Developing Practice Capability: Transforming Workplace Learning [1 ed.] 9789004366923, 9789004366916

Citation preview

Developing Practice Capability

Higher Education Horizons ඏඈඅඎආൾ 3 Series Editor Joy Higgs Charles Sturt University, Australia Advisory Editorial Board Franziska Trede University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Janice Orrell Flinders University, Australia Narelle Patton Charles Sturt University, Australia

Series Scope This series explores the current volatile context of higher education and examines ways that the higher education sector is responding to and driving these changes. The books in this series tackle challenges facing the sector and question the goals and strategies that researchers, educators and theorists are creating to address these challenges. They explore trends in stakeholder expectations, evolving pedagogies and different horizons existing and emerging in higher education. The authors in this series bring a wealth of academic practice wisdom and experience to examine these issues. They share their practice knowledge, report research into strategies that address these challenges, and raise yet more questions. Through the conversations in this book readers can enter into the debates, visions and experiences of the agents of higher education.

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/heho

All chapters in this book have undergone peer review. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov

ISBN: 978-90-04-36691-6 (paperback) ISBN: 978-90-04-36690-9 (hardback) ISBN: 978-90-04-36692-3 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, %ULOO 1LMKR൵ %ULOO 5RGRSL %ULOO 6HQVH DQG +RWHL 3XEOLVKLQJ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The &RS\ULJKW &OHDUDQFH &HQWHU  5RVHZRRG 'ULYH 6XLWH  'DQYHUV 0$  USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

CONTENTS

Preface

vii

Section 1: Professional Practice and Capability 1.

Professional Practice Narelle Patton and Joy Higgs

2.

Professional Practice Capability Joy Higgs and Narelle Patton

3 15

Section 2: Professional Education Theory and Educational Practice 3.

4.

5.

Practice Communities and Cultures: A Context for Developing Practice Capabilities Joy Higgs

33

Pedagogies for Practice Capability Development in Professional Education Curricula Melanie Walker

45

Using Practice and Workplace Learning Theories to Enhance Clinical Learning Spaces Narelle Patton

61

6.

Taking a Capability Approach to Learning for Life and Work Joy Higgs

69

7.

Practice-Based Education: Setting Quality Agendas Joy Higgs

81

Section 3: A Study of Clinical Education as a Space for Practice Capability Development 8.

Enacting the Study Narelle Patton

97

9.

8VLQJ 9LVXDO 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQV WR (QKDQFH &OLQLFDO :RUNSODFH /HDUQLQJ Narelle Patton

10. Clinical Learning Spaces: Dimensions and Character Narelle Patton

v

 121

CONTENTS

11. A Crucible Model for Understanding Learning in Clinical Workplace Spaces Narelle Patton

135

Section 4: Exploring Workplace Learning and Capability Development 12. ([SORULQJ WKH 5DQJH RI &OLQLFDO /HDUQLQJ 6SDFHV Narelle Patton and Megan Smith



13. 5HIOHFWLYH 6SDFHV 1XUWXULQJ 5HIOHFWLYH 3UDFWLFH GXULQJ :RUNSODFH Learning Narelle Patton and Elizabeth Anne Kinsella

165

14. 5HODWLRQVKLS 6SDFHV WR (QULFK 3UDFWLFH &DSDELOLW\ 'HYHORSPHQW LQ Clinical Workplace Learning Julie Baldry Currens

