Encyclopaedia Britannica [4, 11 ed.]

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THE

ENCYCLOP LEDIA BRITANNICA ELEVENTH

FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH SEVENTH EIGHTH NINTH TENTH

ELEVENTH

EDITION

edition, published in three volumes, ten " " " eighteen " " twenty " " " twenty " " " twenty " " " twenty-one " " " twenty-two " " " twenty-five " " " ninth edition and eleven " supplementary volumes, "

published in twenty-nine volumes,

r768-r77r. 1777-!784. I788-I797• rSor-rSro. r8rs-r8r7. r823-r824. I830-I842. r853-r86o. r87s-r889. I902-I903•

191Q-I9II•

COPYRIGHT

in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention

by THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS

of the

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

All rights rmnmt

. THE

ENCYCLOPJEDIA BRITANNICA A

DICTIONARY OF

ARTS,

SCIENCES,

LITERATURE AND

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME IV BISHARTN

to

New

CALGARY

York

Encyclop::edia Britannica, Inc. 342 Madison Avenue

GENERAL

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, by

The Encyclopredia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME IV. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,! WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTIC LES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A.B.R.

ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, F.R.S., F.L.S., M.A., D.Sc. Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum.

A. E. H.

A. E. HOUGHTON. Formerly Correspondent of the Standard in Spain. Bourbons in Spain.

{

Botany.

{

Author of Restoration of the Cabrera.

A. E.S.

ARTHUR EvERETT SHIPLEY, F.R.S., M.A., D.Sc. Fellow and Tutor of Christ's College, Cambridge. Reader in Zoology, Cambridge Brachiopoda. University. Joint-editor of the Cambridge Natural History.

A. F.P.

ALBERT FREDERICK PoLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.Soc. Professor of English Histcry in the University of London. Fellow of all Souls' Bonner· College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893- Burghl y Baron 190 1 . Lothian Prizeman (Oxford), 1892. Arnold Prizeman, 1 898. Author of England under the Protector Somerset; Henry VIII. ; Thomas Cranmer ; &c. Blandrata; Brenz; REv. ALEXANDER GoRDON, M.A. Buckholdt. Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

A. Go.* A.H.B. A. B.-S.

{

{

{

ARTHUR HENRY BuLLEN. Founder of the Shakespeare Head Press, Stratford-on-Avon.

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{

Editor of Collet.tion Burton, Robert. of Old English Plays ; Lyrics from the Song Books of the Elizabethan A ge ; &c.

SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E. General in the Persian Army. Author of Eastern Persian Irak.

·

{ Bushire.

{

A. H. Sm.

ARTHUR HAMILTON SMITH, M.A., F.S.A. Keeper of the Department of Greek a nd Roman Antiquities in the British Museum. Brooch • Member of the Imperial German Archaeological Institute. Author of Catalogue of Greek Sculpture in the British Museum ; &c.

A.J. G.

REV. ALEXANDER J. GRIEVE, M.A., B.D. Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire United Independent Butler' Bishop (in part) College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University, and Member of Mysore Educational Service. Bogot'a; BoI'IVIa: · Geograph1 ANDREW JACKSON LAMOUREUX. and Statistics· Brazil•• GeoLibrari � n, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of the Rio News (Rio 1 graphy and S atistics; de Janmro), I879-190 I . lBuenos A'ues. AuGuSTE LoNGNON. Professor at the College de France. Director of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Member of the Institute. Author of Geo- Blois: Countship of.

A. J. L. A. Lo.

{ S

graphie de la Gaule au VI. siecle ; Documents relatifs au comte de Champagne et de Brie ; &c.

A. Me. A. M. C. A.N. A. S.C.

MRS ALICE MEYNELL. Author of Poems ; Later Poems ; The Rhythm of Life and other Essays ; &c. Miss AGNES MARY CLERKE. See the biographical article : CLERKE, A. M .

ALFRED NEwToN, F.R.S. See the biographical article : NEWTON, ALFRED.

A.W.H.*

t

1r

{

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett.

{Brahe, Tycho. {Bunting· Bustard; :

Buzzard ALAN SuMMERLY CoLE, C.B. Formerly Assistant Secretary, Board of Education, South Kensington. Author of Brocade Ornament in European Silks ; Catalogue of Tapestry, Embroidery, Lace and Egyptian Textiles in Victoria and Albert Museum ; &c.

