Encyclopaedia Britannica [11, 11 ed.]

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THE

ENCYCLOPLEDIA· BRITANNICA ELEVENTH

FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH SEVENTH EIGHTH NINTH TENTH

ELEVENTH

EDITION

edition, published in three "

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,

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volumes,

ten

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eighteen twenty twenty twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-five

ninth edition and eleven

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supplementary volumes, published in twenty-nine volumes,

1 768-r 7 7 r . I 7 77-I 784. 1 788-1 797• r 8or -r8IO. r8r s-r8 r 7 . r 823 -r824. I 83o-r842. r 8 53 -r 86o. 187s-r889. 1 902-1903. 1 910-19li.

COPYRIGHT

in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS of

the

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

All rights merved

THE

ENCYCLOPJEDIA BRITANNICA A

DICTIONARY OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH

EDITION

VOLUME XI FRANCISCANS

New

to

GIBSON

York

Encyclopcedia Britannica, Inc. 342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, by

The Encydopredia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,1 WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. A. B.R.

ALFRED

A. B. W . K.

SIR ALE XANDER B LACKIE WILLIAM KENNEDY, LL.D.,

A. Ca.

ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S.

A. E. H.L. A. E. S. A. Ge.

BARTON RENDLE, -M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. Keeper, Depart:nent of Botany, British Museum. Classification of Flowering Plants; &c.

F.R.S.

Emeritus Profgssor of Engineering, University College, London. Engineer to Board of Ordnance.

ARTHUR EvERETT S mP LEY M.A., D.Sc., ,

F.R.S.

SIR ARcHIBALD

GEIKIE,

ALE X ANDER GORDON, M.A. Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

RoN. ArrcHIBALD GRAEME

A. G. D.

ARTHUR GEoRGE DouGHTY, C.M.G ., M.A., LITT.D., F.R.,HisT.S.

BELL,

Gauss. Function: Functions of

{

M.INST.C.E.

Director of Public Works and Inspector of Mines, Trinidad. Member of Executive and Legislative Councils, Inst.C.E.

Real Variables

•

.

{

Georgetown ' British GUia . na.

Dominion Archivist of Cana? a. Member of the . Geog�aphical Board of Canar of The A ncient A rmenian Texts of A ristotle; Myth, Magic and Morals; &c.

{ { {

Astor Professor of European History, University College, London. Formerly Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. Author of Limits cf Individual Liberty; chapters in Cambridge Modern History; &c.

A

F. F.*

SIR ]AMES FORTESCUE-FLANNERY, BART., M.P., M.INST.C.E.

F. G.M.B.

FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON BEcK, M

F. H.B.

FRANCIS HENRY BUTLER, M.A.

F. J.H.

FRANCIS }OHN HAVERFIELD, M.A . , LL.D.,

Ex-President of the Institute of Marine Engineers. M.P. for the-Maldon Division of Essex, 1910. M .P. for the Shipley Division of Yorkshire, 1 895-19o6.

F.S.A.

Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford. Fellow of Brasenose College. Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Censor, Student, Tutor and Librarian of Christ Church, Oxford. Ford 's Lecturer, 1 9o6-1907. Author of Monog:-aphs on Roman History, especially Roman Britain; &c. Lecturer in Military History, Manchester University.

Author of W.ar a nd the

World's Policy; The Leipzig Campaign; The Jena Campaign.

F.R. C.

FRANK R. CANA. Author of South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union.

F.R. H.

FRIEDRICH ROBERT HELMERT, PH.D., D .ING .

F. S.

FRANCIS STORR.

F. W.R.*

FREDERICK WILLIAM RUDLER, I.S.O., F.G.S.

G. E.

REV. GEORGE EDMUNDSON, M.A., F.R.HIST.S.

Profess0r of Geodesy, University of Berlin.

Editor of the Journal of Education, London.

Officer d'Academie (Paris).