173

15. Developing Capability for Empathic Practice Narelle Patton and Bruce Newton

183

16. Developing Capability for Ethical Courage in Clinical Workplaces Gail Jensen and Narelle Patton

191

17. Being a Clinical Educator Chris Lindner and Narelle Patton

199

18. The Crucible Model as a Tool for Student Preparation for Clinical Workplace Learning Narelle Patton and Joy Higgs

211

19. The Crucible Model Underpinning Holistic Clinical Educator Professional Development Narelle Patton and Joy Higgs

223

20. Student Wellbeing as a Space to Enhance Clinical Workplace Learning Wendy Bowles and Maree Donna Simpson

235

21. Transformational Learning for Capability in the Workplace Bridget Leahy and Narelle Patton

245

22. Assessing Professional Practice Capabilities Narelle Patton

257

Contributors

271

vi

PREFACE

In this book, our focus is on the development of professional practice capabilities, particularly in workplace contexts. This book builds on the idea of workplace learning spaces being like crucibles in which many human, material and ephemeral factors are brought together through interactive exchanges of purpose and energy. Professional practice is presented as a dynamic and experiential phenomenon that is embedded in practice contexts, embodied in and transformed through individual performances. It is grounded in the ethical aim of doing good for others. From this interpretation of professional practice, we have identified capability as a human phenomenon, a state of being, characterised by readiness, confidence and capacity to act soundly in life and work. Capability for professional practice comprises qualities (e.g. integrity, empathy and ethical courage), judgement and potential to act ethically in uncertain, unfamiliar and dynamic contexts. The term capability highlights the importance of developing individuals ready to act, and, in the case of professional practices, ready to act for the good of others in situations where uncertainty is ever present and humanity is central. A Crucible Model for Professional Development is presented and explored as a means for better understanding professional development and workplace learning as spaces for learning for professional practice. The crucible model contributes significantly to the understanding of professional practice capabilities and the development of those capabilities in clinical education contexts. The power and potential for such learning spaces resembles the power of the apparently simple bowl or crucible. However, when combined with the fire of enthusiasm for learning and teaching, and the rich learning resources and opportunities these settings can provide, the resultant catalytic reactions of professional growth and development can be rewarding and outstanding. Throughout this book, consideration of the Crucible Model for Professional Development generates implications and recommendations for workplace learning and capability development for professional practitioners (both in their disciplinespecific and education practices). The power of the Model to inform holistic development of students and workplace learning educators stems in part from its simultaneous consideration of the capabilities underpinning professional practice and learning. This book is addressed to learners, academics, workplace learning educators and supervisors, and practitioners, along with those with the power to shape the future direction of workplace learning for professional practice. We invite you as readers of this book to consider the themes we have presented to reflect on your own experiences (whether as a workplace learning educator/supervisor, academic educator, student undertaking workplace learning

vii

35()$&(

or a practitioner seeking to enhance your own capability development) to reimagine workplace learning pedagogy and in this way, harness the potency of workplace learning experiences to develop professional practitioners capable of flourishing in and constructively contributing to 21st century professional practice contexts.

viii

SECTION 1

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE AND CAPABILITY

NARELLE PATTON AND JOY HIGGS

1. PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

This book is a journey across professional practice and the capabilities required to flourish within and contribute productively to this arena. In this chapter the focus is on professional practice; it sets the scene by exploring what it means to be a professional practitioner which involves the pursuit and embodiment of professionalism and quality in practice engagement. Professional practice is both the goal and setting for these pursuits, and capabilities, both personal and professional, are the means to achieve these outcomes. Professional practice is presented as a dynamic, multidimensional and experiential phenomenon that is embedded in practice contexts, embodied in and transformed through individual performances, and grounded in the ethical aim of doing good for others. Four key aspects of professional practice are examined, while acknowledging that there may always be other ways to understand it than through these four chosen aspects. The four aspects are: the embodied nature of practice, its moral dimensions, its reflective and critical dimensions, and its contextual nature. This discussion leads into Chapter 2 where many and varied capabilities underpinning professional practice are considered. Practice contexts and individual practitioners’ capabilities coalesce to shape current and future practices. Practice is a fluid space in which professional practices evolve and capabilities emerge and are enhanced. PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

