Colorectal Surgery [1st ed.] 9781455737703, 1437717241, 9781437717242

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Table of contents :
Cover......Page 0
Colorectal Surgery......Page 2
Copyright page......Page 5
Contributors......Page 6
Foreword......Page 10
Preface......Page 11
Anatomy of the Colon and Rectum......Page 12
Transverse Colon......Page 13
Fascial Attachments of the Rectum......Page 14
Anal Canal......Page 15
Surgical Significance......Page 16
Histology......Page 18
Water and Electrolyte Absorption......Page 20
Products of Bacterial Metabolism......Page 21
Control of Intestinal Motility......Page 22
Physiology of Defecation......Page 23
References......Page 24
Anal Pain......Page 26
Perianal Mass......Page 27
Diarrhea......Page 28
Rigid Proctosigmoidoscopy......Page 29
Colonoscopy......Page 30
Barium Enema......Page 32
Water-Soluble Contrast Media Studies......Page 34
Tests for Enteritis and Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 35
Plain Abdominal Films......Page 36
Small Bowel Imaging......Page 37
Capsule Endoscopy......Page 38
Double Balloon Endoscopy......Page 39
Ultrasonography......Page 40
Computed Tomography......Page 41
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 42
Positron Emission Tomography......Page 43
Anorectal Manometry......Page 44
Colonic Transit Studies......Page 45
Endosonography of the Normal Rectum......Page 46
Serologic Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 47
References......Page 48
The Bottom Line......Page 50
Routine Preoperative Testing......Page 51
Choice of Anesthetic......Page 52
Patients With Cardiac Disease......Page 53
Patients With Pulmonary Disease......Page 54
Diabetic Patients......Page 55
Anticoagulants......Page 56
Elderly Patients......Page 57
Surgical Site Infection Prophylaxis......Page 58
Nausea and/or Vomiting and Ileus Prophylaxis......Page 59
References......Page 60
Postoperative Physiology......Page 63
Fluid Management......Page 64
Gastrointestinal Tract Function and Enteral Feeding......Page 65
Diet Initiation......Page 66
Antiemetics......Page 67
Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis......Page 68
Foley Catheter......Page 69
Postoperative Epidural Analgesia......Page 70
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs......Page 71
Anticoagulation......Page 72
Beta-Blockers......Page 73
Local Block......Page 74
Restoration of Normal Bowel Function......Page 75
Postoperative Clinical Pathways......Page 76
Standardized Order Sets......Page 77
References......Page 81
Patient Factors......Page 84
Intraoperative Factors......Page 85
Patient Factors......Page 87
Patient Factors......Page 88
Surgeon Factors......Page 89
Postoperative Factors......Page 92
Surgeon Factors......Page 93
Surgeon Controlled Factors in the Operating Room......Page 94
Patient Factors......Page 95
Patient Factors......Page 96
Surgeon Controlled Factors in the Operating Room......Page 97
Patient Factors......Page 98
Intraoperative Factors......Page 99
Postoperative Care and Factors......Page 100
References......Page 101
Anatomy and Physiology......Page 102
Etiology......Page 103
Differential Diagnosis and Diagnosis......Page 104
Medical Management......Page 105
Rubber Band Ligation......Page 106
Simple Ligation......Page 107
Excisional Hemorrhoidectomy......Page 108
Hemorrhoidopexy......Page 111
Thrombosed External Hemorrhoids......Page 117
Hemorrhoidal Crisis......Page 118
Anorectal Varices From Portal Hypertension......Page 120
References......Page 121
Pathophysiology......Page 124
Oral and Topical Sphincter Relaxants......Page 125
Botulinum Toxin Injection......Page 129
Operative Management......Page 130
Myths......Page 132
When to Refer......Page 133
References......Page 134
Anatomic Considerations and Etiology......Page 136
Presentation and Examination......Page 137
Treatment......Page 139
Special Problems......Page 141
Imaging......Page 142
Treatment......Page 144
Follow-up Care......Page 148
Complications......Page 150
Special Problems......Page 151
References......Page 152
Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 154
Pathophysiology......Page 155
Operative Management......Page 156
Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 158
Treatment—Nonoperative Therapy......Page 160
Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 161
Treatment—Nonoperative Therapy......Page 162
Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 163
Pathophysiology......Page 164
Fibrin Glue and Anal Fistula Plug......Page 165
Transanal Repair......Page 166
Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 167
Operative Management......Page 168
Pathophysiology......Page 169
Transperineal Approaches......Page 170
Posterior Approaches......Page 171
References......Page 172
