Complete Atlas of the World. The Definitive View of the Earth [3 ed.] 9783528235840, 3528235845
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COMPLETE
ATLAS
OF THE
WORLD
COMPLETE
ATLAS
OF THE
WORLD
FOR THE THIRD EDITION Senior Cartographic Editor Simon Mumford Cartographers Encompass Graphics Ltd, UK Producer, Pre-Production Luca Frassinetti Producer Vivienne Yong Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia MTT Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler Art Director Karen Self FOR PREVIOUS EDITIONS Cartographic Editors Tony Chambers, John Dear, Ruth Hall, Andrew Johnson, Belinda Kane, Lynn Neal, Ann Stephenson Cartographers Paul Eames, Edward Merritt, John Plumer, Rob Stokes, Iorwerth Watkins Digital Map Suppliers Advanced Illustration, Congleton, UK • Cosmographics, Watford, UK Encompass Graphics, Brighton, UK • Lovell Johns Ltd., Long Hanborough, UK Netmaps, Barcelona, Spain Digital Terrain Data Digital terrain data and continental panoramic images created by Planetary Visions Ltd, Farnham, UK Editor Robert Dinwiddie Designers Nicola Liddiard, Yak El-Droubie Picture Research Louise Thomas, Jenny Baskaya Indexing and Database T-Kartor, Sweden Francesca Albini, Eleanor Arkwright, Renata Dyntarova, Edward Heelas, Britta Hansesgaard Systems Coordinator Philip Rowles Flags courtesy of The Flag Institue, Cheshire, UK
First American Edition, 2007 This revised edition 2016 Published in the United States by DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 16 17 18 19 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 265177–May 2016 Reprinted with revisions 2009, Second edition 2012, Third edition 2016 Copyright © 2007, 2009, 2012, 2016 Dorling Kindersley Limited. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A Penguin Random House company. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-1-4654-4401-1 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or [email protected] Printed and bound in Hong Kong.
A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW
www.dk.com
Introduction The World at the beginning of the 21st Century would be a place of unimaginable change to our forefathers. Since 1900 the human population has undergone a fourfold growth coupled with an unparalleled development in the technology at our disposal. The last vestiges of the unknown World are gone, and previously hostile realms claimed for habitation. The advent of aviation technology and the growth of mass tourism have allowed people to travel further and more frequently than ever before.
Allied to this, the rapid growth of global communication systems mean that World events have become more accessible than ever before and their knock on effects quickly ripple across the whole planet. News broadcasts bring the far-flung corners of the world into everyone’s lives, and with it, a view of the people and places that make up that region. The mysteries of the World that once fueled global exploration and the quest to discover the unknown are behind us; we inhabit a world of mass transportation, a world where even the most extreme regions have been mapped, a world with multi faceted view points on every event, a World of communication overload.
However, does this help us make sense of the World? It is increasingly important for us to have a clear vision of the World in which we live and such a deluge of information can leave us struggling to find some context and meaning. It has never been more important to own an atlas; the DK Complete Atlas of the World has been conceived to meet this need. At its core, like all atlases, it seeks to define where places are, to describe their main characteristics, and to locate them in relation to other places. By gathering a spectacular collection of satellite imagery and draping it with carefully selected and up-to-date geographic information, this atlas filters the World’s data into clear, meaningful and user-friendly maps.
The World works on different levels and so does the DK Complete Atlas of the World. Readers can learn about global issues of many kinds or they can probe in a little further for the continental context. Delving even further they can explore at regional, national or even subnational level. The very best available satellite data has been used to create topography and bathymetry that reveal the breathtaking texture of landscapes and sea-floors. These bring out the context of the places and features selected to appear on top of them. This third edition of the DK Complete Atlas of the World incorporates hundreds of revisions and updates affecting every map and every page, distilling the burgeoning mass of information available through modern technology into an extraordinarily detailed and reliable view of our World.
Contents The atlas is organized by continent, moving eastward from the International Date Line. The opening section describes the world’s structure, systems and its main features. The Atlas of the World which follows, is a continent-by-continent guide to today’s world, starting with a comprehensive insight into the physical, political, and economic structure of each continent, followed by detailed maps of carefully selected geopolitical regions.
WORLD
NORTH AMERICA North America ..................................................... 42–43
Africa .........................................................................120–121
North America Political ................................ 44–45
Africa Political.................................................... 122–123
North America Physical ................................. 46–47
Africa Physical .................................................... 124–125
North America satellite image ................. 48–49
Africa satellite image .................................... 126–127
Canada ........................................................................50–51
Northeast Africa ............................................. 128–129
Northern Canada ................................................ 52–53
Northwest Africa .............................................. 130–131
Western Canada ..................................................54–55
West Africa including Cape Verde ........132–133
Southwest Canada ............................................ 56–57
Central Africa ..................................................... 134–135
Eastern Canada .................................................... 58–59
East Africa ............................................................. 136–137
United States of America.............................. 60–61
Southern Africa including Madagascar and Comoros .........................138–139
US: NE States & Southeast Canada ........62–63
The Solar System .......................................... 8–9
AFRICA
US: Boston to Washington DC.................. 64–65
South Africa ........................................................ 140–141 Africa City Plans ............................................... 142–143
US: Eastern States ............................................. 66–67
The Physical World ...................................10–11 Structure of the Earth .......................... 12–13 Shaping the Landscape ........................ 14–15 The World’s Oceans ................................16–17 The Global Climate................................. 18–19
US: Southeast States ....................................... 68–69 US: Texas .................................................................... 70–71 US: Great Lakes States .................................... 72–73 US: Great Plains States .................................... 74–75 US: Northwest States ...................................... 76–77 US: Southwest States .......................................78–79 US: California ......................................................... 80–81 US: Alaska & Hawaii ...........................................82–83
Life on Earth ................................................. 20–21 Man’s Impact on the Environment ...................................... 22–23 Population & Settlement ................. 24–25
Northern Mexico ............................................... 84–85 Southern Mexico ............................................... 86–87
Europe .................................................................... 144–145 Europe Political ................................................ 146–147 Europe Physical ................................................ 148–149 Europe satellite image .................................. 150–151 Scandinavia, Finland & Iceland ............... 152–153 Southern Scandinavia .................................. 154–155
Central America ..................................................88–89
United Kingdom & Ireland ........................ 156–157
The Caribbean ...................................................... 90–91
Northern Britain & Ireland ....................... 158–159
North American City Plans .......................... 92–93
Southern Britain ............................................... 160–161
Languages & Religion ........................... 26–27 World Health ............................................. 28–29
EUROPE
The Low Countries ......................................... 162–163
SOUTH AMERICA
Water Resources ....................................... 30–31
France ..................................................................... 164–165 Northern France .............................................. 166–167 Southern France & the Pyrenees ......... 168–169 The Iberian Peninsula .................................... 170–171
South America ..................................................... 94–95
Southern Iberia ................................................. 172–173
South America Political ................................. 96–97
Global Communication...................... 34–35
The Italian Peninsula...................................... 174–175
South America Physical ................................. 98–99
The Alpine States & Northern Italy ... 176–177
The Political World ................................ 36–37
South America satellite image ................100–101
Germany ............................................................... 178–179
Northern South America ...........................102–103
Rhineland & Hamburg .................................. 180–181
Western South America including Galapagos ...................................... 104–105
Central Europe ..................................................182–183
Amazon Basin .................................................... 106–107
Greece .................................................................... 186–187
Eastern Brazil .................................................... 108–109
Romania, Moldova & Ukraine ................ 188–189
Southeast Brazil .................................................. 110–111
The Baltic States & Belarus ....................... 190–191
Central South America .................................. 112–113
Russian Federation .......................................... 192–193
River Plate ...............................................................114–115
Northern European Russia ....................... 194–195
Southern Argentina & Chile ...................... 116–117
Southern European Russia ........................ 196–197
Central Chile and Argentina ............................... 118
The Mediterranean ........................................ 198–199
South America City Plans .................................... 119
European City Plans .................................... 200–203
The Economic System .......................... 32–33
States, Borders, Conflicts & Disputes
.......................... 38–39
Standard Time Zones ................................... 40
Southeast Europe ........................................... 184–185
Australasia & Oceania satellite image .................................................. 272–273
Western China ................................................ 238–239 Southeast China .............................................. 240–241
ASIA
Australia ............................................................... 274–275
Yangtze River Valley .....................................242–243
Southeast Australia ...................................... 276–277
Yellow River Valley ....................................... 244–245
New Zealand .....................................................278–279
Northeast China ............................................. 246–247 Asia ......................................................................... 204–205 Asia Political ..................................................... 206–207 Asia Physical ..................................................... 208–209 Asia satellite image ..........................................210–211 Southwest Asia .................................................. 212–213 Turkey & the Caucasus ................................. 214–215 The Near East .....................................................216–217 Israel & Lebanon ............................................. 218–219 The Arabian Peninsula ................................ 220–221 Iran........................................................................... 222–223
Papua New Guinea & Melanesia .......... 280–281
Korea & Japan .................................................. 248–249
Micronesia .......................................................... 282–283
Southern Japan .................................................250–251
Polynesia ............................................................. 284–285
Northern Japan ............................................... 252–253
Pacific Ocean ................................................... 286–287
Southeast Asia ................................................. 254–255
Indian Ocean.................................................... 288–289
Mainland Southeast Asia ..........................256–257
Atlantic Ocean ................................................ 290–291
Western Maritime Southeast Asia .... 258–259
Antarctica ........................................................... 292–293
Eastern Maritime Southeast Asia ....... 260–261
The Arctic .......................................................... 294–295
Philippines .......................................................... 262–263 Asian City Plans.............................................. 264–265
INDEX & GAZETTEER
Central & South Asia ................................... 224–225
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
Kazakhstan .........................................................226–227 Central Asia ...................................................... 228–229 Afghanistan & Pakistan ............................... 230–231
Geographical Comparisons.................... 296–297
Northern India, Nepal & Bangladesh .................................................... 232–233
Countries of the World ............................ 298–304 Australasia & Oceania ................................ 266–267
Geographical Names ............................................. 305
Southern India & Sri Lanka ...................... 234–235
Australasia & Oceania Political ............ 268–269
Index ...................................................................... 306–432
East Asia ............................................................... 236–237
Australasia & Oceania Physical ..............270–271
Credits/Acknowledgements ............................. 432
Key to regional maps Physical features elevation 6000m / 19,686ft
Drainage features main river
motorway / highway
secondary river
motorway / highway (under construction)
tertiary river
4000m / 13,124ft
minor river
3000m / 9843ft
main seasonal river
2000m / 6562ft
secondary seasonal river
1000m / 3281ft
canal
500m / 1640ft
waterfall
250m / 820ft
rapids
100m / 328ft
dam
sea level
perennial lake
below sea level
seasonal lake
elevation above sea level (mountain height)
perennial salt lake seasonal salt lake
volcano
reservoir
pass
salt flat / salt pan
elevation below sea level (depression depth)
marsh / salt marsh mangrove
sand desert lava flow coastline reef atoll
Communications
wadi spring / well / waterhole / oasis
Ice features ice cap / sheet ice shelf
major road minor road tunnel (road) main railroad
Settlements
Physical features (continued)
built up area
sea features
INDIAN OCEAN
more than 5 million 1 million to 5 million undersea features
50,000 to 100,000
Regions
10,000 to 50,000
country
ARMENIA
fewer than 10,000
dependent territory with parent state
NIUE (to NZ)
autonomous / federal region
MINAS GERAIS
tunnel (railroad)
country/dependent territory capital city
Borders
autonomous / federal region / other 1st order internal administrative center
full international border undefined international border
other 1st order internal administrative region
2nd order internal administrative center
sea level
summer pack ice limit winter pack ice limit
-250m / -820ft -2000m / -6562ft -4000m / -13,124ft
2nd order internal administrative region
Vaucluse
disputed territorial claim border
Typographic key
cultural region
New England
Physical features
Settlements
landscape features
capital city
BEIJING
ANDES
dependent territory capital city
FORT-DE-FRANCE
headland
Nordkapp
other settlements
Chicago
elevation / volcano / pass
Mount Meru 4556 m
drainage features
Lake Geneva
indication of country extent (Pacific only) indication of dependent territory extent (Pacific only)
Namib Desert
Massif Central demarcation/ cease fire line autonomous / federal region border other 1st order internal administrative border 2nd order internal administrative border
Graticule features lines of latitude and longitude / Equator
Miscellaneous features ancient wall
seamount / guyot symbol undersea spot depth
Tropics / Polar circles degrees of longitude / latitude
MINSKAYA VOBLASTS’
disputed de facto border
glacier / snowfield
sea depth
Barracuda Fracture Zone
100,000 to 500,000
minor railroad
international airport
Andaman Sea
settlement population symbols
500,000 to 1 million
Golfe de Lion
site of interest scientific station
Adana Tizi Ozou Yonezawa Farnham
rivers / canals spring / well / waterhole / oasis / waterfall / rapids / dam
Mekong
sites of interest / miscellaneous
Valley of the Kings
ice features
Vatnajökull
Tropics / Polar circles
Antarctic Circle
Miscellaneous
The Solar System The Solar System consists of our local star, the Sun, and numerous objects that orbit the Sun – eight planets, five currently recognized dwarf planets, over 165 moons orbiting these planets and dwarf planets, and countless smaller bodies such as comets and asteroids. Including a vast outer region that is populated only by comets, the Solar System is about 9,300 billion miles (15,000 billion km) across. The much smaller region containing just the Sun and planets is about 7.5 billion miles (12 billion km) across. The Sun, which contributes over 99 percent of the mass of the entire Solar System, creates energy from nuclear reactions deep within its interior, providing the heat and light that make life on Earth possible.
THE MOON’S PHASES As the Moon orbits Earth, the relative positions of Moon, Sun and Earth continuously change. Thus, the angle at which the Moon’s sunlit face is seen by an observer on Earth varies in a cyclical fashion, producing the Moon’s phases, as shown at right. Each cycle takes 29.5 days. 1. WA XING CRESCENT
2 . FIRST QUARTER
The Moon Earth’s only satellite, the Moon, is thought to have formed 4.5 billion years ago from a cloud of debris produced when a large asteroid hit the young Earth. The Moon is too small to have retained an atmosphere, and is therefore a lifeless, dusty and dead world. However, although the Moon has only about 1 percent of the mass of the Earth, its gravity exerts an important influence on Earth’s oceans, manifest in the ebb and flow of the tides. The Earth and Moon’s relative sizes are clear in this long-range image from space.
What is a Planet? THE WORLD
The International Astronomical Union defines a Solar System planet as a near-spherical object that orbits the Sun (and no other body) and has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit of other bodies. A dwarf planet is a planet that is not big enough to have cleared its orbital neighborhood. Extra-solar planets are objects orbiting stars other than the Sun.
CERES (dwar f planet)
8
MERCURY
VENUS
E ARTH
M ARS
The Sun The Sun is a huge sphere of exceedingly hot plasma (ionized gas), consisting mainly of the elements hydrogen and helium. It formed about 4.6 billion years ago, when a swirling cloud of gas and dust began to contract under the influence of gravity. When the center of this cloud reached a critically high temperature, hydrogen nuclei started combining to form helium nuclei – a process called nuclear fusion – with the release of massive amounts of energy. This process continues to this day. JUPITER
SOL AR ECLIPSE A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, casting its shadow on Earth’s surface. During a total eclipse (below), viewers along a strip of Earth’s surface, called the area of totality, see the Sun totally blotted out for a short time, as the umbra (Moon’s full shadow) sweeps over them. Outside this area is a larger one, where the Sun appears only partly obscured, as the penumbra (partial shadow) passes over.
Moon
Penumbra (partial shadow)
Area of totality
Earth
INSIDE THE SUN The Sun has three internal layers. At its center is the core, where temperatures reach 27 million°F (15 million°C) and nuclear fusion occurs. The radiative zone is a slightly cooler region through which energy radiates away from the core. Further out, in the convective zone, plumes of hot plasma Core carry the energy towards the Sun’s visible surface layer, called the photosphere. Once there, the energy escapes as light, heat and other forms of radiation.
Photosphere
Radiative zone
Convective zone
Sunlight
Umbra (total shadow)
Area of partial eclipse
Sunspots mark cooler areas of surface
Prominences are loops of gas arching above the photosphere
3. WA XING GIBBOUS
4. FULL MOON
5. WANING GIBBOUS
6. L AST QUARTER
7. WANING CRESCENT
PLANETS
8. NEW MOON
MAIN DWARF PLANETS MERCURY
VENUS
EARTH
MARS
JUPITER
SATURN
URANUS
NEPTUNE
CERES
PLUTO
ERIS
DIAMETER
3029 miles (4875 km)
7521 miles (12,104 km)
7928 miles (12,756 km)
4213 miles (6780 km)
88,846 miles (142,984 km)
74,898 miles (120,536 km)
31,763 miles (51,118 km)
30,775 miles (49,528 km)
590 miles (950 km)
1432 miles (2304 km)
1429-1553 miles (2300-2500 km)
AVERAGE DISTANCE FROM THE SUN
36 mill. miles (57.9 mill. km)
67.2 mill. miles (108.2 mill. km)
93 mill. miles (149.6 mill. km)
141.6 mill. miles (227.9 mill. km)
483.6 mill. miles (778.3 mill. km)
889.8 mill. miles (1431 mill. km)
1788 mill. miles (2877 mill. km)
2795 mill. miles (4498 mill. km)
257 mill. miles (414 mill. km)
3675 mill. miles (5,915 mill. km)
6344 mill. miles (10,210 mill. km)
ROTATION PERIOD
58.6 days
243 days
23.93 hours
24.62 hours
9.93 hours
10.65 hours
17.24 hours
16.11 hours
9.1 hours
6.38 days
not known
ORBITAL PERIOD
88 days
224.7 days
365.26 days
687 days
11.86 years
29.37 years
84.1 years
164.9 years
4.6 years
248.6 years
557 years
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
-292°F to 806°F (-180°C to 430°C)
896°F (480°C)
-94°F to 131°F (-70°C to 55°C)
-184°F to 77 °F (-120°C to 25°C)
-160°F (-110°C)
-220°F (-140°C)
-320°F (-200°C)
-320°F (-200°C)
-161°F (-107°C)
-380°F (-230°C)
-405°F (-243°C)
THE WORLD
DWARF PL ANETS In 2006 a new type of dwarf planet was defined in an attempt to classify the numerous smaller bodies within the solar system that behave like planets physically but which are only a fraction of the size of the major planets. Currently, there are five dwarf planets recognized under this system, Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.
ERIS (dwar f planet)
PLUTO (dwar f planet) NEPTUNE UR ANUS THE OUTER PL ANETS
SATURN
Orbits
THE OUTER PL ANETS The four gigantic outer planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune – consist mainly of gas, liquid and ice. All have rings and many moons. The dwarf planet Pluto is made of rock and ice.
All the Solar System’s planets and dwarf planets orbit the Sun in the same direction and (apart from Pluto) roughly in the same plane. All the orbits have the shapes of ellipses (stretched circles). However in most cases, these ellipses are close to being circular: only Pluto and Eris have very elliptical orbits. Orbital period (the time it takes an object to orbit the Sun) increases with distance from the Sun. The more remote objects not only have further to travel with each orbit, they also move more slowly.
THE INNER PL ANETS The four planets closest to the Sun – Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars – are composed mainly of rock and metal. They are much smaller than the outer planets, have few or no moons, and no rings.
THE INNER PL ANETS
AVERAGE DISTANCE FROM THE SUN B:G8JGN
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1000 500
1500
2000 1000
2500 1500
3000
3500 2000
4000 2500
5000 3000
5500 3500
6000 4000
9500 6000
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mill. km mill. miles
9
The Physical World Earth’s surface is constantly being transformed. Movements of the rigid tectonic plates that make up this surface are continuously, if slowly, shifting its landmasses around, while the land itself is constantly weathered and eroded by wind, water, and ice. Sometimes change is dramatic, the spectacular results of earthquakes or floods. More often it is a slow process lasting for millions of years. A physical map of the world represents a snapshot of Earth’s ever-evolving architecture. The maps below and at right show the planet’s whole surface, including variations in ocean depth as well as the mountain-rippled texture of Earth’s continents.
Arctic Circl e
N O RT H AMERICA Tropic of Cancer
ATLANTIC OCEAN
P A C I F I C
Equator
O C E A N
SOUTH AMERICA
Tropic of Capricorn
THE WORLD’S OCEANS Earth’s surface is dominated by water. The hemisphere shown here, centered around the southwest Pacific, is nearly all ocean, with the waters interrupted only by Antarctica, a part of South America, Australia, and the numerous islands of Australasia & Oceania, and southeast Asia.
Mendocino Fracture Zone
Shelf An
Enderby Plain
tarc
tic Pe
n in
su la
Weddell Sea
Bouvet Island
Scale 1:87,000,000
%
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Agulhas Basin
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Gough Island
Sc
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South Georgia
Fra ctu re Zo ne
An t a rc
(projection: Azimuthal Equidistant) % '*% *%%
Cape Horn
Dr Prince Edward Islands
@b
Pa t a g o n i a
Bahía Jo Blanca rge
Argentine Basin
A
n
d
SOUTH AMERICA
Rio de la Plata
e
u Pe r
Golfo Corcovado
Tierra del Fuego
Fa lkl an d
e
cle t i c Ci r
ou th Sandwi
dg
Maud Rise
S
Crozet Islands
Ri
Strait of Magellan
ge
A N T A R C T I Ronne C IceA
Bellingshausen Sea
es
an
is
Tong a Tre nch
South Pole
Pa m p a
s
e
Tr e n ch
Na z c a R i d g
Chile Basin San Ambrosio Island
Juan Fernandez Islands
Pa s s a
ea
is S D av
Marie Byrd Land
ake
sin
Ba
ian
Ross Ice Shelf
hw di
Ro g g e v e e n Basin
C h i l e
Da rlin g
r
lla
Nu
Kerm adec Tre
Eauripik R is e
Sea
or
Rid ge
h In d
Amundsen Sea
Peru Basin
San Felix Island
-
Tr e nch
a
Bas in
THE WORLD
Philippine e
Mo lucca S
N Bro k
n
Sout
Wilkes Land
tor ua Eq
l ain
Sala y Gomez
e idg zR me Go
Kerguelen
u
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Gulf of San
Heard Island
Am
se nd
Galapagos Islands
y ala
len
Mt Erebus 3794m
a
f
Galapagos Rise
S
Zone
D ronning Maud L and
Ross Sea
a
P
Easter Island
one e cture Z r Fra nge alle Ch
EA
s nd Isla otu
Southeast Pacific Basin e actur d Fr nar Me
OC
m
INDIA N
a
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ut In
i
Tropic of Capricorn
s
Eq ua tor
ds
So
t
e
Campbell Island
N
K
g er
E
st
i
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Bauer Basin
Islands Plateau Auckland Islands
t e au
Zone
Pitcairn Islands
H E R N idge c tic R U T nt ar O Ant a rcti c C i rc l e i f i c - A O S Pa c C
Pla
Marques as Fra cture
A
ast he idge t u R So an i d In
an
Amsterdam Island St Paul Island
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New Zealand
E
ge
Isl
id
N
Marquesas Islands
Southwest Pacific Basin
one eZ tur rac nF ani one Elt re Z c tu Fra
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R
A
Tubuai Islands
se v int Ud
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Penrhyn Basin
Zone
Galapago s Fract ure Z one
Tasman Sea South Island Chatham Tasmania Campbell ait
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it
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as
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ye
ne
kS
ga
N
et
e
Str
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in
eR is
Clipperto n Frac ture
Tu a
North Island
Co o
Mount Kosciuszko 2228m
ow
O
Kiritimati
Tonga
South Fiji Basin
rd
H
C
Li
New Caledonia
South Australian Basin
Perth Basin
North Fiji Basin
Lo
s Bas
ve
or
Samoa Fiji
ef
iv i di ng R ange
In
Basin
i
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A
D
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Manihiki Plateau
s
Coral ea
t B Sea ar rie r Gr ea t
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Phoenix Islands
e
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E a s t I n d i e s
n
Vanuatu
Arafura Sea
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Ca nce r
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it res Stra Tor Cape York Ce l e b e s of a f l B o rneo Gu ntari pe G e m Car T h u l f of nh d r ai l a n A an Timor n d L pso m Ti y S im s e r t ea e rle S Malay D e va mb au y Peninsula c c a Ki l a t e n d Ja St rait of Mal a P Sa t t r J av a ea ese Sum Ashmore & Gr D ert atra s Cartier Islands De ia or on ict t bs i V r h l ai n G t e enc rP ea es J a v a Tr bo Gr D Great Australian Cocos Bight
South China Sea
a
Solomon Islands
Solomon Sea
Mount Wilhelm 4509m
Melanesian Basin
Tro pic of
Clarion F racture Z one
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Bismarck Archipelago
C
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Hawai‘i
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Bismarck Sea
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Central Pacific Basin e
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South China Basin
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Marshall Islands
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S O U T H E R N
t i c Ci rc l e
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Isla nd s
P o
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Philippine Sea
Sea
10
West Mariana Mariana Islands Basin
Central Basin Trou gh
Philippine Islands
Haw ai’ia n
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M
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MidPacific Mountain s
u Ba kok Shi
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Tropic of C apricorn
M a
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s
ARCTIC OCEAN
rcle Arctic Ci
THE EARTH 7,926 miles (12,756 km)
DIAMETER AT EQUATOR:
E U ROPE
SURFACE AREA OF LAND COVERED BY ICE:
6 million sq miles
(15.6 million sq km)
A
S
I
7,900 miles (12,714 km)
DIAMETER FROM POLE TO POLE:
A
12 million sq miles
SURFACE AREA COVERED BY MOUNTAINS:
Tropic of Cancer MASS:
5988 million billion tons (tonnes)
PACIFIC
AF RI C A
324 million cu miles (1.36 billion cu km)
VOLUME OF OCEANS:
OCEAN
(30 million sq km)
24,901 miles (40,075 km)
EQUATORIAL CIRCUMFERENCE:
SURFACE AREA OF OCEANS, SEAS AND LAKES:
SURFACE AREA COVERED BY DESERTS:
7.5 million sq miles (19 million sq km)
SURFACE AREA COVERED BY FORESTS:
17 million sq miles (44 million sq km)
MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF LAND:
140 million sq miles
29,029 ft (8,848 m) (Mt. Everest, Himalayas)
(361 million sq km)
Equator
MAXIMUM DEPTH OF OCEANS:
IND IA N
SURFACE AREA OF LAND:
36,201 ft (11,034 m) (Mariana Trench,
Pacific Ocean)
57.5 million sq miles (149 million sq km)
O C EA N Tropic of Capricorn
AUSTRALIA
in s
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Carlsberg Ridge
Mid-Indian Basin
arene Plateau
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Sri Lanka Ceylon Plain
Islands Maldive Islands
Somali Plain
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a d Gu L o Tropic of C re lf o ancer O fC al O ifo r
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THE WORLD
y
Nicobar
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Lake Nyasa
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Cape of Good Hope
11
d dy
Andaman Islands
Kilimanjaro 5895m
Okavango Delta
Cape Basin
H
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mi
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W
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Seychelles
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Lake Victoria
Angola Basin
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Rio Grande Rise
C
Ethiopian Highlands
Va
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Mount Everest 8848m ges Gan
Lake Tanganyika
g
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Ascension Island
Mid-A
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one Ascension Fracture Z
G
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Congo Basin
f Cancer Tropic o
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Gulf of Guinea
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Guinea Basin
A
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Tha r Desert
Gulf of Oman
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Abrolhos Bank
Brazil Basin
Nubian Desert
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Lake Volta
Gulf of Tongking
Sa
P e n in s u l a
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Sierra Leone Basin
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Sea a erranean Se
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Syrian d f u Ad Desert D ahn a Na Dead An A r a b i an Sea
Western Desert
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Cap rico rn
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Iranian Plateau
Euphrate s
Aegean Sea
Ta Taiiwan wa nS tra it
Great Plain of China
A
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Sierra Leone Rise
SO UTH a AME RIC A
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Cape Verde Terrace
Ustyurt Plateau
pia El’brus nS 5642m C au c a s u s
Qattara Gulf of Sirte Depression -133m
Ahaggar
Ilha de Marajó
I
Takla Makan Desert
Amu Dar ya
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S a h a r aTibesti al
Am azo n
Cape Verde Islands
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Canary Basin
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Canary Is
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Strait of Gibraltar
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Lake Baikal
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Mont Blanc 4807m
Iberian Peninsula
th
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Bay of Biscay
ATLANTIC
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Poluostrov West Yamal Kara Sierian Sea Plain
Lake Ladoga
No r
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Sea of Japan
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t
Central Siberian Plateau
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Fr A t Fr ac M i d act-u Azores tur re Z eZ one on e
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tor ua Eq Chimborazo 6310m
en al
North Pole
i S t ra ar k Jan Mayen nm e Arctic Circle D Iceland Labrador Norwegian s in Nov Basin B a dg e s a Sea e i Scot ia j an n e s R n un i k s y Gr a e Faroe Islands dl ja R B k a C a Ne n y d nd ha Re wf d B rlie l an -Gi ou an Ice bbs nd ks North F l a of ract nd ure Z British Sea one Newfoundland Isles R Basin
lan tis
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ARCTIC
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Laptev Sea Queen Elizabeth Islands
or ad br ea a L S
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East Sib e Sea rian
New Siberian Islands
Ellesmere Island
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Lake Michigan
Lake Superior
an
Mi d d l e Am e r i c a Tre n c h
Gulf of Mexico Mexico
at
s
C an a di
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in Pla
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Lake Winnipeg
io Oh
Sierra Madre del Sur
re
G
Guatemala Basin
N O R T H AouriM E R I C A
o
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al
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ie Mt
Mount McKinley (Denali) 6194m
Tre nch Kur i l e
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THE WORLD’S L AND Most of the world’s land is concentrated in a hemisphere centered around Europe. This concentration was even greater before tectonic movement opened up the Atlantic, splitting the Americas h c en J a p a n Tr from Europe and Africa, some 170 million years ago. Honshú Hokkaidó Japan
Madagascar Basin
Natal Basin
Scale 1:87,000,000 (projection: Azimuthal Equidistant) @b
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The Structure of the Earth
Boundary between lower and upper mantle
INNER CORE COMPOSITION : Solid iron, with some nickel DENSITY: 7.0 oz/in 3 (12 g/cm 3) DEPTH: 3200-3963 miles (5150-6378 km) below surface TEMPERATURE : 7200–8500°F (4000–4700°C)
OUTER CORE COMPOSITION : Liquid iron and nickel DENSITY: 5.7 oz/in 3 (10 g/cm 3) DEPTH : 1907-3200 miles (2990-5150 km) below surface TEMPERATURE : 6300–7200°F (3500–4000°C)
LOWER MANTLE COMPOSITION : Semisolid high-density silicates DENSITY: 3.2 oz/in 3 (5.5 g/cm 3) DEPTH : 48-1907 miles (75-2990 km) below surface TEMPERATURE : 1800–6300°F (1000–3500°C)
UPPER MANTLE COMPOSITION : Semisolid rock, primarily peridotite DENSITY: 2.0 oz/in 3 (3.5 g/cm 3) DEPTH : 3–48 miles (5–75 km) below surface TEMPERATURE : 1800°F (Less than 1000°C)
CONTINENTAL CRUST COMPOSITION : Solid, relatively light rock such as granite DENSITY: 1.6 oz/in 3 (2.7 g/cm 3) DEPTH : 0–48 miles (0–75 km) below surface TEMPERATURE : 1800°F (Less than 1000°C)
OCEANIC CRUST COMPOSITION : Solid, relatively dense basaltic lava DENSITY: 1.7 oz/in 3 (3 g/cm 3) DEPTH : 2–7 miles (3–11 km) below surface TEMPERATURE : 1800°F (Less than 1000°C)
Weather systems in lower atmosphere.
Ocean surface
FROM THE BIG BANG TO THE PRESENT DAY 4HE"IG"ANG
FIRSTGALAXIESFORM
-ILKY7AYGALAXYFORMS
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Siberia India Arabia
Africa G O
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North America
Antarctica
BALTICA
A DW
South America
Cambrian 543–490 million years ago
Greenland LAURENTIA /BALTICA
North America South America
ANGARALAND
SIBERIA
Siberia
Northern South Asia Europe Kazakhstania Africa Australia Arabia India N Antarctica D
Australia
LAURENTIA
AN
Although Earth’s tectonic plates move only a few inches (centimeters) each year, over hundreds of millions of years, its landmasses have moved many thousands of miles (kilometers), to create new continents, oceans, and mountain chains.
AL
12
Plume of hot, upwelling mantle rock carries heat to surface.
EARTH FACTS & FIGURES
N
THE WORLD
Earth is an almost perfect sphere consisting of a partly liquid core overlain by a deep, semisolid layer, called the mantle, and two types of surface crust, known as continental and oceanic crust. Our planet has constantly evolved since it formed some 4.5 billion years ago. Its continents are neither fixed nor stable. Over the course of history, gradual movements of rocky material within Earth’s mantle, resulting from massive internal flows of heat, have caused the great slabs of material that make up the planet’s surface, known as tectonic plates, to shift around. The plates have moved, collided, joined together, and sometimes split apart. These processes continue to mold Earth’s surface, causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, and creating oceans, mountain ranges, rift valleys, deep ocean trenches, and island chains.
G O N DWA N
AL
A
Devonian 418–354 million years ago
Northwest Greenland China Antarctica Northern Europe Australia Arabia Africa
LAURENTIA
North America South America
G O N D WA A L A N D N
Carboniferous 354–290 million years ago
Dynamic Earth
Plate consisting partly of continental and partly of oceanic crust
Earth’s surface is split up into several rigid, closelyfitting sections, called tectonic plates. Each of the plates contains some oceanic crust, and most also contain some continental crust. The plates constantly move relative to one another. Movements at different types of JUAN DE FUCA plate boundary produce various PLATE types of geological structure and activity.
Zone of mountain-building
Mid-ocean ridge (divergent plate boundary)
E U R A S I A N P L AT E
N ORT H A M E R IC A N PAC I F I C P L AT E
P L AT E
Tectonic activity and geological regions
PHILIPPINE PLATE
AR AB I AN P L ATE
Plate boundaries
CARIBBEAN PLATE
Convergent Divergent
PAC I F I C P L AT E
Transform
CAROLINE PLATE
COCOS PLATE
BISMARCK PLATE
Uncertain
Tectonic activity
AFRICAN P L AT E
SOUTH AMERICAN
volcanic zone
SOLOMON PLATE
P L AT E
earthquake zone
NAZCA
hot spot
P L AT E
rift valley
FIJI PLATE
I N D O A U S T R A L I A N P L AT E
Sedimentary cover Mesozoic & Cenozoic volcanic rock Cenozoic (65 mya – present) Mesozoic (252 mya – 65 mya) Paleozoic (543 mya – 252 mya)
SCOTIA PLATE
A N TA RC T I C
Plate consisting predominantly of oceanic crust
P L AT E
Shield area in middle of plate: little tectonic activity occurs here
Area of rifting, where continental crust is splitting apart
Convergent plate boundary, associated with high tectonic activity
EFFECTS AT PL ATE BOUNDARIES Ocean floor moves away from ridge
Fault line
Magma pushed upward along center of ridge
Earthquake zone
Plate
Overriding oceanic crust Ocean trench
Earthquake zone
Solid mantle
FOR M ATION OF A MID-OCE AN RIDGE
Oceanic crust pushed down
SLIDING PL ATES ( TR ANSFOR M BOUNDARY )
Arc (chain) of islands
Sea floor made of oceanic crust
Mountains thrust up by collision
Earthquake zone
Volcanic activity
FOR M ATION OF ISL AND ARC AND OCE AN TRENCH
CONVECTION CURRENTS Deep within Earth’s core, temperatures may exceed 8100°F (4500°C). The heat from the core warms rocks in the mantle, which become semimolten and rise upwards, displacing cooler rock below the solid oceanic and continental crust. This rock sinks and is warmed again by heat given off from the core. The process continues in a cyclical fashion, producing convection currents below the crust. These currents lead, in turn, to gradual movements of the tectonic plates over the planet’s surface.
Boundary between upper mantle and crust
Oceanic crust forced under continental crust
Plate
Continental crust
SUBDUC TION OF OCE ANIC CRUST UNDER CONTINENTAL CRUST
Plate buckles as it collides
Mountains thrust upwards
13
Earthquake zone
Crust thickens in response to the impact
BLOCKS OF CONTINENTAL CRUST COLLIDE TO FOR M MOUNTAINS
Inner core
Subduction zone
Outer core Movement of plate Oceanic crust
Mid-ocean ridge
Convection current
Mantle
Continental crust
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Siberia Northern Manchuria Europe China North America Spain Turkey Africa Arabia Central Asia South Southeast Asia America G O India ND Australia W Greenland
A NA
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Antarctica
Cretaceous 142–65 million years ago
(OLOCENE
0LEISTOCENE
North America
R AU
EN
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Africa South America
Siberia
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Northern Europe India Australia
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Jurassic 199.5–142 million years ago
1UATERNARY
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Siberia North Northern America Manchuria Greenland Europe China Africa Arabia Central Asia South America W Southeast Asia AN A L India Australia AND Antarctica D
Triassic 252–199.5 million years ago
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4ERTIARY 5PPER
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Tertiary 65–2 million years ago
THE WORLD
pre-Cambrian Shields
Shaping the Landscape
THE WORLD
The basic material of Earth’s surface is solid rock: valleys, deserts, soil, and sand are all evidence of the powerful agents of weathering, erosion and deposition that constantly transform Earth’s landscapes. Water, whether flowing in rivers or grinding the ground in the form of glaciers, has the most clearly visible impact on Earth’s surface. Also, wind can transport fragments of rock over huge distances and strip away protective layers of vegetation, exposing rock surfaces to the impact of extreme heat and cold. Many of the land-shaping effects of ice and water can be seen in northern regions such as Alaska (below), while the effects of heat and wind are clearly visible in the Sahara (far right).
DELTA A delta, such as that of the Yukon River (above), is a roughly triangular or fan-shaped area of sediment deposited by a river at its mouth.
PINGO These blister-like mounds, seen in regions of Arctic tundra, are formed by the upward expansion of water as it freezes in the soil.
Ice and water
FJORD A valley carved by an ancient glacier and later flooded by the sea is called a fiord.
Some of the most obvious and striking features of Earth’s surface are large flows and bodies of liquid water, such as rivers, lakes, and seas. In addition to these are landforms caused by the erosional or depositional power of flowing water, which include gullies, river valleys, and coastal features such as headlands and deltas. Ice also has had a major impact on Earth’s appearance. Glaciers—rivers of ice formed by the compaction of snow—pick up and carry huge amounts of rocks and boulders as they pass over the landscape, eroding it as they do so. Glaciallysculpted landforms range from mountain cirques and U-shaped valleys to fiords and glacial lakes.
TIDEWATER GL ACIER Glaciers of this type flow to the sea, where they calve (disgorge) icebergs. Like all glaciers, they erode huge amounts of rock from the landscape.
L ANDSLIDE The freezing and later thawing of water, which occurs in a continuous cycle, can shatter and crumble rocks, eventually causing landslides.
The meandering Colville River has cut out high bluffs and also created vast sand bars and expanses of gravel in this coastal region
The Malaspina Glacier is a vast lobe of ice, fed by tributary glaciers, that has eroded a 1000 ft (300 m ) deep crater in the coastal bedrock
14
The Chugach Mountains have been sculpted by one of the highest concentrations of glaciers in the world
Yukon Flats is a region of flatlands and lakes formed over millions of years by the meanderings of the Yukon River
Glacial retreat at the end of the last Ice Age left a series of deep elongated lakes in this region of Alaska
N
This vast, lake-studded alluvial plain was formed from sediment transported by the Kuskokwim River
ME ANDERING RIVER In their lower courses, some rivers carve out a series of looping bends called meanders.
CIRQUE A cirque is a hollow formed high on a mountain by glacial action. It may be ice-filled.
POSTGL ACIAL FE ATURES Glacially-polished cliffs like these are a tell-tale sign of ancient glacial action. Other signs include various forms of sculpted ridge and hummock.
RIVER VALLE Y Over thousands of years, rivers erode uplands to form characteristic V-shaped valleys, with flat narrow floors and steeply-rising sides.
GULLIES Gullies are deep channels cut by rapidly flowing water, as here below Alaska’s Mount Denali.
Heat and wind Marked changes in temperature—rapid heating caused by fierce solar radiation during the day, followed by a sharp drop in temperature at night—cause rocks at the surface of hot deserts to continually expand and contract. This can eventually result in cracking and fissuring of the rocks, creating thermally-fractured desert landscapes. The world’s deserts are also swept and scoured by strong winds. The finer particles of sand are shaped into surface ripples, dunes, or sand mountains, which can rise to a height of 650 ft (200 m). In other areas, the winds sweep away all the sand, leaving flat, gravelly areas called desert pavements.
Stone mushroom Gravel Sand desert
Faceted rock Wind direction
Wind rippling Desert pavement
Thermal fracturing
FE ATURES OF A DESERT SURFACE
LOESS DEPOSIT A deposit of silt that has been transported over long distances by wind, then compacted. Loess is found in a few marginal areas of the Sahara.
YARDANG A yardang is a ridge of rock produced by wind erosion, usually in a desert. Large yardangs can be many miles long.
DESERT PAVEMENT Dark, gravelly surfaces like this result from wind removing all the sand from an area of desert.
Part of the Grand Erg Oriental, this region is a vast wind-sculpted sea of sand, much affected by sand storms
THE WORLD
DUST STOR M A common phenomenon in some deserts, dust storms result from intense heating of the ground creating strong convection currents.
DESERT L ANDSCAPES In desert areas, wind picks up loose sand and blasts it at the surface, creating a range of sculpted landforms from faceted rocks to large-scale features such as yardangs. Individually sculptedrocks are called ventifacts. Where the sand abrasion is concentrated near the ground, it can turn these rocks into eccentrically-shaped “stone mushrooms.” Other desert features are produced by thermal cracking and by winds continually redistributing the vast sand deposits.
15
N
Wind erosion of the sandstone rocks in this area (the Tassili n’Ajjer) has created nearly 300 natural rock arches
This area of complex dune morphology has resulted from two different types of dunes overlapping and coalescing
The Tefedest is an impressive, sun-baked, wind-eroded, granite massif located in southern Algeria
This highland region, called the Ahaggar Mountains, has largely been blasted free of sand and is heavily eroded throughout
TR ANSVERSE DUNES This series of parallel sand ridges lies at right angles to the prevailing wind direction.
VENTIFAC T A ventifact is a rock that has been heavily sculpted and abraded by wind-driven sand.
CR ACKED DESERT Intensely heated and dried-out desert areas often developed geometrically-patterned surface cracking.
WADI Wadis are dried out stream beds, found in some desert regions, that carry water only during occasional periods of heavy rain.
BARCHAN DUNE This arc-shaped type of dune migrates across the desert surface, blown by the wind.
The World’s Oceans
P A C I F I C C E A N
Yukon
Li m i t o f w i n O te r p
Me n d e le y Ri dge e v
s in
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e
dg
Na
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n Bas
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Cape Basin
as
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A
Crozet Plateau
So u t h e a s t
Crozet Basin
Ke
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P
la
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THERN SOU
A N TA R
O CE A N
Ocean currents Surface temperature and currents ice-shelf (below 32°F / 0°C) sea-ice* (average) below 28°F / -2°C sea-water 28–32°F / -2 to 0°C * sea-water freezes at 28.4°F / -1.9°C 32–50°F / 0–10°C 50–68°F / 10–20°C 68–86°F / 20–30°C warm current cold current
SURFACE TEMPER ATURES AND CURRENTS
ue
in an la ndi tic-I y P Atlan Basin rb e le d c Circ arcti En Ant
e
ANTARCTICA
Surface currents are driven by winds and by the Earth’s rotation. Together these cause large circular flows of water over the surface of the oceans, called gyres. Deep sea currents are driven by changes in the salinity or temperature of surface water. These changes cause the water to become denser and sink, forcing horizontal movements of deeper water.
N
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Weddell Sea
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SOUT HE RN
Antarctic Circle
W
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Argentine Basin
Gough Fracture Zone
Zone
Oran ge
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Nat al Basin
id
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Paraná
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Mad agascar Pl at eau
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Tropic of Capricorn
car
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D
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SOUTH AMERICA
go
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m a Fr F Zo actu Zo ne re Zo n
So
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Lake Victoria
R i d g e
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AFRICA
u
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Vema Frac ture Zone Doldrum s Fracture Zone
Ceylon Plain
s
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ge
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w
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Bay of Bengal
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Cape Verde Basin
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s - Laccadive Plateau
f pic o Tro
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us
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e Zone
PE
C E A N
Sierra Leone Four North Fracture Zone Basin e Guinea Zon a Basin cture a r F uine e h Romanc f of G
Equator
Ba
NO A M E RT H RI CA av
Barents Sea
Fracture Z
T
tl
id -A
L
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Bay of Biscay
R i d g e
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it
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oco
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a Frac tur
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Demerara Plain
A
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N
Barents Plain
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ne F ractu
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Caribbean Sea
a
sP
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L
ov g ar id ak v R o o m en Lo ds un m A
Lap tev S ea
Ni
THE WORLD
T
tF
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ic
A
Sargasso Sea
rapher
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f i ce c ap
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16
anog
St
Labrador Basin
Charlie-Gibbs
g
im
to
Tropic of Cancer
Oce
Lena
Wrangel Plain
Baffin Basin
O
Newfoundland Basin
n ai
a
L
Gulf of Mexico
l
wr
Koly m
RCTIC
A
H uds o n Bay
T
NOR T H AM ER ICA
S
a t. L
Chukchi Plain
Northwind Plain
Arctic Circle
we rth ce No id-O M
Great Lakes
e
in Pla n da asi Cana aB C an a d
Ma c k e n z i
M
s an t Atl F r a c t u r e Z o n e Ca ant ny ic on
e enc
Arctic Circle C hu k ch i Sea
A
Labrador Sea Labrador Basin
ice
A
Two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered by the five oceans: the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern (or Antarctic), and Arctic. The basins that form these oceans, and the ocean floor landscape, have formed over the past 200 million years through volcanic activity and gradual movements of the Earth’s crust. Surrounding the continents are shallow flat regions called continental shelves. These shelves extend to the continental slope, which drops steeply to the ocean floor. There, vast submarine plateaus, known as abyssal plains, are interrupted by massive ridges, chains of seamounts, and deep ocean trenches.
ack
DEEP SE A TEMPER ATURES AND CURRENTS
The ocean floor
Tides
The ages of seafloor rocks increase in parallel bands outward from central ocean ridges. At these ridges, new oceanic crust is continuously created from lava that erupts from below the seafloor and then cools to form solid rock. As this new crust forms, it gradually pushes older crust away from the ridge.
Tides are caused by gravitational interactions between the Earth, Moon, and Sun. The strongest tides occur when the three bodies are aligned and the weakest when the Sun and Moon align at right angles Strongest tides
Weakest tides
Gravitational pull from the Sun
Ages of the ocean crust 0–5 million years 5–21 million years 21–38 million years 38–65 million years
Tidal bulges created by gravitational interactions
65–140 million years 140–190 million years continental shelf no data
rait
Earth
South In dian
OCEAN
ts
ing St Be r
B a s i n
CTICA Deep southerly return flow
Winter sea-ice cover
Mend
Fr e Zon
Fra aña
ct
ur
e
en ch
re actu
rac siz F
Tr
hi
Challen F r a c t u rg e r e Zone
-C
e
Chatham Rise
Antarctic Circle
North Atlantic flow
Ea SOUTHER N
O CEAN
Pa c i f i c - A n t a r c t i c R i d g e Ross Sea
Amundsen Sea
A N TA R C T I C A
Bellingshausen Sea
Be
st
l
g lin
sh
au
s
en
Pl
ai
n
Temperature 0˚C
5
10
15
20
25
32˚F
41
50
59
68
77
North Atlantic Heat Conveyor Deep sea temperature and currents ice-shelf (below 32°F / 0°C) sea-water 28–32°F / -2 to 0°C (below 16,400 ft / 5000 m) sea-water 32–41°F / 0–5°C (below 13,120 ft / 4000 m) primary currents secondary currents
Gulf Stream
SOUT
Zo
ne
re
The North Atlantic Heat Conveyor is a system of heat flows in the Atlantic that keeps western Europe relatively warm. Surface currents, notably the Gulf Stream and its extension, the Subtropical recirculation North Atlantic Drift, carry warm water from the tropical Atlantic into the northeastern Atlantic. There, the heat they supply is released, warming Europe, while the water itself cools and sinks. This cold water then returns at depth towards the equator.
A key part of the North Atlantic Heat Conveyor is the warm Gulf Stream, visible as the dark red ribbon in this Atlantic sea-surface temperature map.
H AMERICA
e
le
Agas
Zon ture
pbell Cam eau Plat
Sinking regions
tu Frac otu e n o Z
S o u t h w e s t
Ta s m a n Sea
Basin
P
Sala y Gomez Ridge e Zone Easter Fractur
P a c i f i c
i s e
tral
Colón Ridge
u
Rid tog
Har
a it B a s s St r
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en
la ma ate Gu asin B
P
East Ind Rid iam ge a
ge
w
R
N
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er
o e
A
a
P
n
Plain
R i d g e
S outh Fi j i B a sin
Tropic of Capricorn
E
ic
ci
ht
n B as i South Australian
C
Tu a m
re
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a
Big
Basin
Kermadec Trench To nga T re n ch
lia
H
I n d i a n
lian
r d L o
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O
North Fiji Basin
Sea
Penrhy n Basin
Am
in
Great Aus tra
Zone
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Samoa
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e
as
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A
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Solomon Sea
Torres Strait
a
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Bismarck Sea
ni
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gh rou
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ch Izu T re n
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P e r u - C h i l e Tr e n c h
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C e n t r a l P a c i f i c B a s i n
East Mariana Basin
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rsh
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R i d g e
Ma
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THE WORLD
aci
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S Arafura
ant
d-P
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ture
Ca
ca
dge Investigator Ri am
a w a i ’ i a n
Tropic of Cancer
Wha rt on n Ba s in
Di
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ac
Frac ray Mur
T
al
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s
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IC
we th fic r i No ac sin P Ba
h n c Gulf of Tr e Alaska
Go
ong
St
st
A l e u t i a n
ER
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Gulf of Thailand
a ch am ch K il- en u r Tr S
a tk
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B e r ing S ea oun
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of ea
sk
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v
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Moon Yuko
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A
ASIA
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Arctic Circle
17
Global Climate The climates of different regions on Earth are the typical longterm patterns of temperature and humidity in those regions. By contrast, weather consists of short-term variations in factors such as wind, rainfall, and sunshine. Climates are determined primarily by the Sun’s variable heating of different parts of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans, and by Earth’s rotation. These factors drive the ocean currents and prevailing winds, which in turn redistribute heat energy and moisture between the equator and poles, and between sea and land. Most scientists think that major changes are currently occurring in global climate due to the effects of rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Global air circulation Cool air subsides at North Pole
Polar cell Polar easterly blowing away from high pressure over North Pole
Air rises in subpolar region
Ferrell cell Air descends in subtropics
Hadley cell
Air rises near equator
The atmosphere Earth’s atmosphere is a giant ocean of air that surrounds the planet. It extends to a height of about 625 miles (1000 km) but has no distinct upper boundary. The Sun’s rays pass through the atmosphere and warm Earth’s surface, causing the air to move and water to evaporate from the oceans.
Southwesterly caused by Coriolis deflection of surface air flow in Ferrell cell
Polar-front jet stream
-10°C (14°F)
Aurora caused by collisions between protons and electrons from the Sun, and nitrogen and oxygen molecules in the atmosphere
-90°C (-130°F)
M E SO
-50°C (-58°F)
-10°C (-14°F)
-20°C (-4°F)
Meteor burning up in the atmosphere
35 miles (60 miles)
Average pressure STR
Negligible ATO PAU S
Thin layer of ozone gas absorbs harmful radiation from the Sun
24 miles (40 km) 1 mb 18 miles (30 km) 3 mb
All weather occurs in the lowest layer of the atmosphere
-60°C (-80°F)
T RO
PO P AU S
12 miles (20 km) 10 mb 6 miles (10 km)
E
50 mb
200 mb
1000 mb
Height above sea-level
N O R T H
Tropic of Cancer
at Nor ther n Equ
Decem ber–
re ur l C E oria
nt
A S T Ja n
T R A D E S
E q u a t o r i a l Equator
MESOSPHERE The temperature of the lower part of this layer stays constant with height; but above 35 miles (55 km), it drops, reaching -112°F (80°C) at the mesopause.
Doldrums
C o u n t e r
uar
y
Ju l y
C u r r e n t
El Niño
tor ial Cur rent South Equa
S O U T H E A S T
Tropic of Capricorn
STR ATOSPHERE The temperature of the stratosphere is a fairly constant -76° F (-60°C) up to an altitude of about 12 miles (20 km), then increases, due to absorption of ultraviolet radiation.
T R A D E S
W E S T E R L I E S
We s t
Sea-level
15°C (59°F) Average temperature
THER MOSPHERE This layer extends from a height of 50 miles (80 km) upward. Its temperature increases rapidly above a height of 60 miles (90 km), due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation.
30 miles (50 km)
E
-40°C (-40°F)
-60°C (-80°F)
42 miles (70 km)
Noctilucent clouds, which appear when ice crystals form on meteoric dust at high levels, reflect the sunlight
-30°C (-22°F)
56 miles (90 km)
50 miles (80 km)
PAUS E
k Chinoor y Janua
Ju l y
-80°C (-112°F)
Ja n u a r y
ent
62 miles (100 km)
-80°C (-112°F)
Arctic Circle
ar y
68 miles (110 km)
Earth has 12 climatic zones, ranging from ice-cap and tundra to temperate, arid (desert), and tropical zones. Each of these zones features a particular combination of temperature and humidity. The effects of prevailing winds, ocean currents of both the warm and cold variety, as well as latitude and altitude, all have an Ju l y important influence on a region’s climate. e nt For example, the climate of western Cu r r Al a s k a Europe is influenced by the effects W E S T E R L I E S of the warm North Atlantic ur re nt c N o r t h Pa i f i c C Drift current.
May –Ju ly
60°C (140°F)
74 miles (120 km)
Nor the r J anu
Above this level the air is so thin that each molecule may have a different temperature
Winds, currents, and climate
Tornadoes
80 miles (130 km)
Southeasterly trade wind
Roaring Forties
Northeasterly trade wind, caused by Coriolis deflection of surface air flow in Hadley cell
a Cu rr
18
L AYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE The main layers of the atmosphere are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Each is defined by the way temperature changes within its limits. Distinct boundaries, such as the tropopause and stratopause, exist between the layers.
Californi
THE WORLD
Subtropical jet stream
TROPOSPHERE This layer extends from Earth’s surface to a height of about 10 miles (16 km) at the equator and 5 miles (8 km) at the poles. Air temperature in this layer decreases with height.
Wind
Drift
Antarctic Circle
Temperature and precipitation Air moves within giant atmospheric cells called Hadley, Ferrell, and polar cells. These cells are caused by air being warmed and rising in some latitudes, such as near the equator, and sinking in other latitudes. This north-south circulation combined with the Coriolis effect (below) produces the prevailing surface winds.
The world divides by latitude into three major temperature zones: the warm tropics, the cold polar regions; and an intermediate temperate zone. In addition, temperature is strongly influenced by height above sea level. Precipitation patterns are related to factors such as solar heating, atmospheric pressure,
winds, and topography. Most equatorial areas have high rainfall, caused by moist air being warmed and rising, then cooling to form rain clouds. In areas of the subtropics and near the poles, sinking air causes high pressure and low precipitation. In temperate regions rainfall is quite variable.
AVER AGE JANUARY TEMPER ATURE
AVER AGE JANUARY R AINFALL
AVER AGE JULY TEMPER ATURE
AVER AGE JULY R AINFALL
Arctic Circle
THE CORIOLIS EFFECT
Tropic of Cancer
Air moving over Earth’s surface is deflected in a clockwise direction in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the south. Known as the Coriolis effect, and caused by Earth’s spin, Direction of these deflections to the air Earth’s spin movements produce winds such as the trade winds and westerlies.
Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle
Arctic Circle
Deflected clockwise
Tropic of Cancer
Deflected counterclockwise
Equator
THE WORLD
Tropic of Capricorn
Initial direction
Antarctic Circle 32 to 50°F (0 to 10°C) 50 to 68°F (10 to 20°C) 68 to 86°F (20 to 30°C) above 86°F (30°C)
below -22°F (-30°C) -22 to -4°F (-30 to - 20°C) -4 to 14°F (-20 to - 10°C) 14 to 32°F (-10 to 0°C)
S
T
E
R
L Ju l
nt
y
Mo n s o
Ju l y
il -S ept ember
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Ja n u
o
uar
Ju l y
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Counter C urr e
n
Tropic of Cancer
y–
an
M o n s o o n
uth
Equator ial Cur ren
t
Be
T R A D E S
S ou
an
Ju l
Ju ly
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ly
T
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S
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S a s t out h E q u ato r i a l Cu r r e nt Mo ns o on Oc to be r– M ar ch
Tropic of Capricorn
Ju l y
s Au
Ju ly
Dr if t
W
Doldrums
the
Qu een sla nd ur ric an es Jan uar y
tr
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Current
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O
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Curre t n
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N o r t h e a s t
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Wind
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Pampero
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We s t
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l
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t
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E q u a t o r i a l C o u n t e r Cu r re nt
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Ju
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Ja n
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W
Ju l y
El
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or
Ja n u a r
Ja n
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Ja n
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p
Ja n u a r
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Ja n u a r y r rent Cu wo
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tropical
Ja n u a r y
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semi-arid hot humid
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mediterranean
continental
arid
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lC
Ja n u a r y
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warm temperate
tundra
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nJ
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subarctic
oo
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to
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temperate
humid-equatorial
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Ja n
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u
Ju l y
No ua
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Ja n u Ju l y a r y
r
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S i r o
Ja n
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Ja n u a r y
sin
f
Ju l y
W E S T E R L I E S
ra Bo Ete Ju sia ne n –O cto b
am
Mistral
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Ja n
ice-cap
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No
A
a
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t
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r
Ju l y
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t
m
Arctic Circle
Ju l
ch
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r Cu rador Lab
th
tl
n
19
Climate zones
ft
D
zar
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Bliz Ma r
S
ic
Ju l y
Ju l y
E
Ju l y
Ju l y
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A
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R
Ju l y
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Ocean currents, winds and climatic regions
Eq
P
8–12 in (200–300 mm) 12–16 in (300–400 mm) 16–20 in (400–500 mm) above 20 in (500 mm)
0–1 in (0–25 mm) 1–2 in (25–50 mm) 2–4 in (50–100 mm) 4–8 in (100–200 mm)
I
We s t W ind Dr i f t
E
Ocean currents
S
warm cold
Prevailing winds warm cold
Antarctic Circle
P
O
L
A
R
E
A
S
T
E
R
L
I
E
S
Local winds warm cold July
seasonal winds (cold or warm)
Life on Earth
ARCT
Beaufort Sea R s a k n g e ro o
Arctic C ircle
B
as
es
tai
Bay
Great Lakes
Great Plains
Ap
l pa
h ac
ia
n
M
Baffin Bay
Greenland
De
Labrador Sea
NORT H AM E RIC A
Roc
ky
Co
t
un
Vancouver Island
IC O CEAN
Victoria Island
Great Bear La ke Great Slave Lake Hudson
ns
Gulf of Alaska
ng
sl
an d s
nm
ar k
a St r
it
Greenland Sea
Iceland
British Isles
Newfoundland
ts
Iberian Peninsula
Azores Madeira
Canary Islands
Tropic of Cancer
Gulf of Mexico
Ha Isl w a
TEMPER ATE GR ASSL AND Also known as steppe or prairie, grassland of this type occurs mainly in the northern hemisphere and in South America (the Pampas).
ian ai ds n
Cape Verde Islands
Li Isl
an
y
Galapagos Islands
ds
Amazon Basin
n
Marquesas Islands
A
e s
n
Lake Titicaca
e s
Pa
ra
Easter Island
on
SOUTH AM E RIC A d
i Tropic of Capricorn
z Ama
o
l
ne
OCEAN
hac
o
PACIFIC
a
Pa m
ná
NEEDLELE AF FOREST These vast forests of coniferous trees cover huge areas of Canada, Siberia, and Scandinavia.
OCEAN
Caribbean Sea
Equator
las
ATLANTIC Cuba
P
20
At
Gran C
THE WORLD
Earth’s biogeographical regions, or biomes, are communities where certain species of plants and animals coexist within the constraints of particular climatic conditions. They range from tundra to various types of grassland, forest, desert, and marine biomes such as coral reefs. Factors like soil richness, altitude, and human activities such as deforestation can affect the local distribution of living species in each biome.
POL AR REGIONS Ice restricts life in these regions to just a few species, such as polar bears in the Arctic.
Ra
I Al e ut i a n
Biogeographical regions
Mo
A unique combination of an oxygen-rich atmosphere and plentiful surface water is the key to life on Earth, where few areas have not been colonized by animals, plants, or smaller life-forms. An important determinant of the quantity of life in a region is its level of primary production—the amount of energyrich substances made by organisms living there, mainly through the process of photosynthesis. On land, plants are the main organisms responsible for primary production; in water, algae fulfil this role. These primary producers supply food for animals. Primary production is affected by climatic, seasonal, and other local factors. On land, cold and aridity restrict the quantity of life in a region, whereas warmth and regular rainfall allow a greater diversity of species. In the oceans, production is mainly affected by sunlight levels, which reduce rapidly with depth, and by nutrient availability.
pa s
Pa t
ago
ni
Falkland Islands
a Tierra del Fuego
World biomes ice
Cape Horn
tundra
Dra
temperate coniferous forest temperate broadleaf mixed forest
TROPIC AL GR A SSL AND This type of grassland is widespread in Africa and South America, supporting large numbers of grazing animals and their predators.
Animal diversity The number of animal species, and the range of genetic diversity within the populations of those species, determines the level of animal diversity within each country or other region of the world. The animals that are endemic to a region—that is, those found nowhere else on the planet— are also important in determining its level of animal diversity.
temperate grassland mediterranean desert and shrubland boreal forest/taiga
Number of animal species per country more than 2,000 1000–1999 700–999 400–699 200–399 100–199 0–99 data not available
Ant a rc
le t i c Ci rc
a ke P
e ssag
Antarctic Peninsula
South Georgia
South Sandwich Islands
SOUT
TUNDR A With little soil and large areas of frozen ground, the tundra is largely treeless, though briefly clothed by small flowering plants in summer.
us
Hi
Thar Desert
an
r
Yang
s
Deccan
g
M e l a
Borneo Java Sea
E a s t I n d i e s
INDIAN
o Ti m
OCEAN
r
New Guinea
21
Equator
n
e rS
a
Coral Sea
Mauritius
Great Sandy Desert
Réunion
in
r li Da
Gr
Ta sm an ia
idi
or Pla
ng
iv
lar b Nu l
Tropic of Capricor n
D
t
AUSTRALIA
Cape of Good Hope
HOT DESERT Only a few highly adapted species can survive in hot deserts, which occur mainly in the tropics.
Fiji
e
asca
OCEAN
i a
Mo zam biq ue C han Ma nel d ag
s
s
Gre
Seychelles
e
e
a t R i f t Va l l e y
ng o
PACIFIC
a
Co
M i c r o n
Malay Peninsula
a atr
Maldive Islands
South China Philippine Sea Islands
i
Sri Lanka
Sum
er ib Des Nam
Kalahari Desert
Philippine S ea
Rang
a Ethiopian Horn of Highlands Africa
TROPIC AL R AINFOREST Characterized by year-round warmth and high rainfall, tropical rainforests contain the highest diversity of plant and animal species on Earth.
Tropic of Cancer
Me
Bay of Bengal
er
Congo Basin
East China Sea
t ze
kon
e dS
Arabian Sea
ala yas
ge
ve
ASIA
ng
Ni le
Re
S a h e l Ni g
Arabian Peninsula
im G
S a h a r a
Iranian Z a Plateau g ro sM ts
In d
es
o f Tibe t
Sea of Japan (East Sea) Honshú
Ye
ea
t
Tasman Sea
Ne w Zea lan d
Kerguelen
World biomes (continued) tropical and subtropical coniferous tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf
HERN OCEAN
tropical and subtropical wet broadleaf tropical and subtropical grassland/savanah
Wilke s Land
Number of plant species per country more than 50,000 7000–49,999 3000–6999 2000–2999 1000–1999 600–999 0–599 data not available
Antarctic Circle
THE WORLD
ra t
Syrian Desert
H
r ia n Manchu P la in
Ri
Sea
MouAltai ntai ns i a n h S n ob e i T G ush uK P la tea u nd
l low
Eu ph
is
nean
Aral Sea
Am ur
Lake Balkash
Caspian Sea
Anatolia
r ra
c
Cauc asus
Black Sea
m
s
nu b e
gr Ti
Medite
Mts
Da
in
s
Lake Baikal
ta
Al
Sea of h a tk a Okhotsk
Ob ’
un
E U ROPE p
Khrebe t Cher a skog o
Ka
Volga
pe uro n No r t h E P l ai
ey
Mo
an
ircle Arctic C
Len
a S i b e r i
al
nd
v ia in a
Ye ni s
Ur
a Sc
Barents Sea
MOUNTAINS In high mountain areas only a few hardy species of plant will grow above the tree-line.
Laptev Sea
Kara Sea
COR AL REEFS Occurring in clear tropical waters, coral reefs support an extraordinary diversity of species, especially fish and many types of invertebrate.
TEMPER ATE R AIN FOREST Occurring in mid-latitudes in areas of high rainfall, these forests may be predominantly coniferous or mixed with deciduous species.
montane grassland mangrove wetland
OPEN OCE AN Earth’s largest biome, the oceans are home to a vast diversity of fish, mammals, invertebrates, and algae.
Plant diversity Environmental conditions, particularly climate, soil type, and the extent of competition with other living organisms, influence the development of plants into distinctive forms and thus also the extent of plant diversity. Human settlement and intervention has considerably reduced the diversity of plant species in many areas.
Man and the Environment OZONE HOLE Man-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), used in refrigeration and aerosols, damaged the ozone layer in the stratosphere which helps filter out the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. When a seasonal ozone hole first appeared in 1985 over Antarctica, a shocked world agreed to phase out CFC use.
1980
1985
NO
(million tons)
C
over 4000 1000–4000 500–1000 100–500 50–100 10–50 2–10 0–2
D A
UNITED KINGDOM
ATLANTIC
E
EST. LAT. LITH.
DENMARK
BELARUS NETH. POLAND BELG. GERMANY CZECH UKR AINE REP. SLO. FRANCE SWITZ. AUS. HUNG. MOLDOVA ROMANIA CRO. SLOVENIA IT B.-H. A BULGARIA KOS. LY MON. MAC.
PORTUGAL SPAIN
O
C
O
MALTA
CYPRUS
ALGERIA THE BAHAMAS CUBA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC JAMAICA HAITI
A NI
+%%
+%%
RO O N
O
-%%
B
P E
R
A
Z
I
L
>XZXdgZYViV
A NG OL A ZAMBIA
)%%
Some heat emitted by greenhouse gases escapes to space Escaping longwave radiation Diffused incoming radiation Solar radiation deflected back into space
Incoming solar radiation
Some heat emitted by greenhouse gases heats surface
BIA
Greenhouse gases absorb longwave radiation
PACIFIC OCEAN
BOTSWANA SWAZILAND LESOTHO
Other 11,349
URUGUAY
E
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT Some solar energy, reflected from the Earth’s surface as infra red radiation, is reflected back as heat by “greenhouse gases” (mainly carbon dioxide and methane) in the atmosphere. Nearly all scientists now agree that an upsurge in emissions caused by humans burning fossil fuel has contributed to making the resultant warming effect a major problem.
N A T I E N A R G L I
&+%% &-%% '%%% '&%% NZVgh Since 1800 the amount of C02 in the atmosphere has risen sharply. Urgent worldwide action to control emissions is vital to stabilize the level by the mid 21st century.
H
&)%%
ZIMBABWE
MI
AG UA Y
C
&'%%
(million tons) TOTAL: 35,669
R PA
'%%
% &%%%
CO2 emissions by country in 2014
BOLIVIA
NA
'%%
RWANDA BURUNDI
(Cabinda)
U
)%%
DEM. R E P. CONGO
ANGOLA
R
7^aa^dchd[idchd[XVgWdcY^dm^YZ
ECUADOR
9^gZXibZVhjgZbZcih
ME
SAO TOME & GABON PRINCIPE
S U DA N
CENTRAL SOUTH AFRICAN SUDAN REPUBLIC
CA
TOGO
Egd_ZXi^dch -%%
NIGERIA
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
&%%%
&%%%
IVORY COAST
CONG
French Guiana (to France)
CHAD
BENIN
LIBERIA
NIGER
BURKINA FASO G H A NA
SIERRA LEONE
SURINAME
G U YA N A
COLOMBIA
U
RI
BARBADOS GRENADA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
VENEZUELA
PANAMA
SENEGAL GAMBIA GUINEABISSAU GUINEA
SAINT LUCIA
COSTA RICA
MALI
A
CAPE VERDE
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA ST KITTS & NEVIS
LIBYA
TA
(occupied by Morocco)
M
BELIZE GUATEMALA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA
WESTERN SAHARA
PT
CO
Global warming is happening much faster than Earth’s normal long-term cycles of climate change. The consequences include unpredictable extreme weather and potential disruption of ocean currents. Melting ice-caps and glaciers, and warmer oceans, will raise average sea levels and threaten coastlines and cities. Food crops like wheat are highly vulnerable to changes in temperature and rainfall. Such changes can also have a dramatic affect on wildlife habitats.
EGY
M
O
R
C
ALBANIA GREECE
TUNISIA
OCEAN
Climate change
N
. RB SE
U N I T E D S TAT E S OF AMERICA
MEXI
THE WORLD
N A
IRELAND
no data
22
A
AY
AND
ICELAND
NL FI
CO2 emissions in 2008
RW
Greenland (to Denmark)
USA (Alaska)
SWED
The impact of human activity on the environment has widened from being a matter of local concern (typically over the build-up of urban waste, industrial pollution, and smog) to affect whole ecosystems and, in recent decades, the global climate. Problems crossing national boundaries first became a major issue over acid rain, toxic waste dumping at sea, and chemical spillages polluting major rivers. Current concerns center on loss of biodiversity and vital habitat including wetlands and coral reefs, the felling and clearance of great tropical and temperate forests, overexploitation of scarce resources, the uncontrolled growth of cities and, above all, climate change.
H E R N S O U T
FOOD AND L AND USE The world has about five billion hectares of agriculturally useful land, well under one hectare per person. The majority of this is pasture for grazing. Crops are grown on about 30 percent (and nearly a fifth of cropland is artificially irrigated). Mechanized farming encouraged vast single crop “monocultures,” dependent on fertilizers and pesticides. North America’s endless prairies of wheat and corn, huge soybean plantations, and southern cotton fields are mirrored in Ukraine (wheat), Brazil and Argentina (soya) and Uzbekistan (cotton). Elsewhere, scarce farmland can be squeezed by the housing needs of growing urban populations. Current interest in crop-derived “biofuels” means further pressure to grow food more productively on less land.
United States 5334
Brazil 501 Canada 565 South Korea 610 Iran 618 Germany 767 Japan 1278
China 10,540
India 2341 Russian Federation 1766
O C E A N
Intensive farming. Satellite photography picks up the greenhouses that now cover almost all the land in this Spanish coastal area southwest of Almeria.
SOUTH A F R IC A
1996
2000
R U S S I A N
IS
EN
TAJ.
KUWAIT BAHRAIN QATAR
H
I
frontier forest
PA
frontier forest 8000 years ago
L
I N D I A
M
AN
UAE
TAIWAN MYANMAR LAOS (BURMA)
VI
ET
EN
THAILAND
PACIFIC
M NA
M
Deforestation
BHUTAN
O
YE
A
BANGLADESH
S AU D I ARABIA ERITREA
N
degraded forest NE
PA
AF
KI
ISRAEL JORDAN
ST
GH
AN
I R A N
I R AQ
C
JAPAN
SOUTH KOREA
CAMBODIA
PHILIPPINES
DJIBOUTI
OCEAN
IA
PALAU SRI LANKA
UG
M
MALDIVES
O
A N DA
AL
ETHIOPIA
S
TANZANIA
INDIAN
MALAYSIA
E
U
NAURU
I N D O N E S I A
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SOLOMON ISLANDS
EAST TIMOR
IQ
TONGA
R
MB
VANUATU
SCA MA
DA
GA
ZA
MALAWI
OCEAN
COMOROS
GL ACIATION The world’s glaciers and ice sheets have been in retreat for decades, forming less new ice at high altitudes than they lose by melting lower down. The loss of ice from Greenland doubled between 1996 and 2005, with alarming implications for rising sea levels. Other dramatic evidence of global warming includes the rapid thinning of ice in the Himalayas, and the highly symbolic loss of the snowcap on Africa’s Mount Kilimanjaro.
BRUNEI
SINGAPORE
KENYA SEYCHELLES
MO
THE WORLD
.
SYRIA LEBANON
NORTH KOREA
KYRG.
TA
I ST AN
EK
KM
N
TUR
Over 25,000 sq miles (60,000 sq km) of virgin rain forest are cleared annually by logging and agricultural activities, destroying an irreplaceable natural resource.
M O N G O L I A
AN
UZB
2005
F E D E R A T I O N
K A Z A K H S T A N
GEORGIA ARMENIA AZERB. TURKEY
DEFORESTATION At current rates of destruction, all tropical forests, and most old-growth temperate forest, will be gone by 2090. The Amazon rain forest is a valuable genetic resource, containing innumerable unique plants and animals, as well as acting as a crucial natural “sink” for absorbing climate-damaging carbon dioxide. Stemming the loss of these precious assets to logging and farming is one of the major environmental challenges of modern times.
FIJI
MAURITIUS
Réunion
(to France)
A U S T R A L I A
NEW ZEALAND
Helheim Glacier 2001 The Helheim glacier (above) almost completely fills this image, with the leading edge visible on the righthand side, and was in a relatively stable condition.
Helheim Glacier 2005 By 2005 (right) it had retreated by 2.5 miles (4 km).
Delhi 1971 In 1971 Delhi (above) occupied an area of about 190 sq miles (500 sq km).
Delhi 1999 By 1999 (right) it had sprawled to cover 500 sq miles (1300 sq km). It vies with Mumbai in the southwest to be the sub-continent’s most populous city, fast approaching 20 million people.
CIT Y GROW TH The world in 2015 had 15 cities with populations over 20 million. The number of cities with populations between 10 and 20 million has surpassed 20 and continues to rise. The search for work, and the hope of escape from rural poverty, drives migration from rural to urban areas across the developing world. Urban dwellers now amount to more than half the world’s population, and consume more resources than their rural counterparts.
23
Population and Settlement Earth’s human population is projected to rise from its current level of 7.3 billion to between 8.1 and 11 billion by the year 2050. The distribution of this population is very uneven and is dictated by climate, terrain, and by natural and economic resources. Most people live in coastal zones and along the valleys of great rivers such as the Ganges, Indus, Nile, and Yangtze. Deserts cover over 20 percent of Earth’s surface but support less than 5 percent of its human population. Over half the world’s population live in cities—most of them in Asia, Europe, and North America—as a result of mass migrations that have occurred from rural areas as people search for jobs. Many of these people live in so-called “megacities”—sprawling urban areas that have populations higher than 10 million.
Population density by country (population per sq mile) over 2600 775-2599 390-774
260-389 195–259 130–194
65–129 26–64 0–25
THE WORLD
Population density
24
A few regions, including Europe, India, and much of eastern Asia, have extremely high population densities. Within these areas, a few spots, such as Monaco and Hong Kong, have densities of over 12,900 per sq mile (5000 people per sq km). Other regions (mostly desert, mountain, ice cap, tundra, or thickly forested areas) have densities close to NORTH AMERICA zero –examples include large areas of Australia, western China, Siberia, North Africa, Canada, Greenland, and much of the Amazon rain forest region.
EUROPE
World population World land area 10% 7.1%
World population World land area 8% 17.0%
Million-person cities In the year 1900 there were fewer than 20 cities in the world with a population that exceeded one million. By 1950 there were 83 such cities, and by the year 2015 there were more than 500 such cities, 100 of them in China alone, with another 54 in India, 20 in Brazil, and 14 in Japan.
Population density (persons per sq mile)
Million-cities in 1900 Cities over 1 million in population
520–2600 260–520 130–260 52–130 26–52 13-26 3–13 0–3
SOUTH AMERICA
World population World land area 6% 11.8%
Million-cities in 1950 ANTARCTICA
World population World land area 0.0% 8.9%
Million-cities in 2006
Tokyo urban sprawl City boundary, 1860
City boundary, 1964
GREATER TOK YO The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous urban area in the world, with an estimated head count in 2015 of 37.8 million. It includes Tokyo City, which has a population of about 12 million, and adjoining cities such as Yokohama. This satellite photograph shows the Greater Tokyo Area today, and also the boundaries of Tokyo City in 1860 (red) and 1964 (yellow).
Every year about 200 million people – 3 percent of the global population – change their country of residence. Emigration rates are generally highest in countries affected by wars or that have suffered economic woes, natural disasters, or where groups of people have been oppressed or persecuted. Immigration rates are generally highest in stable, developed countries, such as the USA, Spain and Canada, which usually have low birth rates and need immigrants to provide economic support to their ageing populations.
11
High variant
Migration
10
Net migration average annual migration (thousands) dkZg(%% '%%id(%% &%%id'%% %id&%% "&%%id% "'%%id"&%% "(%%id"'%% ")%%id"(%%
9
Medium variant
NET MIGR ATION The map at right shows the net migration rate for each country. A positive value means more people are entering the country than leaving it (net immigration) and a negative value the reverse (net emigration).
8
7
THE WORLD
This graph (right) of world population growth since the year 1500 includes three different projections to the year 2050, based on different assumptions about the factors affecting growth.
ASIA
6
25
World population World land area 60% 29.1%
5
AUSTR ALASIA & OCEANIA
AFRICA
4
World population World land area 0.5% 5.9%
World population World land area 15.5% 20.2%
3
Population growth Improved nutrition and medical care have played a major part in the remarkable growth in world population. There is currently a stark contrast between continuing high growth in many poorer countries, particularly in Africa, and low or negative future growth in most developed countries.
Population (billions)
2
Population growth rate (annual percentage change) above 4% 3 to 4% 2 to 3%
1
1 to 2% 0 to 1% -1 to 0%
Years 1500
1550
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
Low variant
YViVjcVkV^aVWaZ
0 2050
Language Over 6800 different languages exist throughout the world, each one with its own unique evolutionary history and cultural connotations. Most of these languages are spoken only by small groups of people in remote regions. Sadly these minority tongues are dying out—it is estimated that about a third will have disappeared by the year 2100. The relatively small number of widely-spoken languages have gained their current predominance and pattern of distribution through a variety of historical factors. Among these have been the economic, military, or technological success of certain peoples and cultures, differing population growth rates, and the effects of migrations and colonization. The European Union (EU) embraces the diversity of its 28 countries and 24 official languages by providing a translation and interpretation service for the majority of its meetings and documentation. This costs around US$ 650 million per year, which equates to 1 percent of the EU budget.
G
ARCTIC OCEAN
re
en
Samoyed
ia
Ta
m
at
se
Cebuano
M
Au s t r o n e s i a n
l
m
i
ali
Filipino
c -
Malay
ay
B a h a s aD In donesia Javanes e
a
l a Pa
y
-
P Pi p u a nd g i n
o
s
sy
laga
y
l
C
nt u
ole
n
d
re
n
INDIAN OCEAN
e s i a n
Af r ikaan s N g u ni
a
or
i other language
i
Portuguese/other
Spanish/other
ar
English/French
English/Spanish
a
tu
Portuguese
isa
Russian/other
vi
hili
n Ba
Chinese/other
Russian
ara
Kho
French
Sw a
B
Ay m
ra
So
u
Hindi/English/other
r ib
English
Ca
Arabic/other
ua
Hindi
c
ak
English/other
Ban t
ech
Arabic
Hausa
Qu
French/other
rw
Spanish
Ar
Arabic/French
D
Amh
M ay a
Chinese
ani
PAC I F I C OCEAN
n
Berber
Fu l
Main international languages
Ko re a n a Jap
Mandar in
hto Punjabi Ti b e t a n
ro st ti A us i a A
at
AT L A N T I C OCEAN
les
as
Cantonese
Ma
hu
eo
rsi anP
Mongol
Uighur
ne
k
Pe
Cr
K h al k a Mo ng ol
h
yr
Kazak
O
ee
l
Tu Ma ngu nc shu
Mo rdv i n i a n
T u r k i c
Gr
PAC I F I C OCEAN
26
av ic
ance Rom
Na
M
B a n t u language group uninhabited land
The colonial powers
TOP TEN LANGUAGES
About 45 percent of people speak one of just ten languages as their native tongue. Mandarin Chinese is spoken by far the largest number—a situation likely to persist, as minority language speakers in China are encouraged to switch to Mandarin. English usage is also increasing, as it is the most favored language on the internet and in business circles. Wherever English is not the mother tongue, it is often the second language.
This dual language sign, written in both in Hindi and English, stands outside Shimla railway station in northern India. The sign reflects India’s past—the British used Shimla as their summer capital during the colonial period.
Colonial Empires in 1914 Austro-Hungarian
Italian
Independent
Belgian
Japanese
Disputed
British
Ottoman
Chinese
Portuguese
Danish
Russian
Dutch
Spanish
French
United States
German
Javanese (84 million)
Japanese (130 million)
Russian (170 million)
Bengali (190 million)
Portugese (200 million)
Arabic (240 million)
THE TEN MOST SPOKEN L ANGUAGES (number of native speakers)
Hindi/Urdu (260 million)
Colonialism between the 15th and 20th centuries had a major influence in establishing the world prevalence of various, mainly European, languages. Britain, for example, was the colonial power in Canada, the USA (until 1776), the Indian subcontinent, Australia, and parts of Africa and the Caribbean. Hence, English is still the main (or a major) language in these areas. The same applies to France and the French language in parts of Africa and southeast Asia, and to Spain and the Spanish language in much of Latin America. For similar reasons, Portuguese is the main language in Brazil and parts of Africa, and there are many Dutch speakers in Indonesia.
English (340 million)
other language
Spanish (470 million)
Ma r i
Mandarin Chinese (1.2 billion)
THE WORLD
Sl
c
Algonquin
Mar i Chuvash
ni
ltic
I n d i a n
Aleut
ak
e r i c a n ascan
Ya k u t
ish
Icelandic
nn
a
n
Sami (Lapp)
h is
Fi
t
u
e
l
A
Ce
hab
-
o
D
m
m
Germa
At
i
ic
k A
nd
s
la
E
Religion The spread of religion By their nature, religions usually start off in small geographical areas and then spread. For Christianity and Islam, this spread was rapid and extensive. Buddhism diffused more slowly from around 500 BCE into a large part of Asia. The oldest religion, Hinduism, has always been concentrated in the Indian subcontinent, although its adherents in other parts of the world now number millions following migrations from India.
About 83 percent of the world’s population adheres to a religion. The remainder adopt irreligious stances such as atheism. In terms of broad similarities of belief, there are about 20 different religions in the world with more than 1 million adherents. However, the larger of these are split into several denominations, which differ in their exact beliefs and practices. Christianity, for example, includes three major groupings that have historically been in conflict—Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and Orthodox Christianity—as well as hundreds of separate smaller groups. Many of the world’s other main religious, such as Islam and Buddhism, are also subdivided.
AUSTRALIA p Pa ua ns
Australian Aborigines
Malays
1ST– 7 TH CENTURY During this period, Christianity spread from its origins in the eastern Mediterranean, while Hinduism and forms of Buddhism spread in Asia. Islam became established in Arabia.
g us Tun
al Chiefdoms Forest N O R T H hauthnetreerrs g AMERICA Co a st
A S I A an
s
Maya cit y states
ds
e Tib
an oms
An Chi de e fd
S
Amazon hunters dic hun ters Marajó Gu ara ni SOUTH AMERICA
Nom a
Buddhist heartland Chinese Confucianism/ Daoism and indigenous primal traditions Converted to Christianity by 600 CE Hinduism
o am
EUROPE
B erbe
Tupí
Islam under Muhammad
t
ye
Rise and spread of the classical religions to 650 CE
rs
i Kush
tes
Saharan Peoples AFRICA West Atlantic Peoples
Mahayana Buddhism Shintoism
Bantus
Zoroastrianism
RELIGION AROUND THE WORLD
spread of Buddhism spread of Christianity spread of Hinduism
7 TH –16TH CENTURY Islam later spread further through Asia and into parts of Africa and Europe. Christianity diffused through Europe and was then carried to many other parts of the world by colonialists and missionaries. Buddhism spread further in Asia.
AUSTRALIA p Pa ua ns
Australian Aborigines
Malays
a st Nor thcu-eltures Pueblos coast Car ibou N O R T H hunters AMERICA Plainses v illag Inuit
Each year millions of Muslims visit Mecca during the the Islamic pilgrimage known as the Hajj
Buddhist (0.36 billion)
Judaism (15 million)
Sikhism (23 million) Christianity (1.9 billion)
Chinese traditional (0.36 billion)
World religions c.1500 CE
i an s ip p ssis res Mi cultu
A S I A
Primal indigenous (0.36 billion)
Catholic Christianity
27
area converted to Catholic Christianity Hinduism
Amazon hunters dic hun ters Gu SOUTH ara ní A M E R I C A
Hindu (0.84 billion)
Islam
Nom a
Mahayana Buddhism and Confucianism, Daoism and Shinto
EUROPE
Mahayana Buddhism and Confucianism, Daoism Russian Orthodoxy
Tupnam bá
S o ng h
ay
AFRICA
Hausa States
Mali
Bantus K h o i s an Peoples
Not religious (0.96 billion)
Theravada Buddhism
spread of Catholicism
Tibetan Buddhism
spread of Islam
Aztec Empire
spread of Protestantism
Inca Empire
spread of Russian Orthodoxy
Islam (1.06 billion)
SVALBARD (to Norway)
GREENLAND
N
(to Denmark)
SWE
DE
ICELAND
(to US)
NORWAY
C
A
N
A
D
R U
FINLAND
ESTONIA RUSS. LATVIA UNITED DENMARK FED. LITHUANIA KINGDOM BELARUS GERMANY IRELAND NETH. POLAND BELG. CZ.REP. UKR AI NE
A
SLVK. LIECH. K AUT. MOLD. HUNG. SLVN. CRO. SERB. ROMANIA GEORGIA KOS. B.&H. S.M. BULG. AZERB. MON. VAT. CITY ARMENIA S P A I N I T A L Y ALB. MACED. LUX.
FRANCE
S T A T E S
M OR
L
other Marxism / Maoism
A R G E N T I N
M
AN
A
IA
AL
SOUTH AFRIC A
URUGUAY
State policy FALKLAND ISLANDS (to UK)
SRI LANKA MALDIVES
M
CHILE
secular ideologies governing communist states during 20th century non-pluralist states
S. KOREA
TAIWAN
MARSHALL ISLANDS
PH I L I P PI N E S PALAU
BRUNEI
MICRONESIA
MALAYSIA
I N D O N E S I A SEYCHELLES COMOROS
JAPAN
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
R
EAST TIMOR
TUVALU SAMOA VANUATU
SCA
DA GA
SWAZILAND LESOTHO
K I RI BA T I
NAURU SOLOMON ISLANDS
MAURITIUS
FIJI
MA
BI AM
A
LAOS MYANMAR (BURMA)
SINGAPORE
Q
IA
Tibetan Buddhism
BOTS.
MO Z
MIB
PARAGUAY
N
CAMB.
MALAWI E U
ZIMB.
NA
Mahayana Buddhism
DEM. REP. CONGO
I
THAI.
UGANDA S KENYA RWANDA
ZAMBIA
Hinduism
Theravada Buddhism
INDIA
BURUNDI
ANGOLA
B OLIVIA
Sunni Islam
IS
H
YEMEN
A
U
Shi'a Islam
Judaism
C
N
NEPAL BHUTAN
BANGLADESH
O
NG
Z I
K PA
SOUTH ETHIOPIA C.A.R. SUDAN
M
A
O
NA M
R
I
N. KOREA
I
R P E
B
A T
M O N G O L I A
DJIBOUTI
AN
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
SURINAME
R
KYRGYZSTAN
C
SAUDI ARABIA O
ERITREA M A L I NIGER NA CHAD S U DA N KI
SENEGAL GAMBIA R O U FAS NIGERIA GUINEA GUINEABISSAU IVORY BENIN SIERRA COAST LEONE CA LIBERIA GHANA EQ. GUINEA GABON
D E
TAJIKISTAN
I R A N AFGH.
Z TAN
GUYANA
ECUADOR
Catholic Christianity Orthodox Christianity
FRENCH GUIANA (to France)
UZBEKISTAN
E
ET
Protestant Christianity
EGYPT
TOGO
Majority religions
ST LUCIA
BARBADOS ST VINCENT & GREN. GRENADA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
F
VI
JAMAICA DOM. REP. GUATEMALA EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA VENEZUELA COSTA RICA PANAMA COLOMBIA
CAPE VERDE
UR MA
N
A Z A K H S T A N
JORDAN KUWAIT BAHRAIN QATAR U.A.E.
ALGERIA L I B Y A
ER OO N
I
BELIZE
WESTERN SAHARA (disputed)
O
X
O
ST KITTS & NEVIS ANTIGUA & BARBUDA DOMINICA
IA
E
C
THE BAHAMAS HAITI
O CC
IT AN
M
PUERTO RICO (to US)
HONDURAS CUBA
O
A
TURKMEN.
GREECE T U R K E Y SYRIA TUNISIA MALTA CYPRUS LEBANON ISRAEL IRAQ
A M E R I C A
B
O F
S I
SWITZ. MONACO
O
U N I T E D
PORT.
ANDORRA
S
TA N
ALASKA
THE WORLD
About 72 percent of humanity adheres to one of five religions: Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Chinese traditional religion (which includes Daoism and Confucianism). Of the remainder, many are adherents of primal indigenous religions (a wide range of tribal or folk religions such as shamanism).
Maoris
dispersion of Jews, to 500 CE
A U S T R A L I A
NEW ZEALAND
TONGA
Health Life expectancy Life expectancy has risen remarkably in developed countries over the past 50 years and has now topped 80 years in many of them. In contrast, life expectancy in many of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa has fallen well below 50, in large part due to the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Many people in developed countries are now living for 15–20 years after retirement, putting greater pressure on welfare and health services.
75–80 years 70–75 years IRELAND
60–70 years
O
O
M A TA U
A
CHAD
I VORY C OAST
LIBERIA
B
R
A
Z
I
U
(Cabinda)
A NG OL A
BIA
UA AG
H I
NA TI EN ARG
Y
SOUTH A F R IC A
URUGUAY
ATLANTIC
L
E
20–29
OCEAN
below 20
Nutrition Two-thirds of the world’s food is consumed in developed nations, many of which have a daily calorific intake far higher than is needed by their populations. By contrast, about 800 million people in the developing world do not have enough food to meet basic nutritional needs.
Daily calorie intake per capita above 3000
2500–2999
2000–2499
below 2000
The extensive public healthcare system in Cuba provides for around 6 doctors per 1000 people, one of the highest ratios in the world.
Healthcare An indicator of the strength of healthcare provision in a country is the number of doctors per 1000 population. Some communist and former communist countries such as Cuba and Russia score well in this regard. In general, healthcare provision is good or adequate in most of the world’s richer countries but scanty throughout much of Africa and in parts of Asia and Latin America.
Medical doctors (per 1000 people) above 5
4–5
DEM. R E P. CONGO
MI
R PA
C
30–39
GABON
ANGOLA
Number of births (per 1000 people) above 40
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
NA
Liberia: currently has one of the lowest life expectancies in West Africa, at about 45 years, owing to factors such as high rates of infectious disease, recent conflict, and poverty.
L
BOLIVIA below 15
TOGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
WA N A
SIERRA LEONE
French Guiana (to France)
NIGERIA RO O N
BURKINA FASO
GUINEA- GUINEA BISSAU
SURINAME
NIGER
3–4
TS
COLOMBIA
MALI
SENEGAL GAMBIA
O
VENEZUELA
ALGERIA
GH A NA
PANAMA
G U YA N A
United States of America: has an average life expectancy of about 78 years, with women living about 5 years longer than men.
CAPE VERDE
M
HAITI DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ANTIGUA & BARBUDA DOMINICA BELIZE SAINT LUCIA GUATEMALA HONDURAS ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES ST KITTS & GRENADA NEVIS EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA BARBADOS TRINIDAD & TOBAGO COSTA RICA
R
15–34
C
RI
CUBA
JAMAICA
P E
35–74
C
NI
(occupied by Morocco)
World infant mortality rates (deaths per 1000 live births) 75–124
O
LIBYA
WESTERN SAHARA
THE BAHAMAS
ECUADOR
above 125
R
TUNISIA
CO
THE WORLD
B. SER
PORTUGAL
OCEAN XI
28
ATLANTIC
ME
Infant mortality is still high in many developing nations, especially some African countries, due in part to stretched medical services. As well as lower infant mortality, the world’s developed countries have much lower birth rates—greater female emancipation and easier access to contraceptives are two causative factors.
RW
GERMANY CZECH LIECH. REP.SLO. AUS. HUNG. SWITZ. CRO. SLOVENIA MONACO B.-H. SAN IT MON. AL MARINO MAC. SPAIN ANDORRA Y ALBANIA GREECE MALTA BELG. LUX.
FRANCE
below 50 years
U N I T E D S TAT E S OF AMERICA
UNITED DENMARK LITH. KINGDOM POLAND NETH.
ME
D A
NG
N A
CO
A
N
CA
C
50–60 years
Infant deaths and births
NO
above 80 years
AY
SWED
ICELAND
E
Life expectancy
BO
Greenland (to Denmark)
BENIN
On most health parameters, the countries of the world split into two distinct groups. The first of these encompass the richer, developed, countries, where medical care is good to excellent, infant mortality and the incidence of deadly infectious diseases is low, and life expectancy is high and rising. Some of the biggest health problems in these countries arise from overeating, while the two main causes of death are heart disease and cancer. The second region consists of the poorer developing countries, where medical care is much less adequate, infant mortality is high, many people are undernourished, and infectious diseases such as malaria are major USA (Alaska) killers. Life expectancy in these countries is much lower and in some cases is falling.
1–3
0.5–1
below 0.5
no data
Smoking
Communicable diseases
Cigarette smoking—one of the most harmful activities to health—is common throughout much of the world. Smoking prevalence is generally highest in the richer, developed countries. However, awareness of the health risks has seen cigarette consumption in most of these countries stabilize or begin to fall. By contrast, more and more people, especially males, are taking up the habit in poorer developing countries.
Despite advances in their treatment and prevention, infectious diseases remain a huge problem, especially in developing countries. Three of the most common and deadly are tuberculosis (TB), HIV/AIDS, and malaria. Of these, active TB affects about 25 million people (often as a complication of AIDS), with a particularly high prevalence in parts of Africa. HIV/AIDS has spread since 1981 to become a global pandemic. Malaria affects about 225 million people every year.
Annual cigarette consumption (per person) above 2000 1500–2000
1000–1499 500–999
0–499
no data
NL FI
AND
R U S S I A N
F E D E R A T I O N
EST. LAT.
Estimated tuberculosis cases (per 100,000 per year)
BELARUS UKR AIN E
TA .
SYRIA
I R A N
WEST BANK
GAZA STRIP
H
I R AQ
ISRAEL
AN
LEBANON
G AF
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PA
S AU D I ARABIA
PA
I N D I A
EN
IA AL
O
M
A N DA
MALDIVES
INDIAN
UG
0.1–0.5 below 0.1
1–5 0.5–1
15–34 5–15
no data
29
BRUNEI NAURU
MALAYSIA
OCEAN
UE
I N D O N E S I A
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
EAST TIMOR VANUATU
R GA
SOLOMON ISLANDS
NEW CALEDONIA
MAURITIUS
DA
MO
MARSHALL ISLANDS
SCA
M
M
COMOROS
ZA
I
ZA
M A LAW
BIA
TANZANIA
Malaria cases (per 100,000 per year) above 25,000 10,000–25,000
MA
ZIMBABWE
Adult (15-49) HIV prevalence rate (percent of population)
MICRONESIA
SINGAPORE
SEYCHELLES
Q
PHILIPPINES
PALAU SRI LANKA
S
BI
LAOS
CAMBODIA
KENYA
RWANDA BURUNDI
MYANMAR (BURMA)
THAILAND
DJIBOUTI
ETHIOPIA
Japan: has one of the world’s highest life expectancies, at over 81 years—a fact commonly put down to the typical Japanese low-fat diet of rice, fish, and soy products.
TAIWAN
M NA
M
A
ET
YE
N
VI
ERITREA
I
JAPAN
BHUTAN L
O
S U DA N
H
OCEAN
SOUTH KOREA
BANGLADESH
UAE AN
PT
BAHRAIN QATAR
M
EGY
JORDAN KUWAIT
KI
CYPRUS
NORTH KOREA
TAJ. I ST AN
EN
KYRG.
THE WORLD
KM
IS
N
TUR
TURKEY
EK
AN
UZB
GEORGIA ARMENIA AZERB.
below 10
50–100 10–50
ST
ROMANIA
SOUTH SUDAN
PACIFIC
M O N G O L I A
BULGARIA KOS.
above 300 100–300
K A Z A K H S T A N
MOLDOVA
1000–10,000 100–1000
10–100 below 10
low risk
A U S T R A L I A
SWAZILAND LESOTHO
Swaziland: currently has the lowest life expectancy in the world, at about 40 years, due to widespread HIV/AIDS.
NEW ZEALAND
TOP TEN KILLER DISEASES
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Throughout the world, doctors recognize that the prevention of disease and disease transmission is just as important as the treatment of illness. Preventive medicine has many aspects and includes advice about diet and nutrition; education about the avoidance of health-threatening behaviors such as smoking, excess alcohol consumption, and unprotected sex; and the use of vaccines against diseases such as typhoid, polio and cholera. In developing countries, some of the main priorities in preventive medicine are the provision of pure water supplies and proper sanitation, as well as measures against malaria, including the use of antimalarial drugs and mosquito nets.
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The world’s biggest killer diseases fall into two main groups. One group, which includes HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and childhood diseases such as measles, mainly kills people in poor countries. The other group includes cardiovascular diseases and cancer, the big killers in rich countries.
Water Resources
Rhine
SWITZ.
ATLANTIC
C
C
O
ALGERIA
A
(occupied by Morocco)
TA U
LIBERIA
French Guiana (to France)
N IA ER
IG
I VORY C OAST
N
G U YA N A
SIERRA LEONE
SURINAME
BURKINA FASO
BENIN
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
VENEZUELA
IG
Niger
GAMBIA GUINEABISSAU GUINEA
BARBADOS
ER
MALI
SENEGAL
G H A NA
CAPE VERDE
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
COLOMBIA
O
WESTERN SAHARA
ST KITTS & NEVIS
Orinoco
R
M
O
OCEAN
HAITI
PANAMA
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
COSTA RICA
OCEAN
FRANCE
RI
JAMAICA
NETH. BELG. LUX.
NI
CUBA
CO
TOGO EQUATORIAL GUINEA
ECUADOR
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
Amazon
Availability of fresh water
Z
BOLIVIA R PA
Paraná
AG UA Y
N A T I E N A R G L I
ATLANTIC URUGUAY
OCEAN
E
Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of water consumption worldwide. Industry and domestic use each account for 15 percent. Excessive withdrawal of water affects the health of rivers and the needs of people. China’s Yellow River now fails to reach the sea for most of the year.
L
H
over 50% of water resource originating from outside country
I
São Francisco
C
major drainage basin
Water withdrawal
A
U
less than 1300 (water scarcity) 1300–2221 (water stress) 2222–3921 (insufficient water) 3922–12,999 (relatively sufficient) 13,000 or more (plentiful supplies)
30
R
R
total renewable (cubic yards/capita/per year)
Amid the desert of Wadi Rum, Jordan, crops grow on circular patches of land irrigated with water from an underground aquifer.
B
P E
THE WORLD
UNITED KINGDOM IRELAND
BAHAMAS
BELIZE GUATEMALA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA
PACIFIC
ICELAND
A
(to US)
Greenland (to Denmark)
M
MEXI
Water covers 71 percent of Earth’s surface, but only 2.5 percent of this is fresh water, and two thirds of that is locked up in glaciers and polar ice sheets. Patterns of human settlement have developed around fresh USA (Alaska) water availability, but increasing numbers of people are now Yukon vulnerable to chronic shortage or interruptions in supply. Mackenzie Worldwide, fresh water consumption multiplied more C A N A D A than sixfold during the 20th century as populations increased and agriculture became more St. Lawrence dependent on irrigation, much of it hugely U N I T E D S TAT E S wasteful because of evaporation and OF AMERICA Mississippi/ run-off. Industrial water demand also Colorado Missouri rose, as did use in the home, for washing, flushing, cooking, Rio Grande and gardening. THE Hawaii
E R N S O U T H
O C E A N
Percentage of freshwater withdrawal by agriculture 79–100
66–79
47–66
31–47
16–31
0–16
Percentage of freshwater withdrawal by industry 79–100
66–79
47–66
31–47
16–31
0–16
Percentage of freshwater withdrawal by domestic use 60–81
45–60
30–45
15–30
0–15
no data
Drought The disruption of normal rainfall patterns can cause drought problems even in temperate zones, with consequences ranging from domestic water usage restrictions to low crop yields to forest fires. In regions of the developing world where monsoon rains fail, or water is perennially scarce, drought is a life or death issue. Parts of central and east Africa, for instance, have suffered severe and recurring droughts in recent decades, with disastrous results including destruction of livestock, desertification, famine, and mass migration.
In a severe drought, river beds may dry up (above left), leaving stranded fish to die, as here in Florida. A Chinese farmer waters dry fields (above) in China’s southern province of Guangdong. This picture was taken in May 2002, but the image is timeless; it could be August 2006 in Sichuan province, to the northwest of here—or almost any year in water-stressed northern China.
Water stress
AND
NO SWED E
Lena
NL FI
AY RW N
R U S S I A N
F E D E R A T I O N
Ob’
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A region is under “water stress” when the rate of water withdrawal from its rivers and aquifers exceeds their natural replenishment, so that people living there are subject to frequent shortages. Currently 1.7 billion people live in “highly stressed” river basins worldwide. This is a major potential cause of conflict, particularly when several countries share one river; the Euphrates, running through Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, or the rivers of southern China running south into Korea, are just two examples.
Yenisey
Volga
Amur
BELARUS POLAND UKR AI NE
GERMANY
Indus
AN
I R A N
Yellow River
TAJ.
.
AF
KUWAIT
PT
BAHRAIN QATAR
C
ST
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PA BHUTAN L
I N D I A
TAIWAN MYANMAR LAOS (BURMA)
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EN
THAILAND
PACIFIC PHILIPPINES
CAMBODIA
IA AL
SRI LANKA
O
A N DA
M
MALDIVES
S
RWANDA
SEYCHELLES
TANZANIA
INDIAN
(Cabinda)
10–20
below 10
MALAYSIA
I N D O N E S I A PAPUA NEW GUINEA
R
EAST TIMOR
SCA GA DA
ZA
Freshwater stress in 2025 Water withdrawal (% of total available)
MAURITIUS
Réunion
BIA
MA
above 40
(to France)
20–40
10–20
below 10
31
A U S T R A L I A
SWAZILAND LESOTHO
SOUTH A F R IC A
Murray/ Darling
NEW ZEALAND
WATER AVAILABILITY
y nc Plentiful 16.3%
Water stress 24.5%
Relatively sufficient 24.5%
ffi
in
Insufficient 16.7%
cie
n cy
re l a t i
ve
suf
fic
ie
(by percentage of world’s population)
Water scarcity 7.8%
MI
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MO
NA
ZIMBABWE BOTSWANA
E
MB
Zambezi
U
ZAMBIA
OCEAN
COMOROS
IQ
MALAWI
A NG OL A
20–40
SINGAPORE
KENYA
Congo BURUNDI
ANGOLA
above 40
PALAU
BRUNEI
su
O
DEM. R E P. CONGO
UG
RO O N ME
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ETHIOPIA
Freshwater stress in 1995 Water withdrawal (% of total available)
Clean drinking water Sub-Saharan Africa is among the most deprived regions for lack of access to safe drinking water. Worldwide, this terrible health hazard affects over a billion people—at least 15 percent of the population. One of the agreed United Nations “millennium goals” for international development is to halve this proportion by 2015, by tackling chemical pollution from agriculture and industry, and by introducing essential purification facilities and local supply systems. In the industrialized world, people have come to expect clean drinking water on tap, even if they face rising prices for its treatment and supply.
THE WORLD
GABON
CO
SOUTH SUDAN
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
OCEAN
DJIBOUTI
Nile
JAPAN
Yangtze
M NA
Y
SOUTH KOREA
A
ET
CHAD
EM
N
VI
ERITREA
I
BANGLADESH
O
S U DA N
H
Ganges/ Brahmaputra
UAE
S AU D I ARABIA
NORTH KOREA
KYRG.
TA
I ST AN
IS
EN
AN
Tigris/
EGY
LIBYA
KM
SYRIA Euphrates I R AQ
CYPRUS LEBANON ISRAEL GAZA STRIP
MALTA
EK
GH
TUNISIA
ALBANIA GREECE
TUR
N
GEORGIA ARMENIA AZERB. TURKEY
KI
UZB
Danube
KOS. BULGARIA
L Y MON. MAC.
PA
A
M O N G O L I A
AN
T
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MOLDOVA ROMANIA
M
. RB SE
CZECH REP. AUS. SLO. SLOV. HUNG. CRO. B.-H. I
Mozambican children (above) fetch precious water in metal pans. Gujarati villagers gather to draw water from a huge well (above left) in Natwarghad, western India. Many wells and village ponds ran dry in the severe drought of 2003, leaving local people to wait for irregular supplies brought in by state-run tankers.
Access to safe drinking water source (percentage of population) 91%–100% 76%–90% 50%-75%
below 50% no data
Economic Systems The world economy is now effectively a single global system based on “free market” capitalist principles. Few countries still cling, like North Korea, to the “command economy” formula developed in the former communist bloc, where centralized state plans set targets for investment and production. In the West, state ownership of companies has greatly diminished thanks to the wave of privatization in the last 25 years. Major companies move capital and raw materials around the globe to take advantage of different labor costs and skills. The World Trade Organization (WTO) promotes free trade, but many countries still use subsidies, and protect their markets with import tariffs or quotas, to favor their own producers.
H UT ICA SO ER M A
Balance of trade
THE WORLD
Few countries earn from their exports exactly as much as they spend on imports. If the imbalance is persistently negative, it creates a potentially serious problem of indebtedness. The European Union’s (EU) external trade is broadly in balance, but the US balance of trade has been in deficit since the 1970s, partly because it imports so many consumer goods. This deficit now stands at around US$ 500 billion a year.
New York
Enormous volumes of trade pass through the world’s stock markets making them key indicators of the strength of the global economy.
Balance of trade (million US$)
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Market sector Oil and gas producers Banks General Industrials
600,000
Pharmaceuticals Computer software
500,000
General Electric
Johnson & Johnson
Wells Fargo
ICBC
Petro China
Google
100,000
Exxon Mobil
200,000
Microsoft
300,000
Berkshire Hathaway
400,000
Apple Inc.
