Cybercrime and Cyber Warfare 1848216718, 9781848216716

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Cybercrime and Cyberwarfare

FOCUS SERIES Series Editor Jean-Charles Pomerol

Cybercrime and Cyberwarfare

Igor Bernik

First published 2014 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA

www.iste.co.uk

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2014 The rights of Igor Bernik to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2013952661 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISSN 2051-2481 (Print) ISSN 2051-249X (Online) ISBN 978-1-84821-671-6

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd., Croydon, Surrey CR0 4YY

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Cybercrime and Cyberwarfare, Igor Bernik. © ISTE Ltd 2014. Published by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.



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ő# UOCNN PWODGT QH ICPIU NKG DGJKPF OCP[ KPEKFGPVU CPF NQEMKPI VJGO WR YQWNF DG HCT OQTG GHHGEVKXG VJCP VGNNKPI VJG RWDNKE VQ HKV CP CPVKRJKUJKPI VQQNDCT QT RWTEJCUG CPVKXKTWU UQHVYCTGŒ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

&\EHUFULPH



-KPIFQO ECP CHHQTF URGEKHKE UGTXKEGU CPFQT RQNKEG FGRCTVOGPVU VQ RTQUGEWVG E[DGTETKOG 5OCNNGT CPF GEQPQOKECNN[ YGCMGT EQWPVTKGU UWEJ CU 5NQXGPKC QT $QUPKC CPF *GT\GIQXKPC CPF QVJGTU YJKEJ CNQPIUKFG NKOKVGF GEQPQOKE ECRCEKVKGU CNUQ JCXG C NKOKVGF UOCNN PWODGT QH GZRGTVU KP VJG HKGNF QH KPHQTOCVKQP VGEJPQNQI[ +6 CPF KPHQTOCVKQP UGEWTKV[ CPF ECPPQV CHHQTF C URGEKHKE RQNKEG FGRCTVOGPV EQPUGSWGPVN[ JCXG VQ EQQRGTCVG CPF GUVCDNKUJ NKPMU YKVJ QVJGT EQWPVTKGU =($+ ? 1P ,CPWCT[   '74121. HQWPFGF VJG '% Ō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

EQORWVGTU CPF VJG FCVC UVQTGF QP VJGO 9KVJ VJG ITQYVJ QH OQDKNG VGNGRJQP[ CPF VJG WUG QH OCP[ QVJGT GNGEVTQPKE FGXKEGU VQ EQPPGEV VQ VJG +PVGTPGV KV KU PGEGUUCT[ VQ GZRCPF VJKU EQPEGRV VQ CNN GNGEVTQPKE FGXKEGU VJCV ECP DG EQPPGEVGF VQ VJG +PVGTPGV QT VJCV CTG ECRCDNG QH OWVWCN GNGEVTQPKE EQOOWPKECVKQP KPENWFKPI GI FGXKEGU HQT GNGEVTQPKE EQPVTQN QH FKCN[UKU QT GNGEVTQPKE ECTFKCE EQPVTQN U[UVGOU YJGTG C E[DGTCVVCEM EQWNF LGQRCTFK\G VJG JGCNVJ QH RCVKGPVU



&\EHUFULPH DQG &\EHUZDUIDUH

+P CFFKVKQP VQ GZVGTPCN CVVCEMU QP KPHQTOCVKQP CPF QTICPK\CVKQPUŏ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

&\EHUFULPH



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



&\EHUFULPH DQG &\EHUZDUIDUH

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