Encyclopaedia Britannica [2, 1 ed.]

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ENCYCLOPAEDIA VOLUME

the

BRITANNIC A. SECOND.

ENCYCLOPEDIA O R,

Britannica:

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DICTIONARY O

ARTS and

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SCIENCES,

COMPILED UPON A NEW PLAN. IN

WHICH

The different SCIENCES and ARTS are digefted into diftindl Treatifes or Syftems; AND

The various TECHNICAL TERMS, &C. are explained as they occur in the order of the Alphabet. ILLUSTRATED WITH ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTY COPPERPLATES.

By a

SOCIETY

IN

of GENTLEMEN in

THREE

SCOTLAND.

VOLUMES.

VOL.

II.

LONDON: Printed forJoHNDoNALDSoN, Corner of Arundel Street in the Strand.

M.DCC. LXXIIL

Britannica;

Encyclopaedia OR,

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AABA, or CAABAH, properly fignifies a fquare building; but is particularly applied by the Mahometans to the temple of Mecca, built, as they pretend, by Abraham and Ifmael his fon. It is towards this temple they always turn their faces when they pray, in whatever part of the world they happen to be. This temple enjoys the privilege of an afylum for all forts of criminals; but it is moft remarkable for the pilgrimages made to it by the devout muffulmans, who pay fo great a veneration to it, that they believe a fingle fight of its facfed walls, without any particular ad of devotion, is as meritorious, in the fight of God, as the njolt careful difcharge of one*s duty, for the fpace of a whole ydar, in ahy other temple. CAB, an Hebrew, dry meafure, being the fixth part of a feahor fatum, and the eighteenth part of an ephah : A cab contained 2^- pints of our corn .meafure: A quarter-cab was the meafure of dove’s dting, or mote properly a fort of chick-peafe, called ‘by this name, which was fold at Samaria, during the fiege of rilat city, for five fhekels. CABALIST, in French commerce, a fadtor, or perfqn, who is concerned in managing the trade Of another. CAB ALL ARIA, in middle-age'V|riters,. lands held by the tenurfe of furnilhin'g a horfiemtui, 'with fu it able equipage, in time of war, or when the lord had occafion for him. CABALLEROS, or CAVAILEROS, are Spanifh wools, of which there is a pretty confiderable trada at Bayonne, in France. CABALLINE denotes fomething belonging to horfes : Thus caballine aloes is fo called, from its being chiefly VOL. II. No. 30^ • 3 -

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CAB ufed for purging horfes ; and common brimftone is called fulphur caballinum, for a like reafon. CABBAGE, in botany. See BRASSICA. CAB BAG E-tree, a name fometimes given to the palmtree, called by Linnaeus, phoenix. See PHOENIX.

CABBAGING, among gardeners, a term ufed for the knitting of cabbages into round heads. CABBALA, according to the Hebrew ftyle, has a very diftindt fignification from that wherein we unueritand it in our language. The Hebrew cabbala fignifies tradition; and the rabbins, who are called cabbalills, ftudy principally the combination of particular words, letters, and numbers, and by this means pretend to difcover what is to come, and to fee clearly into the fenfe of many difficult paflages in fcripture: There are no Eire principles of this knowledge, but it depends upon fome particular traditions of the ancients; for which {■eafon,i| is termed cabbala. Thd cabbalifts have abundance of names, which they * call famed: Thefe they make ufe of in invoking of f fpirits, and imagine that they receive great light from, tnem: They tell us, that the fecrets of the cabbala were'difeovered to Mofes on. mount Sinai ; and that thefe have been delivered dov/n to them from father to fon, withou|. interruption, and without any ufe of letters ; for th write them down, is what they are by no means permitted to do. This is likewife termed, the oral law, becaufe it pafled from father to fon, in order to diftingaiffi it from the written laws. There is another cabbala, called artificial, which confifls in fearching for abftrufe and myfietious fignifications of a woid in fcripture, from whence they borrow certain explanations, by combining the letteis f A which

