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EXTRA MATERIAL
Introduction
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Cover Introduction Main Index Glossary Prepositions Further Study
Introduction The material presented here will be of use to anyone beginning ancient Greek, but is specifically designed to accompany our book [Gavin Betts and Alan Henry Ancient Greek (Teach Yourself Books), Hodder and Stoughton, London and McGraw Hill, New York, fourth edition 2010]. In response to the comments of many readers we have adopted the conventional sigma (σ, ς) instead of the lunate sigma of earlier editions. While the lunate sigma came to be the normal form of the letter in antiquity, the forms it took in medieval manuscripts were taken over into the first printed texts (i.e. σ, ς). These continue to be used today and are found over a wide range of Greek texts (in particular the Loeb Classical Library), despite the adoption of the lunate version by a few publishers in recent years. This change from the lunate sigma has also been made in the website.
Additional reading and its key Each section gives additional reading for the corresponding unit of the book. Running vocabulary lists are provided for words which either do not appear in the main vocabulary of the TYAG or have different meanings from those given there; words so listed are printed in a bolder type in the text of the additional reading. A list has not been given for Unit 25 because the aspiring Homeric student should find little trouble in consulting any of the recommended dictionaries. The reading for Units 23 is madeup Greek. Almost all subsequent sentences and passages are original, although sometimes adapted. The exact source of all longer passages is given in the key. Most proverbs and proverbial expressions have been taken from the Corpus Paroemiographorum Graecorum of Leutsch and Schneidewin (rpr. Georg Olms 1958); fragments of Greek tragedy are quoted from Nauck's Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta (rpr. Georg Olms 1964); the stories about Diogenes are from the Vitae philosophorum of Diogenes Laertius (Oxford Classical Text ed. H.S.Long 1964). A hash mark (#) indicates that a sentence or passage is poetry, or that a word is poetical. References to the TYAG are given by sections or subsections in it (e.g. 7.2.13, 18.3). In the key, explanations and more literal interpretations are given in round brackets. Some words (but by no means all) which have no specific equivalent in the Greek original but which must be supplied in English are enclosed in square brackets. Translations are as literal as possible and are not to be taken as models of English style or as reflecting that of the original.
Main Index of Exercises
Revision exercises and their key These exercises are to be used in conjunction with any version of the TYAG. Main Index of Exercises
Glossary of grammatical terms These terms are those normally employed in the teaching of ancient Greek, and readers of the TYAG should make themselves familiar with any they have not previously encountered. Many form part of traditional English grammar, which is the framework used in the TYAG. Glossary
Prepositions A table of the main uses of prepositions in prose is given to provide an overview. It is meant for reference. Prepositions
Suggestions for further study Listed here are a few books from the vast range available to those who wish to continue their studies in Greek. Further Study
Note on Fonts and Characters All Greek words and passages are presented in Unicode, which is the international standard used for nonRoman alphabets on the web. In general, all recent browsers (Firefox, Safari, Opera and Internet Explorer 8 or better) should have no problems viewing these pages. Unfortunately, some particular combinations of browsers and systems may have trouble viewing diacritical marks, e.g. ‘τῆς’ will appear with the circumflex separated from the eta in some systems such as Firefox 3.5 on Mac OSX. In these cases it may be worthwhile trying an alternative browser, e.g. Safari on OSX works well and most modern browsers seem to work adequately on Windows. The authors would be grateful for any corrections or suggestions for improvement. Any correspondence should be sent to [email protected]. For comments and queries regarding the website itself, and for technical issues regarding Unicode please contact Chris Betts at [email protected].
Additional Reading Unit 2
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links
Unit 2 Odysseus and Circe Second declension forms which have already appeared in 2.2 are not explained.
Unit 3 Unit Key 2
1 ὁ ʼΟδυσσεὺς ἐκ τῆς τῶν Κυκλώπων (of the Cyclopes) χώρας φεύγει καὶ μετʼ ὀλίγας ἡμέρας εἰς τὴν Αἰαίαν ἥκει. 2 ἐν τῇ Αἰαίᾳ ἐστὶ (there is) θεά, Κίρκη ὀνόματι (by name). 3 ἅμα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ὁ ʼΟδυσσεὺς τὴν ναῦν (ship) πρὸς τῇ θαλάττῃ καταλείπει καὶ πρὸς σκοπιὰν τῆς χώρας βαδίζει. 4 ἕως ἐν τῇ ὕλῃ βαδίζει ἔλαφον (deer acc. s. m) ἐξαίφνης βλέπει καὶ ἀποκτείνει, ὥστε οἱ ἑταῖροι (his [lit. the] companions nom. pl. m.) ἐδωδὴν νῦν ἔχουσιν. 5 τὸν ἔλαφον ἐσθίουσιν καὶ τάχα ἐν τῇ ἀκτῇ καθεύδουσιν. 6 ἅμα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ὁ ʼΟδυσσεὺς ἐν τῇ ἀκτῇ μένει, ἀλλὰ οἱ ἑταῖροι εὑρίσκουσι τὴν τῆς Κίρκης οἰκίαν, οὗ καλῶς ἀείδει ἡ θεά. 7 τὰς θύρας ἀνοίγει ἡ θεὰ καὶ λέγει ὅτι ἐδωδὴν παρέχειν ἐθέλει. 8 ἀλλὰ ὁ Εὐρύλοχος (Eurylochus nom. s. m.) τὴν θεὰν δειμαίνει καὶ ἐκτὸς ὑπομένει. 9 ἡ Κίρκη τὴν ἐδωδὴν παρέχει καὶ γοητεύει αὐτούς (them), ὥστε τὰς κεφαλὰς καὶ τὰς φωνὰς τῶν ὑῶν (of pigs) ἔχουσιν. 10 ὁ Εὐρύλοχος πρὸς τὴν ἀκτὴν τρέχει καὶ τῷ ʼΟδυσσεῖ (to Odysseus) λέγει ὅτι δεῖ ἐκ τῆς Αἰαίας φεύγειν. 11 ἀλλʼ ὁ ʼΟδυσσεὺς οὐκ ἐθέλει καὶ ἐκ τῆς γοητείας τῆς θεᾶς αὐτοὺς ἐκσῴζει. Αἰαία, ας, ἡ Aeaea (Circe's island) ἔλαφος, ου, ὁ deer ἀνοίγω open ὑπομένω+ stay behind γοητεύω bewitch γοητεία, ας, ἡ witchcraft ἐκσῴζω+ preserve from danger, save
__________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links
Unit Key 3 Unit 2
Key to Reading Unit 2 1. Odysseus is fleeing from the land of the Cyclopes and after a few days has come to Aeaea. 2. In/on Aeaea there is a goddess, Circe by name. 3. At daybreak Odysseus leaves his (lit. the) ship by the sea and walks to a lookoutplace in (lit. of) the land. 4. While he is walking in the wood he suddenly sees a deer and kills [it], so that they now have food. 5. They eat the deer and quickly fall asleep on the beach. 6. At daybreak Odysseus remains on the beach, but his companions find Circe's house, where the goddess is singing beautifully. 7. The goddess opens the doors and says that she is willing to provide food. 8. But Eurylochus is afraid of the goddess and stays behind outside. 9. Circe provides the food and bewitches them, so that they have the heads and voices of pigs. 10. Eurylochus runs to the beach and tells Odysseus that they must (lit. it is necessary [sc. for them ]) to flee from Aeaea. 11. But Odysseus refuses and saves them from the goddess's witchcraft. __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit 2
Additional Reading Unit 3 Unit 3 Stories from Aesop 1 The wolves and the sheep
Unit 4
(i) λύκοι ἐπιβουλεύουσι ποίμνῃ προβάτων, ἀλλʼ οὐχ οἷοί τʼ εἰσὶ (they are not able) τὰ πρόβατα ἁρπάζειν διὰ τὰ κυνίδια.