A. T. Q.-C.

·

{{

•

SIR ARTHUR T. QurLLER-CoucH. Brown, Thomas Edward. See the biographical article : QurLLER-CoucH, Sir A. T. Brandenburg: M argraviate·, ARTHUR WILLIAM HoLLAND. Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray 's Inn, 1900 . Burdett, Sir Francis. 1 A complete list, showing all individual contributQrs, &ppears in the final vol1.1m�. v

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vi

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES

A.W.Po.

ALFRED WILLIAM POLLARD, M.A. Assistant Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum, Fellow of King's College, London. Han. Secretary, Bibliographical Society. Editor of Books about Books and Bibliographica. Joint-editor of The Library. Chief Editor of the " Globe "

A.W.R,

ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of Encyclopaedia of the Laws

Chaucer.

of England.

B.R.

C. B. * C. D.

LL.B.

SIR BOVERTON REDWOOD, D.Sc., F.R.S. (Edin.), F.I.C., Assoc.INsT.C.E., M. INST.M.E. Adviser on Petroleum to the Admiralty, Home Office, India Office, Corporation of London, and Port of Londs:m Authority. President of the Society of Chemical Industry. Member of the Council of the Chemical Society. Member of Council of Institute of Chemistry. Author of Cantor Lectures on Petroleum; Petroleum and its Products; Chemical Technology; &c. CHARLES BEMONT, D. :Es. L., LITT.D. (Oxon.). See the biographical article : BEMONT, C. CYRIL J. H. DAVENPORT, F.S.A. Assistant to the Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Cantor Lecturer on Decorative Bookbindings, Society of Arts. Author of Royal English Bookbindings ; English Embroidered Bookbindings; History of the Book; &c.

C. D. W.

HoN. CARROLl. DAvmsoN WRIGHT. See the biographical article : WRIGHT, C. D.

C. E. *

CHARLES EVERITT, M.A., F.C.S., F G. S., F.R.A.S. Formerly Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.

C.

E. A.

C.

El.

C.

E. S.

.

C. E. AKERS. Formerly The Times Correspondent in Bueiws Aires. Author of A History of South A merica, I854-I904.

C. H. C. K. S. C. L.

K.

C. Pf.

SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGCUMBE ELIOT, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L. Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford. H.M.'s Commissioner and Commander-in-Chief for the British East Africa Protectorate ; Agent and Consul-General at Zanzibar ; and Consul-General for German East Africa, I90o-I904. Author of Turkey in Europe; Letters from the FarEast; &c. HoN. CHARL�s EMC!RY SMITH. _ See the bwgraph1cal article: SMITH, C HA RLES EMORY. CHARLES HosE, D.Sc. Formerly Divisional Resident and Member of the Supreme Council of Sarawak. Author of A Descriptive A ccount of the Mammals of Borneo, and numerous papers in scientific journals. Cr r:MENT KING SHORTER. Editor of the Sphere. Author of Charlotte Bronte and her Circle; The Brontes: Life and Letters; &c. CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A. Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Author of Life of Henry V. Editor of Chronicles of London and Stow's Survey of London. CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D. ES. L. I:rofessor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of

Etude sur le regne de Robert le Pieux; Le DuchC merovingien d'Alsace et la legende de Saint-Odile.

c. s. s.

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l

{

D.B.Ma.

D. C. :B. D. C. T. D.F.T.

D. H.

Bitumen.

Brequigny.

{{

.

Building Societies : Bone:

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History (in part).

Bokhara

{

.

(zn part).

Blaine.

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Brunei•

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Bronte, C.,

{ .

DEMETRius CHARLES BouLGER. Author of History of Belgium ; England and Russia in Central A sia; History of China; Life of Gordon; India in the I9th Century; &c. DAVID CROAL THOMSON. Formerly Editor of the A rt Journal. Author of The Brothers Maris; The Barbizon School of Painters; Life of " Phiz "; Life of Bewick; &c. DoNALD FRANcis TovEY. Ball'fol College, Oxford. Author of Essays in Musical A nalysis: comprising The Classical Concerts, The Goldberg Variations, and analyses of many other classical works. DAVID HANNAY. Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of Short History of Royal Navy, rzz;'-z688; Life of Emilio Castelar; &c.

