Diet and Nutrition in Neurological Disorders 9780323898348, 0323898343
Diet and Nutrition in Neurological Disorders offers readers a comprehensive reference on the effect of dietary regimes i
138 30 30MB
English Pages 1044 [1046]
Table of contents :
Front Cover
Diet and Nutrition in Neurological Disorders
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Neurological disorders in the context of the global burden of disease
Introduction
Ranking of DALYs due to neurological disorders
Comparing neurological disorders to cardiovascular disease and cancers
References
Part I: Alzheimer's disease and dementias
Chapter 2: Lifestyle modifications and nutrition in Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
Understanding AD through its sign and symptoms
Science behind the scenario
Age
Family history
Oxidative stress
Apoptosis
Molecular genetics
Chemistry, anatomy, and pathophysiology of the AD brain
Epidemiology of AD
Diagnostic approach
Therapeutic strategies for AD
Therapies targeting amyloid-β
Therapies targeting tau proteins
Therapies targeting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress
Cell-based therapies
Lifestyle: Way to healthy living
Physical fitness
Say no to smoking and excessive drinking
Keep distance from depression
A bit more care to strengthen them
Calorie restriction
Nutritional interventions
Vitamins and minerals
Flavonoids
Turmeric
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 3: The Gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease
What is Alzheimer's disease?
Aging and the diversity of the Gut microbiota
Gut microbiota alterations as a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease
Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and the bacteria-Gut-brain axis
Modulation of the Gut microbiota to prevent Alzheimer's disease
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 4: The Mediterranean diet: Unsaturated fatty acids and prevention of Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
Neuroscientific aspects
Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease
Nutritional aspects
The Mediterranean diet and Alzheimer's disease risk
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and Alzheimer's disease
Specialized proresolving mediators and Alzheimer's disease
Supplementation with PUFAs and Alzheimer's disease risk
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts of the Mediterranean diet
Key facts of PUFAs and Alzheimer's disease risk
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 5: Malnutrition and early-stage Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
Neuroscientific aspects
Brain lobe damage hypothesis
Neurofibrillary tangle (NT) hypothesis
Amyloid plaque (AP) hypothesis
Identification of vulnerable neurons
Symptom progression
Nutritional aspects
Oral health
Vitamin D deficiency
Micronutrient deficiencies
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interests
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Part II: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Chapter 6: Strategies for improving hydration in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease
Introduction
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease
Classification and clinical condition
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Progressive bulbar palsy
Progressive muscle atrophy
Primary lateral sclerosis
ALS patient functionality scale
Risk factors for dehydration
Dysphagia
Difficulty in the mobility of lower and upper limbs
Cognitive alteration
Strategies for improving hydration
Importance of teamwork
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 7: Diet, disease severity, and energy expenditure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Introduction
The challenge of energy balance in ALS
Addressing malnutrition in ALS
The impact of macronutrients in ALS
Protein
Fiber
High-calorie oral and enteral diets
High-calorie supplements
Other components of interest
Micronutrients
Antioxidants
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Applications to other neurological conditions
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Huntington's disease
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 8: Nutrition, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and ALS
Introduction
Malnutrition
Artificial nutrition in ALS
Artificial nutrition in other neurological pathologies
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary
Summary points
References
Chapter 9: Fatty acid profiling in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Introduction
Pathology in ALS
Endogenous lipids
Fatty acid properties and nomenclature
Fatty acid metabolism
Synthesis of fatty acids
Oxidation of fatty acid
Metabolic aspects of ALS
Fatty acid status in ALS patients
Fatty acid intake and ALS
Dietary intervention and ALS
Dietary intervention in ALS models
Dietary interventions in ALS patients
Fatty acids as auxiliary treatment/treatment in other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts about fatty acids
Mini-dictionary
Summary points
References
Part III: Brain injury
Chapter 10: High-fat diets in traumatic brain injury: A ketogenic diet resolves what the Western diet messes up neuroinfl ...
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury: A debilitating neurological disease
Primary injury
Secondary injury
Altered cerebral metabolism associated with TBI (Fig. 1)
Glucose metabolism: A transition from hyper- to hypoglycolysis
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and intrinsic apoptosis
Neuroinflammation and extrinsic apoptosis
Features of high-fat, Western, and ketogenic diets and associated systemic metabolic states
Interplay between fat and sugar: A determinant of metabolic state
Fatty acids and mitochondrial uncoupling
Effects of high-fat, Western, and ketogenic diets on the brain, irrespective of TBI
Effects on brain energy homeostasis
Linking energy homeostasis to cognition and synaptic plasticity (Fig. 3)
Effects of Western diet pre- and post-TBI and associated molecular mechanisms (Fig. 4A)
WD exacerbates neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death
WD aggravates neuroplastic, neuropathological, and neurobehavioral impairment
WD induces genetic and epigenetic changes
WD impairs neurovascular coupling and the BBB
Effects of ketogenic diet pre- and post-TBI: Preventative, direct (acute), and long-term (chronic) therapeutic benefits (Fi ...
KD and favorable brain energetics
Effect of KD on mitochondrial efficiency and intrinsic apoptosis
Effect of KD on neuroinflammation and autophagy
KD and pro-survival genetic and epigenetic changes
KD as an anti-epileptogenic treatment in TBI
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of high-fat diets in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 11: Brain injury, anthropometry, and nutrition
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury
Significance of nutrition in TBI
Complex metabolic cascade
Altered feeding pattern
Impaired GI function
Increased nutritional demand
Stress-induced hyperglycemia
Serum sodium abnormalities
Nutrition management in TBI
Nutritional screening
Ongoing nutritional assessment
Anthropometric measurements
Clinical manifestations
Nutritional support
Time to initiate feeding
Amount of feed and nutrients
Nutritional supplements
Route of feeding
Method of feeding
Parenteral feeding
Glycemic control
Hyponatremia prevention and management
Initiation of oral diet
Weaning from altered feeding to normal diet
Possible complications during nutritional support
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts relating to nutrition in TBI
Key facts relating to anthropometry and TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 12: Calorie and protein intake in traumatic brain injury patients
Introduction
Dietary intake among TBI patients
Current dietary managements
Feeding initiation
Feeding target
Duration to achieve feeding target
Calorie and protein requirements in TBI
Determination of calorie and protein requirement
The current calorie and protein recommendations in TBI
The new insight of nutritional recommendation