CAB CAB (2 ) •which compofe it: this cabbala is divided into three CABINET, or CABBINET, the moft retired place in the fineft part of a building, fet apart for writing, ftukinds, the gematrie, the notaricon, and the temura or dying, or preferving any thing that is precious. themurah. The firft whereof confifts in taking the A complete apartment confifts of a hall, anti-chamletters of a Hebrew word for ciphers or arithmetical ber, chamber, and cabinet, with a gallery on one fide. numbers, and explaining every word by the arithmetiHence we fay, a cabinet of paintings, euriofities, cal value of the letters whereof it is compofed. The fecond fort of cabbala, called notaricon, confills in ta- CABINET alfo denotes a piece of joiner’s workmanffiip, being a kind of prefs or cheft, with feveral doors and king every particular letter of a word for an entire drawers. diiflion ; and the third, called themurah, i. e. change, There are common cabinets of oak or of chefnut, confifts in making different tranfpofitions or changes varnifhed cabinets of China and Japan, cabinets of inof letters, placing one for the other, or one before laid work, and fome of ebony, or the like fcarce and the other. precious woods. Among the Chriflians likewife, a certain fort of Formerly the Dutch and German cabinets were magic is, by miftake, called cabbala, which confifts in ufing improperly certain paffages of fcripture for much efteemed in France, but are now quite out of magic operations, or in forming magic characters or date, as well as the cabinets of ebony, which came figures with ftars and talifmans. from Venice. Some vifionaries, among the Jews, believe, that CABIRI, a term in the theology of the ancient Pagans, Jefus Chrift wrought his miracles by virtue of the myfignifying great and powerful gods; being a name fteries of the cabbala. given to the gods of Samothracia. They were alfo GABBALISTS, the Jewilh doctors who profefs the worffiipped in other parts of Greece, as Lemnos and ftudy of the cabbala. Thebes, where the cabiria were celebrated in honour In the ppinion of thefe men, there is not a word, of them: thefe gods are faid to be, in number, letter, or accent in the law, without fome myftery in four, viz. Axieros, Axiocerfa, Axiocerfus, and it. The Jews are divided into two general feCts ; the Cafmilus. karaites, who refufe to receive either tradition or the CABIRIA, feftivals in honour of the cabiri, celebrated talmud, or any thing but the pure text of fcripture ; in Thebes and Lemnos, but efpecially in Samothraand the rabbinifts, or talmudifts, who, befides this, cia, an illand confecrated to the cabiri. All who were receive the traditions of the ancients, and follow the initiated into the myfteries of thefe gods, were thought talmud. to be fecured thereby from ftorms at fea, and all othepThe latter are again divided into two other fedts ; dangers. The ceremony of initiation was performed pure rabbinifts, who explain the fcripture, in its naby placing the candidate, crowned with olive-branches, tural fenfe, by grammar, hiftory, and tradition ; and and girded about the loins with a purple ribband, on cabbalifts, who, to difcover hidden myftical fenfes, a kind of throne, about which the priefts, and perfons which - they fuppofe God to. have couched therein,, before initiated, danced. make ufe of the cabbala, and the myfticar methods a- CABLAN, the nami of a kingdom andcity of India, bove mentioned. beyond the Ganges. GABECA, or CABESSE, a name given to the fineft filks CABLE, a thick, large, ftrong rope, commonly of. in the Eaft Indies, as thofe from 15 to 20 per cent. hemp, which ferves to keep a ffiip at anchor. inferior to them are called barina. The Indian There is no merchant-ffiip, however weak, but has workmen endeavour to pafs them off one with the oat leaft three cables ; namely, the chief cable, or ther ; for which reafon, the more experienced Eurocable of the ffieet-anchor, a common cable, and a pean merchants take care to open the bales, and to fmaller one. examine all the fkains one after another. The Dutch Cable is alfo faid of ropes, which ferve to raife diftinguifti two forts of cabecas ; namely, the moor caheavy loads, by the help of cranes, pullies, and other beca, and the common cabeca. The former is fold at engines. The name of cable is ufually given to fuch Amfterdam for about 2if fchellinghen Elemifh, and the as have, at leaft, three inches in diameter ; thofe that other for about 18J. are lefs are only called ropes of different names, acGABENDA, a port-town of Congo, in Africa, and cording to their ufe. 0 0 fubjeft to the Portuguefe: E. long. 12 , and S. lat. 4 . Every cable, of what thicknefs foever it bej is com= CAB1DOS, or CAVIDOS, a long meafure ufed at-Goa, ppfed of three ftrands ; every ftrand of three ropes ; and and in other places of the Eaft Indies belonging to the every rope of three twifts : the twift is made of more-, Portuguefe, to meafure ftuffs, linens, t&c. and equal or lefs threads, according as the cable is to be thicker. to 4 of the Paris ell . or thinner. CABIN, in the fea-language, a fmall room, or apartIn the manufacture of cables, after the ropes are ment, whereof there are a great many in feveral parts made, they ufe fticks, which they pafs firft between:, of a Ihip; particularly on the quarter-deck, and on the ropes of which'they make the ftrands, and after-: each fide of the fteerage, for the officers of the ffiip to wards between the ftrands of which they make the lie in. cable, to the end that they may all twift the better,, The great cabin is the chief of all, and that which and be more regularly wound together; and alfo, to properly belongs to the captain or chief commander. prevent them from twining or intangling, they hang.

