Pierre André
References
Lauxaniid Flies
Lauxaniidae
LC50
LD50
Lea, Arthur Mills
Reference
Lea, H Arnold
Reference
Leaching
Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Classification
Bruchinae
Donaciinae
Criocerinae
Hispinae
Chrysomelinae
Galerucinae
Eumolpinae
Lamprosomatinae
Cryptocephalinae
Chrysomelidae and Pest Management
References
Leaf Blotch Miners
Leafcutter Moths (Lepidoptera: Incurvariidae)
References
Leaf-Cutting Ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Attini)
The Colony
The Queen
The Workers
Winged Sexual Individuals
The Super-Organism
The Uninvited Guests
The Nest
Atta Nests
The Nests of Acromyrmex and Trachymyrmex
The Life Cycle
Reproduction
The Birth of a Colony
The Life Cycle of a Worker
The Life Cycle of a Colony
Communication
Pheromones
Alarm Pheromones
Recruitment Pheromone
Territorial Pheromones
Individual Recognition
Other Pheromones
Visual Communication
Communication by Sound
Trophalaxis and Antennal Contacts
Foraging
The Decision Making System
Orientation
Defense
Ecology
Control of Leaf-Cutting Ants
References
Anchor 259
Life History and Habits
Anchor 261
Economic Importance
Anchor 263
Leaf-Footed Bugs
Leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
References
Anchor 265
Leafcutting Bees
Anchor 267
Biology and Economic Importance
Anchor 269
Leaf Mines
Anchor 271
Diagnosis and Classification
Anchor 273
Leafminer Moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Anchor 275
Leafminers
Anchor 277
Leafroller Moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Anchor 279
Leaf-Rolling Crickets
Anchor 281
Leaf-Rolling Weevils
Anchor 283
What is Learning and How Does an Animal Learn?
Anchor 285
When Should Insects Learn?
Anchor 287
Can Learning Evolve?
Anchor 289
References
Anchor 291
Learning and Development: Brain RNA Synthesis and the Retention of Learning Through Metamorphosis in Holometabolous Insects
Anchor 293
Learning, Experience, and Brain Morphology
Anchor 295
References
Anchor 297
Lecanicillium
Anchor 299
Lecanodiaspididae
Anchor 301
Leconte, John Lawrence
Anchor 303
Leech, Hugh Bosdin
Anchor 305
Lefroy, Harold Maxwell
Anchor 307
Anchor 309
Running and Jumping Legs
Anchor 311
Raptorial Legs
Anchor 313
Legs of Hexapods
References
Anchor 315
Leishmaniasis
Anchor 317
Mechanisms that Promote Parasite Persistence
Anchor 319
Immune Evasion by Limitation of Infected Cell Recognition
Anchor 321
Lek
Anchor 323
Leng, Charles William
Anchor 325
Lentic Community
Anchor 327
Lepeletier, Amédée Louis Michel
Anchor 329
Lepidopsocidae
Anchor 331
Lepidostomatidae
Anchor 333
Lepismatidae
Anchor 335
Leptophlebiidae
Anchor 337
Leptopsyllidae
Anchor 339
Lerp
Anchor 341
Lesion
Anchor 343
Description
Anchor 345
Economic Importance
Anchor 347
References
Anchor 349
Lesser Mealworm, Aphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Anchor 351
Lestobiosis
Anchor 353
Lethal Yellowing of Coconut Palms
Anchor 355
Life History
Anchor 357
Management
Anchor 359
Leucospidae
Anchor 361
Libellulidae
Anchor 363
Lice
Anchor 365
Life History
Anchor 367
References
Anchor 369
Lignicolous
Anchor 371
Limacodidae
Anchor 373
Limnephidae
Anchor 375
Limoniidae
Anchor 377
References
Anchor 379
Lingula
Anchor 381
References
Anchor 383
Linsley, Earle Gorton
Anchor 385
Liopteriidae
Anchor 387
Liposcelidae
Anchor 389
Entomologist, Writer, or A Little of Both?
Anchor 391
Strong Images
Anchor 393
A Full Circle
Anchor 395
Litter
Anchor 397
References
Anchor 399
Littoral Zone
Anchor 401
Lock and Key Hypothesis
Anchor 403
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Physiology
Anchor 405
Neural Control of Muscles
Anchor 407
Flight in Dragonflies, Damselflies, and a Few Other Groups of Insects
Anchor 409
Lift Produced by the Motion of the Wings
Anchor 411
References
Anchor 413
Locust Borer, Megacyllene robiniae (Forster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Anchor 415
Life Cycle
Anchor 417
Ecological Overview
Anchor 419
Lodging
Anchor 421
References
Anchor 423
Logistic Model
Anchor 425
Loiasis
Anchor 427
Lonchaeidae
Anchor 429
Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus (Acari: Ixodidae)
Anchor 431
Longhorned Fairy Moths (Lepidoptera: Adelidae)
Anchor 433
Longhorned Grasshoppers
Anchor 435
External Morphology
Anchor 437
Habitats and Food
Anchor 439
Reproduction
Anchor 441
Economic and Ecological Importance
Anchor 443
Longitudinal Veins
Anchor 445
Distinguishing Characters and Relationships
Anchor 447
Morphology
Anchor 449
Feeding Ecology and Economic Importance
Anchor 451
References
Anchor 453
Long-Tailed Burnet Moths (Lepidoptera: Himantopteridae)
Anchor 455
Long-Toed Water Beetles
Anchor 457
Lophocoronidae
Anchor 459
Lorguin, Pierre Joseph Michel
Anchor 461
Lotic Community
Anchor 463
Louse
Anchor 465
Lovebug, Plecia nearctica Hardy (Diptera: Bibionidae)
Anchor 467
Lovebug Myths
Anchor 469
University of Florida Researchers Genetically Engineered Lovebugs to Kill Mosquitoes
Anchor 471
Dispersing Lovebugs Move Great Distances and are Attracted to Homes
Anchor 473
The Body Fluids of Lovebugs are Acidic and Immediately Dissolve Automobile Paint
Anchor 475
Insecticides are Effective in Controlling Lovebugs
Anchor 477
References
Anchor 479
Loxoscelism
Anchor 481
Lucanidae
Anchor 483
Reference
Anchor 485
Lutrochidae
Anchor 487
Lycidae
Anchor 489
Lygaeidae
Anchor 491
Lygus Bugs, Lygus spp (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Anchor 493
Lyme Borreliosis
Anchor 495
Etiology
Anchor 497
Emergence, Expansion and Control of Lyme Disease
Anchor 499
Lyme Disease
Anchor 501
Lyonetiidae
Anchor 503
References
Anchor 505
fulltext_13.pdf
Machadorythidae
Machaerotidae
Machilidae
Mackenzie Globular Springtails
Mackenziellidae
Macleay (Sir) William John
References
Macquart, Pierre Justin Marie
Reference
Macrofauna
Macropsyllidae
Macropterous
Macroveliidae
Maculate
Maggot
Maggot Therapy
References
Mahogany Pests and Their Management
Hypsipyla spp (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae)
Mahogany Webworm, Macalla thyrsisalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Epipaschiinae)
Mahogany Leafminer, Phyllocnistis meliacella Becker (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Mahogany Bark Weevil, Copturus floridanus (Fall) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
West Indies Mahogany Scale, Conchaspis cordiae Mamet (Hemiptera: Conchaspididae)
Other Insects
References
Maindroniide
Maize (Corn) Pests and Their Management
Stem Borers
Rootworms
Corn Earworms
Armyworms
Cutworms
Aphids, Leafhoppers and Delphacids
Mites
Other Pests
Pest Management in Maize
References
Major Worker
Malacopsyllidea
Malaise Trap
Malaria
References
Malaya Disease
Malcidae
Malignant Jaundice
Mallis, Arnold
Reference
Mallophaga
Malpighian Tubules
Mammal Chewing Lice
Mammilla (pl., mammillae)
Management of Insect-Vectored Pathogens of Plants
Chemical Control
Biological Control
Host Plant Resistance
Cultural Control
Regulatory Measures
Integrated Management
References
Mandible
Mandibular Glands
Mandibulate
Mandibulate Archaic Moths (Lepidoptera: Micropterigidae)
References
Mange
Mango Mealybug, Rastrococcus invadens Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Morphology and Biology
Damage
Control Options
The Solution: Biological Control
References
Manicapsocidae
Manitoba Trap
Mann, William M
Reference
Mannerheim, Carl Gustav Von
References
Manotidae
Mantidae
Mantidflies (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)
References
Mantids
Mantispidae
Mantodea
Mantoididae
Mantophasmatidae
Many-Plumed Moths (Lepidoptera: Alucitidae)
References
March Flies
Margarodidae
Marginal Cells
Marginal Vein
Marginidae
Marine Bugs
Marine Insects and the Sea-Skater Halobates (Hemiptera: Gerridae)
Surviving the Marine Environment
Sea-skaters, Halobates spp
General Biology
References
Mariner
Marker (DNA Marker)
Marker (Genetic)
Marking Insects for Studying Ecology and Behavior
Visually Detected Markers
Rubidium
Radiotracers
Dipping and Painting
Disc and Wire Attachments
Ingestion
Water Culture
Trans-life Stage Transmission
Neutron Activation Analysis
Carbohydrate Profiling
Immunoglobulin
References
Marking Pheromones
References
Marlatt, Charles Lester
Reference
Marsh Beetles
Marsh Flies
Marsh Treaders
Marsupial Chewing Lice
Marsupial Lice
Marx, George
Reference
Masked Chafers, Cyclocephala spp (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Mason Wasps
Mass Provisioning
Mass Rearing of Natural Enemies
References
Masters, George
Reference
Mastotermitidae
Maternally Inherited
Matheson, Robert
Reference
Mating Disruption
Matsumura, Shonen
Reference
Maxilla
Maxillary Palp (or palpus; pl., maxillary palpi)
Maximum Parsimony Methods
May Beetles
Mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
Family Ameletidae (Ameletid Minnow Mayflies)
Family Baetidae (Small Minnow Mayflies)
Family Caenidae (Small Squaregill Mayflies)
Family Ephemeridae (Common Burrower Mayflies)
Family Ephemerellidae (Spiny Crawler Mayflies)
Family Heptageniidae (Flatheaded Mayflies)
Family Isonychiidae (Brushlegged Mayflies)
Family Leptohyphidae (Little Stout Crawler Mayflies)
Family Leptophlebiidae (Pronggilled Mayflies)
Family Siphlonuridae (Primitive Minnow Mayflies)
References
McDunnough, James Halliday
Reference
McGlashan, Charles Fayette
Reference
McPhail Trap
Meadow and Coneheaded Grasshoppers
Mealworms
Mealybugs
Mean-Variance Model
Measuring Worm Moths
Mechanical Control
Mechanical Protection of Humans from Arthropod Attacks and Bites
Environmental Design
Protective Clothing and Bed Nets
Arthropod Behavior and Protection
Human Motivation
References
Mechanical Transmission
Meconium
Mecoptera
Media
Media Workers
Median
Median Furrow
Mediocubital
Mediterranean Burnet Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterogynidae)
References
Mediterranean Flannel Moths (Lepidoptera: Somabrachyidae)
References
Mediterranean Flour Moth, ŁEphestia kuhniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)Ž
Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Origin and Geographical Distribution
Morphology
Hosts and Economic Importance
Biology
Control
References
Mediterranean Spotted Fever
Mediterranean Theileriosis
Medocostidae
Meenoplidae
Megachilidae
Megafauna
Megalodontidae
Megalopodid Beetles
Megalopodidae
Megaloptera
Megalopygidae
Megalyridae
Megamerinidae
Megapodagrionidae
Megarididae
Megaspilidae
Meigen, Johann Wilhelm
Reference
Meinertellidae
Meiosis
Meiotic Drive in Insects
Meiotic Drive as a Pest Management Tool?
