Colloquial Arabic of Egypt 0710205813, 9780710205810

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COLLOQUIAL

Arabic of Egypt RUSSELL McGUIRK

ROUTLEDGE

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ROUTLEDGE COLLOQUJAL ARABIC OF :

EGYPT

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This book outstafdingly clear and systematic in its presentation of the everyday spoken language of Egypt. The emphasis right from the start is on what people actually say ~ the colourful expressions, idioms and sayings which abound the language of Egyptians. No previous knowledge of Arabic is assumed, The emphasis is on the acquisition of a working knowledge, so that both business travellers and tourists will find the book highly useful.

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The book contains sixteen lessons, with additional the form of proverbs, reading background matter materiat, keys to the exercises, and both Engtish to Arabic and Arabic to English glossaries. The presented clearly and grammar of the language fact that much can be said in simply, and Arabic without using verbs has been fully exploited. The accompanying cassette -— an invaluable optional supplement — includes pronunciation exercises, dialogues, proverbs, reading passages and Arabic translation exercises, spoken by native Egyptian Arabic speakers,

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0-71 00-993b-3

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80710°099365

Colloquial Colloquial

Arabic Arabic

off Egypt o Egypt

The Colloquial Series The Colloquial Series Arabic (Levantine) ** Colloquial (Levantine) Colloquial Arabic Arabic ooff the the G Gulf and Saudi Saudi Arabia Arabia ** Colloquial u l f and Colloquial Arabic Chinese * Colloquial Colloquial Chinese Czech Colloquial Colloquial Czech *

Dutch Colloquial Colloquial Dutch *

* Colloquial Colloquial English English French Colloquial Colloquial French German Colloquial Colloquial German Greek Colloquial Colloquial Greek Colloquial Colloquial Hungarian Hungarian Colloquia Italian Italian Colloquial Colloguial Colloquia! Japanese Japanese Persian Colloquial Colloquial Persian Polish ** Colloquial Colloquia! Polish Colloquial Colloquia! Portuguese Portuguese Romanian Colloquia! Colloquia! Romanian Russian Colloquial Colloquial Russian Serbo-Croat ** Colloguial Colloquial Serbo-Croat Colloquia! Colloquia! Spanish Spanish Turkish Colloquia! Colloquia! Turkish

** Accompanying available Accompanying cassette cassette available

Colloquial Colloquial Arabic Arabic of Egypt Egypt

McGuirk Russell H H.. McGuirk Russell

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Routledge & Kegan Paul and Henley Boston and London, London, Boston Henley

First published 1986 First published iinn 1986 Paul plc & Kegan by ple by Routledge Routledge & Kegan Paul London WC2H Leicester Square, WC2H 7PH, 7PH, England 1144 Leivester England Square, London USA and and 9 Park Park Street, Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, 02108, USA 9 Boston, Mass. Newtown Road, House, Newtown Road, Broadway House, Broadway Oxon RRG9 Thames, Oxon England Henley on Henley G 9 1LEN, E N , England on Thames, U1 p t in Linotron Linotron Times 9 on Times 9 Phototypeset Phototypeset in on 11 pt London Ltd, London by by Input Input Typesetting Typesetting Lid, and printed Great Britain Britain and printed iinn Great Cox and by by Cox and Wyman Wyman Berks Reading, Reading, Berks

Russell H. H. McGuirk McGuirk 1986 1986 © Russell

part

No this book book may be reproduced in N o part o reproduced in off this may be without permission the publisher, any form form without from the permission from publisher, the quotation except for the quotation o brief passages except for off brief passages criticism iinn criticism

in Publication Publication Dara Congress Cataloging Cataloging in Library Data Library of Congress Russell H., McGuirk, Russell 1946H., 1946McGuirk, Arabic of Egypt. Colloquial Egypt. Colloquiat Arabic series) {Colloguial (Colloquiat series) Bibliography: p. Bibliography: p. J. Arabic tanguage—Diatects—Egypt—Grammar. 1 . A r a b i c language—Dialects—Egypi—Grammar. L. Tide. Tite. 1.

1985 PJ6779.M43 1985 P6779.M43

TPO

492' 770062 492°

85-2247 85-2247

British Library British Publication Data in Publication Data also Library Cataloguing Cataloguing in atso available available

ISBN 0-7100-9936-3 0-7100-9936-3 (pb) ISBN (pb)

8-7102-0581-3 {cass) 0-7102-0581-3 {cass)

CONTENTS CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

vii

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION PRONUNCIATION ONUNCIATION PR

LPHABET R A B I C AALPHABET H E AARABIC TTHE GRAMMATICAL PATTERNS LETTERS A AND RROOT O O T LETTERS N D GRAMMATICAL PATTERNS

we

ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS LESSON O ONE LESSON NE

The definite definite article: article: Nouns Nouns and and The Plurals: Subject gender; gender; Plurals: Subject pronouns; pronouns; sentences Simple Simple sentences

12

LESSON TWO TWO. LESSON

Adjectives Adjectives

LESSON TTHREE HREE LESSON

Construct “bitdad'; Construct phrases; “hitday"; phrases; Pronominal ‘To have’: have’: suffices, Pronominal suffices; ‘To Demonstratives Demonstratives

LESSON FFOUR LESSON OUR

Numbers: Telling Months: Days Numbers: time: Months: Telling time: Days Seasons the week; week; Seasons of the

31

LESSON FFIVE LESSON IVE

Active partiwords; Active Interrogative words; Interrogative parti‘bi-’ Adverbial phrases with 'bi-’ ciples; ciples; Adverbial phrases with

40 10

LESSON S§IX SIX LESSON

and superiative Comparative Comparative and superlative adjecadjecColours tives; Colours tives;

LESSON SSEVEN EVEN LESSON

Perfect tense Verbal tense (simple Perfect verbs); Verbal (simple verbs): Active participles negatives; participles (simple (simple negatives: Active Passive participles verbs); Passive verbs); participles (simple (simple verbs} verbs)

24

EIGHT LESSON EIGHT LESSON

‘ga" tense (simple Imperfect Imperfect tense (simple verbs); verbs); ‘ga’

LESSON NNINE LESSON INE

Doubled verbs, Holiow verbs; Verbs verbs; Hollow verbs; Verbs Doubled

58 58

weak third third radical radical with weak with LESSON TTEN LESSON EN

Pronominal suffixes suffixes as direct objects; Pronominal as direct objects; Relative clauses clauses Relative

LESSON EELEVEN LESSON LEVEN

The derived derived forms; Verbal forms forms III, The forms; Verbal I, and IIV; V ; Participles IIT IL and Participtes

68

LESSON TWELVE TWELVE LESSON

Goha stories I and and IIFI stories T Goha

75

LESSON LESSON THIRTEEN THIRTEEN

Verbal forms forms Verbal Participles Participles

VII: VII;

77

LESSON LESSON FOURTEEN FOURTEEN

Verbal forms forms V and X PartiVerbal VIII, I I I , IIX X and X;; Parti Quadriliterals ciples; ciples; Quadriliterals

81

LESSON FIFTEEN FIFTEEN LESSON

Nouns o f place; Verbal nouns; Verbal Coltecplace; Collecnouns; Nouns tive The tive nouns; The professions; professions; nouns; Conditional sentences Conditional sentences

V V,,

VII V

of

and and

85 83

Goha stories LESSON SIXTEEN SIXTEEN Goha V LESSON and V II], ITV V and stories IT1,

92 92

PROVERBS PROVERBS

95

READINGS READINGS

99

KEY TO TO EXERCISES EXERCISES KEY

102

ARABIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY GLOSSARY ARABIC-ENGLISH

15

ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY ENGLISH-ARABIC GLOSSARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS due ttoo my friends and and colleagues Thanks are Thanks Egyptian friends Nagdi are due colleagues Nagdi my Egyptian

Hosni Abdul Abdul A Madbouli Ibrahim, Ibrahim, Hosni Aal. and Fat'hy Farouk for for their their Fat‘hy Farouk Madbouli a l , and about the the fine fine points of unstinting help in answering unstinting help questions about answering my my questions points of who, i n addition their native native language; addition Mahmoud Said Said Mansour Mansour who, their language; ttoo Mahmoud the Goha Goha stories and the earlier earlier lessons. lessons. provided ttoo checking stories and checking the provided the and ttoo Professor Professor F F.. H H.. Megally. who kindly e n t over proverbs; went proverbs; and Megally. who kindly w over finished manuscript. the finished the manuscript. is adapted The reading ‘il-itneen ahmadaat’ ahmadaat’ is from a The reading passage adapted from passage ‘il-itneen broadcast ooff the kilmiteen wi-bass wi-bass series Fouad El-Mobandis, the kilmiteen El-Mohandis, broadcast series by by Fouad and the kind kind permission Radio and and included by the Egyptian by the permission of the is included and Egyptian Radio TV Union. Union. TV Al-Ahram newspaper for their their thanks are also due due ttoo Al-Ahram Finally, Finally, thanks are also newspaper for Salah Gahin's Gahin's cartoon, which appears cartoon, which permission permission ttoo reproduce reproduce Salah appears oonn 94. page page 94.

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Internet Archive Archive the Internet Digitized Digitized by by the with funding from 2022 with in 2022 funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation Foundation Kahle/Austin

https://archive.org/details/colloquialarabicO000megu https://archive.org/details/colloquialarabic0000megu

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

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The purpose this handbook handbook is ttoo introduce introduce the the Collequial The Colloquial -- or purpose o f this Arabic ooff Egypt. aims to provide ‘spoken’ ‘spoken’ -- Arabic Egypt. Specifically, Specifically, iitt aims provide easy easy the Arabic Arabic which which Egyptians, the educated educated ooff access access ttoo the Egyptians, particularly particularly the in the home and use Cairo and and Alexandria, learn in the home Cairo Atexandria, learn everyday life. and use i n everyday life, realise that that spoken Arabic differs differs considerably t is important ITtis important to realise spoken Arabic considerably Arabs call from written written Arabic. Arabic. The The Arabs their written written language call their from language fusHa fusHa this volume volume refers refers ttoo iitt in English Classical AArabic.” oorr ‘‘pure’; p u r e ’ ; this rabic.” English as Classical is the will suffice suffice ttoo mention mention here here that that Classical Classical Arabic Arabic is the same for ITrt will same for that they and that Arabs everywhere much as EuroArabs school, much theylearn learn iitt iinn school, everywhere and as EuroLatin for learned Latin and formal formal purposes. peans once [earned forliterary literary and peans once purposes. which Arabic Egyptians call Colloquial d-déariga, which means Egyptians cal! Colloquial Arabic il-ligha means il-4agha d-ddariga, that i t is ‘the common features are: is ‘the w o important common language'.** language’.** TTwo important features are: that and cartoon modern theatre for modern theatre scripts written except cartoon hardly hardly ever ever written except for scripts and that and differs from The forms of to captions; and that i t differs from country t o country. The forms of captions; country country. and Irag Arabic spoken Morocco, Egypt, Lebanon and Egypt, Lebanon Colloguial Calloquial Arabic spoken in Morocco, Iraq different dialects. distinct and and quite dialects, though fact itit though in fact represent represent distinct quite different find clear clear boundaries boundaries to divide one dialect would be be difficult difficult ttoo find to divide would one dialect another. Colloquial Arabic changes almost imperceptibly from another. Colloquial Arabic changes almost imperceptibly from different only with and usually becomes clearly from town town to town. clearly different from town, and only with usually becomes distance. distance. is Arabs everywhere. understood by Arabs Arabic is generally everywhere. Egyptian generally understood Egyptian Arabic is the about a third third of of all ail form spoken the colloquial natively by about IItt is spoken natively colloquial form used of of the the dialects. dialects. MoreMoretherefore the the most Arabs and most widely widely used and is therefore Arabs by dialects is further further enhanced enhanced by among fact thefact stature among the dialects its stature over, over, its the cultural role role iinn exporting their films, that Egyptians films, leading cultural that Egyptians play play a leading exporting their their own dialect -- as and popular TV as own dialect V programmes, T popular songs - iinn their songs — programmes, and World. for the entire AArab entertainment for the entire r a b World. entertainment of Egyptian consider any Egyptian One should should nnot life o t consider One important aspect aspect of any important mention the forces forces that that caused caused without some Certainly the history. Certainly o fhistory. some mention without the kind kind of Arabic Arabic spoken the from the Arabic to eevolve spoken by by the v e l v e from Egyptian Egyptian Arabic AD 639 are historical that conquered Arab are ooff historical D 639 conquered Egypt Egypt in A r m y that r a b aarmy A like IIbn the Sultan Sultan Tulun, the interest evoking, b n Tulun, o , names names like as they they ddo, interest evoking, as

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Standard Arabic and and Modern Modern Standard Modern Literary Literary Arabic *Other English are Modern names are *Qther English names Arabic. Arabic. which means the same same thing, thing. **Or H-higha means the e-Summiyya, which **Or H-ligha el-9ummiyya,

INTRODUCTION 22 INTRODUCTION Selim. Saladin, the Mamelukes, and Napoteon. Mamelukes, and Baibars. the Saladin, Baibars, Selim. Napoteon. Through Through first with with the the native native fourteen centuries had ttoo jostle centuries Arabic Arabic has has had fourteen jostle first but non-Arab non-Arab and then then with with the the native native languages Coptic, new but Coptic, and languages ooff new invaders =- Kurdish, Turkish. Albanian, and {not Kurdish, Turkish. Albanian, French, French, and invaders {not least!) least!) student ooff Egyptian You, will soon Arabic, will for English. o u , as English. Y as a student Egyptian Arabic, soon see see for that what what has has made made turbulent turbulent history has also also resulted resulted in yourself yourself that history has and expressive most colourful aa most colourful and language. expressive language.

TAPE TTHE H E TAPE There There is an cassette accompanying the book. book. A considerconsideran optional optional cassette accompanying the able amount is the Arabic Arabic material able material has has been been recorded. recorded. This amount ooff the This is marked BW iin the text. marked n the text.