Curator and Librari:1n of the M useum of Practical Geology, London, 1 879-1902. President of the Geologists' Association, r887-1 889. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford.

G. L.

GEORG LUNGE.

G. sa.

GEORGE SAINTSBURY, D . C . L . , LL.D.

See the biographical article, LUNGE, G. See the biographical article, SAINTSBURY, G.

Fryxell; Garland, John. Galuppi.

Gastric Ulcer

•

Gar9iio; Garrett.

Friendly SocletleS. .

Ford's Lecturer, 1 909.

•

FuneralRites.

{

Worcester College, Oxford. Associate of Royal School of Mines.

CoLONEL FREDERic NATuscH MAUDE, C.B.

Gibson, John.

{

. Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge. .

Friar.

'-.

{ { {

Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of Manchester. Commendador Portuguese Order of S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences and Lisbon Geographical Society; &c.

F. C. C.

F. N.M.

{

Waynflete Professor of Pure Mathematics, and Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.. V Formerly Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. President of London Mathematical Geometry' I • Society, 1896-1 898. Author of Algebra of Quantics; &c.

LADY EASTLAKE.

E. 0.*

F.R.A.S.

Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, StJohn's College, Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven Scholar, 1895.

E. E.

E. J. D.

vii

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES

FrenchRevolution.

{ { {

{{ {

Fuel: Liquid. Germany: Ethnography and

Early History.

Frankincense; Galls.

Gaul.

Franco-German War

{ {

{

{ { {

(in part).

French Congo; German East Africa; German South- West Africa. Geodesy (in part). Games, ClassicaL Garnet; Gem: I.

GelderIand (DuchY)

•

Fuel: Gaseous; Gas: Jfanufacture, II. French Literature; Gautier.

Vlll

...

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES

G. W. T.

REV. GRIFFITHS WHEELER THATCHER, M.A., B.D.

H. B.

HILARY BAUERMANN, F.G.S. (d. 1909).

f

Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in Hebrew and l Ghazili. Old Testament History at Mansfield College, Oxford. L Formerly Lecturer on Metallurgy at the Ordnance College, Woolwich. Author of

A Treatise on the Metallurgy of Iron. H. B. W.

HoRACE BoLINGBROKE WoODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S.

Late Assistant Director, Geological Survey of England and Wales. Wollaston Medallist, Geological Society. Author of The History of the Geological Society of London ; &c.

H. Ch.

HuGH CmsHOLM, M .A.

H. C. L.

RoN. HENRY CABOT LoDGE.

H.F.Ba.

HENRY FREDERICK BAKER, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.

Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of the nth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica ; Co-editor of the xoth edition.

Fellow and Lecturer of St John's College, Cambridge. Cayley Lecturer in Mathematics in the University. Author of A bel's Theorem and the A llied Theory ; &c.

HUGH LONGBOURNE CALLENDAR, F.R.S., LL.D.

H.M.*

HUGH MITCHELL.

H.M. W.

H. MARSHALL WARD, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (d. 1905).

H.R.M.

Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple.

HENRY NICOL. HuGH RoBERT MILL, D.Sc., LL.D.

Director of British Rainfall Organization. Editor of British Rainfall. Formerly President of the Royal Meteorological Society. Hon. Member of Vienna Geographical Society. Hon. Corresponding M ember of Geographical Societies of Paris, Berlin, Budapest, St Petersburg, Amsterdam, &c. Author of The Realm of Nature ;

,

HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS DAvis, M .A .

H.W.S.

H. WICKHAM STEED.

I. A.

IsRAEL ABRAHAMS M. A. ·�

J. A. F.

Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, 1895-1902. Author of England under the Normans and A ngevins ; Charlemagne.

1.

JOHN BAGNALL BURY, LL.D., D.C.L.

J.B.McM.

JoHN BAcH McMASTER, LL.D.

J. Ga.

JAMES GAIRDNER, LL.D., C.B.

Author of

See the biographical article, B u RY, J. B.