Hybrid Sterility and Meiotic Drive
References
Melander, Axel Leonard
Reference
Melandryidae
Melanothripidae
Melissococcus pluton (Bacteria)
Melittidae
Melittin
Melittology
Melittophile
Melizoderidae
Mellanby, Kenneth
Reference
Mellinidae
Meloidae
Melon Aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Systematics and Biology
Common Names
Description
Genetics
Host Range and Utilization
Population Growth
Nutrition
Abiotic Environment
Production of Winged Aphids (Alates)
Behavior
Flight
Light
Host Plant
Feeding
Egg Laying
Biotic Interactions
Virus Transmission
Mortality
References
Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Melon Thrips, Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Melonworm, Diaphania hyalinata Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Melsheimer, Frederick Valentine
Reference
Melyridae
Membracidae
Membrane
Ménétriés, Edouard
Reference
Mengenillidae
Menoponidae
Mentum
Meridic Diet
Meristem
Meroistic Ovaries
Meropeidae
Merothripidae
Mesadene (pl., mesadenia)
Mesenteron
Mesepimeron
Mesepisternum
Meson
Mesonotum
Mesopleuron
Mesopsocidae
Mesoscutellum
Mesothorax
Mesoveliidae
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Metabolism of Insect Cuticular Lipids
Methodology
References
Metallic Wood-Boring Beetles
Metallyticidae
Metalmark Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae)
Morphology
Diversity and Biogeography
Adult Ecology
Immature Stages and Myrmecophily
References
Metalmark Moths (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae)
References
Metamorphosis
Evolution
Morphology and Physiology
Hormonal Control
Genes and Metamorphosis
Regulatory Genes
Effector Genes
References
Metanotum
Metarbelidae
Metarhizium
References
Metatarsus
Metatentorium (pl., metatentoria)
Metathorax
Metcalf, Clell Lee
Reference
Metcalf, Zeno Payne
Reference
Methodology
Methods for Measuring Crop Losses by Insects
Observation of Natural Populations
Modification of Existing Populations
Creating Artificial Populations
Simulated Damage
Natural Enemies and Crop Loss Assessment
General
References
Metretopodidae
Meyrick, Edward
References
Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachna varivestris Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Host Plants
Natural Mortality Factors
Life Cycle and Description
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Damage
Management
References
Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Microbial Control of Insects
Advantages and Disadvantages of Entomopathogens for Insect Control
Advantages
Disadvantages
Entomopathogens Commonly Used for Microbial Control
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Nematodes
General Considerations
References
Microbial Control of Medically Important Insects
References
Microbial Pesticide
Microbiota
Microbivores
Microcaddisflies
Micrococcidae
Microcoryphia
Microdon spp (Diptera: Syrphidae)
References
Microencapsulation
Microfauna
Micromalthidae
Micropezidae
Microphysidae
Micropterigidae
Micropterous
Micropyle
Microspines
Microsporidae
Microsporidia (Phylum Microsporida)
References
Microsporidiosis
Microthoraciidae
Microtrichia
Middorsal
Midges
Midges as Human Food
References
Midgut
Midgut and Insect Pathogens
References
Migration
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Milichiid Flies
Milichiidae
Milk Gland
Milkweed Butterflies
Milky Disease of Scarabs
Miller, David
Reference
Miller Moths
Millipedes (Class Diplopoda)
Classification
Life History
Ecology
References
Mimallonidae
Mimicry
Batesian Mimicry
Müllerian Mimicry
Aggressive Mimicry
Wasmannian Mimicry
References
Mineral Oil
Miniature Ghost Moths (Lepidoptera: Palaeosetidae)
References
Minima
Minor Workers
Minute Bark Beetles
Minute Black Scavenger Flies
Minute Bog Beetles
Minute Brown Scavenger Beetles
Minute Fungus Beetles
Minute Marsh-Loving Beetles
Minute Moss Beetles
Minute Pirate Bugs (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)
Classification and Distribution of the Anthocoridae
Family Anthocoridae … Tribe Almeidini
Anthocorini
Blaptostethini
Dufouriellini
Oriini
Scolopini
Xylocorini
Family Lasiochilidae
Family Lyctocoridae
Morphology
Biology and Life History
Reproduction, Mating, and the Paragenital System
Economic Importance
References
Minute Tree-Fungus Beetles
Miridae
Mite Pests of Crops in Asia
References
Mites (Acari)
Evolution and Diversity of Mites
Generalized Life History
Classification: The Orders of Mites
Anactinotrichida
Oplioacarida
Holothyrida
Ixodida
Gamasida
Actinotrichida
Actinedida
Oribatida
Acaridida
Dispersion of Mites
External Anatomy
Gnathosoma
Idiosoma
Legs
Integument
Physiology of Mites
Glands
Muscles
Fat Body
Circulatory System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Excretory System and Osmoregulation
Nervous and Sensory System
Reproductive System
Economic Importance
Skin Parasites
Stored Product Pests
House Dust Mites
Pests of Agricultural Crops
Bee Mites
References
Miticide
Mitochondrion, (pl., Mitochondria)
Mitosis
Mixed Infection
MŁLachlan, Robert
Reference
Mnesarchaeidae
Mode of Action
Molannidae
Molar
Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) and Their Biological Control
Larra (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Imported into Hawaii
Larra (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Imported into Puerto Rico
Larra (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) Imported into Florida
Ormia depleta (Diptera: Tachinidae) Imported into Florida
Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Imported into Florida
Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Imported into Puerto Rico
Conclusion for Florida
Conclusion for Other Southeastern States of the USA
Conclusion for Puerto Rico
Conclusion for Eastern Australia, Islands of the Lesser Antilles, and the Dominican Republic
Conclusion for South America
Conclusion for Hawaii
Conclusion for Africa and Southern Asia Including the Philippines and Indonesia
References
Molecular Biology
Molecular Diagnosis
The Species Concept
Molecular Methods for Diagnosis
DNA Barcoding
References
Molecular Genetics
Molecular Phylogeny
Molicutes
Molt
Molting Fluid
Molting Hormone
Mompha Moths (Lepidoptera: Momphidae)
References
Momphidae
Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus L (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)
Monarch Migration
Conservation Concerns
Monarchs Among Other Butterflies
References
Moniliform
Monitoring
Monkey Grasshoppers
Monoclonal Antibody
Monocondylic Articulation or Joint
Monocot
Monoculture
Monoecious
Monogyny
Monomachidae
Monommidae
Monomorphic
Monomorphism
Monophagous
Monophyletic
Monophyletic Group
Monotomidae
Monotypic
Mordellidae
Morgan, Thomas Hunt
References
Moribund
Mormon Cricket, Anabrus simplex Haldeman (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Distribution
Host Plants
Natural Enemies
Life Cycle and Description
Egg
Nymph
Adult
Damage
Management
Sampling
Insecticides
Cultural Practices
References
Morphogenesis
Morphology
Morphotype
Morrison, Herbert Knowles
Reference
Morse, Albert Pitts
References
Mortality Rate
Mosquito Larval Feeding Ecology
Mosquito Larval Habitats
Mouthpart Morphology and Feeding Modes
Larval Dietary Components
References
Mosquito Overwintering Ecology
Life Histories
Eco-Physiology and Behavior
References
Mosquito Oviposition
References
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Distribution
Metamorphosis
Morphology and Physiology
Eggs
Larvae
Pupae
Adults
Internal Systems of the Mosquito
Respiratory System
Circulatory System
Digestive System
Nervous System
Reproductive System
Mosquito Behavior
Feeding
Oviposition
Mating
Disease Transmission
Methods of Control
References
Mosquitoes as Vectors of Viral Pathogens
Factors Associated with the Biological Transmission of Arthropod-Borne Viruses
Infection Process
Abortive Midgut Infections
Viral and Vector Genetics Associated with Differences in Midgut Infection
Dissemination from the Midgut
Viral and Mosquito Genetic Basis for Lack of Dissemination
Infection of the Salivary Glands
Vertical Transmission of Arboviruses
Elements of Vectorial Capacity
References
Moss Bugs
Moth Flies
Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterocera)
References
Motile
Motor Neurons
Motschulsky, Victor Ivanovich
References
Mountain Midges
References
Mouth Beard
Mouth Cone
Mouth Hooks
Mouthparts of Hexapods
Chewing Mouthparts
Chewing-Sucking Mouthparts
Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
Sucking Mouthparts
Siphoning-Sucking Mouthparts
References
Mud Daubers
Mulch
Müller, Johann Friedrich Theodor
Reference
Müller, Josef
Reference
Müllerian Mimicry
Mulluscicide
Mulsant, Etienne
References
Multifunctional Semiochemicals
The Parsimonious Activities of Eclectic Alarm Pheromones
Activity Inhibitors
Cryptic Alarm Pheromones in Solitary Insects
Robbing Agents
Alarm Pheromones as Trail Pheromones
Releasers of Digging Behavior
Antimicrobial Alarm Pheromones
Alarm Pheromones as Attractants
Defensive Allomones as Alarm Pheromones
Sex Pheromones as Parsimonious Agents
Pheromonal Parsimony in the Honey Bee
Defensive Secretions as Sexual Pheromones
A Highly Toxic Anhydride with Pronounced Vesicatory Parsimony
Multifunctional Venom Alkaloids
References
Rhinocyllus conicus Froel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Trichosirocalus horridus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Multiparasitism
Multiple Resistance (to pesticides)
Multivoltine
Mummy
Murine Typhus
Murray Valley Encephalitis
Musapsocidae
Muscardine
Muscid Flies
Muscidae
Muscoid Larva
Mushroom Bodies
Musk Thistle Suppression Using Weevils for Biological Control
References
Mutagen
Mutant
Mutation
Mutillidae
Mutual Interference
Mutualism
Mycangium
Mycelium
Mycetocyte
Mycetome
Mycetophagidae
Mycetophilidae
Mycosis
Mycotoxin
Mycteridae
Mydas Flies
Mydidae
Myerslopiidae
Myiasis
An Entomological Classification of Myiasis
Specific or Obligatory Myiasis
Semi-Specific or Facultative Myiasis
Accidental, Pseudomyiasis or False Myiasis
An Anatomical Classification of Myiasis
Dermal or Subdermal Myiasis
Intermedia Anatomical Position Myiasis
Creeping Myiasis
Ocular Myiasis
Aural Myiasis
Nasal Fossae (nostrils), Mouth, Frontal Sinuses Myiasis and Surface of Brain
Urogenital, Anal and Vaginal Myiasis
Migratory Myiasis
Intestinal Myiasis
Atypical Sanguinivorous Myiasis
Diagnosis
The Taxa Responsible for Myiasis
Family Calliphoridae … Blowflies or Bluebottle Flies
Family Muscidae … (Houseflies)
Family Oestridae-(Bot and Warble Flies)
Family Phoridae … (Scuttle or Humpbacked or Phorid Flies)
Family Sarcophagidae … (Flesh Flies)
References
Mymaridae
Mymarommatidae
Myndus crudus Van Duzee (Hemiptera: Cixiidae)
Damage and Economic Importance
Management
References
Myofibrils
Myopsocidae
Myriapods
Myrmecodomatia
Myrmecolacidae
Myrmecology
Myrmecomorphy
Signal Properties of Myrmecomorphic Arthropods
Spiders
Insects
Transformational Mimicry
Sexual Dimorphism
Taxonomic and Geographic Distribution of Myrmecomorphy
Adaptive Significance
Batesian Mimicry
Wasmannian Mimicry
Aggressive Mimicry
References
Myrmecophiles
Ecological Categories
Evolutionary Trends
Chemical Communication
Morphological Mimicry
Behavioral Traits
References
Myrmeleontidae
Mystax
Mythicomyiidae
Mythology and Insects
References
Myxomatosis
fulltext_14.pdf
Nabidae
Nagana
Naiad (pl., naiads)
Nairobi Eye
Nairobi Sheep Disease
Nanitic Workers
Nannochoristidae
Naphthalene
Narrow-Waisted Bark Beetles
Narrow-Winged Damselflies
Nasus
Nasute
Natatorial
Native American Culture and Insects
Insects in Mythology
Big Fly (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Cornbug (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Butterflies (Lepidoptera)
Spiders (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
Cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Insects as Food: Entomophagy
Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Mormon Crickets (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae)
Caterpillars (Lepidoptera)
Shore Flies (Diptera: Ephydridae)
Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Mesquite Beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Insects in Art
The Medicinal Properties of Insects
Cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae, Gryllacrididae, and Tettigoniidae)
Jerusalem Crickets (Orthoptera: Stenopalmatidae)
Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Hornworms (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera)
Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Flies (Diptera)
Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Velvet Ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
Wasps (Hymenoptera)
Spiders (Arthropoda: Arachnida)
References
Natural Control
Natural Enemies
Natural Enemies Important in Biological Control
Parasites or Parasitoids?
Categories of Parasitoids
Predators
Pathogens
Nematodes that Attack Insects
References
Natural Enemy Attraction to Plant Volatiles
Plant Volatiles Signal of Beneficial Insects
Parasitoids Learn the Rewards of Host Odor Cues
Adaptive Advantages of Volatile Emissions for Plants
Exploitation of Plant Volatiles in Agriculture
References
Natural Host
Natural Products Used for Insect Control
History of the Use of Natural Products
Natural Products in Current Use
Agricultural Uses
Medically Important Uses
Conclusions
References
Natural Selection
Naucoridae
Naupliform Larva
Nearctic Realm
Necrophagous
Necrosis
Necrophoresis
Nectar Guide
Nectary
Needham, James George
Reference
Neelidae
Neem
References
Negro Bugs
Nematicide
Nematode
Nematode Parasites of Insects
Nematode Associations with Insects
Facultative Parasitism
Obligate Parasitism
Phoresy
Commensalism and Mutualism
Effects of Nematode Parasitism
Evolution of Insect-Nematode Associations
Nematodes Associated with Insects
Order Rhabditida
Order Spirurida
Order Tylenchida
Order Aphelenchida
Order Oxyurida
Order Mermithida
References
Nematomorphs (Nematomorpha: Gordioida: Several Families)
References
Nemestrinidae
Neminidae
Nemonychidae
Nemopteridae
Nemouridae
Neoclassical Biological Control
Neolinognathidae
Neonate
Neopetaliidae
Neophemeridae
Neopseustidae
Neopterous
Neoteinic
Neoteny
Neotheoridae
Neotropical Brown Stink Bug, Euschistus heros (F) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
References
Neotropical Realm
References
Nepidae
Nepticulidae
Neriidae
Nervous System
Gross Structure
The Cephalic Ganglia
The Nerve Cord
Embryonic Origin
Histology
The Synapses
The Giant Fibers
The Neuroglia and Nervous Sheath