Unit Key 3
(ii) οἱ λύκοι ἐθέλουσι διὰ δόλου τὰ πρόβατα ἀποκτείνειν καὶ ἐσθίειν. (iii) ἀγγέλους πέμπουσιν οἱ λύκοι καὶ τοῖς προβάτοις λέγουσιν: ὦ πρόβατα, τὰ κυνίδια αἴτιά ἐστι τῆς ἔχθρας, ἀλλʼ εἰρήνην ἐθέλομεν ἔχειν. (iv) τὰ πρόβατα περὶ τοῦ κινδύνου οὐ φροντίζει καὶ οἱ λύκοι τὰ κυνίδια ἀπάγουσιν. (v) ἐπεὶ ἡ ποίμνη ἀφύλακτός ἐστιν, οἱ λύκοι τὰ πρόβατα ῥᾳδίως ἀποκτείνουσιν καὶ ἐσθίουσιν. (vi) ὁ μῦθος σαφηνίζει ὅτι οὐ δεῖ τοῖς πονηροῖς πιστεύειν ἀλλὰ τοῖς φίλοις. 2 The ass and the horse ὄνος ἵππον μακαρίζει ὡς ἀφθόνως καὶ ἐπιμελῶς τὴν τροφὴν παρέχει ὁ δεσπότης, ἐπειδὴ ὁ ὄνος οὐδὲ (not even) ἀχύρων ἅλις ἔχει καὶ τὸν βίον μάλα χαλεπὸν ἄγει. ἀλλʼ ἐπεὶ πόλεμός ἐστι καὶ ὁ στρατιώτης ἔνοπλος ἀναβαίνει τὸν ἵππον καὶ πανταχόσε ἐλαύνει καὶ δὴ καὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐπέχει, τὰ τῶν πολεμίων ὅπλα τὸν ἵππον τραυματίζει. καὶ νῦν οὐ μακαρίζει τὸν ἵππον ὁ ὄνος. 3 The wild ass ὄνος ἄγριος ὄνον ἥμερον προσβλέπει ἐν εὐηλίῳ τόπῳ καὶ μακαρίζει αὐτὸν (him) ἐπὶ τῇ εὐεξίᾳ καὶ τῇ τροφῇ. ἀλλʼ ὕστερον ἐπειδὴ ὁ ὀνηλάτης ῥοπάλοις παίει τὸν ἥμερον ὄνον, ὁ ἄγριος λέγει: ἐγὼ οὐκέτι σε (you) εὐδαιμονίζω, ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἄνευ κακῶν μεγάλων τὴν ἀφθονίαν ἔχεις. οὕτως οὐκ ἔστι ζηλωτὰ τὰ μετὰ κινδύνων καὶ ταλαιπωριῶν ἀγαθά. ποίμνη, ης, ἡ flock κυνίδιον, ου, τό little dog ἀφύλακτος, ον unguarded μακαρίζω deem happy ἀφθόνως (adv.) abundantly ἐπιμελῶς (adv.) carefully
ἅλις (adv.) enough (+ gen.) ἔνοπλος, ον in armour, armed πανταχόσε (adv.) in every direction ἐπέχω+ attack (+ dat.) τραυματίζω wound ἥμερος, ον tame, domestic εὐεξία, ας, ἡ good condition ὀνηλάτης, ου, ὁ assdriver παίω strike εὐδαιμονίζω consider happy ἀφθονία, ας, ἡ abundance ζηλωτός, ή, όν enviable __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit Key 2 Unit Key 4 Unit 3
Key to Reading Unit 3 1. (i) [Some] wolves are plotting against a flock of sheep, but they are unable to snatch the sheep because of the little dogs. (ii) The wolves want to kill the sheep by a trick and eat [them]. (iii) The wolves send messengers and say to the sheep, 'Sheep, the little dogs are responsible for our (the) enmity, but we want to be at peace. (iv) The sheep do not worry about the danger and the wolves lead the little dogs away. (v) Since the flock is unguarded, the wolves easily kill the sheep and eat [them]. (vi) The fable shows that one must trust not rogues (lit. the wicked) but friends. 2. An ass deems a horse happy as his (the) master provides nourishment abundantly and carefully, since the ass does not even have enough bran and leads a very difficult life. But when there is war and the soldier in armour mounts the horse and rides in every direction and indeed attacks the enemy, the enemy's weapons wound the horse. And now the ass does not consider the horse happy. 3. A wild ass looks at a tame ass in a sunny spot and congratulates him on his (the) good condition and food. But later on, when the assdriver strikes the tame ass with clubs, the wild ass says, 'I no longer consider you happy, since you have abundance only together with (lit. not without) great ills.' So benefits (lit. good things) [that come] with danger and suffering are not to be envied. __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit 3 Unit 5 Unit Key 4
Additional Reading Unit 4 Unit 4 1 Crocodile hunting in ancient Egypt Herodotus had visited Egypt and the following is an adaptation taken from his description of the country which he gives in his History (cf. 5.2.21). ἄγραι δὲ τῶν κροκοδίλων πολλαὶ ἦσαν καὶ παντοῖαι, ἀλλὰ μίαν (one) μόνον γράφω: νῶτον μὲν ὕειον ἐδελέαζον οἱ θηρευταὶ περὶ ἄγκιστρον καὶ ἔβαλλον εἰς τὸν ποταμόν, χοῖρον δὲ ζωὸν ἐπὶ τῆς τοῦ ποταμοῦ ὄχθης εἶχόν τε καὶ ἔτυπτον. ὁ μὲν οὖν κροκόδιλος τῆς φωνῆς ἤκουε καὶ ἔτρεχε, τὸ δὲ νῶτον ηὕρισκε καὶ ἤσθιεν: οἱ δὲ θηρευταὶ εἷλκον εἰς τὴν γῆν, καὶ πρῶτον μὲν πηλῷ (with mud) εὐθὺς ἤλειφον αὐτοῦ τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, ἔπειτα δὲ ἄνευ πόνου τὰ λοιπὰ ἔπραττον. 2 Cyrus' deathbed speech to his sons and friends An adaptation from Xenophon's biography of Cyrus (cf. 9.2.12). ὦ υἱοὶ καὶ φίλοι, ἐμοὶ μὲν τοῦ βίου ἡ τελευτὴ πάρεστιν: ἐκ πολλῶν σαφῶς γιγνώσκω: ὑμᾶς δὲ δεῖ μετὰ τὸν θάνατον ὡς περὶ ὀλβίου ἐμοῦ καὶ λέγειν καὶ πράττειν πάντα (everything). ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐ μόνον ὅτε παιδίον ἦ ἀλλὰ καὶ νεανίας καὶ ἀνήρ (man), τὰ καλὰ ἀεὶ εἶχον. καὶ νῦν δῆλόν ἐστιν ὅτι οἱ μὲν φίλοι διʼ ἐμοῦ ἐλεύθεροί εἰσιν, οἱ δὲ πολέμιοι δοῦλοι. καὶ τὴν γῆν ἡμῶν ἣ (which) πρόσθεν μικρὰ ἦν, ἐν τῇ ʼΑσίᾳ κυρίαν πολλῶν καταλείπω. νῦν δʼ ἐνθάδε καταλείπω μὲν ὑμᾶς, ὦ υἱοί, καταλείπω δὲ καὶ τοὺς φίλους. ὥστε πῶς οὐ δικαίως ἀγαθὴν ἔχουσι μνήμην ἐμοῦ οἱ ἄνθρωποι; 3 Pharnabazus reminds Agesilaus of his services to Sparta An adaptation from Xenophon's continuation of Thucydides' history of the Peloponnesian war (cf. 7.2.12). ἐπεὶ δὲ ὁ ʼΑγησίλαος ἧκεν, ὁ Φαρνάβαζος αὐτῷ ἔλεξεν: ὦ ʼΑγησίλαε καὶ ἑταῖροι, ἐγὼ ὑμῖν, ὅτε τοῖς ʼΑθηναίοις πολέμιοι ἦτε, φίλος καὶ σύμμαχος ἦ, καὶ τῷ μὲν ναυτικῷ ὑμῶν ἀργύριον ἔφερον, ἐν δὲ τῇ γῇ μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν ἐδίωξα τοὺς πολεμίους. καὶ νῦν μάλα μὲν κακῶς πάσχω διὰ ὑμᾶς, σῖτον δὲ ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ μου οὐκ ἔχω. πρότερον μὲν γὰρ οἰκίας καλὰς καὶ παραδείσους καὶ δένδρων καὶ θηρίων μεστοὺς εἶχον, νῦν δὲ πάντα (everything) ἐκόψατε ὑμεῖς καὶ ἐκαύσατε. ἄγρα, ας, ἡ way of catching παντοῖος, α, ον of all kinds νῶτον, ου, τό back, chine (of an animal) δελεάζω set as bait θηρευτής, οῦ, ὁ hunter
ἄγκιστρον, ου, τό hook χοῖρος, ου, ὁ pig ὄχθη, ης, ἡ bank (of a river) ἕλκω (augment εἱ) drag ἀλείφω smear ʼΑσία, ας, ἡ Asia κύριος, α, ον having control over (+ gen.) ʼΑγησίλαος, ου, ὁ Agesilaus (Spartan king) Φαρνάβαζος, ου, ὁ Pharnabazus (Persian noble) παράδεισος, ου, ὁ park μεστός, ή, όν full of (+ gen.) κόπτω (aor. ἔκοψα) cut down, lay waste καίω (aor. ἔκαυσα) burn __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit Key 3 Unit Key 5 Unit 4