Practice can be thought of as the enactment of the role of professions or occupational groups in serving or contributing to society. Professional practice is a social phenomenon and as such, it is inherently situated and temporally located in local settings, lifeworlds and systems. However, it is not only a socially-historically constructed phenomenon and artefact of human society, it is also an intense experience of professional practitioners as an embodied, agential and self-realised way of being in the world and a part of the fabric of society’s social practices. The complex abstract and social phenomena of professional practice are manifest through the practices or customary activities of professions (such as ethical conduct, professional decision making, client-practitioner communication, consultation and referral, and interdisciplinary team work) and through the chosen ways individual practitioners implement their professional practices (Higgs, 2016). THE CONTEXTUAL NATURE OF PRACTICE

Practice is always situated. Professional practice is inexplicably interwoven with the context (personal, disciplinary, locational) within which it occurs and must be considered within its context. Practice contexts should be considered an integral © KONINKLIJKE BRILL NV, LEIDEN, 2018 | DOI 10.1163/9789004366923_001

352)(66,21$/ 35$&7,&(

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¶ GHVNV SRVLWLRQ RI WKH WHDFKHU¶V GHVN UHODWLYH WR WKH VWXGHQWV DQG DYDLODELOLW\ RI LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ VXFK DV 60$57 %RDUGV DQG ,QWHUQHW FRQQHFWLYLW\ FRDOHVFH WR FRQILJXUH FODVVURRP WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ 7KH G\QDPLF DQG RIWHQ KDSKD]DUG QDWXUH RI ZRUNSODFHV SURYLGHV DQRWKHU H[DPSOH RI KRZ ZRUNSODFH FRQWH[WXDO LQIOXHQFHV VLJQLILFDQWO\ VKDSH SUDFWLFH 7HPSRUDO IDFWRUV VXFK DV WLPH FRQVWUDLQWV VKDSH SUDFWLFH WKURXJK WKHLU VLJQLILFDQW LQIOXHQFH RQ SUDFWLWLRQHUV¶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¶ FDSDELOLW\ WR UHVSRQG WR WKHVH VLWXDWLRQDO ZRUNSODFH FKDOOHQJHV 7KH QDWXUH RI SUDFWLFH WDVNV DQG DFWLYLWLHV DOVR VWURQJO\ LQIOXHQFHV SUDFWLFH DFWLYLWLHV DQG RXWFRPHV 5REHUWV   IRU LQVWDQFH LGHQWLILHV SUREOHP W\SHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV RI FRPSOH[LW\ DQG VROXWLRQPDQDJHPHQW 

3$7721 $1' +,**6

7\SH  SUREOHPV 7\SH  SUREOHPV

7\SH  SUREOHPV

DUH ³VLPSOH SUREOHPV´ ZKLFK HQMR\ D FRQVHQVXV RQ D SUREOHP GHILQLWLRQ DQG VROXWLRQ DUH ³FRPSOH[ SUREOHPV´ WKDW LQWURGXFH FRQIOLFW WR WKH SUREOHP VROYLQJ SURFHVV :KLOH SUREOHP VROYHUV DJUHH RQ ZKDW WKH SUREOHP LV WKHUH LV QR FRQVHQVXV RQ KRZ WR VROYH LW DUH ³ZLFNHG SUREOHPV´ WKDW HQJHQGHU D KLJK OHYHO RI FRQIOLFW DPRQJ WKH VWDNHKROGHUV 7KH SUREOHPVROYLQJ SURFHVV LV QRW ERXQG ± LW LV H[SHULHQFHG DV DPELJXRXV IOXLG FRPSOH[ SROLWLFDO DQG IUXVWUDWLQJ

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³UHODWLQJV´ DQG ³GRLQJV´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¶ KHDOWK FRQGLWLRQV DQG WKH FRQVHTXHQW GLYHUVLW\ RI FOLHQWV¶ ZDQWV DQG QHHGV RIWHQ OHDG WR FRQIOLFW EHWZHHQ RUJDQLVDWLRQDO GHPDQGV DQG SUDFWLFH WUDGLWLRQ UHTXLUHPHQWV HYLGHQFHG WKURXJK HWKLFDO DQG HYLGHQFHEDVHG JXLGHOLQHV 7+( (92/87,21 2) 352)(66,21$/ 35$&7,&( 3(563(&7,9(6