The Bottom Line......Page 176
Approach to the Patient with a Presumed Sexually Transmitted Disease......Page 177
Gonorrhea......Page 178
Chlamydia and Lymphogranuloma Venereum......Page 180
Syphilis......Page 181
Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)......Page 183
Herpes Simplex Virus......Page 184
Human Papilloma Virus......Page 185
Human Papilloma Virus, Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Anal Dysplasia, and Anal Cancer......Page 188
Conclusion......Page 191
References......Page 192
The Bottom Line......Page 195
Approach to the Patient with a Presumed Sexually Transmitted Disease......Page 196
Gonorrhea......Page 197
Chlamydia and Lymphogranuloma Venereum......Page 199
Syphilis......Page 200
Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)......Page 202
Herpes Simplex Virus......Page 203
Human Papilloma Virus......Page 204
Human Papilloma Virus, Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia, Anal Dysplasia, and Anal Cancer......Page 207
Conclusion......Page 210
References......Page 211
Who and When to Screen......Page 214
Stool Blood Tests......Page 215
Computed Tomography Colonography......Page 216
Colonoscopy......Page 219
Barriers to Screening......Page 220
Surveillance......Page 223
References......Page 224
Colonoscopy......Page 225
Barium Enema......Page 227
Pathology......Page 228
Types......Page 229
Hyperplastic Polyps......Page 230
Pseudopolyps......Page 231
Definition......Page 232
Diagnosis and Screening......Page 233
Clinical Manifestations......Page 234
Upper Gastrointestinal Polyps......Page 235
Chemoprevention......Page 236
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer......Page 237
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome......Page 238
“Normal” Polyposes......Page 239
References......Page 240
Clinical Presentation......Page 241
Symptoms......Page 242
Lymph Node Involvement......Page 243
Imaging......Page 244
Other Considerations......Page 245
Practice Parameters for Detection of Colorectal Neoplasms as Defined by the Standards Committee, the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons*......Page 246
High-Risk Individuals......Page 247
References......Page 248
Preoperative Evaluation......Page 250
General Principles of Resection......Page 251
Operative Approach......Page 253
Ascending Colon Cancer......Page 254
Splenic Flexure Cancer......Page 255
Descending Colon Cancer......Page 257
Sigmoid Colon Cancer......Page 262
Prophylactic Oophorectomy......Page 264
Perforation......Page 265
Laparoscopy in Colon Cancer......Page 267
References......Page 268
Patient Records......Page 272
Anatomy, Physical Examination, and Rigid Sigmoidoscopy......Page 273
Endorectal Ultrasound......Page 274
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 275
Positron Emission Scanning......Page 276
Preoperative Versus Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy in Rectal Cancer......Page 278
Indications......Page 279
Transanal Excision......Page 280
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery......Page 281
open approach......Page 282
Laparoscopic Approach......Page 285
Metastatic Disease......Page 289
Palliation......Page 290
References......Page 291
Adjuvant Therapy for Colon Cancer......Page 294
Stage II......Page 295
Stage III......Page 297
Adjuvant Therapy for Rectal Cancer......Page 298
Endorectal Ultrasound......Page 299
Surveillance Schedules: Is Intensive Follow-Up Beneficial?......Page 300
References......Page 302
Assessment of Resection......Page 304
Synchronous Lesions......Page 305
Recurrence and Survival......Page 306
Microwave Ablation......Page 307
Chemotherapy......Page 309
Other Considerations......Page 310
References......Page 313
Staging......Page 315
Presentation......Page 316
Physical Examination......Page 317
High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion or Bowen Disease......Page 318
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anal Margin......Page 319
Basal Cell Carcinoma......Page 320
Paget Disease......Page 321
Clinical Evaluation......Page 323
Treatment......Page 324
Follow-Up Evaluation and Outcomes......Page 325
Adenocarcinoma......Page 326
Melanoma......Page 327
References......Page 328
Epidemiology......Page 333
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis......Page 334
Treatment......Page 335
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors......Page 336
Treatment......Page 337
Small Bowel Lymphoma......Page 338
Anorectal Lymphoma......Page 339
Melanoma......Page 340
References......Page 341
Epidemiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease......Page 344
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics......Page 345
Crohn Disease......Page 346
Ulcerative Colitis......Page 348