Market value (US$ million)
(2015)
PE
700,000
CA RI AF
TOP TEN GLOBAL COMPANIES
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2
Hitachi
Shimodate Ishioka Shimotsuma Kita-ura Koga KI IBARA
Urawa
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sho
HYŌGO
Ichinomiya
w Bi
Iida
chi
Iz
o
KYŌTO
Ena-san
Minokamo 2190m Inuyama Mizunami
an
Kawagoe
u-
Ayabe
Ikuno Kaibara
s
-s
Kōfu
hi-
n a-ko
Wadayama
Fukuchiyama
Nagahama ŌgakiGifu
Imazu
Nakatsugawa
Shirane-san 3192m
Chichibu
Nirasaki
ais
Maizuru
M
Hidaka
Seki
Komagane
Ak
Obama
Kiso -sa
Kanayama
Toyooka
Miyazu
h
Hachiman
Nōgōhaku-san 1617m
Imajō
Tsuruga
ū antō
Yatsuga-take 2899m
Ina
Kiryū Tochigi Ashikaga Ōta Oyama Sano ki Isesa
SAITAMA Ageo
Takahagi Hitachiōta
Utsunomiya
Kumagaya
Koumi
Suwa Chino
Ten n m r yū -gawa
an
Ya h
Wa k a s a - w
Okaya
Gero
GIFU
Saku Tomioka
NAGANO
Shiojiri
Ontake-san 3063m
Shirotori
FUKUI
Takasaki
Matsumoto
Norikura-dake 3026m
Ōno
Kyōga-misaki
Okutangohantō
Komoro
Kitaibaraki Daigo
TOCHIGI
Shibukawa
Maebashi
K
Sabae Takefu
Ueda
Ōtawara
a aw
Katsuyama
Asama-yama 2560m
Kōshoku Ōmachi
Shioya-zaki
Yamizo-san 1022m
Imaichi Kanuma
GUNMA
Iwaki
T
Haku-san 2702m
Kuroiso
Nikkō
Numata
Suzaka
Shirakawa
Nasu-dake 1917m
Shirane-san 2578m
1
Ishikawa
Yaita
Nakano
Nagano
Yariga-take Kamioka 3180m Furukawa
Shirakawa
Tajima
Hiuchiga-take 2346m
Mikuni-tōge 1244m
Sukagawa
Namie
Ōtakine-yama 1193m Tomioka
Ura ga-suid ō
Kaga
Kōriyama
FUKUSHIMA
Iiyama
myaku
Komatsu
mya
Sh ō -g awa
Mattō Jōhana
3015m
TOYAMA
Hida-san
Kanazawa
ga nohina
Inawashiro-ko
gawa k aNa
Kurobe Toyama-wan Shirouma-dake Shinminato 2932m Takaoka Uozu Oyabe Toyama Tsubata Tate-yama Tonami
Fukui
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Muika
wa
Itoigawa
a aw mu-g
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NIIGATA
Tōkamachi
Noto-jima
Echizen-misaki
Sumon-dake 1538m
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Togi
Hakui
Tochio
Kashiwazaki
Suzu
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Hachinohe
Misawa
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Mutsu
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Mutsuwan
Yokohama
Kawauchi Wakinosawa
Osore-yama 879m
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a
Obihiro
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Shimizu
Mitsuishi Urakawa Samani
Shizunai
Horoshiri-dake 2052m
Hidaka
Shintoku
Karikachi-tōge 644m
Hiroo
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ets
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Ha bom ai Isla nd s Federation, (Administered by Russian claimed by Japan)
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Ostrov Kunashir Yuzhno-Kuril'sk
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ke-
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Fūren-ko
wa
Akkeshi-wan
Akkeshi
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N
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Nakashibetsu
Mashū-ko
Shibecha
Kushiro
Akan
Shiretoko-misaki
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Kussharo-ko Teshikaga O-Akan-dake 1499m
Tsubetsu
Shiranuka
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Rikubetsu
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Sea of Okhotsk
Abashiri
Bihoro
Abashiri-ko
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ch i-g a
G
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Yūbetsu
Saroma-ko
H o k k a i d ō
Furano
Kamikawa
Shirataki
Takinoue
Mys Aniva
Monbetsu
Okoppe
Setouchi
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Asahi-dake 2290m
Asahikawa
Wassamu
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Ashibetsu Utashinai
Akabira
Fukagawa
Iwamizawa
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Sunagawa
Shiriya-zaki
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Shiraoi
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Namioka Hakkōda-san Shichinohe 1585m Kuroishi Towada
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Kanita
u Ts Minmaya
Tappi-zaki
Shirakami-misaki
Matsumae
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Muroran
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Esashi
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Kaminokuni
Kumaishi
Taisei
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Yakumo
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Kariba-yama Abuta 1520m Oshamanbe Imagane Kunnui Date
Suttsu
Ur
Hako-dake 1129m
Esashi
ku
Ō-shima
Okushiri-tō
Setana Kitahiyama
Motsuta-misaki
Sapporo
Ishikari
Horokanai
t
Hamatonbetsu
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Uryū-ko
Takikawa
Ishikari- Tsukigata wan Tōbetsu Otaru
Atsuta
Nakagawa
Otoineppu
Shokanbetsu-dake 1491m
Eniwa Kutchan Nakayama-tōge Niseko Yotei-zan 836m Eniwa-dake 1893m 1320m Chitose Kimobetsu Shikotsu-ko Kuromatsunai
Iwanai
Kamoenai
Benkei-misaki
Furubira
ShakotanYoichi hantō
Yobetsu-dake 1298m
Kamui-misaki
Shakotan-misaki
Hamamasu
Mashike
Rumoi
Obira
Tomamae
Numata
Shosanbetsu
Enbetsu
sh i o -
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F
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Yarigatake 3180m
Komoro
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Yatsuga-take 2899m
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7
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Balabac Island
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S
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SPRATLY ISLANDS
Burias Island
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Northeast Cay Southwest Cay
263
MANILA
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ASIA – Cities A
B
C
D
Baghdad
F
G
Bangkok Tig ri
1
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Bangkhen
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Chitralanda Palace
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National Museum Wat Phra Kaeo & Grand Palace
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Tishrīyaa Karrādah
Al-Rasheed Airport
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Khlong Toey Chao
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Phra Khanong
Yannawa
Phra Pradaeng
Tig r i s
Dōra
0
5 Km
Ratburana 0
4 Km 4 Miles
Beijing
Delhi Sadar Bazar
Summer Palace
Jiuxianqiao Olympic Park
Matihutong
Beijing
Xizhimen
Chaoyangmen
Bei Hai
Chongwen
Ce nt ral Ridge Rese r ved Forest
Temple of Heaven
Guangminglou
Stadium
You’Anmen
Fengtai
Shabanzhuang
Puhuangyu Li
na
ng s
7
0
0
3 Km
Dhaka Turag
Cantonment
Golabari
Mirpur Nibria
Mohammadpur
National Assembly Hall
Hazaribag
Ramna
Bu r ig
Garden Reach
Bangladesh National Museum
ang a
Keraniganj
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Shyampur r ig
an
D h al
e sh
wa
0
0
ri 3 Miles
0
A
B
a un
Derya-ye Chamcheh
Mahtab Gala
0
D
Idqah Mosque
E
Tapa-iMaranjan
Karta-e-Nao
Pul-e Kheshti Mosque
Koli Hashma Tkhan
Kohi Bini Hisar
t
Ayyub Khan Maina
N
Bakhtyara 0
2 Miles
C
Prime Minister’s Office King’s Palace
Qala-i-Sayedah ‘Ala’ Od Din-e Bala
Garia
2 Km
0
Mas
Karta-i-Seh Taliganja
Chakdaha 3 Km
Kote-Sangi
Kasba
South Suburb
Grandaria
Macroriyan
(Kabol)
Karta-i-Dehnaw
(Calcutta)
g
K
Kabul
Dehburi
Dhapa
Bartala
a
10
Karta Parwan
Kolkata
Alipur Batanagar
Shahr-i-Nau
Dehmazang
Indian Museum
Birla Planetarium St Paul’s Khidirpur Cathedral National Library
Dhanmandi Shabujbag Lalbag Supreme Court Kamrangirchar Madaripur Kotwali Demra Keraniganj Sutrapur
Kolola Pushta Fort
Kohi Ali Abad
Kankurgacchi
Botanical Gardens H ugli
Udkhel
Qala-i-Dasht Tapa-i-Kulola Shasdarak Pushta Sherpur
University
Raj Bhawan
Kabul International Airport
Sra Mena
Krishnapur
Podara Khilgaon
Dum Dum
Chitpur
Haora
Gulshan
Army Museum
Tapa-i-Culo Pushta
li
Pallabi
Tejgaon
Lajpat Nagar
Proja-i-Wazir Abad
Hug
Belur
Dhaka
Qala-i-Malik Ashur Garui
Zia International Airport
Lake
Nizamuddin Lodi Colony
1 Miles
Panihati
8
Air Force Museum
Humayun’s Tomb
Lodhi Gardens
Kabul Uttarpara
Kafrul Banani
Delhi Zoo
Safdar Jang’s Tomb Safdarjung Airport
Kolkata Ultra Model Town
9
Chanakyapuri
1 Km
0
3 Miles
0
Old Fort
Khan Market
Nehru Park
Tiejiangyin
National Stadium
National Museum
Dhaula Kuan
hu i H u
Dahongmen
New Delhi
Dajiaoting
Longtan Hu
Taoranting Hu
India Gate
ul
Guang’anmen
President’s Residence
ab
Shawocun 6
Pu sa Forest
Tian’anmen Square
T h e
Xuanwu
Fuxinglu
National Zoo
Natural History Museum
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Chaoyang
Forbidden City
Temple of Moon
Military Museum
Connaught Place
g
Balizhaung Sanlihe
Rajendra Nagar New
Dongheng
R
Beijing Exhibition Centre
Temple of Earth
e
e an H
Weigongcum
Pahar Ganj
Dongzhimen
Deshengmen
264
Delhi
Rajendra Nagar Old
Beijiaoshichang
Red Fort
Old Delhi
East Patel Nagar
Ya m
Haiden
h Nan
ASIA
ing Hu Kunm
5
Samut Prakan
5 Miles
0
0
4
Bang Kapi
Sathorn
Jizīra
Amal Qadisiya
Bangkok (Krung Thep)
Bang Kholaem
Chom Thong
New Baghdād
University
Huay Khwang
Jim Thomson’s House
Wat Arun
Diyāl
Muthana
Riyad
Hamrā Firdows Baghdad Intl. Airport
Chatuchak
Phaya Thai
Dusit
Khansā’
h
Al-Shaab Stadium Liberation Monument
Aalām Khudrā
ya
Baghdād
Baghdadi Museum
Iraqi National Museum
3
Bangsu
Sadr City Al’Azamiyah
2
ya
2 Km 2 Miles
F
G
H
I
J
K
Hong Kong
L
N
Islamabad Kowloon City
Mong Kok
Kowloon
Shah Faisal Mosque
Hung Hom
Fatima Jinnah Park
Kowloon B ay
Hong Kong Coliseum
Sheung Wan Mid Levels Government
Wan Chai Happy Valley Hong Kong Island
Margalea Railway Station
Tai Tam
Tiger Balm Garden 0
Zone 4
Islamabad International Airport
1 Miles
Zone 5
0
ib Al
H
al
iç
Zeytinburnu
bu
Topkapi
Üsküdar
Ayasofya Blue Mosque
Selimiye Kislasi
Teluk Jakarta
Bakirköy Soekarno-Hatta International Airport
Penjaringan
5 Miles
Jakarta
Kembangan
Sentul
Kepong
National Art Gallery
National Monument
Damansara Lake Gardens
Bangsar
Petronas Towers
Golden Triangle
Kuala Lumpur
Matraman Jatinegara Manggarai
Taman Meur
Pulo Gadung 6
Jakarta Halim Perdanakusuma Airport
Kramat Jati
Pasar Munggu
Central Market
National Mosque
University Rawamangum
Menteng
Kebayoran Baru Cilandak
265
Cempaka Putih
Kebayoran Baru
Ampang
5
Koja
National Monument
Pancoran
Ulu Kelang
Baru
Tunku
Sunter
Welcome Monument Parliament House
Kebayoran Lama
Tanjung Priok
Merdeka Palace
Kebon Jeruk
Kuala Lumpur
Sungai Buloh
Jakarta Museum
Taman Sari
Maltepe
Lake Titiwangsa
Ancol
Pademangan
Kalideres
Mar mara Sea
5 Km
ASIA
Kapati Çarsi
Java S ea
Is t
Galata Kulesi
Fatih
Güngören Bahçelievler
4
g
Istanbul
¸Sisli ¸ Beyoglu
Ci l i w un
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Gaziosmanpasa
Küçükçekmece
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Beykoz
sp o
Hurriyet Abidesi
Bagcilar
3 Km
0
ey
Ciracas 7
Pondok Cabe Airport
Jagakarsa
0
National Museum
5 Km 5 Miles
0
Taman Mayang
Salak Selatan
Petaling Jaya
0
Pengkalan Udara Airport
Sungai Besi
0
Manila
1 Km 1 Miles
Masambong
Maypajo
Ulan Bator
San Francisco de Monta
Cubao Sampaloc Gesper Temple Gandan Monastery
Government Palace
Ulan Bator (Ulaanbaatar)
Ulaanbaatar Museum
Manila
University of Santo Thomas
Intramuros Rizal Park National Library
Manila Bay
Selbe
1 Km
0 0
1 Miles
J
K
Pa sig
Malacañang Park
Pandacan
L
Metropolitan Museum
Ortigas
Mandaluyong
Santa Ana
Guadalupe
10 Pasi g
Malate 2 Miles
San Juan del Monte
Paco
Ermita
2 Km
u an nJ
Malacañang Palace
Fort Santiago
Selbe
Sampaloc
Binondo Quiapo San San Miguel Nicholas
Sa
National Amusement Park
9
Cathedral
I
La Loma
Tondo
Winter Palace Museum of Bogd-Khan
H
Quezon City
New Manila
South China Sea
Stadium
0
8
Quezon Memorial
Santa Mesa Heights
Caloocan
0
3
N
Istanbul
0
2
g
1 Km
Rawalpindi
0
Rawal Town
Tai Hang
0
Atatürk Intl. Airport
Rawal Lake
Shakar Parian National Park
Tun Lo Wan
Hong Kong
House
Victoria Peak 554m
North Point
ria Harbour
Convention Centre
University
an
Victo
Conference Centre
Ku r
Sai Ying Pun Kennedy Town
Zone 1
Islamabad
Zone 2
Space Museum & Planetarium
1 Parliament Building Supreme Court
Islamabad Sports Complex
Tsim Sha Tsui Star Ferry
Zoo Islamabad Museum
Ho Man Tin
Royal Observatory
University of Hong Kong
M
Makati
Rizal Stadium
M
N
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA C
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368m
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Highest Points: Mount Wilhelm, Papua New Guinea 14,793 ft (4509 m) Mount Giluwe, Papua New Guinea 14,331 ft (4368 m) Mount Herbert, Papua New Guinea 13,999 ft (4267 m) Mount Bangeta, Papua New Guinea 13,520 ft (4121 m) Mount Victoria, Papua New Guinea 13,360 ft (4072 m)
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E
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Largest Islands: New Guinea, 312,000 sq miles (808,000 sq km) South Island, New Zealand 56,308 sq miles (145,836 sq km) North Island, New Zealand 43,082 sq miles (111,583 sq km) Tasmania, Australia 24,911 sq miles (64,519 sq km) New Britain, Papua New Guinea 13,570 sq miles (35,145 sq km)
Fortescue n rto bu Ash
1
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266
I
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Longest Rivers: Murray-Darling, Australia 2330 miles (3750 km) Cooper Creek, Australia 880 miles (1420 km) Warburton-Georgina, Australia 870 miles (1400 km) Sepik, Indonesia/Papua New Guinea 700 miles (1126 km) Fly, Indonesia/Papua New Guinea 652 miles (1050 km)
D
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Largest Lakes: Lake Eyre, Australia 3430 sq miles (8884 sq km) Lake Torrens, Australia 2200 sq miles (5698 sq km) Lake Gairdner, Australia 1679 sq miles (4349 sq km) Lake Mackay, Australia 1349 sq miles (3494 sq km) Lake Argyle, Australia 800 sq miles (2072 sq km)
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Most Northerly Point: Eastern Island, Midway Islands 28˚ 15‘ N S Most Southerly Point: Macquarie Island, Australia 54˚ 30‘ S E Most Easterly Point: Clipperton Island, 109˚ 12‘ W W Most Westerly Point: Cape Inscription, Australia 112˚ 57‘ E N
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AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
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Phil
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Lowest Point: Lake Eyre, Australia -53 ft (-16 m) below sea level
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Highest recorded temperature: Bourke, Australia 128°F (53°C)
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INDO-A U
Wettest Place: Bellenden Ker, Australia 443 in (11,251 mm)
Dirk Hartog Island, Australia
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Lowest recorded temperature: Canberra, Australia -8°F (-22°C)
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AUSTRALASIA and OCEANIA – Political Political Vast expanses of ocean separate this geographically fragmented realm, characterized more by each country’s isolation than by any political unity. Australia’s and New Zealand’s traditional ties with the United Kingdom, as members of the Commonwealth, are now being called into question as Australasian and Oceanian nations are increasingly looking to forge new relationships with neighboring Asian countries like Japan. External influences have featured strongly in the politics of the Pacific Islands; the various territories of Micronesia were largely under US control until the late 1980s, and France, New Zealand, the USA and the UK still have territories under colonial rule in Polynesia. Nuclear weapons-testing by Western superpowers was widespread during the Cold War period, but has now been discontinued.
Population
Borders
above 5 million
full international border
1 million to 5 million 500,000 to 1 million
indication of maritime country extent
100,000 to 500,000
indication of maritime dependent territory extent
50,000 to 100,000
state border
10,000 to 50,000
Communications
below 10,000
major roads
Country capital
major railroads
State capital
Scale 1:32,000,000 (projection: Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area) @b
a Islands M
M
i
c
r
n
Ra
l
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S I A
PA L AU
a
n
New Guinea Mount Hagen
Ubai
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S olomon S ea Tapini
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New Georgia Islands
PORT MORESBY
Hughenden
re
a
QUEENSLAND
D
Barcaldine
Alice Springs
Miles
Charleville
Niue (to NZ)
NUKU'ALOFA
A
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Kermadec Islands (to NZ)
Grafton Lord Howe Island (to Australia)
Da
G Ranrey ge
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B ar w
Wilcannia
NEW Dubbo Newcastle SOUTH WALES Sydney
Esperance
Melbourne Geelong t
Bass
Str
Tasmania
ai
North Island
Whangarei
Auckland Hamilton
Ta s m a n Sea
Launceston
New Plymouth Co
South Island
n
TASMA NIA
Al
ps
Strait
Horsham Island Ballarat Mount Gambier
Albany
TONGA
Lau Group
F I J I
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Perth
Tanna Lo ya uté
Labasa
Norfolk Island (to Australia)
Great Victoria Lake Everard Wollongong Campbelltown Port Augusta Desert Lake Gairdner CANBERRA n Mount Magnet ur ray i a M Ceduna Whyalla AUSTRALIAN Wagga Wagga Pl CAPITAL TERRITORY or Kalgoorlie ar b l Great Adelaide l Bendigo u N VIC TOR IA Au st ralian Kangaroo Big ht
Î les
PAGO PAGO
SUVA
Viti Levu
Erromango
r
Geraldton
Lake Torrens
F l in d e r s R a n
Carnavon
SOUTH AUSTR ALIA
Brisbane
nge Ra
Lake Eyre North
W E S T E R N AU S T R A L I A
PORT-VILA
P
Toowoomba
Cunnamulla
Gibs on D es e r t
Lautoka
Rockhampton
i
Vanua Levu
NOUMÉA
Mackay
t
A U S T R A L I A Hamersley Rang e
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Great S andy D es e r t
VANUATU
New Caledonia
ÁPIA
(to France)
Espiritu Santo Malekula
in
Mount Isa Tanami Desert T E R R I T O RY
(to US) Wallis and Futuna SAMOA
Hobart
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Rotorua Hastings Palmerston North WELLINGTON Chatham Islands
NEW (to NZ) ZEALAND
Christchurch
Dunedin
So
N A
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N O RT H E R N
American Samoa
id
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(to NZ)
Santa Cruz Islands
(to France) R
T
Tokelau
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Tennant Creek
Broome
Guadalcanal
(to Australia)
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Normanton
Kimberley Plateau Derby
Port Hedland
Cairns
A
Fongafale
SOLOMON ISLANDS
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B
Wyndham
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HONIARA
Coral Sea Islands
B
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Cape York Peninsula
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Joseph Bonaparte Gulf
Timor Sea
Gulf of Carpentaria
I
Banks Islands
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Arnhem Land
Darwin
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he
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Rabaul S olom on Arawa Is l Bougainville
Britain
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New Ireland
Bi smarck New S ea
Wewak
Baker & Howland Islands (to US)
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PA P U A N E W G U I N E A
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Wake Island (to US)
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Stewart Island
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Auckland Islands (to NZ)
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Language groups O RR
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O
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Population
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Density of settlement in the region is generally low. Australia is one of the least densely populated countries on Earth with over 80% of its population living within 25 miles (40 km) of the coast – mostly in the southeast of the country. New Zealand, and the island groups of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, are much more densely populated, although many of the smaller islands remain uninhabited.
G
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Kingman Reef (to US)
FR
N
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AN
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N
Palmyra Atoll (to US) Teraina Tabuarean
K I R I BAT I L
Kiritimati
i n
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Jarvis Island (to US)
Starbuck Island
No r t h e r n C o o k I s l a n d s
Penrhyn
Equator
269
s n d l a I s
Malden Island
Marquesas Islands
Manihiki Millennium Island
Population density (people per sq mile)
Flint Island
C o ok Islands
below 10 10-62 63-130 131-259
(to NZ)
Tu a
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Tropic o f Capri corn
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260-519 520-780 above 780
Standard of living
s
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S o ut h
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
G
ITI
English is spoken throughout Australia and New Zealand. In Australia, English has been superimposed on a mosaic of Aboriginal languages. In New Zealand, the indigenous language, Maori, is the official language besides English. In Papua New Guinea, Melanesian Pidgin has become a lingua franca alongside several hundred indigenous languages. Across the region, the indigenous languages can be grouped into (1) the Aboriginal languages of Australia, (2) the Papuan languages spoken mostly inland in Papua New Guinea, and (3) the widely dispersed Austronesian, which includes coastal languages of Papua New Guinea, New Zealand Maori, and languages of Oceania.
H
S
I
L
I
Languages
Îles Gambier
Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie & Oeno Islands (to UK) Pitcairn Island
In marked contrast to its neighbor, Australia, with one of the world’s highest life expectancies and standards of living, Papua New Guinea is one of the world’s least developed countries. In addition, high population growth and urbanization rates throughout the Pacific islands contribute to overcrowding. The Aboriginal and Maori people of Australia and New Zealand have been isolated for many years. Recently, their traditional land ownership rights have begun to be legally recognized in an effort to ease their social and economic isolation, and to improve living standards.
Transportation While sea travel remains of paramount importance throughout the continent, well-developed regional and international air travel has reduced the region’s global isolation. Internal air travel is particularly important in Australia, where distances are great and road systems are poorly developed or in some areas nonexistent. Australia’s rail system, still operating on three different guages, a legacy of its piecemeal development, is being upgraded, particularly in the north-south links.
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Babeldaob
Moluccas
Mindanao
Benham Seamount
Yap
East Mariana Basin
Me
la
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Nor the r n Mar i ana Island s
si
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Bi smarck S ea New
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Solo
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Ralik Chain
Marshall Island s
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Pohnpei
an
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Magellan C a r o Seam l i n Chuuk oun ts e I C aroline Ridge s l a n d s
Ne w Guinea Mount
New Guin ea
We s t Caroline Basin
M
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Saipan
Mar iana Island s
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ac
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Vityaz Seamount
Johnston Atoll
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Clarion Fracture Zone
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Baker & Howland Islands
Magellan Rise
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Antipodes Islands
Bounty Islands
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AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA – Physical
Average Rainfall
Climate
Rainfall
Surrounded by water, the climate of most areas is profoundly affected by the moderating effects of the oceans. Australia, however, is the exception. Its dry continental interior remains isolated from the ocean; temperatures soar during the day, and droughts are common. The coastal regions, where most people live, are cooler and wetter. The numerous islands scattered across the Pacific are generally hot and humid, subject to the different air circulation patterns and ocean currents that affect the area, Sou including the El Niño ocean current the ast Mo nso anomaly, which produces on extreme aridity. Madang
Tropic of Cancer
0–1 in (0–25 mm) 1–2 in (25–50 mm) 2–4 in (50–100 mm) 4–8 in (100–200 mm) 8–12 in (200–300 mm) 12–16 in (300–400 mm) 16–20 in (400–500 mm) more than 20 in (500 mm)
Equator Tropic of Capricorn 60°S January rainfall
July rainfall
Average Temperature Temperature
Tropic of Cancer
below -22°F (-30°C) -22 to -4°F (-30 to -20°C) -4 to 14°F (-20 to -10°C) 14 to 32°F (-10 to 0°C) 32 to 50°F (0 to 10°C) 50 to 68°F (10 to 20°C) 68 to 86°F (20 to 30°C) above 86°F (30°C)
Equator Sou th E
ast
Tropic of Capricorn
Tra des
Suva
60°S
Queensland
Townsville
Alice Springs
January temperature
Jan Brisbane ua ry W inds
Auckland
Melbourne
Perth
The prospect of rising sea levels poses a threat to many low-lying islands in the Pacific. Nuclear weapons-testing, once common throughout the region, was finally discontinued in 1996. Australia’s ecological balance has been irreversibly altered by the introduction of alien species. Although it has the world’s largest underground water reserve, the Great Artesian Basin, the availability of fresh water in Australia remains critical. Periodic droughts combined with over-grazing lead to desertification and increase the risk of devastating bush PA CI fires, and occasional FI C flash floods.
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Much of the region’s industry is resource-based: sheep farming for wool and meat in Australia and New Zealand; mining in Australia and Papua New Guinea and fishing throughout the Pacific islands. Manufacturing is mainly limited to the large coastal cities in Australia and New Zealand, like Sydney, Adelaide, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Auckland, although small-scale enterprises operate in the Pacific islands, concentrating on processing of fish and foods. Tourism continues to provide revenue to the area—in Fiji it accounts for 15 percent of GNP.
C
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N PACIFIC TEST SITES Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands Johnston Atoll Mururoa Atoll, French Polynesia Fangatau Atoll, French Polynesia Christmas Island, Kiribati
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271
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
1
MELVILLE ISLAND, NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA Lying off Australia’s north coast, the island is sparsely populated consisting of sandy soils and mangrove swamps.
2
ANATAHAN, NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS The volcano on Anatahan is one of 12 in the Mariana Islands and erupted on a large scale in April 2005.
3
FLY RIVER, PAPUA NEW GUINEA Flowing down from New Guinea’s Central Range, the river carries a heavy load of sediment which it deposits in the Gulf of Papua, sometimes forming new islands.
4 RABAUL VOLCANO, NEW BRITAIN, PAPUA NEW GUINEA After erupting in 1994, this image shows how the highest particles blew west causing condensation of water vapor over a wide area.
AUSTRALAISIA & OCEANIA
2
5
4
3
1
272 10 9 11
9
ULURU/AYERS ROCK, NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA This enormous sandstone rock occupies Australia’s heart, both physically and emotionally.
10 JAMES RANGES, NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA A series of low ridges, these hills lie at the geographical center of Australia.
11
LAKE EYRE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, AUSTRALIA This great salt lake consists of north and south sections, joined by a narrow channel, Lake Eyre South being the smaller, elongated saltflat at the bottom of the image.
12
NEWCASTLE, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA The industrial seaport of Newcastle lies on the south bank of Hunter river.
BIKINI ATOLL, MARSHALL ISLANDS This atoll was the site of 23 atomic bomb tests in the 1940s and 1950s, involving the intentional sinking of at least 13 naval vessels in the shallow lagoon.
5
GREAT BARRIER REEF, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA The world’s largest reef system is made up of 3000 individual reefs and 900 islands and stretches for 1600 miles (2600 km).
6
AMBRYM, VANUATU Mount Marum, a 4166 ft (1270 m) volcano, erupted in April 2004 producing an extensive plume of ash.
7
KIRITIMATI, KIRIBATI Kiritimati is the largest atoll in the Pacific Ocean, its interior lagoon filled in with coral growth.
8
8
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
7
6
273 14 12 13
SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA Expanding outward from the inlet of Port Jackson, Australia’s largest city was founded in 1788.
13
MOUNT TARANAKI, NORTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND 14 This dormant 2518 m (8261 ft) volcano is one of the most symmetrical in the world.
15
15 AORAKI/MOUNT COOK, SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND New Zealand’s highest peak rises 12,238 ft (3744 m) and is surrounded by permanent ice fields.
16
BANKS PENINSULA, SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND 16 With a circular drainage pattern typical of eroded volcanoes, this is the only recognizably volcanic feature on New Zealand’s South Island.
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Mari
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Scale 1:5,000,000
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20
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60
0
20
20
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60
80
100
120 Km
80 Km 60
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Mount Tabwemasana 1879m
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O
K I R I
Scale 1:500,000
Teafuafou
Howland Island (to US)
t
r
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3
FI
be
Banaba
5
0
il
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0
Tabuaeran
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Maiana Abemama Kuria Aranuka
Tarawa
Scale 1:1,000,000
ru
Tarawa
Bonriki
Eita Banraeaba
Bairiki
ga
Marakei
Abaiang
Betio
Teraina
CI
Butaritari
Bikeman Bikenebu
Palmyra Atoll (to US)
ea Fuag Fatato Funangongo Ava Te Vasafua Te A va P Fuagea ua P Falefatu ua Tefala Funafara
PA
2
Tu n
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Nabeina Tabiteuea
Ta r a w a
Kingman Reef (to US)
Funaf uti
Fuafatu
N
Marenanuka
Ebon Atoll
TUVALU Amatuku
Fongafale
Fualopa
O
Taratai
Knox Atoll
C
Kili Island
FI
Buariki
MARSHALL ISLANDS
Mili Atoll
Jaluit Atoll
Iku
C
i
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Arno Atoll
Majuro Atoll
Te Av Fualifeke aI Te pe
R
Aur Atoll
h
G
La
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F
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286
Jarvis Island (to US)
s)
K
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Onotoa Tamana
A
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P
Enderbury Island
Birnie Island
McKean Island
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Nikumaroro Nanumea Atoll 4
Niutao Nanumaga Nui Atoll
o
Vaitupu Nukufetau Atoll
Funafuti Atoll
Atafu Atoll Nukunonu Atoll
TUVALU
Nukulaelae Atoll
Fakaofo Atoll
TOKELAU
Rakahanga
(to NZ)
5 Niulakita
284
l
WALLIS & FUTUNA Savai‘i
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Ovalau Cicia Gau
Viti Levu Kadavu
Fonualei Toku
Lakeba
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Aniwa Futuna
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Moala Nayau Totoya Matuku
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WALLIS & FUTUNA
WALLIS & FUTUNA
(to France)
10
Scale 1:1,000,000 0 0
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Alofitai
N
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Pointe Matalesina
Mont Kolofau 417m
10 Km 5
PAC I F I C
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Mala’e
Île Alofi
Îles Wallis
Pointe Sauma
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Rarotonga Maungaroa 509m
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10 Miles
A
C
2
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AVARUA Ikurangi 485m
Matavera
Te Manga Ngatangiia Te Kou 652m Motutapu 564m Oneroa Muri
Kalau
10 Miles
COOK ISLANDS
Rarotonga
I F Scale 1:325,000 I C 0
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Sāmoa
Île Futuna
Mere Lava
Nassau
Swans Island
SAMOA
(to France) 281
Manihiki
Pukapuka
Koromiri Titikaveka Taakoka
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278 A
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Fagamālo
Faleālupo Sātaua Cape Puava Mauga Silisili Fālelima 1858m
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C
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Cape Taputapu
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40 Miles
AMERICAN SAMOA (to US)
Cape Matātula ‘Aunu‘u Island
PAGO PAGO
Scale 1:3,000,000 0
ā m o a
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Poland (Christmas Island) Bay of Wrecks South West Vaskess Isles Lagoon Joe’s Hill Point Bay Aeon 12m Point
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Azur Lagoon
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Northeast Point London Banana Kiritimati Cook Island Saint Manulu Lagoon Paris Stanislas Bay
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C
B A T I Kiritimati (Christmas Island)
S
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K I R I B AT I PAC I F I C OC Northwest EA Point Cape Manning N
Scale 1:1,175,000 0
5
10 Km 5
0
10 Miles
Pelican Lagoon South East Point
L Equator
i Paopao
Mont Matotea 714m
Baie de Matavai Pointe Vénus Papenoo Mahina
PAPEETE
I
Moorea Afareaitu
s
Faaa
Mont Aorai 2066m Mont Orohena 2241m
Pointe Nuupere Punaauia Pointe Nuuroa
Malden Island
l
P
A
a
C
d
s
Île Hatutu Eiao
Faaone Taravao
q
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Passe Tamotoe Baie de Taravao 4
Papara
C
Scale 1:1,000,000 5
Mont Rooniu 1332m
Teahupoo
10 Km 5
0
Hiva Oa
Atuona
N
Ta h i t i
Isthme de Taravao Tautira Afaahiti Toahotu Mataiea Presqu’île Vairao de Taiarapu Récif Tepaee
Maraa
0
Ua Huka
Ua Pu
Millennium Island Vostok Island
I
Hitiaa
10 Miles
is
Penrhyn
ar
A
F
Pointe Maraa
3
es
Nuku Hiva Taiohae
s M
E
I
(to France) V e n t
Tiarei
Mont Tetufera 1799m
Paea
C
O
n
Starbuck Island
Pirea
Faaa
Mont Tohiea 1207m
Haapiti
d u
Papenoo Riv ière
Ba ie
e
Papetoai
FRENCH POLYNESIA Î l e s
Tahuata Motane
AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA
n
O C E A N
u un o h Op ok d’ e de Co i Pointe Aroa Ba
5
Fatu Hiva Omoa
285
Flint Island
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Fagataufa
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Scale 1:125,000
P A C I F I C
10 Km 5
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(to UK)
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5
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PITCAIRN ISLAND
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8 Tropic of Capricorn
Ducie Island
Henderson Island
Rapa Iti Toi
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Îles Gambier Magareva Temoe
Tubuai
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(to France)
Maria
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287
Îles du Duc de Gloucester
F R E N C H P O LY N E S I A Î
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6
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Manuae
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Pacific Ocean A
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Ostrov 890m Sakhalin
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Pa l Ky u s h u -
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E aur i p i k R
i
(to US)
Palmyra Atoll
(to US)
Basin
nd
Malden Island
Enderbury Island
s
si
(to US)
6249m
K I R I B A T I
la
(to US)
Kanton
Kiritimati
Is
Tabuaeran ugh Tr o va No Jarvis Island
Baker & Howland Islands
ne
S ea
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Pacific
s
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ru
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a
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Isthmus of K ra
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s
s
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Valerie Guyot
Chatham Rise
Campbell
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Sa
f
Hartog Ridge
East Indiaman
Kerm adec T rench
sv
C
ui
Ta s m a n Basin
NEW ZEALAND
Chatham Islands Dunedin B o u n t y Tr o u g h Bounty Islands (to NZ) Antipodes Islands (to NZ)
Plateau
Auckland Islands
Campbell Islands (to NZ)
(to NZ)
Bollons Tablemount 5415m
Macquarie Island (to Australia)
O C E A N
t i c P a c i fi c – A n t a r c
Balleny Islands
A N TA R C T I C A B
Strait
South Island
4602m
Lo
k
Antarctic Circle
A
e
e
e W
eau
Wellington
S O U T H E R N
Banzare Seamounts
10
Ridg
S outh Indian B a sin
u
h
ea
at
(to Australia)
North Challenger P l a t e a u Coo Island
S e a
e on eZ tur rac nF ma Tas
R i d g e
Pl
Ri s
m
at
Ta s m a n 5369m
B a sin Norfolk Island
st Northland No rfo Plateau lk R idge Raukumara Plain Auckland
Gascoyne Tablemount
it Stra King Island Bass Furneaux Group Tasmania Hobart East Tasman Plateau
an
n ia Basi
Melbourne
No r f o l k
Kangaroo Island
we L o rd Ho
Balls Pyramid
Caledon
r
Mu r ray
5852m
I n d i a n
Ne w
ve
Sydney
S outh Au st ralian Plain
S o u t h e a s t
Ri
s Ta
134m
Pl
s ount Seam
a t Au s t r a l i a n Bi g ht
nc Tre
e Lord How
Ridge
r
des
r ie
Gre
ng
5386m
en
eb r i ew H Nor th N
T
a
B ar
d an u a
G re a t
Naturaliste Plateau Dia Naturaliste Fracture Zone ma nt in a Fr ac t ur e Zone
li ar
Tasm an Plain
Irrawaddy
nt
Haw
Necker Island
834m
Banaba
Ba
ou
Hess Tablemount
ay
as tm r is Ch
WORLD OCEANS
am
Lisianski Island
Salmon Bank
Mur r
Se
s unt mo Sea
an
ns
ll ha ars M
e
n
(to US)
PAC I F IC
NAURU
si
ia
h
n
ne
Midway Islands
Kure Atoll
ic
enc
-250m
nts
Laysan Island
e
cino
us
Tr
Pe r th B a sin
(to Australia)
el
ou
6800m
i c r o n
Lord Howe Island (to Australia)
Brisbane
Heard & McDonald Islands
gu
a
Isl an ds
la
ndo
M
in
e Ob’ Trench
4285m
er
m
Bikini Atoll
Me
M e l a
gh
ap
r S ke
m ea
MIC RON E SI A
East Caroline Basin
7184m
5999m
Hellish Seamount Kammu Seamount
Enewetak MARSHALL ISLANDS
M Caro line
Sur ve yor
gh
Me
M
ea mo un ts
Chin
ou
a
Bon
East Mariana Basin
n ria
ge oline Rid
ou gh
Tr ook
aii aw st H we ugh rth Tro No
I z u Tr e n c h
ra
Ridge
Gulden Draak Seamount
9
-4000m
ou
Mag ella nS
Comstock Seamount Harris Seamount
Island M o Wake (to US) un tai n s 6464m
A U S T R A L I A
Seamount
4980m
-2000m
Basin
at
n ua l a ai pu w Ke e nt a I n v e s t i g a t o r M
C e ra m Tr
Mi dPa ci fic
Bismarck Archipela Ontong go New Admiralty Java Gui nea Islands Rise Tre Bismarck nch Sea New New Ireland Ne w Britain
Moluccas
Celebes
at
5267m
Ceram Starbuck n G u PAPUA NEW GUINEA South Makassar B and a Island Phoenix ine Weber Makassar Solo S ea itain Tr Islands r Santa Cruz Jakarta J Surabaya B a Basin m Lae w Basin en ava Flores Sea Sumbawa o Ne Islands Kepulauan n C o n o r k Island e ch Ja Isla Bali Vi Tokelau Flores North s 5451m Aru Ja Port va tya nd Solomon Sea T UVA LU (to NZ) EAST TIMOR Penrhyn S s Moresby Tr e v a R i d g e z o Arafura Arafura Torres Lombok Tre u L h Cook Islands Timor SOLOMON g nch i d R g u o e t e i e nch hS ro Millennium Papua B a s i n Pulau Ro b b (to NZ) Arcui si a d go Sea 7125m ol om Strait ISLANDS Shelf or T Island hi p e l a Plateau o n Tre n c h Pandora Hazel Holme Bank Sumba Savu im Timor Manihiki Roo American Bank Rise Penrhyn Flint Plateau Samoa Rotuma SAMOA Osprey Gulf Sea Coral Sea (to US) North Savai‘i Horizon elf Reef of Basin Island Sh Gascoyne Australian Bank Wallis & Futuna Upolu Q u eBasin Coral 1577m ul (to France) Tutuila Carpentaria e h n Bora-Bora Plain P l a sl Samoa Basin Zephyr te Nor th Taveuni Raiatea S ea Reef Basin Rowley So VANUATU Fi j i cie TONGA Îles Chesterfield Shoals ty B a sin Sou Viti Levu le the Coral Sea Islands FI JI Re h r S Lau n Co Exmouth Niue e y Mauke (to Australia) e f l o k Islands Row (to NZ) Plateau Basin New Wallaby Rarotonga Cuvier n Caledonia 7183m Plateau e r Basin (to France) Île Horizon Deep 10,800m Los Ne w br ides T tD Cuvier He s Kermadec Ri utchmPlateau dg e e n S outh Islands Ozbourn Batavia (to NZ) Fi j i Seamount
8
K
West Caroline Basin
Java S ea
Tropic of Capricorn
Sea Level
PALAU
h
i sk
Marcus Island (to Japan)
Ma Challenger Deep Car
nc
Makarov Seamount
Northern Mariana Islands (to US)
Guam (to US)
10,920m
a
Sh
Mariana Islands
West Mariana Basin
Mindanao
Celebes B a sin
Wharton Basin
R i dg
Sea
-K
6650m
9780m
Yap
Tre nch
m
h
Borneo
Sunda Shelf
n
Celeb es S ea
INDIAN O CEAN
B ro k e n
D ai tō Ri dg
10,057m
Davao
Kota Kinabalu
M A L AY S I A
Kuching
e
Su
nc
7
Sulu Basin
Sulu S ea
I N D O N E S I A
Cocos Basin 6
PHILIPPINES
Palawan
BRUNEI Natuna Islands Bintulu
SINGAPORE
ip p in
nd
Equator
es
Su Tr e
P hi l
Klang
a
South China Reed B ank Basin
S ea
Kuantan
ppin
286
BO
y la ula M ai n s Pe n
5
ds an Isl
Hong Kong Hai Phong Gulf n Strait Luzo of Hainan Dao Luzon Tonkin e Ce nt ral Bas sfi in T Đa Năng cle k ro u a c B an Benham gh Manila M Seamount
CAM Hô Chi Minh Kâmpóng Saôm s th on S outh Gulf of u o k Thailand M e Me China th
Nicobar Islands
ky u Ryu
Phili
ong
Bangkok
Andaman Sea
t
(to
Philippine
Me k
Andaman Islands Andaman Basin
E a st China S ea
e Ry DaitōJilong 7460m Oki-Dai jima tō R TAIWAN id Gaoxiong
Guangzhou
r
LAOS
THAILAND
Kyushu
ge
ive
r
kR
ve
4
ac
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Bl
MYANMAR (BURMA)
Shikoku
Shanghai
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Fuzhou
Red
S ea
ku Shiko
ra aput Brahm
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ns HoTōkyō
ril
ka
Nor thwest Pacific Basin
JAPAN
SOUTH KOREA Busan Nagoya Yellow Mokpo Ōsaka
Lianyungang
n Ya
Japan Basin
hu
r i ve wR l lo Ye Qingdao
Ku
at
e Tr
Patton Seamount
Unalaska Island Umnak Island
A l e u t i a n Tr e n c h
r rT ro
Sea of
NORTH Wônsan Japan KOREA (East Sea)
Dalian
Tropic of Cancer
Hokkaido
Vladivostok
h mc
n
Kodiak Island
s land
Is A l e u t i a n 7314m
Amchitka Island
Bristol Bay
20m Pribilof Islands Unimak Island
pe Em
A S I A C H I N A
a Is l r il Ku9783m
Kuril Basin
7864m
eror Seamounts
MONGOLIA
6102m
B ow e r s Attu Island
Emp
Am
Komandorskiye Ostrova
PetropavlovskKamchatskiy
Lake Baikal
Aleutian Basin
Yukon Rive r
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (ALASKA)
Saint Lawrence Island e a Nunivak Island
R i dg e
S ea of Okhotsk
Bering S
ka at l a ch n su i
Tinro Basin
K Pe a m n
R U S S I A N F E D E R AT I O N
3
Gulf of Anadyr
Anadyr
1
2
Bering Strait
Arctic Circle
Scott Island (to NZ)
D
E
F
G
PANAMA
os
C
Coló n Ridge
ate
u
rm
Be
r Ant les il
Venezuelan Basin
Lesser A o Or ino c
Panama B a sin
COLOMBIA
Esmeraldas Isla San Cristóbal C a r n e g i e R i dg e ECUADOR (to Ecuador) Guayaquil ge Rid a jalv Gri Paita
ctu
re
H
Zo
e
Ga
N
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E
h ug
636m
nde
Ur
ug
T
Pa r
an
a
I N
A
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Rio Grande Ri se
R
G
8
A
Arge nt ine B a sin
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Tropic of Capricorn
n
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7
p
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L
ru
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Antofagasta
Valparaiso
I
Frac t ure Zo ne
o
Chile Ri se
one cture Z fo Fra Gua
Zapiola Gulf of San Jorge
Falkland Islands
re Zone
Mor ning ton Ab yss al Plain 6034m
re Zon e
Bellingshausen Sea Peter I Island (to Norway)
J
Punta Arenas
Burdwood Bank Cape Horn
Yag han age B a sin s s a ke P d Trough Dra tlan She uth So
De Gerlache Seamounts
Marie Byrd Seamount
(to UK)
ren ch
B el lingshau s e n Plain
ne
I
Pe
Isla Isla Alejandro Róbinson Selkirk Crusoe S el k ir Talcahuano k
Ilha da Trindade
g
t Pa cific
lenger
1426m
Southeast Pacific Basin Amundsen Plain
(to Chile)
A
e d g R i
Fra
in
Hotspur Seamount
PAR AGUAY
K
a nsul eni cP i t c ar nt
South Shetland Islands
Ar g e Fa l k
Ridg
e
nt i n e P l ain
lan d E s
Falkland Plateau
9
c ar pm e nt Maurice Ewing Bank
t Scotia Ridge We s
Is l a s O rc a Ri s e d a s 8325m
South Georgia
Scot ia Sea
an South S dwic
East Scotia Basin
5576m
7152m
h Trench
tsev
Islas Juan Fernández
le T Chi
Udin
nin F rac t u
ard F rac tu
dg Ri
Chile B a sin
se
Me n
Elta
Chal
8069m
Ri
Southwest Pacific Basin
Pla
a Na
(to Chile)
e Zone
Ri se
rac tur ssiz F
SOUTH B OLIVIA
Islas de los Desventurados (to Chile) Isla Isla San Ambrosio San Félix
Sala y Gomez
Rog ge vee n B a sin Ag a
Equator
ra
zc
Yup anqui B a sin
y Gome z Ri dge Easter Island S a l a Zone (to Chile) Frac t ure r Easte
(to UK)
a l Rapa es
az on
AMERICA
H
Henderson Island Ducie Island Pitcairn Island Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie & Oeno Islands
Pe r u B a sin
Zone Mendaña Fracture
Pa ta
tr
c
e
287
Callao
C
us
A
Fra ral ust
Zon ture
Eas
A
a
Rid ge
Îles Gambier
President Thiers Seamount
Ga
i
Tiki B a sin
(to France)
one Fracture Z
5
B R A Z I L
ch
otu
French Polynesia
Tuamotu
Am
en
s
Rangiroa Tua mo tu Isl Hao and s Tahiti Tu Islan am ds
Ve m a F r ac t ure Z one
D e me rara Plain
Cea
PERU
Tr
e
ne ure Zo
lá Ri p ago s se
act a s Fr
le
M
es arqu
e Zone
6
hi
n
5852m
E a s t Pa c i fic Ri s e
Nuku Hiva
y
B aue r B a sin
cuda F rac tur
Tumaco
–C
Marquesas Islands Hiva Oa
B ar ra
GUYANA
Per u
l
4
Doldr um s Frac t ure Zone FRENCH Ce GUIANA a ra (to France) Ri d Amazon ge SURINAME Fan
VENEZUELA
Buenaventura
oc
3
Tropic of Cancer
t ure Z one
O C E A N
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO Demerara Plateau
Isla Isabela Galápagos Islands
Gallego Ri se
2
co
e
Rid
g
3806m
4567m
East Thulean Rise
i d g e
as P lain
Gre
e Fr ac
I n d
i Puerto Rico Trench e s Lee wa r
Gulf of Honduras Gulf of Darien COSTA RICA Panama Canal Panama City Caldera
Rise
Zone
sa Pas ard Windw
GUATEMALA Caribbean HONDURAS Puerto San José Sea EL SALVADOR 6662m Acajutla Colombian NICARAGUA Corinto B a sin
Gu ate m ala B a sin
o Tr
cis
a Tr ench
W e s t ge
rench an T ym Ca BELIZE
Kan
Nares Plain
ds slan dI
er ic
c acifi East P
Clipperton Island (to France)
Seamounts
t ure
Mathematicians
c s Fra p ago
Zone
Am
al l
A T L A N T I C
S arga ss o S ea
THE BAHAMAS
its o
Plain
nt
a
ure Fract
dle
1
ge
k Roc
West Thulean Rise
Seamount
na
ni
Alphecca Seamount
id
St ra
CUB A
Mexico B a sin
Ri d
WORLD OCEANS
d
or
MEXICO M
a rid Flo f est Shel
ra n
lif
Gala
oG
Ca
en Tr os dr
C
Gulf of Mexico
Puerto Vallarta
O C E A N
rton lippe
e
ch
W
ana ouisi -L elf h
Ri
of
ne re Zo ractu
Zone
a am
lf
nt
Guadalupe (to Mexico)
ture
Blake-Bah Ridg e Blake Plateau
Gu
me
Texa s S
Es
rp
fF lor ida
n ca
Mo Mo u no n l e s s t ai n s
on
s nt
t to
Mi s s i s s i p p i
Pa
Long Beach
Channel Islands
Fisberling Seamount
one
y nel n
R
do Colora
Frac rion
o
Hat te r
San Francisco
Revillagigedo Islands (to Mexico)
Cla
Lake Erie
U N I T E D S T AT E S OF AMERICA
Ce
M
aw
3300m
Gulf of St L aw 13m Flemish ren Cap ce Grand Banks Milne ia Kin of Newfoundland Newfoundland Seamounts c ot S Trou gs Seamounts va gh New o N fou ndl 69m Newfoundland Georges an d Bank Basin 6492m Ri dg e New Eng lan Azores Corner dS (to Portugal) Seamounts ea Ocea m n 5464m o g raph ou e r Fra c t ure At l a Zone e n s tis F Bermuda i R rac t (to UK) a S ohm u re Z d Nashville one
ce en
Lake Ontario
Lake Michigan
ure Zone
5561m
ai F olok
L St
N O RT H A M E R I C A
Fracture Zone
Z
Lake Huron
r
Great L akes
Columbia
Gord Ridge a s
Frac t ure Zone
ure
d
Ei
Newfoundland
Lake Superior
Seattle
Cascadia Basin
Tuf ts Plain
ser
Vancouver
Vancouver Island
ract eer F
a
C A N A D A
Queen Charlotte Islands
Iceland Iceland Basin
R N Mi or th d - O we Edoras cea st A Bank Hamilton n C tla n an t i C h a r l i e Bank Gi b b s Fra c t ure Z on yo c e n
Fra
Gilbert S eam oun ts
br
L abrador B a sin
r
Welker Seamount
t Frac
La
Pratt Seamount
Ala sk a Plain
Pion
Ungava Bay
Reykjanes Basin
Mag d al e
Gulf of Ala sk a
L abrador S ea
Huds on Strait
Hud son B ay
Great Slave Lake
Arctic Circle
Norwegian Basin
ICELAND
Rio G ra
Anchorage
(to Denmark)
e
Foxe C hann el
Green land
N
k ar m it e n St ra
Ro B a ck a l nk l
v is Da rait St
Foxe B a sin
Great Bear Lake
M
t
L
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Scale 1:62,500,000
Sea Level e a Ridg -Antarctic America
South Orkney Islands
10
SOUTHERN OCEAN
Antarctic Circle
Weddell Plain L
-820ft
M
N
-6562ft
-13,124ft
7
6
5
4
3
W
ESTONIA
BELARUS
SLOVAKIA
M
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
CHAD
Tropic of Cancer
DEMOCRATIC
Lake Albert
Sudd
S OUTH SUDAN
3039m
Djibouti
Massawa
No
Sh
eb
a
er
Kuwait
si a
KUWAIT
TUR K
ak art
a R idge
T
ch ren
1128m
Şalálah
M
C
Andrew Tablemount
Error Tablemount
a-F Alul Socotra Raas (to Yemen) Caseyr
Somali
Mogadishu
Gu lf O m a of n
U.A.E. Míná’ Qábús
O
-d co Co Se
ME
C
ar
ls
KI
A
BE
y ra
Ri
e
Ind u
PA
HA
D
s
be
rg
Ri
dg
e
N
Sagar Kanya Seamount
Taz
F
G
Ga nge s
NE
H
Kav
MALDIVES
4846m
Gulf of Mannar Colombo
er i
Penne
ishna Kr ru Chennai (Madras) Mangalore
Mumbai (Bombay)
t
SRI LANKA
Sri Lanka
3462m
B ay of B e ngal Trincomalee
as
(to India)
Tr
e
ac
kR
d
Ri v
ive r
LAOS
Bl
N
S
f
so uth on Mo Mek the
South China Basin
Parcel Islands Macclesfield Bank
SINGAPORE
5277m
r ve Ri
e
w
Yangtz
o el l
Le na
Natuna Islands
P
BRUNEI
Borneo
Sea of
Arctic Circle
NORTH Japan KOREA (East Sea)
J
SOUTH
yu
rait
an
B e nham Plateau
10,057m
Celebes Sea Celebes Basin
Basin
Philippine
6326m
P H I L I P P I N ES
Sulu Sea
Is l
Ri e yu R y u k u Tr Tropic y k of Cancer Ry u
Ry u k
East China Sea
JAPAN Great Ya n g t z e B a n k
TAIWAN
it
Yellow KOREA Sea
Lu z o n S t
Taiwan Banks
L apte v S ea
South China Sea
Lexington Seamount
n Kerule
I
Y
M A L A Y S I A
Klang
Royalist Bank
Gulf of Thailand
ala cca
A
CAMBODIA
THAILAND
M of ait r t S Bedawan
(to India)
Nicobar Islands
Andaman Basin
Andaman Sea
Yangon (Rangoon) Mou the I ths of rraw addy
Andaman Islands
2429m
I
(BURMA) Chittagong the
G a n g e s Fa n
f Mouths os G ang e
Visákhapatnam
n a di ha Ma
Dhaka
Lake Baikal
MO N G O LI A
MYANMAR
ra aput Brahm
BHUTAN
H
BANGLADESH
L
Kolkata (Calcutta)
PA
C
A S I A
Lake Zaysan
I ND IA a Narmad
N
Kochi/Cochin Tuticorin
(to India)
Laccadive Islands
Panikkar Seamount
20m
ne Zo re u t c ra sF bi s a ah M
4481m
Sea
Arabian Ba sin
T
Bhávnagar
Karáchi
IS
TA
N
Lake Balkhash
KYRGYZSTAN
TAJIKISTA
A ST
K
NI
Arabian
dg
Syr
AN
G AF
AN
3427m
ur
Oman Basin
ST
Gwádar
NIS T
UZ
Aral Sea
Pur
F E D E R A T I O N
KAZAKHSTAN
Bandar-e ‘Abbás
IRAN
eb Sh
’ Ob
Kara Sea
E
R U S S I A N
nG Ad Dammám ulf Dubai BAHRAIN Doha QATAR Abu Dhabi
t Wes Berbera
SO
lg Vo
na
D
nc
Juba
Kismaayo
KENYA
Lake Turkana
ETHIOPIA
vi
AZERBAIJAN
YEMEN
Hodeida
rt
Barents Sea
Aden Lake en f Ad Tana DJIBOUTI lf o G u Sheba Ridge
ERITREA
AFRICA
le e Ni
Equator
Port Sudan
Jedda
Yanbu‘ al Baír
Eu phr ates
IRAQ
igr is
ARMENIA
GEORGIA
SAU D I ARA B IA
SYRIA
TURKEY
Nile Fan ISRAEL Dead Sea Nile Delta Suez JORDAN Canal Suez Sinai
EGYPT
SUDAN
er
C
Sun
Co ngo
a ng i
Cyprus
ie p
B l ac k S ea
Dn
ed i t e Crete r r a n e a n S eLEBANON a
LIBYA
Ub
Aegean Sea
Ionian Sea G R E E C E
ALBANIA
MACEDONIA
MONTENEGRO KOS. BULGARIA
SLOVENIA ROMANIA CROATIA e BOZ. & SERBIA D a nu b HERZ
MOLDOVA
UKRAINE
EUROPE
POLAND
RUSS. FED.
c LATVIAWeste rn ti Dv l in a LITHUANIA Ba
S
HUNGARY
AUSTRIA
CZECH REPUBLIC
GERMANY
DENMARK
e Nile
W hi t
2
N
O
s
Arctic Circle
Se a
i a a v Y i n N E A d n D W a E R S c F
IN
Jorda
n
Bo spo ru
D
LA N
1
e li
M
A
LI
st
Ea
A
u
In d
B
h a in Rid ge
M
ati rm
ds
Pech ora
N Fra ctur e Zon e
Ow en
am eou Mer n ts
lC o nde Corom a
Irrawaddy
S ab a
L accadive Plateau
Salween
ra St an
Tai w
Ko
it
ra
St
A
R i d g e
Blu
ast
A
I s t h m u s o f Kr a
Gu Ton lf o kin
TNAM VIE
Nile
a
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f
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an sF Flat
h
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ab Mal
al a w an Tr ou g
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ait
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ma n Yo aka
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ine
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pa
-4000m
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ya
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-250m Vo
ya ( to
Sea Level r
ar
dg nc e h
-2000m he
nD Re
Ph
p lip
Sea
288 n re a u Ko a t e a Pl Equator
cca
WORLD OCEANS
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Indian Ocean
M
u
h
da
i
nge Riv
e
Tugela
ian R idge
Ag ulha s B a sin
5819m
Ag ulha s Plateau
Africana Seamount
At l
Transkei Basin
East London
a Dr
Durban
B Quelimane
Beira
69m
Nacala Lúrio
COMOROS
Cabo a Delgado Ruvum
Mafia
an
tic
Île Europa
n –I
di
an
s Ba
Antarctic Circle
A
B
t es
Walters Shoal
Réunion (to France)
ia
Lena Tablemount
4936m
D
5386m
B a sin
Crozet
R
ge d i
7023m
Crozet Plateau Crozet Islands
d
n
Enderby Plain
Ob’ Tablemount
C
3658m
Diego Garcia
2078m
e
one re Z u t c Fra ria Ege
(to UK)
5614m
Osborn Plateau
Basin
Mid-Indian
British Indian Ocean Territory
Chagos Archipelago
Ceylon Plain
N i n e t y e a s t
E
4684m
Ke rg
dz
Bay
re S
la
eam
184m
P
(to Australia)
Amsterdam Island St Paul Island
Heard & McDonald Islands
n
nza
le
Ba
ue
Kerguelen
(to France)
French Southern & Antarctic Lands
m da ter s Am
Zo re u t ac Fr
F
o u nt s
4023m
(to Australia)
ke
Ob’ Trench
n R idge
e in
esz
Sea
Gascoyne Plain
ts
Roo Rise
moun
(to Australia)
7125m
Ja va Ridg en e ch
Wharton Basin 5678m
gM
Dia
Batavia Seamount
Gulden Draak Seamount
Tr
Christmas Island
a
ma
na F
4980m
nt i
Geraldton
ra c t ure Z o n e
South Indian Basin
5386m
G
H
I
J
Antarctic Circle
South Australian Basin
5852m
Great Australian Bight
AU S T R A L I A
Fremantle Naturaliste Bunbury Plateau Albany Naturaliste Fra cture Z one
Pe r th Basin
ugh
Timor S ea
Tro
Wyndham
elf Sh
or
Tropic of Capricorn
Broome
helf ey S Rowl Port Hedland
Ro w l e y Shoals
(to Australia)
Ashmore & Cartier Islands
m Ti
EAST TIMOR
Banda Sea
ul ah
Timor Savu
Sumbawa
Lombok Basin Pulau Sumba
Bali
Nor th Au s t r a l i a n Basin
m Ex lat P
Java
Wallaby Cuvier Lo Plateau Basin st Du Cuvier tch m Plateau en Ri dg e
in
Jav
Java Sea
Celebes
I N D O N E S I A
Shelf
Sunda
So ut he as t I ndi an R idge
Bro
Ve n
5759m
sar
kas
SOUTHERN O CEAN
4285m
4464m
Cocos Islands
Cocos Basin
INDIAN O CEAN
Mascarene MAURITIUS Rodrigues Islands (to Mauritius)
Madagascar Basin
In
4976m
Toamasina
1984m
Del Cano Rise
w
ch
Fred Seamount
ne Zo e r tu Saya de Farquhar Agalega rac Malha Bank Group aF Islands m e ne V Zo Mascarene re u t Basin ac Nazareth Fr ne Bardin o Zo g Bank Seamount Ar ure t c ra eF Mascarene Cargados Carajos lest e C Bank rie Plain Ma
Madagascar Plateau
th
(to South Africa)
Prince Edward Islands
u So
Natal Basin
Jaguar Seamount
Bassas da India
Mahajanga
Comoro Basin
(to France)
Mayotte
Comoros
Giraud Seamount
Aldabra Group
SEYCHELLES
Basin
SOUTHERN O CEAN
At l ant i c – In d
Protea Seamount
Cape Port Elizabeth Town Mosselbaai Cape of Good Cape Agulhas Hope Agulhas Bank
Maputo
SWAZILAND
LESOTHO
SOUTH AFRICA
Ora
Tropic of Capricorn
Lim p
ZIMBABWE
BOTSWANA
MALAWI
Lake Nyasa
Za m Lake Cabora bezi Bassa
ZAMBIA
Lake Mweru
Lake Rukwa
Dar es Salaam
Zanzibar
Pemba
Mombasa
k lar one Sea ure Z ct Fra
au
14
zi
Tanga
TANZANIA
Lake Tanganyika
M Mahé adi
Amirante Seychelles Islands Bank Amirante
Basin
te
13
12
11
10
9
8
OF CONGO
BURUNDI
4886m
CAR
Lake Kivu RWANDA Lake Victoria
UE
IQ
Ch agos– Tre n c h Ch ago s
REPUBLIC
g
ber
ns
ke
AM
MOZ
tal V
Ch a nn el
Moz a m biq ue
alley M o zam bique Plateau que Es car pme nt
Na
r
ambi
o
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
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ne
au
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at Scale 1:32,000,000 &'%%@b &'%%B^aZh
289
Sea Level
-820ft
-6562ft
-13,124ft
7
6
5
4
3
A
N
d
e lv i l l e St rai t
A
D
an
L a k e Sup e r i or
Florida Plain
Bay of Campeche
Savannah
W
Jacksonville
EL SALVADOR
Coló n Ridge
Co
c
e
e s s ag
Is
COLOMBIA
Tumaco
Buenaventura
69m
Halifax
Ri
se
5464m
Or inoc
o
La Guaira
d
Great Hellefiske B ank
218m
Hamilton Bank
L abrador B a sin
L abrador S ea
aw r
ea m o
6492m
e
Nashville Seamount
Flemish Cap
5356m
Rise
su
ak
Plain
At l
e Fra c tur
ant
i
e Zone
c
is F ra
dem
y Re
ch kj
an
an
l ne es
Georgetown
D e me rara Plateau
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
SURINAME
(to France)
FRENCH GUIANA
Cayenne
Paramaribo
Am F
Frac t ur
c ea
ha
n
R
Banary Basin
Ce
a ra
Ri d
ge
Zon
Knipovich Seamount
Gambia Plain
CAPE VERDE
(to Brazil)
e
a
is
in
ca
up
y
e
Ri
Pl
4139m
B s-
ai Bi s
A Ca ga d ny i r on
(occupied by Morocco)
4700m
Bay of
Nantes
M
Safi
Strait of Gibraltar
O
e ga
Dakar
SENEGAL
Sen
Sierra Leone Basin e Zone
LI BE R
SIERRA LEONE Monrovia
Freetown
GUIN E A
Bissau
Conakry
GUINEABISSAU
l
Nouakchott
n
Rh i
GERMANY
Sardinia
Corsica
SWITZ.
ula
T
A
ROMANIA CROATIA Da nu BOS. be & HERZ. SERBIA
TUNISIA
n
Gulf of Guinea
Lomé
Niger Fan
Douala Malabo
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
Lagos Porto-Novo Port Harcourt Sekondi-Takoradi
N I GE R I A
NIGER
S e a
5095m
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
CHAD
Tropic of Cancer
LIBYA
e a
G REEC E
ALBANIA
AFRICA BUR K INA F AS O
UKRAINE
BELARUS
KOS. L Y MONTENEGROMACE.DONIA
SLOVENIA
AUSTRIA HUNGARY
SLOVAKIA
S a h a r a
ALGERIA
LATVIA LITHUANIA
POLAND
Vi s t
Arctic Circle
ESTONIA
RUSS. FED.