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of calorie
Key facts of protein
Key facts of TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 13: Lipids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury
Brain damage in TBI
Neuroinflammation in TBI
The effect of fat diets on TBI
High-fat diet
Short-chain fatty acid
Medium-chain fatty acid
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Omega-6: Arachidonic acid
Omega-3: Docosahexaenoic acid
DHA as a therapeutic option for TBI
Mechanism(s) of action of DHA
Gut-brain axis
Glymphatic pathway
Applications to other neurological conditions
Neurodegenerative diseases
Neuropsychiatric disorders
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 14: Brain trauma, ketogenic diets, and ketogenesis via enteral nutrition
Introduction
Review of cerebral energetics
Glucose metabolism
Glycogen stores
Anaerobic glycolysis
Acute brain injury and dysfunctional cerebral metabolism
Ketones-Metabolisms ``ugly duckling´´
Metabolism of ketones
Ketones and the brain
Inducing hyperketonemia
Dietary modulation and medium-chain triglycerides
Ketone esters
Intravenous beta-hydroxybutyrate
Ketones and acute brain injury
ABI in animals
ABI in humans
Other components of interest
Applications to other neurological conditions
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of ketone bodies
Summary points
References
Part IV: Cerebral palsy
Chapter 15: Nutrition and cerebral palsy
Introduction
Cerebral palsy: Definition, epidemiology, etiology, and classification
Malnutrition in cerebral palsy
Assessment of nutritional status in cerebral palsy
Anthropometric measurements
Weight for height and body mass index
Triceps skinfold thickness measurement
Mid-arm circumference
Specialized growth charts
Knee height and tibia length
Body composition
Energy expenditure
Energy intakes
Nutritional intervention in cerebral palsy
Oral nutrition
Enteral tube feeding
Gastrostomy tube feeding
Diet composition
Follow-up and monitoring
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 16: Metabolic syndrome in the adult with cerebral palsy: Implications for diet and lifestyle enhancement
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome in patients with CP
Mobility challenges and physical exercise
Nutritional status
Obesity
Oropharyngeal dysphagia and difficulties in meeting nutrition guidelines
Bone health and nutritional considerations
Nutritional programs for adults with CP
Additional wellness interventions
Clinical recommendations
Summary and future research
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of metabolic syndrome in adult cerebral palsy: Implications for diet
Key facts of cerebral palsy
Key facts of metabolic syndrome
Key facts of nutritional interventions for CP
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 17: Gut microbiota characteristics in children with cerebral palsy
Introduction
GM and nutritional absorption in CP children
GM and neurologic regulations in CP children
GM and gastrointestinal complications in CP children
Applications to other neurological conditions
GM and neurologic complications in CP children
Other components of interest
Personalized diet, GM, and CP treatment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 18: Swallowing problems: Major components of nutritional deficits in adults with cerebral palsy
Introduction
Swallowing problems in individuals with cerebral palsy: A lifelong problem
Characteristics of dysphagia symptoms and their impact on quality of life in adults with cerebral palsy
Nutritional problems and sarcopenia in adults with cerebral palsy
Assessment of dysphagia in adults with cerebral palsy
Use of the eating and drinking ability classification system in people with cerebral palsy
Nutritional supplements according to the eating and drinking ability classification system in adults with cerebral palsy
Application in other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts on dysphagia in adults with cerebral palsy
Summary points
References
Further reading
Part V: Dietary neurotoxins
Chapter 19: Dietary neurotoxins: An overview
Introduction
Regulatory accommodation
Factors driving the acceptance of certain foods
Incorporation of toxins during growth, processing, or storage
Contaminants from environment
Methylmercury in seafood
Selenium in grain
Naturally formed substances
Furocoumarins
Lectins in legumes
Oxalic acid
Safrole
Myristicin
Tomatine in tomatoes
Prussic acid in peach pits, apple, and cherry
Substances formed because of product abuse
Glycoalkaloids in potatoes (chaconine and solanine)
Furocoumarin in parsnips
Substances produced because of processing
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Acrylamide
Furan
Summary
Mini-dictionary
Key facts
References
Chapter 20: Alcohol consumption induces oxidative damage, neuronal injury, and synaptic impairment: Consequences for the ...
Introduction
Alcohol toxicity
Alcohol affects brain function
Hangover
Binge drinking
Chronic ethanol consumption
Ethanol withdrawal
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Alcohol consumption contributes to the pathogenesis of different neurological diseases
Conclusions
Summary points
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
References
Further reading
Chapter 21: Dietary effects of lead as a neurotoxicant
Introduction
Gastrointestinal structure-function relationships
Gastrointestinal pathways and Ca2+ absorption
Pb2+ uptake in the duodenum
Pb2+/Ca2+ competition alters Ca2+ channel uptake
Vitamin-D metabolism increases intestinal Pb2+ absorption
Pb2+ neurotoxicity through the paracellular pathway
Assessing the effects of Pb2+ on the GI gradient through histological Alcian blue staining
Sex-dependent effects between control male and female rat's gastrointestinal villi and crypt gradients
Pb2+ exposure effects on the male rat's gastrointestinal villi and crypt gradients
Pb2+ exposure effects on the female rat's gastrointestinal villi and crypt gradients
Revisiting early models of gastrointestinal Pb2+ uptake in a modern low-level exposure paradigm
Pb2+ exposure-induced sex-based differences in gastrointestinal absorption
The role of developmental time-periods of Pb2+ exposure on potential gut-brain interactions
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 22: Environmental toxicants (OPs and heavy metals) in the diet: What are their repercussions on behavioral/neurol ...
Introduction
Organophosphate compounds (OPs) and potentially toxic elements (heavy metals) as environmental-pollutant agents in the diet
From the origin to the diet: The input
Organophosphate compounds used as pesticides for food pest control
Potentially toxic elements in the food and drinking water
The impact of environmental toxic elements on the behavior system: The output
Behavioral disabilities and OP exposure via diet
Behavioral disabilities and heavy metal exposure via diet
Neurodegenerative pathologies and chronic environmental toxicant exposure: The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants
Conclusions
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts of OPs and heavy metals
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Part VI: Epilepsy
Chapter 23: Hypercholesterolemic diet and status epilepticus
Introduction
Neurological aspect
What is epilepsy?
Possible causes of epilepsy
Nutritional aspects
Dietary cholesterol and its metabolism by the peripheral system
Cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system
Role of cholesterol in the brain
Merging neurological and nutritional aspects
Measuring the brain activity of rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and submitted to the status epilepticus
Evaluating the effects of a hypercholesterolemic diet on status epilepticus
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of epilepsy
Summary points
References
Chapter 24: Low glycemic index therapy: What it is and how it compares to other epilepsy diets
History
Evolution
Ketogenic diet
Modified Atkins diet
Low glycemic index therapy
LGIT: Concept and composition
Mechanism of action
Efficacy
Initiation of LGIT
Adverse events
Follow-up
Diet discontinuation
Which diet to use?