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PRONUNCIATION PRONUNCIATION correct pronunciation for example TThe h e correct these letters, pronunciation ooff some letters, for some oof fthese example and § for 2a European CT scarcely possible possible for European t o acquire, € . itis scarcely T and acquire, with natives. intercourse with natives. except by long long intercourse except by A Grammar the Arabic Grammar o f the Arabic Language A (1859) Language (1859) W.. Wright by W Wright

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The problems Arabic pronunciation have often often been been The problems ooff mastering mastering Arabic pronunciation have The truth that the truth is that the various various sounds sounds which which you greatly greatly exaggerated. exaggerated. The you about t o encounter. which are as encounter, some as a beginner beginner are are about are undeniably some ooff which undeniably that difficult hear the the sounds sounds iinn not all ‘exotic’, are ‘exotic’, all that difficult so are not so {ong long as as you you hear written descriptions. and do do not not rely rely solely solely oonn written descriptions. IIff you question, question, and you the cassette ‘native’ ttoo help that find a "native’ cannot cassette that help you. use the cannot find you. you you may may use been especially has been this volume. volume. You You has especially prepared prepared ttoo accompany accompany this is should reaiise realise the the degree which good the key should degree ttoo which good pronunciation pronunciation is the key Without itit a a good e w language, h e study to success success in tthe good study of any language. Without any nnew The corollary can seem seem pointless. and vocabulary grasp vocabulary can pointless. The corotlary grasp of grammar grammar and is that habits with a possessing good pronunciation pronunciation habits even even a beginner, beginner, possessing is that with good the rudiments rudiments of of grammar and aa small small vocabulary, will be be only only the vocabulary, will grammar and impressive. impressive. is that learning Arabic is WARNING: not assume A R N I N G : D o not W assume that learning Egyptian Egyptian Arabic the Arabic Arabic alphabet. easier if approached Quite the the through the casier approached through alphabet. Quite Classical Arabic Arabic perfectly, but The Arabic Arabic alphabet suits Classical alphabet suits perfectly, but opposite! opposite! The Arabic are and sounds ooff Egyptian the sounds Egyptian Arabic are actually actually more more easily easily and the the Latin letters. letters. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, learning learning the by Latin efficiently represented represented by efficiently enrich your the language Arabic alphabet study ooff the alphabet can obviously enrich language can obviously Arabic your study the table table ooff Arabic Arabic letters letters and iiff you may refer refer to the tempted you and are tempted you are you may of section. the end this introductory given introductory section. given at the end o fthis is purely — below is out below The system set out purely phonetic phonetic — transliteration set The system oof ftransliteration that is, each sound. each symbol one sound. that only one symbol represents represents only

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VOWELS VOWELS vowels and and diphthongs. ‘The two-lettered the long two-lettered symbols long vowels diphthongs. They They symbols are are the The

short vowels, i.e. the the singleduration ooff short vowels, i.e. about twice twice the the duration have about singlehave lettered symbols. symbols. lettered

= 4) 4

PRONUNCIATION PRONUNCIATION

English equivalent English equivalent

symbol symbol

a

aa aa

ii iiii u u uuuu e

o °

(a diphthong) diphthong) ez ee (a o90o (a (a diphthong) diphthong)

@ in the a at i ) the ((i) in at aha!* in aha!” first a in the first (it) the (it) the a iinn man man i ) the ((i) the a i ) the ((ii) far* a in far® bir the ié iinn bir the the ee n deep the ee iin deep the uw iinn puli pull the in pool the oo in the pool bet short clipped a short as iinn bef clipped ¢¢ as short clipped yo-ho-ho a short as in yo-ho-ho clipped 0¢ as the ay in day the day ay in the 0o iinn open the open

exercise 11 Pronunciation exercise Pronunciation

a

dalif 4alif alf alf

Arabic letter) letter) an Arabic {‘alil". (ali, an

iiii ii

miin miin min in m

(who?) (who?) (from) {from)

uuaa n»

fuul fuul full full

(fava (fava beans) beans) (jasmine) (jasmine)

ee ee

beet beet

(house) (house)

ee

bétna bétna

house) (our house) {our

0oo0 o

=6yoom yoom yoméen yoméen

(day) (day) {two days) days) {two

aa aa

thousand) (a (a thousand)

CONSONANTS CONSONANTS

The following have approximate The consonants have following Egyptian Egyptian consonants approximate English English equivalents. equivalents.

b dd

asin English English asin

tike the the d in dental forward in the the mouth dental mouth like pronounced pronounced forward

‘a’ and and ‘az’. “The quality of vowels. particularly ‘aa’. is of vowels. is influenced by the the influenced by *The particularly "a’ consonant [the of an are introduced introduced later later proximity [the emphatics emphatic consonant proximity of emphatics are an emphatic the pronunciation in the This means that where where one means that section]. This pronunciation section]. in more one or of more ‘aa’ are both *‘a” and ‘aa’ word, both 2 ” and occur iinn aa word, emphatic consonants are pronounced emphatic proncunced consonants occur second alternatives for gach alternatives given above. given for as iin the second as n the above, each

PRONUNCIATION PR ONUNCIATION

55

as as iinn English English hard like always like the the g iinn go always hard go A iin like the the A howe like n house in English as as in English forward in the mouth fate mouth like like the in the the f/ i in pronounced Pronounced forward n fare in English as as in English in English as as in English in English words only)* as as in English (foreign (foreign words only)* like the the s iinn soup like soup like the sh iinn ship the sh like ship forward in mouth like the mouth the 1 iinn req pronounced in the like the pronounced forward tea words only) as as iinn English English (foreign (foreign words only) like the the w w in like i n wolf like the in like the v yer ¥ i n yet zebra like the the zz iinn zebra like like the the »s iinn measure like measure ¢

The following have na The consonants have following Egyptian Egyptian consonants no English English equivalents: equivalents:

by

made by gargling: in sound like like that that made the r i n ua vibrating like the vibrating gh gargling: like gh sound French French H pronounced with rush ooff wairi r ffrom throat. aa strong i t h ii rush r o m the throar. pronounced w strong H H sound blow oust flame with Pretend you with an sound out o flame Pretend te blow an H are trying trying to you are sound pronounced back iinn the the throat throat aa kk sound pronounced far back and lItalian in Spanish alian trilled r¢ as aa slightly slightly (rilled as in Spanish and the so-called so-called "glottal which i1ss the the stop the middle middle of of the ‘glottal stop’. n the stop iin stop. which ‘uh-oh’ or iinn the the Cockney Cockney word ward h This (for bottles. bottle}. This ‘hole’ o l e ” {for ‘uh-oh’ also used used at the beginning of ua word word to indicute indicate at the is also symbol symbol is beginning of thal its first first letter letter was that was ongmally onginally gq.. no no longer longer pronounced. pronounced. else in word itit ought cither this this a word might represent in a Anywhere Anywhere else represent either hamza of the hamza Arabic (see (sce p. Classical Arabic o fClassicat suppressed suppressed gq or the p. 9) muscles are the sound sound made made when when the the throat throat muscles clenched, TTry ry the are clenched, When vou sound as sound s‘ah’. swallow the the sound as iiff vou h ’ . When t1oo swallow are sou sound vou are mastered the the ‘veiced ‘voiced pharynwill have have mastered strangled. vou being being strangled. pharynvou will fricative’! geal geal fricative’t

far

a

the

You will will often difficult for hear for A afien hear is rather Arabs “The pp is rather difficult r a s ltoo pronounce. “The pronounce. You for 22 hound’ bound” for a heany, in for “in for henny, in b.. ¢.g as b c.g “in it as Egyptians pronounce Egyptians pronounce

it

66

B IBBs

PRONUNCIATION PRONUNCIATION

2 Pronunciation exercise exercise 2 Pronunciation

88 4z

gaar. agdaza, talg talg gaar. agdaza, bec? tildati. garaiaat. rilaati, garaddat. bes?

gh gh

gharb, gharb, Sughl. Sughl. diméagh dimaagh

hh

hindak, gdahiz, nabith hindak, gdahiz, nabiih ruuH fatéaHa. ruuH Halwaan, fatdaHa. Halwaan, kaam. rdakib, réakib, sabbdak sabbéak kaarn.

2

qur'dan. yiqdarin qur’éan. agsdam. aqsdam. yiqdarin

“AND M H

H H k

4rnab, naar rdagil, naar réagil, 4rnab, xabar, baxt, baxt, moxx xdbar, moxx 94li, sda%a, séa9a, ruguu? 94li, rugiu? sdabi" di'ji'a, da’dayi’, di‘ii'a, da’dayi', sdabi’

7M

(neighbour, (neighbour, holiday, holiday, ice) ice) (ice-cream, (ice-cream, garages. beige) garages. beige) (west, (west, work, work, brain) brain) (there, ready, intelligent) (there, ready, intelligent) {Helwan, (Helwan, opener, go!} opener, gol!) much, riding, {how riding, (how much, plumber) plumber) (Koran, (Koran, departments, departments, compare) compare) rabbit, fire) (man, rabbit, fire) (man, luck, brains) (news, luck, brains) (news, hour, return) return) (Ali, (Al, hour, minutes. former) (minute, former) (minute, minutes.

‘The emphatic There are also emphatic The emphatic consonants consonants are t. zz.. There are dd,, 5. s. 1. are also emphatic and rr,, but versions of || and but these versions these will only be marked marked emphatic before only be emphatic before ‘a’ sound. sound. a long long ‘a’ sound thickened thickened and and heavy. letters sound Emphatic are Emphatic letters heavy. Although Although they they are difficult. you hear them them correctly them not difficult. not must hear correctly pronounced get them pronounced t o get you must ask a native native Egyptian refer to right. i t h e r ask right. EEither e l p you Egyptian ttoo hhelp to tthe he you oorr refer available 10 cassette recordings ook. this bbook. cassette to accompany recordings especially especially available accompany this

to

B® Pronunciation exercise exercise 3 3 Pronunciation MB

non-emphatic non-emphatic durg durg daas daas saab saab sahl sahl taar taar zaad zaad zayy zayy

Hisdab His4ab bédla bddla baat baat

emphatic emphatic

duhr duhr

(drawer, back) back) (drawer,

ddani déani saam saam gabr gabr taar yaar z4abit Zéabit zann Zann Husian Husdan béeda béeda baat baat

(he trod, trod, mutton) (he mutton)

left

(he left (something), he fasted) (he (something), he fasted) (easy. patience) (easy. patience) (revenge, (revenge, i t (m.) (m.) flew) (he increased, (he increased, officer) officer} he was of tthe (like, (like, he was of h e opinion) opinion) (account, (account, horse) horse) (suit, egg) (suit, egg) the night, (he stayed (he stayed the night, underarm) underarm)

it

PRONUNCIATION ONUNCIATION PR

msgid mésgid badd badd

77

(mosque, Egypt) (mosque, Egypt} (after, {after, some) some) (God) (God) (head) (head)

mast mast ald bbadd ajldah alléah raas Faas

DOUBLED CONSONANTS CONSONANTS DOUBLED

to

The general rule iiss that that doubled doubied consonants twice The consonants are are prolonged protonged t o twice general rule the duration duration oof fsingle single consonants. the consonants. :

Pronunciation exercise Pronunciation exercise 44 doubled single single doubled buxdar buxdar—_yi’axxar yi'dxxar dawa awwil déwa dwwil Amal amal iamma mma

he delays) (steam, (steam, he detays) (medicine, (medicine, first) first) (hope, (hope, as far) for)

as

Pronunciation exercise exercise §5 Pronunciation words and and expressions colourful words Here are practise Here are some some colourful expressions to practise pronouncing: pronouncing: béladi béladi galabiyya galabiyya

afndi ydusif afdndi yiiusif Xawdaga xawdaga

in 8aa’ in Sa’ aljdah alldah barsiim barsiim

gémal basis Qafriit ddwia madrabiyya magrabiyya walldahi-1-9aziim wal] dahi-l-9aziim rabb: va ya rabb iagil ya ya rréagil

‘native’ local, ‘native’ local, traditional garment galebia, of galabia, traditional garment of male Egyptians Egyptians male tangerines tangerines ‘gentleman’ foreign foreign ‘gentleman’ God o d willing G willing clover clover camel camel baksheesh baksheesh mischievous child child demon, imp; imp; mischievous demon, usually a a shouting shouting commotion, usually commotion, the street match iinn the maich street tatticework old style style projecting old projecting latticework window window — a common oath God! — common oath B Byy God! O Lord! Lord! O O man 0 man

§8

PRONUNCIATION ONUNCIATION PR

fulduka fultiuka

with Nile boat boat with kind of Nile felucca, felucca, kind

far9%doni far%oni zaghariit zaghariit

usually o sound, usuaflv joy, long trilling sound, off joy, fong tilling

sail tureen sail lureen

saviidi sa¥iidi ‘hia “ibu Hamaam Hamadam ammam H Hammam nayriuz nayriuz izzin m muu ‘azzin id-diin a l d a l id-diin ssalaaH t-Yaziiz b d i-Yaziz aSabd

Pharaonic Pharaonic Arab women, made by Arab at nade women, ¢.g., e.g., at weddings weddings Upper Egyptian Upper Egyvplian Coptic Coptic pigeon bath New Yeur Yeur Coptic Coptic New caller to praver mu'ezzin, caller mu'ezzin, prayer Saladin Saladin Aziz b d u l Aziz AAbdul

and some and names: place names: some place Kaan il-xali xaan il-xalih il-gaahira il-qaahira ttam l - m u iiittam fi-mu maari girgis maar girgis illaah li-diin illaah il-mudizz li-diim Séan¥ h a n il-muYizz Z il-azbakivya il-azbakiyya it-tawii'iy vu it-tawtifiy

fz-za'azii’

Cairo bazaar bazaar Khan al-Khalili, ua Cairo Cuiro hills 10 Cutro’s east Mugaian, to Cuiro's east Mugaitam, hills church iin Cairo Old l d Cairo nO a Coptic Coptic church Old Cairo Cairo main street in Old u nstreet a4 m Cairo Exbekivya, a quarter Echekivva, quarter ooff Cairo Cairo Tawfikivya. Tawfikivya, a quarter off Cairo quarter o Zuguzig. the D Delta town i n the el aa town Zugazig,

in

ARABIC ALPHABET TTHE H E ARABIC ALPHABET

4

2 = word; 4 = (1 = word: 2 middle: 33 = end ooff word; {1 = end = middle: beginning ooff word: = standing = beginning standing alone) alone) 3 2 2 Name Classical Egyptian Classical Name 17 3 44 Egyptian pronunciation pronunciation pronunciation pronunciation

L ibok

om

= +n

2

zd

3

A ad Ee n> For om

~~

CS

Ree

fod =

3

FO 3

ES

a

a

4

4W N4 rr 2

ar joe

J

lil aalif baa baa aaaa thaa (thin) (thin) thaa Z im Bim +

we

a ove O T wee rE

3 SR

3a

TE 5 4 FI ou em EY o r ms A ~~ ob oA a »

eer an eae a * 2 a3 o k Sos bbh he » Ah LkL be k fb $é or & 3 dg ¢ ul 4Bub

te a

+

a

&

4 a

+ #

oa 4ai og*

J J

foe»>

¢ a o

a 4 4 4 SK 5 5

5

4 1J Lt

te

-—

Ha xaa xa

SE

¢

4 +4

th th j i

H H

daa daal thaal (those) (those) thaal Tae raa

x d d th th rt

Zaay Zaay LTH tin sun gaad saad ad adaad laa laa zaa zaa 9een Seen gheen gheen faa faa qgaaf Qaaf kaaf kaaf

fn

lam laam um m mii fuun nuun haa

Sa

*°

bb t ors ttors (hard) g g (hard) H x d d orz d dorz rT zz s8 ig

t

Haa

oe baa ee PU

yoy

yo»

$

4 4

**

bb

zz 5s

i$ 55 d d

1t zz 99 gh Eh if q q kk

s $

d qd

1t

ord zzord 99

gh gh

ff or' qgor’ kk

1

l

m m a n

m m n n

1

hh

1

bh

h

3 oe

33

Waaw waaw

w

w Ww

=

+

yaa Yaa

yy

y bj

tt

the aa sound: and also “alif is (long a) a) sound: used (i) and also symbol for aa {long written symbol for the (i) as as a a written is used *alif which signifies }. which hamza mark mark {e.g.. the glottal signifies the the hamza (ii) to (e.g... || }. bear the glottal stop {ii} to bear

10 10

AND R O O T LLETTERS ETTERS A ND ROOT GGRAMMATICAL R A M M A T I C A L PPATTERNS ATTERNS Arabic iiss characterised characterised by other Semitic Semitic languages, by aa system i k e other LLike languages, Arabic system each ooff which which indicates indicates a ‘concept’. other triliteral roots, ooff triliteral roots, each ‘concept’. IIn n other Arabic words words consist consist ooff three three root the vast words, the words, root vast majority majority ooff Arabic letters embedded embedded i n aa fixed fixed pattern. These root indicate the the root letters letters indicate letters pattern. These is with which which the the word word is associated, while the associated, while the pattern general general concept concept with pattern the precise within that that general gives gives the general concept. concept. meaning within precise meaning consider the three consonants the three which consonants KKTB, T B , which B Byy way ooff example, example, consider the general idea of of ‘writing’. these consonants signify signify the general idea ‘writing’. By putting putting these consonants Arabs derive into specific derive all all the the words words they need that that specific patterns into they need patterns Arabs have ttoo ddoo w the concept, with this case, have i t h the h e pattern ‘writing’. TThe concept, i n this case, ooff ‘writing’. pattern doer o f the C = CaaCiC (where the doer the action, (where C = consonant) CaaCiC consonant) means means the action, so so is the kaatib is the word word for for ‘writer’. ‘writer’. Similarly have: kaatib Similarly we have:

in

in

CiCaaC CiCaaC maCCaC maCCall maCCuuC maCCunC ete. etc.

of

book kitéab == kitdab = = book ‘office’ or maktab ‘desk’ = ‘office’ = mékiab = or ‘desk’ = makidub ‘written' = makiiub == ‘written’

Ass you Arabic the the consistency A and predictstudy ooff Arabic consistency and predictyou pursue pursue your your study become increasingly the language will become ability obvious. Y ability ooff the You language will will increasingly obvious. o u will the meanings begin words you begin ttao guess have never correctly the never guess correctly meanings ooff words you have before just their Toot letters and and patterns, seen before just by seen by recognising recognising their root letters patterns.

ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS m m.. £. f. s. 5.

ppl.l . Y. \7 v.n. vin. n1.. adj. adj. adv. adv, Cc. c. trans. trans. intrans. intrans. oO.s. 0.5.

pers. pers. perf. perf. imperf, imperf. impera. impera. VOC. voc. it. llit. s.0, 5.0, s.th. s.th. resp. resp. Cc C CA A C

masculine masculine feminine feminine singular singular plural plural verb verb verbal noun verbal noun noun noun adjective adjective adverb adverb collective collective transitive transitive intransitive intransitive oneself oneself person person perfect perfect imperfect imperfect imperative imperative vocative vocative literally literally someone someone something something response response vowel vowel consonant consonant Arabic Classical Arabic Classical

12 12

ONE LESSON ONE LESSON il-dwwil) (id-dars il-dwwil) (id-dars EXPRESSIONS O M M O N EXPRESSIONS 11 CCOMMON

—Hella Hello

(resp.) (resp.)

Saléekum saldamu 9aléekum saldamu --Saléckum is-szlfam is-saléam Qaléekum

(resp.) (resp.)

il-xeer sabaaH sabdaH il-xeer in-nuur sabdaH sabéaH in-nuur

Good o o d morning G morning Good o o d morning G morning

m.s.) t o m.s.) izzdyyak? izzayyak? ((to izzdyyik? (to (to f.s.} izzayyik? fs.) izzayyakum? (to pl.) pl.) izzayyikum? il-Hémdu lilldah lilldah kwayyis, kwayyis, il-Hémdu m.s.) (by m.s.) il-Hamdu lill4ah lilldah il-Hémdu kwayyisa, kwayyisa, (by (by f.s.} -Hémdu kwayyisiin, kwayyisiin, i if-Hémdu iilléah (by lilkdah (by pl.) pl.)

HHowo w are you? you?

11 2

33

or or

(resp.) (resp.

or

or

(to

Hello Hello

are

thank yyou ou Fine, thank Fine,

fs.)

Notes Notes

is meant the standard standard response the preceding meant the Byy ‘resp.’ ‘resp.’ is preceding phrase. phrase. B response ttoo the and traditional formal formal greeting. A traditional = 'peace it. = (1) A you" and ‘peace upon upon vou’ greeting. LLit. The original CA is is-saldamu (resp.) ‘upon A expression (resp.) peace’. The original C ‘upon you is-saléamu you peace’. expression is Saléekum but but Egyptians often the definite article from the the from article definite the drop often 9aléekum Egyptians drop saléamu 9aléekum Saléekum may be used, for example: used. for opening opening phrase. phrase. saldamn example: ( i ) may be the when entering when entering aa room; ( i i ) passing room: (ii) an acquaintance acquaintance iinn the hall oorr on on hall passing an and the street; the person the (iii) ttoo mean street; and mean ‘good-bye’ ‘good-bye’ (by (by the departing}. (iii) person departing}. and (resp.) of light’. (2) LLit. = ‘morning (2) it. = ‘morning ooff goodness’ goodness’ and (resp.) ‘morning light’. ‘morning of Some pleasant variations ttoo the the response il-ward Some pleasant variations are gabéaH sabéaH il-ward response are and sabdaH i-full (‘morning (‘morning (morning ooff roses’) roses’) and sabéalt il-full (‘morning ooff jasmine’). jasmine’). ‘how’ and and izzdyyak Other ways (3) (3) izzday izzday means means ‘how’ o w are izzayyak h‘how are you?" you?’ Other ways ttoo ‘how are o u ? are: say are yyou?" are: say ‘how

(i)

izzéday izzday siHHitak izzéay siHHItik izzday

izzday siHHitkem izzday si]

=

fi = lit.

is your health?’ (m.) health?’ h“how o w is your {(m.)

is your ‘how is health?" ‘how your (£.) (f.) health?’

is

‘how health?” "how (p!.) health?’ is your your (pl.)

ONE LLESSON ESSON O NE

13 13

and: and: = ltit, it. =

izzday izzday is-siHHa is-sfHHa

‘how is the health?’ health?’ is the ‘how

Note also: also: Note

il-awidad izzday il-awldad izzday 1-madéam izzday 1l-maddam izzday

‘how are the children?’ children?’ ‘how are the ‘how is madam?’ (i.e. is madam?’ { i . e your ‘how wife) your wife)

kway is the is the the usual for "good’. kwiyyis usual word word for the feminine, and is ‘good’. kwayyisa feminine, and kwayyisa is the plural. kwayyisiin kwayyistin the plural, ~ il-Hamdu lilléah is a CA phrase used whenever whenever something il-Hamdu l i l l d a h is a CA something or phrase used said ttoo be be good. health, or improving. someone good. in good someone is said Lit. == good health, improving. Lit. God’. ‘praise (be} ttoo God’. ‘praise (be) ”

is

in

RAMMAR IItI GGRAMMAR The Definite Definite Article Article The in Egyptian Arabic isis il-.. There is no The definite definite article article in There is indefinite The Egyptian Arabic no indefinite Arabic. article iinn Arabic. article ii

beet beet il-beet il-beet

house house, a house house, house the house the

is assimilated. the defimite definite article articte is assimilated. Before certain consonants the the || ooff the certam consonants Before and (optionally) and kk.. 8, t . { , 2, These are 8, §. are dd,, d (optionally) gg and , n , rr,, 5, These §. §, dyn, ZZZ and

tt,

ir-réagil

the man the man

is-sitt

the woman the woman

g orr

il-gurndan il-gurngan ig-gurndan il-kitdab

o orr

ik-kitdab

the newspaper the newspaper the book book the

Nouns and and Gender Gender Nouns feminine. They masculine or feminine. either masculine Arabic nouns They are are genern Arabic IIn nouns are are either generThe best best approach learn how how ttoo is Lo differentiate. The to learn to differentiate. approach is ally easy easy to which include include feminine nouns, recognize recognize feminine nouns, which females which clearly refer to those which to females (a) those clearly refer (a) ending the vast in -a vast majority -a nouns ending (b) (b) the majority of nouns

in

14 14

ONE LESSON ONE LESSON

and countries countries most cities cities and (c) (c) most the body certain parts (d) body (d) certain parts ooff the small group of miscellaneous miscellaneous nouns {e} a a small {e} nouns group of almost always fit iinn any which do Nouns which do not categories are these categories not fit are almost always Nouns any oof fthese masculine. masculine,

~—_ —_ — Some feminine {by category) category) Some feminine nouns nouns {by a sitt sitt

woman, woman, lady lady bint git, bint girl, daughter daughter sister uxt sister uxt mother umm umm mother

b b table tarabéeza tarabéeza table ginéena ginéena

garden garden masr masr

madiina city madiina Qarabiyya Sarabiyya car car

d d raas raas Seen Seen iid iid righ rigl

c

iskindiniyya iskindiriyya

head head eye eye hand hand leg o o leg ffoot,

landan landan ingiltira ingiltira

Alexandria Alexandria

Cairo* Egypt, Egypt, Cairo* London London England England

e gams sun fams sun Harb war Harb land land ard ard fire naar naar fire

Some masculine masculine nouns Some nouns

rdagil réagil walad ilad w XX axx bb aabb gurndan gurndan kursi kursi kitaab kitaab maktab iktab m

man man boy, boy, son son brother brother father father newspaper newspaper chair chair book book desk office, office, desk

baab door gdami9._gdami9 doar baab muftaaH matdam muftdaH key mat9am window ‘“dlam Sibbdak window ilam iibbdak nahr street nahr street §dari9 Sari? in-niil__ house beet in-nill house beet héram_— kubri haram bridge kitbri bridge driver sawwia’ driver baHr sawwia' baHr midéan ciry fallaah falliah middan city square square

mosque mosque resiaurant restaurant pen pen river river the Nile Nile the pyramid pyramid ses sea farmer, farmer, peasant peasant

Plurals Plurals

Arabic plurals be divided divided into into ‘sound ‘sound plurals’ which are Arabic plurals may plurals’ which are regular regular may be and predictable; and "broken “broken plurals’ which follow follow numerous and predictable; and plurals’ which numerous unpre. unpreis also the CA word also common. word for for "Cairo. *il-qaahira, Cairo’. is *il-qaahtra, the common.

15 LESSON ONE ONE 15 LESSON

dictable patterns. is made The masculine masculine sound sound plural made by dictable plural is by adding adding patterns. The suffix --iin the suffix --iin ttoo the the singular the Lesson TTwo] [cf. Lesson wo] singular noun noun oorr adjective adjective [¢f. and shortening vowet. and shortening any preceding long long vowel. any preceding fali@aH falidaH sawwéa" sawwia’

fallaHiin -—»» fallaHiin sawwa'tin — sawwa'lin

farmers, farmers, peasants peasants drivers drivers

The feminine feminine sound made by adding the suffix suffix --aat with sound plural --aat with The plural made adding the This is the plural vowel. This form is the aa shortening shortening ooff any preceding long long vowel. plural form any preceding for many and some the feminine feminine ending for nouns and some adjectives adjectives bearing bearing the ending many nouns the the For the in these ~-a --a i n the singular. --aat replaces replaces the --a. --a. singular. For these the --aat is is

tarabéeza tarabéeza Qarabiyya Sarablyya

=

— tarabezdat tarabezdat —> — Darabiyyédat Yarabiyyéat

—_—tables tables cars cars

the feminine feminine sound with Sometimes the sound plural Sometimes occurs together plural ending ending occurs together with Notice structural change the single form ooff the the noun. some some structural noun. Notice change ttoo the single form for ‘brothers’ the illogical the feminine feminine pplural ‘brothers’ and and l u r a l ending use ooff the ending for the illogical use ‘fathers’. ‘fathers’. sitt site bint bint and uxt uxt axx and mm uumm abb abb

sitdat —» — sitdat bandat — bandat xwiat -—>» iixwéat ummahdat — ummahdat abbahdat — abbahdat ~—»

women women girls, daughters daughters girls, brothers, sisters sisters brothers, mothers mothers fathers fathers

the broken broken plurals for the the singular by pattern. Here, grouped are the plurals for singular pattern. are Here. grouped by far. nouns nouns given given so so far.

lam ‘"fam baab baab walad ilad w haram héram nahr nahr beet beet Harb Harb en eSeen righ rigl

a’léam — — a'léam abwdab — abwdab awldad — awldad ahréam® —» — ahriam® —> anhdar anhdar —+ —» buytiut buyiiut —»

Hurtub — > Hurniub

—> Quyiiun — Suydun — ruguul — rugdul

pens pens

doors doors children boys, boys, sons, sons, children pyramids pyramids rivers rivers houses houses wars wars eyes eyes feet. legs feet. legs

to

added to this this broken broken 1s usually suffix 1s usually added feminine sound the feminine sound plurai *In Egypt the plural suffix *In white ilithe ancient when referring 10 the ancient pyramids, pyramids, white ahramaéat) when referring 1o = ahramaat} plural ((= the A used to mean Ahram newspaper. be used Al Akram tends to be mean the newspaper ahrdam tends ahrdam

16 16

ONE LESSON ONE LESSON

madiina madiina kitaab kitdab

midun — miidun

cities cities books books

Sawéarid —> — Rawdari9 — gawdami9 gawéami9

streets Streets IOSques mosques gardens gardens desks offices, offices, desks restaurants restaurants

kitub == kitub

Séari9 34ari9 gdami9 géami9 ginéena ginéena maktab miaktab mit9am mét9am

—+ — ganéayin gandayin

muftéaH muftaaH Sibbaak §ibbdak gurndan gumdan midéan middan

— — — — —

karsi karsi

karaasi —» — karaasi

chairs chairs

ibn kkGbri ard ard

kabdari — kabdari — araadi

bridges bridges lands lands

naar naar baHr baHr

niréan — nirdan biHaar — biHdar

fires fires seqs Seas

Yaagil Téagil

— riggsala riggéala

men men

raas yaas

ns — uruns

heads heads

id iiid

idéen* — idéen*

hands hands

+

>

makdatib — makdatib — matiafim matiadim mafatiiH mafatiil sababiik fababiik garanfin garanfin mayadiin mayadiin

o

keys keys windows windows newspapers newspapers city squares squares

i

From now be given will be the singular with the for new now on on tthe h e plural From plural will singular for new given with vocabulary. vocabulary.

Pronouns Subject Subject Pronouns singular singular

ana dna

ia nima inti inti hiwwa hiwwa hiyya hiyya

!i

you (m.) you (m.) you f.) you ((£.) he, itit he, she, itit she,

plural plurat wHna iHna

we we

inta into

you (pl.) you (pl.)

ihimma mma

they

is

form [cf. but is used Lesson Four| dual form [ef. Lesson *idéen is the dual used in Four] but in Egypt as is Egypt a f it wefe were fit isthe “idee plu aa plural.

LESSON ONE ONE LESSON

17 17

Sentences Stmpte Sentences Simple The structure of the the Arabic Arabic equational could The structure of equational (simple) (simple) sentence sentence could — you be easier. and aa predicate hardly be hardly only aa subject subject and predicate — easier. IItt requires you requires only do nent the verb “to be” need the verb “to be’ iinn the the present dey ense, nat need present ttense, feen is-sawwda’? is-sawwaa’? feen hindak is-sawwaa’ hindak is-sawwida’

is

Where is the the driver? driver? Where The driver is over there. driver is The aver there.

Additional Vocabulary Vocabulary Additional la? la’ dywa iywa hina hina hindak hindak fih fiih maffis mafiid w i ~ w wa--w a--w wi~ mis mié feen? feen? minéen? minéen?

nnoo

yes yes

here here there there there is is there there is is not not there and and Rot not where? where? where? from from where?

min in m

if~t ~f

ma9 maYa ma9a~~ ma% Yala ~ 9a Yila ~ 9a taHt LaHt foo" foo’ gamb gamb *udddam ‘udddam ira w wara —“ahwa "ahwa

from from in with with on on under under over over beside beside in front front of in behind behind house coffee coffee house

EXERCISES T I EXERCISES IIll Reading practice I1 Reading practice

the

j—

SwvmuonawN

them: translate them: then translate sioud, then Read sentences sioud, the folluwing Read following sentences maHammad? 1. feen feen maHimmad”? 1. fi masr bniwwa fi 2. miwwa masr 3. inta minéen? inta minéen” min 4. dna ingiltira i n ingiltira dna m 5. feen feen ik-kitdah? ik-kitdab? Yala t-tarabdeza t-tarabéeza 6, ik-kitdah ik-kitaab Gila 7. fil-baab? if-muftdaH if-muftdaH fil-baab? fil-baab mid il-muftaaH m 8.. fa", i } fil-baab fa’, il-muftaaH it-muftéaH hindak. hindak, gamb il-‘alam 9.. il-muftéaH gamb il-‘4lam ‘uddé4am il-mit9am 10.. maffi§ maffis Sarablyya il-mét9am Sarabiyya 'udddam

18 18 Wl B

exercise Translation exercise 2 Transiation 2

wn

the following: Translate the Translate foltowing: il-wdlad? feen il-wilad? feen taHt il-kibri. hawwa taHt il-kdbri. huwwa |-beet. i r a |-beet. il-ginéena wara il-ginéena w Qala 1-tarabéeza? kutub 94la fiih kiitub t-tarabéeza? fiih “Alam 9ala 9dla t-tarabéeza. kétub wi wi 'dlam t-tarabéeza. Aywa, filh kitub dywa, Where from? are they Where they from? from Egypt. Egypt. They They are are from You window. the window. beside the o u ( f . ) are Y are beside Saad Zaghioul there a Is there a restaurant Square? restaurant in Saad Is Zaghlou) Square? is a and a coffee-house also coffee-house also. there, and There is a restaurant restaurant there, There

Soeugns

WN

PAP

in

and

PCSN

fib are (f.)

TWO LESSON TWO LESSON (id-dars it-taéani) (id-dars it-tdani)

iL1COMMON EXPRESSIONS COMMON

8

EXPRESSIONS

4hian w séhian dhlan waa sdhlan

11 (resp.} (resp.) oorr oorr

(resp.} (resp.)