CZECH REPUBLIC
O der
Ba
e d i t e r r a Sicily M 1705m n
Bordeaux
F R ANC E
IVORY COAST GHANA IA Abidjan
d
in
102m
J
Barents Sea
ia v a
rough ents T Bar
EUROPE
BELGIUM
Elb e
DENMARK
NETH. Rotterdam
MALI
Casablanca
Gibraltar
SPAIN
MAURITANIA
Nouâdhibou
GAMBIA Banjul
Cape Verde Terrace
Plain
L o i re
Milford Haven Cork Celt ic Southampton
cay
Vor ing Plateau
North Sea
UNITED Belfast Ireland KINGDOM Britain IRELAND
Shelf
Svalbard
I
(to Norway)
rge
2580m
sbe
Great Fisher Bank
Faroe Islands (to Denmark) d lan het e-S ough o Shetland r r Fa T Islands
Nor weg ian B a sin
Lisbon Tag u s Plain
(to Portugal)
e ho s e s u nt o
Madeira
Dacia Seamount
ge
Spit
Nor weg ian Sea
s Ri d
5601m
Charcot Biscay Seamounts Gijón Galicia Bilbao Bank Ib e Pl r ia Leixões ai n n
Goban Spur
5536m
n
n Moh J F ra a n M c t u ay re e n Zo ne
Rockall
Canary Islands (to Spain) Sa S e a h a ra n m ou nts 254m Western Sahara
4645m
(to Norway)
Fa r o e Ri d- Ice l a g e nd
H
Gree nland Plain
Jan Mayen
ro ll T ka Roc Porcupine Bank
ll B
ge
rac tur S a i n t Pa u l F
Fo ur No r t h Fra c t ure Z o n e
O C E A N
Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rock
e
Made ira Plain
Cape Verde Plain
Cape Verde Basin
D oldr um s Fra c t ure Zon e
gh
6324m
Ri d
ka Roc
on
Iceland B a sin
re s F r a c t u r e Z o n e
Cruiser Tablemount
Zone
Great Meteor Tablemount
ture
e
Iceland Plateau
dg
Greenland Sea
Reykjavík
l ne
(to Portugal)
Azores
t ure
G
ICELAND
rait
Kings Tro u
E a st A z o
es A z or e au P l at
Fra c
691m
ractu re Zo ne Fractur e Zone
ato v
Olympus Knoll
r Fra c
e Zone
aphe
c tur
Zone
e Zone
3780m
Ve m a Frac t ure
acuda
D e me rara Plain
Bar r
57m
S ry
ge
u
id
Ma
R
Maxwe ll
ik K urc h
ure Zo ne
nogr
Frac t
Ocea
Pico
Aka
Milne Seamounts
4579m
Newfoundland Seamounts 3883m
13m
S ohm
Kan
Im
s ar
a Se
Reykjanes Basin
G
St an d - Ic e l ark and s e m l n n Ri re e De
A T L A N T I C BARBADOS
GUYANA
ik
g Ri d
fou ndl Newfoundland and Ridg e Basin
Corner Seamounts
Ne w
Ei r
Nuuk
(to Denmark)
Greenland
O C E A N
F
N Edoras Mi or thw Bank d- O es C h a r l i e G i b bs F r a c t u r e Z o n cea t A e n C t l an Hecate an t i c Seamount East Thulean yo West Thulean Farad n Rise ay F
Grand Banks of Newfoundland
(to France)
St Pierre & Miquelon
Newfoundland
or
E
A R C T I C
Sargasso Sea
New Eng lan dS
V E N EZ U E LA
Maracaibo
Lesser
Los Roques Basin
St L
a coti
Gulf of
a S ov
B af fi n B a sin
Cu mb erl an dS
nd
Nares Plain
Researcher Seamount
Ve nez uelan B a sin
4557m
la
Ungava B ay
da
N
I n d i e s
8962m
5508m
Bermuda (to UK)
Georges Bank
er An illes t
an Sea
Colombian B a sin Barranquilla Gulf of Darien Cartagena Panama City
be
Panama Canal Panama Basin
Acajutla Corinto Bluefields Midd le A me NICARAGUA Gulf of ric aT COSTA Honduras re RICA Cristóbal Limón Caldera PANA MA
Guate mala B a sin
6662m
Nicaraguan Puerto Cortés HONDURAS Rise Puerto San José
Cari b
CUBA
W e s t
Bahama THE f G rea BAHAMAS Basin St raits o tB Ba aha nk ma
Blake Basin
lake-B Blake B Ridg ah e Plateau
Baltimore
New York
Boston
nce wre Montréal La
Is
land
D
B af fi n B ay
e re
Hu d so n Str ait
in
El
m les
Yucatan Pa Puerto Rico Trench Basin ench ard an Tr Windw HAITI DOMINICAN m y Lee a Belize City C Gr wa REPUBLIC JAMAICA ea Muertos Trough Jamaica t
GUATEMALA BELIZE
M EXI CO
Veracruz
Tampico
Mexico Basin
Yu Bank C h c a an eche mp a C
Gulf of Mexico
Central Slope
si Texas-Louisiana issis n M Fa Shelf
Tropic of Cancer
Corpus Christi
Mobile New Orleans
Lake St Ontario
Lake Erie
Lake Huron
Great L akes
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Houston
A
Hud son B ay
Baff
Foxe B a sin
C
Fox e Ch annel
Queen Elizabeth Isl an d s
N O RT H A M E R I C A
C
i
ipp
Mi s s i s s
2
c o unt M
Vi c t o r i a Is lan
Vi s
se ks Ri
ig
ch
Mi
Arctic Circle
Ban
pp i
os
IN BEN TOGO
Rid
g
h nc
al e n a
lles
1
n ta n e l
nti
3674m
Fl
in
Pla
tera s
Hat
u
rm Be
L ake
elf a Sh
r
Mag d
d - A t M i l a
B
a
or id
rid Flo est
ds Islan rd
A
t
n
d
i
Ri
sey
A
a am
ge
S
ts un
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ie r ra Ri L e o se ne
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Ko
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se
H S e or s am
lbe in
Ma d R i d e i ra ge
PORTUGAL
b ce en
O
La ra R
nd ou
O
t ai Str rc
C
v is Da Po
ne
I
C
NO S RWA ca Y n SW E D EN
-4000m Ri d g e
Sea
-2000m ye n
ic
-250m Ma
lt
Sea Level Jan
ND CAMEROON
290
FI A NL
CONGO
WORLD OCEANS
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Atlantic Ocean
on az n a
Zon
e
e Zon e
Islas Juan Fernández (to Chile) Isla Alejandro Selkirk S el k ir
A
Sea
B
en
ch
Peter I Island (to Norway)
S an
Bellingshausen Plain
C
e
Maurice Ewing Bank
Ridg
Scotia Sea
e nt
e P l ai n
s car pm
e nt in
Falkland Plateau
l an d E
Ar g
Zapiola
Arge nt ine B a sin
S antos Plateau 636m
3667m
S ou
th G Ri e s
Rio Grande Ri se
Ilha da Trindade
sO
rc
1748m
Is l a
Zapiola Seamount
D Sh th ou
D
en
u in s
E
We d d e l l Sea
O CEAN
Scotia Ridge 5576m South ney South Orkney rk ep Islands De
Ronne Ice Shelf
la
Islands
ag e Pass nd Trough e k South Shetland ra etla
P rotec tor B a sin
ad
F
(to UK)
1739m
(to UK)
e e Zon rac tur
Tristan da Cunha
F Rio Gran de
na S ai nt He l e
one ure Z Frac t
Bonaparte Seamount
e e Zon
Ascension Island
on F
ur Frac t B o d e Ve r d e
South Sandwich
7152m
Weddell Plain
Basin
5706m
Ascensi
ne re Zo rac t u
G
Fracture Zone
Maud Ri se
Lazarev Sea
H
a
dg
e
Zubov Seamount
Vema Seamount
Namibia Plain
ts
NAMIBIA
Namibe
Lüderitz
Seamount
s
id d R
ge
Rii se r- L ars e n S ea
I
A N TA RC T I C A
A
i tr
J
Antarctic Circle
dian
Cape of Good Hope Ag ulha s Plateau Protea
Cape Town
AFRICA
SOUTH
O ra n g e
Tropic of Capricorn
At l a nt i c - In Ridge
(to Norway)
se
Bouvet Island
i eR
Lobito
Luanda
Equator
DEM. REP.
AN G OLA
Atlant ic -Indian B a sin
un
Me Ri teo se
Cap
Schmidt-Ott Seamount
ANGOLA (Cabinda)
Matadi
Walvis Bay
Cape Ba sin 5115m
mo
5042m
Angola B a sin
Pointe-Noire
GABON
Port-Gentil
O
SOUTHERN O CEAN
tic
Ri
Sea D av is
6039m
Dampier Seamount
Seamounts
TOME & Guinea SAOPRINCIPE B a sin Pierre Brazza
Discovery Tablemount
Gough Island
(to UK)
Saint Helena
America-Antarc
Zone c t ure a r F a h Tr i s t a n d e C u n re Zone Frac tu Gough
Brazil B a sin
Ilhas Martin Vaz
ge
6308m
Pe r nambuco B a sin
South Georgia R idge Ridge cotia Burdwood st S S o ut h S a n d 8325m e racture Zone F e h c l e u h e T W wi South Georgia & the Bank E c Fracntdurance Cape Horn South Sandwich Islands ure Z QuestF one (to UK) ractu Yag han re Zon East Scotia e
Fa l k
at a
Montevideo a Pl
B a sin
(to UK)
as
de l
Falkland Islands
Mar i
Patagonian Shelf Punta Arenas Tierra de Fuego
Tr
f of
Gulf of San Jorge
Gul
Bahía Blanca
Buenos Aires
Ri o
URUGUAY
y
Paranaguá
Santos
Rio de Janeiro
Vitória
Ri d
Hotspur Seamount
ra z
a
A N TA R C T I C A
sen
le
PARAGUAY
SOUTHERN
hi
Talcahuano
B el ling sh au s e n S ea
De Gerlache Seamounts
6034m
Valparaiso
C
Amun d
Zone
Antofagasta
BOLIVIA
Fe r
Stocks Seamount
Pernambuco Seamounts
(to Brazil)
Parnaiba Fernando do Ridge Noronha
Recife
in
h
Antarctic Circle
re actu fo Fr Gua
se
e Mocha Frac ture Zon
Ri
8069m
Isla Róbinson Crusoe
Mor ning ton Ab yssal Plain
Chile
r
Pla
e Z o n e 7728m Rom an c h e Fra c t ur ne re Zo Chain Frac tu
nc Tre
S outhea st Pac if ic B a sin
ure
rd Fr ac tur
Frac t ure Zo ne
in Fr act
Me n a
lenger
T
Chile Basin
e
ra
h
Eltan
Chal
O CEAN
Rog ge vee n B a sin
PAC I F IC
Easter
Tropic of Capricorn
l
AMERICA
SOUTH
Cea
gi or e
se
14
Peru Basin
Callao
az on
B R A Z I L
Am
Belém Ridge
Ri
13
Paita
Islas de los Desventurados (to Chile) Isla y Gome z Ri dge Sala Isla San Ambrosio e n Zo San Félix Frac t ure
Yup anqui B a sin
Ga Zone acture Mendaña Fr
G
a
ise
12
11
10
9
5,852m
B aue r B a sin
lá Ri p ago s se
8
lv r i ja
z
Na
e
dg
Ri
ge Ri d
P a t a A R G g o E N n T I N i a A
t in s To c a n
Esmeraldas Isla San Cristóbal Isla Isabela C a r n e g i e R i dg e ECUADOR Galápagos Islands Guayaquil (to Ecuador)
Pa r a n a
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Equator
Tr e n c h
P e r u – C h i l e
E
L
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r
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14
13
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Scale 1:34,400,000 &'%%@b &'%%B^aZh
291
Sea Level
-820ft
-6562ft
-13,124ft
Antarctica A
B
C
D
pa ck ice
South Orkney Laurie Island Orcadas (Argentina) Islands Coronation Island
STANLEY
Signy (UK)
East Falkland
Se Clarence Island
ait B ran s fi e l d St r
age
e P ass
ak
Dr
Anvers Island
We d d e l l
Jason Peninsula
g Haa taks a Nun rd Rutfo
o u nt E l l s wor th M
Canisteo Peninsula
We s t M
a st
Burke Island
Bear Peninsula
By
Carney Island
Mount Sidley 4181m
G
Siple Island
Dean Island
A
er
as
o
Li
E
pa
ck i
s rk Bu
ders un st Sa Coa
t
Ruppe rt Co ast Newman Island
ce
N
Argentinian claim
sC
pe Ca
um m
Rockefeller Plateau
bb
O C
TERRITORIAL CLAIMS
ive cut ittee Exem m Co ange R
Grant Island
m it of s
rd Lan d
Ho
t a s lf Co She t i s Ic e ku etz
Wright Island
Sea
Mount Siple 3100m
Brazilian zone of interest
8
ie
Ba
Amundsen
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Antarctica ar
Martin Peninsula
7
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Whitmore Mountains Mount Seelig 3022m
een Co
King Peninsula
a
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Cape Flying Fish
m ea St r Ice Vinson Massif 4897m in s
Pin Glae Isla cie nd r
Anta rctic Circl e
S Ca te p
Coast
ge er mb st Zu Coa
Sherman Island
Noville Peninsula
Henry Ice Rise
Korff Ice Rise
Ell swor th L and
t
helf Abbot Ice S
i ce
Thurston Island
Eig ht s Coas
Dendtler Island Farwell Island Dustin Island
r v ille
S ea
Ronne Ice Shelf
tO
B el ling sh au s e n
Sky-Blu (UK)
Case Island
Rydberg Peninsula
Limit of mmer pack su
N E R T H S O U
A N O C E
6
Rontran En
Spaatz Island Smyley Island
Peter I Øy (to Norway)
287
Berkner Island
as
ter pack ice Limit of win
292
Filchner Ice Shelf
Co
Latady Island
P A C I F I C
5
Belgrano II (Argentina)
er
Charcot Island
ish Coast
Wilkins Island Ice Shelf
d
Engl
Alexander Rothschild Island
en Beethovla Peninsu
4
B
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British claim Norwegian undefined limit fw to mi Li
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287 A
B
C
D
Halley (UK)
S e a
st
d Churchill Peninsula nd nd Islan ssiz la la n nd Larsen ga st Is g Is a A r a t Ice Shelf ape ea win olleme Isl ryan wles and tosh Biscoe Islands C el e B no Isl ckin D o K er r wman st n a Lavoisier Island tl pe M aco as c t i Coa B l a c k C t Ca Bu ape De Cape Mascart c Pen oa C ape e i n st San Martín C sk Adelaide s u Mount Jackson Rothera (Argentina) Fi Island Fa l l 4190m L a pe (UK) l P a a i è lme a ss C Marguerite C o a s t re s it r George VI So Bay Bluff L a Douglas Range und Fossil n (UK)
Palmer (US) Vernadsky (Ukraine)
ne ce Geo rge VI Ice Shelf
Arenas
d
Puerto Natales
Snowhill Island James Ross Island Robertson Island
a Co Foyn
Cerro Pirámide 3380m
Brabant Island
n
I L E
Península o d de Taitao Golfo e lo de s Ch onos Penas
Isla Wellington
POLAR REGIONS
M
ice ack
Joinville Island Dundee Island
Lan
Porvenir ag Punta e l
El Calafate
S outh Shetland Island s
rp mme Limit of su
General Bernardo O’Higgins (Chile) Esperanza (Argentina) Marambio (Argentina)
Coast
Cabo de Hornos (Cape Horn)
Capitán Arturo Prat (Chile)
Livingston Island
la
l ag
Ushuaia
f
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Strait o
hi
San Valentín 4058m
H
Tierra del Fuego
King George Island
Graham Davis Coast Danco
Río
De
se
Elephant Island
B Co r ya as n t
y
3
Puerto Aisén Cerro Cochrane
Quellón
C
Río Gallegos
Arctowski (to Poland) Artigas (to Uruguay) Bellingshausen (to Russian Federation) Comandante Ferraz (to Brazil) Great Wall (to China) Jubany (to Argentina) King Sejong (to South Korea) Teniente Rodolfo Marsh (to Chile)
Lu i t p C o a s to l d
Cape Meredith
E
ma
Puerto Montt
rc
Comandante Luis Peidra Buena Bahía Grande
Alto Río Senguer Perito Moreno Coihaique
Research stations on King George Island
a
(to UK) Mount Adam 700m
H
Río Li
Cerro Tres Picos 2492m
Isla de Chiloé A
G
in ter
Lim it of w
FALKLAND ISLANDS
West Falkland Golfo San Jorge Maquinchao Puerto Deseado Comodoro Punta Pozos Rivadavia Caleta Olivia Indios de Paso San Carlos Jaramillo o de Bariloche ad Puerto San Julián
Ancud
F
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lo
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117
E
F
G
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Scale 1:18,190,000
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T
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ha
vn
ian
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Cape Batterbee
Napier Nye Mountains Mountains
Dronning Fabiolafjella 2588m
e
Mount Elkins 2300m
Ende rb y L and
Dismal Mountains
Edward VIII Gulf
N E R
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Georg von Neumayer (Germany)
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son Maw
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Hansen Mountains
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Cape Darnley
Mackenzie
Amery Ice Shelf Gillock Island
p Su
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co
and pold ast Leo d Co ng stri Ki en A e Qu
nt a
Scott Glacier
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s i n
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a
Ross Ice Shelf
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inter pack ice
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Cape Cheetham
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o VC
as
Leningradskaya (Russian Federation)
Cape Freshfield Cape Hudson
Ad é
li e
Cape Goodenough
Porpoise Bay
George V
Mount Minto 4163m
nz
Adélie
Mertz Glacier
Cape Adare
Te r r e
d L a n
Coulman Island
st
Ross S ea
t Coa
Drygalski Ice Tongue
Cape Poinsett
Cape Waldron
274
e
Scot
Mount Erebus 3794m
t
Ross Island
Sa
Co k a s es t
McMurdo (US)
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Edward VII Peninsula
d
Casey (Australia)
in
Mount Lister 4026m Scott Base (NZ)
Bu d
6
Bowman Island
Vincennes Bay
L a n d
293
Mill Island
Kn
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Mount McClintock 3492m
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POLAR REGIONS
Larsnsen ste Chri oast C
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Mount Menzies 3355m
Land
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Geographical comparisons Largest countries countries Russian Federation
Least populous countries 6,592,735 sq miles
(17,075,200 sq km)
Vatican City
3,855,171 sq miles
(9,984,670 sq km)
Nauru
9488
USA
3,794,100 sq miles
(9,826,675 sq km)
Tuvalu
10,782
China
3,705,386 sq miles
(9,596,960 sq km)
Palau
21,186
Brazil
3,286,470 sq miles
(8,511,965 sq km)
San Marino
32,742
Australia
2,967,893 sq miles
(7,686,850 sq km)
Monaco
36,950
India
1,269,339 sq miles
(3,287,590 sq km)
Liechtenstein
Argentina
1,068,296 sq miles
(2,766,890 sq km)
St Kitts & Nevis
51,538
1,049,150 sq miles
(2,717,300 sq km)
Marshall Islands
70,983
919,590 sq miles
(2,381,740 sq km)
Dominica
73,449
Andorra
85,458
Antigua & Barbuda
91,295
Canada
Kazakhstan Algeria
842
37,313
GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISONS
Smallest countries
296
Vatican City
0.17 sq miles
(0.44 sq km)
Monaco
0.75 sq miles
(1.95 sq km)
8.2 sq miles
(21.2 sq km)
Nauru
Most densely populated countries
Tuvalu
10 sq miles
(26 sq km)
Monaco
49,267 people per sq mile
San Marino
24 sq miles
(61 sq km)
Singapore
23,305 people per sq mile
(9016 per sq km)
Liechtenstein
62 sq miles
(160 sq km)
Vatican City
4953 people per sq mile
(1914 per sq km)
Marshall Islands
70 sq miles
(181 sq km)
Bahrain
4762 people per sq mile
(1841 per sq km)
(261 sq km)
Maldives
3448 people per sq mile
(1333 per sq km)
(300 sq km)
Malta
3226 people per sq mile
(1250 per sq km)
(320 sq km)
Bangladesh
3066 people per sq mile
(1184 per sq km)
Taiwan
1879 people per sq mile
(725 per sq km)
Barbados
1807 people per sq mile
(698 per sq km)
Mauritius
1671 people per sq mile
(645 per sq km)
St. Kitts & Nevis Maldives Malta
Largest islands
101 sq miles 116 sq miles 124 sq miles
To the nearest 1000 – or 100,000 for the largest
Greenland
849,400 sq miles
(2,200,000 sq km)
New Guinea
312,000 sq miles
(808,000 sq km)
Borneo
292,222 sq miles
(757,050 sq km)
Madagascar
229,300 sq miles
(594,000 sq km)
Sumatra
202,300 sq miles
(524,000 sq km)
Baffin Island
183,800 sq miles
(476,000 sq km)
Honshu
88,800 sq miles
(230,000 sq km)
Britain
88,700 sq miles
(229,800 sq km)
Victoria Island
81,900 sq miles
(212,000 sq km)
Ellesmere Island
75,700 sq miles
(196,000 sq km)
Richest countries Monaco
(18,949 per sq km)
Most sparsely populated countries
GNI per capita, in US$
Mongolia
5 people per sq mile
(2 per sq km)
Namibia
7 people per sq mile
(3 per sq km)
Australia
8 people per sq mile
(3 per sq km)
Suriname
8 people per sq mile
(3 per sq km)
Iceland
8 people per sq mile
(3 per sq km)
Botswana
9 people per sq mile
(4 per sq km)
Libya
9 people per sq mile
(4 per sq km)
Mauriania
10 people per sq mile
(4 per sq km)
Canada
10 people per sq mile
(4 per sq km)
Guyana
11 people per sq mile
(4 per sq km)
186,950
Liechtenstein
136,770
Norway
102,610
Switzerland
90,760
Most widely spoken languages
Qatar
86,790
1. Chinese (Mandarin)
6. Arabic
Luxembourg
69,900
2. English
7. Bengali
Australia
65,390
3. Hindi
8. Portuguese
Sweden
61,760
4. Spanish
9. Malay-Indonesian
Denmark
61,680
5. Russian
10. French
Singapore
54,040
Poorest countries
GNI per capita, in US$
Largest conurbations
Urban area population
Burundi
260
Tokyo
37,800,000
Malawi
270
Jakarta
30,500,000
Somalia
288
Manila
24,100,000
Central African Republic
320
Delhi
24,000,000
Niger
400
Karachi
23,500,000
Liberia
410
Seoul
23,500,000
Dem. Rep. Congo
430
Shanghai
23,400,000
Madagascar
440
Beijing
21,000,000
Guinea
460
New York City
20,600,000
Ethiopia
470
Guangzhou
20,600,000
Eritrea
490
São Paulo
20,300,000
Gambia
500
Mexico City
Most populous countries
20,000,000
Mumbai
17,700,000
Osaka
17,400,000
Lagos
17,000,000
China
1,393,800,000
Moscow
16,100,000
India
1,267,400,000
Dhaka
15,700,000
USA
322,600,000
Lahore
15,600,000
Indonesia
252,800,000
Los Angeles
15,000,000
Brazil
202,120,000
Bangkok
15,000,000
Pakistan
185,100,000
Kolkatta
14,700,000
Nigeria
178,500,000
Buenos Aires
14,100,000
Bangladesh
159,000,000
Tehran
13,500,000
Russian Federation
142,500,000
Istanbul
13,300,000
Japan
127,000,000
Shenzhen
12,000,000
Countries with the most land borders 14: China
Greatest waterfalls
(Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Vietnam)
14: Russian Federation
(Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, North Korea, Norway, Poland, Ukraine)
10: Brazil
(Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay,
(Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia)
9: Germany
600,400 cu. ft/sec
(17,000 cu.m/sec)
Khône (Laos/Cambodia)
410,000 cu. ft/sec
(11,600 cu.m/sec)
Niagara (USA/Canada)
195,000 cu. ft/sec
(5500 cu.m/sec)
Grande, Salto (Uruguay)
160,000 cu. ft/sec
(4500 cu.m/sec)
Paulo Afonso (Brazil)
100,000 cu. ft/sec
(2800 cu.m/sec)
97,000 cu. ft/sec
(2750 cu.m/sec)
Iguaçu (Argentina/Brazil)
62,000 cu. ft/sec
(1700 cu.m/sec)
Maribondo, Cachoeira do (Brazil)
53,000 cu. ft/sec
(1500 cu.m/sec)
Victoria (Zimbabwe)
39,000 cu. ft/sec
(1100 cu.m/sec)
Murchison Falls (Uganda)
42,000 cu. ft/sec
(1200 cu.m/sec)
(Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Luxembourg,
Churchill (Canada)
35,000 cu. ft/sec
(1000 cu.m/sec)
Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland)
Kaveri Falls (India)
33,000 cu. ft/sec
(900 cu.m/sec)
8: Austria
(Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovakia,
8: France
(Andorra, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Monaco,
Slovenia, Switzerland)
Spain, Switzerland) (Burundi, Dem. Rep. Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia) 8: Turkey
(Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Syria)
8: Zambia
(Angola, Botswana, Dem. Rep.Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe)
Longest rivers Nile (NE Africa)
4160 miles
(6695 km)
Amazon (South America)
4049 miles
(6516 km)
Yangtze (China)
3915 miles
(6299 km)
Mississippi/Missouri (USA)
3710 miles
(5969 km)
Ob’-Irtysh (Russian Federation)
3461 miles
(5570 km)
Yellow River (China)
3395 miles
(5464 km)
Congo (Central Africa)
2900 miles
(4667 km)
Mekong (Southeast Asia)
2749 miles
(4425 km)
Lena (Russian Federation)
2734 miles
(4400 km)
Mackenzie (Canada)
2640 miles
(4250 km)
Yenisey (Russian Federation)
2541 miles
(4090km)
Highest mountains
Highest waterfalls
* Indicates that the total height is a single leap
Angel (Venezuela)
3212 ft
(979 m)
Tugela (South Africa)
3110 ft
(948 m)
Utigard (Norway)
2625 ft
(800 m)
Mongefossen (Norway)
2539 ft
(774 m)
Mtarazi (Zimbabwe)
2500 ft
(762 m)
Yosemite (USA)
2425 ft
(739 m)
Ostre Mardola Foss (Norway)
2156 ft
(657 m)
Tyssestrengane (Norway)
2119 ft
(646 m)
*Cuquenan (Venezuela)
2001 ft
(610 m)
Sutherland (New Zealand)
1903 ft
(580 m)
*Kjellfossen (Norway)
1841 ft
(561 m)
Largest deserts
NB – Most of Antarctica is a polar desert, with only 50mm of precipitation annually Sahara
3,450,000 sq miles
(9,065,000 sq km)
Gobi
500,000 sq miles
(1,295,000 sq km)
Ar Rub al Khali
289,600 sq miles
(750,000 sq km)
Great Victorian
249,800 sq miles
(647,000 sq km)
Sonoran
120,000 sq miles
(311,000 sq km) (310,800 sq km)
Kalahari
120,000 sq miles
Kara Kum
115,800 sq miles
(300,000 sq km)
Takla Makan
100,400 sq miles
(260,000 sq km)
Namib
52,100 sq miles
(135,000 sq km)
Thar
33,670 sq miles
(130,000 sq km)
Height above sea level
Hottest inhabited places
Everest
29,029 ft
(8848 m)
K2
28,253 ft
(8611 m)
Djibouti (Djibouti)
Kangchenjunga I
28,210 ft
(8598 m)
Tombouctou (Mali)
Makalu I
27,767 ft
(8463 m)
Tirunelveli (India)
Cho Oyu
26,907 ft
(8201 m)
Tuticorin (India)
Dhaulagiri I
26,796 ft
(8167 m)
Nellore (India)
Manaslu I
26,783 ft
(8163 m)
Santa Marta (Colombia)
Nanga Parbat I
26,661 ft
(8126 m)
Aden (Yemen)
Annapurna I
26,547 ft
(8091 m)
Madurai (India)
Gasherbrum I
26,471 ft
(8068 m)
86° F
(30 °C)
84.7° F
(29.3 °C)
84.5° F
(29.2 °C)
84° F
(28.9 °C)
83.8° F
(28.8 °C)
Niamey (Niger) Hodeida (Yemen) Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) Thanjavur (India) Tiruchchirappalli (India)
Largest bodies of inland water Caspian Sea Lake Superior Lake Victoria
With area and depth 143,243 sq miles (371,000 sq km)
3215 ft (980 m)
31,151 sq miles (83,270 sq km)
1289 ft (393 m)
26,828 sq miles (69,484 sq km)
328 ft (100 m)
Lake Huron
23,436 sq miles (60,700 sq km)
751 ft (229 m)
Lake Michigan
22,402 sq miles (58,020 sq km)
922 ft (281 m)
Lake Tanganyika
12,703 sq miles (32,900 sq km)
4700 ft (1435 m)
Great Bear Lake
12,274 sq miles (31,790 sq km)
1047 ft (319 m)
Lake Baikal
11,776 sq miles (30,500 sq km)
5712 ft (1741 m)
Great Slave Lake
10,981 sq miles (28,440 sq km)
459 ft (140 m)
9,915 sq miles (25,680 sq km)
197 ft (60 m)
Lake Erie
Driest inhabited places Aswân (Egypt)
0.02 in
(0.5 mm)
Luxor (Egypt)
0.03 in
(0.7 mm)
Arica (Chile)
0.04 in
(1.1 mm)
0.1 in
(2.3 mm)
Antofagasta (Chile)
0.2 in
(4.9 mm)
Al Minya (Egypt)
0.2 in
(5.1 mm)
Asyut (Egypt)
0.2 in
(5.2 mm)
Ica (Peru)
Callao (Peru)
0.5 in
(12.0 mm)
Trujillo (Peru)
0.55 in
(14.0 mm)
0.8 in
(19.0 mm)
Al Fayyum (Egypt)
Deepest ocean features
Wettest inhabited places
Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench (Pacific)
35,827 ft
(10,920 m)
Mawsynram (India)
467 in
(11,862 mm)
Vityaz III Depth, Tonga Trench (Pacific)
35,704 ft
(10,882 m)
Mount Waialeale (Hawaii, USA)
460 in
(11,684 mm)
Vityaz Depth, Kuril-Kamchatka Trench (Pacific)
34,588 ft
(10,542 m)
Cherrapunji (India)
450 in
(11,430 mm)
Cape Johnson Deep, Philippine Trench (Pacific)
34,441 ft
(10,497 m)
Cape Debundsha (Cameroon)
405 in
(10,290 mm)
Kermadec Trench (Pacific)
32,964 ft
(10,047 m)
Quibdo (Colombia)
354 in
(8892 mm)
Ramapo Deep, Japan Trench (Pacific)
32,758 ft
(9984 m)
Buenaventura (Colombia)
265 in
(6743 mm)
Milwaukee Deep, Puerto Rico Trench (Atlantic)
30,185 ft
(9200 m)
Monrovia (Liberia)
202 in
(5131 mm)
Argo Deep, Torres Trench (Pacific)
30,070 ft
(9165 m)
Pago Pago (American Samoa)
196 in
(4990 mm)
Meteor Depth, South Sandwich Trench (Atlantic)
30,000 ft
(9144 m)
Mawlamyine (Myanmar [Burma])
191 in
(4852 mm)
Planet Deep, New Britain Trench (Pacific)
29,988 ft
(9140 m)
Lae (Papua New Guinea)
183 in
(4645 mm)
GEOGRAPHICAL COMPARISONS
8: Tanzania
Boyoma (Dem. Rep. Congo)
Urubupungá, Salto do (Brazil)
Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela) 9: Congo, Dem. Rep.
Mean flow of water
297
Countries of the World
Country factfile key
There are currently 196 independent countries in the world – more than at any previous time – and almost 60 dependencies. Antarctica is the only land area on Earth that is not officially part of, and does not belong to, any single country. In 1950, the world comprised 82 countries. In the decades following, many more states came into being as they achieved independence from their former colonial rulers. Most recent additions were caused by the breakup of the former Soviet Union in 1991, and the former Yugoslavia in 1992, which swelled the ranks of independent states. In July 2011, South Sudan became the latest country to be formed after declaring independence from Sudan.
AFGHANISTAN
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Central Asia
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA West Indies
AZERBAIJAN Southwest Asia
Formation Date of independence / date current borders were established Population Total population / population density – based on total land area
BELARUS Eastern Europe
Languages An asterisk (*) denotes the official language(s) Calorie consumption Average number of calories consumed daily per person
BOLIVIA South America
Official name Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Formation 1919 / 1919 Capital Kabul Population 31.3 million / 124 people per sq mile (48 people per sq km) Total area 250,000 sq. miles (647,500 sq. km) Languages Pashtu*, Tajik, Dari*, Farsi, Uzbek, Turkmen Religions Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi’a Muslim 19%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Pashtun 38%, Tajik 25%, Hazara 19%, Uzbek and Turkmen 15%, Other 3% Government Nonparty system Currency Afghani = 100 puls Literacy rate rate 32% Calorie consumption 2090 kilocalories
Official name Antigua and Barbuda Formation 1981 / 1981 Capital St. John’s Population 91,295 / 537 people per sq mile (207 people per sq km) Total area 170 sq. miles (442 sq. km) Languages English*, English patois Religions Anglican 45%, Other Protestant 42%, Roman Catholic 10%, Other 2%, Rastafarian 1% Ethnic mix Black African 95%, Other 5% Government Parliamentary system Currency East Caribbean dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2396 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Azerbaijan Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Baku Population 9.5 million / 284 people per sq mile (110 people per sq km) Total area 33,436 sq. miles (86,600 sq. km) Languages Azeri*, Russian Religions Shi’a Muslim 68%, Sunni Muslim 26%, Russian Orthodox 3%, Armenian Apostolic Church (Orthodox) 2%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Azeri 91%, Other 3%, Lazs 2%, Armenian 2%, Russian 2% Government Presidential system Currency New manat = 100 gopik Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2952 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Belarus Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Minsk Population 9.3 million / 116 people per sq mile (45 people per sq km) Total area 80,154 sq. miles (207,600 sq. km) Languages Belarussian*, Russian* Religions Orthodox Christian 80%, Roman Catholic 14%, Other 4%, Protestant 2% Ethnic mix Belarussian 81%, Russian 11%, Polish 4%, Ukrainian 2%, Other 2% Government Presidential system Currency Belarussian rouble = 100 kopeks Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3253 kilocalories
Official name Plurinational State of Bolivia Formation 1825 / 1938 Capital La Paz (administrative); Sucre (judicial) Population 10.8 million / 26 people per sq mile (10 people per sq km) Total area 424,162 sq. miles (1,098,580 sq. km) Languages Aymara*, Quechua*, Spanish* Religions Roman Catholic 93%, Other 7% Ethnic mix Quechua 37%, Aymara 32%, Mixed race 13%, European 10%, Other 8% Government Presidential system Currency Boliviano = 100 centavos Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption 2254 kilocalories
ALBANIA
ARGENTINA
THE BAHAMAS
BELGIUM
BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA
Southeast Europe
South America
West Indies
Northwest Europe
Southeast Europe
Official name Republic of Albania Formation 1912 / 1921 Capital Tirana Population 3.2 million / 302 people per sq mile (117 people per sq km) Total area 11,100 sq. miles (28,748 sq. km) Languages Albanian*, Greek Religions Sunni Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% Ethnic mix Albanian 98%, Greek 1%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Lek = 100 qindarka (qintars) Literacy rate 97% Calorie consumption 3023 kilocalories
Official name Argentine Republic Formation 1816 / 1816 Capital Buenos Aires Population 41.8 million / 40 people per sq mile (15 people per sq km) Total area 1,068,296 sq. miles (2,766,890 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, Italian, Amerindian languages Religions Roman Catholic 70%, Other 18%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 2%, Jewish 1% Ethnic mix Indo-European 97%, Mestizo 2%, Amerindian 1% Government Presidential system Currency Argentine peso = 100 centavos Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 3155 kilocalories
Official name Commonwealth of The Bahamas Formation 1973 / 1973 Capital Nassau Population 400,000 / 103 people per sq mile (40 people per sq km) Total area 5382 sq. miles (13,940 sq. km) Languages English*, English Creole, French Creole Religions Baptist 32%, Anglican 20%, Roman Catholic 19%, Other 17%, Methodist 6%, Church of God 6% Ethnic mix Black African 85%, European 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3% Government Parliamentary system Currency Bahamian dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 96% Calorie consumption 2575 kilocalories
Official name Kingdom of Belgium Formation 1830 / 1919 Capital Brussels Population 11.1 million / 876 people per sq mile (338 people per sq km) Total area 11,780 sq. miles (30,510 sq. km) Languages Dutch*, French*, German* Religions Roman Catholic 88%, Other 10%, Muslim 2% Ethnic mix Fleming 58%, Walloon 33%, Other 6%, Italian 2%, Moroccan 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3793 kilocalories
Official name Bosnia and Herzegovina Formation 1992 / 1992 Capital Sarajevo Population 3.8 million / 192 people per sq mile (74 people per sq km) Total area 19,741 sq. miles (51,129 sq. km) Languages Bosnian*, Serbian*, Croatian* Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 40%, Orthodox Christian 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, Other 10%, Protestant 4% Ethnic mix Bosniak 48%, Serb 34%, Croat 16%, Other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Marka = 100 pfeninga Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 3130 kilocalories
ALGERIA
ARMENIA
BAHRAIN
BELIZE
BOTSWANA
298
North Africa
Southwest Asia
Southwest Asia
Central America
Southern Africa
Official name People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Formation 1962 / 1962 Capital Algiers Population 39.9 million / 43 people per sq mile (17 people per sq km) Total area 919,590 sq. miles (2,381,740 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, Tamazight (Kabyle, Shawia, Tamashek), French Religions Sunni Muslim 99%, Christian and Jewish 1% Ethnic mix Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1% Government Presidential system Currency Algerian dinar = 100 centimes Literacy rate 73% Calorie consumption 3296 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Armenia Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Yerevan Population 3 million / 261 people per sq mile (101 people per sq km) Total area 11,506 sq. miles (29,800 sq. km) Languages Armenian*, Azeri, Russian Religions Armenian Apostolic Church (Orthodox) 88%, Armenian Catholic Church 6%, Other 6% Ethnic mix Armenian 98%, Other 1%, Yezidi 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Dram = 100 luma Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2809 kilocalories
Official name Kingdom of Bahrain Formation 1971 / 1971 Capital Manama Population 1.3 million / 4762 people per sq mile (1841 people per sq km) Total area 239 sq. miles (620 sq. km) Languages Arabic* Religions Muslim (mainly Shi’a) 99%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, Other Arab 10%, Iranian 8% Government Mixed monarchical– parliamentary system Currency Bahraini dinar = 1000 fils Literacy rate 95% Calorie consumption Not available
Official name Belize Formation 1981 / 1981 Capital Belmopan Population 300,000 / 34 people per sq mile (13 people per sq km) Total area 8867 sq. miles (22,966 sq. km) Languages English Creole, Spanish, English*, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib) Religions Roman Catholic 62%, Other 13%, Anglican 12%, Methodist 6%, Mennonite 4%, Seventh-day Adventist 3% Ethnic mix Mestizo 49%, Creole 25%, Maya 11%, Garifuna 6%, Other 6%, Asian Indian 3% Government Parliamentary system Currency Belizean dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 75% Calorie consumption 2751 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Botswana Formation 1966 / 1966 Capital Gaborone Population 2 million / 9 people per sq mile (4 people per sq km) Total area 231,803 sq. miles (600,370 sq. km) Languages Setswana, English*, Shona, San, Khoikhoi, isiNdebele Religions Christian (mainly Protestant) 70%, Nonreligious 20%, Traditional beliefs 6%, Other (including Muslim) 4% Ethnic mix Tswana 79%, Kalanga 11%, Other 10% Government Presidential system Currency Pula = 100 thebe Literacy rate 87% Calorie consumption 2285 kilocalories
ANDORRA
AUSTRALIA
BANGLADESH
BENIN
BRAZIL
Southwest Europe
Australasia & Oceania
Official name Principality of Andorra Formation 1278 / 1278 Capital Andorra la Vella Population 85,485 / 475 people per sq mile (184 people per sq km) Total area 181 sq. miles (468 sq. km) Languages Spanish, Catalan*, French, Portuguese Religions Roman Catholic 94%, Other 6% Ethnic mix Spanish 46%, Andorran 28%, Other 18%, French 8% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption Not available
Official name Commonwealth of Australia Formation 1901 / 1901 Capital Canberra Population 23.6 million / 8 people per sq mile (3 people per sq km) Total area 2,967,893 sq. miles (7,686,850 sq. km) Languages English*, Italian, Cantonese, Greek, Arabic, Vietnamese, Aboriginal languages Religions Roman Catholic 26%, Nonreligious 19%, Anglican 19%, Other 17%, Other Christian 13%, United Church 6% Ethnic mix European origin 50%, Australian 25.5%,
ANGOLA
AUSTRIA
Southern Africa Official name Republic of Angola Formation 1975 / 1975 Capital Luanda Population 22.1 million / 46 people per sq mile (18 people per sq km) Total area 481,351 sq. miles (1,246,700 sq. km) Languages Portuguese*, Umbundu, Kimbundu, Kikongo Religions Roman Catholic 68%, Protestant 20%, Indigenous beliefs 12% Ethnic mix Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Other 25%, Bakongo 13% Government Presidential system Currency Readjusted kwanza = 100 lwei Literacy rate 71% Calorie consumption 2473 kilocalories
other 19%, Asian 5%, Aboriginal 0.5%
Government Parliamentary system Currency Australian dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3265 kilocalories
Central Europe Official name Republic of Austria Formation 1918 / 1919 Capital Vienna Population 8.5 million / 266 people per sq mile (103 people per sq km) Total area 32,378 sq. miles (83,858 sq. km) Languages German*, Croatian, Slovenian, Hungarian (Magyar) Religions Roman Catholic 78%, Nonreligious 9%, Other (including Jewish and Muslim) 8%, Protestant 5% Ethnic mix Austrian 93%, Croat, Slovene, and Hungarian 6%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3784 kilocalories
South Asia
West Africa
South America
Official name People’s Republic of Bangladesh Formation 1971 / 1971 Capital Dhaka Population 159 million / 3066 people per sq mile (1184 people per sq km) Total area 55,598 sq. miles (144,000 sq. km) Languages Bengali*, Urdu, Chakma, Marma (Magh), Garo, Khasi, Santhali, Tripuri, Mro Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 88%, Hindu 11%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Bengali 98%, Other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Taka = 100 poisha Literacy rate 59% Calorie consumption 2450 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Benin Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Porto-Novo Population 10.6 million / 248 people per sq mile (96 people per sq km) Total area 43,483 sq. miles (112,620 sq. km) Languages Fon, Bariba, Yoruba, Adja, Houeda, Somba, French* Religions Indigenous beliefs and Voodoo 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20% Ethnic mix Fon 41%, Other 21%, Adja 16%, Yoruba 12%, Bariba 10% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 29% Calorie consumption 2594 kilocalories
Official name Federative Republic of Brazil Formation 1822 / 1828 Capital Brasília Population 202 million / 62 people per sq mile (24 people per sq km) Total area 3,286,470 sq. miles (8,511,965 sq. km) Languages Portuguese*, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish, Japanese, Amerindian languages Religions Roman Catholic 74%, Protestant 15%, Atheist 7%, Other 3%, Afro-American Spiritist 1% Ethnic mix White 54%, Mixed race 38%, Black 6%, Other 2% Government Presidential system Currency Real = 100 centavos Literacy rate 91% Calorie consumption 3263 kilocalories
BARBADOS
BHUTAN
BRUNEI
West Indies Official name Barbados Formation 1966 / 1966 Capital Bridgetown Population 300,000 / 1807 people per sq mile (698 people per sq km) Total area 166 sq. miles (430 sq. km) Languages Bajan (Barbadian English), English* Religions Anglican 40%, Other 24%, Nonreligious 17%, Pentecostal 8%, Methodist 7%, Roman Catholic 4% Ethnic mix Black African 92%, White 3%, Other 3%, Mixed race 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Barbados dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3047 kilocalories
South Asia Official name Kingdom of Bhutan Formation 1656 / 1865 Capital Thimphu Population 800,000 / 44 people per sq mile (17 people per sq km) Total area 18,147 sq. miles (47,000 sq. km) Languages Dzongkha*, Nepali, Assamese Religions Mahayana Buddhist 75%, Hindu 25% Ethnic mix Drukpa 50%, Nepalese 35%, Other 15% Government Mixed monarchical– parliamentary system Currency Ngultrum = 100 chetrum Literacy rate 53% Calorie consumption Not available
Southeast Asia Official name Brunei Darussalam Formation 1984 / 1984 Capital Bandar Seri Begawan Population 400,000 / 197 people per sq mile (76 people per sq km) Total area 2228 sq. miles (5770 sq. km) Languages Malay*, English, Chinese Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 66%, Buddhist 14%, Other 10%, Christian 10% Ethnic mix Malay 67%, Chinese 16%, Other 11%, Indigenous 6% Government Monarchy Currency Brunei dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 95% Calorie consumption 2949 kilocalories
BULGARIA Southeast Europe
CAPE VERDE Atlantic Ocean
COMOROS Indian Ocean
CYPRUS Southeast Europe
EAST TIMOR Southeast Asia
Official name Republic of Bulgaria Formation 1908 / 1947 Capital Sofia Population 7.2 million / 169 people per sq mile (65 people per sq km) Total area 42,822 sq. miles (110,910 sq. km) Languages Bulgarian*, Turkish, Romani Religions Bulgarian Orthodox 83%, Muslim 12%, Other 4%, Roman Catholic 1% Ethnic mix Bulgarian 84%, Turkish 9%, Roma 5%, Other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Lev = 100 stotinki Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 2877 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Cape Verde Formation 1975 / 1975 Capital Praia Population 500,000 / 321 people per sq mile (124 people per sq km) Total area 1557 sq. miles (4033 sq. km) Languages Portuguese Creole, Portuguese* Religions Roman Catholic 97%, Other 2%, Protestant (Church of the Nazarene) 1% Ethnic mix Mestiço 71%, African 28%, European 1% Government Mixed presidential– parliamentary system Currency Escudo = 100 centavos Literacy rate 85% Calorie consumption 2716 kilocalories
Official name Union of the Comoros Formation 1975 / 1975 Capital Moroni Population 800,000 / 929 people per sq mile (359 people per sq km) Total area 838 sq. miles (2170 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, Comoran*, French* Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 98%, Other 1%, Roman Catholic 1% Ethnic mix Comoran 97%, Other 3% Government Presidential system Currency Comoros franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 76% Calorie consumption 2139 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Cyprus Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Nicosia Population 1.2 million / 336 people per sq mile (130 people per sq km) Total area 3571 sq. miles (9250 sq. km) Languages Greek*, Turkish* Religions Orthodox Christian 78%, Muslim 18%, Other 4% Ethnic mix Greek 81%, Turkish 11%, Other 8% Government Presidential system Currency Euro = 100 cents; (TRNC: new Turkish lira = 100 kurus) Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2661 kilocalories
Official name Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Formation 2002 / 2002 Capital Dili Population 1.2 million / 213 people per sq mile (82 people per sq km) Total area 5756 sq. miles (14,874 sq. km) Languages Tetum (Portuguese/Austronesian)*, Bahasa Indonesia, Portuguese* Religions Roman Catholic 95%, Other (including Muslim and Protestant) 5% Ethnic mix Papuan groups approx 85%, Indonesian approx 13%, Chinese 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency US dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 58% Calorie consumption 2083 kilocalories
BURKINA FASO
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
CONGO
CZECH REPUBLIC
ECUADOR
West Africa
BURUNDI Central Africa Official name Republic of Burundi Formation 1962 / 1962 Capital Bujumbura Population 10.5 million / 1060 people per sq mile (409 people per sq km) Total area 10,745 sq. miles (27,830 sq. km) Languages Kirundi*, French*, Kiswahili Religions Roman Catholic 62%, Traditional beliefs 23%, Muslim 10%, Protestant 5% Ethnic mix Hutu 85%, Tutsi 14%, Twa 1% Government Presidential system Currency Burundian franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 87% Calorie consumption 1604 kilocalories
CAMBODIA Southeast Asia
Official name Central African Republic Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Bangui Population 4.7 million / 20 people per sq mile (8 people per sq km) Total area 240,534 sq. miles (622,984 sq. km) Languages Sango, Banda, Gbaya, French* Religions Traditional beliefs 35%, Roman Catholic 25%, Protestant 25%, Muslim 15% Ethnic mix Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Other 17%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10% Government Transitional regime Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 37% Calorie consumption 2154 kilocalories
CHAD Central Africa
Central Europe
South America
Official name Republic of the Congo Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Brazzaville Population 4.6 million / 35 people per sq mile (13 people per sq km) Total area 132,046 sq. miles (342,000 sq. km) Languages Kongo, Teke, Lingala, French* Religions Traditional beliefs 50%, Roman Catholic 35%, Protestant 13%, Muslim 2% Ethnic mix Bakongo 51%, Teke 17%, Other 16%, Mbochi 11%, Mbédé 5% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 79% Calorie consumption 2195 kilocalories
Official name Czech Republic Formation 1993 / 1993 Capital Prague Population 10.7 million / 351 people per sq mile (136 people per sq km) Total area 30,450 sq. miles (78,866 sq. km) Languages Czech*, Slovak, Hungarian (Magyar) Religions Roman Catholic 39%, Atheist 38%, Other 18%, Protestant 3%, Hussite 2% Ethnic mix Czech 90%, Moravian 4%, Other 4%, Slovak 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Czech koruna = 100 haleru Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3292 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Ecuador Formation 1830 / 1942 Capital Quito Population 16 million / 150 people per sq mile (58 people per sq km) Total area 109,483 sq. miles (283,560 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, Quechua, other Amerindian languages Religions Roman Catholic 95%, Protestant, Jewish, and other 5% Ethnic mix Mestizo 77%, White 11%, Amerindian 7%, Black African 5% Government Presidential system Currency US dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 93% Calorie consumption 2477 kilocalories
CONGO, DEM. REP.