Applications to other neurological disorders
Epilepsy syndromes and status epilepticus
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Aging
Traumatic brain injury
Stroke
Autism spectrum disorder
Cancer
Others
Other components of interest
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of LGIT
Summary points
References
Chapter 25: Ketogenic diet in pediatric epilepsies
Introduction
Historical background
Antiepileptogenic mechanisms of ketogenic diet
Variants of ketogenic diet
The classic ketogenic diet
Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet and modified MCT diet
Modified Atkins diet (MAD)
Low glycemic index treatment (LGIT)
Evaluation of candidates for ketogenic diet
Monitoring children on ketogenic diet
Adverse effects and tolerability
Ketogenic diet in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsies
Ketogenic diet as gold standard therapy: GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Ketogenic diet in the intensive care units
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Part VII: Headaches and migraines
Chapter 26: The value of fruit and vegetable consumption in pediatric migraine
Introduction
Review of the available studies and discussion
Review of the available studies
Discussion
Results of our study
Conclusion
Neuroscientific aspects
Nutritional aspects
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Review of the available studies
Results of our study
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of fruits, vegetables, and pediatric migraine headache
Summary points
References
Chapter 27: Dietary trigger factors of migraine
Introduction
Mechanism of dietary influence on migraine episodes
Onset of migraine from the time of consumption of food
Foods and drinks as trigger factors of migraine
Alcohol
Coffee/caffeine
Cheese
Chocolate
Citrus fruits
Fatty food
Food containing monosodium glutamate
Eggs and meat
Fish
Meat
Bread
Missing meals and fasting
Meal schedule in migraine patients
Diet interventions
Elimination diets
Ketogenic diets
Modified Atkins diets
Epigenetic diet
Migraine diary
Functional disability due to migraine
Management of migraine triggered by dietary factors
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of dietary trigger factors of migraine
Summary points
References
Part VIII: Multiple sclerosis
Chapter 28: Dietary management of multiple sclerosis
Introduction
Neuroscientific aspects
Nutritional aspects: Dietary management of multiple sclerosis (MS)
Specific nutrients in MS management
Saturated fats
Polyunsaturated fats
Monounsaturated fats (MUFAs)
High-fiber foods
Dairy products
Salt (sodium chloride)
Cholesterol
Overall diet quality
Special diets for MS management
Paleo diet
McDougall diet
Swank diet
Mediterranean diet
Gluten-free diet
Overcoming MS (OMS) diet
Best bet diet (BBD)
Fasting and multiple sclerosis
Conflicting findings
General dietary guidelines for MS management
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 29: Dietary fish intake and multiple sclerosis: A new narrative
Introduction
Fish intake and the risk of MS
Dietary fish intake or fish oil supplementation and comorbidities in MS patients
Mechanisms behind the association between fish intake and MS
Conclusion
Applications with other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 30: Linking diet and gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis
Introduction
Diet and dysbiosis risk in MS patients
High-salt concentration diet
High-fat concentration diet
Nutritional interventions as modifiers of gut dysbiosis in MS patients
SCFAs
High-fiber concentration diet (prebiotic)
Probiotics
Calorie restriction
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 31: Restoration of myelination in the central nervous system via specific dietary bioactive lipids: An opportunit ...
Introduction
Myelin synthesis, demyelination, and remyelination
Myelin lipid composition
Biosynthesis and supply of myelin lipids
Modulation of exogenous lipid in demyelination and remyelination
High-fat diets and MS outcomes
Plasmalogens in MS therapy
Plasmalogens in myelin: Synthesis and function
Plasmalogens in neurodegenerative contexts
Modulating plasmalogen deficit in MS using alkylglycerols
Sphingolipids in MS therapy
Sphingolipids in myelin: Synthesis and function
Sphingosine-1-phosphate in myelination
S1P modulation in MS: Pharmaceutical avenues
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of myelin lipids
Summary points
References
Part IX: Neuroinflammation
Chapter 32: Effect of diet and nutrition on neuroinflammation: An overview
Introduction
Brain and inflammation
Neuroinflammation and CNS disorders
Diet and neuroinflammation
Calorie restriction and neuroinflammation
Ketogenic diet and neuroinflammation
Mediterranean diet and neuroinflammation
Vitamins and neuroinflammation
Other component of interest
Conclusion
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
References
Chapter 33: High-fat diet-induced cellular neuroinflammation: Alteration of brain functions and associated aliments
Introduction
Inflammation and neuroinflammation
High-fat diet-induced neuroinflammation
Different pathways leading to neuroinflammation
Microglia
NF-κB
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS
Applications to other neurological conditions
Dementia
Multiple sclerosis
Traumatic brain injury
Parkinson's disease
Anxiety
Depression
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of neuroinflammation
Summary points
References
Chapter 34: Neuro-behavioral implications of a high-fructose diet
Introduction
Fructose metabolism
Metabolic syndrome and fructose
Development and fructose consumption
Neural and behavioral consequences of fructose diet
Potential mechanisms
Potential mechanisms: Glucocorticoids
Potential mechanisms: Neuroinflammation
Potential mechanisms: Mitochondrial function
Conclusions
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of neuroprotection
Key facts of sex differences
Summary points
References
Part X: Parkinson's disease
Chapter 35: Role of mediterranean diet in Parkinson's disease
Introduction to Parkinson's disease
Mediterranean diet and PD
Olive oil and PD
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of olive oil
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and PD
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Vitamins and PD
Vitamin E
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of vitamin E
Vitamin D
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of vitamin D
Vitamin C
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of vitamin C
Vitamin B
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of vitamin B
Other components of interest
Mediterranean diet in other neurological disorders
Final conclusion
Dictionary of terms
Key facts of the role of the Mediterranean diet in Parkinson's disease
Summary
References
Chapter 36: Role of dietary antioxidants and redox status in Parkinson's disease
Introduction
Oxidative stress and Parkinson's disease
Source of ROS is involved in the pathogenesis of PD
Antioxidant and PD
Vitamins antioxidant and PD
Vitamin A and PD
Vitamin C and PD
Vitamin E and PD
Vitamin D and PD
Dietary zinc intake and PD
Omega-3 and PD
Glutathione
Whey and PD
N-Acetylcysteine and PD
Antioxidant-targeted mitochondria (Q10 and MitoQ)
MitoQ and PD
Melatonin and PD
Creatine and PD
Inosine and PD
Polyphenols and PD
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key fact of Parkinson's disease and oxidative stress
Summary points
References
Chapter 37: Beverages, caffeine, and Parkinson's disease
Introduction
Parkinson's disease
Caffeine
Beverage-containing caffeine
Pharmacokinetics (the body's effect on caffeine)
Pharmacodynamics (the effects of caffeine on the body)
Caffeine and Parkinson's disease
Epidemiological studies
Clinical studies
Clinical experimental studies
Neuroprotection?
Critical appraisal
Other components of interest
Future prospects
Applications to other neurological conditions
Key facts of caffeine and Parkinson's disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 38: The association of diet and its components with changes in gut microbiota and improvement in Parkinson's disease
Introduction
The association of nutrients and diet with Parkinson's disease
Caffeine
Tea
Dairy production
Mediterranean Diet
Vitamin
Fats
Carbohydrate
The association between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease
The association of nutrition with gut microbial
The association of nutrition with gut microbial in Parkinson's disease
Conclusion
Neuroscientific aspects
Nutritional aspects
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Part XI: Peripheral neuropathy
Chapter 39: Alcohol-related autonomic dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy
Introduction
Epidemiology
Natural history of large fiber neuropathy
Natural history of autonomic neuropathy
Cardiovascular reflex test abnormalities
Sympathetic skin response abnormality
Erectile dysfunction
Gastrointestinal features
Risk factors
Age
Sex
Ethnicity
Genetics
Alcohol intake
Alcohol type consumed
Smoking
The role of malnutrition
Hepatic dysfunction
The role of oxidative stress
Neuropathology
Management
Alcoholic-related autonomic dysfunction
Alcoholic-related peripheral neuropathy
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points/key facts
References
Web pages
Further reading
Chapter 40: Dietary saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and peripheral neuropathy
Introduction
Differential effects of fatty acid saturation on clinical systemic metabolic status
Differential effects of fatty acid saturation on clinical PN phenotype
Differential effects of fatty acid saturation on PN phenotype in preclinical models
Differential effects of fatty acid saturation on lipid metabolism and mitochondrial (dys)function
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts of metabolically acquired peripheral neuropathy
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 41: Caloric restriction as a nutrition strategy in counteracting peripheral neuropathies
Introduction
An overview of peripheral neuropathies: Causes, risk factors, and incidence
Wallerian and Wallerian-like degeneration in axonal and demyelinating neuropathies
Schwann cells: The multitasking specialized glial cells
Schwann cells orchestrate the first phase of Wallerian degeneration determining the fate of the axons
Autophagy and neuropathy
Autophagy: A survival cell mechanism and its nutrient regulation
Schwann cells autophagy or myelinophagy in peripheral nerve degeneration
Dietary interventions inducing autophagy
Caloric restriction-induced autophagy: Effects on NPs
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Part XII: Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment
Chapter 42: The interplay between stress and nutrition during pregnancy: Influence on fetal brain development
Introduction
Human and animal studies
Effect of stress on the developmental outcomes on offspring
Behavior of the offspring
Cognitive development of the offspring
Biological mechanism by which stress altered offspring development
Importance of nutrition on fetal brain development
Developmental programming
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 43: Maternal and neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in prematur ...
