306 30 62MB
English Pages 307 Year 2006
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ec ronlc ensors
or
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-VI enlu.--------------
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ec ronlc ensors •
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VI enlus -------------TOM PETRUZZELLIS
McGraw-Hill New York C hicago Sa n Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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-IX
Introduction
Chapl er 1
Contents
Sound Ene rgy
Sound En ergy ,-
Types of to.1icroph ones Amplifying SoundsTh e Aud io A mpli fie r
-------
1
Humidi ty Monitor
1 3
pH Mcte r
99
Fluid Sensor
Strea m Stage Water-Level Measurem e nt Chapt er 5
Gas Sensing
103
111
A ir Pressure Switch
III
E lectronic Sniffe r
114
U ltra sonic Liste ne r
7 10 16
8 argra ph Press ure Sensor
11 8
lnfrasonics
19
Pel listor Combustible Gas Sensor
123
Electronic Barometer
127
E lect ro nic Ste thoscope Unde rwa te r H ydropho ne
Chapter 2 Li ght D etection a nd Measurement
Light Detection Devices Listening to Li ght-Us ing an O plo-Liste ne r
C hapter 6
26
28
Measuring the So la r ConSla ntUsi ng a Radio me te r
32
A Basic Rad iomete r Circuit
36
Vibration Sensin g
135
Vibra tio n Ho ur Meter
135
Seismic Vibratio n A la rm
137
Piezo Se ismic D e tector
140
Resea rch Seismograph
144
AS- l Specifi ca tio ns
158
C hapter 7
Measuring Ultra violet Rays-
Detecting Magne tic Fields
161
Tra nsfonn e r Actio n
161 162
The Radiatio n Fi eld a nd the Induction Field
163
The Magnetic Fie ld
163
57
111e E lectronic Fi eld
163
Infra red Fl a me Se nsor Switch
57
Magnetic D c tecto rs
164
Freezing Temperature Alarm
59
The Barkhause n E ffec t
169
Ovcrte mpe rature A la rm
61
A nalog Da ta Logge r Syste m
64 69
Two-Inch Diame te r Pic kup Coil and A pplications
170
E LF Monitor
173
Shie lding
175
E lectronic Compass
178
89
Sudde n Ionosphe ric Disturbance Receiver
IS2
89
Ea rth Field Magne to mete r
187
Us in g a n Ultra vio le t Radi ome te r Measuring O zone-Using a n Ozone Meter Se nsiti ve Optical Tachome te r Turbidity
Cha pter 3
Heat D etection
LC D Thermome te r Night Scope Project infrared Motion Detec tor C ha pter 4
Liquid Sensing
Rain DetecLOr
39 44
48 51
74 79
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91 96
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Historical Review
Contents
vii
rt (j)
Toroid al-Core Flux-Ga te Sensor
188
Th e Flux-Gate Se nso r
189
Flux-Gate M agneto me ter
190
Space Radiation
247
195
Radiati on Sources on Eart h
248
Fun with a Cloud C ha mber
248
Low-Cost Ion C hambe r
251
Low-Cost Ion C hambe r Radi a tio n Detector
252
Advanced Ion C hambe r Rad ia tion D e tec tor
254
Experim e nting with a Geige r Counte r
258
Chapter 8
Sensing Electric Fields
Electrosta tic Fundame ntals
195
Bui ld ing a Classic E lectroscope
200 201 202 203 204 205 206 209 2 12
Bui ld in g a Leyde n Jar Building a Static Tube Sim ple E lectronic Electroscope Io n D e tecto r At mosphe ric Electricit y MonilOr Advanced E lectrometer C loud C harge Monit or E lectrical Fie ld Disturbance Moni tor
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Chapter 9
•
Radio Proj ects
221
Rad io Hi sto ry
221
De tec ti ng Lightening
224
Ligh tn ing De tec tor
225
ELFN LF Radio or Na ture's Radio
227
Shortwave Radi o
234
Freque ncy Calibra tion
237
Jllpite r Radio Te lescope
238
•
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The Jupite r Rad io Te lescope A nt enn a Cha pter 10 Radiation SenSing
Appendix A Helpful Contact Information Appendix
n
Data Sheets
Index
Ele ct ronic Sensors for the Ev il Genius
243 247
267 271 323
H
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Introduction
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Electrollic Sel/sors for the £1';1 Genills: 54 Elecrrifvil1g pイ
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was created as a voyage of discovery fo r chil-
dren. adults., science buffs. a nd for those Cur iO lIS at heart of aU ages. This book was d esigned to provide a spark for the curiosi ty seeker. as well as to inspir e curious children. stude nts, a nd ad ul lS alike toward experimentat ion and explonn ion o f the sigh ts. sounds. and smells of the na lural world. which may
not be detectable by OUf lim ited range of human senses.. lbis book was also writlcn fo r electron ics hobbyists. as well as for electronics technicia ns and engineers who wish to b uild and expe rimen t wilb electronics se nsing and detection circui ts.