DENMARK
EGYPT
Central Africa
Northern Europe
North Africa
Official name Republic of Chad Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital N’Djaména Population 13.2 million / 27 people per sq mile (10 people per sq km) Total area 495,752 sq. miles (1,284,000 sq. km) Languages French*, Sara, Arabic*, Maba Religions Muslim 51%, Christian 35%, Animist 7%, Traditional beliefs 7% Ethnic mix Other 30%, Sara 28%, Mayo-Kebbi 12%, Arab 12%, Ouaddai 9%, Kanem-Bornou 9% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 37% Calorie consumption 2110 kilocalories
Official name Democratic Republic of the Congo Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Kinshasa Population 69.4 million / 79 people per sq mile (31 people per sq km) Total area 905,563 sq. miles (2,345,410 sq. km) Languages Kiswahili, Tshiluba, Kikongo, Lingala, French* Religions Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Traditional beliefs and other 10%, Muslim 10%, Kimbanguist 10% Ethnic mix Other 55%, Mongo, Luba, Kongo, and Mangbetu-Azande 45% Government Presidential system Currency Congolese franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 61% Calorie consumption 1585 kilocalories
Official name Kingdom of Denmark Formation 950 / 1944 Capital Copenhagen Population 5.6 million / 342 people per sq mile (132 people per sq km) Total area 16,639 sq. miles (43,094 sq. km) Languages Danish* Religions Evangelical Lutheran 95%, Roman Catholic 3%, Muslim 2% Ethnic mix Danish 96%, Other (including Scandinavian and Turkish) 3%, Faeroese and Inuit 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Danish krone = 100 øre Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3363 kilocalories
Official name Arab Republic of Egypt Formation 1936 / 1982 Capital Cairo Population 83.4 million / 217 people per sq mile (84 people per sq km) Total area 386,660 sq. miles (1,001,450 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, French, English, Berber Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 90%, Coptic Christian and other 9%, Other Christian 1% Ethnic mix Egyptian 99%, Nubian, Armenian, Greek, and Berber 1% Government Transitional regime Currency Egyptian pound = 100 piastres Literacy rate 74% Calorie consumption 3557 kilocalories
CHILE
COSTA RICA
DJIBOUTI
EL SALVADOR
South America
Central America
East Africa
Central America
Official name Kingdom of Cambodia Formation 1953 / 1953 Capital Phnom Penh Population 15.4 million / 226 people per sq mile (87 people per sq km) Total area 69,900 sq. miles (181,040 sq. km) Languages Khmer*, French, Chinese, Vietnamese, Cham Religions Buddhist 93%, Muslim 6%, Christian 1% Ethnic mix Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Other 4%, Chinese 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Riel = 100 sen Literacy rate 74% Calorie consumption 2411 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Chile Formation 1818 / 1883 Capital Santiago Population 17.8 million / 62 people per sq mile (24 people per sq km) Total area 292,258 sq. miles (756,950 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, Amerindian languages Religions Roman Catholic 89%, Other and nonreligious 11% Ethnic mix Mestizo and European 90%, Other Amerindian 9%, Mapuche 1% Government Presidential system Currency Chilean peso = 100 centavos Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2989 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Costa Rica Formation 1838 / 1838 Capital San José Population 4.9 million / 249 people per sq mile (96 people per sq km) Total area 19,730 sq. miles (51,100 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, English Creole, Bribri, Cabecar Religions Roman Catholic 71%, Evangelical 14%, Nonreligious 11%, Other 4% Ethnic mix Mestizo and European 94%, Black 3%, Other 1%, Chinese 1%, Amerindian 1% Government Presidential system Currency Costa Rican colón = 100 céntimos Literacy rate 97% Calorie consumption 2898 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Djibouti Formation 1977 / 1977 Capital Djibouti Population 900,000 / 101 people per sq mile (39 people per sq km) Total area 8494 sq. miles (22,000 sq. km) Languages Somali, Afar, French*, Arabic* Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 94%, Christian 6% Ethnic mix Issa 60%, Afar 35%, Other 5% Government Presidential system Currency Djibouti franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 70% Calorie consumption 2526 kilocalories
Official name Republic of El Salvador Formation 1841 / 1841 Capital San Salvador Population 6.4 million / 800 people per sq mile (309 people per sq km) Total area 8124 sq. miles (21,040 sq. km) Languages Spanish* Religions Roman Catholic 80%, Evangelical 18%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Mestizo 90%, White 9%, Amerindian 1% Government Presidential system Currency Salvadorean colón = 100 centavos; and US dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 86% Calorie consumption 2513 kilocalories
CAMEROON
CHINA
CROATIA
DOMINICA
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
Central Africa
East Asia
Southeast Europe
West Indies
Central Africa
Official name Republic of Cameroon Formation 1960 / 1961 Capital Yaoundé Population 22.8 million / 127 people per sq mile (49 people per sq km) Total area 183,567 sq. miles (475,400 sq. km) Languages Bamileke, Fang, Fulani, French*, English* Religions Roman Catholic 35%, Traditional beliefs 25%, Muslim 22%, Protestant 18% Ethnic mix Cameroon highlanders 31%, Other 21%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 71% Calorie consumption 2586 kilocalories
Official name People’s Republic of China Formation 960 / 1999 Capital Beijing Population 1.39 billion / 387 people per sq mile (149 people per sq km) Total area 3,705,386 sq. miles (9,596,960 sq. km) Languages Mandarin*, Wu, Cantonese, Hsiang, Min, Hakka, Kan Religions Nonreligious 59%, Traditional beliefs 20%, Other 13%, Buddhist 6%, Muslim 2% Ethnic mix Han 92%, Other 4%, Hui 1%, Miao 1%, Manchu 1%, Zhuang 1% Government One-party state Currency Renminbi (known as yuan) = 10 jiao = 100 fen Literacy rate 95% Calorie consumption 3108 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Croatia Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Zagreb Population 4.3 million / 197 people per sq mile (76 people per sq km) Total area 21,831 sq. miles (56,542 sq. km) Languages Croatian* Religions Roman Catholic 88%, Other 7%, Orthodox Christian 4%, Muslim 1% Ethnic mix Croat 90%, Other 5%, Serb 5% Government Parliamentary system Currency Kuna = 100 lipa Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3052 kilocalories
Official name Commonwealth of Dominica Formation 1978 / 1978 Capital Roseau Population 73,449 / 253 people per sq mile (98 people per sq km) Total area 291 sq. miles (754 sq. km) Languages French Creole, English* Religions Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15%, Other 8% Ethnic mix Black 87%, Mixed race 9%, Carib 3%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency East Caribbean dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 88% Calorie consumption 3047 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Equatorial Guinea Formation 1968 / 1968 Capital Malabo Population 800,000 / 74 people per sq mile (29 people per sq km) Total area 10,830 sq. miles (28,051 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, Fang, Bubi, French* Religions Roman Catholic 90%, Other 10% Ethnic mix Fang 85%, Other 11%, Bubi 4% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption Not available
CANADA
COLOMBIA
CUBA
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
ERITREA
North America Official name Canada Formation 1867 / 1949 Capital Ottawa Population 35.5 million / 10 people per sq mile (4 people per sq km) Total area 3,855,171 sq. miles (9,984,670 sq. km) Languages English*, French*, Chinese, Italian, German, Ukrainian, Portuguese, Inuktitut, Cree Religions Roman Catholic 44%, Protestant 29%, Other and nonreligious 27% Ethnic mix European origin 66%, other 27%, Asian 5%, Amerindian 2%
Government Parliamentary system Currency Canadian dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3419 kilocalories
South America Official name Republic of Colombia Formation 1819 / 1903 Capital Bogotá Population 48.9 million / 122 people per sq mile (47 people per sq km) Total area 439,733 sq. miles (1,138,910 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, Wayuu, Páez, and other Amerindian languages Religions Roman Catholic 95%, Other 5% Ethnic mix Mestizo 58%, White 20%, European– African 14%, African 4%, African–Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1% Government Presidential system Currency Colombian peso = 100 centavos Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption 2804 kilocalories
West Indies Official name Republic of Cuba Formation 1902 / 1902 Capital Havana Population 11.3 million / 264 people per sq mile (102 people per sq km) Total area 42,803 sq. miles (110,860 sq. km) Languages Spanish* Religions Nonreligious 49%, Roman Catholic 40%, Atheist 6%, Other 4%, Protestant 1% Ethnic mix Mulatto (mixed race) 51%, White 37%, Black 11%, Chinese 1% Government One-party state Currency Cuban peso = 100 centavos Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3277 kilocalories
West Indies Official name Dominican Republic Formation 1865 / 1865 Capital Santo Domingo Population 10.5 million / 562people per sq mile (217 people per sq km) Total area 18,679 sq. miles (48,380 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, French Creole Religions Roman Catholic 95%, Other and nonreligious 5% Ethnic mix Mixed race 73%, European 16%, Black African 11% Government Presidential system Currency Dominican Republic peso = 100 centavos Literacy rate 91% Calorie consumption 2614 kilocalories
East Africa Official name State of Eritrea Formation 1993 / 2002 Capital Asmara Population 6.5 million / 143 people per sq mile (55 people per sq km) Total area 46,842 sq. miles (121,320 sq. km) Languages Tigrinya*, English*, Tigre, Afar, Arabic*, Saho, Bilen, Kunama, Nara, Hadareb Religions Christian 50%, Muslim 48%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Tigray 50%, Tigre 31%, Other 9%, Afar 5%, Saho 5% Government Mixed presidential– parliamentary system Currency Nakfa = 100 cents Literacy rate 70% Calorie consumption 1640 kilocalories
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Official name Burkina Faso Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Ouagadougou Population 17.4 million / 165 people per sq mile (64 people per sq km) Total area 105,869 sq. miles (274,200 sq. km) Languages Mossi, Fulani, French*, Tuare g, Dyula, Songhai Religions Muslim 55%, Christian 25%, Traditional beliefs 20% Ethnic mix Mossi 48%, Other 21%, Peul 10%, Lobi 7%, Bobo 7%, Mandé 7% Government Transitional regime Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 29% Calorie consumption 2720 kilocalories
Central Africa
Central Africa
299
ESTONIA Northeast Europe
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
West Africa
GUATEMALA Central America
HUNGARY Central Europe
IRELAND Northwest Europe
Official name Republic of Estonia Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Tallinn Population 1.3 million / 75 people per sq mile (29 people per sq km) Total area 17,462 sq. miles (45,226 sq. km) Languages Estonian*, Russian Religions Evangelical Lutheran 56%, Orthodox Christian 25%, Other 19% Ethnic mix Estonian 69%, Russian 25%, Other 4%, Ukrainian 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3214 kilocalories
Official name Republic of the Gambia Formation 1965 / 1965 Capital Banjul Population 1.9 million / 492 people per sq mile (190 people per sq km) Total area 4363 sq. miles (11,300 sq. km) Languages Mandinka, Fulani, Wolof, Jola, Soninke, English* Religions Sunni Muslim 90%, Christian 8%, Traditional beliefs 2% Ethnic mix Mandinka 42%, Fulani 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, Other 5% Government Presidential system Currency Dalasi = 100 butut Literacy rate 52% Calorie consumption 2849 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Guatemala Formation 1838 / 1838 Capital Guatemala City Population 15.9 million / 380 people per sq mile (147 people per sq km) Total area 42,042 sq. miles (108,890 sq. km) Languages Quiché, Mam, Cakchiquel, Kekchí, Spanish* Religions Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 33%, Other and nonreligious 2% Ethnic mix Amerindian 60%, Mestizo 30%, Other 10% Government Presidential system Currency Quetzal = 100 centavos Literacy rate 78% Calorie consumption 2419 kilocalories
Official name Hungary Formation 1918 / 1947 Capital Budapest Population 9.9 million / 278 people per sq mile (107 people per sq km) Total area 35,919 sq. miles (93,030 sq. km) Languages Hungarian (Magyar)* Religions Roman Catholic 52%, Calvinist 16%, Other 15%, Nonreligious 14%, Lutheran 3% Ethnic mix Magyar 90%, Roma 4%, German 3%, Serb 2%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Forint = 100 fillér Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2968 kilocalories
Official name Ireland Formation 1922 / 1922 Capital Dublin Population 4.7 million / 177 people per sq mile (68 people per sq km) Total area 27,135 sq. miles (70,280 sq. km) Languages English*, Irish* Religions Roman Catholic 87%, Other and nonreligious 10%, Anglican 3% Ethnic mix Irish 99%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3591 kilocalories
ETHIOPIA
GEORGIA
GUINEA
ICELAND
ISRAEL
East Africa
300
GAMBIA
Southwest Asia
West Africa
Northwest Europe
Southwest Asia
Official name Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Formation 1896 / 2002 Capital Addis Ababa Population 96.5 million / 225 people per sq mile (87 people per sq km) Total area 435,184 sq. miles (1,127,127 sq. km) Languages Amharic*, Tigrinya, Galla, Sidamo, Somali, English, Arabic Religions Orthodox Christian 40%, Muslim 40%, Traditional beliefs 15%, Other 5% Ethnic mix Oromo 40%, Amhara 25%, Other 13%, Sidama 9%, Tigray 7%, Somali 6% Government Parliamentary system Currency Birr = 100 cents Literacy rate 39% Calorie consumption 2131 kilocalories
Official name Georgia Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Tbilisi Population 4.3 million / 160 people per sq mile (62 people per sq km) Total area 26,911 sq. miles (69,700 sq. km) Languages Georgian*, Russian, Azeri, Armenian, Mingrelian, Ossetian, Abkhazian* (in Abkhazia) Religions Georgian Orthodox 74%, Muslim 10%, Russian Orthodox 10%, Armenian Apostolic Church (Orthodox) 4%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Georgian 84%, Azeri 6%, Armenian 6%, Russian 2%, Ossetian 1%, Other 1% Government Presidential system Currency Lari = 100 tetri Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2731 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Guinea Formation 1958 / 1958 Capital Conakry Population 12 million / 126 people per sq mile (49 people per sq km) Total area 94,925 sq. miles (245,857 sq. km) Languages Pulaar, Malinké, Soussou, French* Religions Muslim 85%, Christian 8%, Traditional beliefs 7% Ethnic mix Peul 40%, Malinké 30%, Soussou 20%, Other 10% Government Presidential system Currency Guinea franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 25% Calorie consumption 2553 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Iceland Formation 1944 / 1944 Capital Reykjavík Population 300,000 / 8 people per sq mile (3 people per sq km) Total area 39,768 sq. miles (103,000 sq. km) Languages Icelandic* Religions Evangelical Lutheran 84%, Other (mostly Christian) 10%, Roman Catholic 3%, Nonreligious 3% Ethnic mix Icelandic 94%, Other 5%, Danish 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Icelandic króna = 100 aurar Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3339 kilocalories
Official name State of Israel Formation 1948 / 1994 Capital Jerusalem (not internationally recognized) Population 7.8 million / 994 people per sq mile (384 people per sq km) Total area 8019 sq. miles (20,770 sq. km) Languages Hebrew*, Arabic*, Yiddish, German, Russian, Polish, Romanian, Persian Religions Jewish 76%, Muslim (mainly Sunni) 16%, Other 4%, Druze 2%, Christian 2% Ethnic mix Jewish 76%, Arab 20%, Other 4% Government Parliamentary system Currency Shekel = 100 agorot Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 3619 kilocalories
FIJI
GERMANY
GUINEA-BISSAU
INDIA
ITALY
Australasia & Oceania
Northern Europe
West Africa
South Asia
Southern Europe
Official name Republic of Fiji Formation 1970 / 1970 Capital Suva Population 900,000 / 128 people per sq mile (49 people per sq km) Total area 7054 sq. miles (18,270 sq. km) Languages Fijian, English*, Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Telugu Religions Hindu 38%, Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%, Muslim 8%, Other 8% Ethnic mix Melanesian 51%, Indian 44%, Other 5% Government Parliamentary system Currency Fiji dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption 2930 kilocalories
Official name Federal Republic of Germany Formation 1871 / 1990 Capital Berlin Population 82.7 million / 613 people per sq mile (237 people per sq km) Total area 137,846 sq. miles (357,021 sq. km) Languages German*, Turkish Religions Protestant 34%, Roman Catholic 33%, Other 30%, Muslim 3% Ethnic mix German 92%, Other European 3%, Other 3%, Turkish 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3539 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Guinea-Bissau Formation 1974 / 1974 Capital Bissau Population 1.7 million / 157 people per sq mile (60 people per sq km) Total area 13,946 sq. miles (36,120 sq. km) Languages Portuguese Creole, Balante, Fulani, Malinké, Portuguese* Religions Traditional beliefs 50%, Muslim 40%, Christian 10% Ethnic mix Balante 30%, Fulani 20%, Other 16%, Mandyako 14%, Mandinka 13%, Papel 7% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 57% Calorie consumption 2304 kilocalories
Official name Republic of India Formation 1947 / 1947 Capital New Delhi Population 1.27 billion / 1104 people per sq mile (426 people per sq km) Total area 1,269,339 sq. miles (3,287,590 sq. km) Languages Hindi*, English*, Urdu, Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Bihari, Gujarati, Kanarese Religions Hindu 81%, Muslim 13%, Christian 2%, Sikh 2%, Buddhist 1%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% Government Parliamentary system Currency Indian rupee = 100 paise Literacy rate 63% Calorie consumption 2459 kilocalories
Official name Italian Republic Formation 1861 / 1947 Capital Rome Population 61.1 million / 538 people per sq mile (208 people per sq km) Total area 116,305 sq. miles (301,230 sq. km) Languages Italian*, German, French, Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian Religions Roman Catholic 85%, Other and nonreligious 13%, Muslim 2% Ethnic mix Italian 94%, Other 4%, Sardinian 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3539 kilocalories
FINLAND
GHANA
GUYANA
INDONESIA
IVORY COAST
Northern Europe
West Africa
South America
Southeast Asia
West Africa
Official name Republic of Finland Formation 1917 / 1947 Capital Helsinki Population 5.4 million / 46 people per sq mile (18 people per sq km) Total area 130,127 sq. miles (337,030 sq. km) Languages Finnish*, Swedish*, Sámi Religions Evangelical Lutheran 83%, Other 15%, Orthodox Christian 1%, Roman Catholic 1% Ethnic mix Finnish 93%, Other (including Sámi) 7% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3285 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Ghana Formation 1957 / 1957 Capital Accra Population 26.4 million / 297 people per sq mile (115 people per sq km) Total area 92,100 sq. miles (238,540 sq. km) Languages Twi, Fanti, Ewe, Ga, Adangbe, Gurma, Dagomba (Dagbani), English* Religions Christian 69%, Muslim 16%, Traditional beliefs 9%, Other 6% Ethnic mix Akan 49%, Mole-Dagbani 17%, Ewe 13%, Other 9%, Ga and Ga-Adangbe 8%, Guan 4% Government Presidential system Currency Cedi = 100 pesewas Literacy rate 72% Calorie consumption 3003 kilocalories
Official name Cooperative Republic of Guyana Formation 1966 / 1966 Capital Georgetown Population 800,000 / 11 people per sq mile (4 people per sq km) Total area 83,000 sq. miles (214,970 sq. km) Languages English Creole, Hindi, Tamil, Amerindian languages, English* Religions Christian 57%, Hindu 28%, Muslim 10%, Other 5% Ethnic mix East Indian 43%, Black African 30%, Mixed race 17%, Amerindian 9%, Other 1% Government Presidential system Currency Guyanese dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 85% Calorie consumption 2648 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Indonesia Formation 1949 / 1999 Capital Jakarta Population 253 million / 364 people per sq mile (141 people per sq km) Total area 741,096 sq. miles (1,919,440 sq. km) Languages Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Bahasa Indonesia*, Dutch Religions Sunni Muslim 86%, Protestant 6%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%, Other 2%, Buddhist 1% Ethnic mix Javanese 41%, Other 29%, Sundanese 15%, Coastal Malays 12%, Madurese 3% Government Presidential system Currency Rupiah = 100 sen Literacy rate 93% Calorie consumption 2777 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Côte d’Ivoire Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Yamoussoukro Population 20.8 million / 169 people per sq mile (65 people per sq km) Total area 124,502 sq. miles (322,460 sq. km) Languages Akan, French*, Krou, Voltaïque Religions Muslim 38%, Traditional beliefs 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Other 6%, Protestant 6% Ethnic mix Akan 42%, Voltaïque 18%, Mandé du Nord 17%, Krou 11%, Mandé du Sud 10%, Other 2% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 41% Calorie consumption 2799 kilocalories
FRANCE
GREECE
HAITI
IRAN
JAMAICA
Western Europe
Southeast Europe
West Indies
Southwest Asia
West Indies
Official name French Republic Formation 987 / 1919 Capital Paris Population 64.6 million / 304 people per sq mile (117 people per sq km) Total area 211,208 sq. miles (547,030 sq. km) Languages French*, Provençal, German, Breton, Catalan, Basque Religions Roman Catholic 88%, Muslim 8%, Protestant 2%, Buddhist 1%, Jewish 1% Ethnic mix French 90%, North African (mainly Algerian) 6%, German (Alsace) 2%, Breton 1%, Other (including Corsicans) 1% Government Mixed presidential– parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3524 kilocalories
Official name Hellenic Republic Formation 1829 / 1947 Capital Athens Population 11.1 million / 220 people per sq mile (85 people per sq km) Total area 50,942 sq. miles (131,940 sq. km) Languages Greek*, Turkish, Macedonian, Albanian Religions Orthodox Christian 98%, Muslim 1%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Greek 98%, Other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 97% Calorie consumption 3433 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Haiti Formation 1804 / 1844 Capital Port-au-Prince Population 10.5 million / 987 people per sq mile (381 people per sq km) Total area 10,714 sq. miles (27,750 sq. km) Languages French Creole*, French* Religions Roman Catholic 55%, Protestant 28%, Other (including Voodoo) 16%, Nonreligious 1% Ethnic mix Black African 95%, Mulatto (mixed race) and European 5% Government Presidential system Currency Gourde = 100 centimes Literacy rate 49% Calorie consumption 2091 kilocalories
Official name Islamic Republic of Iran Formation 1502 / 1990 Capital Tehran Population 78.5 million / 124 people per sq mile (48 people per sq km) Total area 636,293 sq. miles (1,648,000 sq. km) Languages Farsi*, Azeri, Luri, Gilaki, Mazanderani, Kurdish, Turkmen, Arabic, Baluchi Religions Shi’a Muslim 89%, Sunni Muslim 9%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Persian 51%, Azari 24%, Other 10%, Lur and Bakhtiari 8%, Kurdish 7% Government Islamic theocracy Currency Iranian rial = 100 dinars Literacy rate 84% Calorie consumption 3058 kilocalories
Official name Jamaica Formation 1962 / 1962 Capital Kingston Population 2.8 million / 670 people per sq mile (259 people per sq km) Total area 4243 sq. miles (10,990 sq. km) Languages English Creole, English* Religions Other and nonreligious 45%, Other Protestant 20%, Church of God 18%, Baptist 10%, Anglican 7% Ethnic mix Black 91%, Mulatto (mixed race) 7%, European and Chinese 1%, East Indian 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Jamaican dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 88% Calorie consumption 2746 kilocalories
GABON
GRENADA
HONDURAS
IRAQ
JAPAN
Central Africa Official name Gabonese Republic Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Libreville Population 1.7 million / 17 people per sq mile (7 people per sq km) Total area 103,346 sq. miles (267,667 sq. km) Languages Fang, French*, Punu, Sira, Nzebi, Mpongwe Religions Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 55%, Traditional beliefs 40%, Other 4%, Muslim 1% Ethnic mix Fang 26%, Shira-punu 24%, Other 16%, Foreign residents 15%, Nzabi-duma 11%, Mbédé-Teke 8% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 82% Calorie consumption 2781 kilocalories
West Indies Official name Grenada Formation 1974 / 1974 Capital St. George’s Population 110,152 / 841 people per sq mile (324 people per sq km) Total area 131 sq. miles (340 sq. km) Languages English*, English Creole Religions Roman Catholic 68%, Anglican 17%, Other 15% Ethnic mix Black African 82%, Mulatto (mixed race) 13%, East Indian 3%, Other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency East Caribbean dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 96% Calorie consumption 2453 kilocalories
Central America Official name Republic of Honduras Formation 1838 / 1838 Capital Tegucigalpa Population 8.3 million / 192 people per sq mile (74 people per sq km) Total area 43,278 sq. miles (112,090 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, Garífuna (Carib), English Creole Religions Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant 3% Ethnic mix Mestizo 90%, Black African 5%, Amerindian 4%, White 1% Government Presidential system Currency Lempira = 100 centavos Literacy rate 85% Calorie consumption 2651 kilocalories
Southwest Asia Official name Republic of Iraq Formation 1932 / 1990 Capital Baghdad Population 34.8 million / 206 people per sq mile (80 people per sq km) Total area 168,753 sq. miles (437,072 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, Kurdish*, Turkic languages, Armenian, Assyrian Religions Shi’a Muslim 60%, Sunni Muslim 35%, Other (including Christian) 5% Ethnic mix Arab 80%, Kurdish 15%, Turkmen 3%, Other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency New Iraqi dinar = 1000 fils Literacy rate 79% Calorie consumption 2489 kilocalories
East Asia Official name Japan Formation 1590 / 1972 Capital Tokyo Population 127 million / 874 people per sq mile (337 people per sq km) Total area 145,882 sq. miles (377,835 sq. km) Languages Japanese*, Korean, Chinese Religions Shinto and Buddhist 76%, Buddhist 16%, Other (including Christian) 8% Ethnic mix Japanese 99%, Other (mainly Korean) 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Yen = 100 sen Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2719 kilocalories
JORDAN Southwest Asia
KYRGYZSTAN Central Asia
LIBYA North Africa
MALAWI Southern Africa
MAURITANIA West Africa
Official name Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Formation 1946 / 1967 Capital Amman Population 7.5 million / 218 people per sq mile (84 people per sq km) Total area 35,637 sq. miles (92,300 sq. km) Languages Arabic* Religions Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 6%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1% Government Monarchy Currency Jordanian dinar = 1000 fils Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 3149 kilocalories
Official name Kyrgyz Republic Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Bishkek Population 5.6 million / 73 people per sq mile (28 people per sq km) Total area 76,641 sq. miles (198,500 sq. km) Languages Kyrgyz*, Russian*, Uzbek, Tatar, Ukrainian Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 70%, Orthodox Christian 30% Ethnic mix Kyrgyz 69%, Uzbek 14%, Russian 9%, Other 6%, Dungan 1%, Uighur 1% Government Presidential system Currency Som = 100 tyiyn Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2828 kilocalories
Official name State of Libya Formation 1951 / 1951 Capital Tripoli Population 6.3 million / 9 people per sq mile (4 people per sq km) Total area 679,358 sq. miles (1,759,540 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, Tuareg Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 97%, Other 3% Ethnic mix Arab and Berber 97%, Other 3% Government Transitional regime Currency Libyan dinar = 1000 dirhams Literacy rate 90% Calorie consumption 3211 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Malawi Formation 1964 / 1964 Capital Lilongwe Population 16.8 million / 463 people per sq mile (179 people per sq km) Total area 45,745 sq. miles (118,480 sq. km) Languages Chewa, Lomwe, Yao, Ngoni, English* Religions Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, Traditional beliefs 5% Ethnic mix Bantu 99%, Other 1% Government Presidential system Currency Malawi kwacha = 100 tambala Literacy rate 61% Calorie consumption 2334 kilocalories
Official name Islamic Republic of Mauritania Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Nouakchott Population 4 million / 10 people per sq mile (4 people per sq km) Total area 397,953 sq. miles (1,030,700 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, Hassaniyah Arabic, Wolof, French Religions Sunni Muslim 100% Ethnic mix Maure 81%, Wolof 7%, Tukolor 5%, Other 4%, Soninka 3% Government Presidential system Currency Ouguiya = 5 khoums Literacy rate 46% Calorie consumption 2791 kilocalories
KAZAKHSTAN
LAOS
LIECHTENSTEIN
MALAYSIA
MAURITIUS
Central Asia
Southeast Asia
Central Europe
Southeast Asia
Indian Ocean
Official name Lao People’s Democratic Republic Formation 1953 / 1953 Capital Vientiane Population 6.9 million / 77 people per sq mile (30 people per sq km) Total area 91,428 sq. miles (236,800 sq. km) Languages Lao*, Mon-Khmer, Yao, Vietnamese, Chinese, French Religions Buddhist 65%, Other (including animist) 34%, Christian 1% Ethnic mix Lao Loum 66%, Lao Theung 30%, Lao Soung 2%, Other 2% Government One-party state Currency Kip = 100 at Literacy rate 73% Calorie consumption 2356 kilocalories
Official name Principality of Liechtenstein Formation 1719 / 1719 Capital Vaduz Population 37,313 / 602 people per sq mile (233 people per sq km) Total area 62 sq. miles (160 sq. km) Languages German*, Alemannish dialect, Italian Religions Roman Catholic 79%, Other 13%, Protestant 8% Ethnic mix Liechtensteiner 66%, Other 12%, Swiss 10%, Austrian 6%, German 3%, Italian 3% Government Parliamentary system Currency Swiss franc = 100 rappen/centimes Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption Not available
Official name Malaysia Formation 1963 / 1965 Capital Kuala Lumpur; Putrajaya (administrative) Population 30.2 million / 238 people per sq mile (92 people per sq km) Total area 127,316 sq. miles (329,750 sq. km) Languages Bahasa Malaysia*, Malay, Chinese, Tamil, English Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 61%, Buddhist 19%, Christian 9%, Hindu 6%, Other 5% Ethnic mix Malay 53%, Chinese 26%, Indigenous tribes 12%, Indian 8%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Ringgit = 100 sen Literacy rate 93% Calorie consumption 2855 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Mauritius Formation 1968 / 1968 Capital Port Louis Population 1.2 million / 1671 people per sq mile (645 people per sq km) Total area 718 sq. miles (1860 sq. km) Languages French Creole, Hindi, Urdu, Tamil, Chinese, English*, French Religions Hindu 48%, Roman Catholic 24%, Muslim 17%, Protestant 9%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Mauritian rupee = 100 cents Literacy rate 89% Calorie consumption 3055 kilocalories
KENYA
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
MALDIVES
MEXICO
East Africa
Northeast Europe
Northeast Europe
Indian Ocean
Official name Republic of Kenya Formation 1963 / 1963 Capital Nairobi Population 45.5 million / 208 people per sq mile (80 people per sq km) Total area 224,961 sq. miles (582,650 sq. km) Languages Kiswahili*, English*, Kikuyu, Luo, Kalenjin, Kamba Religions Christian 80%, Muslim 10%, Traditional beliefs 9%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Other 28%, Kikuyu 22%, Luo 14%, Luhya 14%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11% Government Presidential system Currency Kenya shilling = 100 cents Literacy rate 72% Calorie consumption 2206 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Latvia Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Riga Population 2 million / 80 people per sq mile (31 people per sq km) Total area 24,938 sq. miles (64,589 sq. km) Languages Latvian*, Russian Religions Other 43%, Lutheran 24%, Roman Catholic 18%, O rthodox Christian 15% Ethnic mix Latvian 62%, Russian 27%, Other 4%, Belarussian 3%, Ukrainian 2%, Polish 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3293 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Lithuania Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Vilnius Population 3 million / 119 people per sq mile (46 people per sq km) Total area 25,174 sq. miles (65,200 sq. km) Languages Lithuanian*, Russian Religions Roman Catholic 77%, Other 17%, Russian Orthodox 4%, Protestant 1%, Old believers 1% Ethnic mix Lithuanian 85%, Polish 7%, Russian 6%, Belarussian 1%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3463 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Maldives Formation 1965 / 1965 Capital Male’ Population 400,000 / 3448 people per sq mile (1333 people per sq km) Total area 116 sq. miles (300 sq. km) Languages Dhivehi (Maldivian), Sinhala, Tamil, Arabic Religions Sunni Muslim 100% Ethnic mix Arab–Sinhalese–Malay 100% Government Presidential system Currency Rufiyaa = 100 laari Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 2722 kilocalories
KIRIBATI
LEBANON
LUXEMBOURG
MALI
Australasia & Oceania
Southwest Asia
Northwest Europe
West Africa
North America Official name United Mexican States Formation 1836 / 1848 Capital Mexico City Population 124 million / 168 people per sq mile (65 people per sq km) Total area 761,602 sq. miles (1,972,550 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, Nahuatl, Mayan, Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomi, Totonac, Tzotzil, Tzeltal Religions Roman Catholic 77%, Other 14%, Protestant 6%, Nonreligious 3% Ethnic mix Mestizo 60%, Amerindian 30%, European 9%, Other 1% Government Presidential system Currency Mexican peso = 100 centavos Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption 3072 kilocalories
MICRONESIA Australasia & Oceania
Official name Republic of Kiribati Formation 1979 / 1979 Capital Tarawa Atoll Population 104,488 / 381 people per sq mile (147 people per sq km) Total area 277 sq. miles (717 sq. km) Languages English*, Kiribati Religions Roman Catholic 55%, Kiribati Protestant Church 36%, Other 9% Ethnic mix Micronesian 99%, Other 1% Government Presidential system Currency Australian dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3022 kilocalories
Official name Lebanese Republic Formation 1941 / 1941 Capital Beirut Population 5 million / 1266 people per sq mile (489 people per sq km) Total area 4015 sq. miles (10,400 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, French, Armenian, Assyrian Religions Muslim 60%, Christian 39%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Lebanese pound = 100 piastres Literacy rate 90% Calorie consumption 3181 kilocalories
Official name Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Formation 1867 / 1867 Capital Luxembourg-Ville Population 500,000 / 501 people per sq mile (193 people per sq km) Total area 998 sq. miles (2586 sq. km) Languages Luxembourgish*, German*, French* Religions Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant, Orthodox Christian, and Jewish 3% Ethnic mix Luxembourger 62%, Foreign residents 38% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3568 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Mali Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Bamako Population 15.8 million / 34 people per sq mile (13 people per sq km) Total area 478,764 sq. miles (1,240,000 sq. km) Languages Bambara, Fulani, Senufo, Soninke, French* Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 90%, Traditional beliefs 6%, Christian 4% Ethnic mix Bambara 52%, Other 14%, Fulani 11%, Saracolé 7%, Soninka 7%, Tuareg 5%, Mianka 4% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 34% Calorie consumption 2833 kilocalories
Official name Federated States of Micronesia Formation 1986 / 1986 Capital Palikir (Pohnpei Island) Population 105,681 / 390 people per sq mile (151 people per sq km) Total area 271 sq. miles (702 sq. km) Languages Trukese, Pohnpeian, Kosraean, Yapese, English* Religions Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 47%, Other 3% Ethnic mix Chuukese 49%, Pohnpeian 24%, Other 14%, Kosraean 6%, Yapese 5%, Asian 2% Government Nonparty system Currency US dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 81% Calorie consumption Not available
KOSOVO (not yet recognised)
LESOTHO
MACEDONIA
MALTA
MOLDOVA
Southeast Europe
Southern Africa
Southeast Europe
Southern Europe
Southeast Europe
Official name Republic of Kosovo Formation 2008 / 2008 Capital Pristina Population 1.9 million / 451 people per sq mile (174 people per sq km) Total area 4212 sq. miles (10,908 sq. km) Languages Albanian*, Serbian*, Bosniak, Gorani, Roma, Turkish Religions Muslim 92%, Roman Catholic 4%, Orthodox Christian 4% Ethnic mix Albanian 92%, Serb 4%, Bosniak and Gorani 2%, Turkish 1%, Roma 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 92% Calorie consumption Not available
Official name Kingdom of Lesotho Formation 1966 / 1966 Capital Maseru Population 2.1 million / 179 people per sq mile (69 people per sq km) Total area 11,720 sq. miles (30,355 sq. km) Languages English*, Sesotho*, isiZulu Religions Christian 90%, Traditional beliefs 10% Ethnic mix Sotho 99%, European and Asian 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Loti = 100 lisente; and South African rand = 100 cents Literacy rate 76% Calorie consumption 2595 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Macedonia Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Skopje Population 2.1 million / 212 people per sq mile (82 people per sq km) Total area 9781 sq. miles (25,333 sq. km) Languages Macedonian*, Albanian*, Turkish, Romani, Serbian Religions Orthodox Christian 65%, Muslim 29%, Roman Catholic 4%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Macedonian 64%, Albanian 25%, Turkish 4%, Roma 3%, Serb 2%, Other 2% Government Mixed presidential– parliamentary system Currency Macedonian denar = 100 deni Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 2923 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Malta Formation 1964 / 1964 Capital Valletta Population 400,000 / 3226 people per sq mile (1250 people per sq km) Total area 122 sq. miles (316 sq. km) Languages Maltese*, English* Religions Roman Catholic 98%, Other and nonreligious 2% Ethnic mix Maltese 96%, Other 4% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 92% Calorie consumption 3389 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Moldova Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Chisinau Population 3.5 million / 269 people per sq mile (104 people per sq km) Total area 13,067 sq. miles (33,843 sq. km) Languages Moldovan*, Ukrainian, Russian Religions Orthodox Christian 93%, Other 6%, Baptist 1% Ethnic mix Moldovan 84%, Ukrainian 7%, Gagauz 5%, Russian 2%, Bulgarian 1%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Moldovan leu = 100 bani Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2837 kilocalories
KUWAIT
LIBERIA
MADAGASCAR
MARSHALL ISLANDS
MONACO
Southwest Asia Official name State of Kuwait Formation 1961 / 1961 Capital Kuwait City Population 3.5 million / 509 people per sq mile (196 people per sq km) Total area 6880 sq. miles (17,820 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, English Religions Sunni Muslim 45%, Shi’a Muslim 40%, Christian, Hindu, and other 15% Ethnic mix Kuwaiti 45%, Other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Other 7%, Iranian 4% Government Monarchy Currency Kuwaiti dinar = 1000 fils Literacy rate 96% Calorie consumption 3471 kilocalories
West Africa Official name Republic of Liberia Formation 1847 / 1847 Capital Monrovia Population 4.4 million / 118 people per sq mile (46 people per sq km) Total area 43,000 sq. miles (111,370 sq. km) Languages Kpelle, Vai, Bassa, Kru, Grebo, Kissi, Gola, Loma, English* Religions Christian 40%, Traditional beliefs 40%, Muslim 20% Ethnic mix Indigenous tribes (12 groups) 49%, Kpellé 20%, Bassa 16%, Gio 8%, Krou 7% Government Presidential system Currency Liberian dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 43% Calorie consumption 2251 kilocalories
Indian Ocean Official name Republic of Madagascar Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Antananarivo Population 23.6 million / 105 people per sq mile (41 people per sq km) Total area 226,656 sq. miles (587,040 sq. km) Languages Malagasy*, French*, English* Religions Traditional beliefs 52%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 41%, Muslim 7% Ethnic mix Other Malay 46%, Merina 26%, Betsimisaraka 15%, Betsileo 12%, Other 1% Government Mixed presidential– parliamentary system Currency Ariary = 5 iraimbilanja Literacy rate 64% Calorie consumption 2052 kilocalories
Australasia & Oceania Official name Republic of the Marshall Islands Formation 1986 / 1986 Capital Majuro Population 70,983 / 1014 people per sq mile (392 people per sq km) Total area 70 sq. miles (181 sq. km) Languages Marshallese*, English*, Japanese, German Religions Protestant 90%, Roman Catholic 8%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Micronesian 90%, Other 10% Government Presidential system Currency US dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 91% Calorie consumption Not available
Southern Europe Official name Principality of Monaco Formation 1861 / 1861 Capital Monaco-Ville Population 36,950 / 49,267 people per sq mile (18,949 people per sq km) Total area 0.75 sq. miles (1.95 sq. km) Languages French*, Italian, Monégasque, English Religions Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%, Other 5% Ethnic mix French 47%, Other 21%, Italian 16%, Monégasque 16% Government Mixed monarchical– parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption Not available
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Official name Republic of Kazakhstan Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Astana Population 16.6 million / 16 people per sq mile (6 people per sq km) Total area 1,049,150 sq. miles (2,717,300 sq. km) Languages Kazakh*, Russian, Ukrainian, German, Uzbek, Tatar, Uighur Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 47%, Orthodox Christian 44%, Other 7%, Protestant 2% Ethnic mix Kazakh 57%, Russian 27%, Other 8%, Uzbek 3%, Ukrainian 3%, German 2% Government Presidential system Currency Tenge = 100 tiyn Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3107 kilocalories
301
MONGOLIA East Asia
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Australasia & Oceania
NIGERIA West Africa
PANAMA Central America
PORTUGAL Southwest Europe
Official name Mongolia Formation 1924 / 1924 Capital Ulan Bator Population 2.9 million / 5 people per sq mile (2 people per sq km) Total area 604,247 sq. miles (1,565,000 sq. km) Languages Khalkha Mongolian, Kazakh, Chinese, Russian Religions Tibetan Buddhist 50%, Nonreligious 40%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4% Ethnic mix Khalkh 95%, Kazakh 4%, Other 1% Government Mixed presidential– parliamentary system Currency Tugrik (tögrög) = 100 möngö Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 2463 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Nauru Formation 1968 / 1968 Capital None Population 9488 / 1171 people per sq mile (452 people per sq km) Total area 8.1 sq. miles (21 sq. km) Languages Nauruan*, Kiribati, Chinese, Tuvaluan, English Religions Nauruan Congregational Church 60%, Roman Catholic 35%, Other 5% Ethnic mix Nauruan 93%, Chinese 5%, European 1%, Other Pacific islanders 1% Government Nonparty system Currency Australian dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 95% Calorie consumption Not available
Official name Federal Republic of Nigeria Formation 1960 / 1961 Capital Abuja Population 179 million / 508 people per sq mile (196 people per sq km) Total area 356,667 sq. miles (923,768 sq. km) Languages Hausa, English*, Yoruba, Ibo Religions Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, Traditional beliefs 10% Ethnic mix Other 29%, Hausa 21%, Yoruba 21%, Ibo 18%, Fulani 11% Government Presidential system Currency Naira = 100 kobo Literacy rate 51% Calorie consumption 2700 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Panama Formation 1903 / 1903 Capital Panama City Population 3.9 million / 133 people per sq mile (51 people per sq km) Total area 30,193 sq. miles (78,200 sq. km) Languages English Creole, Spanish*, Amerindian languages, Chibchan languages Religions Roman Catholic 84%, Protestant 15%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Mestizo 70%, Black 14%, White 10%, Amerindian 6% Government Presidential system Currency Balboa = 100 centésimos; and US dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption 2733 kilocalories
Official name Portuguese Republic Formation 1139 / 1640 Capital Lisbon Population 10.6 million / 299 people per sq mile (115 people per sq km) Total area 35,672 sq. miles (92,391 sq. km) Languages Portuguese* Religions Roman Catholic 92%, Protestant 4%, Nonreligious 3%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Portuguese 98%, African and other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption 3456 kilocalories
MONTENEGRO
NEPAL
NORTH KOREA
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
QATAR
Southeast Europe
302
NAURU
South Asia
East Asia
Australasia & Oceania
Southwest Asia
Official name Montenegro Formation 2006 / 2006 Capital Podgorica Population 600,000 / 113 people per sq mile (43 people per sq km) Total area 5332 sq. miles (13,812 sq. km) Languages Montenegrin*, Serbian, Albanian, Bosniak, Croatian Religions Orthodox Christian 74%, Muslim 18%, Roman Catholic 4%, Other 4% Ethnic mix Montenegrin 43%, Serb 32%, Other 12%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 3568 kilocalories
Official name Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Formation 1769 / 1769 Capital Kathmandu Population 28.1 million / 532 people per sq mile (205 people per sq km) Total area 54,363 sq. miles (140,800 sq. km) Languages Nepali*, Maithili, Bhojpuri Religions Hindu 81%, Buddhist 11%, Muslim 4%, Other (including Christian) 4% Ethnic mix Other 52%, Chhetri 16%, Hill Brahman 13%, Tharu 7%, Magar 7%, Tamang 5% Government Transitional regime Currency Nepalese rupee = 100 paisa Literacy rate 57% Calorie consumption 2673 kilocalories
Official name Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Formation 1948 / 1953 Capital Pyongyang Population 25 million / 538 people per sq mile (208 people per sq km) Total area 46,540 sq. miles (120,540 sq. km) Languages Korean* Religions Atheist 100% Ethnic mix Korean 100% Government One-party state Currency North Korean won = 100 chon Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2094 kilocalories
Official name Independent State of Papua New Guinea Formation 1975 / 1975 Capital Port Moresby Population 7.5 million / 43 people per sq mile (17 people per sq km) Total area 178,703 sq. miles (462,840 sq. km) Languages Pidgin English, Papuan, English*, Motu, 800 (est.) native languages Religions Protestant 60%, Roman Catholic 37%, Other 3% Ethnic mix Melanesian and mixed race 100% Government Parliamentary system Currency Kina = 100 toea Literacy rate 63% Calorie consumption 2193 kilocalories
Official name State of Qatar Formation 1971 / 1971 Capital Doha Population 2.3 million / 542 people per sq mile (209 people per sq km) Total area 4416 sq. miles (11,437 sq. km) Languages Arabic* Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 95%, Other 5% Ethnic mix Qatari 20%, Indian 20%, Other Arab 20%, Nepalese 13%, Filipino 10%, Other 10%, Pakistani 7% Government Monarchy Currency Qatar riyal = 100 dirhams Literacy rate 97% Calorie consumption Not available
MOROCCO
NETHERLANDS
NORWAY
PARAGUAY
ROMANIA
North Africa
Northwest Europe
Northern Europe
South America
Southeast Europe
Official name Kingdom of Morocco Formation 1956 / 1969 Capital Rabat Population 35.5 million / 194 people per sq mile (75 people per sq km) Total area 172,316 sq. miles (446,300 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, Tamazight (Berber), French, Spanish Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 99%, Other (mostly Christian) 1% Ethnic mix Arab 70%, Berber 29%, European 1% Government Mixed monarchical– parliamentary system Currency Moroccan dirham = 100 centimes Literacy rate 67% Calorie consumption 3334 kilocalories
Official name Kingdom of the Netherlands Formation 1648 / 1839 Capital Amsterdam; The Hague (administrative) Population 16.8 million / 1283 people per sq mile (495 people per sq km) Total area 16,033 sq. miles (41,526 sq. km) Languages Dutch*, Frisian Religions Roman Catholic 36%, Other 34%, Protestant 27%, Muslim 3% Ethnic mix Dutch 82%, Other 12%, Surinamese 2%, Turkish 2%, Moroccan 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3147 kilocalories