Introduction
LCPUFA and neurodevelopment
LCPUFA influence inflammatory signaling
LCPUFA accretion into fetal tissues
In utero LCPUFA accretion
LCPUFA accretion into adipose
What is the evidence linking maternal and neonatal PUFA intake with neurodevelopmental outcomes?
Randomized controlled trials
Reviews and systematic reviews
LCPUFA supplementation: How much and when?
Dynamic rates and ratios of placental LCPUFA transfer
Organ-specific effects of LCPUFA
Challenges for appropriate LCPUFA supplementation
The wider contexts of LCPUFA supplementation
Dietary LA affects infant AA and DHA availability
Maternal LCPUFA status
The socioeconomic context of LCPUFA availability
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of LCPUFA and infant development
Summary points
References
Chapter 44: Early nutrition, growth, and neurodevelopment in the preterm infant
Introduction
How preterm birth affects the brain
Postnatal influences
Postnatal nutrition and brain development
Nutrition is a key modifiable factor for improving neurodevelopment
Neonatal growth and neurodevelopment
Effects of neonatal nutrition on neurodevelopment
Breastmilk
Macronutrients
Recommended protein intakes
Evidence from randomized controlled trials on protein and neurodevelopment
Evidence from observational studies on protein and neurodevelopment
Sex differences in neurodevelopmental response to nutrition
Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes
Reasons for lack of clarity in research findings
Barriers to achieving prescribed nutritional intakes
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of preterm neurodevelopment
Summary points
References
Chapter 45: Breast milk and cognitive performance in children
Introduction
Human milk composition
Macronutrients
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats/lipids
Micronutrients
Choline
Vitamins and minerals
Bioactive factors
Factors influencing milk composition
Maternal nutrition
Maternal age, parity, and BMI
Smoking
Mode of delivery
Adverse pregnancy outcomes
Brain development
Breastfeeding and cognitive outcomes in children
Milk components and cognitive development in children
Milk proteins
Milk amino acids
Milk carbohydrate
Milk cholesterol
Milk fatty acids
Milk choline
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 46: Effects of ketogenic diets and ketone supplementation on the nervous system during development: Applications ...
Introduction
The role of glucose in shaping and maintaining the brain
The effects of ketogenic diet in animal models of autism spectrum disorder
Genetic animal models
Black and tan Brachyury (BTBR) animal model
Engrailed genes (En) model
Epileptic seizure-prone EL (epilepsy 1 gene)
Neurodevelopmental animal models
Valproic acid (VPA) animal model
MIA model
The effects of ketogenic diet in animal models of schizophrenia
Genetic
Pharmacological model of schizophrenia
Clinical studies of ketogenic diet in schizophrenia
Summary points
References
Part XIII: Stroke
Chapter 47: Fluids, energy intake, and stroke
Introduction
Neuroscientific aspects
Nutritional aspects
Risk factors for the disease and its prognosis
Nutrition and hydration during the hospitalization
Nutrition and hydration during rehabilitation and at home
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of fluids, energy intake, and stroke
Key facts of nutrition and hydration assessment and monitoring
Summary points
References
Chapter 48: Body weight after stroke
Introduction
The obesity paradox in stroke
Body weight loss after stroke
Stroke-related sarcopenia
Skeletal muscle changes in sarcopenia
Prevalence of sarcopenia
Diagnosis of sarcopenia
Cachexia after stroke
Nutritional status and cachexia in stroke
Treatment of cachexia in stroke
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of cachexia after stroke
Summary points
References
Chapter 49: Linking dietary pattern and stroke: An Indian perspective
Introduction
Dietary patterns in India
Staple food
Oils
Non-alcoholic beverages
Alcoholic beverages
Eating habits
Dietary restrictions
Rural versus Urban dietary habits
Dietary pattern studies
Dietary pattern and relationship with health outcome
Dietary patterns and stroke
Dietary pattern and stroke studies from India
Diet and cardiovascular risk and stroke risk
Diet as a modifiable risk factor for stroke
Comparison of traditional local diet with the specialized diet
Resource documents
Other components of interest
Applications to other areas of neurological conditions
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Conclusion
Summary points
References
Chapter 50: Dietary lipids: The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on stroke-related neuronal damage
Introduction
Stroke overview
Overview of docosahexaenoic acid
Health benefits of DHA as shown in previous studies
Purpose
Neuroscientific aspects
Nutritional aspects
The importance of stroke onset and prevention
Stroke prevention effect by ingestion of fish and DHA: Epidemiological research
Prevention of stroke caused by fish intake
DHA intake and stroke prevention
Biosynthesis of DHA and supply of docosahexaenoic acid to neuronal cells
Biosynthesis of DHA in the body
Synthesis of DHA in astrocytes and supply to neuronal cells
Neuroprotective mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid through astrocytes in the brain
Transportation of diet-derived DHA via BBB and accumulation in astrocytes
Supply of DHA to nerve cells and neuroprotective action by astrocytes
Inhibition of DHA against oxidative stress produced in association with ischemic stroke
Effect of DHA-derived neuroprotectin on stroke
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
About stroke
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 51: Diet quality and stroke
Introduction
Patho-etiology of stroke
Mechanisms by which diet quality may modify stroke risk
Food components and risk of ischemic stroke
Fruits and vegetables
Fish
Red and processed meats
Fat
Carbohydrate intake
Diet quality and primary prevention of stroke
Mediterranean diet
DASH diet
Other healthy diet patterns
The Southern diet pattern
Vegetarian and plant-based diets
Diet quality and secondary prevention of stroke
Future directions
Applications to other neurologic conditions
Diet and dementia
Other components of interest
Folic acid
Multivitamins
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of stroke and diet quality
Summary points
References
Chapter 52: Recommended resources for diet and nutrition in neurological disorders
Introduction
Resources
Other resources
Summary points
References
Index
Back Cover
Front Cover
Diet and Nutrition in Neurological Disorders
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Neurological disorders in the context of the global burden of disease
Introduction
Ranking of DALYs due to neurological disorders
Comparing neurological disorders to cardiovascular disease and cancers
References
Part I: Alzheimer's disease and dementias
Chapter 2: Lifestyle modifications and nutrition in Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
Understanding AD through its sign and symptoms
Science behind the scenario
Age
Family history
Oxidative stress
Apoptosis
Molecular genetics
Chemistry, anatomy, and pathophysiology of the AD brain
Epidemiology of AD
Diagnostic approach
Therapeutic strategies for AD
Therapies targeting amyloid-β
Therapies targeting tau proteins
Therapies targeting neuroinflammation and oxidative stress
Cell-based therapies
Lifestyle: Way to healthy living
Physical fitness
Say no to smoking and excessive drinking
Keep distance from depression
A bit more care to strengthen them
Calorie restriction
Nutritional interventions
Vitamins and minerals
Flavonoids
Turmeric
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 3: The Gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease
What is Alzheimer's disease?
