CRUDE OIL CHEMISTRY [1 ed.] 9780824740986, 0-8247-4098-X

Table of contents :
CRUDE OIL CHEMISTRY......Page 1
PREFACE......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 5
OVERVIEW......Page 10
CONTENTS......Page 0
1.1 HISTORY AND NATURE OF PETROLEUM......Page 11
1.1.1 ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM......Page 21
1.1.2 OIL FORMATION IN THE WORLD'S OCEANS......Page 24
1.1.3 MODERN CONCEPT OF FORMATION OF PETROLEUM......Page 26
1.1.3.1 CRUDE OIL PROSPECTING......Page 28
1.1.3.2 DRILLING AND CRUDE OIL EXTRACTION......Page 31
1.1.4 CONSEQUENCES OF INTENSIVE EXTRACTION AND PROCESSING OF OIL |6-8]......Page 34
1.1.4.1 DANGEROUS FOGS......Page 36
1.1.4.2 BLACK OCEANS......Page 39
1.2.1 FRACTIONS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PETROLEUM......Page 41
1.2.2 CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PETROLEUM......Page 43
1.2.3 CLASSIFICATION BY DENSITY......Page 45
1.2.4 CHARACTERIZATION BY VISCOSITY-GRAVITY CONSTANT (VGC)......Page 46
1.3 PRODUCTS FROM CRUDE OIL [2-4]......Page 47
1.3.1 GASOLINE......Page 48
1.3.2 JET FUEL (KEROSENE)......Page 56
1.3.3 DIESEL......Page 57
1.3.4 RESIDUAL FUEL......Page 63
1.3.5 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR FUELS......Page 66
1.4 LUBRICATING OILS AND LUBRICANTS......Page 67
1.4.1.1 INDUSTRIAL OILS......Page 74
1.4.1.2 MOTOR OILS......Page 75
1.4.1.3 TRANSMISSION OILS......Page 78
1.4.1.4 HYDRAULIC OILS......Page 80
2.1 CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS......Page 81
2.1.1 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 82
2.1.2 HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 105
2.1.3 THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 115
2.2.1 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY......Page 120
2.2.2 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY......Page 135
2.2.3 COLORIMETRY AND PHOTOMETRY......Page 139
2.2.4 FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 144
2.2.5 ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY AND ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY......Page 147
2.2.6 X-RAY FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 152
2.3.1 SEPARATION METHODS......Page 154
2.3.2 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS METHODS OF CRUDE OIL PRODUCTS: DETERMINATION OF UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS......Page 157
2.3.3 STRUCTURAL BULK ANALYSIS OF HEAVY CRUDE OIL FRACTIONS: N-D-M METHOD......Page 158
2.4.1 DIRECT METHODS......Page 161
2.4.2 INDIRECT METHODS......Page 164
2.5.1 DENSITY DETERMINATION......Page 165
2.5.2 VISCOSITY DETERMINATION......Page 167
2.5.3 REFRACTIVE INDEX DETERMINATION......Page 169
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 171
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 180
OVERVIEW......Page 179
3.1.1 SHORT BACKGROUND ON OPEC......Page 181
3.2.1 UNITED STATES [1-2]......Page 182
3.3 RUSSIA [4-6]......Page 185
3.3.1 THE ROLE OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY FOR RUSSIA......Page 186
3.3.2 REFORMS IN THE RUSSIAN OIL INDUSTRY......Page 187
3.3.3 RUSSIAN PETROLEUM AND GAS IN THE WORLD MARKET......Page 189
3.3.4 STRUCTURE OF THE PETROLEUM SECTOR IN RUSSIA......Page 190
3.4 ARABIAN EAST [7-9]......Page 192
3.4.2 IRAQ......Page 194
3.4.3 IRAN......Page 195
3.4.4 QATAR......Page 197
3.4.5 KUWAIT......Page 198
3.4.7 SAUDI ARABIA......Page 201
4.1 BRITISH PETROLEUM [9]......Page 203
4.2 CASTROL [10]......Page 206