Official name Kingdom of Norway Formation 1905 / 1905 Capital Oslo Population 5.1 million / 43 people per sq mile (17 people per sq km) Total area 125,181 sq. miles (324,220 sq. km) Languages Norwegian* (Bokmål “book language” and Nynorsk “new Norsk”), Sámi Religions Evangelical Lutheran 88%, Other and nonreligious 8%, Muslim 2%, Pentecostal 1%, Roman Catholic 1% Ethnic mix Norwegian 93%, Other 6%, Sámi 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Norwegian krone = 100 øre Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3484 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Paraguay Formation 1811 / 1938 Capital Asunción Population 6.9 million / 45 people per sq mile (17 people per sq km) Total area 157,046 sq. miles (406,750 sq. km) Languages Guaraní*, Spanish*, German Religions Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant (including Mennonite) 10% Ethnic mix Mestizo 91%, Other 7%, Amerindian 2% Government Presidential system Currency Guaraní = 100 céntimos Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption 2589 kilocalories
Official name Romania Formation 1878 / 1947 Capital Bucharest Population 21.6 million / 243 people per sq mile (94 people per sq km) Total area 91,699 sq. miles (237,500 sq. km) Languages Romanian*, Hungarian (Magyar), Romani, German Religions Romanian Orthodox 87%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 5%, Greek Orthodox 1%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 1%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Romanian 89%, Magyar 7%, Roma 3%, Other 1% Government Presidential system Currency New Romanian leu = 100 bani Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3363 kilocalories
MOZAMBIQUE
NEW ZEALAND
OMAN
PERU
RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Southern Africa
Australasia & Oceania
Southwest Asia
South America
Europe / Asia
Official name Republic of Mozambique Formation 1975 / 1975 Capital Maputo Population 26.5 million / 88 people per sq mile (34 people per sq km) Total area 309,494 sq. miles (801,590 sq. km) Languages Makua, Xitsonga, Sena, Lomwe, Portuguese* Religions Traditional beliefs 56%, Christian 30%, Muslim 14% Ethnic mix Makua Lomwe 47%, Tsonga 23%, Malawi 12%, Shona 11%, Yao 4%, Other 3% Government Presidential system Currency New metical = 100 centavos Literacy rate 51% Calorie consumption 2283 kilocalories
Official name New Zealand Formation 1947 / 1947 Capital Wellington Population 4.6 million / 44 people per sq mile (17 people per sq km) Total area 103,737 sq. miles (268,680 sq. km) Languages English*, Maori* Religions Anglican 24%, Other 22%, Presbyterian 18%, Nonreligious 16%, Roman Catholic 15%, Methodist 5% Ethnic mix European 75%, Maori 15%, Other 7%, Samoan 3% Government Parliamentary system Currency New Zealand dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3170 kilocalories
Official name Sultanate of Oman Formation 1951 / 1951 Capital Muscat Population 3.9 million / 48 people per sq mile (18 people per sq km) Total area 82,031 sq. miles (212,460 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, Baluchi, Farsi, Hindi, Punjabi Religions Ibadi Muslim 75%, Other Muslim and Hindu 25% Ethnic mix Arab 88%, Baluchi 4%, Persian 3%, Indian and Pakistani 3%, African 2% Government Monarchy Currency Omani rial = 1000 baisa Literacy rate 87% Calorie consumption 3143 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Peru Formation 1824 / 1941 Capital Lima Population 30.8 million / 62 people per sq mile (24 people per sq km) Total area 496,223 sq. miles (1,285,200 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, Quechua*, Aymara Religions Roman Catholic 81%, Other 19% Ethnic mix Amerindian 45%, Mestizo 37%, White 15%, Other 3% Government Presidential system Currency New sol = 100 céntimos Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption 2700 kilocalories
Official name Russian Federation Formation 1480 / 1991 Capital Moscow Population 143 million / 22 people per sq mile (8 people per sq km) Total area 6,592,735 sq. miles (17,075,200 sq. km) Languages Russian*, Tatar, Ukrainian, Chavash, various other national languages Religions Orthodox Christian 75%, Muslim 14%, Other 11% Ethnic mix Russian 80%, Other 12%, Tatar 4%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1%, Chavash 1% Government Mixed Presidential– Parliamentary system Currency Russian rouble = 100 kopeks Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3358 kilocalories
MYANMAR (BURMA)
NICARAGUA
PAKISTAN
PHILIPPINES
RWANDA
Southeast Asia
Central America
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Official name Republic of the Union of Myanmar Formation 1948 / 1948 Capital Nay Pyi Taw Population 53.7 million / 212 people per sq mile (82 people per sq km) Total area 261,969 sq. miles (678,500 sq. km) Languages Myanmar (Burmese)*, Shan, Karen, Rakhine, Chin, Yangbye, Kachin, Mon Religions Buddhist 89%, Christian 4%, Muslim 4%, Other 2%, Animist 1% Ethnic mix Burman (Bamah) 68%, Other 12%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4% Government Presidential system Currency Kyat = 100 pyas Literacy rate 93% Calorie consumption 2571 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Nicaragua Formation 1838 / 1838 Capital Managua Population 6.2 million / 135 people per sq mile (52 people per sq km) Total area 49,998 sq. miles (129,494 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, English Creole, Miskito Religions Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant Evangelical 17%, Other 3% Ethnic mix Mestizo 69%, White 17%, Black 9%, Amerindian 5% Government Presidential system Currency Córdoba oro = 100 centavos Literacy rate 78% Calorie consumption 2564 kilocalories
Official name Islamic Republic of Pakistan Formation 1947 / 1971 Capital Islamabad Population 185 million / 622 people per sq mile (240 people per sq km) Total area 310,401 sq. miles (803,940 sq. km) Languages Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Urdu*, Baluchi, Brahui Religions Sunni Muslim 77%, Shi’a Muslim 20%, Hindu 2%, Christian 1% Ethnic mix Punjabi 56%, Pathan (Pashtun) 15%, Sindhi 14%, Mohajir 7%, Baluchi 4%, Other 4% Government Parliamentary system Currency Pakistani rupee = 100 paisa Literacy rate 55% Calorie consumption 2440 kilocalories
Official name Republic of the Philippines Formation 1946 / 1946 Capital Manila Population 100 million / 870 people per sq mile (336 people per sq km) Total area 115,830 sq. miles (300,000 sq. km) Languages Filipino*, English*, Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, many other local languages Religions Roman Catholic 81%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Other (including Buddhist) 5% Ethnic mix Other 34%, Tagalog 28%, Cebuano 13%, Ilocano 9%, Hiligaynon 8%, Bisaya 8% Government Presidential system Currency Philippine peso = 100 centavos Literacy rate 95% Calorie consumption 2570 kilocalories
NAMIBIA
NIGER
PALAU
POLAND
Southern Africa Official name Republic of Namibia Formation 1990 / 1994 Capital Windhoek Population 2.3 million / 7 people per sq mile (3 people per sq km) Total area 318,694 sq. miles (825,418 sq. km) Languages Ovambo, Kavango, English*, Bergdama, German, Afrikaans Religions Christian 90%, Traditional beliefs 10% Ethnic mix Ovambo 50%, Other tribes 22%, Kavango 9%, Damara 7%, Herero 7%, Other 5% Government Presidential system Currency Namibian dollar = 100 cents; and South African rand = 100 cents Literacy rate 76% Calorie consumption 2086 kilocalories
West Africa Official name Republic of Niger Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Niamey Population 18.5 million / 38 people per sq mile (15 people per sq km) Total area 489,188 sq. miles (1,267,000 sq. km) Languages Hausa, Djerma, Fulani, Tuareg, Teda, French* Religions Muslim 99%, Other (including Christian) 1% Ethnic mix Hausa 53%, Djerma and Songhai 21%, Tuareg 11%, Fulani 7%, Kanuri 6%, Other 2% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 16% Calorie consumption 2546 kilocalories
Australasia & Oceania Official name Republic of Palau Formation 1994 / 1994 Capital Melekeok Population 21,186 / 108 people per sq mile (42 people per sq km) Total area 177 sq. miles (458 sq. km) Languages Palauan*, English*, Japanese, Angaur, Tobi, Sonsorolese Religions Christian 66%, Modekngei 34% Ethnic mix Palauan 74%, Filipino 16%, Other 6%, Chinese and other Asian 4% Government Nonparty system Currency US dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption Not available
Northern Europe Official name Republic of Poland Formation 1918 / 1945 Capital Warsaw Population 38.2 million / 325 people per sq mile (125 people per sq km) Total area 120,728 sq. miles (312,685 sq. km) Languages Polish* Religions Roman Catholic 93%, Other and nonreligious 5%, Orthodox Christian 2% Ethnic mix Polish 98%, Other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Zloty = 100 groszy Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3485 kilocalories
Central Africa Official name Republic of Rwanda Formation 1962 / 1962 Capital Kigali Population 12.1 million / 1256 people per sq mile (485 people per sq km) Total area 10,169 sq. miles (26,338 sq. km) Languages Kinyarwanda*, French*, Kiswahili, English* Religions Christian 94%, Muslim 5%, Traditional beliefs 1% Ethnic mix Hutu 85%, Tutsi 14%, Other (including Twa) 1% Government Presidential system Currency Rwanda franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 66% Calorie consumption 2148 kilocalories
ST KITTS & NEVIS West Indies Official name Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis Formation 1983 / 1983 Capital Basseterre Population 51,538 / 371 people per sq mile (143 people per sq km) Total area 101 sq. miles (261 sq. km) Languages English*, English Creole Religions Anglican 33%, Methodist 29%, Other 22%, Moravian 9%, Roman Catholic 7% Ethnic mix Black 95%, Mixed race 3%, White 1%, Other and Amerindian 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency East Caribbean dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 2507 kilocalories
ST LUCIA
SENEGAL
West Indies
West Africa
SLOVENIA Central Europe
SPAIN Southwest Europe
SWITZERLAND Central Europe
Official name Saint Lucia Formation 1979 / 1979 Capital Castries Population 200,000 / 847 people per sq mile (328 people per sq km) Total area 239 sq. miles (620 sq. km) Languages English*, French Creole Religions Roman Catholic 90%, Other 10% Ethnic mix Black 83%, Mulatto (mixed race) 13%, Asian 3%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency East Caribbean dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 95% Calorie consumption 2629 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Senegal Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Dakar Population 14.5 million / 195 people per sq mile (75 people per sq km) Total area 75,749 sq. miles (196,190 sq. km) Languages Wolof, Pulaar, Serer, Diola, Mandinka, Malinké, Soninké, French* Religions Sunni Muslim 95%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 4%, Traditional beliefs 1% Ethnic mix Wolof 43%, Serer 15%, Peul 14%, Other 14%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola 5% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 52% Calorie consumption 2426 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Slovenia Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Ljubljana Population 2.1 million / 269 people per sq mile (104 people per sq km) Total area 7820 sq. miles (20,253 sq. km) Languages Slovenian* Religions Roman Catholic 58%, Other 28%, Atheist 10%, Orthodox Christian 2%, Muslim 2% Ethnic mix Slovene 83%, Other 12%, Serb 2%, Croat 2%, Bosniak 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3173 kilocalories
Official name Kingdom of Spain Formation 1492 / 1713 Capital Madrid Population 47.1 million / 244 people per sq mile (94 people per sq km) Total area 194,896 sq. miles (504,782 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, Catalan*, Galician*, Basque* Religions Roman Catholic 96%, Other 4% Ethnic mix Castilian Spanish 72%, Catalan 17%, Galician 6%, Basque 2%, Other 2%, Roma 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 3183 kilocalories
Official name Swiss Confederation Formation 1291 / 1857 Capital Bern Population 8.2 million / 534 people per sq mile (206 people per sq km) Total area 15,942 sq. miles (41,290 sq. km) Languages German*, Swiss-German, French*, Italian*, Romansch Religions Roman Catholic 42%, Protestant 35%, Other and nonreligious 19%, Muslim 4% Ethnic mix German 64%, French 20%, Other 9.5%, Italian 6%, Romansch 0.5% Government Parliamentary system Currency Swiss franc = 100 rappen/centimes Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3487 kilocalories
ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES
SERBIA
SOLOMON ISLANDS
SRI LANKA
SYRIA
West Indies
SAMOA Australasia & Oceania Official name Independent State of Samoa Formation 1962 / 1962 Capital Apia Population 200,000 / 183 people per sq mile (71 people per sq km) Total area 1104 sq. miles (2860 sq. km) Languages Samoan*, English* Religions Christian 99%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Polynesian 91%, Euronesian 7%, Other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Tala = 100 sene Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2872 kilocalories
SAN MARINO Southern Europe
Australasia & Oceania
South Asia
Southwest Asia
Official name Republic of Serbia Formation 2006 / 2008 Capital Belgrade Population 9.5 million / 318 people per sq mile (123 people per sq km) Total area 29,905 sq. miles (77,453 sq. km) Languages Serbian*, Hungarian (Magyar) Religions Orthodox Christian 85%, Roman Catholic 6%, Other 6%, Muslim 3% Ethnic mix Serb 83%, Other 10%, Magyar 4%, Bosniak 2%, Roma 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Serbian dinar = 100 para Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 2724 kilocalories
Official name Solomon Islands Formation 1978 / 1978 Capital Honiara Population 600,000 / 56 people per sq mile (21 people per sq km) Total area 10,985 sq. miles (28,450 sq. km) Languages English*, Pidgin English, Melanesian Pidgin, 120 (est.) native languages Religions Church of Melanesia (Anglican) 34%, Roman Catholic 19%, South Seas Evangelical Church 17%, Methodist 11%, Seventh-day Adventist 10%, Other 9% Ethnic mix Melanesian 93%, Polynesian 4%, Micronesian 2%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Solomon Islands dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 77% Calorie consumption 2473 kilocalories
Official name Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Formation 1948 / 1948 Capital Colombo; Sri Jayewardenapura Kotte Population 21.4 million / 856 people per sq mile (331 people per sq km) Total area 25,332 sq. miles (65,610 sq. km) Languages Sinhala*, Tamil*, Sinhala-Tamil, English Religions Buddhist 69%, Hindu 15%, Muslim 8%, Christian 8% Ethnic mix Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Other 1% Government Mixed presidential– parliamentary system Currency Sri Lanka rupee = 100 cents Literacy rate 91% Calorie consumption 2539 kilocalories
Official name Syrian Arab Republic Formation 1941 / 1967 Capital Damascus Population 22 million / 310 people per sq mile (120 people per sq km) Total area 71,498 sq. miles (184,180 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, French, Kurdish, Armenian, Circassian, Turkic languages, Assyrian, Aramaic Religions Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawi 12%, Christian 10%, Druze 3%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Arab 90%, Kurdish 9%, Armenian, Turkmen, and Circassian 1% Government Presidential system Currency Syrian pound = 100 piastres Literacy rate 85% Calorie consumption 3106 kilocalories
SEYCHELLES
SOMALIA
SUDAN
TAIWAN
Indian Ocean
East Africa
Official name Republic of Seychelles Formation 1976 / 1976 Capital Victoria Population 91,650 / 881 people per sq mile (339 people per sq km) Total area 176 sq. miles (455 sq. km) Languages French Creole*, English*, French* Religions Roman Catholic 82%, Anglican 6%, Other (including Muslim) 6%, Other Christian 3%, Hindu 2%, Seventh-day Adventist 1% Ethnic mix Creole 89%, Indian 5%, Other 4%, Chinese 2% Government Presidential system Currency Seychelles rupee = 100 cents Literacy rate 92% Calorie consumption 2426 kilocalories
Official name Federal Republic of Somalia Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Mogadishu Population 10.8 million / 45 people per sq mile (17 people per sq km) Total area 246,199 sq. miles (637,657 sq. km) Languages Somali*, Arabic*, English, Italian Religions Sunni Muslim 99%, Christian 1% Ethnic mix Somali 85%, Other 15% Government Non-party system Currency Somali shilin = 100 senti Literacy rate 24% Calorie consumption 1696 kilocalories
SIERRA LEONE
SOUTH AFRICA
West Africa
Southern Africa
East Africa
East Asia
Official name Republic of the Sudan Formation 1956 / 2011 Capital Khartoum Population 38.8 million / 54 people per sq mile (21 people per sq km) Total area 718,722 sq. miles (1,861,481 sq. km) Languages Arabic, Nubian, Beja, Fur Religions Nearly the whole population is Muslim (mainly Sunni) Ethnic mix Arab 60%, Other 18%, Nubian 10%, Beja 8%, Fur 3%, Zaghawa 1% Government Presidential system Currency New Sudanese pound = 100 piastres Literacy rate 73% Calorie consumption 2346 kilocalories
Official name Republic of China (ROC) Formation 1949 / 1949 Capital Taibei (Taipei) Population 23.4 million / 1879 people per sq mile (725 people per sq km) Total area 13,892 sq. miles (35,980 sq. km) Languages Amoy Chinese, Mandarin Chinese*, Hakka Chinese Religions Buddhist, Confucianist, and Taoist 93%, Christian 5%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Han Chinese (pre-20th-century migration) 84%, Han Chinese (20th-century migration) 14%, Aboriginal 2% Government Presidential system Currency Taiwan dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 2997 kilocalories
SURINAME
TAJIKISTAN
South America
Central Asia
Official name Republic of San Marino Formation 1631 / 1631 Capital San Marino Population 32,742 / 1364 people per sq mile (537 people per sq km) Total area 23.6 sq. miles (61 sq. km) Languages Italian* Religions Roman Catholic 93%, Other and nonreligious 7% Ethnic mix Sammarinese 88%, Italian 10%, Other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption Not available
Official name Republic of Sierra Leone Formation 1961 / 1961 Capital Freetown Population 6.2 million / 224 people per sq mile (87 people per sq km) Total area 27,698 sq. miles (71,740 sq. km) Languages Mende, Temne, Krio, English* Religions Muslim 60%, Christian 30%, Traditional beliefs 10% Ethnic mix Mende 35%, Temne 32%, Other 21%, Limba 8%, Kuranko 4% Government Presidential system Currency Leone = 100 cents Literacy rate 44% Calorie consumption 2333 kilocalories
Official name Republic of South Africa Formation 1934 / 1994 Capital Pretoria; Cape Town; Bloemfontein Population 53.1 million / 113 people per sq mile (43 people per sq km) Total area 471,008 sq. miles (1,219,912 sq. km) Languages English, isiZulu, isiXhosa, Afrikaans, Sepedi, Setswana, Sesotho, Xitsonga, siSwati, Tshivenda, isiNdebele Religions Christian 68%, Traditional beliefs and animist 29%, Muslim 2%, Hindu 1% Ethnic mix Black 80%, Mixed race 9%, White 9%, Asian 2% Government Presidential system Currency Rand = 100 cents Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption 3007 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Suriname Formation 1975 / 1975 Capital Paramaribo Population 500,000 / 8 people per sq mile (3 people per sq km) Total area 63,039 sq. miles (163,270 sq. km) Languages Sranan (creole), Dutch*, Javanese, Sarnami Hindi, Saramaccan, Chinese, Carib Religions Hindu 27%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 23%, Muslim 20%, Traditional beliefs 5% Ethnic mix East Indian 27%, Creole 18%, Black 15%, Javanese 15%, Mixed race 13%, Other 6%, Amerindian 4%, Chinese 2% Government Mixed presidential– parliamentary system Currency Surinamese dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 95% Calorie consumption 2727 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Tajikistan Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Dushanbe Population 8.4 million / 152 people per sq mile (59 people per sq km) Total area 55,251 sq. miles (143,100 sq. km) Languages Tajik*, Uzbek, Russian Religions Sunni Muslim 95%, Shi’a Muslim 3%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Tajik 80%, Uzbek 15%, Other 3%, Russian 1%, Kyrgyz 1% Government Presidential system Currency Somoni = 100 diram Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2101 kilocalories
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE
SINGAPORE
SOUTH KOREA
SWAZILAND
TANZANIA
West Africa
Southeast Asia
East Asia
Southern Africa
East Africa
Official name Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe Formation 1975 / 1975 Capital São Tomé Population 200,000 / 539 people per sq mile (208 people per sq km) Total area 386 sq. miles (1001 sq. km) Languages Portuguese Creole, Portuguese* Religions Roman Catholic 84%, Other 16% Ethnic mix Black 90%, Portuguese and Creole 10% Government Presidential system Currency Dobra = 100 céntimos Literacy rate 70% Calorie consumption 2676 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Singapore Formation 1965 / 1965 Capital Singapore Population 5.5 million / 23,305 people per sq mile (9016 people per sq km) Total area 250 sq. miles (648 sq. km) Languages Mandarin*, Malay*, Tamil*, English* Religions Buddhist 55%, Taoist 22%, Muslim 16%, Hindu, Christian, and Sikh 7% Ethnic mix Chinese 74%, Malay 14%, Indian 9%, Other 3% Government Parliamentary system Currency Singapore dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 96% Calorie consumption Not available
Official name Republic of Korea Formation 1948 / 1953 Capital Seoul; Sejong City (administrative) Population 49.5 million / 1299 people per sq mile (501 people per sq km) Total area 38,023 sq. miles (98,480 sq. km) Languages Korean* Religions Mahayana Buddhist 47%, Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 11%, Confucianist 3%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Korean 100% Government Presidential system Currency South Korean won = 100 chon Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3329 kilocalories
Official name Kingdom of Swaziland Formation 1968 / 1968 Capital Mbabane Population 1.3 million / 196 people per sq mile (76 people per sq km) Total area 6704 sq. miles (17,363 sq. km) Languages English*, siSwati*, isiZulu, Xitsonga Religions Traditional beliefs 40%, Other 30%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 10% Ethnic mix Swazi 97%, Other 3% Government Monarchy Currency Lilangeni = 100 cents Literacy rate 83% Calorie consumption 2275 kilocalories
Official name United Republic of Tanzania Formation 1964 / 1964 Capital Dodoma Population 50.8 million / 148 people per sq mile (57 people per sq km) Total area 364,898 sq. miles (945,087 sq. km) Languages Kiswahili*, Sukuma, Chagga, Nyamwezi, Hehe, Makonde, Yao, Sandawe, English* Religions Christian 63%, Muslim 35%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Native African (over 120 tribes) 99%, European, Asian, and Arab 1% Government Presidential system Currency Tanzanian shilling = 100 cents Literacy rate 68% Calorie consumption 2208 kilocalories
SAUDI ARABIA
SLOVAKIA
SOUTH SUDAN
SWEDEN
THAILAND
Southwest Asia Official name Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Formation 1932 / 1932 Capital Riyadh Population 29.4 million / 36 people per sq mile (14 people per sq km) Total area 756,981 sq. miles (1,960,582 sq. km) Languages Arabic* Religions Sunni Muslim 85%, Shi’a Muslim 15% Ethnic mix Arab 72%, Foreign residents (mostly south and southeast Asian) 20%, Afro-Asian 8% Government Monarchy Currency Saudi riyal = 100 halalat Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption 3122 kilocalories
Central Europe Official name Slovak Republic Formation 1993 / 1993 Capital Bratislava Population 5.5 million / 290 people per sq mile (112 people per sq km) Total area 18,859 sq. miles (48,845 sq. km) Languages Slovak*, Hungarian (Magyar), Czech Religions Roman Catholic 69%, Nonreligious 13%, Other 13%, Greek Catholic (Uniate) 4%, Orthodox Christian 1% Ethnic mix Slovak 86%, Magyar 10%, Roma 2%, Czech 1%, Other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2902 kilocalories
East Africa Official name Republic of South Sudan Formation 2011 / 2011 Capital Juba Population 11.7 million / 47 people per sq mile (18 people per sq km) Total area 248,777 sq. miles (644,329 sq. km) Languages Arabic, Dinka, Nuer, Zande, Bari, Shilluk, Lotuko, English* Religions Over half of the population follow Christian or traditional beliefs. Ethnic mix Dinka 40%, Nuer 15%, Bari 10%, Shilluk/ Anwak 10%, Azande 10%, Arab 10%, Other 5% Government Transitional regime Currency South Sudan pound = 100 piastres Literacy rate 37% Calorie consumption Not available
Northern Europe Official name Kingdom of Sweden Formation 1523 / 1921 Capital Stockholm Population 9.6 million / 60 people per sq mile (23 people per sq km) Total area 173,731 sq. miles (449,964 sq. km) Languages Swedish*, Finnish, Sámi Religions Evangelical Lutheran 75%, Other 13%, Muslim 5%, Other Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 2% Ethnic mix Swedish 86%, Foreign-born or first-generation immigrant 12%, Finnish and Sámi 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Swedish krona = 100 öre Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3160 kilocalories
Southeast Asia Official name Kingdom of Thailand Formation 1238 / 1907 Capital Bangkok Population 67.2 million / 341 people per sq mile (132 people per sq km) Total area 198,455 sq. miles (514,000 sq. km) Languages Thai*, Chinese, Malay, Khmer, Mon, Karen, Miao Religions Buddhist 95%, Muslim 4%, Other (including Christian) 1% Ethnic mix Thai 83%, Chinese 12%, Malay 3%, Khmer and Other 2% Government Transitional regime Currency Baht = 100 satang Literacy rate 96% Calorie consumption 2784 kilocalories
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Official name Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Formation 1979 / 1979 Capital Kingstown Population 102,918 / 786 people per sq mile (303 people per sq km) Total area 150 sq. miles (389 sq. km) Languages English*, English Creole Religions Anglican 47%, Methodist 28%, Roman Catholic 13%, Other 12% Ethnic mix Black 66%, Mulatto (mixed race) 19%, Other 12%, Carib 2%, Asian 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency East Caribbean dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 88% Calorie consumption 2960 kilocalories
Southeast Europe
303
TOGO West Africa
COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD
Central Asia
UNITED KINGDOM Northwest Europe
VATICAN CITY Southern Europe
Official name Togolese Republic Formation 1960 / 1960 Capital Lomé Population 7 million / 333 people per sq mile (129 people per sq km) Total area 21,924 sq. miles (56,785 sq. km) Languages Ewe, Kabye, Gurma, French* Religions Christian 47%, Traditional beliefs 33%, Muslim 14%, Other 6% Ethnic mix Ewe 46%, Other African 41%, Kabye 12%, European 1% Government Presidential system Currency CFA franc = 100 centimes Literacy rate 60% Calorie consumption 2366 kilocalories
Official name Turkmenistan Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Ashgabat Population 5.3 million / 28 people per sq mile (11 people per sq km) Total area 188,455 sq. miles (488,100 sq. km) Languages Turkmen*, Uzbek, Russian, Kazakh, Tatar Religions Sunni Muslim 89%, Orthodox Christian 9%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Turkmen 85%, Other 6%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4% Government Presidential system Currency New manat = 100 tenge Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2883 kilocalories
Official name United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Formation 1707 / 1922 Capital London Population 63.5 million / 681 people per sq mile (263 people per sq km) Total area 94,525 sq. miles (244,820 sq. km) Languages English*, Welsh*, Scottish Gaelic, Irish Religions Anglican 45%, Other and nonreligious 36%, Roman Catholic 9%, Presbyterian 4%, Muslim 3%, Methodist 2%, Hindu 1% Ethnic mix English 80%, Scottish 9%, West Indian, Asian, and other 5%, Northern Irish 3%, Welsh 3% Government Parliamentary system Currency Pound sterling = 100 pence Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3414 kilocalories
Official name State of the Vatican City Formation 1929 / 1929 Capital Vatican City Population 842 / 4953 people per sq mile (1914 people per sq km) Total area 0.17 sq. miles (0.44 sq. km) Languages Italian*, Latin* Religions Roman Catholic 100% Ethnic mix The current pope is Argentinian, though most popes for the last 500 years have been Italian. Cardinals are from many nationalities, but Italians form the largest group. Most of the resident lay persons are Italian. Government Papal state Currency Euro = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption Not available
TONGA
TUVALU
UNITED STATES
VENEZUELA
Australasia & Oceania
304
TURKMENISTAN
Australasia & Oceania
North America
South America
Official name Kingdom of Tonga Formation 1970 / 1970 Capital Nuku’alofa Population 106,440 / 383 people per sq mile (148 people per sq km) Total area 289 sq. miles (748 sq. km) Languages English*, Tongan* Religions Free Wesleyan 41%, Other 17%, Roman Catholic 16%, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 14%, Free Church of Tonga 12% Ethnic mix Tongan 98%, Other 2% Government Monarchy Currency Pa’anga (Tongan dollar) = 100 seniti Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption Not available
Official name Tuvalu Formation 1978 / 1978 Capital Funafuti Atoll Population 10,782 / 1078 people per sq mile (415 people per sq km) Total area 10 sq. miles (26 sq. km) Languages Tuvaluan, Kiribati, English* Religions Church of Tuvalu 97%, Baha’i 1%, Seventh-day Adventist 1%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4% Government Nonparty system Currency Australian dollar = 100 cents; and Tuvaluan dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 95% Calorie consumption Not available
Official name United States of America Formation 1776 / 1959 Capital Washington D.C. Population 323 million / 91 people per sq mile (35 people per sq km) Total area 3,794,100 sq. miles (9,826,675 sq. km) Languages English*, Spanish, Chinese, French, German, Tagalog, Vietnamese, Italian, Korean, Russian, Polish Religions Protestant 52%, Roman Catholic 25%, Other and nonreligious 20%, Jewish 2%, Muslim 1% Ethnic mix White 60%, Hispanic 17%, Black American/African 14%, Asian 6%, American Indians & Alaksa Natives 2%, Pacific Islanders 1% Government Presidential system Currency US dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3639 kilocalories
Official name Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Formation 1830 / 1830 Capital Caracas Population 30.9 million / 91 people per sq mile (35 people per sq km) Total area 352,143 sq. miles (912,050 sq. km) Languages Spanish*, Amerindian languages Religions Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, Other 2% Ethnic mix Mestizo 69%, White 20%, Black 9%, Amerindian 2% Government Presidential system Currency Bolívar fuerte = 100 céntimos Literacy rate 96% Calorie consumption 2880 kilocalories
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
UGANDA
URUGUAY
VIETNAM
West Indies
East Africa
South America
Southeast Asia
Official name Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Formation 1962 / 1962 Capital Port-of-Spain Population 1.3 million / 656 people per sq mile (253 people per sq km) Total area 1980 sq. miles (5128 sq. km) Languages English Creole, English*, Hindi, French, Spanish Religions Roman Catholic 26%, Hindu 23%, Other and nonreligious 23%, Anglican 8%, Baptist 7%, Pentecostal 7%, Muslim 6% Ethnic mix East Indian 40%, Black 38%, Mixed race 20%, White and Chinese 1%, other 1% Government Parliamentary system Currency Trinidad and Tobago dollar = 100 cents Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2889 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Uganda Formation 1962 / 1962 Capital Kampala Population 38.8 million / 504 people per sq mile (194 people per sq km) Total area 91,135 sq. miles (236,040 sq. km) Languages Luganda, Nkole, Chiga, Lango, Acholi, Teso, Lugbara, English* Religions Christian 85%, Muslim (mainly Sunni) 12%, Other 3% Ethnic mix Other 50%, Baganda 17%, Banyakole 10%, Basoga 9%, Iteso 7%, Bakiga 7% Government Presidential system Currency Uganda shilling = 100 cents Literacy rate 74% Calorie consumption 2279 kilocalories
Official name Oriental Republic of Uruguay Formation 1828 / 1828 Capital Montevideo Population 3.4 million / 50 people per sq mile (19 people per sq km) Total area 68,039 sq. miles (176,220 sq. km) Languages Spanish* Religions Roman Catholic 66%, Other and nonreligious 30%, Jewish 2%, Protestant 2% Ethnic mix White 90%, Mestizo 6%, Black 4% Government Presidential system Currency Uruguayan peso = 100 centésimos Literacy rate 98% Calorie consumption 2939 kilocalories
Official name Socialist Republic of Vietnam Formation 1976 / 1976 Capital Hanoi Population 92.5 million / 736 people per sq mile (284 people per sq km) Total area 127,243 sq. miles (329,560 sq. km) Languages Vietnamese*, Chinese, Thai, Khmer, Muong, Nung, Miao, Yao, Jarai Religions Other 74%, Buddhist 14%, Roman Catholic 7%, Cao Dai 3%, Protestant 2% Ethnic mix Vietnamese 86%, Other 8%, Muong 2%, Tay 2%, Thai 2% Government One-party state Currency Dông = 10 hao = 100 xu Literacy rate 94% Calorie consumption 2745 kilocalories
TUNISIA
UKRAINE
UZBEKISTAN
YEMEN
North Africa
Eastern Europe
Central Asia
Southwest Asia
Official name Tunisian Republic Formation 1956 / 1956 Capital Tunis Population 11.1 million / 185 people per sq mile (71 people per sq km) Total area 63,169 sq. miles (163,610 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, French Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish 1% Ethnic mix Arab and Berber 98%, Jewish 1%, European 1% Government Mixed presidential– parliamentary system Currency Tunisian dinar = 1000 millimes Literacy rate 80% Calorie consumption 3362 kilocalories
Official name Ukraine Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Kiev Population 44.9 million / 193 people per sq mile (74 people per sq km) Total area 223,089 sq. miles (603,700 sq. km) Languages Ukrainian*, Russian, Tatar Religions Christian (mainly Orthodox) 95%, Other 5% Ethnic mix Ukrainian 78%, Russian 17%, Other 5% Government Presidential system Currency Hryvna = 100 kopiykas Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 3142 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Uzbekistan Formation 1991 / 1991 Capital Tashkent Population 29.3 million / 170 people per sq mile (65 people per sq km) Total area 172,741 sq. miles (447,400 sq. km) Languages Uzbek*, Russian, Tajik, Kazakh Religions Sunni Muslim 88%, Orthodox Christian 9%, Other 3% Ethnic mix Uzbek 80%, Russian 6%, Other 6%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3% Government Presidential system Currency Som = 100 tiyin Literacy rate 99% Calorie consumption 2675 kilocalories
Official name Republic of Yemen Formation 1990 / 1990 Capital Sana Population 25 million / 115 people per sq mile (44 people per sq km) Total area 203,849 sq. miles (527,970 sq. km) Languages Arabic* Religions Sunni Muslim 55%, Shi’a Muslim 42%, Christian, Hindu, and Jewish 3% Ethnic mix Arab 99%, Afro-Arab, Indian, Somali, and European 1% Government Transitional regime Currency Yemeni rial = 100 fils Literacy rate 66% Calorie consumption 2223 kilocalories
TURKEY
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
VANUATU
ZAMBIA
Asia / Europe Official name Republic of Turkey Formation 1923 / 1939 Capital Ankara Population 75.8 million / 255 people per sq mile (98 people per sq km) Total area 301,382 sq. miles (780,580 sq. km) Languages Turkish*, Kurdish, Arabic, Circassian, Armenian, Greek, Georgian, Ladino Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 99%, Other 1% Ethnic mix Turkish 70%, Kurdish 20%, Other 8%, Arab 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Turkish lira = 100 kurus Literacy rate 95% Calorie consumption 3680 kilocalories
Southwest Asia Official name United Arab Emirates Formation 1971 / 1972 Capital Abu Dhabi Population 9.4 million / 291 people per sq mile (112 people per sq km) Total area 32,000 sq. miles (82,880 sq. km) Languages Arabic*, Farsi, Indian and Pakistani languages, English Religions Muslim (mainly Sunni) 96%, Christian, Hindu, and other 4% Ethnic mix Asian 60%, Emirian 25%, Other Arab 12%, European 3% Government Monarchy Currency UAE dirham = 100 fils Literacy rate 90% Calorie consumption 3215 kilocalories
Australasia & Oceania Official name Republic of Vanuatu Formation 1980 / 1980 Capital Port Vila Population 300,000 / 64 people per sq mile (25 people per sq km) Total area 4710 sq. miles (12,200 sq. km) Languages Bislama (Melanesian pidgin)*, English*, French*, other indigenous languages Religions Presbyterian 37%, Other 19%, Anglican 15%, Roman Catholic 15%, Traditional beliefs 8%, Seventh-day Adventist 6% Ethnic mix ni-Vanuatu 94%, European 4%, Other 2% Government Parliamentary system Currency Vatu = 100 centimes Literacy rate 83% Calorie consumption 2820 kilocalories
Southern Africa Official name Republic of Zambia Formation 1964 / 1964 Capital Lusaka Population 15 million / 52 people per sq mile (20 people per sq km) Total area 290,584 sq. miles (752,614 sq. km) Languages Bemba, Tonga, Nyanja, Lozi, Lala-Bisa, Nsenga, English* Religions Christian 63%, Traditional beliefs 36%, Muslim and Hindu 1% Ethnic mix Bemba 34%, Other African 26%, Tonga 16%, Nyanja 14%, Lozi 9%, European 1% Government Presidential system Currency New Zambian kwacha = 100 ngwee Literacy rate 61% Calorie consumption 1930 kilocalories
ZIMBABWE Southern Africa Official name Republic of Zimbabwe Formation 1980 / 1980 Capital Harare Population 14.6 million / 98 people per sq mile (38 people per sq km) Total area 150,803 sq. miles (390,580 sq. km) Languages Shona, isiNdebele, English* Religions Syncretic (Christian/traditional beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, Traditional beliefs 24%, Other (including Muslim) 1% Ethnic mix Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, Other African 11%, White 1%, Asian 1% Government Presidential system Currency US $, South African rand, Euro, UK £, Botswana pula, Australian $, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, and Japanese yen are legal tender Literacy rate 84% Calorie consumption 2110 kilocalories
Geographical names The following glossary lists all geographical terms occurring on the maps and in main-entry names in the Index-Gazetteer. These terms may precede, follow or be run together with the proper element of the name; where they precede it the term is reversed for indexing purposes - thus Poluostrov Yamal is indexed as Yamal, Poluostrov.
Key Geographical term Language, Term
A .............................................
................................................
................................................
B..............................................
Baelt Danish, Strait Bahía Spanish, Bay Baír Arabic, River Baía Portuguese, Bay Baie French, Bay Bañado Spanish, Marshy land Bandao Chinese, Peninsula Banjaran Malay, Mountain range Barajı Turkish, Dam Barragem Portuguese, Reservoir Bassin French, Basin Batang Malay, Stream Beinn, Ben Gaelic, Mountain -berg Afrikaans, Norwegian, Mountain Besar Indonesian, Malay, Big Birkat, Birket Arabic, Lake, well, Boêazı Turkish, Lake Boka Serbo-Croatian, Bay Bol’sh-aya, -iye, -oy, -oye Russian, Big Botigh(i) Uzbek, Depression basin -bre(en) Norwegian, Glacier Bredning Danish, Bay Bucht German, Bay Bugt(en) Danish, Bay Buíayrat Arabic, Lake, reservoir Buìeiret Arabic, Lake Bukit Malay, Mountain -bukta Norwegian, Bay bukten Swedish, Bay Bulag Mongolian, Spring Bulak Uighur, Spring Burnu Turkish, Cape, point Buuraha Somali, Mountains ................................................
C..............................................
Cabo Portuguese, Cape Caka Tibetan, Salt lake Canal Spanish, Channel Cap French, Cape Capo Italian, Cape, headland Cascada Portuguese, Waterfall Cayo(s) Spanish, Islet(s), rock(s) Cerro Spanish, Hill Chaîne French, Mountain range Chapada Portuguese, Hills, upland Chau Cantonese, Island Cháy Turkish, River Chhâk Cambodian, Bay Chhu Tibetan, River -chôsuji Korean, Reservoir Chott Arabic, Depression, salt lake Chûli Uzbek, Grassland, steppe Ch’ün-tao Chinese, Island group Chuôr Phnum Cambodian, Mountains
...............................................
D .............................................
Daban Mongolian, Uighur, Pass Daêı Azerbaijani, Turkish, Mountain Daêları Azerbaijani, Turkish, Mountains -dake Japanese, Peak -dal(en) Norwegian, Valley Danau Indonesian, Lake Dao Chinese, Island Ãao Vietnamese, Island Daryá Persian, River Daryácheh Persian, Lake Dasht Persian, Desert, plain Dawíat Arabic, Bay Denizi Turkish, Sea Dere Turkish, Stream Desierto Spanish, Desert Dili Azerbaijani, Spit -do Korean, Island Dooxo Somali, Valley Düzü Azerbaijani, Steppe -dwíp Bengali, Island ................................................
E ..............................................
-eilanden Dutch, Islands Embalse Spanish, Reservoir Ensenada Spanish, Bay Erg Arabic, Dunes Estany Catalan, Lake Estero Spanish, Inlet Estrecho Spanish, Strait Étang French, Lagoon, lake -ey Icelandic, Island Ezero Bulgarian, Macedonian, Lake Ezers Latvian, Lake
F ..............................................
.................................................
Feng Chinese, Peak Fjord Danish, Fjord -fjord(en) Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, fjord -fjördhur Icelandic, Fjord Fleuve French, River Fliegu Maltese, Channel -fljór Icelandic, River -flói Icelandic, Bay Forêt French, Forest ...............................................
G .............................................
-gan Japanese, Rock -gang Korean, River Ganga Hindi, Nepali, Sinhala, River Gaoyuan Chinese, Plateau Garagumy Turkmen, Sands -gawa Japanese, River Gebel Arabic, Mountain -gebirge German, Mountain range Ghadír Arabic, Well Ghubbat Arabic, Bay Gjiri Albanian, Bay Gol Mongolian, River Golfe French, Gulf Golfo Italian, Spanish, Gulf Göl(ü) Turkish, Lake Golyam, -a Bulgarian, Big Gora Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Mountain Góra Polish, mountain Gory Russian, Mountain Gryada Russian, ridge Guba Russian, Bay -gundo Korean, island group Gunung Malay, Mountain ...............................................
H .............................................
Íadd Arabic, Spit -haehyôp Korean, Strait Haff German, Lagoon Hai Chinese, Bay, lake, sea Haixia Chinese, Strait Hamada Arabic, Plateau Íammádat Arabic, Plateau Hámún Persian, Lake -hantó Japanese, Peninsula Har, Haré Hebrew, Mountain Íarrat Arabic, Lava-field Hav(et) Danish, Swedish, Sea Hawr Arabic, Lake Háyk’ Amharic, Lake He Chinese, River -hegység Hungarian, Mountain range Heide German, Heath, moorland Helodrano Malagasy, Bay Higashi- Japanese, East(ern) Íi§á’ Arabic, Well Hka Burmese, River -ho Korean, Lake ⁄olot Hebrew, Dunes Hora Belarussian, Czech, Mountain Hrada Belarussian, Mountain, ridge
Hsi Chinese, River Hu Chinese, Lake Huk Danish, Point
I
................................................. ...............................................
Île(s) French, Island(s) Ilha(s) Portuguese, Island(s) Ilhéu(s) Portuguese, Islet(s) Imeni Russian, In the name of Inish- Gaelic, Island Insel(n) German, Island(s) Irmaêı , Irmak Turkish, River Isla(s) Spanish, Island(s) Isola (Isole) Italian, Island(s)
J
................................................. ...............................................
Jabal Arabic, Mountain Jál Arabic, Ridge -järv Estonian, Lake -järvi Finnish, Lake Jazá’ir Arabic, Islands Jazírat Arabic, Island Jazíreh Persian, Island Jebel Arabic, Mountain Jezero Serbo-Croatian, Lake Jezioro Polish, Lake Jiang Chinese, River -jima Japanese, Island Jiªní Czech, Southern -jõgi Estonian, River -joki Finnish, River -jökull Icelandic, Glacier Jún Arabic, Bay Juzur Arabic, Islands ................................................
K..............................................
Kaikyó Japanese, Strait -kaise Lappish, Mountain Kali Nepali, River Kalnas Lithuanian, Mountain Kalns Latvian, Mountain Kang Chinese, Harbour Kangri Tibetan, Mountain(s) Kaôh Cambodian, Island Kapp Norwegian, Cape Káto Greek, Lower Kavír Persian, Desert K’edi Georgian, Mountain range Kediet Arabic, Mountain Kepi Albanian, Cape, point Kepulauan Indonesian, Malay, Island group Khalîg, Khalíj Arabic, Gulf Khawr Arabic, Inlet Khola Nepali, River Khrebet Russian, Mountain range Ko Thai, Island -ko Japanese, Inlet, lake Kólpos Greek, Bay -kopf German, Peak Körfäzi Azerbaijani, Bay Körfezi Turkish, Bay Kõrgustik Estonian, Upland Kosa Russian, Ukrainian, Spit Koshi Nepali, River Kou Chinese, River-mouth Kowtal Persian, Pass Kray Russian, Region, territory Kryazh Russian, Ridge Kuduk Uighur, Well Kúh(há) Persian, Mountain(s) -kul’ Russian, Lake Kûl(i) Tajik, Uzbek, Lake -kundo Korean, Island group -kysten Norwegian, Coast Kyun Burmese, Island ................................................
L ..............................................
Laaq Somali, Watercourse Lac French, Lake Lacul Romanian, Lake Lagh Somali, Stream Lago Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Lake Lagoa Portuguese, Lagoon Laguna Italian, Spanish, Lagoon, lake Laht Estonian, Bay Laut Indonesian, Bay Lembalemba Malagasy, Plateau Lerr Armenian, Mountain Lerrnashght’a Armenian, Mountain range Les Czech, Forest Lich Armenian, Lake Liehtao Chinese, Island group Liqeni Albanian, Lake Límni Greek, Lake Ling Chinese, Mountain range Llano Spanish, Plain, prairie Lumi Albanian, River Lyman Ukrainian, Estuary
M ............................................
...............................................
Madínat Arabic, City, town Mae Nam Thai, River -mägi Estonian, Hill Maja Albanian, Mountain Mal Albanian, Mountains Mal-aya, -oye, -yy, Russian, Small -man Korean, Bay
Mar Spanish, Sea Marios Lithuanian, Lake Massif French, Mountains Meer German, Lake -meer Dutch, Lake Melkosopochnik Russian, Plain -meri Estonian, Sea Mifra∞ Hebrew, Bay Minami- Japanese, South(ern) -misaki Japanese, Cape, point Monkhafad Arabic, Depression Montagne(s) French, Mountain(s) Montañas Spanish, Mountains Mont(s) French, Mountain(s) Monte Italian, Portuguese, Mountain More Russian, Sea Mörön Mongolian, River Mys Russian, Cape, point ...............................................
N .............................................
-nada Japanese, Open stretch of water Nagor’ye Russian, Upland Na¡al Hebrew, River Nahr Arabic, River Nam Laotian, River Namakzár Persian, Salt desert Né-a, -on, -os Greek, New Nedre- Norwegian, Lower -neem Estonian, Cape, point Nehri Turkish, River -nes Norwegian, Cape, point Nevado Spanish, Snow-capped Nieder- German, Lower Nishi- Japanese, West(ern) -nísi Greek, Island Nisoi Greek, Islands Nizhn-eye, -iy, -iye, -yaya Russian, Lower Nizmennost’ Russian, Lowland, plain Nord Danish, French, German, North Norte Portuguese, Spanish, North Nos Bulgarian, Point, spit Nosy Malagasy, Island Nov-a, -i, Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, New Nov-aya, -o, -oye, -yy, -yye Russian, New Now-a, -e, -y Polish, New Nur Mongolian, Lake Nuruu Mongolian, Mountains Nuur Mongolian, Lake Nyzovyna Ukrainian, Lowland, plain ...............................................
O.............................................
-ø Danish, Island Ober- German, Upper Oblast’ Russian, Province Órmos Greek, Bay Orol(i) Uzbek, Island Øster- Norwegian, Eastern Ostrov(a) Russian, Island(s) Otok Serbo-Croatian, Island Oued Arabic, Watercourse -oy Faeroese, Island -øy(a) Norwegian, Island Oya Sinhala, River Ozero Russian, Ukrainian, Lake ................................................
P ..............................................
Passo Italian, Pass Pegunungan Indonesian, Malay, Mountain range Pélagos Greek, Sea Pendi Chinese, Basin Penisola Italian, Peninsula Pertuis French, Strait Peski Russian, Sands Phanom Thai, Mountain Phou Laotian, Mountain Pi Chinese, Point Pic Catalan, French, Peak Pico Portuguese, Spanish, Peak -piggen Danish, Peak Pik Russian, Peak Pivostriv Ukrainian, Peninsula Planalto Portuguese, Plateau Planina, Planini Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Mountain range Plato Russian, Plateau Ploskogor’ye Russian, Upland Poluostrov Russian, Peninsula Ponta Portuguese, Point Porthmós Greek, Strait Pótamos Greek, River Presa Spanish, Dam Prokhod Bulgarian, Pass Proliv Russian, Strait Pulau Indonesian, Malay, Island Pulu Malay, Island Punta Spanish, Point Pushcha Belorussian, Forest Puszcza Polish, Forest ...............................................
Q.............................................
Qá‘ Arabic, Depression Qalamat Arabic, Well Qatorkûh(i) Tajik, Mountain Qiuling Chinese, Hills
................................................
R..............................................
Raas Somali, Cape -rags Latvian, Cape Ramlat Arabic, Sands Ra’s Arabic, Cape, headland, point Ravnina Bulgarian, Russian, Plain Récif French, Reef Recife Portuguese, Reef Reka Bulgarian, River Represa (Rep.) Portuguese, Spanish, Reservoir Reshteh Persian, Mountain range Respublika Russian, Republic, first-order administrative division Respublika(si) Uzbek, Republic, first-order administrative division -retsugan Japanese, Chain of rocks -rettó Japanese, Island chain Riacho Spanish, Stream Riban’ Malagasy, Mountains Rio Portuguese, River Río Spanish, River Riu Catalan, River Rivier Dutch, River Rivière French, River Rowd Pashtu, River Rt Serbo-Croatian, Point Rúd Persian, River Rúdkháneh Persian, River Rudohorie Slovak, Mountains Ruisseau French, Stream ................................................