$V D ZD\ RI H[SORULQJ WKH FRPSOH[LW\ RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH LW LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WR FKDUW WKH HYROXWLRQ RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH GHVFULSWLRQV RYHU SDVW GHFDGHV 7KHVH GHVFULSWLRQV KDYH EHFRPH LQFUHDVLQJO\ FRPSOH[ RYHU WLPH UHIOHFWLQJ ERWK WKH G\QDPLF QDWXUH RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH DV ZHOO DV RXU GHHSHQLQJ XQGHUVWDQGLQJV DQG DSSUHFLDWLRQ RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH LWVHOI (DUO\ 

352)(66,21$/ 35$&7,&(

GHVFULSWLRQV RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH IRFXVHG PRUH QDUURZO\ RQ D SURIHVVLRQ¶V VSHFLILF NQRZOHGJH EDVH DQG HWKLFDO JXLGHOLQHV +XJKHV   :KHUHDV PRUH FRQWHPSRUDU\ GHVFULSWLRQV RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH KDYH EURDGHQHG DQG QRZ HPEUDFH IRXU NH\ GLPHQVLRQV RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH WKDW LV LWV HPERGLHG PRUDO UHIOHFWLYH DQG FULWLFDO DQG FRQWH[WXDO GLPHQVLRQV VHH )LJXUH  

Figure 1.2. Dimensions of professional practice.

+DOI D FHQWXU\ DJR SURIHVVLRQV ZHUH GHILQHG E\ WKHLU FODLP WR H[WUDRUGLQDU\ NQRZOHGJH LQ PDWWHUV RI JUHDW KXPDQ LPSRUWDQFH +XJKHV   7KLV FODLP WR H[WUDRUGLQDU\ NQRZOHGJH UHPDLQV SHUWLQHQW WRGD\ DQG KDV OHG WR SURIHVVLRQDOV EHLQJ DFFRUGHG VSHFLDO PDQGDWHV IRU VRFLDO FRQWURO RI PDWWHUV ZLWKLQ WKHLU H[SHUWLVH OLFHQVH WR GHWHUPLQH ZKR HQWHUV WKH SURIHVVLRQ DQG D UHODWLYH KLJK GHJUHH RI DXWRQRP\ LQ WKH UHJXODWLRQ RI WKHLU SUDFWLFH 6FK|Q   7KHVH PDQGDWHV DUH ODUJHO\ DFKLHYHG WKURXJK UHJLVWUDWLRQ ERDUGV HGXFDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQV¶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

3$7721 $1' +,**6

',0(16,216 2) 352)(66,21$/ 35$&7,&(

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|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¶ KRPHV 7KHVH SUDFWLWLRQHUV RIWHQ ZRUN ZLWK GLVFLSOLQHVSHFLILF SUDFWLFH HTXLSPHQW IRU H[DPSOH EORRG SUHVVXUH PRQLWRUV RU VWHWKRVFRSHV IROORZLQJ SUDFWLFH WUDGLWLRQV IRU H[DPSOH FOLQLFDO SURWRFROV WR DFKLHYH WKH EHVW SRVVLEOH RXWFRPHV IRU FOLHQWV RU SDWLHQWV ZLWK VRPHWLPHV UDSLGO\ IOXFWXDWLQJ KHDOWKFDUH QHHGV ,Q WKHVH FLUFXPVWDQFHV SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFHV DUH RIWHQ HQDFWHG ZLWK YDULDWLRQV RU WUDQVIRUPHG WR DFFRXQW IRU FRQWH[WXDO UHVWUDLQWV VXFK DV DYDLODEOH UHVRXUFHV LQGLYLGXDO SUDFWLWLRQHUV¶ SDUWLFXODU FDSDELOLWLHV VXFK DV FOLQLFDO H[SHUWLVH DQG SDWLHQWV¶ RU FOLHQWV¶ LQGLYLGXDO QHHGV DQG GHVLUHV 3URIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFHV DUH ULFK FRPSOH[ DQG KXPDQ 3URIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH HQFRPSDVVHV D YDULHW\ RI LQGLYLGXDO SUDFWLFH SHUIRUPDQFHV JXLGHG E\ D ZLGH UDQJH RI SUDFWLWLRQHUV¶ VNLOOV DELOLWLHV DQG TXDOLWLHV DQG SUDFWLFH WUDGLWLRQV VXFK 