4.3 EXXONMOBIL [11]......Page 207
4.4 NESTE/FORTUM [12]......Page 211
4.5 SHELL [13]......Page 212
4.6 TOTAL/FINA/ELF [14,15]......Page 214
4.7 LUKOIL [16]......Page 220
4.8 YUKOS [17]......Page 221
4.9 TNK [18]......Page 222
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 223
5.1 PETROLEUM AND GAS PREPARATION......Page 227
OVERVIEW......Page 225
5.1.1 FORMATION OF PETROLEUM EMULSIONS AND THEIR BASIC PROPERTIES......Page 228
5.1.2 SEPARATION OF WATER-OIL EMULSIONS......Page 230
5.1.4 THERMAL PETROLEUM DRYING......Page 233
5.1.5 CHEMICAL METHODS OF PETROLEUM DRYING......Page 234
5.1.6 THERMAL CHEMICAL PETROLEUM DRYING......Page 235
5.1.7 STABILIZATION OF PETROLEUM......Page 236
5.1.9 PRESSURE EXTRACTION SYSTEM......Page 237
5.2 DESALTING......Page 240
5.3 ATMOSPHERIC RECTIFICATION......Page 241
5.4 VACUUM RECTIFICATION......Page 257
5.5 HEAT EXCHANGERS AND SEPARATORS......Page 262
6.1 THERMAL CRACKING......Page 266
6.2 CATALYTIC CRACKING......Page 280
6.4 COKING......Page 290
6.5 HYDROPROCESSING......Page 292
6.6 REFORMING......Page 297
6.7 ISOMERIZATION......Page 301
6.8 ALKYLATION......Page 303
6.9 BLENDING......Page 306
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 308
7.2 METHODS OF CLEANING CRUDE OIL CONTAMINATED WATER AND SOIL......Page 309
7.3 METHODS OF AIR AND GAS CLEANING USED IN THE CRUDE OIL INDUSTRY......Page 314
7.4 CONCLUSION TO PART III......Page 323
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 325
OVERVIEW......Page 329
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 331
8.2 PROBLEMS OF CRUDE OIL RESIDUE TREATMENT WITH RESPECT TO ASPHALTENES......Page 332
8.2.1 COKE FORMATION AND REDUCTION OF HEAVY METALS......Page 333
8.2.2.1 PHYSICAL TREATMENT - DEASPHALTING......Page 335
8.2.2.2 CHEMICAL TREATMENTS......Page 337
8.2.2.3 VISBREAKING......Page 338
8.2.2.4 COKING......Page 339
8.2.3.1 CATALYTIC TREATMENT......Page 341
8.2.3.2 THERMAL TREATMENT......Page 344
8.3.1 METHODS AND MAIN DEFINITIONS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF COKE FORMATION TENDENCY......Page 346
8.3.2.1 SOLUTION ANALYSIS......Page 347
8.3.2.2 COAGULATION ANALYSIS......Page 350
8.3.2.3 DISTILLATION METHOD......Page 353
8.3.2.4 CHROMATOGRAPHY......Page 354
8.3.2.5 13C-NMR ANALYSIS......Page 355
8.3.2.6 ULTIMATE ANALYSIS......Page 357
8.3.2.7 MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATION......Page 358
8.3.3 TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATION......Page 361
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 363
9.2.1 CHANGE OF ASPHALTENE STRUCTURE DURING THERMAL PROCESSING......Page 364
9.2.2 EVALUATION OF POSSIBILITIES OF VARIOUS ASPHALTENE REACTIONS BASED ON THERMODYNAMICS......Page 372
9.2.3 HYDROGEN TRANSFER......Page 379
9.3 CO-PROCESSING WITH CRACKED PRODUCTS......Page 381
9.3.1 CO-PROCESSING WITH CRACKED PRODUCTS FROM AROMATICS CONTAINING PLASTICS (E.G. POLYSTYRENE)......Page 384
9.3.2 CO-PROCESSING WITH CRACKED PRODUCTS FROM PLASTICS CONTAINING PARAFFIN GROUPS......Page 387
9.3.3 POSSIBILITIES THAT EXIST FOR CARRYING OUT CO-PROCESSING OF HEAVY CRUDE OILS AND VARIOUS CO-FEEDS......Page 389
9.3.5 CONCLUSIONS OF CO-PROCESSING OF CRUDE OIL RESIDUE AND CO-FEED......Page 391
9.4.1 FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING......Page 392
9.4.2 HYDROCRACKING......Page 394
9.4.3 COKING......Page 396
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 398
INTERNATIONAL SCALE UNITS......Page 401
APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY......Page 403