Function of the Central Nervous System
Larval Nervous System
The Visceral Nervous System
References
Nesameletidae
Nest Odor
Nest Parasitism
Net-Spinning Caddisflies
Net-Winged Beetles
Net-Winged Midges
Neurochaetidae
Neurogenic Flight Muscles
Neurohemal Organ
Neurohormone
Neurological Effects of Insecticides and the Insect Nervous System
Structure of the Insect Nervous System
Function of the Nervous System
The Resting Potential
The Action Potential
Synaptic Transmission
Post-Synaptic Potentials
Integration and Summation
General Neurological Effects of Insecticides
Neurological Target Sites and Specific Neurological Effects of Insecticides
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
GABA and Glutamate-Gated Chloride Channels
Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
Conclusions
References
Neuron
Neuropile
Neuroptera
Neurorthidae
Neurosecretory Cell
Neurotoxin
Neurotransmitter
Net Primary Production
Newell, Wilmon
Reference
Newman, Edward
References
Newsom, Leo Dale
Reference
New Zealand Primitive Moths (Lepidoptera: Mnesarchaeidae)
References
Niche
Niche Differentiation
Niche Overlap
Nidicolous
Nicoletiidae
Night Blooming Plants and Their Insect Pollinators
References
Ninidae
Nitidulidae
Noctuid Moths
Noctuidae
Nocturnal
Nodus
Nogodinidae
Nomenclature
Nomen Conservandum
Nomen Dubium
Nomen Inquirendum
Nomen Novum
Nomen Nudum
Nomen Oblitum
Nomuraea
References
Non-Indigenous
Non-Occluded Virus
Nonpersistent Virus
Nonpreference
North Asian Tick Typhus
Northern Caddisflies
Life History
Damage
Management
References
No-See-Ums
Norticolidae
Nosema apis (Protozoa: Microsporidia)
Nosema locustae (Protozoa: Microsporidia)
Reference
Nosemosis
Nosema Disease
Reference
Nosodendrid Beetles
Nosodendridae
Noteridae
Nothybidae
Notodontidae
Notoligotomidae
Notonectidae
Notonemouridae
Notopleuron
Notoptera
Reference
Notum
Nozzle
Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus
Nucleic Acid
Nucleocapsid
Nucleolus
Nucleoside
Nucleotide
Nucleus
Nulliparous
Numerical Response
Nuptial
Nuptial Flight
Nuptial Gift
Nurse Cells
Nutrient Content of Insects
References
Nutrient Cycling
Nutritional Castration
Nutrition in Insects
Qualitative Nutrition
Amino Acids and Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Sterols
Fatty Acids
Vitamins
Nucleic Acids
Minerals
Regulation of Nutrient Intake
Nutrient…Allelochemical Interactions
Extreme Foods
Conclusions
References
Nuttalliellidae (Acari)
References
Nycteribiidae
Nygma (pl., nygmata)
References
Nymph
Nymphalidae
Nymphidae
Nymphomyiid Flies
Nymphomyiidae
Nyssonidae
fulltext_15.pdf
Oak Wilt
Oakworms
Obligate Myiasis
Obligate Parasitism
Obliquebanded Leaf Roller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Obligatory Diapause
Obtect Pupa
Occiput
Occluded Virus
Occult Virus
Ocellus (pl ocelli)
Ochodaeidae
Ochraceous
Ochsenheimeriidae
Ochteridae
Ockham's Razor
Odiniid Flies
Odiniidae
Odonata
Odontoceridae
Oecophoridae
Oedemeridae
Oenocytoids
Oestridae
Oil
Old House Borer, Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Old World Butterfly Moths (Lepidoptera: Callidulidae)
References
Old World Harvester Termites
Old World Spiny-Winged Moths (Lepidoptera: Eriocottidae)
References
Oleander or Milkweed Aphid, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Olfactometer
Oligidic Diet
Oligoneuriidae
Oligophagous
Oligotomidae
Olive Fruit Curculio, Rhynchites cribripennis Desbrochers (Coleoptera: Attelabidae)
References
Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (=Dacus oleae) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
References
Olive Knot
Olive Psyllids, Euphyllura spp (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
References
Omaniidae
Omethridae
Ommatidium (pl ommatidia)
Omnivorous
Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever
Onchocerciasis
References
Onion Maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Oncopoduridae
Onisciform Larva
Oniscigastridae
Onychiuridae
Oocytes
Oogenesis
Ovary Structure
Major Stages of Oogenesis
Structure of the Mature Egg
Regulation of Oogenesis
References
Oogonia
Oötheca
Operating Characteristic
Operculum (pl. opercula)
Opetiidae
Opisthognathous
Opomyzid Flies
Opomyzidae
Opossum Beetles
Opostegidae
Optic Lobe
Optimal Foraging
Oral Cavity
Oral Filter
Oral Hooks
Oral Vibrissae
Orangedog
Orb
Orbicular
Orbicular Spot
Orchid Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
References
Orders
Organic
Organic Agriculture
References
Organochlorine
Organophosphate
Oriental Beetle
Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Life history
Damage
Management
References
Oriental Parnassian Moths (Lepidoptera: Ratardidae)
References
Oriental Realm
Oriental Swallowtail Moths (Lepidoptera: Epicopeiidae)
References
Ormerod, Eleanor Anne
References
Ormyridae
Ornate Pit Scales
Orsodacnid Beetles
Orsodacnidae
Ortheziidae
Orthoptera
Orussidae
Oryctes Virus and Other Nudiviruses
References
Ornate
Osborn, Herbert
References
Osmeterium (pl. osmeteria)
Osmoregulation
Osmosis
Osmylidae
Osten Sacken, CR
References
Ostia
Accessory Pulsatile Hearts
Ostiole
Otitidae
Outbreak
Outbreaks of Insects
Gradient Outbreaks
Eruptive Outbreaks
Management Implications
References
Ovacide
Ovariole
Ovary
Overwintering in Insects
Cues
Where to Overwinter
Location of Sites
Coping with Cold
Cold Hardiness
Overwintering Stages
Clocks
References
Oviduct
Ovipara
Oviparous
Oviposition
Ovipositor
Ovisac
Ovisorption
Ovoviviparous
Ovum (pl ova)
Owlflies
Owlet Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
References
Oxaeidae
Oxycarenidae
Oxychirotidae
Oxytenidae
fulltext_16.pdf
Pachygronthidae
Pachyneurid Flies
Pachyneuridae
Pachynomidae
Pachytroctidae
Packard, Alpheus Spring
References
Paecilomyces
References
Paederina
Reference
Paederus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae)
References
Paedogenesis
Paedomorphosis
Paenibacillus
References
Paenibacillus larvae = (Bacillus larvae) Bacteria
Painter, Reginald Henry
Reference
Palaeosetidae
Palaeosetode
Palaephatidae
Palearctic Realm
Paleoentomology
Pale Lice
Paleopterous
Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia (Morrison) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Palidium
Palindrome
Pallopteridae
Palm Beetles
Palmetto Beetles
Palm Insects
Palms as Hosts of Insects
The Insect Fauna of Palms
Defoliators
Sap-Feeders
Pests of Flowers and Fruits
Bud, Petiole, Stem and Root Borers
Pollinators
References
Palm Moths (Lepidoptera: Agonoxenidae)
References
Palm Scales
Palm, Thure
Reference
Palp (pl, palps)
Palpifer
Palpiger
Palpus (pl, palpi)
Pamphilidae
Pamphiliidae
Panoistic Ovaries
Panorpidae
Panorpodidae
Panthophthalmidae
Panzootic
Paper Wasps
Papilionidae
Papilla (pl, papillae)
Parabiosis
Paradichlorobenzene
Paraglossa
Parajapygidae
Parallel Evolution
Parameres
Paraphrynoveliidae
Paraphyletic
Paraphyletic Group
Parapodium
Paraproct
Parasite
Parasitic Castration
Parasitic Flat Bark Beetles
Parasitic Hymenoptera (Parasitica)
Adult Morphology
Immature Stages
Biology
Biological Control
Fossil Parasitica
References
Parasitic Wood Wasps
Parasitism
References
Parasitization
Parasitoid
Parasitoidism
Parasocial Behavior
Parasporal Body
Paratype
Parental Care In Heteroptera (Hemiptera: Prosorhynche)
Models of Parental Care in the Heteroptera
Origin of Parental Care in Heteroptera
Costs of Parental Care Behavior
Benefits of Parental Care Behavior
Replacement of Parental Care by Other Protective Strategies
Persistence of Maternal Care
Groups That Display Maternal
Care in Heteroptera
Examples of Maternal Care
Tingidae
Coreidae
Cydnidae
Acanthosomatidae
Phloeidae
Tessaratomidae
Paternal Care
Groups That Display Paternal Care
Belostomatidae
Reduviidae
Coreidae
Aradidae
References
Parental Investment
Parietals
Parnassian Moths (Lepidoptera: Pterothysanidae)
References
Paronellidae
Parsimony
Pars Intercerebralis
Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenetic Reproduction
Parvovirus
References
Pass, Bobby Clifton
Reference
Passalidae
Passandridae
Passive Dispersal
Passive Flight
Patagium (pl, patagia)
Patch Dynamics
Patch, Edith Marion
References
Patchy Environment
Patella
Pathogen
Pathogenesis
Pathogenicity
Pathogen Transmission by Arthropods
References
Pathogens of Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
References
Pathology
Pathotype
Pathway
Patrolling
Patronym
Paurometabolous Development
Paykull, Gustaf
Reference
Pban
PCR
PCR-RFLP
Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Peach Silver Mite, Aculus cornutus Banks (Acarina: Eriophyidae)
Peairs, Leonard Marion
Reference
Pea Leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
References
Pear Decline
Pear Psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)
References
Pebrine
Pecaroecidae
Peccary Lice
Peck, William Dandridge
References
Pecten
Pectinate
Pederin
References
Pedicel
Pedicinidae
Pediculosis
Pediculidae
Pedipalps
Pelagic Community
Pedunculate
Pelecinidae
Pelecinid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae)
Fossil Pelecinids
Ecology and Natural History
Geographic Patterns
References
Pelecorhynchid Flies
Pelecorhynchidae
Peloridiidae
Peltoperlidae
Pemphredonidae
Penis (pl, penes)
Pentatomidae
Penultimate
Pepper Weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
References
Peradeniidae
Perennial
Pergidae
Pericardial Cells
Pericardial Sinus
Perikaryon (pl, perikarya)
Perilampidae
Perilestidae
Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Morphology and Classification
Distribution
Species
Broods
Predator Satiation
Juvenile Life History
Nymphal Development
Life Cycle Timing
Emergence and Teneral Period
Adult Life History and Behavior
Chorusing and Mating
Oviposition
Ecology
Control Measures
Fungal Infection by Massospora
Life Cycle Plasticity and Speciation
Evolution of Periodicity
References
Peripsocidae
Periscelidid Flies
Periscelididae
Perissommatidae
Peristome
Peritreme
Peritrophic Membrane
Perlidae
Perlodidae
Peroral
per os
Persistent Virus
Pest Free Area
Pesticide
Pesticide Hormoligosis
References
Pesticide Resistance Management
Research on Resistance in Arthropods
Resistance Management and IPM
Pesticide-Resistant Natural Enemies
References
Pest Resurgence
Pest Risk Analysis (Assessment)
References
Pests and their Natural Enemies (Parasitoids and/or Predators) in the Middle East
Key insect and mite pests and their determined natural enemies in the Middle East (natural enemies are indented under their h
Alliaceae
Garlic
Onion
Anacardiaceae
Pistachio Tree
Arecaceae/Palmae
Palm
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Kohlrabi (Brassica oleraceae var caularapa)
Chenopodiaceae
Sugarbeet
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumber
Melon
Squash
Watermelon
Fagaceae
Cork oak
Oak
Gramineae/Poaceae
Barley
Corn
Rice
Sorghum
Sugarcane
Wheat
Leguminoseae
Alfalfa
Beans
Chickpeas
Lentils
Soybeans
Lythracaea
Pomegranate
Malvaceae
Cotton
Okra
Oleaceae
Olives
Pedaliaceae
Sesame
Pinaceae
Cedars
Pine
Rosaceae
Almond
Apple
Peach
Pear
Plum
Quince
Strawberry
Rutaceae
Citrus
Solanaceae
Eggplant
Potato
Tomato
Urticaceae
Figs
Mulberry
Vitaceae
Grapes
Miscellaneous
Stone fruit trees
Storage pests
Beans (Leguminosaea)
Chickpeas (Leguminosaea)
Cotton (Malvaceae)
Cowpeas (Leguminosaea)
Lentils (Leguminosaea)
Sesame (Pedaliaceae)
Sunflower (Asteraceae/Compositae)
Wheat (Gramineae/Poaceae)
Vegetables
References
Pest Species
Petaluridae
Petiolate
Petiole
Petrunkevitch, Alexander
Reference
Phacopteronidae
Phage (Bacteriophage)
Phalacridae
Phagocytes
Phagostimulant
Phagocytosis
Phallus
Phantom Crane Flies
Phantom Midges
Pharate
Pharynx
Phase Polymorphism in Locusts
Dispersal Polymorphism
Environmental Factors Inducing Phase Differentiation in Locusts
Differences Between Phase States: Solitarious Versus Gregarious
Developmental and Reproductive Differences
Metabolic Differences
Morphological Differences
Chromatic Differences
Behavioral Differences
Stimuli Inducing or Enhancing Phase State
Tactile Stimuli
Visual Stimuli
Chemical Stimuli: Olfactory and Contact Chemicals
Some Physiological Mechanisms Behind Phase Polymorphism
Juvenile Hormone (JH) and its Analogues
Ecdysteroids
Corazonin
Proliferation of the Gregarious State
References
Phasic Receptors
Phasmatidae
Phasmatodea
Phenacoleachiidae
Phengodidae
Phenogram
Phenological Asynchrony
Phenological Synchrony
Phenology
Phenology Models for Pest Management
Growth and Development of Populations
Constructing Phenology Models Through the Conduct of Laboratory Experiments
Predicting Insect Development with a Linear Thermal Unit Function
Predicting Insect Development with a Nonlinear Developmental Function
Constructing Phenology Models Through the Use of Field Studies
Concluding Remarks
References
Phenotype
Phenotypic Plasticity
References
Pheromone
Pheromones
Types of Pheromones
The Early Days of Pheromone Research
Pheromone Biosynthesis
Use of Pheromones by Insects and Humans
References
Pheromone Parsimony
Phialides
Philanthidae
Philopotamidae
Philopteridae
Philotarsidae
Phlaeothripidae
Phloeidae
Phoenician Billbug, Sphenophorus phoeniciensis Chittenden (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Phoenicococcidae
Phonotaxis
Phoracantha longicorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
External Morphology
Biodiversity and Distribution
Habitat, Host and Life Cycle
Insect Natural Enemies
Economic and Ecological Importance
References
Phoresy
Phoridae
Phryganeidae
Phosphorylation
Photodynamic Action in Pest Control and Medicine
O2 Metabolism
Light Absorption
Mechanisms
Effects of Photosensitizers and Light on Cells
How Do Photosensitizers and Light Kill Cells?
Multiple Mechanisms of Xanthene Dyes in Insects
Photodynamic Dyes
Photodynamic Effect of Rose Bengal and Erythrosin Against Insects
Practical Aspects of Erythrosin B in lnsect Control
Mode of Action of Photosensitizing Dyes in Insects
Persistence of Erythrosin in Biological System
Effect of Photosensitizing Dyes on Other Organisms
Photodynamic Therapy
Extent of Penetration
Mode of Action in Photodynamic Therapy
Effect on Tumor and Non-target Tissues
Risks and Benefits
References
Photokinesis
Photoperiod
Photoperiodism
Photosynthesis
Phototaxis
Phragma (pl, phragmata)
Phragmosis
Phthiriasis
Phthiraptera
Phyletic Lines
Phyletic Speciation
Phylogenetic Tree
Phylogenetics
What Types of Data Are Used in Insect Phylogenetics?
Morphological Data
Molecular Data
Combined Analysis or Total Evidence
What Are the Major Modern Methodologies Used in Phylogenetics?
Maximum Parsimony
Statistical Approaches
Bayesian
What Is Going on in Insect Phylogenetic Studies?