Industrial.

Brazil:

L

Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory; Selections from Ibn Khaldun; Religious A ttitude and Life in Islam; &c.

United.

States.

J

MAJOR-GENERAL SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S., R.E. (r836-r897 ). Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, I858-1862. British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary Commission. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director-General of Military Education, 18951898. Author of From Korti to Khartum; Life of Lord Clive; &c. DUNCAN BLACK MACDONALD, M.A., D.D. Professor of Semitic Languages, Hartford Theological Seminary, U.S.A. Author of

•

Bookbm dmg.

{

CHARLES ScOTT SHERRINGTON, D.Sc., M.D., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. Professor of Physiology, University of Liverpool. Foreign Member of Academ:es of Rome, Vienna, Brussels, Gi:ittingen, &c. Author of The Integrative A ction of the

.

Boarding-House.

{

Nervous System.

c w.w.

· Book ' . Book Collectmg.

{ {{

E. and A.

Buckm gham, 2nd Duke of.

.

Brunhilda.

{

{

{

{{

Brain:

Physiology.

Caesarea Mazaca

(in part) •

an, -. BukhCadi. . Bruges · Brusse

b

•

Browne, Hablot Knight. Bocchermi; • Bruck ner. .

Bouv et; Brenton; Bn_ gandage; Buccaneers; Byng; Calderon, Rodrigo.

D. LI. T. D. Mn. E.Br. E.Ca. E.C.B. E. Es. E. G. E. H. C.

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES

{

E.H. M. E.K.

..

DANIEL LLEUFER THOMAS. Brecon· Stipendiary Magistrate for Pontypridd and Rhondda. Formerly Assistant Commissioner to the Labour Commission and Secretary to the Welsh Land Commission. Caerph lly Blaikie; Boston, Thomas; REv. DuGALD MAcFADYEN, M.A. Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate. Director of the London Bruce, Alexander Balmain; M issionary Society. Author of Constructive Congregational Ideals. Cairns, John. ERNEST BARKER, M. A . Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, St John's College, Oxford. Formerly Bohemund. Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar, 1895.

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F.S.A.

EGERTON CASTLE, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of English Book Plates; Bibliotheca Dimicatcria; Book Plates. &c. Bridgittines; RIGHT REv. EDWARD CuTHBERT BuTLER, O.S.B., D.LITT. Brothers of common Life; Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Bruno, Saint. Bombelles, Marc Marie, EDMOND EsMONIN. Marquis de. Bjornson; Blank Verse; EDMUND GossE, LL.D. Bouts-Rimes; Bucolics; See the biographical article : GossE, EDMUND Busken-Huet. ERNEST HARTLEY CoLERIDGE, M.A. Balliol College, Oxford. Editor of Byron's Poems; Letters of Samuel Taylor Cole­ Byron. ridge; &c.

E. H. B.

Vll

SIR EDWARD H. BUNBURY, BART., M.A., F.R.G.S. (d. 18gs). M . P. for Bury St Edmunds, 1847-1852. Author of A History of A ncient Geography; &c. ELLIS HOVELL MINNS, M. A . Lecturer and Assistant Librarian, and formerly Fellow of Pembroke C011ege, Cambridge. University Lecturer in Palaeography.

F.I.C.

EDMUND KNECHT, PH.D., Professor of Technological Chemistry, Manchester University. Head of Chemical Department, Municipal School of Technology, Manchester. Examiner in Dyeing, City and Guilds of London Institute. Author of A Manual of Dyeing; _&c. Editor of Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists.

1

{ {

{

{

Bithynia (in part). Bosporus Cimmerius; Budini. _

Bleachmg.

E. L.B.

EDWARD LIVERMORE BuRLINGAME, A .M. , PH.D. Editor of Scribner's Magazine. Formerly on Staff of New York Tribune.

E.Ma.

EDWARD MANSON. Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Joint-editor with Sir John Macdonell, C.B., of the Journal of Comparative Legislation. Author of Law of Trading Companies; &c.