Key to Reading Unit 4 1. There are many, various ways of catching crocodiles, but I describe (lit. write) only one: the hunters used to set as bait a chine of pork on (lit. around) a hook and throw it into the river, while (lit. but) they kept a live pig on the bank of the river and beat [it]. The crocodile would hear the cry and begin to run, find the chine and eat [it]. The hunters would drag [it] on to the land, and first [of all] immediately smear its eyes with mud, and then complete the business (lit. do the remaining things) without trouble. (Adapted from Herodotus 2.70.) 2. My sons and friends, for me the end of my life is at hand; I know [this] clearly from many indications (lit. from many [things]); but after my death you must regard me as a happy man in all your words and actions (lit. speak and do everything as concerning me happy). For I always had fine things (lit. the fine [things, i.e. of life]), not only when I was a boy, but also when I was an adolescent and a man. And now it is clear that, through my efforts (lit. through me), my friends are free, and my enemies slaves. And our country, which was formerly obscure, I leave behind in control over much in Asia. And now I leave you, my sons, behind, and you too, my friends. So how can men not rightly have a good memory of me? (Adapted from Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.7.69.) 3. When Agesilaus had come, Pharnabazus said to him, 'Agesilaus and comrades, when you were at war with (lit. hostile to) the Athenians, I was a friend and ally, and I brought money for your fleet, and on land I joined you in chasing (lit. together with you I chased) the enemy into the sea. Now I am very badly treated on account of you, and I do not have food in my country. Formerly, I had beautiful houses and parks full of trees and wildanimals, but now you [have] cut down and burned everything.' (Adapted from Xenophon Hell. 4.1.3233). __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit 4 Unit 6 Unit Key 5
Additional Reading Unit 5 Unit 5 1 Proverbs (i) κόραξ κόρακι φίλος. (ii) ἐν ταῖς θριξὶν ἡ σοφία. (iii) γάλα ὀρνίθων. (iv) λίθῳ λαλεῖς. (v) ἄφθονοι Μουσῶν θύραι. 2# ἄδικον ὁ πλοῦτος, πολλὰ δʼ οὐκ ὀρθῶς ποιεῖ. 3# ἐκ τῶν ὁμοίων οἱ κακοὶ γαμοῦσʼ ἀεί. 4 αἱ τρίχες ποιοῦσιν αἱ λευκαὶ φρονεῖν. 5 οὐ λέγειν εἶ δεινὸς ἀλλὰ σιγᾶν ἀδύνατος. 6# γέλως ἄκαιρος ἐν βροτοῖς δεινὸν κακόν. 7# ἄδικον τὸ λυπεῖν τοὺς φίλους ἑκουσίως. 8 τὸ μὲν σῶμα θνητόν, ἡ δὲ ψυχὴ ἀθάνατος. 9# τὸ πολλὰ πράττειν ἐστὶ πανταχοῦ κακόν. 10 Barbarous Thracians For the Greeks mankind was divided in two groups: themselves (῞Ελληνες) and nonGreeks (βάρβαροι). Though the term βάρβαροι was originally neutral, it came to acquire something of its modern connotations when the Greeks came into contact with various wild tribes, particularly those to the north. οἱ δὲ Θρᾷκες, ἐπεὶ εἰς τὴν Μυκαλησσὸν ἧκον, τάς τε οἰκίας καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ ἐπόρθουν καὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐφόνευον: τοὺς γὰρ γέροντας καὶ τοὺς νέους οὐκ εἴων ἀποφεύγειν, ἀλλὰ πάντας (all acc. pl. m.) ἑξῆς καὶ παῖδας καὶ γυναῖκας ἔκτεινον, καὶ προσέτι καὶ τὰ ὑποζύγια καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἔμψυχα. οἱ γὰρ Θρᾷκες ὁμοίως τοῖς μάλιστα βαρβάροις σφόδρα φονικοί εἰσιν. καὶ τότε ἄλλη τε ταραχὴ οὐκ ὀλίγη καὶ ἰδέα παντοία ἦν ὀλέθρου: ἐν γὰρ διδασκαλείῳ παίδων οὗ ἦσαν οἱ παῖδες πάντας ἐφόνευσαν. ἡ δὲ συμφορὰ ἡμῖν δοκεῖ παντελῶς ἀδόκητός τε καὶ δεινή. 11 Alcibiades attacks Byzantium Alcibiades was the enfant terrible of Athenian politics during the Peloponnesian War but his ability was undisputed. In the following passage his success at Byzantium (modern Istanbul) is described. καὶ τὸ τοῦ ʼΑλκιβιάδου ναυτικὸν ἐπὶ τὸ Βυζάντιον ἔπλευσε καὶ ἐφόβει τοὺς Βυζαντίους. ὅμως δὲ οἱ ἐν τῷ Βυζαντίῳ Πελοποννήσιοι καὶ Βοιωτοὶ τοὺς ναύτας ἔτρεψαν καὶ ἐδίωξαν εἰς τὰ πλοῖα πάλιν. ἀλλʼ ἐπειδὴ ἔνιοι τῶν ʼΑθηναίων ἔνδον ἤδη ἦσαν, ἐχώρουν ὁμόσε. ἐν δὲ τῇ μάχῃ ἐνίκησεν ὁ ʼΑλκιβιάδης, καὶ τῶν πολεμίων αἰχμάλωτοι ἦσαν πολλοί.
ἀδύνατος, ον unable ἄκαιρος, ον illtimed, inopportune ἑκουσίως (adv.) willingly Μυκαλησσός, οῦ, ἡ Mycalessus (small town in Boeotia) ἱερόν, οῦ, τό temple εἴων impf. of ἐάω, allow ἑξῆς (adv.) one after another προσέτι (adv.) in addition ἔμψυχος, ον living ὁμοίως (adv.) in the same way as (+ dat.) φονικός, ή, όν murderous διδασκαλεῖον, ου, τό school ἀδόκητος, ον unexpected Βυζάντιον, ου, τό Byzantium ἔπλευσε aor. of πλέω, sail φοβέω terrify Βυζάντιος, ου, ὁ Byzantian ἔνιοι, αι, α some χωρέω ὁμόσε come to close quarters, join battle αἰχμάλωτος, ου, ὁ prisoner __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit Key 4
Key to Reading Unit 5 1. (i) One crow likes another. (ii) Wisdom [is to be detected] in the hair. (See no.4 below). (iii) Birds' milk (said of something rare [cf. hens' teeth] or of an extreme luxury). (iv) You're talking to a stone. (v) The doors of the Muses [are] not restricted (lit. ungrudged) (i.e. anyone is free to enjoy things of a cultural nature [music, poetry etc.]).
Unit Key 6
2. Wealth [is] an evil, and does much that is not right (lit. many [things] not correctly).
Unit 5
3. The wicked always marry from among their like. 4. White hairs make [one] wise. 5. You are not clever at speaking, but unable to keep silent. 6. Inopportune laughter [is] a terrible evil among mortals. 7. Deliberately harming [one's] friends [is] unjust. 8. The body [is] mortal, but the soul [is] immortal. 9. Being meddlesome (lit. doing many [things]) is in all cases an evil. 10. When the Thracians had come to Mycalessus, they began to plunder both private houses and temples and to massacre the people; for they would not allow the old or (lit. and) the young to escape, but killed everyone one after the other, both women and children, and in addition the beasts of burden and [any] other living creatures. For the Thracians, in common with the most [blood thirsty] barbarians, are very murderous. And so, on this occasion, there was both general (lit. other) confusion [which was] not negligible, and every shape of destruction. For in a boys' school, where the boys were [present], they slaughtered [them] all. The disaster seems to me (lit. us) completely unexpected and horrible. (Adapted from Thucydides 7.29). 11. Alcibiades' fleet sailed against Byzantium and began to terrify the Byzantians. Nevertheless, the Peloponnesians and Boeotians [who were] in Byzantium routed the sailors and chased [them] back into their vessels. But, since some of the Athenians were already inside, they joined battle. In the battle Alcibiades was victorious, and the enemy prisoners were numerous. (Adapted from Plutarch Life of Alcibiades 31). __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links
Extra Reading: Units 2 5 Extra reading for units 25 1# τυφλόν γε καὶ δύστηνόν ἐστιν ἡ τύχη. 2 ἀπʼ ἐχθρῶν δῆτα πολλὰ μανθάνουσιν οἱ σοφοί.