Electronic Sensors for the EI'il Gel/illS: 54 Electrifyillg Projects will introd uce the reader to how to sense. detect. and monitor sound. light , heat. a nd gas as well as 10 vibration, magnetic. electric. radio, a nd rad iation . In this book we will see what few may sec. hear what few have heard. and sense what few have scnsed.lbe book sho uld prove to be extre mely helpful in aiding the reader to unde rsta nd a nd ap precia te some of the unseen and u nheard e ne rgies all around us. as well as to help the reader se nse a nd monitor these c nergies.1l1 is book is writte n so that the in te rested reader can read ily b uild. test. and explore the fascinating and often mysterious world of natural phenomena. We will introduce tbe reader to many different types of se nsors., detectors. and transd ucers. which convert one form of e ne rgy to a not he r. Our hope is Ihut Eteclr(Jllic Sel/sors for the EI'jf Gelliw,': 54 Electri/rillg Projects will inspire a student to construct a science fai r project or two o r pe rhaps send the inquisitive reader on a lifelong q uest to in\'esliga le the natu ra l world thro ugh electronics sensing and d etect io n.
Electronic Sensors for the E I'it Gel/illS: 54 Electrifyillg Projects p rovides extensive photos. schematics..
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ta bles. and diagrams. The append ix provides paris suppl iers and p roject kits sources.
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Chapter I-Sound Energy Sound energy is a vc ry exciti ng start ing poin t for exploring and observing na tural phe nomena all aro u nd us. The sound waves h uma ns hear with ou r ears are but a ve ry limited range of the audio spcctrum. Our perce p tion of sound a llows us to ··hear"· only a narrow slice of energy bctween 20 Hz to 15 KHz. In facl a who le range of aud io exists both above and below our range. which we canno t perceive at a ll but are in fact ve ry interesting to explore. In this chapte r we will explore the inte resting worlds of audible. ultrasonic. a nd infrasonic sound s. You will investigate how to listen to high-freque ncy sounds of animals and re mo te conversations and how to track down noise a nd macbine fau lts with a n e lectro nic stethoscope. You will discover a who le new universe o f unde rwater sound s a ft e r building a hydropho ne a nd a n aud io am pli fier. You will lea rn that a lo ngitudi nal mechanical wave whose freq uency is below the audible ra nge is called an infrasollic wave (illfrareli light wa\·cs are waves be low red light). and one whose freq uency is above th e a udible range is called a n ultrasonic wave (1IItrtlL'iolet waves a rc above viole t lig ht). 111e longest waveleng th sound waves that can affect the nomml huma n ear (20 Hz) a re a thousand times as lo ng as the shortest waves to which the ca r is se nsitive (20.000 Hz). In this chapter you will construct un ultruso nic lis · te ner. which you ca n use to liSlen to insect and o ther sounds that are ll bove the human hearing range. We will also explore infrasonic waves. which are usua lly ge ne ra tcd by la rge sources. such as barome tric o r weather fro n ts o r by cart hq uakes. You learn how to
Introduction
ix
construct your own microbarograph. which will allow you to detect these very long sou nd pressure waves produced by barometric changes lmd approaching storms.
delect and measure water poll ution in water using the optical turbidity meter.