Aminosalicylates......Page 349
Moderate to Severe Crohn Disease: Induction and Maintenance With Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factors......Page 352
Bowel Rest......Page 353
Thiopurine Agents......Page 354
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Surgery: The Medical Perspective......Page 355
References......Page 356
Indications for Surgery......Page 359
Emergency Surgery......Page 360
Ileal Pouch Anal Anastomosis......Page 361
Complications......Page 363
Controversies......Page 365
Conclusions......Page 366
References......Page 367
Etiopathology......Page 369
Classification......Page 370
Diagnosis......Page 371
Hemorrhage......Page 372
Severe Colitis......Page 373
Neoplasia......Page 376
Operative Considerations......Page 377
Strictureplasty......Page 379
Ileal Disease......Page 381
Colonic Disease......Page 382
Upper Gastrointestinal Disease......Page 383
References......Page 385
Background......Page 388
Diagnosis......Page 390
Acute Uncomplicated Diverticulitis......Page 392
Recurrent Uncomplicated Diverticulitis......Page 393
Acute Complicated Diverticulitis: Perforation and Abscess......Page 394
Chronic Complicated Diverticulitis: Stricture and Fistula......Page 395
Emerging Techniques......Page 396
References......Page 397
Initial Management......Page 400
Anoscopy and Rigid Sigmoidoscopy......Page 401
Nuclear Medicine......Page 402
Interventional Radiology......Page 403
Computed Tomographic Angiography......Page 404
Operative Intervention......Page 405
References......Page 407
Radiation Therapy and Bowel Injury......Page 408
Pathology......Page 409
Fistula Formation......Page 410
Treatment of Bleeding......Page 411
Physician-Delivered Topical Therapy: Formalin......Page 412
Treatment of Other Chronic Radiation Complications......Page 413
Etiology......Page 414
Spectrum of Disease......Page 415
Laboratory Examinations......Page 416
Endoscopy......Page 417
Clinical Course......Page 419
Treatment......Page 420
Laboratory Findings......Page 421
Antidiarrheals and Symptomatic Therapy......Page 422
Campylobacter......Page 423
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli......Page 424
Clostridium difficile Antibiotic-Associated Enterocolitis......Page 425
Conclusions on Infectious Colitis......Page 427
References......Page 429
Presentation, Diagnosis, and Initial Treatment......Page 431
Nonoperative Treatment: Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction......Page 432
Bowel Obstruction after Previous Laparoscopic Surgery......Page 433
Other Treatment Considerations......Page 434
Laparoscopy......Page 435
The More Difficult Case......Page 436
Hernia......Page 437
Large Bowel Obstruction......Page 438
Colonic Stent Placement......Page 439
Operative Technique......Page 441
Colonic Pseudo-obstruction (Ogilvie Syndrome)......Page 442
References......Page 443
Preoperative Counseling and Stoma Sitting......Page 445
End Ileostomy......Page 448
Loop Ileostomy......Page 449
End Loop Ileostomy......Page 451
Loop Colostomy......Page 453
Mucous Fistula......Page 454
Stoma Closure......Page 455
Complications......Page 456
References......Page 459
Normal Mechanism of Continence......Page 461
Diagnosis and Workup......Page 462
Anal Manometry......Page 463
Medical......Page 464
Surgical......Page 466
Anterior Overlapping Sphincteroplasty......Page 467
Artificial Bowel Sphincter......Page 469
Decision Making......Page 470
Rectocele......Page 471
Diagnosis and Workup......Page 472
Transvaginal Repair......Page 473
Biologic Material and Mesh Implants......Page 474
References......Page 475
Symptoms......Page 477
Physical Examination......Page 478
Resection and Rectopexy......Page 479
Laparoscopic Repairs......Page 480
Mucosal Proctosigmoidectomy (Delorme Procedure)......Page 482
Choice of Operation......Page 486
Recurrent Rectal Prolapse......Page 488
References......Page 489
Etiologies......Page 490
Office Evaluation......Page 492
Perianal Infections......Page 493
References......Page 498
Physical Examination......Page 499
Laparoscopy......Page 501
Primary Repair Versus Fecal Diversion......Page 502
Resection and Damage Control Laparotomy......Page 503
Diagnosis......Page 504
Treatment......Page 505
Foreign Bodies of the Rectum......Page 506
References......Page 507
Clinical Manifestations......Page 509
Diagnosis......Page 510
Surgical Treatment......Page 511
Anatomy......Page 512
Signs and Symptoms......Page 513
Role of the Preoperative Biopsy......Page 514
Posterior Approach......Page 515
Combined Abdominal and Posterior Approach......Page 516
Actinomycosis......Page 518
References......Page 519

Colorectal Surgery [1st ed.]
 9781455737703, 1437717241, 9781437717242

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