Extra Reading 610 Extra Reading Key 2 5
3 ἐκ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον (sc. is judged). 4# λῦπαι γὰρ ἀνθρώποισι τίκτουσιν νόσους. 5 χαλεποὶ πόλεμοι ἀδελφῶν. 6# ἄγει δὲ πρὸς φῶς τὴν ἀλήθειαν χρόνος. 7# καλὸν τὸ νικᾶν ἀλλʼ ὑπερνικᾶν κακόν. 8# αἱ ἐλπίδες βόσκουσι τοὺς κενοὺς βροτῶν. 9# ἄξεις ἀλύπως τὸν βίον χωρὶς γάμου. 10# γυναικὶ κόσμος ὁ τρόπος, οὐ τὰ χρυσία. 11# δέσποινα γὰρ γέροντι νυμφίῳ γυνή. 12# ἔρως δίκαιος καρπὸν εὐθέως φέρει. 13# καιροὶ δὲ καταλύουσι τὰς τυραννίδας. 14# λύπης ἰατρός ἐστιν ἀνθρώποις λόγος. 15# μισθὸς διδάσκει γράμματʼ, οὐ διδάσκαλος. 16# μεγάλη τυραννὶς ἀνδρὶ τέκνα καὶ γυνή. 17# νύμφη δʼ ἄπροικος οὐκ ἔχει παρρησίαν. 18# πολλοὶ μὲν εὐτυχοῦσιν, οὐ φρονοῦσι δέ. 19# τὸ πολλὰ τολμᾶν πόλλʼ ἁμαρτάνειν ποιεῖ. 20# ὕδωρ θαλάσσης ὁ τρόπος τῶν δυσκόλων. 21# ψυχῆς ὄλεθρός ἐστι σωμάτων ἔρως. 22# ἄγει τὸ θεῖον τοὺς κακοὺς πρὸς τὴν δίκην. 23# γάμος γὰρ ἀνθρώποισιν εὐκταῖον κακόν.
καρπός, οῦ, ὁ fruit
ὑπερνικάω+ be excessively victorious κενός, ή, όν destitute ἀλύπως (adv.) without pain or grief χρυσίον, ου, τό gold ornament νυμφίος, ου, ὁ bridegroom εὐθέως (adv.) straightaway νύμφη, ης, ἡ bride ἄπροικος, ον without a dowry παρρησία, ας, ἡ freedom of speech τὸ θεῖον the divine [thing] i.e. God εὐκταῖος, α, ον prayed for, desired __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links
Key to Extra Reading: Units 2 5 1. Fortune is blind and wretched (lit. a blind and wretched thing). 2. Indeed, the wise learn much lit. many things) from [their] enemies. 3. A tree [is judged] by (lit. from) its fruit. 4. Grief(s) produce(s) disease(s) for men.
Extra Reading Key 613 Extra Reading Unit 25
5. Brothers' feuds [are] troublesome. 6. Time leads the truth towards the light. 7. Victory [is] beautiful, but excessive victory [is] evil. 8. Hope(s) feeds the destitute among (lit. of) mortals. 9. Without marriage you will lead a life without pain. 10. For a woman [it is] not gold [ornaments] [which are her] decoration, but her character. 11. For an aged bridegroom a wife is a mistress (i.e. an old man is a slave to a young wife). 12. A just love immediately bears fruit. 13. Crises bring tyrannies to an end. 14. For men reason cures (lit. is a healer of) grief. 15. [It is the] reward [which] teaches letters, not the teacher. 16. For a man his wife and children [are] a great tyranny. 17. A bride without a dowry has no freedom of speech. 18. Many are fortunate, but not wise. 19. Much daring (lit. daring many things) creates many mistakes (lit. erring many things). 20. The manner of the badtempered [is like] the water of the sea (i.e. uncertain). 21. Physical desire (lit. love of bodies) is the destruction of the soul. 22. The Divinity leads the wicked to justice. 23. For humans marriage [is] a desired evil. __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________
___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit 5 Unit 7 Unit Key 6
Additional Reading Unit 6 Unit 6 1 νοῦς ὁρᾷ καὶ νοῦς ἀκούει: τὰ ἄλλα κωφὰ καὶ τυφλά. 2# πολλοῖς γάρ ἐστι κέρδος ἡ σιγὴ βροτῶν. 3 οὐχ ὁ τόπος τὸν ἄνδρα, ἀλλʼ ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτὸν ἔντιμον ποιεῖ. 4# θέλω τύχης σταλαγμὸν ἢ φρενῶν πίθον. 5# ἀεὶ πονηρόν ἐστι τἀνθρώπων (= τὸ ἀνθρώπων) γένος. 6 δειλοῦ μήτηρ οὐ κλαίει. 7# ἀλλʼ ἔστι γὰρ δὴ κἀν κακοῖσιν ἡδονή θνητοῖς ὀδυρμοὶ δακρύων τʼ ἐπιρροαί: ἀλγηδόνας δὲ ταῦτα κουφίζει φρενῶν καὶ καρδίας ἔλυσε τοὺς ἄγαν πόνους. 8# καὶ τῶν παλαιῶν πόλλʼ ἔπη καλῶς ἔχει: λόγοι γὰρ ἐσθλοὶ φάρμακον φόβου βροτοῖς. 9# δεινὴ μὲν ἀλκὴ κυμάτων θαλασσίων, δειναὶ δὲ ποταμῶν καὶ πυρὸς θερμοῦ πνοαί, δεινὸν δὲ πενία, δεινὰ δʼ ἄλλα μυρία, ἀλλʼ οὐδὲν οὕτω δεινὸν ὡς γυνὴ κακή. 10# τοῦ γὰρ δικαίου κἀν βροτοῖσι κἀν θεοῖς ἀθάνατος ἀεὶ δόξα διατελεῖ μόνου. 11# ξίφος τιτρώσκει σῶμα, τὸν δὲ νοῦν λόγος. 12# ὁ λόγος ἰατρὸς τοῦ κατὰ ψυχὴν πάθους. 13 Athenian failure in Egypt The following is an adaptation from Thucydides' account of the Athenian expedition to Egypt. The latter part of the same narrative can be found at 11.2.11. οἱ δʼ ἐν τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ ʼΑθηναῖοι καὶ οἱ σύμμαχοι ἐπέμενον, καὶ αὐτοῖς πολλαὶ ἰδέαι πολέμων ἦσαν. καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἐκράτουν τῆς Αἰγύπτου οἱ ʼΑθηναῖοι, καὶ βασιλεὺς (the King [of Persia]) ἔπεμψεν εἰς Λακεδαίμονα Μεγάβαζον ἄνδρα Πέρσην καὶ χρήματα πολλά· ἐπεθύμει γὰρ εἰς τὴν ʼΑττικὴν εἰσβάλλειν πεῖσαι
τοὺς Πελοποννησίους καὶ οὕτως ἀπʼ Αἰγύπτου ἀπάγειν τοὺς ʼΑθηναίους. ὡς δὲ αὐτῷ οὐ προυχώρει, τὸν μὲν Μεγάβαζον καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν χρημάτων πάλιν εἰς τὴν ʼΑσίαν ἀνεκόμισεν, Μεγάβυζον δὲ τὸν Ζωπύρου ἔπεμψεν ἄνδρα Πέρσην μετὰ στρατιᾶς πολλῆς· ὁ δὲ κατὰ γῆν τούς τε Αἰγυπτίους καὶ τοὺς συμμάχους μάχῃ ἐνίκησε καὶ ἐξήλασε τοὺς ῞Ελληνας καὶ τέλος εἰς νῆσον κατέκλῃσε καὶ ἐπολιόρκει ἐν αὐτῇ· ἔπειτα δὲ παρέτρεψεν ἄλλῃ τὸ ὕδωρ, ὥστε τάς τε ναῦς (ships) ἐπὶ τοῦ ξηροῦ ἐποίησε καὶ τῆς νήσου τὰ πολλὰ ἤπειρον. κωφός, ή, όν deaf ἔντιμος, ον honoured θέλω (= ἐθέλω ) want σταλαγμός, οῦ, ὁ drop ἀλλʼ(ὰ) ... (γάρ) but indeed, but in truth πίθος, ου, ὁ jar, cask ὀδυρμός, οῦ, ὁ lamentation ἐπιρροή, ῆς, ἡ stream ἀλγηδών, δόνος, ἡ pain, suffering ἔλυσε gnomic aorist (see note on 5.2.10) ἀλκή, ῆς, ἡ strength κἀν = καὶ ἐν κατά + acc. with respect to, in ἐπιμένω+ stay on Μεγάβαζος, ου, ὁ Megabazus προχωρέω advance ʼΑσία, ας, ἡ Asia ἀνακομίζω+ recall Μεγάβυζος, ου, ὁ Megabyzus Ζώπυρος, ου, ὁ Zopyrus ἐξήλασε aor. of ἐξελαύνω+, drive out κατακλῄω (=κλείω) shut up, blockade παρατρέπω+ divert ἄλλῃ (adv.) elsewhere
ξηρός, ά, όν dry τὸ ξηρόν dry land __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