352)(66,21$/ 35$&7,&(

DV HWKLFDO JXLGHOLQHV DQG LV IUDPHG E\ WKH SDUWLFXODU FRQWH[W ZLWKLQ ZKLFK WKH SUDFWLFHV RFFXU ,Q RUGHU WR EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQG WKH QDWXUH RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH IRXU NH\ GLPHQVLRQV DUH H[DPLQHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQV 7KHVH DUH LWV HPERGLHG QDWXUH LWV PRUDO GLPHQVLRQV LWV UHIOHFWLYH DQG FULWLFDO GLPHQVLRQV DQG LWV FRQWH[WXDO QDWXUH Embodied Nature of Professional Practice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¶V FRQGLWLRQV 5\OH DOVR FRQWHQGHG WKDW IRU WKH LQGLYLGXDO SHUIRUPLQJ WKH SUDFWLFH HDFK SUDFWLFH SHUIRUPDQFH UHSUHVHQWV D QHZ OHVVRQ RQ KRZ WR LPSURYH IXWXUH SHUIRUPDQFHV 7KLV LPSURYHPHQW UHOLHV RQ SUDFWLWLRQHUV¶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

3$7721 $1' +,**6

ZKHQ SURIHVVLRQDOV KDYH WKH ability WR LGHQWLI\ WKURXJK H[SHULHQFLQJ WKH FRQVHTXHQFHV RI WKHLU DFWLRQV ZKHQ WKHVH SUDFWLFHV PLJKW QRW EH DSSURSULDWH DQG WKH courage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professional craft knowledge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¶ DFWLRQV DQG SHUIRUPDQFHV ,PSRUWDQWO\ WKH FUXFLDO LQWHUGHSHQGHQFH EHWZHHQ SUDFWLFH SHUIRUPDQFH DQG NQRZOHGJH JHQHUDWLRQ ZKLOH XQGHUOLQLQJ WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI HPERGLHG DVSHFWV RI SUDFWLFH DOVR GUDZV DWWHQWLRQ WR D EURDG UDQJH RI FDSDELOLWLHV VXFK DV FULWLFDO DQG UHIOHFWLYH WKLQNLQJ LQWHUSHUVRQDO VNLOOV DQG HWKLFDO FRXUDJH UHTXLUHG WR GHYHORS SUDFWLFH NQRZOHGJH DQG HQDFW HWKLFDO SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH Moral Dimensions of Professional Practice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

352)(66,21$/ 35$&7,&(

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³GRLQJ JRRG ZRUN´ &ROE\ 6XOOLYDQ   $V DQ H[DPSOH KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLWLRQHUV DUH RIWHQ IDFHG ZLWK FRPSHWLQJ GHPDQGV VXFK DV UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU DFFRXQWDELOLW\ LQ FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK FKDQJLQJ SDWWHUQV RI GLVHDVH DQG GLVDELOLW\ DQG GLYHUVLW\ RI FOLHQWV¶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eflective and Critical Dimensions of Professional Practice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