33

4hian biik biik (10 (10 m.s.) dhlan m-s.) dhian biiki bfiki (to (to ff.s.} s.) Ahlan dhlan biifkum biikum (to (to ppl.) l.) 4hlan

or or

to

Sékran fikran 94fwan, 94fwan

Thank you Thank you it Don’t mention mention it Don't

s-saléama méYa maa s-saldama

Good-bye (said bbyy Good-bye (said person staying) person staying) by (said by Good-bye Good-bye (said person departing) person departing)

_yisallimak a)laah alah yisallimak (tom.s.) (to m.s.)

(resp.) (resp.)

Welcome. Good Good to to see Welcome. see you you Good Good to see o u too see yyou too

all4ah yisallimik allah yisallimik (to £5.) (to fs.)

LESSON Two LESSON Two

19 19

|

or

allah alldah yisallimkum yisaliimkum l.} t o ppl.) {{to iin n %aa’ Sa’ allaah alléah

4 4

God-willing God-witting

Notes Notes

is

ahl is a The traditional traditional expression welcome. ahl a noun (1} (1) The meaning expression ooff welcome. nuun meaning meaning ‘level walk on’, on’. i.e. i.e. sahl, aa noun ‘family’: “level ground. easy ttoo walk ‘family’: sahl, noun meaning ground. easy both nouns, accusative ending ‘plain’. h e accusative occurs ‘plain’. TThe ending -an. nouns, occurs -an. present present iinn both CA. taken from from C A . IIn the desert desert environment environment only n the only iinn expressions expressions taken difficult and where travel travel was often difficult and dangerous. where the original was often dangerous. the original meaning meaning have reached reached your and easy was family and ground’ was ‘you ‘you have your family easy ground’. and The C CA also present -am is is also A accusative {2) accusative ending sikran and ending -am (2) The present iinn &fikran Safwan. 9ifwan. ‘with safety’ and (resp.) God i.e., ‘go n safety’ i t . = ‘with {3) ‘go iin (3) LLit. safety’ i.e., safety’ and {resp.) ‘May ‘May God give safety’. give you you safety’. he or she she may the first first ttoo say the person ts the IIff the goodbye. he departing is say goodbye, person departing may for example: say, example: say, for sa9iida sa%iida mada s-saldama s-sal4ama maYa {resp.) (resp.) or simply simply

(resp.) (resp.)

saldamu 9aléekum Yaléckum saldamu Saléekum is-saldam is-sal4am Galéekum

the future, future, e.g., Should be be said said upon reference to to the I'm (4) (4) Should e.g., '‘I'm any reference upon any If you do not Alexandria tomorrow, not say tomorrow, God-willing'. God-willing’, 1f travelling travelling ttoo Alexandria you do say wish or gaa’ alléah statement or expressing making any in %aa’ aljéah in making any statement expressing any any wish about the Arab Arab you will probably future, the are talking talking ttoo wiil probably the future, hope hope about you are is say that not The is ttoo is t i say supply i t . The underlying here is that not to underlying assumption assumption here supply control ooff events. God's control events. disregard God's disregard

it,

or

the

to

it

RAMMAR IIlI GGRAMMAR

Adjectives Adjectives or An or feminine, masculine or plural. be masculine singular or feminine, singular plural. adjective may nadjective A may be plural singular singular plural f m m.. kibiira kubéar kibfir kubdar kibiira kibfir hig big small —sughayyariin sughayyariin sughayydra sughayyar small sughayydra sughayyar

f

20 20

LESSON TWO TWO LESSON

good good

kwidyyis kwayyis

bad, ugly ugly bad, beautiful beautiful

wiHi§ wiHi$ gamit gamit

An

kwayyfsa kwayyisa wiH3a wila gamiila gamiila

kwayyisfin kwayyisiin wilSiin wiH38iin gumial gumdat

(i) follows the the noun When iitt qualifies A n adjective (1) adjective follows noun iitt qualifies. qualifies a qualifies. When also be be singular and agree must also singular singular noun. noun. the adjective adjective must singular and agree iinn gender, gender,

the

beet kibiir kibiir beet madiina kibfira kibfira madiina

house i g house a bbig @ big a big city city

should also be plural also be Ann adjective plural plural noun noun should {ii) (ii) A adjective qualifying qualifying a plural refers ttoo humans. humans. when that that noun when noun refers

bbandat a n a : sughayyariin sughayyariin awlaad kwayyisfin awlaad kwayyisiin

title girls little girls children good good children

refers to that refers Ann adjective to things things (iii) noun that (iii) A adjective qualifying qualifying aa plural plural noun should be be feminine feminine singular, singular. {either abstract) should (either tangible tangible or abstract) kibiira u y i u t kibiira bbuydut afkaar kwayyisa afkdar kwayyisa sahla jughdat jughdat sdhla

houses big big houses ideas good ideas good easy languages easy languages

dual form form must be plural {iv) A Ann adjective must be its dual adjective qualifying qualifying aa noun noun iinn its plural (iv) that noun whether that refers ttoo humans humans or things The regardless regardless ooff whether noun refers things The dual will be introduced introduced in Lesson Lesson Four. Four. will be dual

or

student should should note and (iii) note that (The thatrules rules(ii) ( i i ) and (The student (iii) are are not not universally universally followed by native native speakers. For example, followed speakers. For example, some some Egyptians Egyptians use use a a feminine singular ‘human’ nouns, feminine even certain certain "human' singular adjective adjective ttoo qualify qualify even nouns. and some the plural form ooff the il-bandat is-sughayydra. the e.g. some use use the plural form is-gughayydra: and e.g. il-bandat adjective adjective to qualify qualify nouns nouns referring referring to things, things, particularly particularly tangible tangible il-kubgar. Nevertheless, the student student will Nevertheless, the will find find objects. objects. e.g. J-buyuut ii-kubdar. e.g. il-buydut use easier iinn the the long always to use iitt easier refer long run run always ( i ) a plural plural adjective adjective ttoo refer humans iinn the the plural: and ( i(ii)i ) 2a feminine feminine singular ttoo humans plural: and singular adjective adjective ttoc ai] non-human’ non-‘human’ plural qualify nouns.) qualify all plural nouns.)

to (i)

LEssON T LESSON wo Two

21 21

the noun definite {i.e. the definite definite article), is definite IHff the the noun is (i.e. preceded preceded by by the article), the also be definite. be definite. adjective must also adjective must il-kibi it-beet il-kibiir it-beet il-madiina 1-kibiira -kibiira il-madiina ii-awldad ik-kwayyisiin il-awldad ik-kwayyisiin

the big house the big house the big city the big city the good the children good children

is

is turned the adjective left indefinite, indefinite. an turned into into adjective an adjectival adjectival phrase phrase is IIff the is left an sentence. an eguational equational sentence. .

il-beet kibiir kibfir il-beet

is big The house house is The big

Learn the the following Learn following adjectives adjectives iinn pairs: pairs:

new new old“ old" tall, tall, long long short short expensive expensive cheap cheap clean clean dirty*® dirty** lightweight lightweight heavy heavy near near far far easy easy difficult difficult generous generous miser{ly} miser(ly) thin thin Jat fat

singular singular m m.. gidiid gidiid ‘adiim "adiim tawiil tawiil 'usdyyar ‘usdyyar ghaali ghdali i rixiis nighiif nidiif wisix wisix xafiif xafiif twil ii! “urayyib “urdyyib bidiid biYiid sahl sahl

a9

sa%b

karim kariim baxiil baxiil rufayya? rufayya% tixiin tixiin

plural .

gidiida gidiida ’adiima "adiima tawiila tawiila 'usayyara "usayyara ghalya ghdlya rixfisa nidiifa

tuwisal 'usayyariin ghalyiin Tuxdas nudéaaf

wisxa

awsdax

xafiifa wiilla ti‘illa "wrayyiba “urayyiba bidiida bi%iida sahla sahla

xufdaf tu'dal ‘urayyibiin *urayyibiin buddad buYdad sabliin sahliin sa9biin sa9biin kuirama kirama bixala biixala rufayya9iin rufayya%iin tuxdan tuxdan

sdYba

49ba kariima kariima baxiita baxiila

rufayya9a rufayyi9a tixiina tixiina

guddad

uddam

or the Kibfi “old” person, Arabs use use kibiir phrase kibiir the phrase Kibi or an “old” *When When referring person, Arabs referring ttoo an -sinn fis-sinn. fis-sinn ((= Simitarly ‘young’ ‘young’ is is saghiir *big iin age"). Similarly 5a n age’). = “big fis-sina saghiir or saghiir 785t clean’)Teaving wisix misi naif ((2 clean’), Teaving wisix ofter prefer = ‘not to say say m prefer to **Egyptians ofter dirty’. ‘morally dirty". filthy or ‘morally to mean mean filthy

22 22

LLESSON E S S O N TTWO WQ

not The following two common common patterns The patterns not following adjectives adjectives are are ooff two take -a iinn the the feminine feminine and. with one and, with above. They represented They take one represented above. When adding the -iin -iin for for the masculine masculine sound sound plural. exception, plural. When adding the exception, the shorten the the preceding vowel. remember to shorten the plural preceding long long vowel. the plaral remember

to

kasldan kasldan ta9baan ta9bdan Qayydan Sayydan zaSl4an zalaan xarbéan xarbdan

lazy lazy tired tired sick sick angry angry broken (down) broken (down)

maganiin) p l . maganiin) magndun magndun ((pl. mabsiug mabsiut

crazy crazy happy happy

maighiul magghau!

busy busy

Nisba adjectives Nisba adjectives is that adding Another type that formed formed by the related related by adding - - i t o the adjective is Another type oof fadjective --ito ‘oil’ we We do do something similar in English when from from ‘oil’ English when noun. noun. We something similar we

the adjective from ‘Iraq’ its adjective derive the derive i l y ’ , or from adjective o‘oily’, adjective ‘Iragi’, n “Iraq’ its ‘Iraqi’, IIn Arabic these called “Nisba’ these are *Nisba’ adjectives. The adjectives below are Arabic are called adjectives. The adjectives below are all Nisba-type, the original modified ttoo may be slightly all Nisba-type, though though the original noun noun may slightly modified form tthe for the the adjectival the Nate also that stem for not form h e stem endings. N a t e also that nosall adjectival endings. all t h e the masculine masculine sound sound type.” plurals plurals are are ooff the type.*

be

Place names Place names

Adjectives Adjectives mn. m.

Egypt Egvpt Syria Syria Lebanon Lebanon Irag frag England England

masri masri suri

masr masr stirya sérya libndan libnaan il-Sirda’ il-9irda’ ingiltira ingiltira

i

libndani Sirda’i

ingiliizi —_ingilftzi

f

Fa masriyya masriyya suriyya suriyya libnaniyya libnaniyya 9iva'iyya Qiva'iyya ingiliziyya ingiliziyya

ppl.l . —_masriyyfin masriyyfin suriyyiin suriyytin —_libnaniyyiin libnaniyyiin —_Sira’iyyiin 9ira’iyyiin

ingilliz

_ingititz

all of the following be surprised hear any of the from native following from “Don't be native *Don’t surprised ttoo hear any or all speakers: speakers: il-bandat il-masriyya il-bandat il-masriyya i)-bangat il-masriyyfin i-bandat_il-masriyyfin il-bandat il-masriyysat il-bandat il-masriyyaat has a is a fast, where The last, where the the adjective feminine sound sound plural ending. a feminine a The adjective has ending, is direct barrowing from CA. CA. direct borrowing from

LESSON T LESSON wo Two

23 23

— America America the East East the West the West the

amrfika amriika i&-Sar’ i%-far’ il-gharb ilgharb

amrikéani— amrikdani

Sari sari

gharbi —_gharbi

amrikéan amrikanivya amrikdan amrikanivya_ Zar’iyva far'iyyiin Bar'iyya Sar'iyyiin gharbiyyiin gharbiyya gharbiyya gharbiyyiin

in

Also important the context Nisba adjectives the words words for for Also context ooff Nisba important i n the adjectives are are the 9arabi (m.s.). and 9arab Sarab (pl.) ‘Arab(ic)': Sarabiyya (f.5.} ‘Arab(ic)': 9drabi (m.s.), Sarabiyya (f.s.) and (pl) and Arabic, and %drabi Arabic. 9arabi also also mean the languages ingliizi English and ingliizi and mean the languages English in English English in Arabic Arabic in

bil-ingiliizi bil-ingiltizi bil-94rabi bil-94drabi

be used used as Note that that any adjective adjective can can be as a noun. noun Note

the new the fone} new fone] the Egyptian the woman Egyptian woman the English the English

ig-gidfid ig-gidfid il-masriyya il-masriyya il-ingliiz il-ingliiz

Additional vocabulary vocabulary Additional

kflma {(kilmdat} (kilmdat) kilma (gimal) i m l a (gimal) guimla g ligha (lughdat) Tagha (lughédat) ziyaara ziydara {ziyardat} {ziyardat) ldéakin ldakin innahdérda innahdrda

word word sentence sentence language fanguage visit isit V

‘awi “Aw giddan giddan xaalis xdalis walla willa

but but today today

wéla ila la... w ya

xaddéam Servant servami xadddam (xaddamiin) (xaddamiin) = mié mawgund mawgund = mis hina mis not present not i hina m present

IN] EXERCISES EXERCISES IIT

dialogue practice: a dialogue 1J Reading Reading practice: wi ‘usayyéra d“dwi ziydara ziydara ‘usayydra

samiira! sahlan, ya samiira! &blan wa sghlan, A. Ahlan A. maHmuud. dhlan biik, biik, ya 4dhlan ya maHmuiud.

B,. B

la...

very very extremely extremely oorr

or . . . nnor neither... neither vocative vocative partical, partical, used before before a used name name when addressing addressing when someone someone directly directly

24 innahérda? A izzdyyik innahdrda? a.. izzdyyik w-inta? lilléah, w-inta? B. kwayyisa, H é m d u llidah. kwayyisa, -/Hamdu il-Hamdu lilkdah. filldah A. kwdyyis, A. kwayyis, il-Hamdu hina? mi8 hina? B.. nagwa B ndgwa mud A .. lla, nnahdrda. A a , hiyya f-iskinduriyya nnahérda. hiya f-iskindiriyya saSfida. Sakran, sa%ida. 8 . Sikran. B A .. mi%a s-saldama. ma9a s-saldama. A B,

.

BWEl

Translation exercise exercise 22 Translation

D W EN A E N N

L.

kérama. il-masriyyiin il-masriyyfin. kirama. wi tawiil in-niil nahr gamiil wi tawiil xdalis' xdalis!

bi9iida m hina? ilahramdat bi%iida il-ahramdat i n hina? min libndani? walla libndani? sturi walla inta sduri inta libndani. Ana wala libndani. la sturi dna la 5. dna ana mésri. sturi widla masri. is easy. The word 6, The word is easy. 7. IIn the restaurants] restaurants [[= n Egypt Egypt restaurants = the restaurants] are inexpensive. are inexpensive, 8. W is bad. War bad. a r [ = tthe h e war] war] is 9, The is nnot The sentence sentence is o tdifficult. difficult. 10, The The table but the table is the servant is dirty here. clean]. but = nnot not here, o t clean]. dirty {[= servant is not 4.