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Key to Reading Unit 6
Cover Introduction Main Index Links
1. The mind sees and the mid hears; the rest(lit. the other things) [is] deaf and blind.
Unit Key 5
3. [It is ]not the place [that] makes the/a man honoured, but the/a man the place (lit. it).
Unit Key 7 Unit 6
2. For many of mortals silence is an advantage.
4. I want a drop of luck [rather] than a cask of wits. 5. The race of men is always wicked. 6. The mother of a coward does not weep (i.e. because her son always runs away from a battle and so is not killed). 7. But in truth even amid evil(s) lamentation(s) and streams of tears are a pleasure to mortals; these lighten the sufferings of the mind and release the excessive troubles of the heart. 8. Many sayings of the ancients are good; for brave words [are] a remedy against (lit. of) fear for mortals. 9. Terrible [is] the strength of the waves of the sea, terrible [is the strength] of rivers and the breath of hot fire, terrible (lit. a terrible thing) [is] poverty, and terrible [are] countless other things, but nothing [is] so terrible as a wicked woman/wife. 10. Both among mortals and among gods the reputation of the just man alone remains immortal. 11. A sword wounds the body, a word the mind. 12. Reason [is] a healer of suffering in the soul. 13. The Athenians [who were] in Egypt and their allies stayed on, and experienced (lit. many forms ..were to them) many forms of warfare. At first, the Athenians were masters of Egypt, and the King of Persia sent Megabazus, a Persian, to Lacedaimon, along with (lit. and) a great deal of (lit. much) money; for he wanted to persuade the Peloponnesians to invade Attica and so draw off the Athenians from Egypt. But since he had no success/ he was getting nowhere (lit. it was not going well for him), [the King] recalled Megabazus with (lit. and) the rest of the money to Asia, and sent Megabyzus, son of Zopyrus, a Persian, with a large army. He (Megabyzus) defeated the Egyptians and their allies in a battle by land, expelled the Greeks, and finally blockaded them on an island and besieged [them] there (lit. in/on it). Then he diverted the water elsewhere, with the result that he put (lit. made) the ships on dry land and made most (lit. the many parts) of the island mainland. (Adapted from Thucydides 1.109). __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________
___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit 6
Additional Reading Unit 7 Unit 7 1# ἄνευ δὲ λύπης οὐδὲ εἷς βροτῶν βίος. 2# ἴσον ἐστὶν εἰς πῦρ καὶ γυναῖκας ἐμπεσεῖν.
Unit 8
3 ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἷλεν "Ολυνθον Φίλιππος ʼΟλύμπια ἐποίει, εἰς δὲ τὴν θυσίαν τοὺς τεχνίτας συνήγαγεν.
Unit Key 7
4# εὔκλειαν ἔλαβον οὐκ ἄνευ πολλῶν πόνων. 5# οὐκ ἔστιν οὔτε τεῖχος οὔτε χρήματα οὔτʼ ἄλλο δυσφύλακτον οὐδὲν ὡς γυνή. 6 ἀμήχανον ἐν εὐπραγίαις φθόνον διαφυγεῖν. 7 ἓν ἀνδρῶν, ἓν θεῶν γένος. 8# τὸ γὰρ θανεῖν οὐκ αἰσχρὸν ἀλλʼ αἰσχρῶς θανεῖν. 9 χρὴ μὴ καταφρονεῖν τοῦ πλήθους. 10 The death of Alcibiades ὁ οὖν Φαρνάβαζος τόν τε ἀδελφὸν Μαγαῖον καὶ τὸν θεῖον Σουσαμίθρην ἐκέλευσε τὸ ἔργον πράττειν. ἐν δὲ κώμῃ τῆς Φρυγίας ὁ ʼΑλκιβιάδης τότε διῆγε μετὰ Τιμάνδρας τῆς ἑταίρας, ὄνειρον δὲ κατὰ τοὺς ὕπνους εἶδε τόδε (lit.this)· ἐδόκουν τὸ σῶμα αὐτοῦ (his) καίειν οἱ περὶ τὸν Μαγαῖον (Mageus and his men). τὸ δʼ ὄνειρον εἶδεν οὐ πολὺ πρὸ τῆς τελευτῆς. οἱ δʼ οὖν στρατιῶται οὐκ ἐτόλμησαν εἰσελθεῖν, τῇ δʼ οἰκίᾳ πῦρ ἐνέβαλον. ὁ οὖν ʼΑλκιβιάδης πρῶτον μὲν τὰ ἱμάτια καὶ τὰ στρώματα συνήγαγέ τε καὶ ἐπέρριψε τῷ πυρί, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐξέπεσεν καὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἐδίωξεν. οὐδεὶς γὰρ εἰς χεῖρας μὲν συνῆλθεν, ἀκοντίοις δὲ καὶ τοξεύμασιν ἔβαλλον. καὶ οὕτως ἔπεσεν ὁ ʼΑλκιβιάδης, οἱ δὲ βάρβαροι ἀπῆλθον. ἀλλʼ ἡ Τιμάνδρα τὸν νεκρὸν ἀνεῖλεν καὶ κατὰ τὸ δυνατὸν ἐκήδευσε λαμπρῶς καὶ φιλοτίμως. 11 A passage adapted from Xenophon's Anabasis (cf.18.3). Κλέαρχος δʼ αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ μὲν τοὺς πολεμίους οὐκ ἦγεν. οἱ γὰρ στρατιῶται ἄσιτοι ἦσαν, ἤδη δὲ καὶ ὀψὲ ἦν· οὐ μέντοι οὐδὲ ἀπέκλινεν, ἀλλʼ αὐτοὺς εὐθύωρον ἤγαγε καὶ ἅμα τῷ ἡλίῳ δυομένῳ (at sunset) εἰς τὰς ἐκεῖ κώμας μετὰ τῶν πρώτων εἰσῆλθεν. οἱ μὲν οὖν πρῶτοι οὕτως κατεσκήνωσαν, οἱ δὲ ὕστεροι σκοταῖοι ηὐλίζοντο (began to encamp) καὶ κραυγὴν πολλὴν ἐποίουν, ὥστε καὶ οἱ πολέμιοι ἤκουσαν καὶ ἔφυγον ἐκ τῶν σκηνωμάτων. δῆλον δʼ ἦν τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ· οὔτε γὰρ ὑποζύγιον ἔτʼ οὐδὲν ἐκεῖ ἦν οὔτε στρατόπεδον οὔτε καπνὸς οὐδαμοῦ πλησίον. τῆς μέντοι νυκτὸς καὶ τοῖς ῞Ελλησι φόβος ἐμπίπτει, καὶ θόρυβος καὶ δοῦπος ἦν. Κλέαρχος δὲ τὸν κήρυκα Τολμίδην ἐκέλευσε σιγὴν κηρῦξαι καὶ ἅμα τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους ἤγαγεν.