Chapter 3-Heat Detection Chapter 2 Light Detection and Measurement A lthough a bout ten million shades o f color can be ident ified by the human eye in the visible spectrum of ligl1l. the light that produces those colors spans onl y a narrow spread o f wave lengths. TIlis frequ ency density is comparable 10 crowding all the world's human-made radio freque ncies into a narrow fre quency range (rom 550 KHz 10 880 KHz in the standard A1'.
TO VOLTAGE
-------- ... _- --------------------------------Figure 3-4
64
Allalog dara logger system I
Elec tronic Sensors for the Evil Genius
VOLTMETER
A NTENNA
VOLTAGE SENSOR
CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR
-?
TRANSMITTER
ANTENNA
I RECEIV ER
FREQUENCY TO VOLTAGE
VOLTMETER
._......._-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------Figure 3-5
Analog data logger sysfem J/
of a radio transmitte r- e it her a walkie talkie o r an FM
o hm is a 1:1 transfom1cr with bOlh windings 600
broadcasllransmitter. A t the receiving end of the cireuil a rccci\'cr audio circuit is fed d irectly into a [requencY-ID--voltage converter. The frequency-tovoltage converler is then fed illla a digital vall meter. In this data logger scheme. you can send th e data realtime from one location to anothe r.
ohms each.) The transfomlcr's output is connected to a coupling capacitor at C3. 111e capacitor a nd remaining tra nsformer lead is con neCled to a mjni audio p lug. which couples the oscillator circuit to either a transmi tte r"s audio input or 10 the audio input o f a tape recorde r.
The sending or sensor circuit shown in Figu re 3-6 shows a temperature sensor connected between pins -t and 7 of an LM555 oscilla tor/timer IC In ope ratio n. the lセ G QU U@ oscillates at a frequency d ctenn ined by the resistance of the tempe rature sensor at T l. As the temperature ar T I changes. the resista nce changes. thereby changi ng the frequenc), of Ihe oscillator. Capacitor Cl has been selected to keep the ma.\:imum frequency o f the oscillator within the range of a typicallape recorder. The o ut put of the L M555 at pin 3 of the IC is fed to a capacito r at 0. which is in tum connected to a minitransfomlc r at L I. Transfonner Ll is a 6OO·ohm to 6oo-ohm interstage ty pe used to couple radio circuits together. (A 6OO·ohm to 600-
Chapter Three
11le receiving or p layback circuitry of the re mote data logger is shown in Figure 3-7. The hear! o f t he freq ue ncy-to-voltage con verter in the d isplay circuit is the LM331 Ie. The a ud io input circuit to the freq uenCY-lo-voltage chip e nten; the circuit at capaci tor C l. The a ud io is next coupled to a minilransfonne r at Ll . Transforme r L l is a n 8·ohm to I K o hm iTl lerstage matching transfomle r uscd in rad ios. h is readily available a l Hny Radio Shack sto re.11le lK output o f the transfo mle r is next coupled to a capacitor at Q. wh ich is then fed into the freq uency-to-voltage converter chip at p in 6. In operation, one o f the inp uts of the Uvf311 is b iased at a voltage d c te nnined b\' R2 a nd R3. When
Heat Detection
65
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The output [rom the comparator is connected to a monoslable multivibrator (a one-shot) in the Uv1331 .
66
Each time the comparator switches. the one-shot triggers and closes a current switch.1bis allows the output filler capacitor at C5 10 charge for a lime determined by the time constan t of R6 and C4. Resislor R 7 funclions as a bleeder resistor that continually discharges the charge on capaci tor C5.l here by causing the volt-
Elec tronic Sensors fo r the Ev il Genius
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logger has a serond 1/,· inch. two·circuit jack. which is used as the seri,11 output jack. A low..cost 1/8 mini plug to a nine·pin RS-232 serial o u tp ut cable is a \'ailable from Onset. G iャ
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ofa ri"er or stream nnd consists of a 5-\'011 regu la to r. pressure sensor. sensor o ffset adjustme nt. and output \oltage di\'ider. as seen in fi gure -1-- 17. 'nle se nsingunit electronics a rc housed in a 3-inch PVC c\'linde r. 1II;lh a three·wi re cable connecti ng the sensing unit to the receiving/recording unit. The recei"inglrecord ing unit is also housed in a 3-inch PVC tu be. and it houses Ihe ONSET data lo(!!!e r and the 9-\'0It ba tte n.' セ
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a common ground wi re. and a plus 9-"01 1 power lead. l llis dua l-package system :l lIows the se n-ororsending unit to be placed in the stream . wh ilc thl' receiving/recordi ng unit is housed o n the banks of the stream or river. allowing easy access to the d a ta Ioggl'r to retrie" c data.