E. 0.*

EDMUND OwEN, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.Sc. Consulting Surgeon to St Mary's Hospital, London, and to the Children's Hospital, Bladder and Prostate Diseases; Great Ormond Street. Late Examiner in Surgery at the Universities of Cam- Bone: Medical. bridge, Durham and London. Author of A Manual of A natomy for Senior Students. . EDGAR PRESTAGE. Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of Manchester. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Bocage. Academy of Sciences, Lisbon Geographical Society, &c. Examiner in Portuguese in the University of London, Manchester, &c. REV. EDMOND WARRE, M.A., D.D., D.C.L., C.B., c.v.o. Provost of Eton. Hon. Fellow of Balliol Collr of Mechanics and Mathematics in the Central Technical College of th.e City Calculating Machines _ and Gmlds of London I nstitute. Author of Vectors and Rotors ; Congruent F2gures ; &c. Bokhara: (in part) ; PRINCE PETER AI.EXEIVITCH KROPOTKIN. Bulgaria: Eastern. See the biographical article : KROPOTK1N, P. A. PETER CHALMERS MITCHELL, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. Secretary to the !':oological Society of London. University Demonstrator in Comparative Anatomy and Assistant to Linacre Professor at Oxford, 1888-1 891. Breeds and Breeding . Lecturer on Biology at Charing Cross Hospital, 1 892-1 894 ; at London Hospital, ] 1 894. Examiner in Biology to the Royal College of Physicians, 1892-1896, 1901- l 1903. Examiner in Zoology to the University of London, 1903. Boleyn, Anne; Bolingbroke; . Bothwell; Bristol, 1st and 2nd Earls o� PHILIP CHESNEY YORKE, M.A. Magdalen College, Oxford. Buckingham, 1st Duke of

{{

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{

LITT.D.

PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D., Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and University Reader in Comparative Philology. Late Secretary of the Cambridge Philological Society. Author of Manual of Comparative Philology; &c.

(in part) ;

Buckingham, 2nd Duke of.

{

C.

P.G.K.

PAUL G. KONODY. Art Critic of the Observer and the Daily Mail. Formerly Editor of the A rtist. Bordone. Author of The A rt of Walter Crane ; Velasquez, Life and Work ; &c.

P. S.

PmLIP ScHIDROW1TZ, PH. D., F.C.S. Member of Council, Institute of Brewing. Member of Committee of Society of' Brandy; Chemical I ndustry. Author of numerous articles on the Chemistry and Technology Brewing. of Brewing, Distilling, &c.

P. W. C.

PETER WILLIAM CLAYDEN (d. !902). Formerly President, Institute of Journalists, London. Literary Editor of the Daily News. Author of Scientific Men and Religious Teachers ; England under Lord Bright, John.

{

Beaconsfield; Early Life of Samuel Rogers; Rogers and his Contemporaries ; England under the Coalition ; &c.

R.A.* R. Ad. R.A. S.M. R.G. R. I.P. R.J.M. R.L.* R.N. B.

RoBERT ANCHEL. Archivist to the Department de l'Eure.

{ {{

Boissy D'Anglais, FranQois Antoine de.

RoBERT ADAMSON, LL.D. See the biographical article : AD A M SON, R.

{

R. I. PococK, F.Z.S. Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens, London.

{

Bonaventura, Saint; Bruno, Giordano (in part) ; Butler, Bishop (in part) . RoBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A. Bozrah; S,t John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the Palestine Explora- Caesarea Palaestina; twn Fund. Caesarea Philippi. RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D. Burton, John Hill. See the biographical article : GARNETT, R.

{

•

{Book- Scorpion;

Caddis- Fly and Caddis-Worm. RoNALD JoHN McNEILL, M.A. Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of StJames's Gazette, Bunker Hill. London.

{{ {

RicHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.L.S. Bison; Member of Staff of Geological Survey of India, 1 874-1882. Author of Catalogues of Bovidae; Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in British Museum ; &c. Buffalo. RoBERT NrsBET BAIN (d. I gog). . Assistant l;ibrarian, British M useum, 1883-1909. Author of Scandinavia: the Poltttcal Htstory of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 1513-I900; The Ftrst Romanovs r613 to 1725; Slavonic Europe: the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796; &c.

Bocskay, Stephen; Boris Fedorovich Godunov·' Boyar, Brahe, Per, . Buslaev, Fedor Ivanov1ch. •

•

xii R. P.* R. Po.