ἴσος, η, ον equal i.e. the same ῞Ολυνθος, ου, ἡ Olynthus (town in northern Greece) ʼΟλύμπια ποιέω hold Olympic Games (here a local festival) τεχνίτης, ου, ὁ (theatrical) artist συνάγω+ bring together δυσφύλακτος, ον difficult to guard ἀμήχανος, ον impossible εὐπραγία, ας, ἡ success διαφεύγω+ escape, avoid Μαγαῖος, ου, ὁ Magaeus θεῖος, ου, ὁ uncle Σουσαμίθρης, ου, ὁ Sousamithres Φρυγία, ας, ἡ Phrygia (country in northwestern Asia Minor) Τιμάνδρα, ας, ἡ Timandra κατὰ τοὺς ὕπνους in his sleep δʼ οὖν be that as it may, however that may be στρῶμα, ατος, τό bedcover ἐπιρρίπτω+ throw on (+ dat.) ἐκπίπτω+ dash out εἰς χεῖρας συνέρχομαι+ come to close quarters ἀκόντιον, ου, τό javelin τόξευμα, ατος, τό arrow κατὰ τὸ δυνατόν as far as possible κηδεύω attend to (a corpse), bury λαμπρῶς (adv.) magnificently φιλοτίμως (adv.) honourably ἄσιτος, ον without food ἀποκλίνω+ turn aside εὐθύωρον (adv.) straight ahead
πρῶτοι, ων, οἱ the vanguard κατασκηνόω encamp ὕστερος, α, ον [coming] later σκοταῖος, α, ον in the dark σκήνωμα, ατος, τό tent πλησίον (adv.) nearby δοῦπος, ου, ὁ din Τολμίδης, ου, ὁ Tolmides κηρύττω proclaim __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links
Key to Reading Unit 7 1. Not even one human life (lit. life of mortals) [is] without grief. 2. To fall upon fire and upon women is just the same.
Unit Key 6
3. For when Philip had captured Olynthus, he held Olympic games, and brought the artists together for (lit. into) the sacrifice.
Unit Key 8
4. I/they got glory only with (lit. not without) many labours.
Unit 7
5. There is neither wall nor money nor any other thing [so] difficult to guard as a woman. 6. It is impossible to escape envy amidst success (lit. successes). 7. [There is] one race of men, [and] one of gods. 8. For dying is not shameful but dying shamefully. 9. [One] should not despise the people. 10. So Pharnabazus ordered his brother Magaeus and his uncle Sousamithres to do the deed. Alcibiades was at that time living in a village in (lit. of) Phrygia with the courtesan Timandra, and in his sleep he had (lit. saw) the following dream: Magaeus and his men seemed to be burning his body (i.e. it seemed to him that they ...). And he had (lit. saw) this dream not long (lit. much) before his death. However that may be, the soldiers did not dare to enter, but set fire to the house. So, first of all Alcibiades gathered together his clothes and bed covers and threw [them] on the fire, and then he dashed out and chased the barbarians. For noone came to close quarters, but fired javelins and arrows at him (lit. hit him with). Thus fell Alcibiades, and the barbarians went off. But Timandra took up the corpse and buried it magnificently and honourably to the best of her ability. (Adapted from Plutarch Alcibiades 39.14.) 11. Clearchus would not lead (lit. was not leading) them against the enemy; for the soldiers were unfed, and also it was already late. However, he did not actually turn aside, but led them straight forward, and at sunset he entered the villages there with the vanguard. So the vanguard pitched camp in this way (i.e. before it was dark), but those who came later began to encamp in the dark and to make much din, so that the enemy both heard [them] and fled from their tents. It/the situation was clear on the following day; there was neither any longer any beastofburden there nor camp nor smoke anywhere nearby. Yet during the night fear fell upon the Greeks, and there was a commotion and din. Clearchus ordered the herald Tolmides to proclaim silence, and at daybreak led [his men] against the enemy. (Adapted from Xenophon Anabasis 2.2.1617.) __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit 7 Unit 9 Unit Key 8
Additional Reading Unit 8 Unit 8 1 προφάσεως δεῖται μόνον ἡ πονηρία. 2 τόπων μεταβολαὶ οὔτε φρόνησιν διδάσκουσιν οὔτε ἀφροσύνην ἀφαιροῦνται. 3# ἀνὴρ γὰρ ἄνδρα καὶ πόλις σῴζει πόλιν. 4# κακῆς ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς γίγνεται κακὸν τέλος. 5# ἀνδρὸς χαρακτὴρ ἐκ λόγου γνωρίζεται. 6 ἄλλοι μὲν σπείρουσιν, ἄλλοι δὲ ἀμήσονται. 7# ῞Ερως γὰρ ἄνδρας οὐ μόνους ἐπέρχεται οὐδʼ αὖ γυναῖκας, ἀλλὰ καὶ θεῶν ἄνω ψυχὰς χαράσσει κἀπὶ (= καὶ ἐπὶ) πόντον ἔρχεται: καὶ τόνδʼ ἀπείργειν οὐδʼ ὁ παγκρατὴς σθένει Ζεύς, ἀλλʼ ὑπείκει καὶ θέλων (willingly) ἐγκλίνεται. 8 ἀλώπηξ οὐ δωροδοκεῖται. 9 ἐβόων, ἐξέκρουόν με, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐχλεύαζον: ὑμεῖς δʼ ἐγελᾶτε, καὶ οὔτʼ ἀκούειν ἠθέλετε οὔτε πιστεύειν ἐβούλεσθε. 10# ἡ γὰρ σιωπὴ τοῖς σοφοῖσιν ἀπόκρισις. 11# τήν τοι Δίκην λέγουσι παῖδʼ εἶναι χρόνου. 12# σὺν μυρίοισι τὰ καλὰ γίγνεται πόνοις. 13# ἐχθροὺς κακῶς δρᾶν ἀνδρὸς ἡγοῦμαι μέρος. 14# οὐ γὰρ παρὰ κρατῆρα καὶ θοίνην μόνον τὰ χρήματʼ ἀνθρώποισιν ἡδονὰς ἔχει, ἀλλʼ ἐν κακοῖσι δύναμιν οὐ μικρὰν φέρει. 15 The fate of Abradatas A passage from Xenophon's biography of Cyrus (cf. 9.2.12). ὁ δὲ Κῦρος τοὺς ὑπηρέτας ἐκάλεσε καί, ἆρʼ εἴδετε, ἔφη, τὸν ʼΑβραδάταν; θαυμάζω γὰρ ὅτι πρόσθεν μὲν ἐθάμιζεν ἐφʼ ἡμᾶς, νῦν δʼ οὐδαμοῦ φαίνεται. τῶν οὖν ὑπηρετῶν τις (one), ὦ δέσποτα, ἔφη, οὐ ζῇ, ἀλλʼ ἐν τῇ μάχῃ ἀπέθανεν ἐπεὶ ἐνέβαλε τὸ ἅρμα εἰς τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους· οἱ δʼ ἄλλοι πλὴν τῶν ἑταίρων αὐτοῦ ἔφυγον, ὥς φασιν, ἐπεὶ τὸ στῖφος εἶδον τὸ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων. καὶ νῦν γε, ἔφη,
λέγεται ἡ γυνὴ αὐτοῦ τὸν νεκρὸν ἐν τῇ ἁρμαμάξῃ ἔχειν καὶ προσάγειν αὐτὸν δεῦρο πρὸς τὸν Πακτωλὸν ποταμόν. καὶ τοὺς μὲν εὐνούχους καὶ τοὺς θεράποντας αὐτοῦ ὀρύττειν φασὶν ἐπὶ λόφου θήκην τῷ νεκρῷ· τὴν δὲ γυναῖκα λέγουσιν ὡς καθίζει χαμαί, καὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἐπὶ τοῖς γόνασιν ἔχει. πρόφασις, εως, ἡ excuse, pretext φρόνησις, εως, ἡ prudence ἀφροσύνη, ης, ἡ imprudence, foolishness γνωρίζω make known ἀμάομαι reap χαράσσω (= ττω) whet, stimulate # παγκρατής, οῦ, ὁ allpowerful # σθένω have power ὑπείκω yield ἐγκλίνομαι give way δωροδοκέω bribe ἐκκρούω hiss off (the stage) χλευάζω scoff, jeer θοίνη, ης, ἡ meal, feast ὑπηρέτης, ου, ὁ staffofficer, aide ʼΑβραδάτας, ου, ὁ Abradatas θαμίζω come often ἅρμα, ατος, τό chariot στῖφος, ους, τό dense array ἁρμάμαξα, ης, ἡ carriage Πακτωλός, οῦ, ὁ Pactolus (river in Asia Minor) εὐνοῦχος, ου, ὁ eunuch ὀρύττω dig χαμαί (adv.) on the ground __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________