[=

—

is

LESSON THREE LESSON THREE (id-dars (id-dars it-taalit) it-taalit)

WI

B

COMMON EXPRESSIONS EXPRESSIONS 1COMMON misda’ il-xeer misda’ il-xeer

11

(resp.) (resp.) 22

misda’ in-nuur misda’in-nuur

(resp.) (resp.)

itfaddal itfaddal ((to t o m.s.) m.s.) itfaddali {{to oorr itfaddali t o f.s.) f.s.) oorr itfaddilu itfaddata ((to t o ppl.) l.) Sakran $ukran

r(resp.) esp.)

saMida fuirsa sa%ida fursa Hina #s9ad 4s9ad fHna

33

Gaod evening Good evening Good evening Good evening Please, ggoo ahead ahead Please,

Thank yyou Thank ou Pleased to Pleased to meet meet you you My M ypleasure pleasure

LESSON THREE THREE LESSON

44

ms.) sallimli 94la 9éla —sallimli (to m.s.) ~ (to sallimiili 9dia 9dta — ooFf sallimiili t o f.s.) ~ ((to Fs.) sallimiuli 94ia or sallimiuli 94a — t o ppl.) l.} - ((to

25 25

Remember me Remember me to --

Notes Notes Lit. and ((resp.) (1) = ‘evening r e s p . ) ‘evening ‘evening of goodness’ (1) Lit. “evening of light’. goodness’ and tight’. There are the response. There variations ttoo the are novariations response. “be so kind’. IItt may would be be “be be used used transiation would more literal (2) A more literal transiation so kind’. may be be seated’; the door); mean ‘after {at the ttoo mean "after you' seated’; or "please door): or ‘please ‘please you" {at ‘please be take some' some’ {(of whatever is being take o f whatever offered) being offered). The = ‘happy occasion’ aand are happier’. happier’. The w e are n d (resp.) ‘happy occasion’ (resp.) ‘‘we it. = 3 ) LLit. ((3) when first person the first always response is always in the the plural (‘we’) even when response (we') even person plural for him him or her her self self alone. alone. person responding is speaking speaking for person responding the —. Arabs Orr ‘give Arabs everywhere know the ‘give my line {4} (4) O regards to —'. everywhere know my regards 9abd ul-Hahim ul-Haliim Haafiz: Haafiz: w-in w-in la'dakum la‘éakum sung Egyptian singer sung by Egyptian singer Yabd her sallimouli 9aléeh 9aléeh (‘if Jove should should meet Habiibi, sallimduli meet you, Habiibi, my love (if my you, give her no

is

is

in is

the line

my regards’). my regards’).

RAMMAR II]I GGRAMMAR Phrases Construct Phrases Construct what The term denotcs two words words juxtaposed juxtaposed iinn what ‘construct phrase’ The term “construct phrase’ denotes considered a direct direct ‘possessed-possessor’ “possessed-possessor’ relationship. relationship. Only Only be considered may may be the definite definite article article even both the second second noun can carry even though though both noun can the carry the couid be be indicated indicated by be definite. definite. IIn this relationship relationship could may n English Enghsh this may be in ‘the ‘the book book of of the word word "‘of between the the two two nouns, as in o f between putting nouns, as putting the Arabic this this would would be be ‘the girl's the girl’ {i.e.. n Arabic {i.e.. ‘the book’). IIn the girl's book’).

a

kitdab il-bint kitdab il-bint the and ends ends iinn feminine and is feminine construct phrase When the phrase is noun iinn a construct first noun When first

-it.

changes tot o «it. h e --a& changes Yarabiyya), tthe (e.g. 9arabiyya), -a -a (e.g. is-sitt Qarabiyyit Qarabiyyit is-sitt

woman's car the woman's car the

definite without without of people nouns (e.g. people or or places) places) are are definite (e.g. names Proper names of Proper nouns definite article however, that that the the definite article definite article. article. Note, the definite Note, however, needing needing the is retained the name, retained iiff iitt forms forms part il-qaahira. name, asas i n il-gaahira. is part ooff the

in

26 26

LESSON THREE THREE LESSON

book Muhammad's book Muhammad's the city o Aswan the off Aswan the Cairo city of Cairo the city

maHammad i t i a b maHammad kkitéab mediinit aswaan aswdan mediinit mediinit il-gaahira mediinit il-qaahira

a

To o say ‘the definite book of the definite *a girl's drops the book’} one o f a girl’ (i.e. “a girl’s book’) one drops T gir!’ (1.e. say ‘the book second noun. article from from the the second article noun.

kitéab bint bint kitdab follow the the construct either noun construct phrase. Adjectives phrase. must follow modifying either noun must Adjectives modifying baab il-beet il-kibjir il-beet il-kibiir baab

the big the house house oorr door o the big door off the

of

door of the the big house the door the big house

from the the context, be clear from the meaning is not not clear ambiguity can can be IIff the meaning is context, ambiguity described alternative ttoo the the construct the alternative avoided by construct phrase phrase described by using avoided using the following section. the following section. in the ‘bitdad” ‘bitda®’ is the the use the the construct A common common alternative construct phrase phrase is alternative ttoo the A use ooff the bitaa¥ (of) bitda9it or bita%t, word bitda% (fem. = = bitda%t = bitiu9). word bita9t, pl. (of) (fem. pl. = bitiud).

iL-kitdab bit4a9 bitda9 il-bint il-bint il-kitdab bitda9it is-sitt is-sitt il-9arabiyya i-Sarabiyya bitda%it il-kibiir bitéa9 bitdaY il-beet il-beet il-baab il-kibiir il-baab il-baab bitda9 il-beet il-kibiir il-baab bitda% il-beet il-kibiir il-awtdad bituu¥ il-falléaH jl-awldad biti? il-falldaH

the girl's book the girl's book the woman's woman's car the car the big door o the house house the big door off the door the the big house the door o f the big house the farmer's children the farmer's children

of

Pronominal suffixes suffixes Pronominal Pronominal suffixes suffixes may be attached attached to and Pronominal to nouns, nouns, prepositions, prepositions. and may be translation the the suffixes suffixes appear verbs. IIn verbs. n translation as possessive possessive pronouns, appear as pronouns, of prepositions, direct objects. differ slightly objects objects of prepositions. or direct objects. They They differ slightly whether the the words words ttoo which which they added end end iinn depending depending oonn whether they are are added vowel (but feminine --a). consonant or aa vowel (but rnor aa consonant o tthe the feminine --a). after consonants after consonants -1

--ak —-ik

-uh

..

Ddéeti béeti béetak béetak béetik béetik béewuh béeth

house m myy house

house your (m.) house your (m.)

(f.)

house your your ( f . ) house house h i s house

his

= LESSON THREE THREE 27 LESSON 27

—ha —ha —na --kum kum ~ hum hum

bétha* bétha* bétna* bétna* bétkum* bétkum* béthum" béthum*

her house house her house our our house house —_your (pl.) your (pl.) house their house house their

after vowels vowels after y“ya a -~k k ~ki ~ki -~h h ~ha --ha -na --kum --kum --hum --hum

ma%iaya maSéaya maSéak ma%iak maQéaki maYaaki maSaah maY%iah ma9daha maYdaha ma9éana ma%dana ma94akum ma%dakum ma9d4ahum ma94ahum

with me have with me oorr [[ have with yuu have with (m.) or yyou o u have yuu (m.) with you have with f . } or you you ((f.} you have with him him or he he has has with she has has with her her or she with with us or we have we have with with you have with o u have (pi.) or yyou you {pl.) or with them them or have with they have they

na

na

of the

Note the the lengthening final vowel vowel ooff the the base base word. word. This This Nate lengthening o f the final in all which a all base base words words ending vowel to which lengthening lengthening occurs occurs in ending iinn aa vowel

is added. suffix is added. suffix

the 2nd 2nd pers. suffix --kum --ku. common alternative kum isis --Kku. to the A common pl. suffix alternative to A pers. pl. take their their ‘construct form’ (i.e. Feminine nouns ‘construct form’ (i.e. ending iinn --a ~a take nouns ending Feminine suffixes. before the the pronominai end iinn --it) --it) before pronominal suffixes. end automobile her automobile her

Qarabiyyitha Yarabiyyitha

be used used iinn combination combination with with also be various forms forms ooff bitaa9 bitéa? may The various The may also the pronominal suffixes. the pronominal suffixes.

il-beet bitd%na bita9na il-beet bitati il-9arabiyya il-Sarabiyya bita9ti il-awléad biti%ha bitudha il-awldad

house our our house m car myy car her children children her

have’ ‘‘To T o have’

of the the pronominal Sand and and one pronominal the preposition of the one of combination of A combination preposition %and A have’. t o havc”. usua) way ooff saying the usua) saying ‘‘to suffixes iiss the suffixes

Sandi S4ndi 9andak 9indak

have {I have (m.s.) o u (m.s.} yyou have have

Sandina** Sandina"* Yandikum*" Sandikum®™

altow V not altow does not V¥CC VC. Arabic does *Egyptian “Egyptian Arabic

a

have we have have (pl.} have you you (pl.}

three-consonant cluster. cluster, vowel added added to the extra “*’Notice the to prevent prevent a three-consonant extra vowel vsNotice

28 LESSON LESSON THREE THREE 28 Sandik 9indik 9anduh 9dnduh Qandahat* 9andaha""*

have you you (f.s.} (fs) have has he, itit has he, has she, it has she,

have they they have andahum** 9anddhum**

— The negative are: forms are: The negative forms

maSandiis ma%andi3

maSandaks maSandaks

maSandikiis maSandikii§

ma9andindas madandindas maYandukims ma%andukims maYanduhims maYanduhdms

madanduius maandius maYanduhaas maYanduhdias

Examples: Examples:

Sandak fldus? fildus? 94dndak

maYandiis Haiaga maYand{if Héaga

have [any] Doo you [any] money? money? D you have

have anything. don't have II don’t anything.

Demonstratives Demonstratives (i) (i)

da (m.s.) da (ms. di fs) (fs.) di dool {pl.) {pl.) dool

thisithat thisithat this/that thisithat theselthose these!those

the noun These words words may occur after (as demonstrative after the These noun (as may occur before the the noun demonstrative pronouns). pronouns). (as demonstrative noun (as oorr before Examples: Examples: d

kitéab kwdyyis da kitdab da kwyyis da kwayyis il-kitéab da il-kitdab kwayyis bint masriyya dii bint d masriyya il-bint di di masriyya il-bint masriyya dool sawwa'fin wiltiin dool sawwa'fin wiHiin dool wiHsiin wiHiiin is-sawwa'fin doo! is-sawwa'fin

is a good This (or book. (or that) This that) is good book. is good. This ((or book is o r that} book This good. is a That is That girl. Egyptian girl. ann Egyptian is Egyptian. That girl That girl is Egyptian. bad drivers. Those are drivers. Those are bad drivers are bad. Those drivers Those are bad.

Gi)

}

Usually classified with the the demonstratives demonstratives are: classified with Usually are:

ahé (m.s.) (m.s.) ahé ahé fs) ((f.s.) ahé aham (pl.) (pl.) ahum

adjectives)

here isithere is isithere is here is here isithere isithere is here arelthere are here arelthere here are

LESSON THREE THREE LESSON

29 29%

These words words may the noun. These precedeor occur ini nisolation. orfollow follow the isolation. noun. oorr occur may precede Examples: Examples: feen i-lukénda? feen itukénda? ahé i-lukdnda }-lukanda ahé hé il-lukanda il-lukanda hé ahé! ahé! feen ig-gurnaan? feen ig-gurnaan? ahd! aho! il-fallaHiin feen? feen? il-fallaHiin ahim! ahdim!

is is

Where is the the hotel? hotel? Where There is the the hotel. hotel. There

it

There i t is! is! There Where is the the newspaper? Where newspaper? There iitt iis! s! There Where are the peasanis? Where are the peasants? There they they are! are! There

is

.

’

IMPORTANT TO TO REMEMBER: REMEMBER: Non-human both Non-human plural IMPORTANT plural nouns, nouns, both

and abstract, abstract, should, should, unless unless dual duat (explained Lesson tangible tangible and (explained in Lesson be treated treated syntactically feminine Four}, Four), always always be syntactically as as iiff they were were feminine singular. singular. kébiira di kibiira il-buydut il-buyiut di

birdaSir iS-sitka i8-sirka il-9arabiyydat i-Sarabiyydat birda9ir feen? feen? ahé! il-Yarabiyydat il-Yarabiyydat ahé!

houses are Those houses Those big. are big.

Where are tthe cars? Where company’s cars? are h e company’s

There are the cars! cars! There are the

Additional vocabulary vocabulary Additional ism (asdami) (asdami) ism Haaga Haaga (Hagdat) (Hagdat) fildus (f.} filtus (lukanddat) lukdnda lukanda {lukanddat} fandu’ (fandadi') fundu’ (fandadi’) utéel utéel Sirka (Sirkdat} (Sirkdat) §irka (Sunat) §anta Santa (%inat) borg (buriiug) (buriug) borg gim9a (gam9aat) (gam@aat) gimYa gumhurivya gumhuriyya (gumhburiyydat) (gumburiyydat) bawwaab (bawwabiin) (bawwabiin) bawwiab mudiir (mudiriin} mudiir (mudiriin) ra'jis (ri'asa) ra‘fis (ri'asa) misdafir (misafrfin) misdafir (misafrfin) (tayyardat) tayydara (tayyardat) tayydara (f.

name name thing thing money money hotel hore! hotel {Classical (Classical Arabic) Arabic) hotel hotel horel company company suitcuse, briefcase, briefcase, lady's lady's bag suitcuse, bag tower tower university university republic republic doorman doorman director, manager director, manager chief president, chief president, iraveller traveller airplane airplane

30 30

THREE LESSON THREE LESSON

(matardat) matéar matdar (matardat) il-qaahira borg borg il-qaahira it-taHnir middan u-taHriir middan mast ig-gidfida mast ig-gidiida min ‘urdyyib ‘urdyyib min San bidiid Jan bi9iid bass bass eeh? eeh?

airport airport Tower Cairo Tawer Cairo Liberation Square Square Liberatinn Cairo suburb) suburb) (a Cairo Heliopolis Heliopolis (a near (s.th.) (s.th.) near far (s.th.) from (s.th.) far from but only, only, just; just; but what? what?

HII EXERCISES EXERCISES H II Reading Reading practice practice

ech? ismak eeh? ismak Smith. smi David David Smith. smi feen? béetak feen? béetak min béeti "urdyyib borg il-qaahira. il-qaahira. i n borg ‘urdyyib m béeti baab il-méiktab? il-maktab? bitéa9 baab il-muftéaH bitda% feen il-muftdaH feen 1-bawwaab. m49a 1-bawwiab. da mi9a il-baab da muftaaH il-baab muftiaH di bitda%t miin? bit4a9it miin? il-9arabiyya il-Sarablyya di ra'tis il-gumhuriyya. bitaa9it ra'iis il-gumburiyya. hiyya bitda%it hiyya fi middan midéan itfig-giiza wig-gam9a gamdit I-amrikaniyya fi wig-gam9a l-amrikaniyya il-qaahira fig-giiza gamit il-qaahira taHitir, taHrdir.

di gidiida. i8-S4nta di if-f4nta gidfida. il-misiafir gidhda. S4ntit il-misdafir fantit gidfida. il-miséafir il-9ayydan Séntit il-misdafir il-Qayydan fit-tayyéara. fit-tayydara. §éntit

C a ul ll ol a

2 Translation Translation exercise exercise 2

ech? ismuh ech? fsmubh fi masr beet il-mudfir il-mudiir fi beet ig-gidiida masr ig-gidiida

Nov

fener

nay

iLfallaHiin doo! ta9baniin innaharda doo! ta9baniin innaharda tl-fallaHiin la kitdab dna Yandi Yandi kitaab kitéab w ldakin hiyya kitdab ‘alam, Liakin maYandahdaé la dna hiyya ma®andahaas wii “alam. “Alam wala i l a *dlam w ahé bass bass il-9arabivya bitd9tak ahé bitd9ti feen? il-9arabiyva il-9arabiyya bitdi%tak fen? il-Sarabiyya bita9ti Where house? is your Where (pl.) house? your (pl.) We don’t don't have have aa house. house. We

is

|31

8. That That university 8. university iiss extremely expensive. 9. There There is is the 9. the hotel, but where where iiss the the restaurant? restaurant? hotel, but 10. The is at the The director's director's new suitcase is 10. the airport. new suitcase airport. ex

\

— LLESSON E S S O N FFOUR OUR

(id-dars (id-dars ir-rdabi9) ir-raabi9)

EXPRESSIONS II CCOMMON O M M O N EXPRESSIONS

min fadlak fadlak (to (to m.s.} m.s.) min min i n fadlik or m fadtik (to (to £5.) fs.)

11

Please Please

min fadldkum or or min fadlikum (to (to pl.) pl.)