Aging and the diversity of the Gut microbiota
Gut microbiota alterations as a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease
Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and the bacteria-Gut-brain axis
Modulation of the Gut microbiota to prevent Alzheimer's disease
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 4: The Mediterranean diet: Unsaturated fatty acids and prevention of Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
Neuroscientific aspects
Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease
Nutritional aspects
The Mediterranean diet and Alzheimer's disease risk
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and Alzheimer's disease
Specialized proresolving mediators and Alzheimer's disease
Supplementation with PUFAs and Alzheimer's disease risk
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts of the Mediterranean diet
Key facts of PUFAs and Alzheimer's disease risk
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 5: Malnutrition and early-stage Alzheimer's disease
Introduction
Neuroscientific aspects
Brain lobe damage hypothesis
Neurofibrillary tangle (NT) hypothesis
Amyloid plaque (AP) hypothesis
Identification of vulnerable neurons
Symptom progression
Nutritional aspects
Oral health
Vitamin D deficiency
Micronutrient deficiencies
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interests
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Part II: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Chapter 6: Strategies for improving hydration in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease
Introduction
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease
Classification and clinical condition
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Progressive bulbar palsy
Progressive muscle atrophy
Primary lateral sclerosis
ALS patient functionality scale
Risk factors for dehydration
Dysphagia
Difficulty in the mobility of lower and upper limbs
Cognitive alteration
Strategies for improving hydration
Importance of teamwork
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 7: Diet, disease severity, and energy expenditure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Introduction
The challenge of energy balance in ALS
Addressing malnutrition in ALS
The impact of macronutrients in ALS
Protein
Fiber
High-calorie oral and enteral diets
High-calorie supplements
Other components of interest
Micronutrients
Antioxidants
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Applications to other neurological conditions
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Huntington's disease
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 8: Nutrition, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and ALS
Introduction
Malnutrition
Artificial nutrition in ALS
Artificial nutrition in other neurological pathologies
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary
Summary points
References
Chapter 9: Fatty acid profiling in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Introduction
Pathology in ALS
Endogenous lipids
Fatty acid properties and nomenclature
Fatty acid metabolism
Synthesis of fatty acids
Oxidation of fatty acid
Metabolic aspects of ALS
Fatty acid status in ALS patients
Fatty acid intake and ALS
Dietary intervention and ALS
Dietary intervention in ALS models
Dietary interventions in ALS patients
Fatty acids as auxiliary treatment/treatment in other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts about fatty acids
Mini-dictionary
Summary points
References
Part III: Brain injury
Chapter 10: High-fat diets in traumatic brain injury: A ketogenic diet resolves what the Western diet messes up neuroinfl ...
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury: A debilitating neurological disease
Primary injury
Secondary injury
Altered cerebral metabolism associated with TBI (Fig. 1)
Glucose metabolism: A transition from hyper- to hypoglycolysis
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and intrinsic apoptosis
Neuroinflammation and extrinsic apoptosis
Features of high-fat, Western, and ketogenic diets and associated systemic metabolic states
Interplay between fat and sugar: A determinant of metabolic state
Fatty acids and mitochondrial uncoupling
Effects of high-fat, Western, and ketogenic diets on the brain, irrespective of TBI
Effects on brain energy homeostasis
Linking energy homeostasis to cognition and synaptic plasticity (Fig. 3)
Effects of Western diet pre- and post-TBI and associated molecular mechanisms (Fig. 4A)
WD exacerbates neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death
WD aggravates neuroplastic, neuropathological, and neurobehavioral impairment
WD induces genetic and epigenetic changes
WD impairs neurovascular coupling and the BBB
Effects of ketogenic diet pre- and post-TBI: Preventative, direct (acute), and long-term (chronic) therapeutic benefits (Fi ...
KD and favorable brain energetics
Effect of KD on mitochondrial efficiency and intrinsic apoptosis
Effect of KD on neuroinflammation and autophagy
KD and pro-survival genetic and epigenetic changes
KD as an anti-epileptogenic treatment in TBI
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of high-fat diets in traumatic brain injury
Summary points
References
Chapter 11: Brain injury, anthropometry, and nutrition
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury
Significance of nutrition in TBI
Complex metabolic cascade
Altered feeding pattern
Impaired GI function
Increased nutritional demand
Stress-induced hyperglycemia
Serum sodium abnormalities
Nutrition management in TBI
Nutritional screening
Ongoing nutritional assessment
Anthropometric measurements
Clinical manifestations
Nutritional support
Time to initiate feeding
Amount of feed and nutrients
Nutritional supplements
Route of feeding
Method of feeding
Parenteral feeding
Glycemic control
Hyponatremia prevention and management
Initiation of oral diet
Weaning from altered feeding to normal diet
Possible complications during nutritional support
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts relating to nutrition in TBI
Key facts relating to anthropometry and TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 12: Calorie and protein intake in traumatic brain injury patients
Introduction
Dietary intake among TBI patients
Current dietary managements
Feeding initiation
Feeding target
Duration to achieve feeding target
Calorie and protein requirements in TBI
Determination of calorie and protein requirement
The current calorie and protein recommendations in TBI
The new insight of nutritional recommendation
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of calorie
Key facts of protein
Key facts of TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 13: Lipids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and traumatic brain injury
Introduction
Traumatic brain injury
Brain damage in TBI
Neuroinflammation in TBI
The effect of fat diets on TBI
High-fat diet
Short-chain fatty acid
Medium-chain fatty acid
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Omega-6: Arachidonic acid
Omega-3: Docosahexaenoic acid
DHA as a therapeutic option for TBI
Mechanism(s) of action of DHA
Gut-brain axis
Glymphatic pathway
Applications to other neurological conditions
Neurodegenerative diseases
Neuropsychiatric disorders
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of TBI
Summary points
References