M.A.

See the biographical article, GAIRDNER, J.

J.G. C. A.

JOHN GEORGE CLARK ANDERSON,

J. G. R.

JoHN GEORGE ROBERTSON, M.A., PH.D.

Gibraltar (in part). Fungi (in part)

Author of

_

Censor and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of Lincoln College; Craven Fellow, Oxford, 1896. Conington Prizeman, 1893· Professor of German, University of London. ture ; Schiller after a Century ; &c.

•

French Language (in part).

Geography.

Geoffrey, Archbishop of

York ;

Geoffrey of Monmouth·' Gerard• Gervase ' of Canterbury; Gervase of Tilbury.

Frank, Jakob; Frankel, Zecharias; Frankl, Ludwig A.; Friedmann Meir· Gaon; Gei er (i � pari); Gersonides.

�

{

Galvanometer

{

•

Fuller's Earth.

{

G'bb 1 on, Edward

{

Gardiner, Steph en.

.

Professor of American H istory in the University of Pennsylvania. A History of the People of the United States ; &c.

•

Fusion.

1

Pender Professor of Electrical Engineerin in the University of London. Fellow of University College, London. Formerly enow of St John's College, Cambridge, and Lecturer on Applied Mechanics in the University. Author of Magnets and

J.B.B.

•

{ Garibaldi.

jOHN AMBROSE FLEMING, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.

The Geology of Building Stones.

Function s of Complex Var�ables

Function:

l1

Reader in Tal:Uudic and Rabbinic Literature inth eUniversitY of Cambridge. Formerly President, Jewish Historical Society of England. Author of A Short History of Jewish Literature ; Jewish Life in the Middle A ges ; Judaism ; &c.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology, London.

Gallatin.

{

' -

JoHN ALLEN HowE, B.Sc.

•

Gambetta; Garnett, Richard; George IV. (in part).

{

Correspondent of The Times at Rome (1897-1902) and Vienna.

Electric Currents.

J.A. H .

-

_

H.w.c.n.

.

{ {

Formerly Professor of Botany, Cambridge. President of the B ritish Mycological Society. Author of Timber and Some of its Diseases; The Oak ; Sack's Lectures on the Physiology of Plants ; Diseases in Plants ; &c.

The Internatwnal Geography ; &c.

Gaudry

{

Professor of Physics, Royal College of Science, London. Formerly Professor of Physics in MacGill College, Montreal, and in University College, London.

�

Fuel: Solid.

{{

See the biographical article, LODGE, H E NRY CA BOT .

H. L.C.

H.N.

{

{

{

r

•

Garfield, James Abram.

Galatia.

Freiligrath; Author of History of German Litera- l German Literature. L

{

ix

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES J. Hn.

JusTus HASHAGEN, PH.D.

Privat-dozent in Medieval and Modern History, University of Bonn.

Das Rheinland und die franziisische Herrschaft.

J. H. Gr.

JoHN HILTON GRACE, M.A., F.R . S .

J. H. H.

JoHN HENRY HEsSELS, M .A . Author of Gutenberg: an Historical Investigation.

J. H. R. J. HI.R.

J. Mt.

·

Lecturer in Mathematics at Peterhouse and Pembroke College, Cambridge. Fellow of Peterhouse.

M.A., LITT.D.

JoHN HoRACE RouND, M.A . , LL.D. (Edin.). Author of Feudal England; Studies in Peerage and Family History; Peerage and Pedigree ; &c. JoHN HoLLAND RosE,

Christ's College, Cambridge. Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate. Author of Life of Napoleon I.; Napoleonic Studies; The Development of the European Nations; The Life of Pitt; &c.

]AMES GEORGE JoSEPH PENDEREL-BRODHURST. Editor of the Guardian (London).

J. Si.

]AMEs SIME, M.A. (1 843-1 89s) . Author of A History of Germany; &c.