________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
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Key to Reading Unit 8
Cover Introduction Main Index Links
1. Only wickedness needs an excuse.
Unit Key 7
3. For a man saves a man and a city a city.
Unit Key 9
4. A bad end results (lit. comes into being) from a bad beginning.
Unit 8
5. A man's character is made known from his speech.
2. Changing place (lit. places) neither teaches prudence nor removes imprudence.
6. Some sow, others will reap. 7. For Love comes not upon men alone nor again (only) upon women, but also stimulates the souls of the gods above and goes over the sea (i.e. has an effect on creatures that live in the sea) And not even allmighty Zeus has the power to prevent him (lit. this [god]), but yields and willingly gives way. (Sophocles fragment 684) 8. A fox cannot be (lit. is not) bribed. 9. They shouted, they hissed [me] off, and then they jeered; but you laughed, and neither were willing to listen nor wished to believe [i.e. me]. 10. For the wise silence is an answer. 11. Indeed they say that Justice is the child of time. 12. Fine prizes are won (lit. beautiful things come into being) [only] with countless toils. 13. I think it is the duty of a man to do ill to his enemies. 14. Money brings not only pleasure to men beside the mixingbowl and the feast, but also brings no little power in the midst of trouble(s). 15. Cyrus summoned his aides and said, 'Did you see Abradatas? For I am surprised that, although he used often to come to [visit] me (lit. us), now he is nowhere to be seen.' So one of the aides said, 'Master, he is not alive, but was killed in the battle after he drove his chariot into the [ranks of] the Egyptians. The rest of his men, with the exception of his [close] companions, they say, fled, when they saw the dense array of the Egyptians. And now it is said that his wife (lit. his wife is said) has his body in her carriage and is taking it to the River Pactolus (ἔφη need not be translated). They say that his eunuchs and servants are digging a grave for the dead man on a hill; and that his wife (λέγουσιν need not be translated) is sitting on the ground, holding (lit. and she has) her husband's head on her lap.' (Adapted from Xenophon Cyropaedia 7.3.2). __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________
___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit 8 Unit 10 Unit Key 9
Additional Reading Unit 9 Unit 9 1 ἕκαστος αὐτὸς αὑτῷ φίλος. 2 νεκρὸν ἰατρεύειν καὶ γέροντα νουθετεῖν ταὐτόν ἐστιν. 3 τὸ ἀποδημεῖν ἡ ἀρίστη παιδεία. 4# νοῦς ἐστιν ὁ θεός· τοῦτον οὖν ἔχειν καλόν. 5 ἄκαιρος εὔνοια οὐδὲν ἔχθρας διαφέρει. 6 αἰσχρὸν πρὸς τὸν αὐτὸν λίθον δὶς προσκρούειν. 7 εἶτα τότʼ οὐκ ἔλεγες παραχρῆμα ταῦτα οὐδʼ ἐδίδασκες ἡμᾶς; 8# αὐτά σε διδάσκει τοῦ βίου τὰ πράγματα. 9 ἃ ἐπράττετο οὐκ ἐγένετο. 10# ὄφιν τρέφειν καὶ εὐεργετεῖν ταὐτόν ἐστιν. 11# τοῦτʼ ἔστι τὸ ζῆν, μὴ σεαυτῷ ζῆν μόνον. 12 Libyan customs Another story which Herodotus brought back from Egypt (cf. Unit 4 above). πρὸς δʼ ἑσπέρας τῆς Τριτωνίδος λίμνης οὐκέτι νομάδες εἰσὶ Λίβυες οὐδὲ νόμοις τοῖς αὐτοῖς χρῶνται, οὐδὲ κατὰ τοὺς παῖδας ποιοῦσιν ἃ καὶ οἱ νομάδες φιλοῦσιν ποιεῖν. οἱ γὰρ δὴ τῶν Λιβύων νομάδες, εἰ μὲν πάντες, οὐκ ἔχω ἀκριβῶς τοῦτο εἰπεῖν, ποιοῦσι δὲ αὐτῶν πολλοὶ τάδε· τῶν παίδων τῷ πέμπτῳ ἔτει οἰσύπῃ προβάτων καίουσι τὰς ἐν ταῖς κορυφαῖς φλέβας, ὀλίγοι δὲ αὐτῶν τὰς ἐν τοῖς κροτάφοις· οὕτως γὰρ εἰς τὸν πάντα χρόνον οὐ βλάπτει αὐτοὺς οὐδέποτε τὸ φλέγμα ὃ ἐκ τῆς κεφαλῆς καταρρεῖ. καὶ διὰ τοῦτο αὐτοὺς λέγουσιν εἶναι μάλα ὑγιηρούς· εἰσὶ γὰρ οἱ Λίβυες τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὑγιηρότατοι (most healthy), εἰ μὲν διὰ τοῦτο, οὐκ ἔχω ἀκριβῶς εἰπεῖν, ὑγιηρότατοι δʼ εἰσί. καὶ ἄκος ἔχουσι τῶν σπασμῶν οἳ πολλάκις ἐμπίπτουσι τοῖς παισί: τράγου γὰρ οὖρον καταχέουσι καὶ οὕτως αὐτοὺς ἰῶνται. λέγω δὲ ἃ λέγουσιν αὐτοὶ οἱ Λίβυες. ἰατρεύω treat, cure ἀποδημέω be/go abroad ἄκαιρος, ον illtimed, inopportune προσκρούω stumble against παραχρῆμα (adv.) forthwith, immediately
πρὸς ἑσπέρας towards the west Τριτωνίς, ίδος, ἡ Lake Tritonis νομάς, άδος, ὁ, ἡ pastoral, nomadic οἰσύπη, ης, ἡ grease extracted from sheep's wool κορυφή, ῆς, ἡ top of the head κρόταφοι, ων, οἱ temples (of the head) φλέψ, φλεβός, ἡ vein φλέγμα, ατος, τό phlegm καταρρέω flow down ὑγιηρός, ά, όν healthy ἄκος, ους, τό cure σπασμός, οῦ, ὁ convulsion τράγος, ου, ὁ goat οὖρον, ου, τό urine __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
.