Chapter 14: Brain trauma, ketogenic diets, and ketogenesis via enteral nutrition
Introduction
Review of cerebral energetics
Glucose metabolism
Glycogen stores
Anaerobic glycolysis
Acute brain injury and dysfunctional cerebral metabolism
Ketones-Metabolisms ``ugly duckling´´
Metabolism of ketones
Ketones and the brain
Inducing hyperketonemia
Dietary modulation and medium-chain triglycerides
Ketone esters
Intravenous beta-hydroxybutyrate
Ketones and acute brain injury
ABI in animals
ABI in humans
Other components of interest
Applications to other neurological conditions
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of ketone bodies
Summary points
References
Part IV: Cerebral palsy
Chapter 15: Nutrition and cerebral palsy
Introduction
Cerebral palsy: Definition, epidemiology, etiology, and classification
Malnutrition in cerebral palsy
Assessment of nutritional status in cerebral palsy
Anthropometric measurements
Weight for height and body mass index
Triceps skinfold thickness measurement
Mid-arm circumference
Specialized growth charts
Knee height and tibia length
Body composition
Energy expenditure
Energy intakes
Nutritional intervention in cerebral palsy
Oral nutrition
Enteral tube feeding
Gastrostomy tube feeding
Diet composition
Follow-up and monitoring
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 16: Metabolic syndrome in the adult with cerebral palsy: Implications for diet and lifestyle enhancement
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome in patients with CP
Mobility challenges and physical exercise
Nutritional status
Obesity
Oropharyngeal dysphagia and difficulties in meeting nutrition guidelines
Bone health and nutritional considerations
Nutritional programs for adults with CP
Additional wellness interventions
Clinical recommendations
Summary and future research
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of metabolic syndrome in adult cerebral palsy: Implications for diet
Key facts of cerebral palsy
Key facts of metabolic syndrome
Key facts of nutritional interventions for CP
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 17: Gut microbiota characteristics in children with cerebral palsy
Introduction
GM and nutritional absorption in CP children
GM and neurologic regulations in CP children
GM and gastrointestinal complications in CP children
Applications to other neurological conditions
GM and neurologic complications in CP children
Other components of interest
Personalized diet, GM, and CP treatment
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 18: Swallowing problems: Major components of nutritional deficits in adults with cerebral palsy
Introduction
Swallowing problems in individuals with cerebral palsy: A lifelong problem
Characteristics of dysphagia symptoms and their impact on quality of life in adults with cerebral palsy
Nutritional problems and sarcopenia in adults with cerebral palsy
Assessment of dysphagia in adults with cerebral palsy
Use of the eating and drinking ability classification system in people with cerebral palsy
Nutritional supplements according to the eating and drinking ability classification system in adults with cerebral palsy
Application in other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts on dysphagia in adults with cerebral palsy
Summary points
References
Further reading
Part V: Dietary neurotoxins
Chapter 19: Dietary neurotoxins: An overview
Introduction
Regulatory accommodation
Factors driving the acceptance of certain foods
Incorporation of toxins during growth, processing, or storage
Contaminants from environment
Methylmercury in seafood
Selenium in grain
Naturally formed substances
Furocoumarins
Lectins in legumes
Oxalic acid
Safrole
Myristicin
Tomatine in tomatoes
Prussic acid in peach pits, apple, and cherry
Substances formed because of product abuse
Glycoalkaloids in potatoes (chaconine and solanine)
Furocoumarin in parsnips
Substances produced because of processing
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Acrylamide
Furan
Summary
Mini-dictionary
Key facts
References
Chapter 20: Alcohol consumption induces oxidative damage, neuronal injury, and synaptic impairment: Consequences for the ...
Introduction
Alcohol toxicity
Alcohol affects brain function
Hangover
Binge drinking
Chronic ethanol consumption
Ethanol withdrawal
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Alcohol consumption contributes to the pathogenesis of different neurological diseases
Conclusions
Summary points
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
References
Further reading
Chapter 21: Dietary effects of lead as a neurotoxicant
Introduction
Gastrointestinal structure-function relationships
Gastrointestinal pathways and Ca2+ absorption
Pb2+ uptake in the duodenum
Pb2+/Ca2+ competition alters Ca2+ channel uptake
Vitamin-D metabolism increases intestinal Pb2+ absorption
Pb2+ neurotoxicity through the paracellular pathway
Assessing the effects of Pb2+ on the GI gradient through histological Alcian blue staining
Sex-dependent effects between control male and female rat's gastrointestinal villi and crypt gradients
Pb2+ exposure effects on the male rat's gastrointestinal villi and crypt gradients
Pb2+ exposure effects on the female rat's gastrointestinal villi and crypt gradients
Revisiting early models of gastrointestinal Pb2+ uptake in a modern low-level exposure paradigm
Pb2+ exposure-induced sex-based differences in gastrointestinal absorption
The role of developmental time-periods of Pb2+ exposure on potential gut-brain interactions
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 22: Environmental toxicants (OPs and heavy metals) in the diet: What are their repercussions on behavioral/neurol ...
Introduction
Organophosphate compounds (OPs) and potentially toxic elements (heavy metals) as environmental-pollutant agents in the diet
From the origin to the diet: The input
Organophosphate compounds used as pesticides for food pest control
Potentially toxic elements in the food and drinking water
The impact of environmental toxic elements on the behavior system: The output
Behavioral disabilities and OP exposure via diet
Behavioral disabilities and heavy metal exposure via diet
Neurodegenerative pathologies and chronic environmental toxicant exposure: The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants
Conclusions
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts of OPs and heavy metals
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Part VI: Epilepsy
Chapter 23: Hypercholesterolemic diet and status epilepticus
Introduction
Neurological aspect
What is epilepsy?
Possible causes of epilepsy
Nutritional aspects
Dietary cholesterol and its metabolism by the peripheral system
Cholesterol metabolism in the central nervous system
Role of cholesterol in the brain
Merging neurological and nutritional aspects
Measuring the brain activity of rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and submitted to the status epilepticus
Evaluating the effects of a hypercholesterolemic diet on status epilepticus
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of epilepsy
Summary points
References
Chapter 24: Low glycemic index therapy: What it is and how it compares to other epilepsy diets
History
Evolution
Ketogenic diet
Modified Atkins diet
Low glycemic index therapy
LGIT: Concept and composition
Mechanism of action
Efficacy
Initiation of LGIT
Adverse events
Follow-up
Diet discontinuation
Which diet to use?