22

dasif (to m.s.) (to m.5.) dasif dsfa (to or 4sfa (to [.5.) fs.) asfiin (to l.} or asfiin (to ppl.} mad1i88 {resp.) madliss (resp.)

33

villa yalla

Sorry Sorry

It doesn't doesn't matter; It matter; never never mini m ind Let's go Let's go

Notes Notes

kindness’, IIff someone ‘from your this expression = ‘from (1) LLit. someone uses it. = (1) uses this expression your kindness’. something (e.g. the response, when when the table), w h e n asking o r something at the table), the (e.g. at asking ffor response, when be the thing would be You will will also also hear hear handing itfaddal. You thing over, handing the over. would itfaddal. the response from waiters. ‘at your the waiters. meaning Haadir, particularly particularly from response Haadir, meaning ‘at your is invariably masculine. service’. This This is invariably masculine. service’. Also mit’assif mit’assif ((m.). mit‘assifa ({f.). and mit'assifiin mit’assifiin (pi.). Note (2) Also f . ) . and m . ) . mit'assifa (2) (pi.). Note is one that ma%li&s madlisé is the commonest in Colloquial commonest expressions that one ooff the Colloquial expressions in when someone used when when something Arabic, used Arabic, someone something petty petty goes goes wrong wrong or when his oorr her her way. does not does not get get his way. the connotation connotation invocation ya allaah (OO (O God). (3) God). the (3) Originally Originally an an invocation ya allaak alse said said iinn the the fform bina, has changed o r m o f yalla e t s go’. hay changed ttoo mean mean “ l‘let's go’. alse yaa bitna, by also mean mean ‘hurry p! ‘hurry uup!" yalla by itself may yilla may also itself

of

0 32 32

FoUR LESSON FOUR LESSON

Il GGRAMMAR RAMMAR 11

Numbers (il-a9ddad) (il-a9ddad) Nembers 1-100 Cardinals 1-100 Cardinals

11 22 33 4 4 55 66 77 88

39

10 10 11 12. 12 33 13 14 14 1S 15 16 16 1? 17 18 18 19 19

1

waHda waaHid, waHda waaHid, itnéen itnéen taldata taldata adrba9a érba9a xdmsa xdmsa sitta sftra s&b9a s4b9a taminya tam4nya tis9a tis9a 9a8ara 94sara Hidéasar Hidaasar itndagar itndadar talattdadar talattdagar arba9tiafar arba9téagar xamastéasar xamastéagar sittdafar sittdagar saba9tdagar saba9tdasar tamantdadar tamantdagar tisaStaaSar tisa9tdadar

20 20 21 21 22° 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27°) 27 28 28 29° 20 30 30 3311 40 40 50 S50 60 60 70 70 80 80 9¢

0

9i8riin Yisriin wi-9isriin waaHid w i-9irin wiéaHid wi-9i8riin itnéen wi-9ifriin itnéen taldata_w-9idriin w-9ilctin taldata w-9isriin drba9a w-9ilriin 4rba% xd4msa_ w-9isriin ximsa w-9ilriin w-9isrfin sitta w-9ifrfin sitta s4b9a_w-9isriin w-Sisriin s&b%a ti wtamdnya tamdnya w-Biiriin tis9a_ w-9iSrfin tis%a w-9iSr{in talatiin talariin etc. wi-talatfin etc. waaHid wdaHid wi-talatfin arbi9iin arbi%in xamsiin xamsiin itil sittiin sabfiin tamanitn tamaniin tis9iin tisSiin

100——smiyya miyya 100

has two show the only forms to which has number which Number ‘one’ two forms to show only number the ‘one’ Number that generally also the number that the only is also generally follows h e noun. follows tthe gender. gender. IItt is only number noun. is is

waaHid Saskdni wiaHid 9askari sitt wiHda waHda sitt

one policeman one policeman one lady one lady

noun referring humans in which case however, precede in which referring ttoo humans IItt may. a noun precede a case may, however,

the meaning changes. the meaning changes. Yaskari wwaaHid iaHid a skin

sitt

waHda wiHda sitt

some policeman a policeman, policeman, oorr some policeman know who) don’t know ((1 ‘ 1 don’t who’) @ woman, some other a woman o r other woman, some woman

or

To indicate Arabic usually the dual To dual form indicate “‘two’ form t w o ” of something something Arabic uses the usually uses

the noun the numeral. without use dual consists of the The dual numerai. The the of the consists of a‘off the noun without use of

LESSON FFOUR LESSON our

3333

Feminine singular the suffix suffix --een, noun noun plus plus the ~een, Feminine singular nouns nouns ending ending in --a take their their construct form (--it) take before the the suffix. suffix. construct form (-it) before

waladéen waladéen betécn betéen odtéen odtéen ffor [for oditeen] oditeen]

two boys boys houses two houses two rooms rooms

in

Nouns ending ending --a). vowel {other than the the feminine feminine ending take --a}. take ending in aa vowel Neuns (other than between vowel and and the the dual dual suffix. suffix, that vowel ' y ’ between aa‘y’

that

chairs two chairs two

kursiyéen kursiyéen

is

dual is generally There are where the the dual used with with There are rare rare exceptions generally not not used exceptions where For exampte, with the the word word sift sitt the the numeral numeral aa particular particular noun. noun. For example, with is used used before before the the plural form ooff the the noun. t‘two’ w o ’ is plural form noun itnéen sittdat sittaat itnéen

two women women

in the As s noted iin the Lesson TTwo noun in adjective qualifying qualifying any noun w o an an adjective A noted n Lesson dual form form must must be plural. plural. dual

be

kubdar kursiyéen kursiyéen kubaar

chairs two big big chairs

a

the

For the numbers has a ‘short numbers ‘three’ ‘short form’ form’ 10 “ten” ‘ten’ Egyptian Arabic has For ‘three’ 10 Egyptian Arabic

used before before nouns. which m be plural. used u s t be must nouns. which plural. 33 4 4 55 6 6

tdlat tdlat arbad arpa% xamas xémas sit sift

77 8 & 9 9 10 10

sdbao séba® taman tdaman tisa? tisa9 9asar 9dsar

Examples: Examples: télat bandat bandat tilat QaSar marraat 943ar marrdat

3 girls girls 10 times times 10

(in

ordered drinks ordered A few few counted counted nouns. those denoting including those nouns, including denoting drinks A (in for example) the singular. while the in the the restaurant. for are always singular, while a restaurant. example) are always in form’. numbers stay their regular ‘long form’. stay iinn their numbers regular ‘long

itnéen ginéeh itnéen ginéeh min taldata 'dhwa, ‘ahwa, m taldata i n ffédlak idlak kiilu mooz Arba9a kiilu mooz drba%a

2 pounds 2 pounds 3 coffees, coffees. please please 3 bananas 4 kilograms kilograms ooff bananas 4

34. 34

OUR E S S O N FFOUR LLESSON

the singular be iinn the couated noun the counted singular number ‘eleven’ must be From number noun must on the ‘eleven’ on From form. form.

— times I times III 3399 piasters piasters 511 books books 5

Hidéagar m irra marra Hid4dasar ‘irs tis9a_wetalatiin w-talatlin 'ir§ tis9a wi-xamsiin kkitiab itiab i a H i d wi-xamsfin wwaaHid

is

‘100 o word for off something’ the usual usual word for “hundred” ‘hundred’ is miyya, Although Although the miyya, '100 something’ is expressed miit before before the the counted counted noun instead, NNote that o t e that is expressed using noun instead. using miit ©, not this only ‘100. . .", not to "°101/102/110 only applies applies ttoo “100. 2 etc . . 1 0 1 / 1 0110 this

ete...

.

miit m i i t yoom yoom w-xamsiin yoom miyya miyya w-xamsfin yoom

100 days 100 days 150 days days 150

199": Beyond Beyond "199";

200 200 300 300 400 400 500 500 600 600 700 700 800 800 900 900 1,000 1000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000,000

miléen mitéen tultumiyya tultumiyya rubQumiyya rub9umiyya xumsumiyyn xumsumtyya sunumiyya suttumiyya subYumiyya subSumiyya tumnumiyya tumnumiyya tusQumiyya tus9umiyya aif alf milydon milydon bilyéon bilydon

Examples: Examples:

mitéen wi-%dfara wi-Sééara sdna séna mitéen tultumifit rdagil teltumiit réagil w-tis9iin tis9a xumsumiyya tis%a w-tisQiin xumsumiyya duléar duléar alf tus9umiyya sitta w-xamsiin w-xamsiin alf tus9umiyya sitta xd4msa milydon 94rabi xdmsa milyéon 94rabi barmiil zeet bilyéoen bilyéon barmiil zeet

210 years 210 years 300 men 300 men $599 $599 1956 7956

Arabs 5,000,000 Arabs 5,000,000 1,000,000,000 barrels barrels of oil oil 1,000,000,000

Ordinals Ordinals

m. m.

..

&vewil Awwil

tula uula

first first

tTaani ani

ttanya inya

second second

= LESSON FOUR FOUR LESSON

tdalit taalit yaabi9 rdabi9 xdamis XAamis sdadis sdadis sdabi? 5Aabi® t4amin t4amin asty ttéasid Sdadir Daadir

télta taita rTab9a ib9a xdmsa Xdmsa sidsa sadsa séb9a sab%a tamna tdmna t4s9a tisYa 9d5ra Saira

355 3

third fourth fifth sixth seventh seventh eighth eighth ninth ninth tenth tenth

i to

form ordinals Too form ordinals for for numbers numbers higher than “ten” ‘ten’ just prefix T the higher than prefix il- to the cardinal form form ooff the the number. number. cardinal il-Hiddagar il-Hid4agar ilarba9a_w-talatiin il-arbd%a w-talatiin

eleventh eleventh 34th Sth

Learn also: Learn also:

m m.. awwaldani awwaldanj dani wast wastdani axiir axiir axrdani axrdaai

f. f. awwalaniyya awwalaniyya aniyya wast wastaniyya axiira axiira axraniyya axraniyya

‘The the former first fone], The fone], the former first middie (ad).): middie (adj.). average average fast fast the latter the other the other [one]; [one]; the latter

before the the noun. but iitt musi 4axir also also means means ‘last’, ‘last’, but noun. occur before daxir musi occur

ir-riagit il-wastéani yagi! il-wastdani flima l-axiira l-axiira il-kilma daxit wwéaHid iaHid daxir

in

the man the middie middle man i n the the the last last word word the the the last fast one that iinn the (note that the one {note Arabic the the article article is but is implicit Arabic implicit but Bot expressed) not expressed)

Easy Easy fractions fractions puss tilt rub9 xums suds sub9 tumn tus?

Xu

Ww MM

us 16

7

we Hy

36 36

LESSON FOUR FOUR LESSON

Suir Quir tihéen tiltiéen xumséen xumséen arbaad talat arbaa9 talat time the time ‘Telling the Telling min kaam m is-s4a9a kaam fadlak? is-sdaY%a i n fadlak? waHda is-sda9a waHda is-s4a9a waHda w-xdmsa is-séa9a wiHda w-xdmsa is-sda%a w-9asara waHda is-séa9a w is-sdala i H d a w-94dara w-rub9 waHda w-rub9 is-séaQa waHda is-sda%a is-sa9a wwdHda w-tlt is-sda%a i k i d a w-tilt issda9a wwaHda la is-sda% i H d a w-nuss w-nuss iila xamsa xdmsa waHda is-saa9a w is-sda%a i l d a w-nuss w-nuss is-sda9a w waHda is-sdafa i H d a w-nugs wii w-nuss w xdémsa Xamsa {lla tilt is-s4a9a tnéen tilt tnéen flia js-s4a%a is-s4a9a tnéen rub9 tnéen {lla ila rub9 js-sda%a is-sda%a tpéen illa 94Sara 9dSara tnéen (lia is-sdaYz isssda9a tnéen tnéen {lla ximsa flla xdmsa is-sdafa is-séa9a tnéen biz-zabt is-séa%a tnéen biz-zabt is-sda9a taldata taldata is-s4aa

is ir, it, please? What time time is Whar please? 1:00. i's t's 1:00.

1:08. I's t's 1:05. He's 1:10. 1:10. Irs It's 1:13. 1:15. Irs Tes 1:20. 1:20. Irs Tes 1:25. 1:25. Irs 1:30. It's 1:30. I's des 1:35. 1:35. It's Hts 1:40. 1:40. It's

145. d's 1:45, It's 1:50. dts 1:50. Irs dts 1:55, 1:55. Irs At’s 2:00 2:00 exactly. It's exactly. iIt's r s 3:00. 3:00,

eetc. tc.

Months (i5-Suhuur) Months (i-Suhuue} yandayir yandayir fibrdayir fibrdayir midaris abriil maayu yanyu yullyu

aghuistus aghustus sebtémber sebtémber

uktdubar uktiubar

January January February February March March April Aprit May May June June July duly August August September September October October

LESSON FFouR LESSON OUR

nuvdmbir nuvimbir disimbir disimbir

377 3

November November December December

Islamic months months Islamic muHaérram muHdrram sifar sffar it-awwal rabii9 rabid il-dwwal rabii? it-tdani it-taani rabii® gamaad il-4wwal it-dwwal gam#ad gamdad it-taani it-tdani gamdad régab rdgab sa9bdan §a%bdan ramadéan ramaddan Sawaal Sawdal zu-i-gi9da zu-t-qidda zu-l-Higga zu-l-Higga 12 islamic and so at all The 12 do not islamic months months are lunar, and not correlate The correlate at all ttoo so do are lunar, the western The lunar calendar. The lunar “year” cleven days shorter than than is eleven the western calendar. ‘year’ is days shorter months move forward every the months ours. year. so the move forward ours, so every year.

of

the week week {(ayydam il-usbiu9) Days o f the Days (ayyaam il-usbuu9) yoom il-iméen yoom it-taldat il-drba% yoom yoom il-arbay il-xaméis yoom yoom il-xamiis il-gim9a yoom yoom ii-gam9a is-salnt yoom yoom is-sabt

il-Hadd yoom il-Hadd yoom

Monday Monday Tuesday Tuesday Wednesday Wednesday Thursday Thursday Friday Friday Saturday Saturday Sunday Sunday

Seasons (il-fugdul} (il-fusdul} Seasons

is-seef

il-xariif is-8ita

ir-rabii®

ummer ssummer autienn, fall autumn, fall winter winter spring Spring

38 38

LESSON FOUR FOUR LESSON

time expressions More time expressions More innahdrda innahdrda bukra bukra imbdéariH, imbdariH

biikra a d biikra bbadd Awwil imbdariH imbéariH, dwwil ilwd't ddilwa’ti ba9d Swiyya ba%d Swéyya is-subH. is-subH id-duhr id-duhr bad id-duhr ba%d id-duhr il-9asr il-Dasr misda’an misda’an bil-eel bil-leel nuss il-leel nuss il-leel

today today tomorrow formorrow yesterday yesterday the tomorrow the day after after tomorrow the day yesterday the day before before yesterday ow nnow while in a little little while in the morning {in} the {in} morning (at) noon (a1) noon afternoon afternoon mid-afternoon mid-afterncon the evening in the evening at night night midnight midnight

Additional Vocabulary Vocabulary Additional Sask4ri (Jasdakir) (Sasdakir) Oaskar mmutérgim u t i r g i m (mutargimiin) (mutargimiin} d6da d a {(owad) owad) m i r r a {{marrdat) marrat) marra ‘irs ("uning) 'ir§ Curtins) ginéeh ginéeh ‘éhwa dhwa Saay Saay mooz mooz sda9a (saPsat) (sa94at) s#a%a difi'a di'f'a (da'sayi") (da’dayi’) sd4nya (sawdani} (saw4ani) sinya (ayyéam) yoom yoom {ayydam) usbiiu9 (asabii®) usbiiu9 (asabii9) aSabr h r (4%hur (48hur oorr $Suhtur) uhtur) sina (siniin) sina (siniin) Yadad (a9daad) 9adad (a9daad) nimra (nimar) nimra (nfmar) (fusiiul) fasl fasl (fusdul) barmiil (baramiil) barmiil (baram{it)

policeman; soldier policeman; soldier translator translator rroom oom time (as ‘two times’); times’); once time once (as iinn ‘two plaster piaster pound pound (Egyptian (Egyptian or Sterling) Sterling) coffee coffee tea [+1] bananas {collective) (collective) bananas clock hour; watch, watch, clock hour; minute second day week month

year number number season barrel

LESSON FOUR LESSON FouR

oil oil lesson lesson country country ticket ticket half half quarter quarter third third minus; except minus. except precisely precisely only only for for commission commission

zeet (zuydut) zeet (2uyéut) dars (durius) dars (durius) balad (f.) balad (bildad) (£.) (biliad) tazkara (tazdakir) tazkdra (tazdakir) muss Tub9

tilt

lVigna i g n a (ligdan) (ligsan)

EXERCISES IIT Ill EXERCISES 1J Reading Reading practice practice xA4msa w-tamaniin, w-tamaniin. tusSumiyya xdmsa alf tus9umniyya

min maYdana mutargiméen |-awwaléani min innaharda, l-awwaléani maY4ana kwayyisiin innaharda, mutargiméen kwayyisiin dims’. min dimi¥’, baghddad wil-axréani min baghddad wil-axrdani min ‘ahwa w-itnéen waaHid 'dhwa w-itnéen aSaay wiaaHid ay m i n fadlak. fadlak. xdmsa is-subH. sitta w-nuss a9a sitta is-sdaf%a illa xdmsa is-subH. w-nuss “urtus. 9aSara 'urdus. 9a%ara xémsa_ ‘irs. w-xamsiin "irs, Xamsa w-xamsiin masri. xdmsa ginéch ginéch mésri. xadmsa ster) ginéch sterliini. xamastdasar xamastdagar ginéch Sahr. fis-sdna tndaSar Sahr. fis-sdna tndadar lughitéen sa9bi lughitéen sa9biin.

illa

at

exercise Transtation exercise 2 Translation 2

AEN

Lada Bol U F

I

DW

.