References
Phylogeny
Phylosphere
Phylloxerans
Phylloxeridae
Phylum (pl, phyla)
Physical Control
Physical Gill
Physical Management of Insect Pests
Insect-Proof Screens and Covers
Specifications of Insect Exclusion Covers
Microperforated and Unwoven Sheets
Woven Screens (Whitefly Exclusion Screens)
Knitted Shade Screens
Knitted-Woven Screen
Thrips Exclusion
Greenhouse Ventilation, Insect Invasion and Screens
Insect Suction Devices
Insect Glue (Polybutene)
Electromagnetic Energy
Longwaves: Radio Frequencies (RF) and Infrared (IR)
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
Gamma Irradiation: A Postharvest Treatment
Air Ion Stimulation
Visible Light
Attractive Colors
Ground Colors and Whitefly Trapping
Mass Trapping
Colored Screens
Mulches
Whitewashes
Photoperiod
Chemically Induced Behavior Modifiers
References
Phytoecdysones
Phytophage
Phytophagous
Phytophagy
References
Phytosanitary Procedure
Phytosanitary Regulation
Phytoseiid Mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Classification
Ecology
References
Phytotelmata
References
Phytotoxemia
Phytotoxicity
Piceous
Pickett, Allison Deforest
Reference
Pickleworm, Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Picture-Winged Flies
Picture-Winged Leaf Moths (Lepidoptera: Thyrididae)
References
PierceŁs Disease Of Grape
Pieridae
Piesmatidae
Pile
Pileiform
Pilifer
Pill Beetles
Pillbugs and Sowbugs, or Woodlice (Isopoda)
Classification
Life Cycle and Description
Ecology
References
Pilose
Pine and Spruce Aphids
Pine Tip Moths, Rhyacionia spp (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
References
Pine Weevil, Hylobius abietis Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Migration
Oviposition
Development
Damage to the Conifer Seedlings
Control
References
Pine Wilt
Pine-Flower Snout Beetles
Pin-Hole Borers
Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
References
Piophilidae
Pipunculidae
Piroplasmosis: Babesia and Theileria
Babesia
Theileria
References
Pistachio Seed Wasps
Eurytoma plotnikovi NikolŁ Skaya (Eurytomidae)
Megastigmus pistaciae Walker (Torymidae)
References
Pit Scales
Plague: Biology and Epidemiology
References
Planidiiform Larva
Planidium
Planta (pl, plantae)
Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Morphology
Habitats and Host Plants
Life History and Habits
Economic Importance
Natural Enemies
References
Plant Compensation
Plant Extrafloral Nectaries
Some Plant Families with Extrafloral Nectaries
Location and Morphology
Some Species with Extrafloral Nectaries
The Location of Some Extrafloral Nectaries on the Plant
Composition and Periodicity
Function and Ecological Interactions
References
Planthopper Parasite Moths (Lepidoptera: Epipyropidae)
References
Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea)
Morphology
Phylogeny
Habitats
Hosts
Pest Species
Communication
Wax Production
Other Behavior
Predators and Parasites
Family Synopsis
Acanaloniidae
Achilidae
Achilixiidae
Caliscelidae
Cixiidae
Delphacidae
Derbidae
Dictyopharidae
Eurybrachidae
Flatidae
Fulgoridae
Gengidae
Hypochthonellidae
Issidae
Kinnaridae
Lophopidae
Meenoplidae
Nogodinidae
Ricaniidae
Tettigometridae
Tropiduchidae
Current Status
Further Information
References
Plant Lice
Plant Resistance to Insects
The Nature of Insect Damage to Plants: Direct Versus Indirect Damage
Definitions of Plant Resistance to Pests
Mechanisms of Resistance
Vector Resistance
Methodology: Evaluating Plant-Resistance to Insects
Plant Resistance to Pests Causing Direct Damage
Evaluation of Vector Resistance
Sources of Resistance
Soybeans
Cotton
Engineered Resistance
Environmental Factors Affecting Resistance
The Effect of Light Intensity and Photoperiod
The Effect of Plant Nutrition
Aphids
References
Plant Secondary Compounds and Phytophagous Insects
References
Plant Viruses and Insects
Components Involved in Disease Epidemiology
Insect Feeding Mechanisms
Tools to Understand Feeding (Electronic Monitoring of Insect Feeding)
Insect Vector…Plant Pathogen Interactions
Some Insect-Transmitted Viral Plant Diseases
Leafhoppers
Whiteflies
Thrips
References
Plasmatocyte
Plasmid
Plasterer Bees
Plastron
Plataspidae
Plate-Thigh Beetles
Platygastridae
Platypezidae
Platypodidae
Platystictidae
Platystomatidae
Pleasing Fungus Beetles
Pleasing Lacewings
Plecomidae
Plecomidae
Plecoptera
Pleidae
Pleiotropic
Pleural
Plesiomorphy
Pleuron (pl, pleura)
Plica
Plokiophilidae
Plumaridae
Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Life Cycle
Host Plants
Damage and Economic Impact
Management of the Plum Curculio
Behavioral Studies
Treatment of Peripheral Zones of Apple Orchards
Trapping Methods
Attractants
Biological Control
References
Plume Moths (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae)
Morphology and Family Characters
Adults
Immature Stages
Host Plant Associations
Distribution
Life Histories, Habits and Behavior
Adults
Larvae
Sundew Plume Moths
Economic Species
References
Plumose
Plutellidae
Poduridae
Poikilothermic
Polar Filament
Pollen Basket
Pollenose
Pollen Pot
Pollen Rake
Pollination and Flower Visitation
Evolutionary Overview
Taxonomic Diversity
Floral Advertising
Floral Rewards
Other Floral Rewards: Heat, Floral Tissue, Sex
Energetics: Time and Motion
Ecosystems, Community and Co- Evolutionary Ecology
Pollination for Food and Fiber Production
Insect Conservation
References
Pollination by Osmia Bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Osmia Biology
Field Pollination
Pear
Apricot
Chinese-Japanese Plum Cv ŁAngelenoŽ
Oil-Rape
Cultivation in Greenhouses
Blackberry, Strawberry and Raspberry
Blueberry
Seed and Red Cabbage
Lucerne and White Clover
Inhibition of Pollen Germination
References
Pollination by Yucca Moths
References
Pollinator
Pollution and Terrestrial Arthropods
Air Pollutants
Pollutants that Transfer from Water to Soil
The Special Case of Metals
Conclusion
References
Polyacetylenes (and Their Thiophene Derivatives)
Structure
Occurrence in Plants
Activity
Mode of Action of Polyacetylenes and Thiophene Derivatives
References
Polyacridamide Gel Electrophoresis
Polyandry
Polycentropodidae
Polyctenidae
Polyculture
Types of Polyculture Systems
Advantages and Disadvantages of Polyculture
Polyculture and Insect Pest Management Theory
Polyculture for Insect Management in Practice
References
Polydnaviruses (Parasitoid Related Viruses)
References
Polydomous
Polyembryony
Polyethism
Polygenic Resistance
Polyhedron (pl, polyhedra)
Polyhedrosis (pl, polyhedroses)
Polygyny
Polymer
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Polymitarcyidae
Polymorphism
Polyphaga
Polyphagidae
Polyphagous
Polyphenism in Insects and Juvenile Hormone (JH)
References
Polyphenism
References
Polyphyletic Group
Polyplacidae
Polyploidy
Polypodous
Polypore Fungus Beetles
Polystoechotidae
Polytene Chromosomes
References
Polythoridae
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Pomace Flies
Pomerantsev, Boris Ivanovich
Reference
Pompilidae
Popularity of Insects
References
Population
Population Density
Population Dynamics
Population Ecology
Population Index
Population Pyramid
Population Regulation
Population Resilience
Pore Canal
Porrect
Post-Emergence Treatment
Posterior
Postoccipital Suture
Postocular Area
Postpetiole
Post-Plant
Postscutellum
Potamanthidae
Potamocoridae
Potato Aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Potato Flea Beetle, Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae
Potato Pests and Their Management
Colorado Potato Beetle
Biology
Management
Crop Rotations
Control of Volunteers and Weeds
Chemical Control and Management of Insecticide Resistance
Biological Control
Green Peach Aphid
Biology
Management
Cultural Control
Biological Control
Chemical Control and Management of Insecticide Resistance
Wireworms
Biology
Management
Secondary Pests in Alphabetical Order
Blister Beetles
Cutworms and Armyworms
Flea Beetles
Management
Garden Symphylan
Management
Grasshoppers
Management
Leafhoppers
Management
WitchesŁ Broom and Leafhoppers
Leather Jackets
Management
Loopers
Management
Lygus Bugs
Management
Potato Aphid
Management
Thrips
Management
Twospotted Spider Mite
Management
White Grubs
Management
References
Potato Tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Potter, Charles
Reference
Potter Wasps
Poultry Lice
Pour-On
Powassan Encephalitis
Powderpost Beetles (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae: Lyctinae)
External Morphology
Life History and Habits
Predators and Parasites
Economic Importance
Control Measures
References
Powderpost Termites
Powdery Mildew
Praying Mantids (Mantodea)
Distinguishing Characteristics
Life History
Ecology and Economic Importance
References
Precinction
Precinctive
Precision
Preclearance
Precocenes
Predaceous (Predacious)
Predaceous Diving Beetles
Predation: The Role of Generalist Predators in Biodiversity and Biological Control
The Niche of Generalist Predators
The Predator Guild and Community Interactions
Generalist Predators and Biological Control
Value of Predators to Biodiversity
References
Predator
Predatory Guild
Predatory Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae)
External Morphology
Habitat and Food
Life History
Prey Location and Capture
Pheromones
Economic Importance
References
Predisposing Factors
Pre-Emergence Treatment
Pre-Planting Treatment
Prepupa
Prescutum
Presocial Behavior
Prevalence
Pretarsus
Prey
Primary Parasitoid
Primary Production
Primary Productivity
Primary Reproductives
Primer
Primer Pheromone
Primitive Caddisflies
Primitive Carrion Beetles
Primitive Crane Flies
Primitive Dampwood Termites
Primitive Weevils
Prionoglaridae
Probability Model
Probe
Proboscis
Process
Proctodeum
Proctotrupidae
Procuticle
Prodoxidae
Profitability Concept
Prognathous
Progressive Provisioning
Prohemocyte
Projapygidae
Prokaryote
Prokopy, Ronald J
Reference
Prolarvae
Proleg
Prominence
Prominent Moths (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)
References
Promoter
Pronotal Comb
Pronotum
Pronunciation of Scientific Names and Terms
References
Propagative Transmission
Propagule
Prophylactic Control
Propleuron
Propolis
Proprioreceptor
Propupa
Prosopistomatidae
Prosternum
Prostomidae
Prostomium
Protease
Protein
Protelean Parasite
Proteneuridae
Protentomidae
Proteomics
Prothoracic Glands
Prothoracicotropic Hormone
PTTH-Prothoracic Gland Interactions
The PTTH Transductory Cascade
References
Prothoracic Plate
Prothorax
Protocerebrum
Protonymph
Protopodite
Prototheoridae
Protuberance
Proturans (Protura)
References
Provancher, (LŁ abbé) Léon
References
Proventriculus
Proximal
Pruinose
Psephenidae
Pseudergate
Pseudironidae
Pseudoantagonism
Pseudocaeciliidae
Pseudococcidae
Pseudocopulation
Pseudo-Curly Top Treehopper, Micrutalis malleifera (Fowler) (Hemiptera: Membracidae)
References
Pseudomyiasis
Pseudophasmatidae
Pseudopod
Pseudopositor
Pseudoparasitism
Pseudostigmatidae
Psilidae
Psilopsocidae
Psocidae
Psocids
Psocoptera
Psoquillidae
Psychiatry and Insects: Phobias and Delusions of Insect Infestations in Humans
References
Psychidae
Psychodidae
Psychomyiidae
Psychopsidae
Psyllidae
Psyllids
Psyllipsocidae
Pteridophagy
Pterolonchidae
Pteromalidae
Pteronarcidae
Pterophoridae
Pterostigma
Pterothorax
Pterothysanidae
Pterygote
Pthiraptera
Pthiridae
Ptiliidae
Ptilinum
Ptilodactylid Beetles
Ptilodactylidae
Ptiloneuridae
Ptinidae
PTTH
Ptychopteridae
Pubescence
Pubescent
Pubic Lice
Puddling Behavior by Lepidoptera
References
Puffing
Pulicidae
Pulsatile Organ
Pulvillus (pl, pulvilli)
Punctate
Punkies
Pupa
Pupariation
Puparium (pl, puparia)
Pupation
Pupiparous
Purple Scale, Cornuaspis beckii (Newman) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Push-Pull Strategy for Insect Pest Management
Management of Cereal Stemborers in Africa Through Push-Pull Strategy
How Push-Pull Strategy Works
Benefits of Push-Pull Strategy
Reduced Soil Erosion and Increased Soil Fertility
Striga Weed Control
Enhanced Biodiversity
Livestock Production and Human Health
Economics of Push-Pull
Future Directions
References
Putoidae
Putzeys, Jules Antoine Adolphe Henri
Reference
Pygidicranidae
Pygidium
Pygiopsyllidae
Pygmy Backswimmers
Pygmy Grasshoppers
Pygmy Mole Crickets
Pygmy Moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae)
References
Pyloric Valve
Pyralidae
Pyrethroids
Pyrethrum
Pyrethrum and Persian Insect Powder
History
Use and Formulations
Synergists
The Pyrethrum Plant
Pyrethrum Production
Active Ingredients
Pyrethroids
References
Pyrgotid Flies
Pyrgotidae
Pyrochroidae
Pyrophilous Insects
Sensory Receptors and Behavior
Ecology and Natural History
References
Pyrrhocoridae
Pythidae
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids and Tiger Moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
References
fulltext_17.pdf
Q-Fever
Quadrat
Qualitative Defenses (of Plants)
Quantitative Defenses (of Plants)
Quarantine
Quarantine Facility
Quarantine Pest
Quasisocial Behavior
Quaternary Period
Queen
Queensland Tick Typhus
Queen Substance
Quiescence
Quiet-Calling Katydids
fulltext_18.pdf
Rabb, Robert Lamar
Reference
Rabbit Fever
Race
Radiolabeling
Radial Cell
Radial Sector
Radius
Radoshkowsky, Octavius John
Reference
Rain Beetles
Rallidentidae
Random Distribution
Random Sampling
RAPD-PCR
Raphidiid Snakeflies
Raphidiidae
Raphidioptera
Rapsmatidae
Raptorial
Rasorial
Raspberry Cane Borer, Oberea bimaculara (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidea)
Raspberry Fruit Worm, Byturus unicolor (Say) (Coleoptera: Byturidae)
Raster
Ratardidae
Ratemiidae
Rearing of Insects
Selecting an Insect to Rear
Founding a Colony
Facilities and Equipment
Materials and Supplies
Insect Rearing Procedures
Food for Immature and Adult Insects
Isolation and Sanitation
Quality of Reared Insects
References
De ReŁ Aumur, René Antoine Ferchault
Reference
Recapture Technique of Sampling
Recombinant DNA Technology
Recombination
Recruitment Trail
Rectal Gill
Rectal Myiasis
Rectal Pad
Rectum
Recurrent Vein
Red Bugs
Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium confusum Jacquilin du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Redi, Francesco
Reference
Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Description
Spread
Colony Formation
Life Cycle
Habitat and Food Source(s)
Pest Status
Medical Importance
Equipment Damage
Agricultural and Ecological Impact
History of Spread
History of Control Efforts in the US
References
Red Imported Fire Ant Territorial Behavior
References
Redlegged Grasshopper, Melanoplus femurrubrum (Degeer) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Red Muscardine
Red Palm Mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Prostigmata: Tenuipalpidae)
Description of Stages
Life Cycle
Seasonality
Dispersal
Damage
Chemical Control
Natural Enemies
References
Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Distribution of Red Palm Weevil
Life Cycle
Eggs
Larva (grub)
Cocoon
Pupa
Adult
Economic Importance and Damage
Methods of Control
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Plant Quarantine
Cultural Control
Mechanical Control
Trapping Weevils
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Training and Education
References
Red Ring of Coconut Palms
Redtenbacher, Ludwig
Reference
Reduviidae
Red Water Fever
Reed, Walter
References
Reflex Bleeding (Autohemorrhage)
Reflex Bleeding in Plecoptera
Reflex Bleeding in Homoptera: Cercopidae
Reflex Bleeding in Lepidoptera
Reflex Bleeding in Hymenoptera: Symphyta
Reflex Bleeding in Coleoptera
Lampyridae
Lycidae
Chrysomelidae
Meloidae and Oedemeridae
Coccinellidae
Evolution of Reflex Bleeding
References
Refuge (pl., refugia)
Regeneration
Regenerative Cells
Regulated Area
Regulation of Sex Pheromone Production in Moths
References
Regulations Affecting the Implementation of Regulatory Entomology Practices
References
Regulations Affecting Use of Pesticides in the USA
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
Certification of Applicators
Recall of Suspended Pesticides
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)
Pesticide Record Keeping Requirements
Endangered Species Act (ESA)
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA)
