Eco-Neurobiology, and How the Environment Shapes Our Brains 1527540359, 9781527540354

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Eco-Neurobiology, and How the Environment Shapes Our Brains



Eco-Neurobiology, and How the Environment Shapes Our Brains By

Andreas M. Grabrucker

Eco-Neurobiology, and How the Environment Shapes Our Brains By Andreas M. Grabrucker This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Andreas M. Grabrucker All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-4035-9 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-4035-4



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How the environment shapes our brain

19

of our biological parents because it is not hardwired. This means that exposure to the environment and experiences can directly affect how a brain functions, given that connectivity is the underlying feature of how our brain can process information. This process, for example, is one of the underlying ideas of psychotherapy. Often, the goal of a therapeutic session is to provide strategies to avoid patterns that have formed over time. We follow these patterns because we have performed them frequently in the past and with this, we have influenced our brain to process certain stimuli in a particular way by strengthening the connectivity between specific groups of neurons (also called neuronal circuits). Sometimes, we do need to break this pattern, but we have to work actively to avoid the old habits and strengthen new alternatives that will hopefully become stronger over time and take over as default reaction to a stimulus. Nevertheless, all of our experiences, ranging from traumatic ones to everyday background situations, are processed by the brain. The principal purpose of a brain is to constantly predict the most likely future based on our past experiences. For this to happen, our experiences must be linked inside our brains. This is also why we have a hard time living in the moment, as if it is the last day of our life. Our brain is set in a way that impels us to focus on the future, not the present. It knows that based on past experiences, there will be a tomorrow, and despite our attempts to enjoy the moment, it is already devoting the energy we need for this to predicting what is next. Our experience is sensory information, mostly in the form of waves (light waves, sound waves) and the molecules we detect. It is evident that we have developed specific structures (eyes, ears, etc.) to tune into the cacophony of environmental stimuli, selecting those that are most important to us. This sensory information is usually translated into physical changes in the brain in the form of electric impulses (action potentials) generated in nerve cells that ultimately shape the brain and its connectivity. Thus, this interaction between the brain and the environment and can elicit changes that last from seconds to a lifetime. Taken together, several mechanisms exist on how the environment can interact with physical elements of our body - some of them modulating our DNA, others modulating protein function directly and still others modulating activity levels, thus indirectly protein function in the activated cells. And all these happen in parallel. Most of them tend to occur in silence and will influence our lives without us ever knowing. However, sometimes, exposure or lack of a certain environmental factor may have



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