S ..............................................
-saar Estonian, Island -saari Finnish, Island Sabkhat Arabic, Salt marsh Ságar(a) Hindi, Lake, reservoir fiaírá’ Arabic, Desert Saint, Sainte French, Saint Salar Spanish, Salt-pan Salto Portuguese, Spanish, Waterfall Samudra Sinhala, Reservoir -san Japanese, Korean, Mountain -sanchi Japanese, Mountains -sandur Icelandic, Beach Sankt German, Swedish, Saint -sanmaek Korean, Mountain range -sanmyaku Japanese, Mountain range San, Santa, Santo Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Saint São Portuguese, Saint Sarír Arabic, Desert Sebkha, Sebkhet Arabic, Depression, salt marsh Sedlo Czech, Pass See German, Lake Selat Indonesian, Strait Selatan Indonesian, Southern -selkä Finnish, Lake, ridge Selseleh Persian, Mountain range Serra Portuguese, Mountain Serranía Spanish, Mountain -seto Japanese, Channel, strait Sever-naya, -noye, -nyy, -o Russian, Northern Sha’íb Arabic, Watercourse Shákh Kurdish, Mountain Shamo Chinese, Desert Shan Chinese, Mountain(s) Shankou Chinese, Pass Shanmo Chinese, Mountain range Sha√√ Arabic, Distributary Shet’ Amharic, River Shi Chinese, Municipality -shima Japanese, Island Shiqqat Arabic, Depression -shotó Japanese, Group of islands Shuiku Chinese, Reservoir Shûrkhog(i) Uzbek, Salt marsh Sierra Spanish, Mountains Sint Dutch, Saint -sjø(en) Norwegian, Lake -sjön Swedish, Lake Solonchak Russian, Salt lake Solonchakovyye Vpadiny Russian, Salt basin, wetlands Sòn Vietnamese, Mountain Sông Vietnamese, River Sør- Norwegian, Southern -spitze German, Peak Star-á, -é Czech, Old Star-aya, -oye, -yy, -yye Russian, Old Stenó Greek, Strait Step’ Russian, Steppe ‹tít Slovak, Peak Stœng Cambodian, River Stolovaya Strana Russian, Plateau Stredné Slovak, Middle Stüední Czech, Middle Stretto Italian, Strait Su Anbarı Azerbaijani, Reservoir -suidó Japanese, Channel, strait Sund Swedish, Sound, strait Sungai Indonesian, Malay, River Suu Turkish, River ................................................
T..............................................
Tal Mongolian, Plain Tandavan’ Malagasy, Mountain range
Tangorombohitr’ Malagasy, Mountain massif Tanjung Indonesian, Malay, Cape, point Tao Chinese, Island ◊araq Arabic, Hills Tassili Berber, Mountain, plateau Tau Russian, Mountain(s) Taungdan Burmese, Mountain range Techníti Límni Greek, Reservoir Tekojärvi Finnish, Reservoir Teluk Indonesian, Malay, Bay Tengah Indonesian, Middle Terara Amharic, Mountain Timur Indonesian, Eastern -tind(an) Norwegian, Peak Tizma(si) Uzbek, Mountain range, ridge -tó Japanese, island Tog Somali, Valley -tóge Japanese, pass Togh(i) Uzbek, mountain Tônlé Cambodian, Lake Top Dutch, Peak -tunturi Finnish, Mountain ◊uráq Arabic, hills Tur‘at Arabic, Channel ...............................................
U .............................................
Udde(n) Swedish, Cape, point ‘Uqlat Arabic, Well Utara Indonesian, Northern Uul Mongolian, Mountains
V .............................................
................................................
Väin Estonian, Strait Vallée French, Valley Varful Romanian, Peak -vatn Icelandic, Lake -vatnet Norwegian, Lake Velayat Turkmen, Province -vesi Finnish, Lake Vestre- Norwegian, Western -vidda Norwegian, Plateau -vík Icelandic, Bay -viken Swedish, Bay, inlet Vinh Vietnamese, Bay Víztárloló Hungarian, Reservoir Vodaskhovishcha Belarussian, Reservoir Vodokhranilishche (Vdkhr.) Russian, Reservoir Vodoskhovyshche (Vdskh.) Ukrainian, Reservoir Volcán Spanish, Volcano Vostochn-o, yy Russian, Eastern Vozvyshennost’ Russian, Upland, plateau Vozyera Belarussian, Lake Vpadina Russian, Depression Vrchovina Czech, Mountains Vrh Croat, Slovene, Peak Vychodné Slovak, Eastern Vysochyna Ukrainian, Upland Vysoâina Czech, Upland ..............................................
W ............................................
Waadi Somali, Watercourse Wádí Arabic Watercourse Wáíat, Wâhat Arabic, Oasis Wald German, Forest Wan Chinese, Bay Way Indonesian, River Webi Somali, River Wenz Amharic, River Wiloyat(i) Uzbek, Province Wyæyna Polish, Upland Wzgórza Polish, Upland Wzvyshsha Belarussian, Upland ...............................................
X .............................................
Xé Laotian, River Xi Chinese, Stream ...............................................
Y .............................................
-yama Japanese, Mountain Yanchi Chinese, Salt lake Yanhu Chinese, Salt lake Yarımadası Azerbaijani, Turkish, Peninsula Yaylası Turkish, Plateau Yazovir Bulgarian, Reservoir Yoma Burmese, Mountains Ytre- Norwegian, Outer Yü Chinese, Island Yunhe Chinese, Canal Yuzhn-o, -yy Russian, Southern ................................................
Z..............................................
-zaki Japanese, Cape, point Zaliv Bulgarian, Russian, Bay -zan Japanese, Mountain Zangbo Tibetan, River Zapadn-aya, -o, -yy Russian, Western Západné Slovak, Western Západní Czech, Western Zatoka Polish, Ukrainian, Bay -zee Dutch, Sea Zemlya Russian, Earth, land Zizhiqu Chinese, Autonomous region
GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
Å Danish, Norwegian, River Áb Persian, River Adrar Berber, Mountains Agía, Ágios Greek, Saint Air Indonesian, River Ákra Greek, Cape, point Alpen German, Alps Alt- German, Old Altiplanicie Spanish, Plateau Älve, -älven Swedish, River -ån Swedish, River Anse French, Bay ‘Aqabat Arabic, Pass Archipiélago Spanish, Archipelago Arcipelago Italian, Archipelago Arquipélago Portuguese, Archipelago Arrecife(s) Spanish, Reef(s) Aru Tamil, River Augstiene Latvian, Upland Auk#tuma Lithuanian, Upland Aust- Norwegian, Eastern Avtonomnyy Okrug Russian, Autonomous district Áw Kurdish, River ‘Ayn Arabic, Spring, well ‘Ayoûn Arabic, Wells
Ciudad Spanish, City, town Co Tibetan, Lake Colline(s) French, Hill(s) Cordillera Spanish, Mountain range Costa Spanish, Coast Côte French, Coast Coxilha Portuguese, Mountains Cuchilla Spanish, Mountains
Qolleh Persian, Mountain Qu Tibetan, Stream Quan Chinese, Well Qulla(i) Tajik, Peak Qundao Chinese, Island group
305
100 Mile House - Acerrae
I NDEX G LOSSARY
OF
This glossary provides a comprehensive guide to the abbreviations used in this Atlas, and in the Index.
A abbrev. abbreviated AD Anno Domini Afr. Afrikaans Alb. Albanian Amh. Amharic anc. ancient approx. approximately Ar. Arabic Arm. Armenian ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASSR Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Aust. Australian Az. Azerbaijani Azerb. Azerbaijan
INDEX
B
306
A BBREVIATIONS
Basq. Basque BC before Christ Bel. Belarussian Ben. Bengali Ber. Berber B-H BosniaHerzegovina bn billion (one thousand million) BP British Petroleum Bret. Breton Brit. British Bul. Bulgarian Bur. Burmese
C C central C. Cape ˚C degrees Centigrade CACM Central America Common Market Cam. Cambodian Cant. Cantonese CAR Central African Republic Cast. Castilian Cat. Catalan CEEAC Central America Common Market Chin. Chinese CIS Commonwealth of Independent States cm centimetre(s) Cro. Croat Cz. Czech Czech Rep. Czech Republic
D Dan. Danish Div. Divehi Dom. Rep. Dominican Republic Dut. Dutch
E E east EC see EU EEC see EU ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECU European Currency Unit EMS European Monetary System Eng. English est estimated Est. Estonian EU European Union (previously European Community [EC], European Economic Community [EEC])
F ˚F degrees Fahrenheit Faer. Faeroese Fij. Fijian Fin. Finnish Fr. French Fris. Frisian ft foot/feet FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
G g gram(s) Gael. Gaelic Gal. Galician GDP Gross Domestic Product (the total value of goods and services produced by a country excluding income from foreign countries) Geor. Georgian Ger. German Gk Greek GNP Gross National Product (the total value of goods and services produced by a country)
H Heb. Hebrew HEP hydro-electric power Hind. Hindi hist. historical Hung. Hungarian
I I. Island Icel. Icelandic in inch(es) In. Inuit (Eskimo) Ind. Indonesian Intl International Ir. Irish Is Islands It. Italian
J Jap. Japanese
K Kaz. Kazakh kg kilogram(s) Kir. Kirghiz km kilometre(s) km2 square kilometre (singular) Kor. Korean Kurd. Kurdish
L L. Lake LAIA Latin American Integration Association Lao. Laotian Lapp. Lappish Lat. Latin Latv. Latvian Liech. Liechtenstein Lith. Lithuanian Lux. Luxembourg
M m million/metre(s) Mac. Macedonian Maced. Macedonia Mal. Malay Malg. Malagasy Malt. Maltese mi. mile(s) Mong. Mongolian Mt. Mountain Mts Mountains
N N north NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement Nep. Nepali Neth. Netherlands Nic. Nicaraguan Nor. Norwegian NZ New Zealand
P Pash. Pashtu PNG Papua New Guinea Pol. Polish Poly. Polynesian Port. Portuguese prev. previously
R Rep. Republic Res. Reservoir Rmsch Romansch Rom. Romanian Rus. Russian Russ. Fed. Russian Federation
TH I S I N DE X L I ST S all the placenames and features shown on the regional and continental maps in this Atlas. Placenames are referenced to the largest scale map on which they appear. The policy followed throughout the Atlas is to use the local spelling or local name at regional level; commonly-used English language names may occasionally be added (in parentheses) where this is an aid to identification e.g. Firenze (Florence). English names, where they exist, have been used for all international features e.g. oceans and country names; they are also used on the continental maps and in the introductory World section; these are then fully cross-referenced to the local names found on the regional maps. The index also contains commonly-found alternative names and variant spellings, which are also fully cross-referenced. All main entry names are those of settlements unless otherwise indicated by the use of italicized definitions or representative symbols, which are keyed at the foot of each page.
1 E6 100 Mile House var. Hundred Mile House. British Columbia, SW Canada 51°39´N 121°19´W 115 H9 25 de Agosto Florida, Uruguay 34°25´S 56°24´W 118 G9 25 de Mayo La Pampa, Argentina 37°48´S 67°41´W 25 de Mayo see Veinticinco de Mayo 26 Bakinskikh Komissarov see Häsänabad 26 Baku Komissarlary Adyndaky see Uzboý 56
A
Aa see Gauja 155 D13 Aabenraa var. Åbenrå, Ger. Apenrade. Syddanmark, SW Denmark 55°03´N 09°26´E 155 D10 Aabybro var. Åbybro. Nordjylland, N Denmark 57°09´N 09°32´E
181 A10 Aachen Dut. Aken, Fr. Aix-la-Chapelle; anc. Aquae Grani, Aquisgranum. Nordrhein-Westfalen, W Germany 50°47´N 06°06´E 218 F4 Aadchît Lebanon 33°20´N 35°25´E 218 F4 Aaïtaït Lebanon 33°33´N 35°40´E Aaiún see Laâyoune 178 J3 Aakirkeby var. Åkirkeby. Bornholm, E Denmark 55°04´N 14°56´E
218 G1 Aakkâr el Aatîga Lebanon 155 D11 Aalborg var. Ålborg, Ålborg-Nørresundby; anc. Alburgum. Nordjylland, N Denmark 57°03´N 09°56´E Aalborg Bugt see Ålborg Bugt 179 E12 Aalen Baden-Württemberg, S Germany 48°50´N 10°06´E 155 D11 Aalestrup var. Ålestrup. Midtjylland, NW Denmark 56°42´N 09°31´E
218 F3 Aaley Lebanon 33°48´N 35°35´E 162 E6 Aalsmeer Noord-Holland, C Netherlands
S south SADC Southern Africa Development Community SCr. Serbo-Croatian Sinh. Sinhala Slvk Slovak Slvn. Slovene Som. Somali Sp. Spanish St., St Saint Strs Straits Swa. Swahili Swe. Swedish Switz. Switzerland
T Taj. Tajik Th. Thai Thai. Thailand Tib. Tibetan Turk. Turkish Turkm. Turkmenistan
U UAE United Arab Emirates Uigh. Uighur UK United Kingdom Ukr. Ukrainian UN United Nations Urd. Urdu US/USA United States of America USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Uzb. Uzbek
V var. variant Vdkhr. Vodokhranilishche (Russian for reservoir) Vdskh. Vodoskhovyshche (Ukrainian for reservoir) Vtn. Vietnamese
W W west Wel. Welsh
Y Yugo. Yugoslavia
162 I7 Aalten Gelderland, E Netherlands 51°56´N 06°35´E 163 C9 Aalter Oost-Vlaanderen, NW Belgium 51°05´N 03°28´E Aanaar see Inari Aanaarjävri see Inarijärvi 141 H5 Aandster North West, South Africa 27°25´S 25°10´E 153 H8 Äänekoski Keski-Suomi, W Finland 62°34´N 25°45´E 218 G3 Aanjar var. ‘Anjar. C Lebanon 33°45´N 35°56´E 218 G3 Aanjar Lebanon 33°43´N 35°55´E 138 E7 Aansluit Northern Cape, N South Africa 26°41´S 22°24´E
218 G2 Aaqoûra Lebanon 218 G2 Aaqoûra Lebanon 34°07´N 35°54´E Aar see Aare 176 D4 Aarau Aargau, N Switzerland 47°22´N 08°00´E 176 C4 Aarberg Bern, W Switzerland 47°19´N 07°54´E 163 C9 Aardenburg Zeeland, SW Netherlands 51°16´N 03°27´E 174 B3 Aare var. Aar. j W Switzerland 174 B2 Aargau Fr. Argovie. r canton N Switzerland Aarhus see Århus Aarlen see Arlon 155 D11 Aars var. Års. Nordjylland, N Denmark 56°49´N 09°32´E
163 E10 Aarschot Vlaams Brabant, C Belgium 50°59´N 04°50´E Aassi, Nahr el see Orontes Aat see Ath 218 F3 Aayoûn es Sîmâne Lebanon 34°00´N 35°49´E 239 K7 Aba prev. Ngawa. Sichuan, C China 32°51´N 101°46´E 134 J6 Aba Orientale, NE Dem. Rep. Congo 03°52´N 30°14´E 133 K8 Aba Abia, S Nigeria 05°06´N 07°22´E 220 D3 Abā al Qazāz, Bi’r well NW Saudi Arabia Abā as Su‘ūd see Najrān 107 H4 Abacaxis, Rio j NW Brazil Abaco Island see Great Abaco/Little Abaco Abaco Island see Great Abaco, N Bahamas 222 D6 Ābādān Khūzestān, SW Iran 30°24´N 48°18´E 228 D7 Abadan prev. Bezmein, Büzmeýin, Rus. Byuzmeyin. Ahal Welaýaty, C Turkmenistan 38°08´N 57°53´E 222 F6 Ābādeh Fārs, C Iran 31°06´N 52°40´E 130 G4 Abadla W Algeria 31°04´N 02°39´W 110 E1 Abaeté Minas Gerais, SE Brazil 19°10´S 45°24´W 113 H5 Abaí Caazapá, S Paraguay 25°58´S 55°54´W Abai see Blue Nile 284 B2 Abaiang var. Apia; prev. Charlotte Island. atoll Tungaru, W Kiribati Abaj see Abay 133 K7 Abaji Federal Capital District, C Nigeria 08°35´N 06°54´E 79 J5 Abajo Peak l Utah, W USA 37°51´N 109°28´W 133 K8 Abakaliki Ebonyi, SE Nigeria 06°18´N 08°07´E 192 G8 Abakan Respublika Khakasiya, S Russian Federation 53°43´N 91°25´E
227 N1 Abakan j S Russian Federation 133 I4 Abala Tillabéri, SW Niger 14°55´N 03°27´E 133 J4 Abalak Tahoua, C Niger 15°28´N 06°18´E 191 H8 Abalyanka Rus. Obolyanka. j N Belarus 192 G7 Aban Krasnoyarskiy Kray, S Russian Federation 56°41´N 96°04´E
Āb Anbār-e Kān Sorkh Yazd, C Iran 31°22´N 53°38´E Abancay Apurímac, SE Peru 13°37´S 72°52´W Abanilla Murcia, Spain 38°12´N 1°03´W Abaokoro atoll Tungaru, W Kiribati Abariringa see Kanton 222 G6 Abarkūh Yazd, C Iran 31°07´N 53°17´E 252 G3 Abashiri var. Abasiri. Hokkaidō, NE Japan 222 105 173 284
G6 F8 K6 D1
44°N 144°15´E
252 G3 Abashiri-gawa j Hokkaidō, NE Japan 252 G3 Abashiri-ko c Hokkaidō, NE Japan Abasiri see Abashiri 87 K8 Abasolo Chiapas, Mexico 16°48´N 92°10´W 85 K5 Abasolo Guanajuato, Mexico 85 M7 Abasolo Tamaulipas, C Mexico 24°02´N 98°18´W 87 H8 Abasolo del Valle Veracruz-Llave, Mexico 17°46´N 95°30´W
280 C4 Abau Central, S Papua New Guinea 10°04´S 148°34´E 227 I4 Abay var. Abaj. Karaganda, C Kazakhstan 49°38´N 72°50´E
136 D5 Ābaya Hāyk’ Eng. Lake Margherita, It. Abbaia. c SW Ethiopia Ābay Wenz see Blue Nile 192 G8 Abaza Respublika Khakasiya, S Russian Federation 52°40´N 89°58´E
Abbaia see Ābaya Hāyk’ 222 G8 Āb Bārīk Fārs, S Iran 175 B10 Abbasanta Sardegna, Italy, C Mediterranean Sea 40°08´N 08°49´E
72
Abbatis Villa see Abbeville D4 Abbaye, Point headland Michigan, N USA 46°58´N 88°08´W
Abbazia see Opatija Abbé, Lake see Abhe, Lake 165 H2 Abbeville anc. Abbatis Villa. Somme, N France 50°06´N 01°50´E
69 69 68 67 157
I3 K2 C4 H8 B10
160 176 154 292 160 140 76
A2 E7 J1 F5 G8 D9 C2
Abbeville Alabama, S USA 31°35´N 85°16´W Abbeville Georgia, SE USA 31°58´N 83°18´W Abbeville Louisiana, S USA 29°58´N 92°08´W Abbeville South Carolina, SE USA 34°10´N 82°23´W Abbeyfeale Ir. Mainistir na Féile. SW Ireland
Country Country Capital
p Dependent Territory q Dependent Territory Capital
07°03´S 140°10´E
181 J13 Abenberg Bayern, Germany 49°15´N 10°58´E 132 G8 Abengourou E Ivory Coast 06°42´N 03°27´W 172 G5 Abenójar Castilla-La Manacha, Spain 38°53´N 4°21´W Åbenrå see Aabenraa 179 G12 Abens j SE Germany 133 I7 Abeokuta Ogun, SW Nigeria 07°07´N 03°21´E 160 E4 Aberaeron SW Wales, United Kingdom 52°15´N 04°15´W
74 160 160 277
32°30´S 24°00´E
156 G5 Aberdeen anc. Devana. NE Scotland, United Kingdom 57°10´N 02°04´W 64 E9 Aberdeen Maryland, NE USA 39°28´N 76°09´W 66 C8 Aberdeen Mississippi, S USA 33°49´N 88°32´W 67 J7 Aberdeen North Carolina, SE USA 35°07´N 79°25´W 74 D4 Aberdeen South Dakota, N USA 45°27´N 98°29´W 76 B4 Aberdeen Washington, NW USA 46°57´N 123°48´W 140 G8 Aberdeen Kendrew Eastern Cape, South Africa
G5 Abrolhos Bank undersea feature W Atlantic Ocean 18°30´S 38°45´W
191 E11 Abrova Rus. Obrovo. Brestskaya Voblasts’, SW Belarus 52°30´N 25°34´E 188 C7 Abrud Ger. Gross-Schlatten, Hung. Abrudbánya. Alba, SW Romania 46°16´N 23°05´E Abrudbánya see Abrud 190 C5 Abruka island SW Estonia 175 F8 Abruzzese, Appennino m C Italy 175 G8 Abruzzo r region C Italy 220 F8 ‘Abs var. Sūq ‘Abs. W Yemen 16°42´N 42°55´E 77 J6 Absaroka Range m Montana/Wyoming, NW USA 64 G9 Absecon New Jersey, USA 39°26´N 74°30´W 215 N4 Abşeron Yarımadası Rus. Apsheronskiy Poluostrov. peninsula E Azerbaijan 222 F4 Āb Shīrīn Eşfahān, C Iran 34°17´N 51°17´E 217 L7 Abtān Maysān, SE Iraq 31°37´N 47°06´E 177 I3 Abtenau Salzburg, NW Austria 47°33´N 13°21´E 232 C7 Ābu Rājasthān, N India 24°41´N 72°50´E 250 D5 Abu Yamaguchi, Honshū, SW Japan 34°30´N 131°26´E 216 D3 Abū aḑ Ḑuhūr Fr. Aboudouhour. Idlib, NW Syria 35°30´N 37°00´E
221 J4 Abū al Abyaḑ island C United Arab Emirates 218 H3 Abū al ‘Aţā, Jabal m Syria 216 E6 Abū al Ḩuşayn, Khabrat c N Jordan 217 I5 Abū al Jīr Al Anbār, C Iraq 33°16´N 42°55´E 217 M8 Abū al Khaşīb var. Abul Khasib. Al Başrah, SE Iraq 30°26´N 48°00´E
217 K8 Abū at Tubrah, Thaqb well S Iraq 219 B11 Abu Aweigila Egypt 30°50´N 34°07´E Abu Balâs see Abu Ballās 129 H5 Abu Ballās var. Abu Balâs. l SW Egypt 24°28´N 27°36´E
Abu Dhabi see Abū abī 217 I5 Abū Farūkh Al Anbār, C Iraq 33°06´N 43°18´E 134 H3 Abu Gabra Eastern Darfur, W Sudan 11°02´N 26°50´E 217 H6 Abū Ghār, Sha‘īb dry watercourse S Iraq 129 J8 Abu Hamed River Nile, N Sudan 19°32´N 33°20´E 216 G4 Abū Ḩardān var. Hajîne. Dayr az Zawr, E Syria 34°45´N 40°49´E
217 J5 Abū Ḩasāwīyah Diyālá, E Iraq 33°52´N 44°47´E 216 E6 Abū Ḩifnah, Wādī dry watercourse N Jordan 133 K7 Abuja a (Nigeria) Federal Capital District, C Nigeria 09°04´N 07°28´E
217 I6 Abū Jahaf, Wādī dry watercourse C Iraq 104 E5 Abujao, Río j E Peru 217 J8 Abū Jasrah Al Muthanná, S Iraq 30°43´N 44°50´E 219 F12 Abū Jurdhān Jordan 216 G4 Abū Kamāl Fr. Abou Kémal. Dayr az Zawr, E Syria 34°29´N 40°56´E
32°45´S 24°19´E
160 E3 Aberdyfi United Kingdom 52°33´N 4°02´W 159 H1 Aberfeldy C Scotland, United Kingdom 56°38´N 03°49´W
160 E2 Aberffraw United Kingdom 53°11´N 4°27´W 158 G2 Aberfoyle United Kingdom 56°11´N 4°23´W 160 G5 Abergavenny anc. Gobannium. SE Wales, United Kingdom 51°50´N 03°W 160 E5 Abergorlech United Kingdom 51°59´N 4°04´W Abergwaun see Fishguard 159 I3 Aberlady United Kingdom 56°00´N 2°51´W Abermarre see Abemaree 70 D3 Abernathy Texas, SW USA 33°49´N 101°50´W 159 I2 Abernethy C Scotland, United Kingdom 160 E4 Aberporth United Kingdom 52°08´N 4°33´W Abersee see Wolfgangsee 160 E3 Abersoch United Kingdom 52°49´N 4°30´W Abertawe see Swansea Aberteifi see Cardigan 160 G6 Abertillery United Kingdom 51°44´N 3°08´W 76 D8 Abert, Lake c Oregon, NW USA 160 E4 Aberystwyth W Wales, United Kingdom 52°25´N 04°05´W
Abeshr see Abéché Ábeskovvu see Abisko 176 G9 Abetone Toscana, C Italy 44°09´N 10°42´E 195 L4 Abez’ Respublika Komi, NW Russian Federation 66°32´N 61°41´E
222 E3 Āb Garm Qazvin, N Iran 220 F7 Abhā ‘Asīr, SW Saudi Arabia 18°16´N 42°32´E 222 E3 Abhar Zanjān, NW Iran 36°05´N 49°18´E Abhé Bad/Ābhē Bid Hāyk’ see Abhe, Lake 136 F3 Abhe, Lake var. Lake Abbé, Amh. Ābhē Bid Hāyk’, Som. Abhé Bad. c Djibouti/Ethiopia 133 J7 Abia r state SE Nigeria 217 K6 ‘Abīd ‘Alī Wāsiţ, E Iraq 32°20´N 45°58´E 191 I10 Abidavichy Rus. Obidovichi. Mahilyowskaya Voblasts’, E Belarus 53°20´N 30°25´E 187 J3 Abide Çanakkale, NW Turkey 40°04´N 26°13´E 132 F8 Abidjan S Ivory Coast 05°19´N 04°01´W 140 E5 Abierkwasputs salt lake Northern Cape, South Africa Āb-i-Istāda see Īstādeh-ye Moqor, Āb-e218 F6 Abila Jordan 75 E9 Abilene Kansas, C USA 38°55´N 97°14´W 70 F4 Abilene Texas, SW USA 32°27´N 99°44´W Abindonia see Abingdon 161 I6 Abingdon anc. Abindonia. S England, United Kingdom 51°41´N 01°17´W 73 B10 Abingdon Illinois, N USA 40°48´N 90°24´W 67 H5 Abingdon Virginia, NE USA 36°42´N 81°59´W Abingdon see Pinta, Isla 65 M3 Abington Massachusetts, USA 42°06´N 70°57´W 64 F7 Abington Pennsylvania, NE USA 40°06´N 75°05´W 196 F8 Abinsk Krasnodarskiy Kray, SW Russian Federation 44°51´N 38°12´E
L6 Abiquiu Reservoir d New Mexico, SW USA Āb-i-safed see Sefīd, Darya-ye 152 F5 Abisko Lapp. Ábeskovvu. Norrbotten, N Sweden 79
68°21´N 18°50´E
51 J8 Abitibi j Ontario, S Canada 58 F7 Abitibi, Lac c Ontario/Québec, S Canada 136 E2 Ābīy Ādī Tigray, N Ethiopia 13°40´N 38°57´E 190 E5 Abja-Paluoja Viljandimaa, S Estonia 58°08´N 25°20´E Abkhazia see Apkhazeti 173 I8 Abla Andalucía, Spain 37°08´N 2°47´W 276 E1 Abminga South Australia 26°07´S 134°49´E 129 I4 Abnūb var. Abnûb. C Egypt 27°18´N 31°09´E Abnûb see Abnūb Åbo see Turku 232 D4 Abohar Punjab, N India 30°11´N 74°14´E 132 G8 Aboisso SE Ivory Coast 05°26´N 03°13´W 133 N1 Abo, Massif d’ m NW Chad 133 I7 Abomey S Benin 07°14´N 02°00´E 167 M10 Abondance Rhône-Alpes, France 46°17´N 6°44´E 134 C6 Abong Mbang Est, SE Cameroon 03°58´N 13°10´E 183 G12 Abony Pest, C Hungary 47°10´N 20°00´E 134 E3 Abou-Déïa Salamat, SE Chad 11°30´N 19°18´E Aboudouhour see Abū aḑ Ḑuhūr Abou Kémal see Abū Kamāl Abou Simbel see Abū Sunbul 215 K5 Abovyan C Armenia 40°16´N 44°33´E 263 K4 Abra j Luzon, N Philippines 129 N9 Abrād, Wādī seasonal river W Yemen Abraham Bay see The Carlton 118 C6 Abranquil Maule, Chile 35°45´S 71°33´W 172 C4 Abrantes var. Abrántes. Santarém, C Portugal 39°28´N 08°12´W
112 D3 Abra Pampa Jujuy, N Argentina 22°47´S 65°41´W Abrashlare see Brezovo 111 J3 Abre Campo Minas Gerais, Brazil 20°18´S 42°29´W 102 C4 Abrego Norte de Santander, N Colombia 08°08´N 73°14´W
84
Abrene see Pytalovo C6 Abreojos, Punta headland NW Mexico 26°43´N 113°36´W
72 C5 Abbotsford Wisconsin, N USA 44°57´N 90°19´W 231 I4 Abbottābād Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, NW Pakistan
98
32°33´S 24°33´E
55 I3 Aberdeen Lake c Nunavut, NE Canada 140 G9 Aberdeen Road Eastern Cape, South Africa
49°02´N 122°18´W
r Administrative Regions k International Airport
E3 F6 D3 L4
Aberbrothock see Arbroath Abercorn see Mbala Abercrombie North Dakota, N USA 46°25´N 96°42´W Aberdare United Kingdom 51°43´N 3°27´W Aberdaron United Kingdom 52°49´N 4°42´W Aberdeen New South Wales, SE Australia
57 M6 Aberdeen Saskatchewan, S Canada 52°15´N 106°19´W 138 F9 Aberdeen Eastern Cape, S South Africa
52°24´N 09°21´W
Abbeyleix Laois, Ireland 52°54´N 7°21´W Abbiategrasso Lombardia, NW Italy 45°24´N 08°55´E Abborrträsk Norrbotten, N Sweden 65°24´N 19°33´E Abbot Ice Shelf ice shelf Antarctica Abbotsbury United Kingdom 50°40´N 2°36´W Abbotsdale Western Cape, South Africa 33°29´S 18°40´E Abbotsford British Columbia, SW Canada
34°12´N 73°15´E
b a
13°49´N 20°49´E
Abécher see Abéché 223 I5 Āb-e Garm va Sard Khorāsān-e Janūbī, E Iran 133 I2 Abeïbara Kidal, NE Mali 19°07´N 01°52´E 171 H3 Abejar Castilla y León, N Spain 41°48´N 02°47´W 102 B5 Abejorral Antioquia, W Colombia 05°48´N 75°28´W Abela see Ávila 141 K3 Abel Erasmuspas pass Limpopo, South Africa Abellinum see Avellino 152 C5 Abeløya island Kong Karls Land, E Svalbard 136 D4 Ābeltī Oromīya, C Ethiopia 08°09´N 37°31´E 284 B3 Abemama var. Apamama; prev. Roger Simpson Island. atoll Tungaru, W Kiribati 261 L7 Abemaree var. Abermarre. Papua, E Indonesia
32°09´S 150°55´E
52°17´N 04°43´E
163 D10 Aalst Oost-Vlaanderen, C Belgium 50°57´N 04°03´E 162 F7 Aalst Fr. Alost. Noord-Brabant, S Netherlands 51°23´N 05°29´E
S
191 H9 Abchuha Rus. Obchuga. Minskaya Voblasts’, NW Belarus 54°30´N 29°22´E 162 F6 Abcoude Utrecht, C Netherlands 52°17´N 04°59´E 216 F2 ‘Abd al ‘Azīz, Jabal m NE Syria 221 I9 ‘Abd al Kūrī island SE Yemen 197 K3 Abdulino Orenburgskaya Oblast’, W Russian Federation 53°37´N 53°39´E 134 F2 Abéché var. Abécher, Abeshr. Ouaddaï, SE Chad
169 M3 Abriés Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France 44°47´N 6°56´E
115
J4 Abrojal Rivera, Uruguay 31°45´S 55°01´W
l Mountain m Mountain Range
i Volcano t River
260 D5 Abuki, Pegunungan m Sulawesi, C Indonesia 253 D11 Abukuma-gawa j Honshū, C Japan 253 D11 Abukuma-sanchi m Honshū, C Japan Abula see Ávila Abul Khasib see Abū al Khaşīb 134 F6 Abumombazi var. Abumonbazi. Equateur, N Dem. Rep. Congo 03°43´N 22°06´E Abumonbazi see Abumombazi 106 E6 Abunã Rondônia, W Brazil 09°41´S 65°20´W 106 D7 Abunã, Rio var. Río Abuná. j Bolivia/Brazil 219 G8 Abū Nuşayr var. Abu Nuseir. ‘Ammān, W Jordan 32°03´N 35°58´E
219 G8 Abū Nuşayr Jordan 32°05´N 35°52´E Abu Nuseir see Abū Nuşayr 217 J8 Abū Qabr Al Muthanná, S Iraq 31°03´N 44°34´E 218 I2 Abu Raḩbah Syria 34°26´N 37°12´E 216 E4 Abū Raḩbah, Jabal m C Syria 217 I4 Abū Rajāsh Şalāḩ ad Dīn, N Iraq 34°47´N 43°36´E 217 K8 Abū Raqrāq, Ghadīr well S Iraq 232 C7 Ābu Road Rājasthān, N India 24°29´N 72°47´E 136 E1 Abu Shagara, Ras headland NE Sudan 18°04´N 38°31´E 129 I6 Abu Simbel var. Abu Sūnbul. headland Egypt Abu Simbel see Abū Sunbul 217 K8 Abū Sudayrah Al Muthanná, S Iraq 30°55´N 44°58´E 217 J7 Abū Şukhayr Al Qādisīyah, S Iraq 31°54´N 44°27´E Abu Sūnbul see Abu Simbel Abū Sunbul see Abū Sunbul 252 D5 Abuta Hokkaidō, NE Japan 42°34´N 140°44´E 219 G12 Abū Ţarafah, Wādī dry watercourse Jordan 279 C9 Abut Head headland South Island, New Zealand 43°06´S 170°16´E
136 A1 Abu ‘Urug Northern Kordofan, C Sudan 15°52´N 30°25´E
136 E4 Ābuyē Mēda l C Ethiopia 10°28´N 39°44´E 263 M7 Abuyog Leyte, C Philippines 10°45´N 124°58´E 134 J2 Abu Zabad Western Kordofan, C Sudan 12°21´N 29°16´E
221
J4 Abū abī var. Abū abī, Eng. Abu Dhabi. a (United Arab Emirates) Abū aby, C United Arab Emirates 24°30´N 54°20´E
Abū abī see Abū abī 129 J3 Abu Zenīma E Egypt 29°01´N 33°08´E 155 H9 Åby Östergötland, S Sweden 58°40´N 16°10´E Abyaḑ, Al Baḩr al see White Nile Åbybro see Aabybro 134 I3 Abyei Southern Kordofan, S Sudan 09°35´N 28°28´E 134 I3 Abyei Area r disputed region Western Kordofan, S Sudan Abyla see Ávila Abymes see les Abymes Abyssinia see Ethiopia Açâba see Assaba 102 C6 Acacias Meta, C Colombia 03°59´N 73°46´W 55 L3 Acadia, Cape headland Nunavut, C Canada 111 I3 Acaiaca Minas Gerais, Brazil 20°21´S 43°09´W 108 C4 Açailândia Maranhão, E Brazil 04°51´S 47°26´W Acaill see Achill Island 88 C5 Acajutla Sonsonate, W El Salvador 13°34´N 89°50´W 172 E7 Acalá del Río Andalucía, Spain 37°31´N 5°59´W 134 A7 Acalayong SW Equatorial Guinea 01°05´N 09°34´E 86 E6 Acámbaro Guanajuato, C Mexico 20°01´N 100°42´W 86 E6 Acambay México, Mexico 19°57´N 99°51´W 102 A4 Acandí Chocó, NW Colombia 08°32´N 77°20´W 170 C3 A Cañiza var. La Cañiza. Galicia, NW Spain 42°13´N 08°16´W
86 85 86 103 108 102 170 86 86 85 87 86
B3 Acaponeta Nayarit, C Mexico 22°30´N 105°21´W I8 Acaponeta, Río de j C Mexico E8 Acapulco var. Acapulco de Juárez. Guerrero, S Mexico 16°51´N 99°53´W Acapulco de Juárez see Acapulco J7 Acarai Mountains Sp. Serra Acaraí. m Brazil/ Guyana Acaraí, Serra see Acarai Mountains G3 Acaraú Ceará, NE Brazil 04°35´S 37°37´W E3 Acarigua Portuguesa, N Venezuela 09°35´N 69°12´W D1 A Carreira Galicia, NW Spain 43°21´N 08°12´W F5 Acatepec Puebla, Mexico F7 Acatepec Puebla, Mexico 19°02´N 98°17´W M7 Acatlán Jalisco, W Mexico 23°58'N 99°08'W H7 Acatlán Oaxaca, Mexico 18°32´N 96°37´W F7 Acatlán var. Acatlán de Osorio. Puebla, S Mexico 18°12´N 98°02´W
86 87
C5 Acatlán de Juárez Jalisco, Mexico 20°25´N 103°35´W Acatlán de Osorio see Acatlán I7 Acayucan var. Acayucán. Veracruz-Llave, E Mexico 17°59´N 94°58´W
Accho see Akko 67 M4 Accomac Virginia, NE USA 37°43´N 75°41´N 168 D6 Accous Aquitaine, France 42°59´N 0°36´W 133 H8 Accra a (Ghana)SE Ghana 05°33´N 00°15´W 159 J9 Accrington NW England, United Kingdom 53°46´N 02°21´W
Acebal Santa Fe, C Argentina 33°14´S 60°50´W Aceguá Rio Grande du Sol, S Brazil 31°52´S 54°12´W Acegua Cerro Largo, Uruguay 31°48´S 54°18´W Aceh off. Daerah Istimewa Aceh, var. Acheen, Achin, Atchin, Atjeh. r autonomous district NW Indonesia 175 H9 Acerenza Basilicata, S Italy 40°46´N 15°51´E 184 A8 Acerra anc. Acerrae. Campania, S Italy 40°56´N 14°22´E Acerrae see Acerra 114 115 115 258
c Lake d Reservoir
B7 K4 K4 C3
B8 D1 N9 H9 F4 F3 E4
115 H5 215 J4 187 H6
163 G9 186 F4 193 K9 177 H3 179 G13 179 G14 179 C12
Acevedo Buenos Aires, Argentina 33°45´S 60°27´W Acha United Kingdom 56°36´N 6°36´W Achaacha Algeria 36°14´N 00°38´E Achacachi La Paz, W Bolivia 16°01´S 68°44´W Achaguas Apure, C Venezuela 07°46´N 68°14´W Achahoish United Kingdom 55°57´N 5°34´W Achalpur prev. Elichpur, Ellichpur. Mahārāshtra, C India 21°19´N 77°30´E Achar Tacuarembó, C Uruguay 32°20´S 56°15´W Ach’ara prev. Achara, var. Ajaria. r autonomous republic SW Georgia Achara see Ach’ara Acharnés var. Aharnes; prev. Akharnaí. Attikí, C Greece 38°09´N 23°58´E Ach’asar Lerr see Achk’asari, Mta Acheen see Aceh Achel Limburg, NE Belgium 51°15´N 05°31´E Achelóos var. Akhelóös, Aspropótamos; anc. Achelous. j W Greece Achelous see Achelóos Acheng Heilongjiang, NE China 45°32´N 126°56´E Achenkirch Tirol, W Austria 47°31´N 11°42´E Achenpass pass Austria/Germany Achensee c W Austria Achern Baden-Württemberg, SW Germany 48°37´N 08°04´E
186 133 232 118 157
E5 L4 F6 C6 A8
Acherón j W Greece Achétinamou j S Niger Achhnera Uttar Pradesh, N India 27°10´N 77°45´E Achibueno, Río j Maule, Chile Achill Head Ir. Ceann Acla. headland W Ireland
Addison see Webster Springs J7 Ad Dīwānīyah var. Diwaniyah. C Iraq 32°00´N 44°57´E Addoo Atoll see Addu Atoll Addua see Adda 235 B14 Addu Atoll var. Addoo Atoll, Seenu Atoll. atoll S Maldives Ad Dujail see Ad Dujayl 217 J5 Ad Dujayl var. Ad Dujail. Şalāḩ ad Dīn, N Iraq 217
33°49´N 44°16´E
Ad Duwaym/Ad Duwēm see Ed Dueim 163 C9 Adegem Oost-Vlaanderen, NW Belgium 51°12´N 03°31´E
69 K3 Adel Georgia, SE USA 31°08´N 83°25´W 276 G5 Adelaide state capital South Australia 34°56´S 138°36´E 90 E2 Adelaide New Providence, N The Bahamas 24°59´N 77°30´W
276 292 52 274
G5 E3 G8 G2
13°12´S 131°06´E
81 F10 Adelanto California, USA 34°35´N 117°25´W 132 E4 ‘Adel Bagrou Hodh ech Chargui, SE Mauritania 15°33´N 07°04´W
280 B2 181 H8 274 E3 175 I9 293 K8 293 K8 181 H14
53°58´N 10°14´W
56°21´N 90°25´E
195 L10 Achit Sverdlovskaya Oblasť, Russian Federation 238 G1 Achit Nuur c NW Mongolia 215 K4 Achk’asari, Mta Arm. Ach’asar Lerr. l Armenia/ Georgia 41°09´N 43°55´E 180 E6 Achmer Niedersachsen, Germany 52°24´N 7°56´E 158 F2 Achnacroish United Kingdom 56°30´N 5°30´W 158 E1 Achosnich NW Scotland, United Kingdom 196 F8 Achuyevo Krasnodarskiy Kray, SW Russian Federation 46°00´N 38°01´E 136 B6 Achwa var. Aswa. j N Uganda 214 C7 Acıgöl salt lake SW Turkey 175 G12 Acireale Sicilia, Italy, C Mediterranean Sea 37°36´N 15°10´E
D4 B9 H6 F4
158 A8 118 E2 84 F3 141 K3 172 C3 170 C1 170 C2 88 174 174 174 176
G6 E7 F7 E7 E8
106 C7 175 H11 285 L7 161 K6 81 D10 63 I3 86 F6
Aciris see Agri Ackerly Texas, SW USA 32°31´N 101°43´W Ackerman Mississippi, S USA 33°18´N 89°10´W Ackley Iowa, C USA 42°33´N 93°03´W Acklins Island island SE The Bahamas Acla, Ceann see Achill Head Aclare Sligo, Ireland 54°02´N 8°54´W Aconcagua, Cerro l W Argentina 32°36´S 69°53´W Aconchi Sonora, Mexico Açores/Açores, Arquipélago dos/Açores, Ilhas dos see Azores Acornhoek Limpopo, South Africa 24°35´S 31°05´E Açor, Serra do m Portugal A Coruña Cast. La Coruña, Eng. Corunna; anc. Caronium. Galicia, NW Spain 43°22´N 08°24´W A Coruña Cast. La Coruña. r province Galicia, NW Spain Acoyapa Chontales, S Nicaragua 11°58´N 85°10´W Acquapendente Lazio, C Italy 42°44´N 11°52´E Acquasanta Terme Marche, C Italy 42°46´N 13°24´E Acquasparta Lazio, C Italy 42°41´N 12°31´E Acqui Terme Piemonte, NW Italy 44°41´N 08°28´E Acrae see Palazzola Acreide Acraman, Lake salt lake South Australia Acre off. Estado do Acre. r state W Brazil Acre see Akko Acre, Rio j W Brazil Acri Calabria, SW Italy 39°30´N 16°22´E Acte see Ágion Óros Actéon, Groupe island group Îles Tuamotu, SE French Polynesia Acton United Kingdom 51°30´N 0°15´W Acton California, USA 34°28´N 118°12´W Acton-Vale Québec, SE Canada 45°39´N 72°31´W Actopan var. Actopán. Hidalgo, C Mexico 20°19´N 98°59´W
111 86 87 118 114
J1 B4 H7 D4 F1
64 M4 133 H8 184 F2 74 F3 73 H10 75 E13 239 K2
Açu see Assu Açucena Minas Gerais, Brazil 19°04´S 42°32´W Acuitapilco Nayarit, Mexico Acula Veracruz-Llave, Mexico 18°31´N 95°47´W Aculeo, Laguna de c Región Metropolitana, Chile Acuña Corrientes, Argentina 29°55´S 57°58´W Acunum Acusio see Montélimar Acushnet Massachusetts, NE USA 41°40´N 70°54´W Ada SE Ghana 05°47´N 00°42´E Ada Vojvodina, N Serbia 45°48´N 20°08´E Ada Minnesota, N USA 47°18´N 96°31´W Ada Ohio, N USA 40°46´N 83°49´W Ada Oklahoma, C USA 34°47´N 96°41´W Adaatsag var. Tavin. Dundgovĭ, C Mongolia
220 E2 218 H4 219 H12 219 F12 136 E2
Adelnau see Odolanów Adelsberg see Postojna Aden see ‘Adan Aden see Khormaksar Adenan Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany 50°23´N 6°56´E Adenau Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany 50°23´N 6°55´E Aden, Gulf of gulf SW Arabian Sea Aderbissinat Agadez, C Niger 15°30´N 07°57´E Adhaim see Al ‘Uaym Adh Dhayd var. Al Dhaid. Ash Shāriqah, NE United Arab Emirates 25°19´N 55°51´E ‘Adhfā’ spring/well NW Saudi Arabia 29°15´N 41°24´E ‘Adhrā’ Rīf Dimashq, W Syria 33°36´N 36°29´E ‘Ādhriyāt, Jabāl al m S Jordan Adhruḩ S Jordan Ādī Ārk’ay var. Addi Arkay. Āmara, N Ethiopia
276 176 136 234
Adieu, Cape headland South Australia 32°01´S 132°12´E Adige Ger. Etsch. j N Italy Ādīgrat Tigray, N Ethiopia 14°17´N 39°27´E Ādilabād var. Ādilābād. Telangana, C India
181 C11 181 C11 213 H10 133 K4 221
13°18´N 37°56´E
221 K5 113 J3 134 C5 124 C5 133 M6 174 136 65 75 62 74 235 76
D4 E5 I2 E8 F5 E2 F9 C5
Ada Bazar see Adapazarı Adair, Bahía de bay NW Mexico Adair, Cape headland Nunavut, NE Canada Adaja j N Spain Adak Island island Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA Adalia see Antalya Adalia, Gulf of see Antalya Körfezi Adam N Oman 22°22´N 57°30´E Adama see Nazrēt Adamantina São Paulo, S Brazil 21°41´S 51°04´W Adamaoua Eng. Adamawa. r province N Cameroon Adamaoua, Massif d’ Eng. Adamawa Highlands. plateau NW Cameroon Adamawa r state E Nigeria Adamawa see Adamaoua Adamawa Highlands see Adamaoua, Massif d’ Adamello l N Italy 46°09´N 10°33´E Ādamī Tulu Oromīya, C Ethiopia 07°52´N 38°39´E Adams Massachusetts, USA 42°37´N 73°07´W Adams Nebraska, C USA 40°25´N 96°30´W Adams New York, NE USA 43°48´N 75°57´W Adams North Dakota, N USA 48°23´N 98°01´W Adam’s Bridge chain of shoals NW Sri Lanka Adams, Mount l Washington, NW USA 46°12´N 121°29´W
Adam’s Peak see Sri Pada 285 N10 Adam’s Rock island Pitcairn Island, Pitcairn Islands 285 N10 Adamstown q (Pitcairn Islands)Pitcairn Island, Pitcairn Islands 25°04´S 130°05´W 66 C7 Adamsville Tennessee, S USA 35°14´N 88°23´W 70 G6 Adamsville Texas, SW USA 31°15´N 98°09´W 172 G6 Adamuz Andalucía, Spain 38°02´N 4°31´W 220 G9 ‘Adan Eng. Aden. SW Yemen 12°51´N 45°05´E 214 F8 Adana var. Seyhan. Adana, S Turkey 37°N 35°19´E 214 F7 Adana var. Seyhan. r province S Turkey Adâncata see Horlivka 172 G1 Adanero Castilla y León, Spain 40°56´N 4°36´W 259 K6 Adang, Teluk bay Borneo, C Indonesia 214 D4 Adapazarı prev. Ada Bazar. Sakarya, NW Turkey 40°49´N 30°24´E
136 C1 Adarama River Nile, NE Sudan 17°04´N 34°57´E 293 I9 Adare, Cape cape Antarctica 277 J1 Adavale Queensland, Australia Ādavāni see Ādoni 176 F5 Adda anc. Addua. j N Italy 134 G3 Adda j W South Sudan 221 J4 Aḑ Ḑab‘īyah Abū aby, C United Arab Emirates 24°17´N 54°08´E
222 D9 Ad Dahnā’ desert E Saudi Arabia 130 B6 Ad Dakhla var. Dakhla. SW Western Sahara 23°46´N 15°56´W
Ad Dalanj see Dilling Ad Damar see Ed Damer Ad Damazīn see Ed Damazin Ad Dāmir see Ed Damer 288 C5 Ad Dammām desert NE Saudi Arabia 221 H3 Ad Dammān var. Dammām. Ash Sharqīyah, NE Saudi Arabia 26°23´N 50°05´E Ad Dāmūr see Damoûr 220 D3 Ad Dār al Ḩamrā’ Tabūk, NW Saudi Arabia 27°22´N 37°46´E
220 E7 Ad Darb Jīzān, SW Saudi Arabia 17°45´N 42°15´E 220 F4 Ad Dawādimī Ar Riyāḑ, C Saudi Arabia 24°32´N 44°21´E
221
I4 Ad Dawḩah Eng. Doha. a (Qatar) C Qatar 25°15´N 51°36´E
221 I4 217 I4 218 J1 217 M8
Ad Dawḩah Eng. Doha. k C Qatar 25°11´N 51°37´E Ad Dawr Şalāḩ ad Dīn, N Iraq 34°30´N 43°49´E Ad Daww m Syria Ad Dayr var. Dayr, Shahbān. Al Başrah, E Iraq 30°45´N 47°36´E
Addi Arkay see Ādī Ārk’ay Ad Dībakah see Dîbege 217 L10 Ad Dibdibah physical region Iraq/Kuwait Aḑ Ḑiffah see Libyan Plateau Addis Ababa see Ādīs Ābeba 64 C3 Addison New York, USA 42°06´N 77°14´W
b a
D4 G5 E2 F4
19°40´N 78°31´E
78 261 219 62 136
C2 I6 F10 G5 E4
136 E4 136 D3 215 H7 215 H7 188 F8 91 I8 196 G9
Adin California, W USA 41°10´N 120°57´W Adi, Pulau island E Indonesia Adir Jordan 31°12´N 35°46´E Adirondack Mountains m New York, NE USA Ādīs Ābeba Eng. Addis Ababa. a (Ethiopia) Ādīs Ābeba, C Ethiopia 8°59´N 38°43´E Ādīs Ābeba k Ādīs Ābeba, C Ethiopia 08°58´N 38°53´E Ādīs Zemen Āmara, N Ethiopia 12°00´N 37°43´E Adi Ugri see Mendefera Adıyaman Adıyaman, SE Turkey 37°46´N 38°15´E Adıyaman r province S Turkey Adjud Vrancea, E Romania 46°07´N 27°10´E Adjuntas C Puerto Rico 18°10´N 66°42´W Adjuntas, Presa de las see Vicente Guerrero, Presa Ādkup see Erikub Atoll Adler Krasnodarskiy Kray, SW Russian Federation 43°25´N 39°58´E
176 E4 53 I6 76 C3 83 M7 280 C1 214 B6
Adler see Orlice Adliswil Zürich, NW Switzerland 47°19´N 08°32´E Admiralty Inlet fjord Baffin Island, Nunavut, NE Canada Admiralty Inlet inlet Washington, NW USA Admiralty Island island Alexander Archipelago, Alaska, USA Admiralty Islands island group N Papua New Guinea Adnan Menderes k (İzmir) İzmir, W Turkey 38°16´N 27°09´E
79 N4 Adobe Creek Reservoir d Colorado, C USA 133 J7 Ado-Ekiti Ekiti, SW Nigeria 07°42´N 05°13´E Adola see Kibre Mengist 116 G6 Adolfo González Chaues Buenos Aires, E Argentina 84 D7 Adolfo López Mateos Baja California Sur, NW Mexico 25°12´N 112°07´W 234 E6 Ādoni var. Ādavāni. Andhra Pradesh, C India 15°38´N 77°16´E
218 F3 Adonis Lebanon 218 F3 AdonIsrael Lebanon 34°05´N 35°44´E 164 G8 Adour anc. Aturus. j SW France Adowa see Ādwa 170 G9 Adra Andalucía, S Spain 36°45´N 03°01´W 173 J1 Adradas Castilla y León, Spain 41°21´N 2°28´W 175 G12 Adrano Sicilia, Italy, C Mediterranean Sea 37°39´N 14°49´E
131 132 131 130
46°27´N 105°43´E
78 G10 53 K6 170 F4 82 C10
J4
229
Adrar C Algeria 27°56´N 00°12´W Adrar r region C Mauritania Adrar m SE Algeria Adrar Souttouf m SW Western Sahara Adrasman see Adrasmon J6 Adrasmon Rus. Adrasman. NW Tajikistan
H5 D1 K6 B7
40°38´N 69°56´E
134 F2 Adré Ouaddaï, E Chad 13°26´N 22°14´E 177 H7 Adria anc. Atria, Hadria, Hatria. Veneto, NE Italy 45°03´N 12°04´E
73 G9 Adrian Michigan, N USA 41°54´N 84°02´W 74 F6 Adrian Minnesota, N USA 43°38´N 95°55´W 75 G10 Adrian Missouri, C USA 38°24´N 94°21´W 70 D2 Adrian Texas, SW USA 35°16´N 102°39´W 67 J3 Adrian West Virginia, NE USA 38°53´N 80°14´W Adrianople/Adrianopolis see Edirne 148 D8 Adriatic Basin undersea feature Adriatic Sea, N Mediterranean Sea 42°00´N 17°30´E Adriatico, Mare see Adriatic Sea 177 J9 Adriatic Sea Alb. Deti Adriatik, It. Mare Adriatico, SCr. Jadransko More, Slvn. Jadransko Morje. sea N Mediterranean Sea Adriatik, Deti see Adriatic Sea Adua see Ādwa Aduana del Sásabe see El Sásabe 161 K7 Adur j United Kingdom 134 I7 Adusa Orientale, NE Dem. Rep. Congo 01°25´N 28°05´E 191 F8 Adutiškis Vilnius, E Lithuania 55°09´N 26°34´E 66 B4 Advance Missouri, C USA 37°06´N 89°54´W 117 I11 Adventure Sound bay East Falkland, Falkland Islands 136 E2 Ādwa var. Adowa, It. Adua. Tigray, N Ethiopia 14°08´N 38°51´E
193 K5 Adycha j NE Russian Federation 196 G9 Adygeya, Respublika r autonomous republic SW Russian Federation Adzhikui see Ajyguýy 132 F8 Adzopé SE Ivory Coast 06°07´N 03°49´W 195 K3 Adz’va j NW Russian Federation 195 K4 Adz’vavom Respublika Komi, NW Russian Federation 66°35´N 59°13´E Ædua see Autun 187 J5 Aegean Islands island group Greece/Turkey Aegean North see Vóreion Aigaíon 187 J5 Aegean Sea Gk. Aigaíon Pelagos, Aigaío Pélagos, Turk. Ege Denizi. sea NE Mediterranean Sea Aegean South see Nótion Aigaíon 190 E3 Aegviidu Ger. Charlottenhof. Harjumaa, NW Estonia 59°17´N 25°37´E Aegyptus see Egypt Aelana see Al ‘Aqabah Aelok see Ailuk Atoll Aelōninae see Ailinginae Atoll Aelōnlaplap see Ailinglaplap Atoll Æmilia see Emilia-Romagna Æmilianum see Millau Aemona see Ljubljana Aenaria see Ischia Aeolian Islands see Eolie, Isole 285 N2 Aeon Point headland Kiritimati, NE Kiribati 01°46´N 157°11´W
180 G6 Aerzen Niedersachsen, Germany 52°02´N 9°16´E Æsernia see Isernia 170 C2 A Estrada Galicia, NW Spain 42°41´N 08°29´W 186 E6 Aetós Itháki, Iónia Nísoi, Greece, C Mediterranean Sea 38°21´N 20°40´E 285 N4 Afaahiti Tahiti, W French Polynesia 17°43´S 149°18´W 217 K6 ‘Afak Al Qādisīyah, C Iraq 32°04´N 45°17´E Afanasjevo see Afanas’yevo 195 J9 Afanas’yevo var. Afanasjevo. Kirovskaya Oblast’, NW Russian Federation 58°55´N 53°13´E Afándou see Afántou 187 L8 Afántou var. Afándou. Ródos, Dodekánisa, Greece, Aegean Sea 36°17´N 28°10´E 136 F3 Āfar r region NE Ethiopia Afar Depression see Danakil Desert 285 L3 Afareaitu Moorea, W French Polynesia 17°33´S 149°47´W
220 E4 ‘Afarīyah, Bi’r al well NW Saudi Arabia Afars et des Issas, Territoire Français des see Djibouti 140 B5 Affenrücken Karas, SW Namibia 28°05´S 15°49´E
Country Country Capital
p Dependent Territory q Dependent Territory Capital
141 H7 Agtertang Eastern Cape, South Africa 30°40´S 25°19´E 85 H9 Agua Brava, Laguna lagoon W Mexico 102 C4 Aguachica Cesar, N Colombia 08°16´N 73°35´W 113 I2 Água Clara Mato Grosso do Sul, SW Brazil
214 C6 Afyon var. Afiun Karahissar, Afyonkarahisar. r province W Turkey Afyonkarahisar see Afyon Agadès see Agadez 133 K3 Agadez prev. Agadès. Agadez, C Niger 16°57´N 07°56´E 133 K2 Agadez r department N Niger 130 E4 Agadir SW Morocco 30°30´N 09°37´W 290 H5 Agadir Canyon undersea feature SE Atlantic Ocean 32°30´N 12°50´W
227 I5 Agadyr’ Karaganda, C Kazakhstan 48°15´N 72°55´E 289 D9 Agalega Islands island group N Mauritius 88 G4 Agalta, Sierra de m E Honduras 192 F6 Agan j C Russian Federation Agana/Agaña see Hagåtña 282 A2 Agana Bay bay NW Guam 282 B2 Aganafield bay NW Guam 253 B11 Agano-gawa j Honshū, C Japan 282 A3 Aga Point headland S Guam 232 E8 Agar Madhya Pradesh, C India 23°44´N 76°01´E 136 D5 Āgaro Oromīya, C Ethiopia 07°52´N 36°36´E 233 L8 Agartala state capital Tripura, NE India 23°49´N 91°15´E
292 E3 Agassiz, Cape headland Antarctica 68°29´S 62°59´W 267 L8 Agassiz Fracture Zone tectonic feature S Pacific Ocean 53 I2 Agassiz Ice Cap Ice feature Nunavut, N Canada 282 A2 Agat W Guam 13°20´N 144°38´E 282 A2 Agat Bay bay W Guam Agatha see Agde 187 K7 Agathónisi island Dodekánisa, Greece, Aegean Sea 261 L6 Agats Papua, E Indonesia 05°33´S 138°07´E 235 B8 Agatti Island island Lakshadweep, India, N Indian Ocean 82 A9 Agattu Island island Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA 82 A9 Agattu Strait strait Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA 72 G3 Agawa Bay lake bay Ontario, S Canada 65 J3 Agawam Massachusetts, USA 42°04´N 72°37´W 132 F8 Agboville SE Ivory Coast 05°55´N 04°15´W 215 L5 Ağdam Rus. Agdam. SW Azerbaijan 40°04´N 46°00´E Agdam see Ağdam 165 I9 Agde anc. Agatha. Hérault, S France 43°19´N 03°29´E 169 I6 Agde, Cap d’ headland S France 43°17´N 03°30´E Agedabia see Ajdābiyā 164 G8 Agen anc. Aginnum. Lot-et-Garonne, SW France 44°12´N 00°37´E
Agendicum see Sens 253 C13 Ageo Saitama, Honshū, S Japan 35°58´N 139°36´E 177 J3 Ager j N Austria Agere Hiywet see Hāgere Hiywet 179 D14 Ägerisee c W Switzerland 222 E6 Āghā Jārī Khūzestān, SW Iran 30°48´N 49°45´E 158 C8 Aghalane Ireland 54°07´N 7°29´W 83 H8 Aghiyuk Island island Alaska, USA 130 C7 Aghouinit SE Western Sahara 22°14´N 13°10´W Aghri Dagh see Büyükağrı Dağı 130 C6 Aghzoumal, Sebkhet var. Sebjet Agsumal. salt lake E Western Sahara 186 G4 Agiá var. Ayiá. Thessalía, C Greece 39°43´N 22°45´E 84 F6 Agiabampo, Estero de estuary NW Mexico 218 B2 Agía Fýlaxis var. Ayia Phyla. S Cyprus 34°43´N 33°02´E Agialoúsa see Yenierenköy 187 K7 Agía Marína Léros, Dodekánisa, Greece, Aegean Sea 37°09´N 26°51´E
218 C2 Agía Nápa var. Ayia Napa. E Cyprus 34°59´N 34°00´E 187 K5 Agía Paraskeví Lésvos, E Greece 39°13´N 26°19´E 187 J4 Agías Eirínis, Akrotírio headland Límnos, E Greece
Aguada Grande Lara, N Venezuela 10°38´N 69°29´W Aguadilla W Puerto Rico 18°27´N 67°08´W Aguadulce Coclé, S Panama 08°16´N 80°31´W Aguadulce Andalucía, S Spain 37°15´N 04°59´W Agua Escondida Mendoza, Argentina 36°09´S 68°18´W Agualeguas Nuevo León, NE Mexico 26°17´N 99°30´W Aguanaval, Río j C Mexico Aguanaval, Rió j Durango, Mexico Aguanga California, USA 33°27´N 116°52´W Aguán, Río j N Honduras Agua Nueva Texas, SW USA 26°57´N 98°34´W Aguapeí, Rio j S Brazil Aguapey, Río j NE Argentina Agua Prieta Sonora, NW Mexico 31°16´N 109°33´W A Guarda var. A Guardia, Laguardia, La Guardia. Galicia, NW Spain 41°54´N 08°53´W A Guardia see A Guarda 104 D2 Aguarico, Río j Ecuador/Peru 103 H3 Aguasay Monagas, NE Venezuela 09°25´N 63°44´W 85 K9 Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, C Mexico 102 91 89 170 118 85 85 85 81 88 70 113 116 84 170
51°10´N 114°32´E
I3 Ágion Óros Eng. Mount Athos. r monastic republic NE Greece 185 J9 Ágion Óros var. Akte, Aktí; anc. Acte. peninsula NE Greece 186 F3 Ágios Achílleios religious building Dytikí Makedonía, N Greece 187 J4 Ágios Efstrátios var. Áyios Evstrátios, Hagios Evstrátios. island E Greece 34°00´N 25°00´E 187 H7 Ágios Geórgios island Kykládes, Greece, Aegean Sea Ágios Geórgios see Ro 186 G8 Ágios Ilías l S Greece 36°57´N 22°19´E 187 J10 Ágios Ioánnis, Akrotírio headland Kríti, Greece, E Mediterranean Sea 35°19´N 25°46´E 187 K7 Ágios Kírykos var. Áyios Kírikos. Ikaría, Dodekánisa, Greece, Aegean Sea 37°34´N 26°15´E 187 J10 Ágios Nikólaos var. Áyios Nikólaos. Kríti, Greece, E Mediterranean Sea 35°12´N 25°43´E 186 F4 Ágios Nikolaos Thessalía, C Greece 39°33´N 21°21´E Ágios Sérgios see Yeniboğaziçi 187 I4 Agíou Órous, Kólpos gulf N Greece 175 G12 Agira anc. Agyrium. Sicilia, Italy, C Mediterranean Sea 37°39´N 14°32´E 187 H7 Agkístri island S Greece 187 H2 Ágkistro var. Angistro. l NE Greece 41°21´N 23°29´E 181 F13 Aglasterhausen Baden-Württemberg, Germany
21°54´N 102°17´W
34°30´S 56°24´W
110 110 110 171 173 109 173 104 170
133
42°47´N 04°15´W
Aguilar de la Frontera see Aguilar Aguilares San Salvador, C El Salvador 13°56´N 89°09´W Aguilas Murcia, SE Spain 37°24´N 01°36´W Aguililla Michoacán, SW Mexico 18°43´N 102°45´W Agujita Coahuila, NE Mexico 27°53'N 101°09'W Agulhas see L’Agulhas 289 A11 Agulhas Bank undersea feature SW Indian Ocean 88 171 86 85
05°31´N 00°42´W
171 J3 171 H3 118 F3 215 J5 222 B1 175 H10 175 F13 282 E2 187 K5 186 F5
Agordat see Ak’ordat Agosta see Augusta Agoura California, USA 34°09´N 118°44´W Agout j S France Āgra Uttar Pradesh, N India 27°09´N 78°E Agra and Oudh, United Provinces of see Uttar Pradesh Agram see Zagreb Agramunt Cataluña, NE Spain 41°48´N 01°07´E Agreda Castilla y León, N Spain 41°51´N 01°55´W Agrelo Mendoza, Argentina 33°07´S 68°53´W Ağrı var. Karaköse; prev. Karakılısse. Ağrı, NE Turkey 39°44´N 43°04´E Ağrı r province NE Turkey Agri anc. Aciris. j S Italy Agri Dagi see Büyükağrı Dağı Agrigento Gk. Akragas; prev. Girgenti. Sicilia, Italy, C Mediterranean Sea 37°19´N 13°33´E Agrihan island N Northern Mariana Islands Agriliá, Akrotírio prev. Ákra Maléas. cape Lésvos, E Greece Agrínio prev. Agrinion. Dytikí Elláda, W Greece 38°38´N 21°25´E
Agrinion see Agrínio 187 H5 Agriovótano Évvoia, C Greece 39°00´N 23°18´E 175 G10 Agropoli Campania, S Italy 40°22´N 14°59´E 195 J10 Agryz Udmurtskaya Respublika, NW Russian Federation 56°27´N 52°58´E 215 K4 Ağstafa Rus. Akstafa. NW Azerbaijan 41°06´N 45°28´E Agsumal, Sebjet see Aghzoumal, Sebkhet
r Administrative Regions k International Airport
D4 H8 C7 K5
35°30´S 21°00´E
289 A12 Agulhas Basin undersea feature SW Indian Ocean 47°00´S 27°00´E
138 E10 Agulhas, Cape Afr. Kaap Agulhas. headland SW South Africa 34°51´S 19°59´E Agulhas, Kaap see Agulhas, Cape 110 G7 Agulhas Negras, Pico das l SE Brazil 22°21´S 44°39´W 289 A11 Agulhas Plateau undersea feature SW Indian Ocean 40°00´S 26°00´E
I9 Aguni-jima island Nansei-shotō, SW Japan Agurain see Salvatierra 219 C10 ‘Agur, olot var. Kholot Agur. m Israel 263 M8 Agusan j Mindanao, S Philippines 114 B9 Agustina Buenos Aires, Argentina 34°28´S 61°04´W 102 C3 Agustín Codazzi var. Codazzi. Cesar, N Colombia 251
10°02´N 73°15´W
Agyrium see Agira 131 J7 Ahaggar high plateau region SE Algeria 228 D7 Ahal Welaýaty Rus. Akhalskiy Velayat. r province C Turkmenistan 222 D2 Ahar Āarbāyjān-e Sharqī, NW Iran 38°25´N 47°07´E Aharnes see Acharnés 216 D2 Aḩaş, Jabal l NW Syria 216 D2 Aḩaş, Jebal m W Syria 279 E9 Ahaura j South Island, New Zealand 180 C6 Ahaus Nordrhein-Westfalen, NW Germany 52°04´N 07°01´E
Ahausen Niedersachsen, Germany 52°33´N 7°55´E Ahe atoll Îles Tuamotu, C French Polynesia Ahenny Tipperary, Ireland 52°25´N 7°24´W Ahimanawa Range m North Island, New Zealand Ahinski Kanal Rus. Oginskiy Kanal. canal SW Belarus 280 D5 Ahioma SE Papua New Guinea 10°20´S 150°35´E 278 F2 Ahipara Northland, North Island, New Zealand 180 285 160 278 191
E5 J6 A4 H6 E11
51°46´N 07°53´E
180 G3 Ahlerstedt Niedersachsen, Germany 53°24´N 9°27´E 232 C8 Ahmadābād var. Ahmedabad. Gujarāt, W India 23°03´N 72°40´E
223 H6 Ahmadābād Kermān, C Iran 35°51´N 59°36´E Ahmadi see Al Aḩmadī Ahmad Khel see Ḩasan Khēl 234 D5 Ahmadnagar var. Ahmednagar. Mahārāshtra, W India 19°08´N 74°48´E 231 I6 Ahmadpur Siāl Punjab, E Pakistan 30°40´N 71°52´E 130 F7 Aḥmar, ‘Erg el desert N Mali 136 F4 Ahmar Mountains m C Ethiopia Ahmedabad see Ahmadābād Ahmednagar see Ahmadnagar 62 D3 Ahmic Lake c Ontario, S Canada 284 C10 Ahoa Île Uvea, E Wallis and Futuna 13°17´S 176°12´W 158 D6 Ahoghill United Kingdom 54°52´N 6°22´W 84 F6 Ahomé Sinaloa, C Mexico 25°55´N 109°10´W 67 L5 Ahoskie North Carolina, SE USA 36°17´N 76°59´W 181 C10 Ahr j W Germany 222 F7 Ahram var. Ahrom. Būshehr, S Iran 28°52´N 51°18´E 180 I1 Ahrensbök Schleswig-Holstein, Germany 54°01´N 10°35´E