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA Title III)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA)
Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)
Worker Protection Standard (WPS)
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA)
Pesticide Use in the USA
A Global Perspective of Pesticide Regulation
References
Regulatory Entomology
References
Regulatory Sequence
Rehn, James Abram Garfield
References
Reitter, Edmund
Reference
Relapsing Fever
Relative Humidity
Relative Methods of Sampling
Releaser Pheromone
Remigium
Remington, Charles Lee
Remote Sensing
Removal Trapping for Population Estimation
Reniform
Reoviruses (Cypoviruses)
References
Repellents
Repellents of Biting Flies
Citronella
Geraniol
Quwenling
Neem
Soy Bean Oil
Oil of Palmarosa
Castor Seed Oil
Thujic Acid
Indian Privet
Lemon Oil
Tarweed
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
(+)-Eucamolol
Merck 3535
KBR 3023
PMD
References
Replete
Reproduction
The Ovary and Egg Production
The Male Internal System and Sperm Production
Pheromones in Reproduction
Determination of Gender
References
Reproductive Rate
Reservoir
Resilience
Resilin
Resistance of Solanaceous Vegetables to Insects
The Pests and Their Geographical Origin
Mechanisms of Resistance
Vector Resistance
Breeding for Pest Resistance
Aphids
Whiteflies
Leafhoppers
Leafminer Flies
Moths and Butterflies
Beetles
References
Resistance to Insecticides
Resistant
Resource Concentration Hypothesis
Resource Partitioning
Respiratory Horns
Respiratory Siphon
Respiratory Trumpet
Restricted-Use Pesticide
Restriction Endonuclease
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
Resurgence of Pests
Reticulations
Reticulated Beetles
Retina
Retournement and Deversement of the Aedeagus in Coleoptera
References
Rey, Claudius
References
RFLP
Rhabdom
Rhabdomere
Rhabdoviruses
References
Rhagionidae
Rhammatocerus schistocercoides, a Swarm-Forming Grasshopper from South America
Biology
Behavior
Habitat
References
Rhaphidiporidae
Rheotaxis
Rhinophorid Flies
Rhinophoridae
Rhinotermitidae
Rhipiceridae
Rhipiphoridae
Rhopalidae
Rhopalopsyllidae
Rhopalosomatidae
Rhyacophilidae
Rhypharochromidae
Rhysodidae
Rhythms of Insects
Examples of Behavioral Circadian Rhythms
Developmental Processes in Insects
Spectrum of Rhythms
Lunar Rhythms
Circannual Rhythms
Interrelationships of Circadian Rhythms and Insecticide Sensitivity
References
Ribbed-Cocoon Maker Moths (Lepidoptera: Bucculatricidae)
References
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosome
Ricaniidae
Rice Weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Richardiid Flies
Richariidae
Richards, Owain Westmacott
Reference
Ricinidae
Rickettsia
Riffle Beetles (Coleoptera: Elmidae)
Ecology
References
Riker Mount
Riley, Charles Valentine
References
Ring Gland
Ring-Legged Earwigs
Riodinidae
Ripicolous
RNA
RNA Interference (RNAi)
RNA Polymerase
Roach Stoneflies
Robber Flies (Diptera: Asilidae)
Classification and Relationships
Reproduction and Immatures
Predatory Habits of Adults
References
Robineau-Desvoidy, Jean Baptiste
Reference
Robust
Robust Marsh-Loving Beetles
Rock Crawlers (Grylloblattodea)
Characteristics
Biology
References
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
History of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Epidemiology
Symptomology
Treatment
Prevention
References
Rocky Mountain Wood Tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acari: Ixodidae)
References
Rodent Fleas
Life Cycle and Control of Rodent Fleas
References
Rolled-Wing Stoneflies
Romaleidae
RomañaŁs Sign
Rondani, Camillo
References
Root Maggots
Root-Eating Beetles
Root-Infecting Fungi
Ropalomerid Flies
Ropalomeridae
Roproniidae
Rose-Grain Aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Rosen, David
Referencesw
Ross, Herbert Holdsworth
Reference
Rostrum
Rosy Apple Aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Rotation
Rotenone
Rothschild, Miriam
Reference
Rotoitidae
Rottenwood Termites
Roubal, Jan
Reference
Round Fungus Beetles
References
Rove Beetle Dermatitis
Row Cover
Royal Cell
Royal Jelly
Royal Moths
Royal Palm Bugs
R-Strategists
Ruderal
Rudimentary
Rufous
Rugose
Runoff
Rupicolous
Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Rust Diseases
Rust Flies
Rusty Grain Beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae)
Ryania
Rove Beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Adults
Immature Stages
Habitats
Food
Presocial or Subsocial Behavior
Obligate Relationships with Higher Plants
Relationships with Fungi
Relationships with Decomposing Plants, Dung, and Carrion
Nests of Vertebrates
Secretions and Glands
Pheromones
Prey Capture and Pre-Oral Digestion
Natural Enemies
Biological Control
Fossils
Importance to Humans
References
fulltext_19.pdf
Sabrosky, Curtis
Reference
Sackbearer Moths (Lepidoptera: Mimallonidae)
References
Sacbrood
Sacbrood Disease
References
Saddle
Saddle-Case Makers
Sagittal
Sahlberg, Carl Reinhold
Reference
Sailer, Reece I
Reference
Saldidae
Saliva
Salivary Glands
Salpingidae
Sample
Sample Size
Sample Unit
Sample Universe
Sampling Arthropods
Goals of Sampling
Sampling Methods
Development of a Sampling Plan/Program
Sample Plan Components
Types of Sampling Plans
Allocation of Sampling Units
Testing and Evaluation of Sample Plans
References
Sampling Plan
Sanderson, Dwight
Reference
Sandfly Fever
Reference
Sand Fly
Sanitation
Sap Beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Adults
Larvae
Food
Economic Importance
References
Saprophagous
Sapygidae
Sarcophagidae
Sarcoptic Mange
Sarcosomes
Saturniidae
Satyrs
Saucer Bugs
Saunders, William
Reference
Saussure, Henri Louis Frederic De
Reference
Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)
References
Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
Systematics and Geographic Distribution
Morphology
Life History and Habits
Natural Enemies and Defense Strategies
Economic Importance
References
Say Stink Bug, Chlorochroa sayi Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Say, Thomas
References
Scabies
Scale
Scale and Hierarchy in Integrated Pest Management
Concepts of Scale and Hierarchy
Application of Scale and Hierarchy Concepts to IPM
Spatial Scales
Homogeneous Sampling Universe
Heterogeneous Sampling Universe
Spatial Range Extension
Temporal Scale
Temporal Range Extension
Mass Scale
Concluding Remarks
References
Scaled Fleas
Scale Insects and Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)
Economic Impact of Scale Insects
General Morphology
Protective Test or Scale Cover
Life Cycle and Behavior
Host Selection and Distribution
Control
Key to Families of Coccoidea in the U.S. (Modified from Kosztarab, 1996)
References
Scaly Crickets
Scape
Scarabaeiform Larva
Scarabaeidae
Scarab Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea)
Morphology and Development
Taxonomic Composition
Lucanidae
Diphyllostomatidae
Passalidae
Glaresidae
Trogidae
Pleocomidae
Geotrupidae
Belohinidae
Ochodaeidae
Hybosoridae
Glaphyridae
Scarabaeidae
Aclopinae
Allidiostomatinae
Aphodiinae
Cetoniinae
Dynamopodinae
Dynastinae
Euchirinae
Melolonthinae
Orphninae
Pachypodinae
Phaenomeridinae
Rutelinae
Scarabaeinae
Ecology
Behavior
Ecological Importance
Agricultural and Medical-Veterinary Importance
Cultural Importance
References
Scatophile
Scarabaeidae
Scatopsidae
Scavenger Moths (Lepidoptera: Blastobasidae)
References
Scelionidae
Scenopinidae
Scent Gland
Scentless Plant Bugs
Scheerpeltz, Otto
Reference
Schizopteridae
Schmidt's Layer
Schneiderman, Howard Allen
Reference
Schizopodid Beetles
Schizopodidae
School IPM, or Pest Management on School Grounds
The Role of Parents
The Role of Administrators
The Role of School Faculty and Staff
The Role of Pest Management Personnel
Successful Out-Sourcing of IPM
References
Schreckensteiniidae
Schwarz, Eugene Amandus
References
Sciadoceridae
Sciaridae
Scientific Name
Scientific Names and Other Words from Latin and Greek
Words from Latin and Greek Adopted into English & Singular and Plural Forms
Words that are Considered to be Latin (Not English)
Names of all Higher Categories are Plural:
References
Sciomyziidae
Scirtidae
Sclerite
Sclerogibbidae
Sclerotin
Sclerotization
Scolebythidae
Scoliidae
Scolopidium (pl., scolopidia)
Scolus (pl., scolli)
Scolytidae
Scopa
Scopuridae
Scorpionflies (Mecoptera)
Extant Mecopteran Families and their Continental Distributions
Characteristics and Life History
Biology
References
Scorpions (Class Arachnida, Order Scorpiones)
References
Scouting
Scramble Competition
Scraper
Scrapers
Scraptiidae
Screwworms, Cochliomyia spp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Economic Importance
Screwworm Biology
The Sterile Insect Technique and Screwworm Eradication
Biological Considerations
Monitoring Screwworm Abundance and Program Effectiveness
Historical Aspects of Screwworm Eradication
New World Screwworms in Libya
Risks of Screwworm Incursion
Screwworm Detection and Treatment
References
Scrub Typhus
Scudder, Samuel Hubbard
References
Scutelleridae
Sculpture
Scutate
Scutellum
Scutum
Scuttle Flies, (Diptera: Phoridae)
Scydmaenidae
Scythrididae
Seal Lice
Seaside Earwigs
Sea Spiders (Pycnogonida)
External Anatomy
Cephalothorax
Abdomen
Appendages
Integument
Articulations and Movement
Alimentary Canal, Feeding, and Digestion
Circulatory System
Respiratory and Excretory Systems
Nervous System
Reproductive System and Development
Embryonic Development
Post-Embryonic Development
Classification and Taxonomic Affinity
References
Seaweed Flies
Secondary Pests
Secondary Plant Substance
Secondary Production
Secondary Vector
Sectorial Cross Vein
Sedge Moths (Lepidoptera: Glyphipterigidae)
References
Seed Beetles
Seed Bugs
Seed Chalcids
Seedcorn Maggot or Bean Seed Fly, Delia platura (Meigen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Seed Predation by Insects
References
Seed Treatment
Segment
Selective Pesticide
Selective Pressure
Self-Regulation
Selys-Longchamps, Michel Edmond De
Reference
Sematuridae
Semelparity
Semelparous
Semilooper
Seminal Vesicle
Semiochemical
Semiochemical Parsimony
Semisocial Behavior
Senescence
Senescent
Sensillum (pl., sensilla)
Sensorium (pl., sensoria)
Sensory Neuron
Sentinel Host
Sepsidae
Septicemia
Septobasidium
Reference
Sequential Sampling
Sericostomatidae
Sericulture
History of Silk Production
Silkworm Culture
Silk Production
References
Serosa
Serrate
Serratia entomophila
References
Serritermitidae
Sesiidae
Sessile
Seta (pl., setae)
Setaceous
Setal Map
Setose
Sex Attractant Pheromones
Chemistry
Pheromone Function
Use of Sex Pheromones for Insect Management
References
Sex Chromosome
Sex Pheromone
Sex Ratio Modification by Cytoplasmic Agents
Cytoplasmic Agents Distort Normal Sex Ratios
Spiroplasmas
L-Form Bacteria
Wolbachia
B Chromosomes and Cytoplasmic Factors
Male Killing in Coccinellidae
Relevant Website
References
Sexual Recombination
Sexual Reproduction
Sexuales
Sexual Selection
References
Sexupara (pl., sexuparae)
Shade Tree Arthropods and Their Management
Arthropods with Sucking Mouthparts
Aphids
Soft Scales
Armored Scales
Leafhoppers
Minor Insect Families
Bugs (Hemiptera)
Spider Mites
Eriophyid Mites
Gall-Making Arthropods
Gall-Making Aphids
Adelgids
Phylloxerans
Psyllids
Eriophyid Mites
Gall Midges
Gall-Making Sawflies
Gall Wasps
Defoliators
Leafminers
Bark Beetles
Wood Borers
Tip and Terminal Borers
Root Damaging Species
References
Soma (pl., somata)
Skiff Beetles
Sharp, David
Reference
Sharpshooters
Sheath
Shelf Life
Shelford, Victor Ernest
Reference
Shellac
Shelter Tubes
Shield-Backed Bugs
Shield-Backed Katydids
Shield Bugs
Shield Bearer Moths (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae)
References
Shining Flower Beetles
Shining Leaf Chafers
Shining or Shiny
Shiny Head-Standing Moths (Lepidoptera: Argyresthiidae)
References
Ship-Timber Beetles
Shore Bugs
Shore Flies
Short-Faced Scorpionflies
Shorthorned Grasshoppers
Short-Horned Springtails
Short-Winged Flower Beetles
Shredders
Sialidae
Sibling Species
References
Sidedressing
Sierolomorphidae
Sieve Plate
Sigmoid Curve
Sign
Signal Word
Signiphoridae
Sign of Romaña
Signoret, Victor Antoine
Reference
Silent Slantfaced Grasshoppers
Silken Fungus Beetles
Silken-Tube Spiners
Silk
Reference
Silkworms
Silkworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
References
Silphidae
Silvanid Flat Bark Beetles
Silvanidae
Silverfish (Zygentoma)
Classification
Characteristics
Ecology
References
Silverleaf Whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
References
Silvestri, Filippo
Reference
Simple Eyes
Simple Metamorphosis
Simulidae
Simulium spp., Vectors of Onchocerca volvulus: Life Cycle and Control
References
Siphlaenigmatidae
Siphlonuridae
Siphon
Siphonaptera
Siphunculata
Siphunculus (pl., siphunculi)
Siricidae
Sisyridae
Sixspotted Spider Mite, Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Skeletonize
Skin Beetles
Skin Beetles
References
Skipper Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
References
Skipper Flies
Slavery
Sleeping Sickness or African Trypanosomiasis
References
Slender Springtails
Slug Caterpillar Moths (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae)
References
Small Dung Flies
Small Fruit Flies
Small Fruit Pests and Their Management
Blueberries
Pests of Blueberries, Vaccinium spp. (Family Ericaceae)
Blueberry Maggot, Rhagoletis mendax Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
References
Cranberry Fruitworm, Acrobasis vaccinii Riley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Blueberry Gall Midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Cranberries
Pests of Cranberries, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (family Ericaceae)
Sparganothis fruitworm, Sparganothis sulfureana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Cranberry Girdler, Chrysoteuchia topiaraia (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Blackheaded Fireworm, Rhopobota naevena (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Grapes
Pests of Grapes, Vitis spp. (Family Vitaceae)
Grape Berry Moth, Endopiza vitana Clemens (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Grape Root Borer, Vitacea polistiformes (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
Reference
Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Grape Leafhoppers, Erythroneura spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Grape Leaffolder, Desmia funeralis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Strawberries
Pests of Strawberries, Fragaria spp. (Family Rosaceae)
Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Strawberry Sap Beetle, Stelidota geminata (Say) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Strawberry Bud Weevil (Clipper), Anthonomus signatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Brambles
Pests of Raspberries and Blackberries (Brambles), Rubus spp. (Family Rosaceae)
Raspberry Cane Borer, Oberea bimaculara (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambicidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Raspberry Fruitworm, Byturus unicolor (Say) (Coleoptera: Byturidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
Reference
Occasional Pests of Small Fruits
Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Flower Thrips, Frankliniella spp. (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Distribution
Biology
Damage
IPM Strategies
References
Small Green Stink Bug, Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
References
Small Hive Beetle, Aethina tumida Murray (Nitidulidae: Coleoptera)
Description
Life Cycle
Damage
Control
References
Small Honey Ant, Prenolepis imparis (Say) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Description
Behavior
Colonies
Nutrition Sources
References
Small Rice Stink Bug, Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
References
Small RNA Viruses of Invertebrates
Nodaviridae
Tetraviridae
Picorna-Like Viruses
Dicistroviridae (Cricket Paralysis-Like Viruses)
Unclassified Viruses
Pathology of SRVs
Potential for Insect SRVs as Biocontrol Agents and Biopesticides
References
Small Winter Stoneflies
Small-Headed Flies
Smicripidae
Sminthuridae
Smirnoff, Vladimir A.
Reference
Smith, John Bernhardt
References
Smith, Harry Scott
Reference
Smith, Ray F.