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vince of Cabul were ceded to the Perfians. in 1739 ; at die end of each ftrand and of each rope, a weight E. long. 69°, and N. lat. 33° 30'. of lead or of (tone. The number of threads each cable is compofed of CABURNS, on (hip-board, are (mall lines, made of fpun yarn, to bind cables, feize tackles, or the like. is always proportioned to its length and thicknefs ; and it is by this number of threads that its weight and CACACA, a city of Africa, in the kingdom of Fez. value are afcertained : thus a cable of three inches CACAGOGA, among ancient phyficians, ointments, which, applied to the fundament, procure dools. circumference, or one inch diameter, ought to confift Paulus iEgineta direfts to boil alum, mixed with hoof 48 ordinary threads, and weigh 192 pounds ; and ney, for that purpofe. on this foundation is calculated the following -table, very ufeful for all people engaged in marine commerce, CACALIA, in botany, a genus of the fyngenefia polywho fit out merchant-men for their own account, or gamia sequalis clafs. The receptacle is naked ; the freight them for the account of others. pappus is hairy; and the calix is cylindrical, oblong, and has a kind of fmall cup at the bafe. There are A table of the number of threads and •weight of 12 fpecies, none of which are natives of Britain. cables of different circumferences. CACALIANTHEMUM, in botany, a iynonime of the Circumf. Threads. Weight. cacalia. See CACALIA. 3 inches. 48 192 pounds CACAO, in botany. See THEOBROMA. 4 77 B08 CACERES, a town of Edremadura, in Spain, about 5 121 484 feventeen miles fouth-ead of Alcantara : W. long. 6° 6 174 696 45', and N. lat. 390 12'. 7 238 952 CACHAN, a city of Perfia, fituated in a large plain, 8 311 1244 about 20 leagues from Ifpahan. 9 393 1572 It is remarkable for its manufaAures of gold and 10 485 1940 filver duff's, and of fine earthen ware. n 598 2392 CACHAO, orKECHio, the capital of the kingdom of 12 699 2796 Tonquin, fituated on the wedern (hore of the river 13 821 3284 Domea : E. long. 105°, and N. lat. 220 3c/. 14 952 3808 CACHECTIC, fomething partaking of the nature of, 15 1093 4372. or belonging to a cachexy. See CACHEXY. 16 1244 497.6 CACHEMIRE, or KACHEMIRE, a province of Afia, 17 1404 5616 in the country of the Mogul. The inhabitants are 18 1574 6296 thought to have been originally Jews, becaufe they 19 1754 7016 fpeak much of Mofes and Solomon, whom they believe 20 1943 7772 to have travelled into their country. Sheet-anchor CAM-U, is the greated cable belonging to GACHEMIRE is alfo the capital of that province, fituated a (hip. in 76° E. long, and 340 30/ N. lat. Serve or plate the CABLE, is to bind it about with ropes, CACHEXY, in medicine, a vitious date of the humours clouts, be. to keep it from galling in the hawfe. and whole habit. See MEDICINE. 7c fplice a CABLE, is to make two pieces fad together, GACHRYS, in botany, a genus of the pentandria digyby working the feveral threads of . the rope, the one nia clafs. The fruit is oval and a little angled. There into the other. are but two fpecies, viz. the libanotis, a native of Bay were CABLE, is to let more out of the (hip. Pay Sicily; and the ficula, a native of Sicily and Spain. cheap the cable, is to hand it out apace. Veer more CACOETHES, in medicine, an epithet applied, by cable, is to let more out, be. Hippocrates, to malignant and difficult didempers: CABLED, in heraldry, a term applied to a crofs, . when applied to (Igns-or fymptoms, it imports what is very- bad and threatening; and if given to tumours, formed of the two ends of a (hip’s cable ; fometimes ulcers, be. it denotes a great malignancy. alfo to. a crofs. covered over with rounds- of rope, more properly called a crofs-corded. CACTUS, im botany, a genus of the icofandria monoCABLED-/7W, in architecture, fuch flutes as are filled; gynia clafs. The calix confids of one leaf, imbricated, up with pieces, in the form of a cable. and above the fruit. The berry has but one cell, CABO DE I STRIA, thecapital of the province of Idria, containing many feeds. The fpecies are twenty-three, in the dominion of Venice, fituated on the. gulph of one of which is the cochinealrplant. See COCHI-Venice, about twelve miles fouth of Triefte : E. long, NEAL. 140 20', and N. lat. 450 yc/. CAD, or CADE. See CADE. CABOCHED, in heraldry, is when the heads of beads GADARI, OEKADARI, a fedt of Mahometans, which are borne without any part of the neck, full-faced. attributes the adlions of men to men alone, and not CABOLETTO, in-commerce, a coin of the republic of to the divine decree determining his will; and denies Genoa, worth about 3 d. of our money. all abfolute decrees, and prededination. Ben Aun CABUL, the capital of a province of the fame name, calls the cadari, the magi or manichees of the muffulon the north-wed of India. Both the town and proOADE-

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CADE, a cag, caflc, or barrel. A cade of herrings is a veffel containing the quantity of 500 red herrings, or of fprats 1000. CADE-LAMB, a young lamb, weaned and brought up by hand in a houfe.

an oil much ufed in France and Germany: it is prepared from the fruit of a fpecies of cedar, called exycedrus. CADE-WORM, in zoology, the maggot or worm of a fly, called phryganea. See PHRYGANEA. CADENCE, in reading, is a falling of the voice below the key note at the clofe of every period. In reading, whether profe or verfe, a certain tone is aflumed which is called the key-note; and in this tone the bulk of the words are founded; but this note is generally lowered towards the clofe of every fentence. CADENCE, in mufic, according to the ancients, is a feries of a certain number of notes, in a certain interval, which ftrike the ear agreeably, and efpecially at the end of the fong, ftanza,