Key to Reading Unit 9
Cover Introduction Main Index Links
1. Each man [is] his own friend (lit. himself a friend to himself).
Unit Key 8
3. Travel (lit. going abroad) is the best education.
Unit Key 10
4. God is intelligence; so to have this [is] a fine thing.
Unit 9
5. Inopportune goodwill differs in no way from enmity.
2. There is no difference between (lit. it is the same thing to) treating a corpse and rebuking an old man.
6. [It is] disgraceful to stumble against the same stone twice. 7. Then did you not at that time say this forthwith and instruct us? 8. The business of life itself teaches you. 9. What was being done (i.e. trying to be done) did not eventuate. 10. To nurture a snake and to do good is the same thing. 11. This is life [viz] not living for yourself alone. 12. But towards the west of Lake Tritonis the Libyans are no longer nomads nor employ the same customs, nor with respect to their children act as (lit. do what) the nomads are accustomed to act. For the nomads among the Libyans do the following ( I cannot say exactly if all of them (sc. do so) but many of them do): in their children's fifth year (i.e. when they are four) they burn with the grease of sheep's wool the veins on the tops of their heads, and a few of them [burn] the [veins] on their temples; for in this way the phlegm which flows down from the head never afflicts them (lit. does not never afflict). They say that, for this reason (lit. on account of this), they (i.e. their children) are very healthy. For the Libyans are the most healthy of men, whether for this reason I cannot accurately say, but they are [certainly] most healthy. They have a remedy against convulsions, which frequently afflict children: they pour a goat's urine over them and heal them in this way. I am recounting what the Libyans themselves say. (Adapted from Herodotus 4. 187.) __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit 9 Unit 11 Unit Key 10
Additional Reading Unit 10 Unit 10 1 ʼΑριστοτέλης τῆς παιδείας ἔφη τὰς μὲν ῥίζας εἶναι πικράς, γλυκεῖς δὲ τοὺς καρπούς. 2# οὐδεὶς ἐραστὴς ὅστις οὐκ αἰεὶ φιλεῖ. 3# τὰ θνητὰ πάντα μεταβολὰς πολλὰς ἔχει. 4# ἅπαντα νικᾷ καὶ μεταστρέφει τύχη. 5 ἅπανθʼ ὁ λιμὸς γλυκέα πλὴν αὑτοῦ ποιεῖ. 6 πάντων ἰατρὸς τῶν ἀναγκαίων κακῶν χρόνος ἐστίν. 7 ἡ πενία πολλῶν ἐστιν ἐνδεής, ἡ ἀπληστία πάντων. 8 τοῦ βίου, καθάπερ ἀγάλματος, δεῖ πάντα τὰ μέρη καλὰ εἶναι. 9 πότερον ταῦτα πάντα ἠδίκει καὶ παρεσπόνδει καὶ ἔλυε τὴν εἰρήνην ἢ οὔ; 10 ὑμεῖς γὰρ ταῦτʼ ἐπράττετε, καὶ ταῦτα πᾶσιν ὑμῖν ἤρεσκεν. 11# ῥώμη δέ τʼ ἀμαθὴς πολλάκις τίκτει βλάβην. 12# ἀλλʼ εὖ φέρειν χρὴ συμφορὰς τὸν εὐγενῆ. 13 ὅπου τις ἀλγεῖ, κεῖσε καὶ τὸν νοῦν ἔχει. 14# πρὸς τὴν ἀνάγκην πάντα τἆλλʼ ἔστʼ ἀσθενῆ. 15# ἀλλʼ ἡμέρα τοι πολλὰ καὶ μέλαινα νὺξ τίκτει βροτοῖσιν. 16# ἀνὴρ δὲ χρηστὸς χρηστὸν οὐ μισεῖ ποτε. 17 τὸ νικᾶν αὐτὸν ἑαυτὸν πασῶν νικῶν πρώτη καὶ ἀρίστη. 18 False logic From Plato's Euthydemus ὦ Κτήσιππε, ἔφη ὁ Διονυσόδωρος, ἔστι σοι κύων; καὶ μάλα πονηρός, ἔφη ὁ Κτήσιππος. ἔστιν οὖν αὐτῷ κυνίδια; καὶ μάλʼ, ἔφη, ἕτερα παραπλήσια. οὐκοῦν πατήρ ἐστιν αὐτῶν ὁ κύων;
ὤχευέ γʼ, ἔφη, τὴν κύνα: τοῦτο γὰρ αὐτὸς εἶδον. τί οὖν; οὐ σός ἐστιν ὁ κύων; πάνυ γʼ , ἔφη. οὐκοῦν πατὴρ ὢν (being) σός ἐστιν, ὥστε σὸς πατὴρ γίγνεται ὁ κύων καὶ σὺ κυναρίων ἀδελφός; καὶ αὖθις ταχὺ ὑπέλαβεν ὁ Διονυσόδωρος καὶ ἤρετο: τύπτεις τὸν κύνα τοῦτον; καὶ ὁ Κτήσιππος, νὴ τοὺς θεούς (yes, by the gods), ἔφη: οὐ γὰρ δύναμαι σέ. οὐκοῦν τὸν σαυτοῦ πατέρα, ἔφη, τύπτεις; χρὴ μέντοι, ἔφη, τὸν ὑμέτερον πατέρα μᾶλλον τύπτειν, διότι υἱοὺς οὕτως σοφοὺς ἔφυσεν. ῥίζα, ης, ἡ root, foundation μεταστρέφω change, alter ἐνδεής, ές lacking in, in need of (+ gen.) ἀπληστία, ας, ἡ greediness καθάπερ (adv.) just as ἄγαλμα, ατος, τό statue καθάπερ (adv.) just as παρασπονδέω break a treaty ἀρέσκω be pleasing to (+ dat.) κυνίδιον, ου, τό puppy ὀχεύω mount, cover (a female animal) κυνάριον, ου, τό puppy δύναμαι be able (19.1/3b) ὑμέτερον the second plural possessive adjective is used because the brother of Dionysodorus is present __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Unit Key 9 Unit Key 11 Unit 10
Key to Reading Unit 10 1. Aristotle said that the roots of learning were bitter but the fruits sweet. 2. [There is] no lover who is not always in love (lit. does not love always). 3. Everything mortal (lit. all mortal things) has/involves many vicissitudes. 4. Fortune conquers and alters everything. 5. Hunger makes everything sweet except itself. 6. Time is the healer of all necessary evils. 7. Poverty lacks many things, greed [lacks] everything. 8. All the parts of life, just as of a statue, must be beautiful. 9. Did he commit all these injustices and violate the truce and break the peace or not? 10. For you did all this and this pleased all of you. 11. Ignorant strength often begets/produces harm. 12. But the noble man ought to bear disasters well. 13. Where a man is in pain, there he also directs (lit. has) his mind. 14. In the face of necessity everything else (lit. all other things) is weak. 15. But day and black night beget/produce many things for mortals. 16. A good man never (lit. not ever) hates a[nother] good man. 17. To conquer oneself (lit. [a man] himself to conquer himself) [is] the foremost and best of all victories. 18. 'Ctesippus,' said Dionysodorus, 'do you have (lit. is there to you) a dog?' '[Yes], a very mischievous [one],' said Ctesippus. 'Does he have (lit. is there to him) puppies?' '[Yes], certainly, just like himself (lit. others resembling [him]).' 'So the dog is their father?' '[Yes (see 13.1/3b)], he covered the bitch; for I saw this myself.' 'What then? Is the dog not yours?' 'Certainly,' he said. 'So, being a father, he is yours, so that the dog is your father and you are the puppies' brother.' Dionysodorus quickly took up [the questioning] again and asked, 'Do you beat this dog?' Ctesippus said, 'Absolutely; for I can't [beat] you.' 'So,' he said, 'do you beat your own father?' 'I ought rather,' he said. 'to beat your father, because he produced such clever
sons.' (Adapted from Plato Euthydemus 298d ff.) __________ ____________ _____________ ____________________ _____________ ____________ _____________ _______________ ___________ __________ __________ __________ _____________ ________ __ _ (c) Gavin Betts, Alan Henry 2001
. Cover Introduction Main Index Links Extra Reading 25 Extra Reading 1115 Extra Reading Key 6 10
Extra Reading: Units 6 10 Extra reading for units 610 1# χρυσὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὃς βροτῶν ἔχει κράτη. 2# ὁ νοῦς γὰρ ἡμῶν ἐστιν ἐν ἑκάστῳ θεός. 3# φῶς ἐστι τῷ νῷ πρὸς θεὸν βλέπειν ἀεί. 4# χρυσὸς δʼ ἀνοίγει πάντα, καὶ χαλκᾶς πύλας. 5# ὑγίεια καὶ νοῦς ἀγαθὰ τῷ βίῳ πέλει. 6# τί γὰρ καλὸν ζῆν βίον ὃς λύπας φέρει; 7# ἄνευ προφάσεως οὐδὲν ἀνθρώποις κακόν. 8# βίου δικαίου γίγνεται τέλος καλόν. 9# ἐν μυρίοις τὰ καλὰ γίγνεται πόνοις. 10# πολλῶν ὁ καιρὸς γίγνεται διδάσκαλος. 11# ὅστις λέγει μὲν εὖ, τὰ δʼ ἔργʼ ἐφʼ οἷς λέγει αἴσχρʼ ἐστί, τούτου τὸ σοφὸν οὐκ αἰνῶ ποτέ. 12# μισῶ σοφιστὴν ὅστις οὐχ αὑτῷ σοφός. 13# ἅπαντα τίκτει χθὼν πάλιν τε λαμβάνει. 14# δεῖ τοὺς μὲν εἶναι δυστυχεῖς, τοὺς δʼ εὐτυχεῖς. 15# οὐπώποτʼ ἐζήλωσα πολυτελῆ νεκρόν. 16# ὀχληρός ἐστʼ ἄνθρωπος ἐν νέοις γέρων. 17 ἀνδρῶν ἐπιφανῶν πᾶσα γῆ τάφος. 18 Ἆγις ὁ βασιλεὺς οὐκ ἔφη τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ἐρωτᾶν πόσοι εἰσίν, ἀλλὰ ποῦ εἰσιν οἱ πολέμιοι. 19# τὸ γὰρ βρότειον σπέρμʼ ἐφʼ ἡμέραν φρονεῖ καὶ πιστὸν οὐδὲν μᾶλλον ἢ καπνοῦ σκιά. 20# καλόν γʼ ἀληθὴς κἀτενὴς (= καὶ ἀτενὴς) παρρησία. 21# ὥστε οὔτις ἀνδρῶν εἰς ἅπαντʼ εὐδαιμονεῖ.
# βροτῶν gen. after κράτη (