Reference
Smoky Moths
Smooth Springtails
Snakeflies (Raphidioptera)
Reference
Snipe Flies
Snodgrass, Robert Evans
References
Snout Beetles
Snout Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Libytheidae)
References
Snout Moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
References
Snow Pool Mosquitoes
Snow, Francis Huntington
Reference
Snow Scorpionflies
Soaps as Insecticides
Toxicity of Soaps
Chemical Structure of Fatty Acids
Chemical Structure of Potassium Fatty Acid Salts
Insecticidal Uses of Potassium Fatty Acid Salts
Potential Mode of Action of Potassium Fatty Acid Salts
Cuticle Disruption
Spiracle Blockage and Asphyxiation
Neurotoxins
The Future of Soaps for Pest Control
References
Social Insect Pheromones
Pheromone Glands
Alarm Pheromones
Recruitment Pheromones
Sex Pheromones
Queen Pheromones
Releaser and Primer Pheromones
References
Social Insects
Sociality of Insects
Eusocial Insects
Parasocial Insects
Subsocial Insects
References
Social Parasites
Sociobiology (in Insects)
Sod Webworm
Soft-Bodied Plant Beetles
Soft Scales
Soft-Winged Flower Beetles
Soil Fumigation
Historical Background
Fumigant Spectrum of Activity
Physical and Chemical Properties
Mode of Action and Lethal Dose
Factors Affecting Efficacy
Soil Moisture
Soil Temperature
Soil Texture
Compaction, Clods, Organic Matter
Phytotoxicity
Fumigant Containment
Field Application Equipment
Application
Risks to Environment and Human Health
Reference
Soil Mites (Acari: Oribatida and Others)
References
Soldier Beetles
Soldier Flies
Solenophages
Solitary Behavior
Solitary Midges
Solitary Parasitoid
Soma (pl., somata)
Soldier
Somabrachyidae
Somatic Cells
Somatiidae
Sooty Mold
Sorosporella
References
Sound Production in the Cicadoidea
References
Southern Bacterial Wilt
Southern Blotting
Southern Chinch Bug, Blissus insularis Barber (Hemiptera: Blissidae)
Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
References
Soybean Aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Life History of Soybean Aphid
Damage to Soybean
Natural Enemies
Management
Economic Threshold and Economic Injury Level
Sampling
Biological Control
Insecticides
Host Plant Resistance
References
Sparkling Archaic Sun Moths (Lepidoptera: Eriocraniidae)
References
Spatulate
Spear-Winged Flies
Specialist
Speciation Processes Among Insects
References
Species
Species Areas-Relationship
Species Complex
Species Concepts
Theoretical Versus Operational Species Concepts
Theoretical Species Concepts
Operational Species Concepts
Species Concepts in Use Today
Issues of Special Concern to Entomologists
The Importance of Selecting Appropriate Species Concepts
References
Species Diversity
Species Inquirenda
Species Novum
Species Odor
Species Richness
Specific Name
Sperm Precedence
Spermatheca
Spermatid (pl., spermatozoa)
Spermatocyte
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonia
Spermatophore
Spermatophylax
Sphaeritidae
Sphaeroceridae
Sphaeropsocidae
Sphecidae
Sphecology
Sphecophile
Spherulocyte
Sphindidae
Sphragis
Reference
Spicula, Spicule, or Spiculum
Spider Behavior and Value in Agricultural Landcapes
Importance of Spiders in Agriculture
Feeding Behavior
Conservation
References
Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae)
Evolution and Taxonomy
Spider Phylogeny
Arachnid Characteristics
Silk Production
Prey Capture
Spider Venoms of Medical Importance
Digestion of Prey
Excretion
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Sensory Setae and Pits
Vision
Central Nervous System
Sex Among the Spiders
Brood Care, Hatching and Dispersal
Spiders as Predators
References
Spielman, Andrew
Spindle-Shaped
Spine
Spinose
Spiny-Headed Worms
Spined Soldier Bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae)
References
Spiny Shore Bugs
Sphingidae
Spinneret
Sphinx Moths
Spider Beetles
Spider Mites
Spider Wasps
Spine-Tailed Earwigs
Spinose Ear Tick, Otobius megnini (Duges) (Acari: Ixodidae)
Spiny Rat Lice
Spiracle (pl., spiracles or spiraculae)
Spiracular Bristles
Spiracular Gill
Spiracular Plate
Spirea Aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea)
Biology and Behavior
Ecology
Grass-Feeding Neotropical Spittlebugs
Life Cycle
Agricultural Ecology
Economic Impact
Pest Management
References
Splenetic Fever
Spongillaflies (Neuroptera: Sisyridae)
Taxonomy and Distribution
Natural History
Collecting Methods
Preservation
References
Spore
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Spot Treatment
Spreader
Spread-Winged Damselflies
Spring Stoneflies
Springtails (Collembola)
Classification
Characteristics
Biology
References
Spruce Budworms, Choristoneura Lederer (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Life History
Outbreaks and Damage
Population Dynamics
Weather
Host Plants
Natural Enemies
Management
References
Spur
Spurious Vein
Spurthroated Grasshoppers
Squash Bug, Anasa tristis (Degeer) (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
Description and Life Cycle
Eggs
Nymph
Adult
Host Plants
Damage
Natural Enemies
Management
References
Squash Vine Borer, Melittia cucurbitae (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidaae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Squirrel Lice
ssDNA
Stabilimentum
Stability
Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae)
Biology
Control
References
Stable Transformation
Stag Beetles
Stadium
Stål, Carl
References
Stalk or Stem-Infecting Fungi
Stalk-Eyed Flies
Staphylinidae
Staphylinidae Dermatitis
Steinhaus, Edward Arthur
References
Stem Cells
Stemmata
Stemmocryptidae
Stem Sawflies
Stenocephalidae
Stenopelmatidae
Stenophagous
Stenopsocidae
Stenostritidae
Stenotrachelidae
Stephanidae
Stephanocircidae
Stereokinesis
Sterile Insect Control
Sterile Insect Release Method (Sirm)
Sterile Insect Technique
General Overview
The Theoretical Basis of the SIT and Screwworm Eradication
Physiological and Cytogenetic Bases of Sterility
Reproductive Physiology of Male Insects
Reproductive Physiology of Female Insects
Causes of Sterility
Infecundity
Inability or Failure to Mate
Sperm Inactivation
Dominant Lethal Mutations
Aspermia
Transfer of a Chemosterilant During Mating
Inherited Sterility in Lepidoptera
Appropriate Applications and Some Limitations of the SIT
Economic Analysis of SIT Programs
Size, Coordination and Economies of Scale
Benefit-Cost Assessment and Discounting Net Returns
Who Should Pay for SIT Programs? Or How Much Does Each Group of Beneficiaries Gain?
References
Stern, Vernon M
Reference
Sternite
Sternum
Stick Insects
Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmida)
References
Stick Katydids
Sticky Trap
Stictococcidae
Stigma
Stiletto Flies
Stilt Bugs (Hemiptera: Berytidae)
References
Stilt-Legged Flies
Stink Bugs
Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Emphasizing Economic Importance
References
Stipes
Scarab Beetles
Scenopinidae
SchmidtŁs Layer
St Louis Encephalitis
The Virus Transmission Cycle
Symptomology and Treatment
Preventing Infection
References
Stochastic Model
Stoma (pl., stomata)
Stomach Poison
Stomatogastric Nervous System
Stomodeum
Stonebrood
Reference
Stoneflies (Plecoptera)
Family Capniidae (Small Winter Stoneflies)
Family Leuctridae (Rolledwinged Stoneflies)
Family Nemouridae (Nemourid Stoneflies)
Family Taeniopterygidae (Winter Stoneflies)
Family Chloroperlidae (Green Stoneflies)
Family Perlidae (Common Stoneflies)
Family Perlodidae (Perlodid Stoneflies)
Peltoperlidae (Roach-Like Stoneflies)
Family Pteronarcyidae (Giant Stoneflies)
References
Stop Codon
Storage Protein Receptors
Dipteran Storage Protein Receptors
Lepidopteran Storage Protein Receptors
References
Storage Proteins
Hexamerins: Structures and Evolutionary Relationships
Hexamerins in Nymphs and Larvae
Hexamerins in Adults
Other Hexamerin Functions
Other Storage Proteins
References
Stored Grain and Flour Insects and Their Management
Environmental Factors
Damage
Monitoring and Control
Grain Weevils
Grain Borers
Grain Beetles
Flour Beetles
Mealworms
Dermestid Beetles
Other Beetles
Lepidoptera
References
Straight-Snouted Weevils
Stratified Sampling
Stratiomyidae
Strawberry Bud Weevil, Anthonomus signatus (Say) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Strawberry Sap Beetle, Stelidnota geminata (Say) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Streblidae
Strepsiptera
Morphology
Male
Female
Immature Stages
Host Associations
References
Strepsiptera
Stress-Induced Host Plant Free Amino Acids and Insects
Abiotic Plant Stress Factors and Faas
Biotic Plant Stress Factors and Faas
Weed Competition
Fungi and Bacteria
Viruses
Plant Stress, Faas, and Phytophagous Nematodes
Plant Stress, FAAs, and Phytophagous Insects
References
Stria
Striate
Stridulate
Stridulating Slantfaced Grasshoppers
Strigilation
Strip Cropping
Stripe
Striped Earwigs
Striped Walkingsticks
Structural Gene
Structural Genomics
Structural Fumigation
Target Pests
Fumigants
Transport Equipment
Inspection and Measurement
Exterior and Interior Preparation and Sealing
Introduction of Chloropicrin and Sulfuryl Fluoride
Monitoring, Aeration and Clearance
Hazards and Limitations of Structural Fumigation
References
Structural Pest
Stylet
Stylet-Borne Virus
Stylopidae
Stylopization
Stylus
Subalare
Subcosta
Subcosta Fold
Subcuticular Space
Subdorsal
Subesophageal Ganglion
Subfamily
Subgalea
Subgenital Plate
Subimago
Submedial Arc
Submentum
Subsocial Behavior
Subspecies
Subspiracular
Subterranean Termites
Succession
Sucking Lice
Sugarcane Pests and Their Management
History of Sugarcane
Sugarcane Production in the USA
Sugarcane Botany
Pest Descriptions
Acari
Collembola
Orthoptera
Isoptera
Psocoptera
Hemiptera
Acleridae
Aphididae
Cercopidae
Cicadellidae
Cixiidae
Coccidae
Cydnidae
Delphacidae
Diaspididae
Pseudococcidae
Tingidae
Thysanoptera
Coleoptera
Buprestidae
Chrysomelidae
Curculionidae
Elateridae
Scarabaeidae
Diptera
Lepidoptera
Crambidae and Pyralidae
Sugarcane Pest Management
Management Strategies
References
Sugar-Feeding in Blood-Feeding Flies
Sugar Meal Sources
Black Flies and Sugar Sources
Mosquitoes and Sugar Sources
Tabanids and Sugar Sources
Role and Timing of Sugar-Feeding
Historical Considerations
References
Sulcate
Sulcus (pl., sulci)
Sulfurs
Summit Disease
Sun Moths (Lepidoptera: Heliodinidae)
References
Sunn Pest
Supergene
Supernumerary
Superorder
Superorganism Concept
Superparasitism
Supersedure
Supplementary Reproductive
Supraspiracular
Surfactant
Survivorship
Survivorship Curve
Suture
Swallowtail Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
References
Swallowtail Moths (Lepidoptera: Uraniidae)
References
Swammerdam, Jan
References
Swarming
Sweetpotato and Silverleaf Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Plant Injury
Biology
Host Range
Management
Natural Enemies
Organizations, Literature and Web Sites
References
Morphology
Biology
Distribution
Food Plants
Conclusion
References
Sweetpotato Weevil, Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Brentidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Sweetpotato Weevils and their Eradication Programs in Japan
References
Swezey, Otto Herman
Reference
Swifts
Swimmeret
Sword-Tail Crickets
Sylvatic
Sylveira Caldeira, João Da
References
Symbiont
Symbionts of Insects
Mitochondria are Intracellular Symbionts
Multiple Symbionts May be Present
Symbiont Function(s)
Gut Symbionts
Bugs Within Bugs Within Mealybugs
Wolbachia
Polydnaviruses as Symbionts
References
Symbiosis
Symbiosis Between Planthoppers and Microorganisms
References
Symbiotic Viruses of Parasitic Wasps
Ascoviridae
Baculoviridae
Poxviridae
Picornaviridae and Picornalike Viruses
Reoviridae
Rhabdoviridae
Summary and Conclusion
References
Sympatric
Sympatric Speciation
Symphylans (Class Symphyla)
References
Symptom
Synanthropic
Synapse, pl., synapses
Synchroa Beetles
Synchroidae
Synchronous Muscle
Syndrome
Synecology
Synergism
References
Synergist
Reference
Synlestidae
Synomone
Syringogastridae
Syrphid Flies
Syrphidae
Systematics
Systematic Sampling
Systemic
Szent-Ivány, József Gyula Hubertus
References
Silverfish (Thysanura)
Classification
Characteristics
Ecology
References
fulltext_20.pdf
Tabanidae
Tachinidae
Tachinid Flies (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Classification
Life Stages
Adult
Egg
Larval instars
Puparium
Distribution and Evolution
Hosts
Host Location
Mate Finding
Ecology
Biological Control
References
Tachiniscidae
Taenidium (pl., Taenidia)
Taeniopterygidae
Tagma (pl., Tagmata)
Taiga Tick, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae)
References
Tally Threshold
Tanaostigmatidae
Tandem Running
Tangle-Veined Flies
Tanning
Tanoceridae
Tanyderidae
Tanypezid Flies
Tanypezidae
Tanzaniophasmatidae
Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus lineolaris Palisot De Beauvois (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Life Stages
Egg
Nymphs
First Instar
Second Instar
Third Instar
Fourth Instar
Fifth Instar
Adult
Life Cycle
Attractants
Pest Host Relationships
Natural Enemies
Damage
References
Taro Caterpillar or Rice Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Tarsal Claw
Tarsomeres
Tarsus (pl., Tarsi)
Taste and Contact Chemoreception
Feeding
Oviposition
Pheromone Detection
References
Taxis (pl., Taxes)
Taxon (pl., Taxa)
Taxonomy
Teaching and Training Entomology: Institutional Models
The Land Grant System: USA
Training and Visit (T&V): World Bank
Farming Systems: United States Agency for International Development
Training-Driven Research: Indonesian Integrated Pest Management
Farmer Participatory Research: CGIAR Network
An Example
Under the Land-Grant Model
Under the T&V Model
Under the Farming Systems Model
Under the Training-Driven Research Model
Under the Farmer Participatory Research Model
Some General Conclusions
References
Teaching Entomology: A Review of Techniques
Entomology and Higher Education
Teaching Entomology at the University Level
The Socratic, Discussion Approach
The Lecture/Lab Approach
Internships
Field-Based Courses
Extra-University Models
The Farmer Field School Approach
Cross Style Comparisons
References
Teak Moths (Lepidoptera: Hyblaeidae)
References
Technical Grade
Tegmen (pl., Tegmina)
Tegula
Telegeusidae
Telephone-Pole Beetles
Teloganellidae
Teloganodidae
Telomere
Telopodite
Telmophages
Telson
Template
Tenaculum
Tenebrionidae
Teneral
Tent Caterpillars
Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma spp (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
Life Cycle and Behavioral Ecology
Economic Importance and Caterpillar Outbreaks
References
Tenthredinidae
Tentorium
Tephritidae
Teratembiidae
Teratomyzidae
Tergum
Termen
Terminal Arborization
Terminal Filament
Termitaphididae
Termitarium
Termites (Isoptera)
Phylogeny and Fossils
Description of Important Taxa
Diversity and Distribution
Morphology
Life Cycle and Behavior
Defense Mechanisms and Natural Enemies
Ecology
Termites as Pests
Collecting
References
Termites (Isoptera) in South America
Taxonomy
Family Kalotermitidae
Family Rhinotermitidae
Family Serritermitidae
Family Termitidae
Family Termopsidae
Vegetation Zones of South America and Their Termite Fauna
Termites as Urban and Structural Pests in South America
Termites as Agricultural Pests in South America
References
Termitidae
Termitology
Termitophile
Termopsidae
Territorial Pheromone
Tertiary Period
Tessaratomidae
Test
Testicular Follicles
Testis (pl., Testes)
Tethinid Flies
Tethinidae
Tetracampidae
Tetratomidae
Tetrigidae
Tettigarctidae
Tettigometridae
Tettigoniidae
Texas Beetles
Texas Cattle Fever
Texas Citrus Mite, Eutetranychus banksi McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Thanatosis
Thaumaleidae
Thaumastellidae
Thaumastocoridae
Theileria
Theileriosis
Thelytokous Parthenogenesis
Theochodaeid Scarab Beetles
Therevidae
Thermoregulation in Insects
Behavior
Physiology
References
Thermotaxis
Thick-Headed Flies
Third Generation Insecticide
Thomas, Cyrus
References
Thomson, Carl Gustav
References
Thoracic Plate
Thorax
Thorax of Hexapods
References
Thripidae
Thrips-Parasitic Nematodes
Taxonomy, Host Range and Distribution
Biology and Life Cycle
Reference
Thrips (Thysanoptera)
References
Throscidae
Thunberg, Carl Peter
Reference
Thuringiensin
Thyatiridae
Thyreocoridae
Thyretidae
Thyrididae
Thysanoptera
Thysanura
Thysanuriform Larva
Tibia (pl, Tibiae)
Tick-Borne Encephalitis
Tick Paralysis
References
Ticks (Acari: Ixodida)
Classification of Ticks: The Order Ixodida
Argasidae
Nuttallielidae
Ixodidae
External Morphology of Ticks
Host Seeking and Tick Feeding
Physiology of Ticks
Digestive System
Osmoregulatory and Excretory Organs
Water Loss
Reproduction
Semiochemicals
Life Cycles and Habitats of Ticks
Postembryonic Development
Feeding
Mating and Reproductive Cycles
Hosts
Habitats
Dispersion
Ticks of Medical and Veterinary Importance
Economic Importance of Ticks
Control of Ticks
Pesticides
Vaccines
Environmental Management
Protecting Humans
References
Ticks as Vectors of Pathogens
References
Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Collyrinae and Cicindelinae)
Taxonomy
Modern Classification of Tiger Beetles
Description
Species Numbers and Distribution
Fossil Records
Reproduction
Karyology
Development
Survival from Heat and Flooding
Activity
Predators and Parasites
Sound Production
Sound Detection
Defensive Behavior
Phenotypic Variation
Sexual Dimorphism
Tiger Beetles in Folklore and Religion
Tiger Beetles on Stamps
Conservation
References
Tiger Moths (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
References
Tillyard, Robin John
Reference
Timema Walkingsticks
Timemidae
Timarcha latreille (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae)
Conclusions
References
Tineid Moths
Tineidae
Tineodidae
Tingidae
Tiphiidae
Tiphiid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae)
External Morphology
Life History and Habits
Predators and Parasites
Importance in Biological Control
References
Tipulidae
Tischeriidae
Toad Bugs
Tobacco
Toe Biters
Togossitidae
Tolerance
Tomato Big Bud
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Tomato Rust Mite, Aculops lycopersici (Massee) (Acari: Eriophyidae)
Tomoceridae
Tonic Receptors
Tooth-Necked Beetles
Tormogen Cell
Torre-Bueno, José Rollin De La
Reference
Tortoise Beetles
Tortoise Scales
Tortricid Moths
Tortricidae
Torymidae
Townes, Jr., Henry K
Reference
Toxemia
Toxicant
Toxicity
Toxicogenic Insects
Trachea (pl., Tracheae)
Tracheal Gill
Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acariformes: Tarsonemidae)
History
Diagnosis and Control
References
Tracheal System and Respiratory Gas Exchange
Discontinuous Breathing
Gas Exchange in Aquatic Insects
Non-Respiratory Functions of the Tracheal System
References
Tracheole
Trachypachidae
Trade Name
Trail Pheromone
Transcript
Transcription
Transformation
Transgene
Transgenic Arthropods for Pest Management Programs
Sex and the Sorted Insects: A Case Study
Why Use Transgenic Methods?