J. S. Bl.

JOHN SUTHERLAND BLACK, M.A., LL.D. Assistant Editor 9th edition Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Biblica. JOHN SMITH FLETT, D. Sc . , F.G.S.

J. T. C.

JoSEPH THOMAS CuNNINGHAM, M.A.,

the

J. Ws.

JOHN WEATHERS, F.R.H.S.

S.

Frederick the Great (in part) . Free Church of Scotland ( in part) .

{

Author of The A postolic

Lecturer orr Horticulture to the Middlesex County Council. Author of Practical

]AMES WYCLIFFE HEADLAM, M.A.

{

Fulgurite; Gabbro. Georgia (Russia), (in part), Gastropoda

{ {

{

•

Fromme!. F ru•t � and Flower F arm.mg (zn part) .

Staff Inspec�or, of Secondary Sc�ools under the Board of Education. �ormerly · Fteder!ck 111. of Prussia· . Fellow of Kmg s College, Cambndge. Professor of Greek and Ancient History at • ' t) • Queen's College, London. Author of Bismarck and the Foundation of the German G ermany. H'tstory ( tn. par Empire; &c.

KATHLEEN ScHLESINGER. Author of The Instruments of the Orchestra; &c. Editor of the Portfolio of Musical A rchaeology.

L. D.

Lours DucHESNE.

L. H. *

Lours HALPliEN, D . -:Es . - L .

L. J. S.

LEONARD }AMES SPENCER, M.A.

See the biographical article, DucHESNE, L. M. 0.

.

Principal of the course of the Faculty of Letters in the University of Bordeaux. Author of Le Comte d'A njou au XI• siecle; Recueil des actes angevines; &c.

Assistant in Department of Mineralogy, British Museum. Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. Editor of the

Mineralogical Magazine.

L. V.

LINDA MARY VILLARI.

M. G.

MosEs GASTER, PH . D.

M.N. T.

Furniture.

{

Guide to Garden Plants; French Market Gardening; &c.

W. He.

Ga1ar1ans, EPIS . tle t0 the.

{

F.Z.S.

Professor of Church History, Mansfield College, Oxford. Age; &c.

Gardane.

{ { {

Formerly Lecturer on Zoology at the South-Western Polytechnic, London. Fellow of University College, Oxford. Assiutant Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh. Naturalist to the Marine Biological Association.

JAMES VERNON B ARTLET, M .A., D.D. (St. Andrews).

Geoffrey De Montbray.

{

Joint-author of Stanford's Europe. Formerly Editor of the Scottish Geographical Magazine. Translator of Sven Hedin's Through Asia, Central A sia and Tibet; &c.

J. V. B.

Fust.

{

Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society of London.

JOHN T. B EALBY.

K.

of

Geometry, V.

{

·

J. T. Be.

J.

Joint-editor

Frederick Augustus I. and II.; Frederick William I.

{

]AMEs MoFFATT, M .A., D.D. Jowett Lecturer, London, 1907. Author of Historical New Testament; &c.

J. P. -B.

J. S. F.

Author of

See the biographical article, VILLARI, PASQUALE. ·

{

{

{ {{

Chief Rabbi of the Sephardic communities of England. Vice-President, Zionist Congress, 1898, 1899, 1900. Ilchester Lecturer at Oxford on Slavonic and Byzantine Literature, 1886 and 1891. President, Folk-lore Society of England. VicePresident, Anglo-Jewish Association. Author of History of Rumanian Popular

j

Fr�e Reed Vibrator; Ge1ge. Gelasius I. Fulk Nerra; Geoffrey, Count of Anjou·' Geoffrey Plantaganet. Galena

•

Frederick DI. King of Sicily. .

Gh1ca.

Literature ; A New Hebrew Fragment of Ben-Sira; The Hebrew Version of the Secretum Secretorum of A ristotle. l

MARcus NIEBUHR Ton, M.A.

Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. University Lecturer in Epigraphy. Joint-author of Catalogue of the Sparta Museum.