Applications to other neurological disorders
Epilepsy syndromes and status epilepticus
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Aging
Traumatic brain injury
Stroke
Autism spectrum disorder
Cancer
Others
Other components of interest
Conclusion
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of LGIT
Summary points
References
Chapter 25: Ketogenic diet in pediatric epilepsies
Introduction
Historical background
Antiepileptogenic mechanisms of ketogenic diet
Variants of ketogenic diet
The classic ketogenic diet
Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet and modified MCT diet
Modified Atkins diet (MAD)
Low glycemic index treatment (LGIT)
Evaluation of candidates for ketogenic diet
Monitoring children on ketogenic diet
Adverse effects and tolerability
Ketogenic diet in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsies
Ketogenic diet as gold standard therapy: GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Ketogenic diet in the intensive care units
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Part VII: Headaches and migraines
Chapter 26: The value of fruit and vegetable consumption in pediatric migraine
Introduction
Review of the available studies and discussion
Review of the available studies
Discussion
Results of our study
Conclusion
Neuroscientific aspects
Nutritional aspects
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Review of the available studies
Results of our study
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of fruits, vegetables, and pediatric migraine headache
Summary points
References
Chapter 27: Dietary trigger factors of migraine
Introduction
Mechanism of dietary influence on migraine episodes
Onset of migraine from the time of consumption of food
Foods and drinks as trigger factors of migraine
Alcohol
Coffee/caffeine
Cheese
Chocolate
Citrus fruits
Fatty food
Food containing monosodium glutamate
Eggs and meat
Fish
Meat
Bread
Missing meals and fasting
Meal schedule in migraine patients
Diet interventions
Elimination diets
Ketogenic diets
Modified Atkins diets
Epigenetic diet
Migraine diary
Functional disability due to migraine
Management of migraine triggered by dietary factors
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of dietary trigger factors of migraine
Summary points
References
Part VIII: Multiple sclerosis
Chapter 28: Dietary management of multiple sclerosis
Introduction
Neuroscientific aspects
Nutritional aspects: Dietary management of multiple sclerosis (MS)
Specific nutrients in MS management
Saturated fats
Polyunsaturated fats
Monounsaturated fats (MUFAs)
High-fiber foods
Dairy products
Salt (sodium chloride)
Cholesterol
Overall diet quality
Special diets for MS management
Paleo diet
McDougall diet
Swank diet
Mediterranean diet
Gluten-free diet
Overcoming MS (OMS) diet
Best bet diet (BBD)
Fasting and multiple sclerosis
Conflicting findings
General dietary guidelines for MS management
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 29: Dietary fish intake and multiple sclerosis: A new narrative
Introduction
Fish intake and the risk of MS
Dietary fish intake or fish oil supplementation and comorbidities in MS patients
Mechanisms behind the association between fish intake and MS
Conclusion
Applications with other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 30: Linking diet and gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis
Introduction
Diet and dysbiosis risk in MS patients
High-salt concentration diet
High-fat concentration diet
Nutritional interventions as modifiers of gut dysbiosis in MS patients
SCFAs
High-fiber concentration diet (prebiotic)
Probiotics
Calorie restriction
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 31: Restoration of myelination in the central nervous system via specific dietary bioactive lipids: An opportunit ...
Introduction
Myelin synthesis, demyelination, and remyelination
Myelin lipid composition
Biosynthesis and supply of myelin lipids
Modulation of exogenous lipid in demyelination and remyelination
High-fat diets and MS outcomes
Plasmalogens in MS therapy
Plasmalogens in myelin: Synthesis and function
Plasmalogens in neurodegenerative contexts
Modulating plasmalogen deficit in MS using alkylglycerols
Sphingolipids in MS therapy
Sphingolipids in myelin: Synthesis and function
Sphingosine-1-phosphate in myelination
S1P modulation in MS: Pharmaceutical avenues
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of myelin lipids
Summary points
References
Part IX: Neuroinflammation
Chapter 32: Effect of diet and nutrition on neuroinflammation: An overview
Introduction
Brain and inflammation
Neuroinflammation and CNS disorders
Diet and neuroinflammation
Calorie restriction and neuroinflammation
Ketogenic diet and neuroinflammation
Mediterranean diet and neuroinflammation
Vitamins and neuroinflammation
Other component of interest
Conclusion
Summary points
Mini-dictionary of terms
References
Chapter 33: High-fat diet-induced cellular neuroinflammation: Alteration of brain functions and associated aliments
Introduction
Inflammation and neuroinflammation
High-fat diet-induced neuroinflammation
Different pathways leading to neuroinflammation
Microglia
NF-κB
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
Mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS
Applications to other neurological conditions
Dementia
Multiple sclerosis
Traumatic brain injury
Parkinson's disease
Anxiety
Depression
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of neuroinflammation
Summary points
References
Chapter 34: Neuro-behavioral implications of a high-fructose diet
Introduction
Fructose metabolism
Metabolic syndrome and fructose
Development and fructose consumption
Neural and behavioral consequences of fructose diet
Potential mechanisms
Potential mechanisms: Glucocorticoids
Potential mechanisms: Neuroinflammation
Potential mechanisms: Mitochondrial function
Conclusions
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of neuroprotection
Key facts of sex differences
Summary points
References
Part X: Parkinson's disease
Chapter 35: Role of mediterranean diet in Parkinson's disease
Introduction to Parkinson's disease
Mediterranean diet and PD
Olive oil and PD
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of olive oil
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and PD
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Vitamins and PD
Vitamin E
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of vitamin E
Vitamin D
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of vitamin D
Vitamin C
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of vitamin C
Vitamin B
Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of vitamin B
Other components of interest
Mediterranean diet in other neurological disorders
Final conclusion
Dictionary of terms
Key facts of the role of the Mediterranean diet in Parkinson's disease
Summary
References
Chapter 36: Role of dietary antioxidants and redox status in Parkinson's disease
Introduction
Oxidative stress and Parkinson's disease
Source of ROS is involved in the pathogenesis of PD
Antioxidant and PD
Vitamins antioxidant and PD
Vitamin A and PD
Vitamin C and PD
Vitamin E and PD
Vitamin D and PD
Dietary zinc intake and PD
Omega-3 and PD
Glutathione
Whey and PD
N-Acetylcysteine and PD
Antioxidant-targeted mitochondria (Q10 and MitoQ)
MitoQ and PD
Melatonin and PD
Creatine and PD
Inosine and PD
Polyphenols and PD
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key fact of Parkinson's disease and oxidative stress
Summary points
References
Chapter 37: Beverages, caffeine, and Parkinson's disease
Introduction
Parkinson's disease
Caffeine
Beverage-containing caffeine
Pharmacokinetics (the body's effect on caffeine)
Pharmacodynamics (the effects of caffeine on the body)
Caffeine and Parkinson's disease
Epidemiological studies
Clinical studies
Clinical experimental studies
Neuroprotection?
Critical appraisal
Other components of interest
Future prospects
Applications to other neurological conditions
Key facts of caffeine and Parkinson's disease
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 38: The association of diet and its components with changes in gut microbiota and improvement in Parkinson's disease
Introduction
The association of nutrients and diet with Parkinson's disease
Caffeine
Tea
Dairy production
Mediterranean Diet
Vitamin
Fats
Carbohydrate
The association between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease
The association of nutrition with gut microbial
The association of nutrition with gut microbial in Parkinson's disease
Conclusion
Neuroscientific aspects
Nutritional aspects
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Part XI: Peripheral neuropathy
Chapter 39: Alcohol-related autonomic dysfunction and peripheral neuropathy
Introduction
Epidemiology
Natural history of large fiber neuropathy
Natural history of autonomic neuropathy
Cardiovascular reflex test abnormalities
Sympathetic skin response abnormality
Erectile dysfunction
Gastrointestinal features
Risk factors
Age
Sex
Ethnicity
Genetics
Alcohol intake
Alcohol type consumed
Smoking
The role of malnutrition
Hepatic dysfunction
The role of oxidative stress
Neuropathology
Management
Alcoholic-related autonomic dysfunction
Alcoholic-related peripheral neuropathy
Conclusion
Applications to other areas of neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points/key facts
References
Web pages
Further reading
Chapter 40: Dietary saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and peripheral neuropathy
Introduction
Differential effects of fatty acid saturation on clinical systemic metabolic status
Differential effects of fatty acid saturation on clinical PN phenotype
Differential effects of fatty acid saturation on PN phenotype in preclinical models
Differential effects of fatty acid saturation on lipid metabolism and mitochondrial (dys)function
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts of metabolically acquired peripheral neuropathy
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 41: Caloric restriction as a nutrition strategy in counteracting peripheral neuropathies
Introduction
An overview of peripheral neuropathies: Causes, risk factors, and incidence
Wallerian and Wallerian-like degeneration in axonal and demyelinating neuropathies
Schwann cells: The multitasking specialized glial cells
Schwann cells orchestrate the first phase of Wallerian degeneration determining the fate of the axons
Autophagy and neuropathy
Autophagy: A survival cell mechanism and its nutrient regulation
Schwann cells autophagy or myelinophagy in peripheral nerve degeneration
Dietary interventions inducing autophagy
Caloric restriction-induced autophagy: Effects on NPs
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Part XII: Prenatal effects and neurodevelopment
Chapter 42: The interplay between stress and nutrition during pregnancy: Influence on fetal brain development
Introduction
Human and animal studies
Effect of stress on the developmental outcomes on offspring
Behavior of the offspring
Cognitive development of the offspring
Biological mechanism by which stress altered offspring development
Importance of nutrition on fetal brain development
Developmental programming
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Further reading
Chapter 43: Maternal and neonatal polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in prematur ...