Components of a Genetic Manipulation Project
What Genes are Available to Insert?
Risk Assessments of Transgenic Arthropods
Relative Risks
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Steps in Developing a Transgenic Arthropod
Could ŁGene SilencingŽ Reduce Program Effectiveness?
References
Transgenic Organism
Translocation
Transmission of Plant Diseases by Insects
Role of Insects in Bacterial Diseases of Plants
Bacterial Soft Rots
Bacterial Wilts of Plants
Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits
Bacterial Wilt of Corn
Southern Bacterial Wilt of Solanaceous and Other Crops
Fire Blight of Pears, Apples and Other Rosaceous Plants
Olive Knot
Insect Transmission of Xylem-Inhabiting Bacteria
Pierce's Disease of Grape
Insect Transmission of Phloem-Inhabiting Bacteria
Citrus Greening Disease
Bunchy Top of Papaya Disease
Cucurbit Yellow Vine Disease
Insect Transmission of Plant Diseases Caused by Mollicutes
Aster Yellows
Tomato Big Bud
Apple Proliferation
Pear Decline
Lethal Yellowing of Coconut Palms
Corn Stunt
Citrus Stubborn Disease
Insect Transmission of Fungi
Root-Infecting Fungi
Stalk or Stem-Infecting Fungi
Trunk and Branch Canker-Causing Fungi
Sooty Molds
Wood Rots
Wood-Stain Diseases
Vascular Wilts
Oak Wilt
Dutch Elm Disease
Foliar Diseases
Powdery Mildews
Rust Diseases
Diseases of Buds and Blossoms
Anther Smut of Carnations
Blossom Blight of Red Clover
Ergot of Cereals and Grasses
Anthracnose Disease of Musa Balsamiana
Flower Spot of Azalea
Diseases of Fruit and Seeds in the Field
Rots of Fleshy Fruits
Fig Rots
Endosepsis of Figs
Souring of Figs
Fig Smuts and Molds
Brown Rot of Stone and Pome Fruits
Gray Mold of Grapes
Black Pod of Cacao
Boll Rots of Cotton
Coffee Bean Rot
Molds and Decays of Grains and Legumes
Molds and Decays of Harvested Fruits and Seeds
Insect Transmission of Plant Pathogenic Nematodes
Pine Wilt
Red Ring of Coconut Palms
Insect Transmission of Plant Pathogenic Protozoa
Insect Transmission of Plant Pathogenic Viruses
Aphids and Aphid-Transmitted Viruses
Virus-Vector Relationships
Stylet-Borne Non-Persistent Transmission
Semi-Persistent Viruses
Persistent Viruses
Persistent Circulative Viruses
Persistent Propagative Viruses
Leafhoppers and Planthoppers, and Transmission of Plant Viruses
Virus-Vector Relationships
Semi-Persistent Transmission
Persistent Transmission
Circulative Viruses
Propagative Viruses
Whitefly Transmission of Plant Viruses
Thrips Transmission of Plant Viruses
Mealybug and Other Bug Transmission of Plant Viruses
Virus Transmission by Insects That Have Biting/Chewing Mouthparts
Virus Transmission by Mites
Virus Transmission by Pollinating Insects
Summary
References
Transmission of Xylella fastidiosa Bacteria by Xylem-Feeding Insects
References
Transmission Threshold
Transovarial Transmission
Transovum Transmission
Transpiration
Transposable Element
Transposon
Transstadial Transmission
Trap Crop
Traps for Capturing Insects
Trap Types
Traps for Flying Insects and Wind-Blown Insects
Interception Traps
Sticky Traps
Three-Dimensional Triangular Traps, Diamond Traps and Wing Traps
Water Pan Traps
Bucket Traps
Bucket Traps with Funnels
Cone Traps
Traps for Walking Arthropods and Soil-Dwelling Insects
Pitfall Traps
Grain Probe Traps
Shelter Traps
Emergence Traps
Solar Bait Stations
Traps for Aquatic Insects
Interception Traps
Emergence Traps
Attractant Cues
Visual Cues
Color
Shape
Light
Chemical Cues
Food/Host Lures
Pheromone Lures
Parapheromone Lures
Oviposition Lures
Acoustic Cues
Automated Monitoring Systems
Trap Uses in Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
References
Traumatic Insemination
Tree Crickets
Trehalose
Treherne, John E
Reference
Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae)
External Morphology
Life History and Habits
Predators and Parasites
Economic Importance
Control
References
Trench Fever
Triassic Period
Trichobothrium (pl., Trichobothria)
Trichoceridae
Trichodectidae
Trichogrammatidae
Trichomes
Trichomes and Insects
Types and Functions of Trichomes
Trichomes as an Ovipositional Substrate
Impact of Trichomes on Herbivores
Impact of Trichomes on Parasitoids and Predators
Conclusions
References
Trichomycetes
Non-Fungal Trichomycetes
Order Amoebidiales
Order Eccrinales
Fungal Trichomycetes (Class Trichomycetes)
Order Asellariales
Order Harpellales
Organisms that Might Resemble Trichomycetes
References
Trichopsocidae
Trichoptera
Tricorythidae
Tridactylidae
Trigonalyidae
Trimenoponidae
Trinotonidae
Triozidae
Tritocerebrum
Tritrophic Interactions
Plant Characteristics that Affect Herbivores and Indirectly Affect Natural Enemies of the Herbivores
Plant Characteristics that Directly Affect the Effectiveness of Natural Enemies of Herbivores
Effect of Dietary Specialization
Relative Importance of Plant and Natural Enemies to Herbivore Fitness
The PlantŁs Perspective: A Paradox in Its Defense Against Herbivores and the Answer in a Tritrophic Context
Hidden Players
Theories on Plant Defense
Applied Aspects
Conclusion
References
Triungulin
Triunguloid Larva
Trochanter
Trochantin
Trochiliphagidae
Troctopsocidae
Trogidae
Trogiidae
Trophallaxis
Trophic Egg
Trophic Level
Trophic Structure
Trophobiosis
Trophogenic Polymorphism
Tropical Burnet Moths (Lepidoptera: Lacturidae)
References
Tropical Carpenterworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Metarbelidae)
References
Tropical Ermine Moths (Lepidoptera: Attevidae)
References
Tropical Fruit Pests and their Management
Annona Fruits (Annonaceae Family)
Avocado, Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae family)
Banana and Plantain, Musa spp. (Musaceae Family)
Barbados Cherry or Acerola, Malpighia glabra (L) (Malpighiaceae Family)
Carambola, Averrhoa carambola L (Oxalidaceae Family)
Durian, Durio zibethinus Murray (Bombacaceae Family)
Guava, Psidium guajava L (Myrtaceae Family)
Litchi and Longan (Sapindaceae Family)
Mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae Family)
Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L (Guttiferae Family)
Papaya, Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae Family)
Passion Fruit (Passifloraceae Family)
Pineapple, Ananas comosus (L) Merr (Bromeliaceae Family)
Rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum Blume (Sapindaceae Family)
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Tropical Fruit
Sampling and Monitoring
Economic Thresholds
Chemical Control
Attractants (Pheromones)
Crop Sanitation
Biological Control
Host Plant Resistance
Cultural Practices
References
Tropical Fruitworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Copromorphidae)
References
Tropical Lattice Moths (Lepidoptera: Arrhenophanidae)
References
Tropical Longhorned Moths (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae)
References
Tropical Plume Moths (Lepidoptera: Oxychirotidae)
References
Tropical Slug Caterpillar Moths (Lepidoptera: Dalceridae)
References
Tropical Theileriosis
Tropiduchidae
Trout Stream Beetles
True Katydids
Trumpet
Trumpet Leafminer Moths (Lepidoptera: Tischeriidae)
References
Trumpet-Net Caddisflies
Truncate
Trunk and Canker-Causing Fungi
Trypanosomes
General Life Stages of Trypanosomes
Pathogenic Trypanosomes in Humans
Trypanosoma rhodesiense
Trypanosoma gambiense
Trypanosoma cruzi
Trypanosomes in Animals
Recent Findings and Issues Associated with the Trypanosomes
Civil and Political Unrest
Competing National Health Priorities
Lack of Funding Support to Aid in the Availability of New Drugs, Vector Control and Diagnostic Tests
References
Trypanosomiasis
Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor
Tsetse Flies, Glossina spp (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Animal Sleeping Sickness
Human Sleeping Sickness
Tsetse Biology
Tsetse Behavior and Ecology in Relation to Control
Approaches to Fly Management
References
Tube-Making Caddisflies
Tubercle
Tube Moths (Lepidoptera: Acrolophidae)
References
Turgor
Tullgren Funnel
Tularemia
Tumbling Flower Beetles
Tungidae
Turfgrass Insects of the United States: Biology and Management
Foliar and Stem Inhabitants: Surface Chewing and Sucking Insects
Armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Hawthorn)
Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith)
Chinch Bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)
Hairy Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus hirtus Montandon
Common Chinch Bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say)
Buffalograss Chinch Bug, Blissus occiduus
Southern Chinch Bug, Blissus insularis Barber
Cutworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)
Bronzed Cutworm, Nephelodes mimians Guenée
Variegated Cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hübner)
Sod Webworms
Crown and Thatch Inhabitants: Burrowing Insects
Annual Bluegrass Weevil, Listronotus maculicollis (Dietz)
Billbugs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Bluegrass Billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal
Denver Billbug, Sphenophorus cicatristriatus Fahraeus
Phoenician Billbug, Sphenophorus phoeniciensis Chittenden
Hunting Billbug, Sphenophorus venatus vestitus Chittenden
Soil Inhabitants: Root-Infesting Insects
White Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Aphodius Grubs, Aphodius granaries (L) and Aphodius paradalis Le Conte
Asiatic Garden Beetle, Maladera castanea (Arrow)
Black Turfgrass Ataenius, Ataenius spretulus Haldeman
European Chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky)
Green June Beetle, Cotinus nitida L
Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman
May Beetles, Phyllophaga spp.