S. A. C.

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES RoBERT PEELE. Professor of Mining in Columbia University, New York. RENE PouPARDIN, D. :Es L. Secretary to the Ecole des Chartes. Honorary Librarian to the Bibliotheque Nationale. Author of Le Royaume de Bourgogne ; Le Royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens ; &c. STANLEY ARTHUR CooK, M.A. I:.ecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and formerly Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University, 1904-1908. Council of Royal Asiatic Society, 1904-1905. Author of Glossarv of A ramaic Inscriptions ; The Laws of Moses and the Code of Hammurabi ; Critical Notes on Old Testament History ; Religion of A ncient Palestine ; &c.

s. c.

StC. S.H. V.* S. L.-P.

S.R. G.

T.

As.

T.Ba.

T. G. Br. T.H.H.*

T.Se.

T. W.- D. T. W.R. D.

W.

A.B.C.

W.

A.P.

W.B.* W.B.S.*

LrTT.D.

SIDNEY CoLVIN, M.A., See the biographical article: COLVIN, SIDNEY.

{

Blasting; Boring.

{

Burgundy,

1{

Cain· Cale

b

•

Botticelli.

{

{

VIscouNT ST CYRES. Bossuet. See the biographical article : lDDESLEIGH: IST EARL OF. SYDNEY HowARD VINES, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. Brongniart Adolphe Sherardian Professor of Botany, Oxford University. Fellow of Magdalen College. Theodor Author of Lectures on the Physiology of Plants ; Text-Book of Botany ; &c. STANLEY LANE-POOLE, M.A., LITT.D. Formerly Professor of Arabic, Dublin University, and Examiner in the University of Wales. Corresponding Member of the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society. Burton Sir Richard Francis. ' Member of the Khedivial Commission for the Pre&ervation of the Monumen,J:s of Arab Art, &c. Author of Life of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe ; Life of Sir Harry Parkes ; Cairo ; Turkey ; &c. Editor of The Koran ; The Thousand and One Nights ; &c.

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•

1l

{

Buckingham, 1st Duke of (it. part) Bologna; Bolsena; Bononia; Borgo San Donnino; THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.). Bovianum; Bovillae; Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological I nstitute. Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Bracciano; Brescia; Craven Fellow, 1897· Conington Prizeman, 1906. Author of The Classical Brindisi; Brundisium; Bruttii; Caere; Cagli; Topography of the Roman Campagna. Cagliari; Caietae Portus; Calabria. SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P. Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Auihor of Problems of Blockade. International Practice and Diplomacy ; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910. L SAMUEL RAwsoN GARDINER, LL.D., D. C.L. See the biographical article : GAR DINER , S. R.

THOMAS GREGOR BRODIE, M.D., F.R.S. Profes�or of Physi.ology in the University of Toronto. Expertmental Physwlogy.

Author of Essentials of

SIR THoMAS HuNGERFORD HoLDICH, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E., D.Sc. Superintendent, Frontier Surveys, India, 1892-1898. Gold Medallist, R.G.S., London, r8 ?7· :"-uthor of The Indian Borderland; The Countries of the King's A ward ; Indta ; Ttbet ; &c. THoMAs SEccoMBE, M.A. Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University of London. Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887. Assistant Editor of Dictionary of National Biography, I89I-1901. Author of The A ge of Johnson ; &c. THEODORE WATTS-DUNTON. See the biographical article: WATTS-DUNTON, T.

{ {

.

Blood: Anatomy and

{

Physiology.

Bolan Pass; Brahmaputra.

r J Boswell.

1

{

Borrow.

T. w. RHYS DAVIDS, LL.D., PH.D. Professor of Comparative Religion, Manchester University. President of the Pali Buddha; Text Society. Fellow of the British Academy. Secretary and Librarian of Royal Buddhaghosa· ' Asiatic Society, r885-1902. Author of Buddhism ; Sacred Books of the Buddhists ; Buddh' Ism. Early Buddhism ; B l!ddhist India ; Dialogues of the Buddha ; &c.