3$7721 $1' +,**6

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³VZDPS\ ORZODQGV´ DUH FDWDO\VWV IRU UHIOHFWLYH WKLQNLQJ E\ SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLWLRQHUV 6FK|Q   3UREOHPV HQFRXQWHUHG LQ WKHVH VZDPS\ ORZODQGV GHI\ WHFKQLFDO VROXWLRQ DQG KHQFH VWLPXODWH UHIOHFWLYH WKLQNLQJ WKDW HQDEOHV SURIHVVLRQDOV WR FDOO RQ FRGLILHG H[SHULHQWLDO DQG SHUVRQDO NQRZOHGJH WR FRQVWUXFW WKH EHVW VROXWLRQV IRU WKHLU FOLHQWV 6XFK UHIOHFWLYH WKLQNLQJ LV LQWHJUDO WR ERWK DXWRFUDWLF DQG PRUDO GLPHQVLRQV RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH DV SUDFWLWLRQHUV DGDSW NQRZOHGJH WR IDFLOLWDWH WKH DFKLHYHPHQW RI RSWLPDO RXWFRPHV IRU LQGLYLGXDOV LQ XQLTXH SUDFWLFH FRQWH[WV 6FK|Q    7KLV LV VLJQLILFDQW EHFDXVH LW KLJKOLJKWV SUDFWLWLRQHUV¶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¶ LQFUHDVLQJO\ FRPSOH[ KHDOWK SUREOHPV RSHQV D VSDFH IRU FROODERUDWLYH DQG FULWLFDO WKRXJKW WR IORXULVK 7KH HPSKDVLV RQ WKH UHODWLRQDO DVSHFWV RI FULWLFDO WKLQNLQJ UHYHDOV D SRWHQWLDOO\ VLJQLILFDQW FRQWULEXWLRQ RI SUDFWLWLRQHU FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG LQWHUSHUVRQDO VNLOOV WR WKH IDFLOLWDWLRQ RI VRFLDOO\ FRQVWUXFWHG FULWLFDO WKRXJKW DQG WKH TXDOLW\ RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH SHUIRUPDQFHV