Northern and Southern Masked Chafers, Cyclocephala borealis (Arrow) and Cyclocephala lurida (Bland)
Oriental Beetle, Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse)
Mole Crickets (Scapteriscus spp) (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)
Ground Pearls (Margarodes spp) (Hemiptera: Coccidae)
Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Management of Turfgrass Insect Pests
Sampling and Monitoring
Pest Identification
Decision-Making
Appropriate Intervention
Follow-up
Record-Keeping
Employee and Client Information
Biological Control
Chemical Control
Leaf and Stem Insect Pests
Thatch Inhabiting Insect Pests
Root Zone/Soil Inhabiting Insect Pests
Cultural Control
Mowing
Irrigation and Drainage
Fertility
Thatch Management
Plant Resistance
References
Turnip Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Turnip Root Maggot, Delia floralis (Fallen) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Turtle Beetles
Tussock Moths (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
References
Twig Borer
Twirler Moths (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
References
Twisted-Wing Parasites
Twospotted Spider Mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Twostriped Grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Two-Spotted Stink Bug, Perillus bioculatus (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae, Asopinae)
References
Tympanum
Typhus
Type Specimen
fulltext_21.pdf
Uenoidae
Uhler, Philip Reese
References
Ulidiidae
Ultra Low Volume (ULV)
Ultrastructure of Insect Sensilla
Cuticular Parts
Classification of Sensilla
Sensilla Trichodea
Sensilla Chaetica
Sensilla Basiconica
Sensilla Coeloconica
Sensilla Ampullacea
Sensilla Squamiformia
Sensilla Campaniformia
Sensilla Placodea
Sensilla Scolopophora
Sensilla Styloconica
Aporous (AP) Sensilla
Mechanosensilla
Thermo-Hygro Sensilla
Uniporous (UP) Sensilla
Multiporous (MP) Sensilla
Multiporous Pitted (MPP) Sensilla
Multiporous Grooved (MPG) Sensilla
Sensory Neurons
Sheath Cells
References
Unapparent Resources
Underwing Moths - The Genus Catocala (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Distribution
Phylogeny
Biology
Collection
References
Ungulate Lice
Unique-Headed Bugs
Unit of Habitat Sampling
Univoltine
Uraniidae
Urban Entomology
References
Uric Acid
Urodidae
Urogenital Myiasis
Urogomphus (pl., urogomphi)
Urostylidae
Urticaria
Urticating Hairs
Usinger, Robert Leslie
Reference
Uvarov, (SIR) Boris Petrovich
References
Uzelothripidae
fulltext_22.pdf
Vagina
Valdivian Archaic Moths (Lepidoptera: Heterobathmiidae)
References
Valdivian Forest Moths (Lepidoptera: Andesianidae)
References
Van Den Bosch, Robert
Reference
Van Duzee, Edward Payson
References
Vanhorniidae
Vannus
Variable Intensity Sampling Plan
Variegated
Variegated Cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Variegated Mud-Loving Beetles
Varley, George C
Reference
Varroa Mite, Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Acari: Varroidae)
Varroa Mite Biology
Effects of Varroa Mite
Detection and Treatment of Varroa Mite
References
Vas Efferens
Vascular System
Vascular Wilts
Vas Deferens (pl. Vasa Deferentia)
Vector
Vector Capability of Blood-Sucking Arthropods: A Forecasting Matrix
References
Vector Competence
Vectors of Phytoplasmas
References
Vegetable Leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Host Plants
Natural Enemies
Life Cycle and Description
Egg
Larva
Pupa
Adult
Damage
Management
Sampling
Insecticides
Cultural Practices
References
Vegetable Pests and their Management
Artichoke (Family Compositae)
Asparagus (Family Liliaceae)
Bean and Related Crops (Family Leguminosae) (Bush Bean, Chickpea, Cowpea, Dry Bean, English Pea, Faba Bean, Lentil, Lima Bean
Beet and Related Crops (Family Chenopodiaceae) (Beet, Chard, Spinach, Swiss Chard)
Cabbage and Related Crops (Family Cruciferae) (Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Chinese Cabbage, Collards..
Carrot and Related Crops (Family Umbelliferae) (Carrot, Celery, Celeriac, Chervil, Coriander, Fennel, Parsley, Parsnip)
Lettuce and Related Crops (Family Compositae) (Celtuce, Chicory, Endive, Escarole, Lettuce, Radicchio)
Okra (Family Malvaceae)
Onion and Related Plants (Family Alliaceae) (Chive, Garlic, Leek, Onion, Shallot)
Rhubarb (Family Polygonaceae)
Squash and Related Crops (Family Cucurbitaceae) (Cucumber, Melons, Pumpkin, Squash, Watermelon, Etc)
Sweet Corn (Family Graminae)
Sweet Potato (Family Convolvulaceae)
Tomato and Related Plants (Family Solanaceae) (Eggplant, Pepper, Potato, Tomatillo, Tomato)
The Characteristics of Pests
The Pest Complex
Types of Damage
Approaches to Pest Management
References
Vein
Veliidae
Velocipedidae
Velvet Ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)
General Characteristics
Sexual Dimorphism
Taxonomy
Biology
Defense
References
Velvet Water Bugs
Velvety Shore Bugs
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
Venoms and Toxins in Insects
Distribution in the Insect World
Sting and Venoms in the Hymenoptera
Biological Function
How Venoms Act Defensively: Pain
How Venoms Act Defensively: Damage
Insect Venoms and Ecological Factors and Opportunities
Medical Aspects of Insect Venoms
References
Venoms of Ectoparasitic Wasps
References
Venoms of Endoparasitic Wasps
References
Ventral Diaphragm
Ventral Nerve Cord
Ventral
Ventricle
Ventriculus
Vermiform
Vermileonidae
Vermileonidae
Vermipsyllidae
Vertex
Vertical Transmission
Verticillium lecanii
Vesicating Species
Vespidae
Vestigial
Veterinary Pests and their Management
Host Response
Economic Losses -Physical
Economic Losses - Disease
Economic Losses - Mechanical
Relationship Between Pest and Host
Feeding Sites
Method of Attack
Myiasis
Management of Pests of Veterinary Importance
References
Vibrational Communication
References
Viburnum Leaf Beetle, Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
References
Viereck, Henry Lorenz
Reference
Vinegar Flies
Vine Mealybug, Planococcus ficus Signoret (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Within-Vine Distribution
Biological Controls
Insecticide Controls
Cultural Controls
Sampling Methods
Other Mealybug Pest Species
References
Viral Flacherie
Virginopara
Viremia
Virion
Virulence
Visual Attractants and Repellents in IPM
References
Visual Mating Signals
Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Displays
The Basis of Sexually Selected Signals
Sexual Dimorphism and Sexually Selected Displays
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Light in Communications
UV Markings
The Content of Intrasexual Displays
The Content of Intersexual Displays
Location Cues: Long-Distance Signals
Courtship Displays
Material Benefits
Genetic Benefits
Fisherian Run Away Selection
Sensory Bias
Copulatory and Postcopulatory Displays
Mating Systems and Visual Displays
The Locations of Ornaments and Colors
The Phyletic Distribution of Visual Sexual Displays
Conclusion
References
Vitamins
Vitelline Membrane
Vitellogenesis
Vitellin, the Stored Protein of Yolk
Vitellogenesis, the Period of Yolk Uptake
Endocrine Control of Vitellogenesis
References
Vitellogenin
Viviparous
Volant
Volatility
Volunteer Plants
Vulva
fulltext_23.pdf
Waggle Dance
Walker, Francis
References
Walkingstick Defensive Behavior and Regeneration of Appendages
References
Walkingsticks
Waloff, Nadejda
Reference
Walsh, Benjamin Dann
Reference
Walsingham, (Lord) Thomas De Gray
Reference
Warble Flies
Wasmann, Erich
References
Wasmannian Mimicry
Wasp Moths
Wasps
Wasps, Ants, Bees and Sawflies (Hymenoptera)
Morphological Characters
Classification
Key to the Superfamilies
Suborder: Symphyta (Chalastogastra)
Suborder: Apocrita (Clistogastra)
Treatment of Representative Superfamilies and Familiess
Suborder: Symphyta
Superfamily: Cephoidea
Superfamily: Megalodontoidea
Superfamily: Orussoidea
Superfamily: Siricoidea
Superfamily: Tenthredinoidea
Suborder: Apocrita
Superfamily: Cynipoidea
Superfamily: Evanioidea
Superfamily: Ichneumonoidea
Superfamily: Proctotrupoidea
Superfamily: Platygasteroidea
Superfamily: Stephanoidea
Suborder: Apocrita
Group: Aculeata
Superfamily: Apoidea
Superfamily Sphecoidea - Sphecoid Wasps
Superfamily: Chrysidoidea
Superfamily: Vespoidea - Wasps and Ants
References
Water Balance
Water Loss
Cuticle
Respiration
Excretion
Water Gain
Food
Drinking
Metabolism
Vapor Absorption
Desiccation Resistance
Behavioral Avoidance of Desiccation
Mechanisms of Desiccation Resistance in Fruit Flies
References
Water Bugs
Water Measurers
Water Penny Beetles (Coleoptera: Psephenidae)
References
Water Pollution and Insects
Detection of Pollution Effects in Insects
Responses of Aquatic Insect Groups to Pollution
Responses of Aquatic Insects to Pollution
Organic Wastes
Chemical Wastes
Physical Wastes
Use of Insects in Biomonitoring
The Practice of Biomonitoring
Species Richness
Abundance
Evenness and Diversity
Biotic Indices
Functional Feeding Groups
Other Techniques
Conclusion
References
Water Scavenger Beetles
Waterscorpions
Water Springtails
Water Striders
Water Treaders
Wax
Wax Channels
Wax Scales
Web-Lovers
Webspinners (Embiidina)
Characteristics
Evolution
Classification
References
Web-Spinning Sawflies
Webworms (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Wedge-Shaped Beetles
Weeds in Crop Systems for Pest Suppression
Louisiana Sugarcane
South Texas Cotton
References
Weed Biological Control in Australia
History
Programs Undertaken
Prickly Pear, Opuntia spp. (Cactaceae)
Salvinia, Salvinia molesta DS Mitch (Salviniaceae)
Lantana, Lantana camara L (Verbenaceae)
PatersonŁs Curse, Echium plantagineum L (Boraginaceae)
Bridal Creeper, Asparagus asparagoides Druce (Asparagaceae)
Weedy Trees
Parthenium Weed, Parthenium hysterophorus L (Asteraceae)
Looking Forward
References
Weevils, Billbugs, Bark Beetles, and Others (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)
Family Nemonychidae, Pine-Flower Snout Beetles
Family Anthribidae, Fungus Weevils
Family Belidae
Family Attelabidae, Leaf-Rolling and Tooth-Nosed Weevils
Family Caridae
Family Brentidae, Straight-Snouted and Pear-Shaped Weevils
Family Curculionidae, Snout Beetles Including Bark and Ambrosia Beetles
Subfamily Dryophthorinae - Billbugs, Palm and Grain Weevils
Subfamily Brachycerinae
Subfamily Curculioninae
Subfamily Bagoinae
Subfamily Baridinae
Subfamily Ceutorhynchinae
Subfamily Conoderinae
Subfamily Cossoninae-Broad-Nosed Bark Weevils
Subfamily Cryptorhynchinae
Subfamily Cyclominae
Subfamily Entiminae-Broad-Nosed or Root Weevils
Subfamily Hyperinae-Clover Weevils
Subfamily Lixinae
Subfamily Molytinae
Subfamily Platypodinae-Pin-Hole Borers
Subfamily Scolytinae-Bark Beetles or Engravers, and Ambrosia Beetles
References
Wesmael, Constantin
Reference
References
Western Blots
References
Life Stages
Life Cycle
Pheromone Systems
Biological Control
Within Field Distribution of Western Grapeleaf Skeletonizer
Pheromone Traps as Monitoring Tools
Simulation Phenology Model
References
References
Western Thatching Ant, Formica obscuripes (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
References
West Indian Sweetpotato Weevil, Eusceps postfasciatus (Fairmaire) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
West Nile Fever
References
Weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae, Rhaphidophoridae)
References
Westwood, John Obadiah
References
Wetas and King Crickets
Wettable Powder
Wheat Bulb Fly, Delia coarctata (Fallon)
Wheat Curl Mite, Aceria tosichella (Kiefer) (Acari: Eriophyiae)
Wheat Ground Beetle, Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Wheat Head Armyworm, Faronia diffusa (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Wheat Jointworm, Tetramesa tritici (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae)
Wheat Pests and Their Management
Wheat Curl Mite
Winter Grain Mite
Banks Grass Mite
Brown Wheat Mite
Thrips
Say Stink Bug
Sunn Pest
Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid
Corn Leaf Aphid
English Grain Aphid
Greenbug
Rose-Grain Aphid
Russian Wheat Aphid
Army Cutworm
Armyworm
Pale Western Cutworm
Wheat Head Armyworm
Wheat Ground Beetle
Cereal Leaf Beetle
Wireworms and False Wireworms
Wheat Bulb Fly
Hessian Fly
Wheat Midge
Frit Fly
Wheat Stem Maggot
Sawflies
Wheat Jointworm
Wheat Strawworm
References
Wheat Stem Maggot, Meromyza americana Fitch (Diptera: Chloropidae)
Host Plants
Biology
Damage and Yield Loss
Natural Enemies
Management
References
Wheat Thrips, (Thysanoptera)
Wheeler, William Morton
References
Whiplash Dermatitis
Whirligig Beetles
Whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Appearance and Biology
Damage
Greenhouse Whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)
Host Plants
Natural Enemies
Life Cycle and Description
Damage
Management
Silverleaf Whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring and Sweetpotato (or Cotton) Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn
Host Plants
Weather
Natural Enemies
Life Cycle and Description
Damage
Management
Disease Transmission
References
Whitefly Bioecology and Management in Latin America
Damage and Economic Importance
Bioecological Characteristics
Genetic Plasticity
Reproductive Potential
Virus Transmission
Management Alternatives
Phytosanitary Campaigns
Host Plant Resistance
Physical Exclusion
Mulching
Chemical Repellents
Concluding Remarks
References
White Grubs, Phyllophaga, and Others (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
White Muscardine
Whites
Whorl
Wiedemann, Christian Rudolph Wilhelm
Reference
Wigglesworth, (SIR) Vincent Brian
Reference
Williams, Carroll Milton
Reference
Williston, Samuel Wendell
Reference
Wilt Disease
Window Flies
Wing
Wing Coupling
The ŁHemipteroid AssemblageŽ
Psocoptera
Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha
Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha
Heteroptera + Coleorrhyncha
Thysanoptera
Endopterygota
Mecoptera
Hymenoptera
Trichoptera
Lepidoptera
References
Wing Covers
Winged Walkingsticks
Wing Pad
Wings of Insects
Areas of the Wing
Wing Form
Wing Coupling
Wing Venation
References
Wing Venation
Winter Crane Flies
Winter Grain Mite, Penthaleus major (Duges) (Acari: Penthaleidae)
References
Winter Stoneflies
Wireworm
Wireworms, Several Genera and Species (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Wireworms of Potato
Wireworms of Wheat
Wirth, Willis Wagner
Reference
Witches Broom
Wolcott, George N
References
Wollaston, Thomas Vernon
References
Wood-Attacking Insects
Carpenter Ants
Termites
Powderpost Beetles
Old House Borer
Other Wood-Damaging Insects
References
Wood Gnats
Wood Nymphs
Wood Rot
Woody Vegetation
Wood Wasps
Wood-Stain Diseases
Woolly Aphids
Woolly Whitefly
Worker
Worm Lions
Wrinkled Bark Beetles
fulltext_24.pdf
X-Chromosome
Xenasteiidae
Xenic Culture
Xerophytic
Xiphocentonidae
Xiphydriidae
Xyelidae
Xylomyid Flies
Xylomyidae
Xylophagid Flies
Xylophagidae
Xylophagous
Xyphiopsyllidae
fulltext_25.pdf
Y-Chromosome
Yellow Dog Tick, Haemaphysalis leachi (Audouin) (Acari: Ixodidae)
Yellow-Faced Bees
Yellow Fever
Insect Vectors
The Virus
The Disease
Impact and Problems
References
Yellow Flies
Yellow Jackets
Yellow Mealworms
Yellows
Yellowstriped Armyworm, Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Life History
Damage
Management
References
Yellow-White Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
References
Yolk
Yponomeutidae
Young, Jr., David A
Reference
Yucca Moths (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae)
References
fulltext_26.pdf
Zachvatkin (Jasykov), Aleksei Alekseevich
Reference
Zeller, Philipp Christoph
References
Zetterstedt, Johann Wilhelm
Reference
Zoogeographic Realms
Australian Realm
Oriental Realm
Ethiopian Realm
Neotropical Realm
Holarctic Realm
Zoogeography
Zoonosis (pl. zoonoses)
Zoophagous
Zopheridae
Zoraptera
Zorapterans
Zorotypidae
Zygaenidae
Zygote
back-matter.pdf
Index