Deficit Irrigation: A Remedy For Water Scarcity 3030355853, 9783030355852, 9783030355869

Table of contents :
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 9
Chapter 1: Water Scarcity Leads to Food Insecurity......Page 13
1.2 Food Production Depends on Water Availability......Page 14
1.3 Water Scarcity Induces Water Stress......Page 16
1.4 Deficit Irrigation and Water Scarcity......Page 17
1.5 Climate Change, Water Scarcity and Food Security......Page 18
1.6 Climate Change and Agricultural Soil......Page 19
References......Page 21
2.1 Introduction......Page 26
2.2 Consequences of Water Stress on Plants......Page 27
2.3 Deficit Irrigation Concept and Definitions......Page 28
2.4 Water Use Efficiency/Water Productivity Under Deficit Irrigation......Page 29
2.5.1 Sustained Deficit Irrigation......Page 30
2.5.2.1 Stage-Based Deficit Irrigation......Page 31
2.5.2.2 Partial Root-Zone Irrigation......Page 32
2.6 The Hidden Role of Intercropping Systems in Water Saving......Page 33
2.7 Conclusion......Page 34
References......Page 35
3.1 Introduction......Page 39
3.2 Climate of Egypt......Page 40
3.2.2 Water Requirements of the Cultivated Crops in Egypt......Page 42
3.2.2.2 Seasonal Crop Coefficients......Page 43
3.3.1 Water Resources Quantity......Page 45
3.3.2 Irrigation Water Management......Page 46
3.4 Soil Resources of Egypt......Page 47
3.5 Population Impacts on Per Capita Water and Land......Page 48
3.6 Irrigated Agriculture and Food Production......Page 49
3.7 Food Gaps in Egypt......Page 50
3.7.1 Wheat Production-Consumption Gap......Page 51
3.7.2 Maize Production-Consumption Gap......Page 54
3.7.3 Faba Bean Production-Consumption Gap......Page 55
3.7.4 Edible Oil Production-Consumption Gap......Page 56
3.7.5 Summer Forage Production-Consumption Gap......Page 58
3.8.1.1 Wheat......Page 59
3.8.1.4 Other Winter Crops......Page 60
3.8.2.1 Maize......Page 61
3.8.2.3 Other Summer Crops......Page 62
References......Page 63
Chapter 4: Field Crops and Deficit Irrigation in Egypt......Page 69
4.1 Introduction......Page 70
4.2 Egyptian Clover Production and Deficit Irrigation......Page 72
4.2.2 Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Egyptian Clover......Page 73
4.2.3.1 Traditional Cultivation of Egyptian Clover......Page 74
4.2.3.2 Cultivation on Raised Beds......Page 76
4.2.3.4 Water Conservation and Egyptian Clover National Production......Page 78
4.2.4 Water Productivity of Egyptian Clover Under the Production Alternatives......Page 81
4.3.2 Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Sugar Beet......Page 83
4.3.3.2 Cultivation on Raised Beds......Page 84
4.3.3.3 Application of Deficit Irrigation......Page 86
4.3.3.4 Water Conservation and Sugar Beet National Production......Page 87
4.3.4 Water Productivity of Sugar Beet Under the Studied Practices......Page 89
References......Page 91
Chapter 5: Vegetable Crops and Deficit Irrigation in Egypt......Page 94
5.1 Introduction......Page 95
5.2.2 Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Onion......Page 97
5.2.3.1 Traditional Cultivation of Onion......Page 98
5.2.3.2 Cultivation on Raised Beds......Page 99
5.2.3.3 Application of Deficit Irrigation......Page 101
5.3 Winter Tomato Production and Deficit Irrigation......Page 103
5.3.1 Effect of Water Stress on Winter Tomato......Page 104
5.3.3.1 Traditional Cultivation of Winter Tomato......Page 106
5.3.3.4 Water Conservation and Winter Tomato National Production......Page 108
5.4 Conclusion......Page 113
References......Page 115
Chapter 6: Wheat Insufficiency and Deficit Irrigation......Page 117
6.1 Introduction......Page 118
6.2.1 Effect of Water Stress on Wheat......Page 120
6.2.2 Effect of Deficit Irrigation......Page 121
6.2.3.1 Traditional Cultivation of Wheat......Page 122
6.3 Population, Wheat Consumption and Wheat Production-Consumption Gap......Page 125
6.3.2 Application of Deficit Irrigation......Page 126
6.3.3 Wheat Intercropping with Other Crops......Page 129
6.3.3.1 Wheat Intercropped with Winter Tomato System......Page 130
6.3.3.2 Cotton Relay Intercropped with Wheat......Page 132
6.3.3.4 Wheat Intercropped Under Fruit Trees......Page 134
6.3.3.5 Wheat Intercropped with Sugarcane......Page 137
6.4 Wheat Production-Consumption Gap Using Saved Water from Other Winter Crops......Page 139
6.6 Conclusion......Page 142
References......Page 144
7.1 Introduction......Page 147
7.2 Climate Change and Water Resources......Page 148
7.3.1 Using IPCC Report (1990)......Page 150
7.3.2 Using IPCC Report (2001)......Page 151
7.3.3 Using IPCC Report (2013)......Page 153
7.4 Climate Change and Evapotranspiration......Page 154
7.5 Effect of Climate Change on Seasonal Crop Coefficients......Page 156
7.6 Effect of Climate Change on Water Consumptive Use/Water Requirements of Crops......Page 158
7.7.1 Effect of Climate Change on the Soils of Egypt......Page 159
7.7.2 Effect of Climate Change on Cultivated Area......Page 160
7.7.3 Effect of Climate Change on the Suitability of Cultivated Area to a Certain Crop......Page 161
7.8.3 Faba Bean Production-Consumption Gap......Page 162
References......Page 164
Chapter 8: Climate Change and Wheat Self-Sufficiency......Page 168
8.1 Introduction......Page 169
8.3 Effect of Climate Change on Wheat......Page 170
8.4.1 Projection of Wheat Water Requirements in 2030......Page 171
8.4.2 Projection of Wheat Cultivated Area and Total Production......Page 173
8.4.3.1 Traditional Cultivation of Wheat......Page 174
Population, Wheat Consumption and Wheat Production-Consumption Gap......Page 176
8.4.3.2 Cultivation on Raised Beds......Page 177
8.4.3.4 Wheat Intercropping with Other Crops......Page 182
Wheat Intercropped with Sugar Beet System......Page 185
Wheat Intercropped with Sugarcane......Page 187
8.4.4 Saved Irrigation Water from Other Winter Crops and Wheat Production......Page 190
8.6 Wheat Water Productivity Under the Studied Production Alternatives......Page 197
References......Page 200