PA

di ghalya. il-xamas kitub kitub di il-xamas ghalya. sdna. wi-9isriin sdna. tncen wi-9iSdin Qandaha tnéen Jéela 9anddha léela ba9d id-duhr dars ba9d Q4nduh dars yoom il-itnéen. 94nduh il-itnéen. id-duhr yoom fiih Hafla misda‘an. sdb9a w-nuss s-séa9a s4bY%a Hafla s-sda%a w-nuss misaa’an. fiih duldar lit-tazdakir. mitéen duldar ma9andindaé mitéen lit-tazaakir. ma%andindas those five ladies? Where are Where five ladies? are those that villa. There are villa. n that servants iin There are twenty twenty servants here. eleventh man man is not The eleventh not here. The

is

39 9

40 40 million six million [lit: iin has [lir: n iitt are] but iitt has are] six is a smait country. Lebanon is a smalt 9. Lebanon 9. country. but Lebanese. milyéon} Lebanese. [sitta [sitta milySonj

to

of the Commission. the Commission. belong t o the the president 10. Those Those ttwo president of big cars wo 10. cars belong big

IVE E S S O N FFIVE LLESSON

(id-dars il-xdamis) (id-dars il-xaamis)

EXPRESSIONS EXPRESSIONS OMMON I1 CCOMMON 94la xeer m.s.) t o m.s.) tisbaH xeer ((to tisbaH 94la t o f.5.) 4 a xeer f.s.) xeer ((to oorr tisbalti tisbaHi 994la

11

(to

Good night night Good

9dla xeer xeer ( t o pl.) pl.) or tisbaéHu 94a or tisbaHu ahluh (to (to ms.) w-inta min {resp.) min ahiuh (resp.)—_w-inta ms.)

Good night Good night

4hluh (to w-intt m (to ffs.) s.) i n dhluh oorr w-inti min 4hivh {(to w-intu m l.} t o ppl.) i n dhivh oorr w-intu min

22 (resp.) (resp.)

mabrink Congratulations Congratulations mabniuk fiik {(to Thank you m.s.) yibdarik Rik Thank t o m.s.) allaah you allah yibdank fiiki {10 alldah yibdarik (to f.s.) f.s.) oorr alidah yibdarik fiiki fikkum ((to t o pl.) oorr alldah pl.) yibaarik fiikem alléah yibdarik iHia rTiHla

33 44 resp.) (resp.}

Notes Notes

trip

@ good Have a Have good trip

saStida sa%ida

Hamdiiia 9as-saliama 9as-salaama Hamdilla l l d s h yisaliimak, AAlidah etc. yisallimak, etc.

it of

Welcome back back Welcome

wake up the morning = 'may (1) LLit. n ] goodness’ flit. oon] up i n the it. = (1) ‘may you goodness’ you wake morning to[lit. ‘and you and (resp.) its people’ one of l[lit: and from) its (i.e. people i t : from] are one (resp.) ‘and people’ (i.e. people you are of goodness). of goodness}. "God blessing ‘blessed’ and and (resp.) (2) i t . = ‘blessed’ (2) LLit. gives blessing i n vou’, (resp.) ‘ G o d you’. gives = ‘happy (3) LLit. it. = (3) ‘happy trip’. tip’, il-Hémdu lilldah form of condensed form of il-Hémdu A condensed 9dla s-salfama. s-saléama. LLit. (4) A (4) = lilliah 94la it. = for [your] God for to God ‘praise [be] [be] to ‘praise [your] safety.” safety." to

in

LESSON Five LESSON Five

441]

ITlI GGRAMMAR RAMMAR Interrogative words Interrogative words

ech? ech? feen? feen? izzday? izzday? min? miin? imta? imta? leeh? leeh? kaam? kaam? ‘add ech? ech? "add

what? what? where? where? how? how? who? who? when? when? why? why? how many? how many? how much? much? how

. :

suffixes. before suffixes. izzaay izzaay changes changes ttoo jzzayy izzayy before How o w are H you? are you?

izzdyyak? izzdyyak?

When kaam kaam immediately that noun be When must be immediately precedes precedes a noun, noun must noun, that singular. singular. 94ndak kaam kaam wilad? walad? 94ndak

children do do vou How H o w many vou many children have? have?

words often often come the end of aa sentence. end of sentence. Interrogative Interrogative words come at the ismaha eeh? eeh? ismaha is-saa9a kaam? kaam? is-saaYa

What's her her name? name? What's

is

What time it? time is it? What

Active Participles Active Participles

in

Active participles tike adjectives that they inflected for for Active participles are are like adjectives in that they are are inflected but they and number, have verbal verbai meaning. number, but may stand gender they have stand gender and They may meaning, They alone sentences. alone or iinn cquational cquational sentences.

or

wantfing) wanting) knowling} know{ing} tnderstand{ing} understandfing)

goling) gofing} dofing) doling)

m. Ldawiz, Qaayiz fanf 9Saarif faahim fazhim réayiH raayiH damit Q4amil

. Sawea 9awza Sayza Qdyza Sarfa Qarfa fahma fahma riyHa rayHa Samia Dimla ,

pph.l . Saweiin Qawziin Qayziin Sarffin fahrniin

rayHiin Oamliin

422 4

LESSON FIVE FIVE LESSON

stayfing) stayfing) or Siting) sit{ting) stopfing) ot stop(ing) or stand(ing) stand(ing) see(ing) see(ing) live (living)* tive (living)* sleeping} sleeping) come come (coming) (coming)

“aadid *aaf%id

"d9da

*a9diin

waa if wia'if

wa'fa wi'fa

wa'fiin

Béayif aayif sdakin sdakin naayim ndayim gaay gaay

Sayta Sayta sdkna sdkna nndyma iyma gdyya gayya

Sayfiin Sayffin sakatin sakniin naymiin naymiin gayyiin gayyiin

Examples: Examples:

faahim faahim fshma fahma

fahmiin fahmiin

(interrogative) (interrogative)

faahim? fiahim?

{negative) (negative)

mis fiahim faahim mis

(negative{negative-

féahim? mis fiahim? mis

interrogative) interrogative)

understand I1 understand understand You (m.s.) You (m.s.) understand understands Hee understands H understand You (f.5.) (f.s.) understand You She understands understands She We understand understand We understand You (pl.) (pl.) understand | You understand They understand Doo yyou understand? D o u understand? eetc. tc. do nnot understand 11 do o t understand tc. eete. Don't you undersiand? Don’t you understand? ete. etc.

|

Adverbial phrases with ‘‘bi-’ Adverbial phrases with bi-' A common form adverbs adverbs is bi-- ("with' is tto common way to to form A (‘with’ or 'by") “by’) tto o prefix prefix bi-o the appropriate the appropriate noun. noun.

bi-su9iuba bi-su9duba bi-suhdula hi-suhidula the sense of ‘residing’. sense of ‘residing’. n the i*in

with difficulty with difficulty easily easily

LESSON FIVE FIVE LESSON

bi-str9a bi-siir9a bi-Swees bi-§wees

43

quickly quickly slowly slowly

last expression (The last falls with with the the others others although there (The expression naturally naturally falls although there is no swees existing is no noun noun wees existing independently.) independently.)

Lear also adverbial phrases: Leamn also the following following adverbial phrases: the

bit-tayydara bit-tayydara bil-9arabiyya bil-9arabiyya bil-9dgala bil-9égala bil-"atr bilatr bil-utubiis bil-utubiis

bbyy plane plane automobile by by automobile by bicycle bicycle by train train by bus by bus

Additional vocabulary vocabulary Additional suhtula suhiiula

ease ease

sudiuba su9duba (Sagaldat) O4gala Sagala (9apaldat) Cuturdat) ‘atr {"uturdat) ‘atr utubiis (utubisdat} utubfis (utubisdat} Sa" (30'a") §4”a saffir (wifara) (séfara) saffir sifdara (sifardat) sifiara (sifardac) gooz (apwéaz) gooz (agwiaz) miréatu* mirdam* lighdayit lighdayit kull H4aga Héaga kull

difficulty difficulty bicycle bicycle train train bus bus apartment apartment ambassador ambassador embassy embassy husband husband his wife his wife uatil until everything everything

(Sia)

Il

EXERCISES L I EXERCISES Reading practice 1I Readingpractice feen? raayiH feen? rdayiH is-siféara I-biritanfyya. bi rdayiH réayiH is-sifiara dilwa’ti? eeh dilwa'ti? Yamlfin ech il-awl4ad 9amlfin il-awlaad naymiin. naymiin. in which 1s somewhat vulgar *The original word (‘woman’), which is somewhat word is mara (‘woman’), is mdra vulgar in *The used with with a unless used a pronomunal in construet, construct, Arabic unless suffix or in pronominal suifix Egyptian Egyptian Arabic 94li (‘Ali's wife’), wife’) and and michal (‘Ali's wife’), (my wifc') miréat 94H miréati (‘my e.g. e.g. mirdati

445 a4

fid-dd"i. 94li sdakin sfakin fid-do™i. 94li sakna feen? feen? weinti sikna w-inti fi 34ari9 fi 3 S4ari? Hasan Hasan sdbri, sakniin fi dna w-géozi sabri. 4 a gidiida w-gdéozi sakniin 34a dna gidfida fi miin gaay innahdrda? i n il-matéar il-matdar innahdrda? miin min gaay m 9arfa. mis i t 94rfa. wal|dahi, walldahi, m i&-Sirka d dii 9dyza kaam 9Yarabiyya if-8irka 94yza kaam Sarabiyya gidiida? gidiida? miteen. 9dyza S4yza mifeen. mis ma%'dul! ma9'dul! mis

Transfation exercise 22 Translation exercise k LDN

e

aol

ewan

—

Pom

Sees

inta rdayiH fnta réayiH izzaay? izzday? bit-tayydara? bit-tayyaara? Sawziin ‘add ‘add eeh? eeh? Qawziin dna nus Sdarif aimrit simrit it-tilifdun it-tilifiiun bitda%it bitdaSix is-safiir, mis Qaarif is-safiir, dna wa'fa xarbdana. i ' f a fis-34ari9 miraatuh mirdatuh w fis-S4ari9 wi-Darabiyyitha wi-Sarabiyyitha xarbdana. “4a9id 9andina il-xamiis. mustafa "4a%id Sandina lighaayit mustdfa lighdayit yoom yoom il-xamlis. bus. They are coming They are coming bbyy bus. wife wants bananas. three kilos kilos ooff bananas. wants three M Myy wife Does Mustapha Giza? Does live in Doqqi or in Giza? Mustapha live Dogqi or Doo you understand everything? D everything? you understand IIs s tthe h e bbus u s ccoming o m i n g quickly quickly oorr siowly? siowly?

in

LESSON SIX SIX LESSON (id-dars is-sdadis) (id-dars is-sdadis) EXPRESSIONS. IT CCOMMON O M M O N EXPRESSIONS 1 1

(resp.) (resp.} 22

la mu’dxsa mu’dxsa la ma 98S madlis3

ismaHli ((to ismaHli m.s.) t o m.s.) ismaPhili or ismaHili (to f.s.) f.s.) (to ismaHduli (to ov ismaHiuli l.) or (to ppl.) {resp.) itfaddal etc. itfdddaletc. (resp)

Excuse me Excuse me It's nothing It's nothing Excuse me Excuse me

= LESSON Lesson SIX sx

33

9an iznak iznak ((to Gan t o m.s.) m.s.} San iznik iznik ((to s.} t o fEs.) oorr Ban 9an izmikum izmikum ((to l.) t o ppl.) oorr 9an _itféddai etc. itfaddal {resp.) etc. {resp.)

45 43

Excuse me Excuse me

Notes Notes

[I

i.e. "“1I hope (1) i t . = n‘no have not o resentment taken (1) LLit, resentment [ I hope] hope]’.. i.e. hope you not taken you have who for exampie. offence.” Used, the cause by someone Used, for of aa is the offence.” exampie. by someone who cause of accident such foot oor rspilling someone else’s minor such as else's foot minor accident spilling as stepping on someone stepping on something something on on oorr near near some some person. person. me’ and and used. used. e.g. someone the (2) LLit. = ‘permit (2} it. = is blocking blocking the e.g. iiff someone ‘permit me’ the speaker wants ttoo politely speaker's politely interrupt speaker wants speaker's wav. interrupt way. oorr iiff the someone. someone. Can be be used ‘with vour ismaHii but but has has = "with used like (3) LLit. like ismaH}i it. = {3} permission’. Can your permission’. ‘Excuse me. This have to leave now.” now.’ This the additional additional meaning me. T to leave | have the meaning ooff “Excuse latter meaning verbal form form asid’zin. also be be conveyed by the asté’zin. the verbal latter conveyed by meaning may may also

is

is

RAMMAR IIlI GGRAMMAR

and superlative adjectives Comparative superlative adjectives ‘Comparative and

is form ooff the the adjective The comparative adjective is (and superlative) superlative) form The comparative (and For most of number. For tor gender and number. inflected for i.e. not most of invariable, i.e. not inflected gender and invariable, is for the the comparative far. the the pattern the adjectives the comparative is adjectives piven pattern for given so far. aCCaC. aCCaC.

kibjir kibiir sughdyyar sughdyyar gamiil gamiil

akbar dkhar dsghar fsghar dgmai gmail

bigger bigger

smaller smaller

—more beautiful beautiful more

identical the adjective and third second and r g identical the second l e t t e r s of the adjective aare o o tletters third rroot When the When 1s but aCaCC, but the comparative usually aCaCC. usually xaftif), thc (e.g. comparative pattern (e.g. xaflif), pattern 1s aCCac. occasionally aCCaC. occasionally xaflif xafiif

gidiid gidiid

axaff axaff agdad agdad

fin weight) weight) lighter lighter {in newer newer

-# form the comparative form the to according to -w or -i comparative according ending in -w Adjectives ending Adjectives

aCCa. the pattern the patrern aCCa.

46 46

SIX LESSON 51X LESSON

Hilw Hitw

ghéali ghaali

aHla 4Hla

sweeter, sweeter, pretiier prettier

dghta Aghta

mare more expensive expensive

4Hsan (‘better’). is dHsan The comparative (better’). (‘good’) is kwayyis ('good’) The comparative ooff kwiyyis is min. min. Arabic comparative ‘than’ in Arabic structures is The word comparative structures word for than’ The

for

dkbar minnak minnak ana ana dkbar

than yyou II'm ' m bigger ou bigger than

Colours (ll-alwéan) (iJ-alwéan) Colours m m.