Introduction
LCPUFA and neurodevelopment
LCPUFA influence inflammatory signaling
LCPUFA accretion into fetal tissues
In utero LCPUFA accretion
LCPUFA accretion into adipose
What is the evidence linking maternal and neonatal PUFA intake with neurodevelopmental outcomes?
Randomized controlled trials
Reviews and systematic reviews
LCPUFA supplementation: How much and when?
Dynamic rates and ratios of placental LCPUFA transfer
Organ-specific effects of LCPUFA
Challenges for appropriate LCPUFA supplementation
The wider contexts of LCPUFA supplementation
Dietary LA affects infant AA and DHA availability
Maternal LCPUFA status
The socioeconomic context of LCPUFA availability
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of LCPUFA and infant development
Summary points
References
Chapter 44: Early nutrition, growth, and neurodevelopment in the preterm infant
Introduction
How preterm birth affects the brain
Postnatal influences
Postnatal nutrition and brain development
Nutrition is a key modifiable factor for improving neurodevelopment
Neonatal growth and neurodevelopment
Effects of neonatal nutrition on neurodevelopment
Breastmilk
Macronutrients
Recommended protein intakes
Evidence from randomized controlled trials on protein and neurodevelopment
Evidence from observational studies on protein and neurodevelopment
Sex differences in neurodevelopmental response to nutrition
Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes
Reasons for lack of clarity in research findings
Barriers to achieving prescribed nutritional intakes
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of preterm neurodevelopment
Summary points
References
Chapter 45: Breast milk and cognitive performance in children
Introduction
Human milk composition
Macronutrients
Protein
Carbohydrates
Fats/lipids
Micronutrients
Choline
Vitamins and minerals
Bioactive factors
Factors influencing milk composition
Maternal nutrition
Maternal age, parity, and BMI
Smoking
Mode of delivery
Adverse pregnancy outcomes
Brain development
Breastfeeding and cognitive outcomes in children
Milk components and cognitive development in children
Milk proteins
Milk amino acids
Milk carbohydrate
Milk cholesterol
Milk fatty acids
Milk choline
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts
Summary points
References
Chapter 46: Effects of ketogenic diets and ketone supplementation on the nervous system during development: Applications ...
Introduction
The role of glucose in shaping and maintaining the brain
The effects of ketogenic diet in animal models of autism spectrum disorder
Genetic animal models
Black and tan Brachyury (BTBR) animal model
Engrailed genes (En) model
Epileptic seizure-prone EL (epilepsy 1 gene)
Neurodevelopmental animal models
Valproic acid (VPA) animal model
MIA model
The effects of ketogenic diet in animal models of schizophrenia
Genetic
Pharmacological model of schizophrenia
Clinical studies of ketogenic diet in schizophrenia
Summary points
References
Part XIII: Stroke
Chapter 47: Fluids, energy intake, and stroke
Introduction
Neuroscientific aspects
Nutritional aspects
Risk factors for the disease and its prognosis
Nutrition and hydration during the hospitalization
Nutrition and hydration during rehabilitation and at home
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of fluids, energy intake, and stroke
Key facts of nutrition and hydration assessment and monitoring
Summary points
References
Chapter 48: Body weight after stroke
Introduction
The obesity paradox in stroke
Body weight loss after stroke
Stroke-related sarcopenia
Skeletal muscle changes in sarcopenia
Prevalence of sarcopenia
Diagnosis of sarcopenia
Cachexia after stroke
Nutritional status and cachexia in stroke
Treatment of cachexia in stroke
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of cachexia after stroke
Summary points
References
Chapter 49: Linking dietary pattern and stroke: An Indian perspective
Introduction
Dietary patterns in India
Staple food
Oils
Non-alcoholic beverages
Alcoholic beverages
Eating habits
Dietary restrictions
Rural versus Urban dietary habits
Dietary pattern studies
Dietary pattern and relationship with health outcome
Dietary patterns and stroke
Dietary pattern and stroke studies from India
Diet and cardiovascular risk and stroke risk
Diet as a modifiable risk factor for stroke
Comparison of traditional local diet with the specialized diet
Resource documents
Other components of interest
Applications to other areas of neurological conditions
Key facts
Mini-dictionary of terms
Conclusion
Summary points
References
Chapter 50: Dietary lipids: The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on stroke-related neuronal damage
Introduction
Stroke overview
Overview of docosahexaenoic acid
Health benefits of DHA as shown in previous studies
Purpose
Neuroscientific aspects
Nutritional aspects
The importance of stroke onset and prevention
Stroke prevention effect by ingestion of fish and DHA: Epidemiological research
Prevention of stroke caused by fish intake
DHA intake and stroke prevention
Biosynthesis of DHA and supply of docosahexaenoic acid to neuronal cells
Biosynthesis of DHA in the body
Synthesis of DHA in astrocytes and supply to neuronal cells
Neuroprotective mechanism of docosahexaenoic acid through astrocytes in the brain
Transportation of diet-derived DHA via BBB and accumulation in astrocytes
Supply of DHA to nerve cells and neuroprotective action by astrocytes
Inhibition of DHA against oxidative stress produced in association with ischemic stroke
Effect of DHA-derived neuroprotectin on stroke
Conclusion
Applications to other neurological conditions
Other components of interest
Key facts
About stroke
Mini-dictionary of terms
Summary points
References
Chapter 51: Diet quality and stroke
Introduction
Patho-etiology of stroke
Mechanisms by which diet quality may modify stroke risk
Food components and risk of ischemic stroke
Fruits and vegetables
Fish
Red and processed meats
Fat
Carbohydrate intake
Diet quality and primary prevention of stroke
Mediterranean diet
DASH diet
Other healthy diet patterns
The Southern diet pattern
Vegetarian and plant-based diets
Diet quality and secondary prevention of stroke
Future directions
Applications to other neurologic conditions
Diet and dementia
Other components of interest
Folic acid
Multivitamins
Mini-dictionary of terms
Key facts of stroke and diet quality
Summary points
References
Chapter 52: Recommended resources for diet and nutrition in neurological disorders
Introduction
Resources
Other resources
Summary points
References
Index
Back Cover