I2 Ahrensburg Schleswig-Holstein, N Germany 53°41´N 10°14´E
Ahrom see Ahram 153 H8 Ähtäri Etelä-Pohjanmaa, W Finland 62°34´N 24°08´E 185 M7 Ahtopol var. Akhtopol. Burgas, E Bulgaria 86 88
B5 Ahuacatlán Nayarit, C Mexico 21°02´N 104°30´W C4 Ahuachapán Ahuachapán, W El Salvador 13°55´N 89°51´W
88 C5 Ahuachapán r department W El Salvador 118 A2 Ahu Akivi var. Siete Moai. ancient monument Easter Island, Chile, E Pacific Ocean 85 L9 Ahualulco San Luis Potosí, Mexico 22°24´N 101°10´W 86 C6 Ahuijullo Jalisco, Mexico 19°05´N 103°06´W 166 G10 Ahun Limousin, France 46°05´N 2°03´E 285 K7 Ahunui atoll Îles Tuamotu, C French Polynesia 278 C11 Ahuriri j South Island, New Zealand 155 G12 Åhus Skåne, S Sweden 55°55´N 14°18´E Ahu Tahira see Ahu Vinapu 118 A1 Ahu Tepeu ancient monument Easter Island, Chile, E Pacific Ocean 118 A2 Ahu Vinapu var. Ahu Tahira. ancient monument Easter Island, Chile, E Pacific Ocean 222 E6 Ahvāz var. Ahwāz; prev. Nāsiri. Khūzestān, SW Iran 31°20´N 48°38´E
Ahvenanmaa see Åland 80 E5 Ahwahnee California, USA 37°22´N 119°44´W 220 G9 Aḩwar SW Yemen 13°34´N 46°41´E Ahwāz see Ahvāz 154 D2 Åi Åfjord var. Åi Åfjord, Årnes. Sør-Trøndelag, C Norway 63°57´N 10°12´E see also Åi Åfjord Åi Åfjord see Åi Åfjord 140 C5 Ai-Ais Karas, Namibia 27°57´S 17°31´E 140 C5 Ai-Ais Hot Springs and Fish River Canyon Park Karas, Namibia 230 G2 Aibak var. Haibak; prev. Āybak, Samangān. Samangān, NE Afghanistan 36°16´N 68°04´E 179 F12 Aichach Bayern, SE Germany 48°26´N 11°06´E 243 J4 Aicheng Jiangxi, E China 29°06´N 115°46´E 251 J4 Aichi off. Aichi-ken, var. Aiti. r prefecture Honshū, SW Japan Aïdin see Aydın 261 J6 Aiduna Papua, E Indonesia 04°20´S 135°15´E Aidussina see Ajdovščina 261 M7 Aiema j W Papua New Guinea Aifir, Clochán an see Giant’s Causeway Aigaíon Pelagos/Aigaío Pélagos see Aegean Sea 177 J1 Aigen im Mülkreis Oberösterreich, N Austria 48°39´N 13°57´E
l Mountain m Mountain Range
i Volcano t River
Aigle Vaud, SW Switzerland 46°20´N 06°58´E Aignay-le-Duc Bourgogne, France 47°40´N 4°44´E Aigoual, Mont l S France 44°09´N 03°34´E Aigre Poitou-Charentes, France 45°54´N 0°01´E Aigrefeuille-d’Aunis Poitou-Charentes, France 46°07´N 0°56´W
166 C8 Aigrefeuille-sur-Maine Pays de la Loire, France 47°04´N 1°24´W
137 I10 Aigrettes, Pointe des headland W Réunion 21°02´S 55°14´E
115
J8 Aiguá var. Aigua. Maldonado, S Uruguay 34°13´S 54°46´W
169 L2 Aiguebelle Rhône-Alpes, France 45°32´N 6°18´E 169 H1 Aigueperse Auvergne, France 46°01´N 3°12´E 165 J7 Aigues j SE France 169 J5 Aigues-Mortes Languedoc-Roussillon, France 43°34´N 4°11´E
169 M3 Aiguilles Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France 44°47´N 6°52´E
165 H5 Aigurande Indre, C France 46°26´N 01°49´E Ai-hun see Heihe 253 A10 Aikawa Niigata, Sado, C Japan 38°04´N 138°15´E 67 I9 Aiken South Carolina, SE USA 33°34´N 81°44´W 70 E3 Aiken Texas, SW USA 34°06´N 101°31´W 240 C7 Ailao Shan m SW China 167 I4 Ailette j Picardie, France 283 K5 Ailinginae Atoll var. Aelōninae. atoll Ralik Chain, SW Marshall Islands 283 L6 Ailinglaplap Atoll var. Aelōnlaplap. atoll Ralik Chain, S Marshall Islands 167 I7 Aillant-sur-Tholon Bourgogne, France 47°52´N 3°21´E Aillionn, Loch see Allen, Lough 158 F5 Ailsa Craig island SW Scotland, United Kingdom 283 L5 Ailuk Atoll var. Aelok. atoll Ratak Chain, NE Marshall Islands 193 K6 Aim Khabarovskiy Kray, E Russian Federation 58°45´N 134°08´E
N2 Aimé Césaire k (Fort-de-France) C Martinique 14°34´N 61°00´W
165 J6 Ain r department E France 165 J5 Ain j E France 171 N9 Aïn Azel Algeria 190 D5 Ainaži Est. Heinaste, Ger. Hainasch. N Latvia 57°51´N 24°24´E
131 J2 Aïn Beida NE Algeria 35°52´N 07°25´E 130 E6 ‘Aïn Ben Tili Tiris Zemmour, N Mauritania 25°58´N 09°30´W
171 M9 Aïn Bessem Algeria 171 L9 Aïn Boucif Algeria 131 I1 Aïn Defla var. Aïn Eddefla. N Algeria 36°16´N 01°58´E 175 B13 Aïn Draham Tunisia Aïn Eddefla see Aïn Defla 131 J1 Ain El Bey k (Constantine) NE Algeria 36°15´N 06°36´E 171 M10 Aïn El Hadjel Algeria 171 N9 Ain El Kebira Algeria 171 I10 Aïn El Rerd Algeria 175 C14 Aïn Garci Tunisia 171 J10 Aïn Nouissy Algeria 186 E6 Aínos l Kefallonía, Iónia Nísoi, Greece, C Mediterranean Sea 38°08´N 20°39´E 171 N9 Aïn Oulmene Algeria 171 L10 Aïn Oussera Algeria 171 J2 Ainsa Aragón, NE Spain 42°25´N 00°08´E 159 I9 Ainsdale United Kingdom 53°36´N 3°02´W 131 H3 Aïn Sefra NW Algeria 32°45´N 00°32´W 74 C6 Ainsworth Nebraska, C USA 42°33´N 99°51´W Aintab see Gaziantep 171 L8 Aïn Taya Algeria 171 J9 Aïn Tédelès Algeria 131 H2 Aïn Témouchent N Algeria 35°18´N 01°09´W 280 B3 Aiome Madang, N Papua New Guinea 05°08´S 144°45´E Aïoun el Atrous/Aïoun el Atroûss see ‘Ayoûn el ‘Atroûs 102 B6 Aipe Huila, C Colombia 03°15´N 75°17´W 104 D4 Aipena, Río j N Peru 112 D1 Aiquile Cochabamba, C Bolivia 18°10´S 65°10´W Aïr see Aïr, Massif de l’ 282 C10 Airai Babeldaob, C Palau 282 C10 Airai k (Oreor) Babeldaob, N Palau 07°22´N 134°34´E 166 G3 Airaines Picardie, France 49°58´N 1°57´E 169 N3 Airasca Piemonte, NW Italy 44°55´N 07°28´E 258 C5 Airbangis Sumatera, NW Indonesia 0°12´N 99°22´E 158 D5 Aird United Kingdom 55°14´N 6°30´W 57 I7 Airdrie Alberta, SW Canada 51°20´N 114°00´W 159 H3 Airdrie S Scotland, United Kingdom 55°52´N 03°59´W Air du Azbine see Aïr, Massif de l’ 172 B4 Aire, Serra de m Santarém, Portugal 164 G8 Aire-sur-l’Adour Landes, SW France 43°43´N 00°16´W 165 H1 Aire-sur-la-Lys Pas-de-Calais, N France 50°39´N 02°24´E
53 259 260 133 169 176 159 159 164 181 117
35°11´S 173°07´E
278 F2 Ahipara Bay bay SE Tasman Sea Áhkájávrre see Akkajaure Áhkká see Akka 215 J6 Ahlat Bitlis, E Turkey 38°45´N 42°28´E 180 E7 Ahlen Nordrhein-Westfalen, W Germany
180
176 C5 167 J7 169 I4 168 E1 166 D10
91
L1 G5 B2 E5 C2 H2 C8 M1 K5 E4 D5
42°06´N 27°57´E
I9 Agly j S France Agnetheln see Agnita B2 Agnew Lake c Ontario, S Canada G7 Agnibilékrou E Ivory Coast 07°10´N 03°11´W D8 Agnita Ger. Agnetheln, Hung. Szentágota. Sibiu, SW Romania 45°59´N 24°40´E G8 Agnone Molise, C Italy 41°49´N 14°21´E J5 Ago Mie, Honshū, SW Japan 34°18´N 136°50´E E7 Agogna j N Italy Agoitz see Aoiz Agoiz see Aoiz H8 Agona Swedru var. Swedru. SE Ghana
81 C10 165 H8 232 F6
Águas da Prata São Paulo, Brazil 21°56´S 46°43´W Águas de Lindóia São Paulo, Brazil 22°29´S 46°39´W Águas de São Pedro São Paulo, Brazil 22°36´S 47°53´W Aguasvivas j NE Spain Aguasvivas j Spain Água Vermelha, Represa de d S Brazil Aguaviva Aragón, Spain 40°49´N 0°11´W Aguaytía Ucayali, C Peru 09°02´S 75°30´W A Gudiña var. La Gudiña. Galicia, NW Spain 42°04´N 07°08´W
49°21´N 8°59´E
175 251 176
D6 D7 B7 I4 K1 B11 L2 E6 D3
Agudo Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 29°38´S 53°15´W Agudo Castilla-La Manacha, Spain 38°59´N 4°52´W Águeda Aveiro, N Portugal 40°34´N 08°28´W Águeda j Portugal/Spain Águeda, Rio j Aveiro, Portugal Aguelhok Kidal, NE Mali 19°18´N 00°50´E Agüero Aragón, Spain 42°21´N 0°48´W Águia Branca Espírito Santo, Brazil 18°59´S 40°44´W Aguié Maradi, S Niger 13°28´N 07°43´E Aguijan island S Northern Mariana Islands Águila, Cerro de l’ l Baja California Sur, NW Mexico 170 F8 Aguilar var. Aguilar de la Frontera. Andalucía, S Spain 37°31´N 04°40´W 170 F2 Aguilar de Campóo Castilla y León, N Spain 115 172 172 170 172 133 168 111 133 282 84
187
62 132 188
E2 H7 K9 F8 G7 L6 J7 J7 E12 G3 G9 J2 I1 F2 C3
85 K9 Aguascalientes r state C Mexico 106 C10 Aguas Calientes, Río j S Peru 115 H9 Aguas Corrientes Canelones, Uruguay
39°47´N 25°21´E
Agiasós see Agiassós 187 K5 Agiassós var. Agiasós, Ayiásos, Ayiássos. Lésvos, E Greece 39°05´N 26°23´E Aginnum see Agen 193 I9 Aginskiy Buryatskiy Orrug r autonomous district S Russian Federation 193 I8 Aginskoye Zabaykal’skiy Kray, S Russian Federation
165
38°15´N 22°05´E
22°23´N 80°51´W
38°46´N 30°32´E
37°45´N 23°26´E
187 H7 Aígina island S Greece 186 G6 Aígio var. Egio; prev. Aíyion. Dytikí Elláda, S Greece
20°21´S 52°58´W
110 A3 Água Comprida Minas Gerais, Brazil 20°04´S 48°08´W 90 D4 Aguada de Pasajeros Cienfuegos, C Cuba
02°09´N 45°07´E
141 I2 Afguns Limpopo, South Africa 23°49´S 27°41´E 220 F4 ‘Afīf Ar Riyāḑ, C Saudi Arabia 23°57´N 42°57´E 133 K8 Afikpo Ebonyi, S Nigeria 05°52´N 07°58´E Afiun Karahissar see Afyon 177 K3 Aflenz Kurort Steiermark, E Austria 47°33´N 15°14´E 131 I2 Aflou N Algeria 34°09´N 02°06´E 137 F8 Afmadow Jubbada Hoose, S Somalia 0°24´N 42°04´E 83 I7 Afognak Island island Alaska, USA 170 D2 A Fonsagrada Galicia, NW Spain 43°09´N 07°03´W 280 C4 Afore Northern, S Papua New Guinea 09°10´S 148°30´E 218 G3 Afqa Lebanon 218 G3 Afqa Lebanon 34°04´N 35°53´E 108 G6 Afrânio Pernambuco, E Brazil 08°32´S 40°54´W 121 Africa continent 124 G4 Africa, Horn of physical region Ethiopia/Somalia 289 A11 Africana Seamount undersea feature SW Indian Ocean 37°10´S 29°10´E 148 B8 African Plate tectonic plate 216 D2 ‘Afrīn Ḩalab, N Syria 36°31´N 36°51´E 214 G7 Afşin Kahramanmaraş, C Turkey 38°14´N 36°54´E 162 F4 Afsluitdijk dam N Netherlands 75 G8 Afton Iowa, C USA 41°01´N 94°12´W 74 H5 Afton Minnesota, N USA 44°54´N 92°46´W 75 G11 Afton Oklahoma, C USA 36°41´N 94°57´W 218 E6 Afula Israel 32°36´N 35°17´E 214 C6 Afyon prev. Afyonkarahisar. Afyon, W Turkey
187 H6 Aígina var. Aíyina, Egina. Aígina, C Greece
167 54 165 165 177 187
K8 Air Force Island island Baffin Island, Nunavut, NE Canada H6 Airhitam, Teluk bay Borneo, C Indonesia F3 Airmadidi Sulawesi, N Indonesia 01°25´N 124°59´E K2 Aïr, Massif de l’ var. Aïr, Air du Azbine, Asben. m NC Niger N5 Airole Liguria, NW Italy 43°52´N 07°33´E E5 Airolo Ticino, S Switzerland 46°32´N 08°38´E H3 Airth United Kingdom 56°04´N 3°46´W J8 Airton United Kingdom 54°01´N 2°09´W G5 Airvault Deux-Sèvres, W France 46°51´N 00°07´W I13 Aisch j S Germany B10 Aisén off. Región Aisén del General Carlos Ibañez del Campo, var. Aysen. r region S Chile J7 Aisey-sur-Seine Bourgogne, France 47°45´N 4°35´E B3 Aishihik Lake c Yukon, W Canada I2 Aisne r department N France I2 Aisne j NE France J2 Aist j N Austria J2 Aisými Anatolikí Makedonía kai Thráki, NE Greece 41°00´N 25°55´E
171 I7 Aitana l E Spain 38°39´N 00°15´W 280 A2 Aitape var. Eitape. West Sepik, NW Papua New Guinea 03°10´S 142°17´E Aiti see Aichi 74 G3 Aitkin Minnesota, N USA 46°31´N 93°42´W 186 F6 Aitolikó var. Etoliko; prev. Aitolikón. Dytikí Elláda, C Greece 38°26´N 21°21´E Aitolikón see Aitolikó 284 G7 Aitutaki island S Cook Islands 188 C7 Aiud Ger. Strassburg, Hung. Nagyenyed; prev. Engeten. Alba, SW Romania 46°19´N 23°43´E 110 G6 Aiuruoca Minas Gerais, Brazil 21°58´S 44°36´W 190 E6 Aiviekste j C Latvia 283 J10 Aiwo SW Nauru 0°32´S 166°54´E 282 C8 Aiwokako Passage passage Babeldaob, N Palau Aix see Aix-en-Provence 165 J8 Aix-en-Provence var. Aix; anc. Aquae Sextiae. Bouches-du-Rhône, SE France 43°31´N 05°27´E 168 F1 Aixe-sur-Vienne Limousin, France 45°48´N 1°08´E 166 C10 Aix, Île d’ island Poitou-Charentes, France Aix-la-Chapelle see Aachen 165 K6 Aix-les-Bains Savoie, E France 45°40´N 05°55´E 280 A3 Aiyang, Mount l NW Papua New Guinea 05°03´S 141°15´E
233 L8 166 C9 190 E6 190 B6 253 C11
Aíyina see Aígina Aíyion see Aígio Āīzawl state capital Mizoram, NE India 23°41´N 92°45´E Aizenay Pays de la Loire, France 46°44´N 1°37´W Aizkraukle S Latvia 56°39´N 25°07´E Aizpute W Latvia 56°43´N 21°32´E Aizuwakamatsu Fukushima, Honshū, C Japan 37°30´N 139°58´E
175 B8 Ajaccio Corse, France, C Mediterranean Sea 41°54´N 08°43´E
175 B8 Ajaccio, Golfe d’ gulf Corse, France, C Mediterranean Sea 86 G7 Ajalpán Puebla, S Mexico 18°26´N 97°20´W 234 D4 Ajanta Range m C India Ajaria see Ach’ara Ajastan see Armenia 154 G1 Ajaureforsen Västerbotten, N Sweden 65°31´N 15°44´E 279 E9 Ajax, Mount l South Island, New Zealand 42°34´S 172°06´E
236 E3 Aj Bogd Uul l SW Mongolia 44°49´N 95°01´E 128 E3 Ajdābiyā var. Agedabia, Ajdābiyah. NE Libya 30°46´N 20°14´E
177 252 86 183 218 128 218 221 232 79 170
c Lake d Reservoir
Ajdābiyah see Ajdābiyā J6 Ajdovščina Ger. Haidenschaft, It. Aidussina. W Slovenia 45°52´N 13°55´E C7 Ajigasawa Aomori, Honshū, C Japan 40°45´N 140°11´E C5 Ajijic Jalisco, Mexico Ajjinena see El Geneina E12 Ajka Veszprém, W Hungary 47°18´N 17°32´E F7 ‘Ajlūn ‘Ajlūn, N Jordan 32°20´N 35°45´E F7 ‘Ajlūn off. Muḩāfa at ‘Ajlūn. r governorate N Jordan G7 ‘Ajlūn, Jabal m W Jordan ‘Ajlūn, Muḩāfa at see ‘Ajlūn Ájluokta see Drag J4 ‘Ajmān var. Ajman, ‘Ujmān. ‘Ajmān, NE United Arab Emirates 25°36´N 55°42´E D6 Ajmer var. Ajmere. Rājasthān, N India 26°29´N 74°40´E H9 Ajo Arizona, SW USA 32°22´N 112°51´W G1 Ajo, Cabo de headland N Spain 43°31´N 03°36´W
INDEX
276 F4 106 C6
Adelbert Range m N Papua New Guinea Adelebsen Niedersachsen, Germany 51°35´N 9°45´E Adele Island island Western Australia Adelfia Puglia, SE Italy 41°01´N 16°52´E Adélie Coast physical region Antarctica Adélie, Terre physical region Antarctica Adelmannsfelden Baden-Württemberg, Germany 48°57´N 10°01´E
157 B8 Achill Island Ir. Acaill. island W Ireland 180 F4 Achim Niedersachsen, NW Germany 53°01´N 09°01´E 231 H4 Achīn Nangarhār, E Afghanistan 34°04´N 70°41´E Achin see Aceh 192 G7 Achinsk Krasnoyarskiy Kray, S Russian Federation
70 66 74 90
Adelaide k South Australia 34°55´S 138°31´E Adelaide Island island Antarctica Adelaide Peninsula peninsula Nunavut, N Canada Adelaide River Northern Territory, N Australia
111 L3 Affonso Cláudio Espírito Santo, Brazil 20°05´S 41°08´W Afghānestān, Dowlat-e Eslāmī-ye see Afghanistan 230 F3 Afghanistan off. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Per. Dowlat-e Eslāmī-ye Afghānestān; prev. Republic of Afghanistan. b islamic state C Asia Afgoi see Afgooye 136 H7 Afgooye It. Afgoi. Shabeellaha Hoose, S Somalia
Acevedo - Ajo, Cabo de
114 158 173 105 102 158 234
307
Ajo Range - Alfred
79 H10 Ajo Range m Arizona, SW USA 85 H8 Ajoya Sinaloa, Mexico 24°05´N 106°22´W 86 E7 Ajuchitlán del Progreso Guerrero, Mexico 18°09´N 100°29´W
228 B6 Ajyguýy Rus. Adzhikui. Balkan Welaýaty, W Turkmenistan 39°46´N 53°57´E Akaba see Al ‘Aqabah 252 E4 Akabira Hokkaidō, NE Japan 43°30´N 142°04´E 290 F4 Akademik Kurchatov Fracture Zone tectonic feature N Atlantic Ocean 253 B10 Akadomari Niigata, Sado, C Japan 37°54´N 138°24´E 137 A9 Akagera j Rwanda/Tanzania 118 B2 Akahanga, Punta headland Easter Island, Chile, E Pacific Ocean 251 K4 Akaishi-dake l Honshū, S Japan 35°26´N 138°09´E 251 K4 Akaishi-sanmyaku m Honshū, S Japan 136 E4 Āk’ak’i Oromīya, C Ethiopia 08°50´N 38°51´E 234 E5 Akalkot Mahārāshtra, W India 17°36´N 76°10´E Akamagaseki see Shimonoseki 252 G3 Akan Hokkaidō, NE Japan 44°06´N 144°03´E 252 G4 Akan Hokkaidō, NE Japan 43°09´N 144°08´E 252 G4 Akan-ko c Hokkaidō, NE Japan Akanthoú see Tatlısu 278 F10 Akaroa Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand 43°48´S 172°58´E
214 E6 Aksaray Aksaray, C Turkey 38°23´N 33°50´E 214 E6 Aksaray r province C Turkey 195 M3 Aksarka Yamalo-Nenetskiy Avtonomnyy Okrug, Russian Federation 226 C3 Aksay var. Aksaj, Kaz. Aqsay. Zapadnyy Kazakhstan, NW Kazakhstan 51°11´N 53°00´E 197 H6 Aksay Volgogradskaya Oblast’, SW Russian Federation 47°59´N 43°54´E 229 L5 Ak-say var. Toxkan He. j China/Kyrgyzstan Aksay/Aksay Kazakzu Zizhixian see Boluozhuanjing/Hongliuwan Aksayqin see Aksai Chin 238 D7 Aksayqin Hu c NW China 214 D6 Akşehir Konya, W Turkey 38°22´N 31°24´E 214 D6 Akşehir Gölü c C Turkey 214 D7 Akseki Antalya, SW Turkey 37°03´N 31°46´E 193 J8 Aksenovo-Zilovskoye Zabaykal’skiy Kray, S Russian Federation 53°01´N 117°26´E 193 I8 Aksha Zabaykal’skiy Kray, S Russian Federation 50°16´N 113°22´E
J5 Akshatau Kaz. Aqshataū; prev. Akchatau. Karaganda, C Kazakhstan 47°59´N 74°02´E 227 L5 Akshatau, Khrebet m E Kazakhstan 229 N4 Ak-Shyyrak Issyk-Kul’skaya Oblast’, E Kyrgyzstan 227
Akstafa see Ağstafa 238 D4 Aksu Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, NW China
34°39´N 135°00´E
51°09´N 90°36´E
228 D5 Akdzhakaya, Vpadina var. Vpadina Akchakaya. depression N Turkmenistan 260 G3 Akelamo Pulau Halmahera, E Indonesia 01°27´N 128°39´E
215
J4 Akeld N England, United Kingdom 55°33´N 2°04´E Aken see Aachen Akermanceaster see Bath I8 Åkersberga Stockholm, C Sweden 59°28´N 18°19´E E7 Akershus r county S Norway G6 Aketi Orientale, N Dem. Rep. Congo 02°44´N 23°46´E B5 Akgyr Erezi Rus. Gryada Akkyr. hill range NW Turkmenistan Akhalskiy Velayat see Ahal Welaýaty J4 Akhaltsikhe prev. Akhalts’ikhe. SW Georgia 41°39´N 43°04´E
INDEX
128 F2
308
83 I8 214 B6 129 I5
Akhalts’ikhe see Akhaltsikhe Akhangaran see Ohangaron Akharnaí see Acharnés Akhḑar, Al Jabal al hill range NE Libya Akhelóös see Achelóos Akhiok Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA 56°57´N 154°12´W Akhisar Manisa, W Turkey 38°54´N 27°50´E Akhmīm var. Akhmîm; anc. Panopolis. C Egypt 26°35´N 31°48´E
232 D3 Akhnūr Jammu and Kashmir, NW India 32°53´N 74°46´E
197 197 250 82 82 285 58 214 189 253 253 132
Akhtopol see Ahtopol I6 Akhtuba j SW Russian Federation I6 Akhtubinsk Astrakhanskaya Oblast’, SW Russian Federation 48°17´N 46°14´E Akhtyrka see Okhtyrka G6 Aki Kōchi, Shikoku, SW Japan 33°30´N 133°53´E G6 Akiachak Alaska, USA 60°54´N 161°25´W G6 Akiak Alaska, USA 60°54´N 161°12´W K7 Akiaki atoll Îles Tuamotu, E French Polynesia F5 Akimiski Island island Nunavut, C Canada F8 Akıncı Burnu headland S Turkey 36°21´N 35°47´E Akıncılar see Selçuk K7 Akinovka Zaporiz’ka Oblast’, S Ukraine Åkirkeby see Aakirkeby C8 Akita Akita, Honshū, C Japan 39°44´N 140°06´E D8 Akita off. Akita-ken. r prefecture Honshū, C Japan C2 Akjoujt prev. Fort-Repoux. Inchiri, W Mauritania 19°42´N 14°28´W
152 F5 Akka Lapp. Áhkká. l N Sweden 67°33´N 17°27´E 152 F5 Akkajaure Lapp. Áhkájávrre. c N Sweden Akkala see Oqqal’a 235 G10 Akkaraipattu Eastern Province, E Sri Lanka 07°13´N 81°51´E
227
34°25´S 19°43´E
227 H6 Akkense Kaz. Aqkengse. Karaganda, C Kazakhstan
H4 H4 H4 E5
227
I3
Akkerman see Bilhorod-Dnistrovs’kyy Akkermanovka Orenburgskaya Oblast’, W Russian Federation 51°11´N 58°03´E Akkeshi Hokkaidō, NE Japan 43°03´N 144°49´E Akkeshi-ko c Hokkaidō, NE Japan Akkeshi-wan bay NW Pacific Ocean Akko Eng. Acre, Fr. Saint-Jean-d’Acre, Bibl. Accho, Ptolemaïs. Northern, N Israel 32°55´N 35°04´E Akkol’ Kaz. Aqköl; prev. Alekseyevka, Kaz. Alekseevka. Akmola, C Kazakhstan 51°58´N 70°58´E Akkol’ Kaz. Aqköl. Almaty, SE Kazakhstan
227
J6
227
I7 Akkol’ Kaz. Aqköl. Zhambyl, C Kazakhstan
45°01´N 75°38´E
227 L6 Aksu Kaz. Aqsū. Almaty, SE Kazakhstan 45°31´N 79°28´E
227 227 227 227 197 238 136 226
J3 Aksu var. Jermak, Kaz. Ermak; prev. Yermak. Pavlodar, NE Kazakhstan 52°03´N 76°55´E L6 Aksu Kaz. Aqsū. j SE Kazakhstan M5 Aksuat Kaz. Aqsūat. Vostochnyy Kazakhstan, E Kazakhstan 47°48´N 82°51´E M4 Aksuat Kaz. Aqsūat. Vostochnyy Kazakhstan, SE Kazakhstan 48°16´N 83°39´E J2 Aksubayevo Respublika Tatarstan, W Russian Federation 54°52´N 50°50´E D4 Aksu He Rus. Sary-Dzhaz. j China/Kyrgyzstan see also Sary-Dzhaz E2 Āksum Tigray, N Ethiopia 14°06´N 38°42´E G5 Aktas Kaz. Aqtas. Karaganda, C Kazakhstan 48°03´N 66°21´E
Aktash see Oqtosh 229 L5 Ak-Tash, Gora l C Kyrgyzstan 40°53´N 74°39´E 227 I4 Aktau Kaz. Aqtaū. Karaganda, C Kazakhstan
42°14´N 77°46´E
Aktí see Ágion Óros Aktjubinsk/Aktyubinsk see Aktobe 238 C5 Akto Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, NW China
B6 Aklavik Northwest Territories, NW Canada 68°15´N 135°02´W
226 D4 Aktobe Kaz. Aqtöbe; prev. Aktjubinsk, Aktyubinsk. Aktyubinsk, NW Kazakhstan 50°18´N 57°10´E 227 L5 Aktogay Kaz. Aqtoghay. Vostochnyy Kazakhstan, E Kazakhstan 46°56´N 79°40´E 227 J5 Aktogay Kaz. Aqtoghay. Zhezkazgan, C Kazakhstan
56°49´N 21°03´E
Akmeņrags see Akmenrags 238 C6 Akmeqit Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, NW China 37°10´N 76°59´E
228 F7 Akmeydan Mary Welaýaty, C Turkmenistan 37°50´N 62°08´E
227 H3 Akmola off. Akmolinskaya Oblast’, Kaz. Aqmola Oblysy; prev. Tselinogradskaya Oblast. r province C Kazakhstan Akmola see Astana Akmolinsk see Astana Akmolinskaya Oblast’ see Akmola Aknavásár see Târgu Ocna 190 E7 Aknīste S Latvia 56°09´N 25°43´E 250 G4 Akō Hyōgo, Honshū, SW Japan 34°44´N 134°22´E 136 B5 Akobo Jonglei, E South Sudan 07°50´N 33°05´E 136 C5 Akobo var. Ākobowenz. j Ethiopia/Sudan Ākobowenz see Akobo 234 E4 Akola Mahārāshtra, C India 20°44´N 77°00´E 136 E2 Ak’ordat var. Agordat, Akurdet. C Eritrea 15°33´N 38°01´E
Akosombo Dam dam SE Ghana Akot Mahārāshtra, C India 20°45´N 77°00´E Akoupé SE Ivory Coast 06°19´N 03°54´W Akpatok Island island Nunavut, E Canada Akqi Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, NW China 40°51´N 78°20´E
216 D2 Akrād, Jabal al m N Syria Akragas see Agrigento 152 B3 Akranes Vesturland, W Iceland 64°19´N 22°01´W 217 I1 Ākrē Ar. ‘Aqrah. Dahūk, N Iraq 36°46´N 43°52´E 155 A8 Åkrehamn Rogaland, S Norway 59°15´N 15°13´E 133 K3 Akrérèb Agadez, C Niger 17°45´N 09°01´E 186 F8 Akrítas, Akrotírio headland S Greece 36°43´N 21°52´E 79 N2 Akron Colorado, C USA 40°09´N 103°12´W 74 E6 Akron Iowa, C USA 42°49´N 96°33´W 64 B1 Akron New York, USA 43°01´N 78°30´W 73 I9 Akron Ohio, N USA 41°05´N 81°31´W Akrotiri see Akrotírion Akrotiri Bay see Akrotírion, Kólpos Akrotírio Kastállou see Kástelo, Akrotírio 218 B3 Akrotírion var. Akrotiri. UK air base S Cyprus34°36´N 32°57´E 218 B3 Akrotírion, Kólpos var. Akrotiri Bay. bay S Cyprus 218 B3 Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area UK military installation S Cyprus 238 C6 Aksai Chin Chin. Aksayqin. disputed region China/ India Aksaj see Aksay
b a
172 F2 171 H6 173 J4 171 H5 216 D2 129 J3 219 B10 217 N10 220 G3 260 B8 214 B6 216 G4
191 G11 Aktsyabrski Rus. Oktyabr’skiy; prev. Karpilovka. Homyel’skaya Voblasts’, SE Belarus 52°38´N 28°53´E 226 E4 Aktyubinsk off. Aktyubinskaya Oblast’, Kaz. Aqtöbe Oblysy. r province W Kazakhstan Aktyubinsk see Aktobe 229 L4 Ak-Tyuz var. Aktyuz. Chuyskaya Oblast’, N Kyrgyzstan 42°50´N 76°05´E 134 F6 Akula Equateur, NW Dem. Rep. Congo 02°21´N 20°13´E 87 N5 Akumal Quintana Roo, Mexico 250 C8 Akune Kagoshima, Kyūshū, SW Japan 32°00´N 130°12´E 82 F9 Akun Island island Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA Akurdet see Ak’ordat 133 J7 Akure Ondo, SW Nigeria 07°18´N 05°13´E 152 C2 Akureyri Norðurland Eystra, N Iceland 65°40´N 18°07´W
82 F9 Akutan Akutan Island, Alaska, USA 54°08´N 165°47´W 82 F9 Akutan Island island Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA 133 K8 Akwa Ibom r state SE Nigeria Akyab see Sittwe 197 M4 Ak”yar Respublika Bashkortostan, W Russian Federation 51°51´N 58°13´E 226 E4 Akzhar prev. Novorossiyskiy, Novorossiyskoye. Aktyubinsk, NW Kazakhstan 50°14´N 57°57´E 227 M5 Akzhar Kaz. Aqzhar. Vostochnyy Kazakhstan, E Kazakhstan 47°36´N 83°38´E 154 C6 Ål Buskerud, S Norway 60°37´N 08°33´E 191 H11 Ala Rus. Ola. j SE Belarus 69 H1 Alabama off. State of Alabama, also known as Camellia State, Heart of Dixie, The Cotton State, Yellowhammer State. r state S USA 61 J8 Alabama River j Alabama, S USA 66 D9 Alabaster Alabama, S USA 33°14´N 86°49´W 217 K7 Al ‘Abd Allāh var. Al Abdullah. Al Qādisīyah, S Iraq 32°06´N 45°08´E
217 L9 Al Abţīyah well S Iraq 229 J5 Ala-Buka Dzhalal-Abadskaya Oblast’, W Kyrgyzstan 41°22´N 71°27´E
275 K1 Alabule j C Papua New Guinea 214 F5 Alaca Çorum, N Turkey 40°10´N 34°52´E 214 F4 Alaçam Samsun, N Turkey 41°36´N 35°35´E Alacant see Alicante 69 L4 Alachua Florida, SE USA 29°48´N 82°29´W 215 J6 Aladağlar m W Turkey 214 F7 Ala Dağları m C Turkey 172 F1 Alaejos Castilla y León, Spain 41°19´N 5°13´W 246 D3 Alag-Erdene var. Manhan. Hövsgöl, N Mongolia 50°05´N 100°01´E
215 K3 Alagir Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, SW Russian Federation 43°02´N 44°10´E 176 D6 Alagna Valsesia Valle d’Aosta, NW Italy 165 110 108 109 171 170 172 153
I7 G7 I6 H8 I3 E5 E3 G8
Alagnon j C France Alagoa Minas Gerais, Brazil 22°10´S 44°38´W Alagoas off. Estado de Alagoas. r state E Brazil Alagoinhas Bahia, E Brazil 12°09´S 38°21´W Alagón Aragón, NE Spain 41°46´N 01°07´W Alagón j W Spain Alagón j Extremadura, Spain Alahärmä Etelä-Pohjanmaa, W Finland
al Ahdar see Al Akhḑar Álaheaieatnu see Altaelva 217 M10 Al Aḩmadī var. Ahmadi. E Kuwait 29°02´N 48°01´E Al Ain see Al ‘Ayn 171 M5 Alaior prev. Alayor. Menorca, Spain, W Mediterranean Sea 39°56´N 04°08´E 229 K6 Alai Range Rus. Alayskiy Khrebet. m Kyrgyzstan/ Tajikistan Alais see Alès 221 K6 Al ‘Ajā’iz E Oman 19°33´N 57°12´E 221 K6 Al ‘Ajā’iz oasis SE Oman 153 H8 Alajärvi Etelä-Pohjanmaa, W Finland 63°00´N 23°50´E 190 F4 Alajõe Ida-Virumaa, NE Estonia 59°00´N 27°26´E 89 H8 Alajuela Alajuela, C Costa Rica 10°00´N 84°12´W 88 G7 Alajuela off. Provincia de Alajuela. r province N Costa Rica 82 G6 Alakanuk Alaska, USA 62°41´N 164°37´W 220 D2 Al Akhḑar var. al Ahdar. Tabūk, NW Saudi Arabia 28°04´N 37°13´E
Alaköl see Alakol’, Ozero 227 L5 Alakol’, Ozero Kaz. Alaköl. c SE Kazakhstan 194 E4 Alakurtti Murmanskaya Oblast’, NW Russian Federation 66°57´N 30°27´E 82 C2 Alalākeiki Channel var. Alalakeiki Channel. channel Hawaii, USA, C Pacific Ocean 129 H3 Al ‘Alamayn var. El ‘Alamein. N Egypt 30°50´N 28°57´E
218 G7 Al Ālūk Jordan 32°10´N 35°55´E Al ‘Amādiyah see Amêdî 282 E3 Alamagan island C Northern Mariana Islands 217 L7 Al ‘Amārah var. Amara. Maysān, E Iraq 31°51´N 47°10´E
136 110 81 80 79 199
E3 B9 D8 B3 L7 K9
89
H5
172 219 84 84 70 86
G5 G9 B1 E4 C6 D1
Ālamat’ā Tigray, N Ethiopia 12°22´N 39°32´E Alambari São Paulo, Brazil 23°33´S 47°53´W Alameda California, USA 35°14´N 119°0´W Alameda California, USA 37°46´N 122°15´W Alameda New Mexico, SW USA 35°09´N 106°37´W ‘Alam el Rûm, Râs headland N Egypt 31°21´N 27°23´E Alamícamba see Alamikamba Alamikamba var. Alamícamba. Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte, NE Nicaragua 13°26´N 84°09´W Alamillo Castilla-La Manacha, Spain 38°41´N 4°47´W Al Āmirīyah Jordan 31°34´N 36°05´E Alamito Baja California Norte, NE Mexico Alamito Sonora, Mexico 29°12´N 110°52´W Alamito Creek j Texas, SW USA Alamitos, Sierra de los l NE Mexico 26°15´N 102°14´W
86 78
Country Country Capital
G5 Álamo Veracruz-Llave, C Mexico 20°55´N 97°41´W F5 Alamo Nevada, W USA 37°21´N 115°08´W
p Dependent Territory q Dependent Territory Capital
Alamo Tennessee, S USA 35°47´N 89°09´W Alamogordo New Mexico, SW USA 32°52´N 105°57´W Alamo Lake d Arizona, SW USA Alamos Sonora, NW Mexico 26°59´N 108°53´W Alamosa Colorado, C USA 37°25´N 105°51´W Al‘Ānāt prev. El-Aanata. Syria 32°21´N 36°48´E Åland off. Provincial Autonomy of the Åland Islands, Fin. Ahvenanmaa. r autonomous region SW Finland Åland var. Aland Islands, Fin. Ahvenanmaa. island group SW Finland Aland Islands see Åland Åland Islands, Provincial Autonomy of the see Åland Aland Sea see Ålands Hav Ålands Hav var. Aland Sea. strait Baltic Sea/Gulf of Bothnia Alange Extremadura, Spain 38°47´N 6°15´W Alanje Chiriquí, SW Panama 08°26´N 82°33´W Alanreed Texas, SW USA 35°12´N 100°45´W Alanya Antalya, S Turkey 36°32´N 32°02´E Alapaha River j Florida/Georgia, SE USA Alapayevsk Sverdlovskaya Oblast’, C Russian Federation 57°48´N 61°50´E Al ‘Aqabah var. Akaba, Aqaba, ‘Aqaba; anc. Aelana, Elath. Al ‘Aqabah, SW Jordan 29°32´N 35°00´E Al Aqabah Jordan 29°31´N 35°00´E Al ‘Aqabah off. Muḩāfa at al ‘Aqabah. r governorate SW Jordan Al ‘Arabīyah as Su‘ūdīyah see Saudi Arabia al Araïch see Larache Alaraz Castilla y León, Spain 40°45´N 5°17´W Alarcón Castilla-La Mancha, C Spain 39°32´N 02°05´W Alarcón, Embalse de d Castilla-La Manacha, Spain Alarcón, Embalse de d C Spain Al ‘Arīmah Fr. Arime. Ḩalab, N Syria 36°27´N 37°41´E Al ‘Arīsh var. El ‘Arîsh. NE Egypt 33°00´N 31°00´E Al ‘Arīsh Egypt 31°07´N 33°48´E Al Arţāwīyah SE Kuwait 28°32´N 48°06´E Al Arţāwīyah Ar Riyāḑ, N Saudi Arabia 26°34´N 45°20´E Alas Sumbawa, S Indonesia 08°27´S 117°04´E Alasca, Golfo de see Alaska, Gulf of Alaşehir Manisa, W Turkey 38°19´N 28°30´E Al ‘Ashārah var. Ashara. Dayr az Zawr, E Syria 34°51´N 40°36´E
Al Ashkhara see Al Ashkharah 221 L5 Al Ashkharah var. Al Ashkhara. NE Oman 21°47´N 59°30´E
83 83 83 287 83 258 260 176 215
Al ’Aşimah see ‘Ammān I4 Alaska off. State of Alaska, also known as Land of the Midnight Sun, The Last Frontier, Seward’s Folly; prev. Russian America. r state NW USA K7 Alaska, Gulf of var. Golfo de Alasca. gulf Canada/ USA H8 Alaska Peninsula peninsula Alaska, USA H1 Alaska Plain N Pacific Ocean I5 Alaska Range m Alaska, USA C3 Alas, Lae j Sumatera, NW Indonesia Al-Asnam see Chlef B8 Alas, Selat strait Nusa Tenggara, C Indonesia D9 Alassio Liguria, NW Italy 44°01´N 08°12´E N5 Älät Rus. Alyat; prev. Alyaty-Pristan’. SE Azerbaijan
169 L1 Albens Rhône-Alpes, France 45°47´N 5°57´E 172 G2 Alberche j C Spain 165 I10 Albères, Chaîne des var. les Albères, Montes Albères. m France/Spain Albères, Montes see Albères, Chaîne des 276 E1 Alberga Creek seasonal river South Australia 172 B2 Albergaria-a-Velha Aveiro, N Portugal
217 I8 83 I4 175 F8 197
I2
104 C2 171 H2 215 K4 152 I7 153 H8
Alat see Olot Al ‘Athāmīn An Najaf, S Iraq 30°27´N 43°41´E Alatna River j Alaska, USA Alatri Lazio, C Italy 41°43´N 13°21´E Alattio see Alta Alatyr’ Chuvashskaya Respublika, W Russian Federation 54°50´N 46°28´E Alausí Chimborazo, C Ecuador 02°11´S 78°52´W Álava Basq. Araba. r province País Vasco, N Spain Alaverdi N Armenia 41°06´N 44°37´E Alavo see Alavus Ala-Vuokki Kainuu, E Finland 64°46´N 29°29´E Alavus Swe. Alavo. Etelä-Pohjanmaa, W Finland
51°52´N 04°40´E
173 M2 Albocàcer Valenciana, Spain 40°21´N 0°01´E Albocácer see Albocàsser 171 J5 Albocàsser Cast. Albocácer. Valenciana, E Spain 170 G10 170 G10 173 K4 155 E11 222 E4 222 F3 171 H8 179 D12 172 216 173 170 79 89
B8 G4 K7 G9 L7 J6
221 221
J4 J4
170 D6 277 J6 277 J6 218 J2 221 I8 154 G4 172 B6 172 C6 170 E8
31°49´N 36°48´E
44°42´N 08°02´E
I4 C7 H2 D2 C7
171 H6 173 J5 220 C2 170 E4
Alba Texas, SW USA 32°47´N 95°37´W Alba r county W Romania Al Ba‘āj Nīnawá, N Iraq 36°02´N 41°43´E Al Bāb Ḩalab, N Syria 36°24´N 37°32´E Albac Hung. Fehérvölgy; prev. Álbák. Alba, SW Romania 46°27´N 22°58´E Albacete Castilla-La Mancha, C Spain 39°N 01°52´W Albacete r province Castilla-La Mancha, C Spain Al Bad‘ Tabūk, NW Saudi Arabia 28°28´N 35°00´E Alba de Tormes Castilla y León, N Spain 40°50´N 05°30´W
217 H2 Al Bādī Nīnawá, N Iraq 35°57´N 41°37´E 221 J4 Al Badī‘ah k (Abū aby) Abū aby, C United Arab Emirates 24°27´N 54°39´E 221 J5 Al Badī‘ah var. Al Bedei’ah. spring/well C United Arab Emirates 23°44´N 53°50´E 155 D10 Ålbæk Nordjylland, N Denmark 57°33´N 10°24´E 217 H5 Al Baghdādī var. Khān al Baghdādī. Al Anbār, SW Iraq 33°60´N 42°50´E Al Bāha see Al Bāḩah 220 E6 Al Bāḩah var. Al Bāha. Al BāḨah, SW Saudi Arabia 20°01´N 41°29´E
220 E6 Al Bāḩah var. Minţaqat al Bāḩah. r province W Saudi Arabia Al Baḩrayn see Bahrain 171 I6 Albaida Valenciana, E Spain 38°51´N 00°31´W 218 H7 Al Bā’ij Jordan 32°22´N 36°21´E 188 C8 Alba Iulia Ger. Weissenburg, Hung. Gyulafehérvár; prev. Bălgrad, Karlsburg, Károly-Fehérvár. Alba, W Romania 46°06´N 23°33´E Álbák see Albac 168 E9 Albalate de Cinca Aragón, Spain 41°43´N 0°09´E 173 L1 Albalate del Arzobispo Aragón, Spain 41°07´N 0°31´W 218 F7 Al Balqā’ off. Muḩāfaat al Balqā’, var. Balqā’. r governorate NW Jordan 62 C2 Alban Ontario, S Canada 46°07´N 80°37´W 165 H8 Alban Tarn, S France 43°52´N 02°30´E 173 H7 Albanchez de Ubeda Andalucía, Spain 37°47´N 3°28´W 59 H6 Albanel, Lac c Québec, SE Canada 184 E8 Albania off. Republic of Albania, Alb. Republika e Shqipqërisë, Shqipëria; prev. People’s Socialist Republic of Albania. b republic SE Europe Albania see Aubagne 274 D8 Albany Western Australia 35°03´S 117°54´E 69 J3 Albany Georgia, SE USA 31°35´N 84°09´W 73 F10 Albany Indiana, N USA 40°18´N 85°14´W 66 F5 Albany Kentucky, S USA 36°42´N 85°08´W 74 G4 Albany Minnesota, N USA 45°39´N 94°33´W 75 G8 Albany Missouri, C USA 40°15´N 94°15´W 65 H2 Albany state capital New York, NE USA 42°39´N 73°45´W
B6 Albany Oregon, NW USA 44°38´N 123°06´W F4 Albany Texas, SW USA 32°44´N 99°18´W E6 Albany j Ontario, S Canada Alba Pompeia see Alba Alba Regia see Székesfehérvár 114 B7 Albarellos Santa Fe, Argentina 33°14´S 60°38´W 216 D4 Al Bāridah var. Bāridah. Ḩimş, C Syria 76 70 58
34°15´N 37°39´E
217 H7 Al Barīt Al Anbār, S Iraq 31°16´N 42°28´E 171 I5 Albarracín Aragón, NE Spain 40°24´N 01°25´W 87 H8 Albarradas Oaxaca, Mexico 16°55´N 96°20´W 217 M8 Al Başrah Eng. Basra, hist. Busra, Bussora. Al Başrah, SE Iraq 30°30´N 47°50´E 217 K8 Al Baţḩā’ Dhī Qār, SE Iraq 31°06´N 45°54´E 230 A10 Al Bāţinah var. Batinah. coastal region N Oman 42 D10 Albatross Plateau undersea feature E Pacific Ocean 10°00´N 103°00´W
Al Batrūn see Batroûn 128 F2 Al Bayḑā’ var. Beida. NE Libya 32°46´N 21°43´E 220 G9 Al Bayḑā’ var. Al Beida. SW Yemen 13°58´N 45°38´E Al Bedei’ah see Al Badī‘ah Al Beida see Al Bayḑā’ 67 J6 Albemarle var. Albermarle. North Carolina, SE USA 35°21´N 80°12´W
Albemarle Island see Isabela, Isla 67 M6 Albemarle Sound inlet W Atlantic Ocean 176 D9 Albenga Liguria, NW Italy 44°04´N 08°13´E
r Administrative Regions k International Airport
Albufeira Beja, S Portugal 37°05´N 08°15´W Ālbū Gharz, Sabkhat c W Iraq Albujón Murcia, Spain 37°43´N 1°03´W Albuñol Andalucía, S Spain 36°48´N 03°11´W Albuquerque New Mexico, SW USA 35°05´N 106°38´W Albuquerque, Cayos de NW Colombia, Caribbean Sea Al Buraymī var. Buraimi. N Oman 24°16´N 55°48´E Al Buraymī var. Buraimi. spring/well Oman/United Arab Emirates 24°27´N 55°33´E Al Burayqah see Marsá al Burayqah Alburgum see Aalborg Alburquerque Extremadura, W Spain 39°12´N 07°00´W Albury New South Wales, SE Australia 36°03´S 146°53´E Albury-Wodonga New South Wales/Victoria, SE Australia 36°04´S 146°58´E Al Buşayn Syria 34°09´N 37°39´E Al Buzūn SE Yemen 15°40´N 50°53´E Alby Västernorrland, C Sweden 62°30´N 15°25´E Albyn, Glen see Mor, Glen Alcácer do Sal Setúbal, W Portugal 38°22´N 08°29´W Alcàçovas Évora, Portugal 38°24´N 8°09´W Alcalá de Chisvert/Alcalá de Chivert see Alcalà de Xivert Alcalá de Guadaira Andalucía, S Spain 37°20´N 05°50´W
219 I8 Al Azraq ash Shamālī Jordan 31°52´N 36°49´E 176 D8 Alba anc. Alba Pompeia. Piemonte, NW Italy 71 188 217 216 188
Albona see Labin Alborán, Isla de island S Spain Alborán, Mar de see Alboran Sea Alboran Sea Sp. Mar de Alborán. sea SW Mediterranean Sea Alborea Castilla-La Manacha, Spain 39°17´N 1°23´W Ålborg see Aalborg Ålborg Bugt var. Aalborg Bugt. bay N Denmark Ålborg-Nørresundby see Aalborg Alborz var. Ostān-e Alborz. r province N Iran Alborz, Ostān-e see Alborz Alborz, Reshteh-ye Kūhhā-ye Eng. Elburz Mountains. m N Iran Albox Andalucía, S Spain 37°22´N 02°08´W Albstadt Baden-Württemberg, SW Germany 48°13´N 09°01´E
32°54´N 45°05´E
128 C2 Al ‘Azīzīyah NW Libya 32°32´N 13°01´E 219 I8 Al Azraq al Janūbī Az Zarqā’, N Jordan
31°43´S 58°16´W
114 E6 Aldea San Juan Entre Ríos, Argentina 32°42´S 58°46´W 114 D5 Aldea San Simón Entre Ríos, Argentina 32°25´S 59°31´W
161 M4 Aldeburgh E England, United Kingdom 52°12´N 01°36´E 41°42´N 02°46´W
Aldeia Nova see Aldeia Nova de São Bento 172 C7 Aldeia Nova de São Bento var. Aldeia Nova. Beja, S Portugal 37°55´N 07°24´W 74 G6 Alden Minnesota, N USA 43°40´N 93°34´W 64 B1 Alden New York, USA 42°54´N 78°30´W 181 B9 Aldenhoven Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany 50°54´E 6°17´N
161 J6 Aldermaston United Kingdom 51°23´N 1°09´W 278 H4 Aldermen Islands, The island group N New Zealand 166 B3 Alderney island Channel Islands 161 J7 Aldershot S England, United Kingdom 51°15´N 00°47´W
67 I4 Alderson West Virginia, NE USA 37°43´N 80°38´W 160 G2 Aldford W England, United Kingdom 53°08´N 02°53´W 159 I10 Aldford W England, United Kingdom 53°08´N 02°53´W Al Dhaid see Adh Dhayd 161 I5 Aldsworth United Kingdom 51°47´N 1°46´W 162 G3 Aldtsjerk Dutch. Oudkerk. Fryslân, N Netherlands 53°16´N 05°52´E
73 B9 Aledo Illinois, N USA 41°12´N 90°45´W 132 C3 Aleg Brakna, SW Mauritania 17°03´N 13°53´W 170 C9 Alegranza island Islas Canarias, Spain, NE Atlantic Ocean 79 K8 Alegres Mountain l New Mexico, SW USA 34°09´N 108°11´W
115 172 115 114 115 287
I1 D4 L4 C1 I8 K8
194 E8 83
H7
196 G1 184 G5 197 J5 197 L3
40°21´N 00°01´E
62°33´N 23°38´E
Al ‘Awābī see Awābī 217 H4 Al ‘Awānī Al Anbār, W Iraq 34°28´N 41°43´E 128 G7 Al Awaynāt SE Libya 21°46´N 24°51´E Al Awaynāt see Al ‘Uwaynāt 277 H5 Alawoona South Australia 34°45´S 140°28´E Alaykel’/Alay-Kuu see Këk-Art 221 J4 Al ‘Ayn var. Al Ain. Abū aby, E United Arab Emirates 24°13´N 55°44´E 221 J4 Al ‘Ayn var. Al Ain. k Abū aby, E United Arab Emirates 24°16´N 55°31´E 219 F10 Al Aynā Jordan 30°58´N 35°46´E 219 F10 Al ‘Aynā Al Karak, W Jordan 30°59´N 35°43´E 219 F11 Al ‘Ayn al Bayḑā’ Jordan 219 F11 Al ‘Ayn al Bayḑā’ Aţ ţafīlah, C Jordan Alayor see Alaior Alayskiy Khrebet see Alai Range 193 L3 Alazeya j NE Russian Federation 217 K6 Al ‘Azīzīyah var. Aziziya. Wāsiţ, E Iraq
114 E4 Aldea San Gregorio Entre Ríos, Argentina
171 H3 Aldehuela de Calatañazor Castilla y León, N Spain
40°42´N 08°28´W
I6 Alberic Valenciana, E Spain 39°07´N 00°31´W Albermarle see Albemarle 175 I9 Alberobello Puglia, SE Italy 40°47´N 17°14´E 165 H2 Albert Somme, N France 50°N 02°38´E 54 F7 Alberta r province SW Canada 52 G7 Albert Edward Bay coastal sea feature Victoria Island, Nunavut, NW Canada Albert Edward Nyanza see Edward, Lake 114 C10 Alberti Buenos Aires, E Argentina 35°03´S 60°15´W 110 D7 Albertina Minas Gerais, Brazil 22°12´S 46°37´W 183 G11 Albertirsa Pest, C Hungary 47°15´N 19°36´E 163 F9 Albertkanaal canal N Belgium 134 J7 Albert, Lake var. Albert Nyanza, Lac Mobutu Sese Seko. c Uganda/Dem. Rep. Congo 74 G6 Albert Lea Minnesota, N USA 43°39´N 93°22´W 136 B6 Albert Nile j NW Uganda Albert Nyanza see Albert, Lake 141 J4 Alberton Gauteng, South Africa 26°14´S 28°08´E 169 L1 Albertville Savoie, E France 45°41´N 06°24´E 66 E8 Albertville Alabama, S USA 34°16´N 86°12´W Albertville see Kalemie 165 H8 Albi anc. Albiga. Tarn, S France 43°55´N 02°09´E 75 H8 Albia Iowa, C USA 41°01´N 92°48´W Albiga see Albi 103 M5 Albina Marowijne, NE Suriname 05°29´N 54°08´W 135 B14 Albina, Ponta headland SW Angola 15°52´S 11°45´E 73 D12 Albion Illinois, N USA 38°22´N 88°03´W 73 F9 Albion Indiana, N USA 41°23´N 85°26´W 74 E7 Albion Nebraska, C USA 41°41´N 98°00´W 62 E5 Albion New York, NE USA 43°13´N 78°09´W 62 C7 Albion Pennsylvania, NE USA 41°52´N 80°18´W 218 G2 Al Biqa r governorate Lebanon Al Biqā‘ see El Beqaa 220 D2 Al Bi’r var. Bi’r Ibn Hirmās. Tabūk, NW Saudi Arabia 28°52´N 36°16´E 220 E7 Al Birk Makkah, SW Saudi Arabia 18°13´N 41°36´E 218 I7 Al Bishrīyah Al Mafraq, N Jordan 114 F4 Albisu Salto, Uruguay 31°20´S 57°48´W 220 G5 Al Biyāḑ desert C Saudi Arabia 162 E7 Alblasserdam Zuid-Holland, SW Netherlands 171
39°57´N 49°24´E
47°46´N 74°06´E
63°15´N 22°50´E
190 B6 Akmenrags prev. Akmeņrags. headland W Latvia
H8 E4 F8 I2 D4
219 E14 216 B9
39°07´N 75°43´E
45°51´N 07°50´E
47°17´N 51°03´E
133 234 132 59 238
219 E14
50°13´N 73°06´E
226 B7 Aktau Kaz. Aqtaū; prev. Shevchenko. Mangistau, W Kazakhstan 43°37´N 51°14´E Aktau, Khrebet see Oqtogh, Qatorkŭhi. SW Tajikistan Aktau, Khrebet see Oqtov Tizmasi, C Uzbekistan Akte see Ágion Óros Ak-Tepe see Akdepe 229 M4 Ak-Terek Issyk-Kul’skaya Oblast’, E Kyrgyzstan
43°25´N 70°47´E
226 G5 Akkol’, Ozero prev. Ozero Zhaman-Akkol. c C Kazakhstan 162 G4 Akkrum Fryslân, N Netherlands 53°01´N 05°52´E 227 K3 Akku Kaz. Aqqū; prev. Lebyazh’ye. Pavlodar, NE Kazakhstan 51°29´N 77°48´E 226 B5 Akkystau Kaz. Aqqystaū. Atyrau, SW Kazakhstan 52
E5 I9 E2 D8 K3 M9
52°31´N 72°00´E
46°39´N 68°06´E
252 252 252 218
J7
172 89 70 214 69 195
I3 Aksu Kaz. Aqsū. Akmola, N Kazakhstan
140 E10 Akkedisberg l Western Cape, South Africa
197 M4
154
41°17´N 80°15´E
216 G4 ‘Akāsh, Wādī var. Wādī ‘Ukash. dry watercourse W Iraq Akasi see Akashi 152 G5 Äkäsjokisuu Lappi, N Finland 67°28´N 23°44´E 215 J4 Akbaba Dağı l Armenia/Turkey 41°04´N 43°28´E 171 M9 Akbou Algeria Akbük Limanı see Güllük Körfezi 197 L4 Akbulak Orenburgskaya Oblast’, W Russian Federation 51°01´N 55°35´E 215 H5 Akçaabat Trabzon, NE Turkey 41°00´N 39°36´E 214 D4 Akçakoca Düzce, NW Turkey 41°05´N 31°08´E 187 M7 Akçay j Turkey Akchakaya, Vpadina see Akdzhakaya, Vpadina 132 C1 Akchâr desert W Mauritania Akchatau see Akshatau 187 K5 Akdag l İzmir, Turkey 38°33´N 26°30´E 214 G6 Akdağlar m C Turkey 187 N8 Ak Dağları m SW Turkey 214 F6 Akdağmadeni Yozgat, C Turkey 39°40´N 35°52´E 228 E4 Akdepe prev. Ak-Tepe, Leninsk, Turkm. Lenin. Daşoguz Welaýat, N Turkmenistan 42°10´N 59°17´E Ak-Dere see Byala 218 C2 Akdoğan Gk. Lýsi. C Cyprus 35°06´N 33°42´E 192 G8 Ak-Dovurak Respublika Tyva, S Russian Federation
155 154 134 228
153 G10
41°46´N 78°34´E
129 I7 Akasha Northern, N Sudan 21°03´N 30°46´E 251 H5 Akashi var. Akasi. Hyōgo, Honshū, SW Japan
159
66 B6 79 L9 81 J12 84 F5 79 L5 218 I7 153 G10
170 G5 Alcalá de Henares Ar. Alkal’a; anc. Complutum. Madrid, C Spain 40°28´N 03°22´W 173 L2 Alcalà de la Selva Aragón, Spain 40°22´N 0°42´W 170 E9 Alcalá de los Gazules Andalucía, S Spain 36°29´N 05°43´W
173 M2 Alcalà de Xivert var. Alcalá de Chisvert, Cast. Alcalá de Chivert. Valenciana, E Spain 40°19´N 00°13´E 170 G8 Alcalá La Real Andalucía, S Spain 37°28´N 03°55´W 175 E12 Alcamo Sicilia, Italy, C Mediterranean Sea 37°58´N 12°58´E
197 H8 193 L7
50°55´N 142°12´E
182 F5 Aleksandrów Kujawski Kujawskio-pormorskie, C Poland 52°52´N 18°40´E 182 F6 Aleksandrów Łódzki Łódzkie, C Poland 51°49´N 19°19´E
J5 Aleksandŭr Stamboliyski, Yazovir d N Bulgaria Alekseevka see Akkol’, Akmola, Kazakhstan Alekseevka see Terekty 227 H2 Alekseyevka Kaz. Alekseevka. Akmola, N Kazakhstan 53°32´N 69°30´E 196 G5 Alekseyevka Belgorodskaya, W Russian Federation 185
50°35´N 38°41´E
197 K3 Alekseyevka Samarskaya Oblast’, W Russian Federation 52°37´N 51°20´E Alekseyevka see Akkol’, Akmola, Kazakhstan Alekseyevka see Terekty, Vostochnyy Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan 193 I7 Alekseyevsk Irkutskaya Oblast’, C Russian Federation 57°46´N 108°07´E 197 J2 Alekseyevskoye Respublika Tatarstan, W Russian Federation 55°18´N 50°11´E 196 F2 Aleksin Tul’skaya Oblast’, W Russian Federation 54°30´N 37°08´E
Aleksinac Serbia, SE Serbia 43°33´N 21°43´E Alele Île Uvea, E Wallis and Futuna 13°14´S 176°09´W Ålem Kalmar, S Sweden 56°57´N 16°25´E Alemdar İstanbul, NW Turkey 41°03´N 29°14´E Além Paraíba Minas Gerais, Brazil 21°52´S 42°41´W Alençon Orne, N France 48°26´N 00°04´E Alenquer Pará, NE Brazil 01°58´S 54°45´W ‘Alenuihaha Channel var. Alenuihaha Channel. channel Hawai‘i, USA, C Pacific Ocean Alep/Aleppo see Ḩalab 175 C8 Aléria Corse, France, C Mediterranean Sea 185 H5 284 C9 155 H11 187 M2 111 J6 164 G3 107 J2 82 D2
42°06´N 09°29´E
295
J6 Alert Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, N Canada 82°28´N 62°13´W
53 H1 Alert Point headland Nunavut, N Canada 165 I8 Alès prev. Alais. Gard, S France 44°08´N 04°05´E 188 B6 Aleşd Hung. Élesd. Bihor, SW Romania 47°03´N 22°22´E
176 E7 Alessandria Fr. Alexandrie. Piemonte, N Italy 44°54´N 08°37´E
Alcanadre j NE Spain Alcanar Cataluña, NE Spain 40°33´N 00°28´E Alcañices Castilla y León, N Spain 41°41´N 06°21´W Alcañiz Aragón, NE Spain 41°03´N 00°09´W Alcántara Extremadura, W Spain 39°42´N 06°54´W Alcántara, Embalse de d W Spain Alcantarilla Murcia, SE Spain 37°59´N 01°12´W Alcaracejos Andalucía, Spain 38°23´N 4°58´W Alcaraz Entre Ríos, Argentina 31°28´S 59°36´W Alcaraz Castilla-La Mancha, C Spain 38°40´N 02°29´W Alcaraz, Sierra de m C Spain Alcaraz, Sierra de m Castilla-La Manacha, Spain Alcaria Castelo Branco, Portugal 40°12´N 7°31´W Alcaria Leiria, Portugal 39°34´N 8°47´W Alcarrache j SW Spain Alcarràs Cataluña, NE Spain 41°34´N 00°31´E Alcarria, Pàramos de la upland Castilla-La Manacha, Spain 170 F8 Alcaudete Andalucía, S Spain 37°35´N 04°05´W 172 G3 Alcaudete de la Jaya Castilla-La Manacha, Spain 171 171 170 171 170 170 171 172 114 171 171 173 172 172 170 171 173
185 J5 195 K8
I3 J4 E3 I4 D5 E5 I7 G6 C4 H7 H7 J5 C3 B4 D7 J3 I2
39°47´N 4°52´W
Alcázar see Ksar-el-Kebir 170 G6 Alcázar de San Juan anc. Alce. Castilla-La Mancha, C Spain 39°24´N 03°12´W Alcazarquivir see Ksar-el-Kebir Alce see Alcázar de San Juan 105 A9 Alcebo, Volcán i Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, E Pacific Ocean 0°25´S 91°06´W 217 L8 Al Chabā’ish var. Al Kaba’ish. Dhī Qār, SE Iraq 30°58´N 47°02´E
189 M5 Alchevs’k prev. Kommunarsk, Voroshilovsk. Luhans’ka Oblast’, E Ukraine 48°29´N 38°52´E Alcira see Alzira 66 G6 Alcoa Tennessee, S USA 35°47´N 83°58´W 172 B4 Alcobaça Leiria, C Portugal 39°32´N 08°59´W 170 G5 Alcobendas Madrid, C Spain 40°32´N 03°38´W 173 I2 Alcocer Castilla-La Manacha, Spain 40°28´N 2°36´W Alcoi see Alcoy 172 G7 Alcolea Andalucía, Spain 37°56´N 4°40´W 171 H4 Alcolea del Pinar Castilla-La Mancha, C Spain
Ålestrup see Aalestrup 154 B4 Ålesund Møre og Romsdal, S Norway 62°28´N 06°11´E 174 B3 Aletschhorn l SW Switzerland 46°33´N 08°01´E 294 C6 Aleutian Basin undersea feature Bering Sea 57°00´N 177°00´E
82 D10 Aleutian Islands island group Alaska, USA 83 H8 Aleutian Range m Alaska, USA 42 A3 Aleutian Trench undersea feature S Bering Sea 57°00´N 177°00´W
193 L6 Alevina, Mys cape E Russian Federation 74 A2 Alexander North Dakota, N USA 47°48´N 103°38´W 83 L8 Alexander Archipelago island group Alaska, USA Alexanderbaai see Alexander Bay 140 C6 Alexander Bay Afr. Alexanderbaai. Northern Cape, W South Africa 28°40´S 16°30´E 52 G7 Alexander, Cape headland Nunavut, N Canada 69 H1 Alexander City Alabama, S USA 32°56´N 85°57´W 292 F4 Alexander Island island Antarctica Alexander Range see Kirghiz Range 277 J7 Alexandra Victoria, SE Australia 37°12´S 145°43´E 278 C11 Alexandra Otago, South Island, New Zealand 45°15´S 169°25´E
186 G3 Alexándreia var. Alexándria. Kentrikí Makedonía, N Greece 40°38´N 22°27´E Alexandretta see İskenderun Alexandretta, Gulf of see İskenderun Körfezi 62 G3 Alexandria Ontario, SE Canada 45°19´N 74°37´W 129 H3 Alexandria Ar. Al Iskandarīyah. N Egypt 31°07´N 29°51´E
90 E8 188 D10 158 G3 73 F10 66 F3 68 C3 74 F4 74 E6 64 C10 62
F4
41°02´N 02°28´W
170 D7 Alconchel Extremadura, W Spain 38°31´N 07°04´W 173 L3 Alcora Valenciana, Spain 40°04´N 0°12´W Alcora see L’Alcora 170 G5 Alcorcón Madrid, C Spain 40°20´N 03°52´W 171 I4 Alcorisa Aragón, NE Spain 40°53´N 00°23´W 114 B7 Alcorta Santa Fe, C Argentina 33°32´S 61°07´W 172 C7 Alcoutim Faro, S Portugal 37°28´N 07°29´W 77 L8 Alcova Wyoming, C USA 42°33´N 106°40´W 168 F10 Alcover Cataluña, Spain 41°16´N 1°10´E 171 I7 Alcoy Cat. Alcoi. Valenciana, E Spain 38°42´N 00°29´W 168 D9 Alcubierre Aragón, Spain 41°48´N 0°27´W 171 L5 Alcúdia Mallorca, Spain, W Mediterranean Sea 39°51´N 03°06´E
171 L5 Alcúdia, Badia d’ bay Mallorca, Spain, W Mediterranean Sea 289 C8 Aldabra Group island group SW Seychelles 217 J6 Al Daghghārah Bābil, C Iraq 32°10´N 44°57´E 85 H4 Aldama Chihuahua, N Mexico 28°50´N 105°52´W 86 G3 Aldama Tamaulipas, C Mexico 22°54´N 98°05´W 193 J7 Aldan Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), NE Russian Federation 58°31´N 125°15´E 193 K6 Aldan j NE Russian Federation 114 B6 Aldao Santa Fe, Argentina 32°43´S 60°49´W Aldar see Aldarhaan al Dar al Baida see Rabat 239 I1 Aldarhaan var. Aldar. Dzavhan, W Mongolia 47°43´N 96°36´E
159 M8 Aldbrough N England, United Kingdom 53°50´N 00°08´W
161 M4 Alde j United Kingdom 172 G3 Aldea del Fresno Madrid, Spain 40°19´N 4°12´W 114 B5 Aldea María Luisa Entre Ríos, Argentina 31°53´S 60°23´W
l Mountain m Mountain Range
Alegrete Rio Grande do Sul, S Brazil 29°46´S 55°46´W Alegrete Portalegre, Portugal 39°14´N 7°19´W Alegrias Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 31°50´S 53°25´W Alejandra Santa Fe, C Argentina 29°54´S 59°50´W Alejandro Gallinal Florida, Uruguay 33°49´S 55°33´W Alejandro Selkirk, Isla island Islas Juan Fernández, Chile, E Pacific Ocean Alëkhovshchina Leningradskaya Oblast’, NW Russian Federation 60°22´N 33°57´E Aleknagik Alaska, USA 59°16´N 158°37´W Aleksandriya see Oleksandriya Aleksandropol’ see Gyumri Aleksandrov Vladimirskaya Oblast’, W Russian Federation 56°24´N 38°42´E Aleksandrovac Serbia, C Serbia 43°28´N 21°05´E Aleksandrov Gay Saratovskaya Oblast’, W Russian Federation 50°08´N 48°34´E Aleksandrovka Orenburgskaya Oblast’, W Russian Federation 52°47´N 54°14´E Aleksandrovka see Oleksandrivka Aleksandrovo Lovech, N Bulgaria 43°16´N 24°53´E Aleksandrovsk Permskiy Kray, NW Russian Federation 59°12´N 57°27´E Aleksandrovsk see Zaporizhzhya Aleksandrovskoye Stavropol’skiy Kray, SW Russian Federation 44°43´N 42°56´E Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy Ostrov Sakhalin, Sakhalinskaya Oblast’, SE Russian Federation
i Volcano t River
276 G6 187 J2
56
D6
Alexandria C Jamaica 18°18´N 77°21´W Alexandria Teleorman, S Romania 43°58´N 25°18´E Alexandria United Kingdom 55°59´N 4°36´W Alexandria Indiana, N USA 40°15´N 85°40´W Alexandria Kentucky, S USA 38°59´N 84°22´W Alexandria Louisiana, S USA 31°19´N 92°27´W Alexandria Minnesota, N USA 45°54´N 95°22´W Alexandria South Dakota, N USA 43°39´N 97°46´W Alexandria Virginia, NE USA 38°49´N 77°06´W Alexándria see Alexándreia Alexandria Bay New York, NE USA 44°20´N 75°54´W Alexandrie see Alessandria Alexandrina, Lake c South Australia Alexandroúpoli var. Alexandroúpolis, Turk. Dedeagaç, Dedeagach. Anatolikí Makedonía kai Thráki, NE Greece 40°52´N 25°53´E Alexandroúpolis see Alexandroúpoli Alexis Creek British Columbia, SW Canada 52°06´N 123°25´W
192 F8 Aleysk Altayskiy Kray, S Russian Federation 52°32´N 82°46´E
217
I5 Al Fallūjah var. Falluja. Al Anbār, C Iraq 33°21´N 43°46´E
173 K2 Alfambra Aragón, Spain 40°33´N 1°02´W 171 I5 Alfambra j E Spain Al Faqa see Faq‘ 221 H8 Al Farḑah C Yemen 14°51´N 48°33´E 172 A5 Alfarim Setúbal, Portugal 38°28´N 9°10´W 171 H3 Alfaro La Rioja, N Spain 42°13´N 01°45´W 171 J3 Alfarràs Cataluña, NE Spain 41°50´N 00°34´E Al Fāshir see El Fasher 129 I4 Al Fashn var. El Fashn. C Egypt 28°49´N 30°54´E 185 L4 Alfatar Silistra, NE Bulgaria 43°56´N 27°17´E 217 I3 Al Fatḩah Şalāḩ ad Dīn, C Iraq 35°06´N 43°34´E 217 H2 Al Fatsī Nīnawá, N Iraq 36°04´N 42°39´E 221 H2 Al Fāw var. Fao. Al Başrah, SE Iraq 29°55´N 48°26´E 129 I3 Al Fayyūm var. El Faiyûm. N Egypt 29°19´N 30°50´E 186 F7 Alfeiós prev. Alfiós; anc. Alpheius, Alpheus. j S Greece 180 H7 Alfeld Niedersachsen, C Germany 51°58´N 09°49´E 110 E5 Alfenas Minas Gerais, Brazil 21°26´S 45°57´W 180 E5 Alfhausen Niedersachsen, Germany 52°30´N 7°57´E Alfiós see Alfeiós Alföld see Great Hungarian Plain 63 J5 Alfred Maine, NE USA 43°29´N 70°44´W
c Lake d Reservoir