{

Gerousia.

X

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES

o.sa.

OswALD BARRON, F.S.A . Editor of The A ncestor, 1 902�1905.

o.o.

0LAUS MAGNUS FRIEDRICH HENRICI, PH.D ., LL.D. , F.R.S.

P. A.

PAUL DANIEL ALPHANDERY.

P. A. A. P. Gi.

Hon. Genealogist to Standing Council of the Honourable Society of the Baronetage. Professor of Mechanics and Mathematics in the Central Technical College of the City and Guilds of London I nstitute. Author of Vectors and Rotors ; Congruent Figures; &c. Professor of the History of Dogma, :Ecole pratique des hautes et•1des, Sorbonne, Paris. Author of Les Idees morales chez les Mterodoxes latines au debut du XIII•

silxle. PmLIP A. AsHWORT H , M.A., Doc.JURIS.

New College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Translator of H. R. von Gneist's History

of the English Constitution. PETER GILES, M.A., LL.D., LITT.D.

P. La.

Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and University Reader in Comparative Philology. Formerly Secretary of the Cambridge Philological Society. Author of Manual of Comparative Philology ; &c. PmuP LAKE, M.A., F.G.S. Lecturer on Physical and Regional Geography in Cambridge University. Formerly of the Geological Survey of I ndia. Author of Monograph of British Cambrian Trilobites. Translator and editor of Kayser's Comparative Geology.

P.M.

PAuL MEYER.

R. Ad.

ROBERT ADAMSON, LL.D.

R. A. S.M.

RoBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A.

a. ca.

ROBERT CARRUTHERS, LL.D. (1799�1878). Editor of the Inverness Courier, 1828-1878. Part-editor of Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature ; Lecturer at the Philosophical Institution, Edinburgh. Author of History of Huntingdon ; Life of Pope. REv. ROBERT HEBERT QuicK, M . A. , ( r 83 r- 1 89 r ) .

R. H. Q. R. L.•

See the biographical article, MEYER, M. P. H.

{ t

{ { {

RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.G.S.

-

University of

Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of I ndia, 1 874-1882.

R.N. B. R. Pr.·.

RoBERT PRIEBSCH, PH.D.

Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and Fellow of King's College, London. Corresponding Member of the Institute of France. Editor of Fergusson's History of A rchitecture. Author of A rchitecture: East and West ; &c.

s. A. o.

STANLEY ARTHUR CooK, M .A.

Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Lecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and formerly Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University, 1 904-1908. Council of Royal Asiatic Society, 1 9041905. Author of Glossary of A ramaic Inscriptions ; The Laws of Moses and the Code

{

&c.

VIscouNT ST CYRES.

S. R. G.

SAMUEL RAwsoN GARDINER, LL.D., D.C.L.

T. As.

THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.).

See the biographical article, !DDESLEIGH, IST EARL OF. See the biographical article, GARDINER, S. R. Director of British School of Archaeology at .Rome. :r:"ormerly Scholar at Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1 897. Comngton Pnzeman, 1906. Member of the Imperial German Archaeological I nstitute.

.

-

Gassendi (in part). Ga�ara; Galilee �in part); Galilee, Sea. O! (rn Part) ; Gerasa; GenZim; Gezer; Gibeon.

{'

ofHammurabi ; Critical Notes .on Old Testament History ; Religion of A ncient Palestine,

St. 0.

French Language (in part).

{ {

P HENE SPIERS, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.

RICHARD WEBSTER, A.M. (Princeton). :formerly Fellow in Classics, Princeton University. Editor of The Elegies of Maximwnus ; &c.

Germany.. Geology.

{

schriften in England ; &c.

R. We.'

G•

{

Professor of German Philology, University of London. Author of Deutsche Hand-

R.

Germany: Geography.