352)(66,21$/ 35$&7,&(

&21&/86,21

,Q WKLV FKDSWHU WKH ULFK FRPSOH[ DQG LQKHUHQWO\ KXPDQ GLPHQVLRQV RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFHV KDYH EHHQ H[SORUHG ([DPLQDWLRQ RI HPERGLHG PRUDO UHIOHFWLYH DQG FULWLFDO DQG FRQWH[WXDO GLPHQVLRQV RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH UHYHDOHG D EURDG UDQJH RI FDSDELOLWLHV RQ ZKLFK HWKLFDO SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH LV FRQVWUXFWHG 3URIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLWLRQHUV DUH RIWHQ UHTXLUHG WR FKDOOHQJH DQG FKDQJH ERWK WKHPVHOYHV DQG WKHLU SUDFWLFH ZRUOG IRU WKH EHWWHU 5()(5(1&(6 %DUQHWW 5   Higher education A critical business %XFNLQJKDP 7KH 6RFLHW\ IRU 5HVHDUFK LQWR +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ 2SHQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV %URRNILHOG 6   Becoming a critically reflective teacher 6DQ )UDQFLVFR &$ -RVVH\ %DVV %URZQ * 5\DQ 6 (   (QKDQFLQJ UHIOHFWLYH DELOLWLHV ,QWHUZHDYLQJ UHIOHFWLRQ LQWR SUDFWLFH ,Q * %URZQ 6 (VGDLOH 6 5\DQ (GV  Becoming an advanced healthcare practitioner SS    /RQGRQ %XWWHUZRUWK +HLQHPDQQ &ROE\ $ 6XOOLYDQ :   )RUPDWLRQ RI SURIHVVLRQDOLVP DQG SXUSRVH 3HUVSHFWLYHV IURP WKH SUHSDUDWLRQ IRU WKH SURIHVVLRQV SURJUDP University of St Thomas Law Journal, 5,   &RXUWQH\ 3UDWW + )LW]JHUDOG 0 )RUG . 0DUVGHQ . 0DUORZ $   4XDOLW\ FOLQLFDO SODFHPHQWV IRU XQGHUJUDGXDWH QXUVLQJ VWXGHQWV $ FURVVVHFWLRQDO VXUYH\ RI XQGHUJUDGXDWHV DQG VXSHUYLVLQJ QXUVHV Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68    (GZDUGV 5 1LFROO .   $FWLRQ DW D GLVWDQFH *RYHUQPHQWDOLW\ VXEMHFWLYLW\ DQG ZRUNSODFH OHDUQLQJ ,Q 6 %LOOHWW 7 )HQZLFN 0 6RPHUYLOOH (GV  Work, subjectivity and learning. Understanding learning through working life SS    'RUGUHFKW 6SULQJHU (UDXW 0   1RQ IRUPDO OHDUQLQJ DQG WDFLW NQRZOHGJH LQ SURIHVVLRQDO ZRUN British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70   (ZLQJ 5 6PLWK '   'RLQJ NQRZLQJ EHLQJ DQG EHFRPLQJ 7KH QDWXUH RI SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH ,Q - +LJJV $ 7LWFKHQ (GV  Professional practice in health, education and the creative arts SS    2[IRUG %ODFNZHOO 6FLHQFH )HQQHVV\ . %LOOHWW 6 2YHQV &   /HDUQLQJ LQ DQG WKURXJK VRFLDO SDUWQHUVKLSV Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 46    )LVK '   Starting with myself as a doctor and a supervisor %RRNOHW  RI WKH 0HGLFDO 6XSHUYLVLRQ 0DWWHUV 6HULHV  &UDQKDP 8. $QHXPL 3XEOLFDWLRQV )LVK ' +LJJV -   7KH FRQWH[W IRU FOLQLFDO GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ LQ WKH VW FHQWXU\ ,Q - +LJJV 0 -RQHV 6 /RIWXV 1 &KULVWHQVHQ (GV  Clinical reasoning in the health professions SS    (GLQEXUJK %XWWHUZRUWK +HLQHPDQQ *UHHQ %   ,QWURGXFWLRQ 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ DQG UHVHDUFKLQJ SURIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH ,Q % *UHHQ (G  Understanding and researching professional practice SS    5RWWHUGDP 6HQVH +LJJV -   5HDOLVLQJ SUDFWLFDO ZLVGRP IURP WKH SXUVXLW RI ZLVH SUDFWLFH ,Q ( $ .LQVHOOD $ 3LWPDQ (GV  Phronesis as professional knowledge SS    5RWWHUGDP 6HQVH +LJJV -   3URIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH DQG GLVFRXUVH ,Q - +LJJV ) 7UHGH (GV  Professional practice discourse marginalia SS    5RWWHUGDP 6HQVH +LJJV - +XPPHOO - 5RH 6KDZ 0   %HFRPLQJ D PHPEHU RI D KHDOWK SURIHVVLRQ $ MRXUQH\ RI VRFLDOLVDWLRQ ,Q - +LJJV 0 6PLWK * :HEE 0 6NLQQHU $ &URNHU (GV  Contexts of physiotherapy practice SS    6\GQH\ (OVHYLHU +LJJV - 7LWFKHQ $ 1HYLOOH   3URIHVVLRQDO SUDFWLFH NQRZOHGJH ,Q - +LJJV $ 7LWFKHQ (GV  Practice knowledge and expertise in the health professions /RQGRQ %XWWHUZRUWK +HLQHPDQQ +RGNLQVRQ + +RGNLQVRQ 3   7KH VLJQLILFDQFH RI LQGLYLGXDOV¶ GLVSRVLWLRQV LQ ZRUNSODFH OHDUQLQJ $ FDVH VWXG\ RI WZR WHDFKHUV Journal of Education and Work, 17   



3$7721 $1' +,**6 +XJKHV (   7KH VWXG\ RI RFFXSDWLRQV ,Q 5 . 0HUWRQ / %URRP / 6 &RWWUHOO (GV  Sociology today Problems and prospects SS    1HZ