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The pictoria l di agra m shown in Figu re -1-18 illustrates how the two enclosures are d esigned to accolllmodate the electro nics packages to form the stream gauge mon ito r.l11e press ure se nsor SEN· i . th e regula to r. the zero adjust ci rcuit. and Ihe ou tp u t vollage divider circu it a re all mo un ted in the send ing un it's P VC- I e nclosure. a IO-inch lone.. 3-inch di ame te r piece of PVC pipe. The p ress ure sensor and electronics a re b ui lt o n a small piece of perf-board and mounted 10 a 3 x 2)1, inch piece of bla nk stock circuit board. Circuit bO
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or fric tion in the pi vot. With the development of solid-slale magne tic detecting d cvices such as H alle ffect sensors.. it is possible to construct a low-cost. reliable magnetic compass that has no moving parts a nd eliminates the disadva ntages of inexpensi\"e mechanical types.. Because tltis project contains no mO\'ing o r mechan ically sensitive parts. it is an extremely rugged d evice that can lolera te a ll poten tial stresses encoun tered when hiking or traveling through rough terrain . Taking a re adi ng on the compass is quick. easy. and very reliable. This so lid-state compass uses a unique detection syste m that produces two sharply de fined p o ints cen-
178
ductor material in which a bias current flows.. The Hall-e Ucct output of lhe sensor ta kes the fonnoh voltage measured across the width of the conducting ma teria l and |セ Q@ be negligible in the absence of a magnetic fie ld. If the biased Hall sensor is placed ina magnetic fi e ld with the fl ux a t right angles to the flO\\ of cu rre nt. a voltage output d irectly proportional to the in tensity o f the magnetic field is produced. Additionally. the voltage will be a funct ion of the angle between the lines o f force and the plane o rthe sellSOf. Maximum H all-effect o ut put voltage occurs when the face o f the sensor is at a righ t angle to the lines of fo rce. a nd zero voltage is produced when the linesof force are parallel to the face of the sensor. The Hall· e ffect sensor is further e nhanced by using integrated· circuit technology 10 add a stable bigh-qualit}' DC amplifier to the device. It then provides a usable lin· ear o ut put voltage. which is sensitive enough to read to Earth 's magnetic fie ld (about !h gauss). The d iagram in Figure 7-9 illustrates the schematic of the H all-effect e lectronic compass. The Hall-effed devices sho wn at U3 and U4 are three-terrninallinear devices, which are d ri ven by a regulated 5-\'011 supply ーイッ|セ、
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Electronic Sen so rs for the Ev il Genius
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gh'ing a half-scale reading on the me ie r M I. The sensitive meter is a 200 uA melcr.A positively charged object (l ike a cotton-rubbed glass) will give u positive de fl ection fro m half-scale. nod a neglll ively charged o bject (a plastic comb) will give a nega tive me ter defl ect ion.llle enti re circu it can be buih in a few minutes using a perf-board or circuit board. The whole
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Ion Oetector An ion detector detects static charges a nd free ions in
the air (see the ion detector c ircuit shown in Figure 8- 12), 1l can be used to ind icate the presence of ion e missio ns. Healt h enthusias ts might use the ion de tector to detect bene ficial negali\'e ions near wate rfa lls or after a rain stoml. 'In c ion detector ca n he llsed to d e tect leakage of high voltage in power supplies and radiation circuits. 'Ibe ion d e tector can a lso be used to
Simple Electronic Electrometer Parts List Rl
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the Ev il Genius
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1 Controlling dimensIOn l.ttlLII.IETER. Co",. erted Inch olmenSlOils ilrc nOl necessariy exael 2 AU dimensions and tolerances per ANSI YI4 51.1·1982.
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