{

Author of

Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds in British Museum ; The Deer of all Lands ; &c. ROBERT NISBET BAIN (d. 1 909). Assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1883-1 909· Author ofScandinavia, the Political History of Denmark,Norway and Sweden, ISIJ-1900; The First Romanovs,1613 to1725 ; Slavonic Europe, the Political History of Poland and Russia from 1469 to 1796; &c.

R. P. S.

Fraticelli•

{ {

Director of Excavations for the Palestine Explora-

Trinity College, Cambridge. Formerly Lecturer on Education, Cambridge. Author of Essays on Educational Reformers.

Geometry, I., II., and III.

{

See the biographical article. ADAMSON, RoBERT.

St John's College, Cambridge. tion Fund.

Genealogy: Modern.

{

. . Garrick, Dav1d (in part).

Froebel. Galago· Galeopithecus· · ' Ganod�nta· Gelada' ' I on. G'bb

Fred enc . k II• and III• 0f Denmark and Norway. Gedymin. German Language.

Garnier, J.

{{ { {

Franklin, Benjamin. Genealogy • Bt'bl'teal·' . GeneSIS. •

Gallicanism. George I., II., III.; George IV. (in part). Frascati Fregellae; Frascati; Fregellae; Fucino, Lago Di; Fulginiae; Fusaro Lago· Gabii· ' Gaeta; Gallip li (Ita y); Gela; Genoa.

�

i

INITIALS AND HEADINGS OF ARTICLES

T.Ba.

SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P.

T.C. H.

THOMAS CALLAN HODSON.

T.E.H.

THOMAS ERSKINE HOLLAND, K.C., D .C.L., LL.D.

Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion of Honour. Author of Problems of International Practice and Diplomacy ; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910. Registrar, East London College, University of London. Late Indian Civil Service. Author of The Metheis ; &c.

{

Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. Professor of International Law and Diplomacy in the University of Oxford, I874-19I0. Fellow of the British Academy. Bencher of Lincoln's Inn. Author of Studies in International Law ; The Elements of Jurisprudence ; Alberici Gentilis de jure belli ; The Laws of War on Land; Neutral Duties in a .Maritime War ; &c.

T. G. S.

THOMAS GASKELL SHEARMAN (d. 1 9 00).

T.H. H. *

CoLONEL SIR THOMAS HuNGERFORD HoLDICH, K. C.M. G., K.C.I.E., D .Sc.

Superintendent Frontier Surveys, India, 1 892-1898. Gold Medallist, R.G.S. (London ) , 1 887. Author of The Indian Borderland ; The Countries of the King's Award; India ; Tibet; &c.

T. l'tL L.

REV. THOMAS MARTIN LINDSAY, D .D.

V. B. L.

VIVIAN BYAM LEWES, F.I.C., F.C.S.

V. H. B.

VERNON HERBERT BLACKMAN, M.A., D.Sc.

Principal and Professor of Church History, United Free Church College, Glasgow. Author of Life of Luther ; &c. . Professor of Chemistry, Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Gas Examiner to City of London.

Chief Superintending

{{

{

George' Henry

'

Ganges

{ 1 L

WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A.

w. Ba.

WILLIAM BACHER, PH.D .

W.Be.

SIR WALTER BESANT.

w. c.

SIR WILLIAM CROOKES, F.R.S. See the biographical article, CROOKES, SIR WILLIAM.

w. Cu.

THE VEN. WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM, M.A. , D.D.

W.E.D.

WILLIAM ERNEST DALBY, M.A. , M.INST.C.E., M.I.M.E.

W. Fr.

WILLIAM FREAM, LL.D. (d. 1 9 .06 ).

W. F. C.

WILLIAM. FEILDEN CRAIEs M.A. Barnster-at-Law, Inner ,femple. Lecturer on Cnmmal Law, Kmg s College, London.

W.Hu.

REv.

WILLIAM AuGusTus BREVOORT CoOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G.S., PH.D. (Ber n ).

Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English History, St David 's College, __L�mpe�er, I88