1

Bitzius; Blanc, Mont; REV. WILLIAM AuGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S., Pn.D. (Bern). Bonstetten; Botzen; Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English H istory, ,St David's Bourrit; Bregenz; College, Lampeter, r88o-r881. Author of Guide du Haut Dauphine ; The Range of Brenner Pass; Brian�on; the Todi ; Guide to Grindelwald ; Guide to Switzerland ; The Alps in Nature and in Brieg; Brienz, Lake of; History ; &c. Editor of the Alpine Journal, r88o-r889, &c. Brignoles; Brixen; Burckhardt, Jakob; Burgdott WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A. Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Sf>nior Scholar of St John's College, Bishop; Oxford. Author of Modern Europe ; &c. Brunhild. WILLIAM BuRTON, M.A., F.C.S. Chairman, Joint Committee of Pottery Manufacturers of Great Britain. Author of Brick (in part) . English Stoneware and Earthenware ; &c.

F.S.A., F.R.G.S.

{. { {

WILLIAM BARCLAY SQUIRE; M.A., Assistant in charge of Printed Music, British M useum. Hon. Secretary of the Purcell Society. Formerly Musical Critic of Westminster Gazette, Saturday Review BYrd• and Globe. Editor of Byrd's Masses.

... Xlll

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES w.c. s.

WILLIAM CHARLES SMITH, K.C., M.A., LL.D. Formerly Sheriff of Ross, Cromarty and Sutherland. !889-1900.

w. c. u.

W.Hd. W.H.L.

W.H.W.* W.J.H.* W.L. W.L.G.

W.L.R. C.

{

Editor of Judicial Review, Borough: Irish and Scottish.

{{ { {

WILLIAM CAWTHORNE UNWIN, LL. D., F.R.S., M.lNST.C.E., M.INST.M.E., A.R.I B .A. . Bridges' Emeritus Professor of Engineering, Central Technical College, City and Guilds of London Institute. Author of Wrought Iron Bridges and Roofs ; Treatise on Hydraulics. WILFRANcHuBBARD. · · BO IVIa: Correspondent of The Times in Rome.

W. J. HuGHAN. Past Senior Grand Deacon of Freemasons of England, of Grand Lodges of Egypt, Quebec and Iona, &c.

I874.

WILLIAM MICHAEL RossETTI. See the biographical article :

W. S.J.

WILLIAM STANLEY JEvoNs. LL.D. See the biographical article: jEVONS,

W.Wr.

WILLISTON WALKER, PH.D., D.D. Professor of Church History, Yale University.

· part) ctn

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•

{ {

..

.

Brooks, PhillipS.

{ {

Brock, Sir Isaac; Brown, George. Boscovich

·

•

{Brown, Ford Madox.

RossETTI, DANTE GABRIEL.

w.

W.W.R.*

z

Hon. Senior Warden Builders' Rites.

RIGHT REV. WILLIAM LAWRENCE, D.D., LL.D. Bishop of Massachusetts. Author of Study of Phillips Brooks; Life of Roger Wolcott; &c. WILLIAM LAWSON GRANT, M.A. Professor of Colonial History, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. Formerly Beit Lecturer in Colonial History, Oxford University. Editor of A cts of the Privy Council (Canadian Series). WILLIAM LIEsT REAowm CATEs (IS2!-rSgs). Author of A History of England from Editor of Dictionary of General Biography. the Death of Edward the Confessor to the Death of KingJohn. Part author of Encyclo-

W.R.L.

w.w.F.*

H'story

WILLIAM H. LANG, D.Sc. Barker Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, University of Manchester. Author of Bryophyta' Papers on Botanical Subjects, including Morphology and life history of Bryophyta , Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms, in scientific journals. WILLIAM HENRY WHITFELD, M.A. Bridge· Game Trinity College, Cambridge. Card Editor of the Field. ·

paedia of Chronology.

W.M.R.

1

{

R. LETHABY, F.S.A. Principal of the Central School of Arts and Crafts under the London County Council. Byzantine Art. Author of A rchitecture, Mysticism and Myth; &c.

{

Boole'

WILLIAM STANLEY.

Author of History of the Congregational Churches in the United States; The Reformation; John Calvin; &c.

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Bushnell, Horace.

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WILLIAM WARDE FowLER, M.A. Fellow of Lin�oln . College, Oxford. Sub-Rect