&Hmar amar 4xdar axdar 4zra’ Azra dsfar dsfar

red red green green blue blue yellow yeltow white white black black brown brown

binni binni

grey grey

raméadi raméadi

dbyad byad

iswid iswid

orange orange

burtu'éani dani burtu

,

Hamra Hamra xddra xadra

zara zara séfra safra

béeda béeda oda sséoda bunni bunni ramdadi ramaadi burtu’dani burtu’dani

ppi.l . umr HHumr xudr xudr zur’ zur’ sufr sutt biid biid suud suud binni biinni ramdadi ramaadi burtu’dani burtu'dani

Off the basic pattern the same certain are adjectives (aCCaC) are adjectives denoting denoting certain O same basic pattern (a’CaC)

disabilities. physical disabilities. physical blind blind deaf deaf dumb, mute dumb, mute lame lame one-eyed one-eyed

49ma 4%ma

Samya

dtras tras

tara

d9rag a9rag a9war d9war

Sora

4xras xras

xérsa Sarga

Sumy Sumy furs furs Xurs xurs Surg Surg uSuur ur

is worth worth noting that an would probably "he cannot noting that ITtt is an Egyptian Egyptian would probably say cannot say *he ‘he "he is ‘he has see" rather rather than than “he has one rather than blind’; ‘he than ‘he is blind’; sec” one eye’ eye” rather is is a definite what There is definite preference for using one-eyed’, etc. etc. There one-eyed’, preference for using what is considered a circumlocution to direct a polite direct mention considered polite circumlocution mention of an adjective an adjective of physical Onn the the other other hand. a9war might of hand. d9war disability. O be physical disability. might be considered an insult for for aa bad bad driver! driver! considered an appropriate appropriate insult

is is

Ml EXERCISES EXERCISES ITI

11 Reading Reading practice practice

akbar minnak 4na dkbar minnak bi-talat bi-talat sinfin. siniin. dna min il-ba'laawa dHsan 4Hsan m il-ba’ldawa i ni2-2iléati. iZ-Zildati.

47 47 sdakin fil-beet miin sdakin da? fil-beet il-4byad miin il-abyad da? muniira gamiila, laakin farfida farfida dgmal. munfira gamfila, laakin agmal. min il-Yarabivya H a m r a dgdad il-Yarabiyya |-x4dra. ilYarabiyya | -|-Hamra i!-Sarabiyya l-xédra. agdad min wAlla ingiliizi? ceh il-ashal, 94rabi walla il-ashal, 9drabi eeh ingiliizi? “Awi! dool sughayyarfin il-odtéen il-odtéen dool sughayyartin ‘wi!

DN

Translation exercise exercise 22 Translation

Wx Nah

NaAVWeYWN

ee

— =

5

|.

Hasan dsghar min réamiz. Hisan réamiz. dsghar min sawwd4a’ wiHis. wiHis. da 49war. hiwwa sawwdsa’ is-sAwwaa’ da 49war. hiwwa is-sdwwaa’ &Hla i-fusiui, ir-rabii9 dHla |-fusiul. ir-rabii9 il-burtu‘dan dHsan. 4Hsan. léakin il-burtu‘dan it-tufféaH kwdyyis it-tuffdal kwayyis ldakin i-kitabéen dool dool ruxias. ruxdas. il-kitabéen than Hassan, Hassan. (in weight) a m lighter I1am lighter {in weight) than nicer than than winter. winter. Summer is nicer Summer is more beautiful. his sister sister is Those two girls are beautiful, but but his Those more beautiful. are beautiful, beautiful Egyptian of the the [from Alexandria is most beautiful is one the} most Egyptian [from the] Alexandria one of cities. cities. blue pens. much for for those those two How much two blue How pens.

is

LESSON SEVEN SEVEN LESSON (id-dars is-sdabi9) (id-dars is-sdabi9) EXPRESSIONS COMMON EXPRESSIONS lI 1COMMON 1

wala yhimmak (to m.s.) m.s.) wala yhimmak (to wala yhimmik t o f.s.) f.s.) yhimmik ((to o r wala

Don’t worry! worry! Don’t

bdalak ({to x4lli bdalak m.s.) t o m.s.) xalli baalik (to xalli baalik (to f.5.) f.s.) o r xélli 29 xAllu balkum (to (to pl.) pl.) or xallu bdlkum

Be careful ecareful B

Haasib ((to m.s.) t c m.s.) Haasib Hasbi { t o ff.s.) s.) or Hashi a2 Hasbu (to l.} (to ppl.) Hasbu

ut! o a k oout! LLook

g

wala yhimmukum (to pl.) yhimmukum (topl.) or wala or

(to

Q =

i1

xsdara yyaa xsdara

What a pity! pity! What

48 48

SEVEN LESSON SEVEN LESSON

Notes Notes let iitt not not worry = [‘fand] you.” a n d ] let it. = (1) (1) LLit, worry you.’ 9ala. min Takes the the prepositions i n or 94la. ‘pay attention’. Also ‘pay prepositions m attention’. Takes (2) Also fast imminent danger (e.g. a fast danger {e.g. sense ooff urgency May convey (3) (3) May urgency oorr imminent convey aa sense about toto fall, etc.). etc.). something about fall, approaching approaching car, car, something The particle introduces vocative vocative expressions. expressions. loss. The xasdara = = loss. particle ya (4} xassiara (4) ya introduces joss!” 0 joss!” it. = LLit. = ‘‘O

RAMMAR II!I GGRAMMAR Perfect Tense Tense (Simple Verbs) Perfect (Simple Verbs) Arabic. The The ‘perfect’, action There arc basic tenses tenses in Arabic. denoting action w o basic There ‘perfect’, denoting are ttwo is finished, which is the English The *imperfinished, corresponds which English past tense. The corresponds ttoo the ‘imperpast tense.

or

fect’ refers refers ttoo action on-going (either on-going future) wich isis incomplete action which fect’ o r future) incomplete (either and future future tenses. and corresponds our present. progressive and tenses. corresponds t o our and present, progressive is no o form ooff the the verb verb iinn Arabic. Arabic. A A verb There is verb is is n There infinitive form infinitive of referred ttoo by the the 3rd 3rd person masculine singular referred singular o f its perfect perfect tense. tense. person masculine is also This is also how how the the verb verb appears This dictionary. appears i n aa dictionary. is conjugated The simple verb katab kétab "he ‘he wrote’ wrote’ is the perfect The simple verb conjugated iinn the perfect follows: tense tense as as follows:

to

in

katébr (Ana) katabt (dna) (inta) kkatdbt (inta) atibt (inti) katabti katabti (inti} katab {hiwwa) (iiwwa) katab katabit (hiyya) (hiyya) katabit (@Hna) katibna kataébna (iHna) Gintu) katdbtu katébru (intu) kétabu (hiimma) kdtabu {(himma)

its

|

wrote I wrote yyou o u {m.s.) (m.s.) wrote wrote you (f.s.) wrote wrote you {f.5.)

he wroie he wrote

she wrote wrote she Wwe wrote we wrote you (pl.) wrote wrote you (pl.) they wrote wrote

katab as the shortest shortest and and simplest Taking form iinn this this conjugation, Taking katab as the simplest form conjugation,

finds tthat the other other persons one indicated by the addition one finds h a t the addition of are indicated by the persons are suffixes. Where Where the the suffix suffix causes cluster of of two suffixes. there causes a cluster two consonants consonants there is also also a change change is stress. i n stress,

in

LESSON SEVEN SEVEN LESSON

49 49

of

The shape is not the simple shape The verb is o f the CaCaC. Sometimes simple verb not always Sometimes always CaCaC. but the CiCIC, but the suffixes suffixes and and stress CiCiC. the same. stress patterns For are the same. For patterns are the conjugation “he understood’ example, fihim “he understood’ is example, the conjugation ooff fihim is iitt is

is

(4na) (ana)

fihimt fihimt

(Hina) (iHna)

fhimna fihimna

(inta) (inta) (inti) (inti)

fihimt fihimt fihimti fihimti

(inta) (intu) (himma) (hiimma)

fihimtu fihimtu fihimu fiimu

{hiwwa} (hiwwa) (hiyya}) (hiyya)

fihim fihim fihimit fihimit

Verbal Negatives Verbal Negatives &: is ma for the The nepative the perfect verb + The + verb structure for tense is + § perfect tense ma + negative structure

makatabtis makatdbtii makatabtis makatabtis makatabtfis makatabtiis makatabs makatabi makatabits makatahitg makatabndas makatabndas makatabuius makatabuiug makatabuus makatabius

didn't write write II didn’t didn't write write (m.s.) didn't yyou o u (m.s.) didn't write yyou o u {f.5.) (i.s.) didn't he didn't he didn't write she didn't didn't write write she didn't write we didn't we write didn't write yyou o u [pl.) (pl.) didn't didn't write they they didn’t

is

there is already Note that that where where there cluster of of two consonants consonants before Note before already a cluster -S suffix. the -§ the vowel vowel .iadded between between the the cluster cluster and and the the suffix. the -i- is is added the § creates cluster suffix (2.2. Where the the addition addition ooff # creates aa cluster suffix (e.g. makatdbti§). makatabtis). Where shift in stress but there is kétab but is a a shift consonants there stress (e.g. w o consonants (e.g. kétab of ttwo the verb {before And where the the form form ooff the the verb (before adding adding the n d where makatab§). A makatib$). that vowel vowel is and ends iinn a# vowel, vowel, that is lengthened lengthened and negative structure) ends negative structure) stressed {e-g. stressed makatabniaé). (eg. makatabnias). in the verbs and and practise them in the the following Lear the following verbs practise conjugating conjugating them Leam Then practise the negative forms. tense. Then perfect perfect tense. practise the negattve forms.

datas ddras 94mal 94mal ‘éfal *afal nizil nizil libis 1ibis Sinf inf fataHl fitaH

10 study study to

do make, do to make, to close o close f10 descend to descend to wear wear 16 know to know to open open

189 tili9 arat ddarab tatab talab daxal daxal xdrag xdrag “aDad ‘aad sdkan sdkan

n go Ito. go up up

strike ta strike to ask for fo to ask for to enter enter {0 go our fo go out Sit ta say, to stay, sit live reside, live to reside,

« 50 50

SEVEN LESSON SEVEN LESSON

Pat Active Participles Verbs) (Simple Verbs) Active ples (Simple

introduced [Lesson have been been previously Active participles [Lesson 5 5]] as as Active previously introduced participles have having the form Active participles but verbal verbal meaning. form ooff adjectives participles adjectives but meaning. Active having sound plural this type made plural with the the sound ooff this plural ending ending are usually usually made plural with type are ((iin). iim). which case Active participles also occur the Active nouns iinn which case the participles may occur as as nouns may also is often the broken broken plural often formed formed according plural one ooff the plural plural is according ttoo one used both both adjectivally Some can be used patterns. n d nominally. or adjectivally aand can be nominally, FFor patterns. Some example: example:

the

m. m.

(adj.) (adj.) (n.} (n.} (adj.) (adj.) (n.} (n.)

94amil_ 9damil S4amil %damil kéatib— kéatib kéatib kdatib

f.

Samia 9amla 94mla 94mla katba kdtba kdtba kdtba

.

Yamliin Yummidal katbiin kuttéab kuttdadb

= = = = = =

[is/are] [isfare] doing doing workman labourer, workman labourer, [istare] [istare] writing writing writer

the

Compare Compare the following: following:

dool in-naas Yamliin in-naas dool 9amliin Héaga Héaga gharfiba gharfiba in-naas doo! dool Jummaal 9ummaal in-naas in-naas dool dool katbiin katbiin asamiihum asamiihum in-naas in-naas doot dool kuttdab kuttdab in-naas

Those people people are Those are doing doing somesomething thing strange. strange. Those people labourers. Those people are are lubourers. Those people are their Thosepeople are writing writing their RAMmeEs. names. Those people Those people are are writers, writers.

Passive Participles Passive Participtes (Simple (Simple Verbs) Verbs)

The pattern for forming The from simple is forming passive passive participles verbs is pattern for participles from simple verbs maCCuuC (m.s.); is usually maCCuuC maCCuuCa (f.s.}; (m.s.); maCCuaCa the plural (f.5.}: the plural is maCCuusually maCCuClin, but but sometimes sometimes a broken broken plural Ciin, plural applies. applies.

maktiub m aktiub maftiuH maftiuH mmamniu9 amniu masmuuH masmuut mabsiiut mabsiut maz but mazbiut

masghiul magghiul (masghuliin) (masghuliin) magniun magniun (maganfin) (maganiin)

written written open open forbidden forbidden permitted permitted happy happy all right all right busy busy mad crazy, ad crazy, m

SEVEN LESSON SEVEN LESSON

mafhium mafhdum mashiiur m athiar

5511

understood: o course! understond; off course! famous famous

Additional vocabulary vocabulary

Additional

lissa lissa saaHib siaHlib (agHdab) (asHadab) nahdar nahaar (1. o tuul (n. oFr prep.} tuul prep.) in-nahdar tuul in-nahaar tuul balad halad nfzil nfzil nizil_ masr nfzil mast nizil il-balad il-balad nizil fi lukdnda nizil fi nizil lukanda fustdan {Fasatiin} (fasatiin} fustdan Hariir Hariir maHall (maHalldat) (maHallaat) maHall Yasdan Yasdan gliwwa gawwa (prep.) (prep.) hawa {m.} {m.j hawa muluxiyya muluxiyya téani tdani asanséer asanséer (sugdun) sign sign {sugdun)

--

still; not (with neg.) still; not yer yet (with neg.) friend friend daytime duvtime length length all day all day downtown fown, fown, downtown down descend, ggoo down to descend, Cairo ta to go ttoo Cairo fo g downtown to goo downtown fo stay hotel to in a hotel stay in dress dress silk sitk store store because because inside iin, n , inside air air Jew's mallow mallow {an (an Muiukhiyya, Mulukhiyya, Jew's Egyptian vegetable) Egyptian vegetable) again again elevator ifr. hft, elevator jad jai ]

avr ir S

pueiry poewry

(maqalaat} maqaala (maqalaat} maqdala

article article

EXERCISES I I EXERCISES ITIL Reading practice 1d Reading practice il-xdamis aww id-dars t-xaamis imbaant. it-tulldab ddrasu ddrasu id-dars aww imbaart it-1ulléab insdadis. id- dary iv-sdadis. madarasuius id-dars lissa madarasius lissa filemakta Yamaltu ceh ech fil-maktaba”? Samdltu li-asHabna fi masr, katébna gawabiat masr gawabiat li-asHdbna fi katdbna in-nahdar? fil-beet tuul ‘aGadti fil-beet tuul in-nuhdar? ‘a9adt: fasetiin Harfir Hariir m wi-talabt: ttdlat nigilt 1l-bilad sl-balad wi-talabt min in ana mzilt dhadan! dpa i l a t fasetim dhadan!

52 52 fi §4ari9 béaga. s4ari9 siliméan sitimaan bala. maHill gidfid maH4ll gidfid fi ma’afaluus il-baab Jamma xdragu. i-9ummaal ma'afalaus il-baab lAmma i-9ummaal xdragu. 18-519 bité9hum. mashurfin 1i§-3i% i-94rab mashuriin bitd%9hum. #-94rab id-duktoor tili9 foo’ bil-asanscer. bil-asanséer. id-duktdor tii9 foo’

Transtation exercise 22 Translation exercise haw: fataHit 15-4ibbdak i8-Sibbdak 9a3dan 9a34an guwwa fihius hdwa. - b e e t ma . léela lela faraHit ma fihiiu§ guwwa | |-beet 9asdan it-tabbaax il-awlaad mabsutiin 94mal muluxiyya tdani! it-tabbdax 94mal il-awldad mabsutiin 9asdan muluxiyya tdani! wi-9abdillah talab daxalna |-madt%am min dna Saay m i n ig-garsdon. daxdlna |-mat9am wi-9abdillah talab 3aay ig-garsdon. éna iaga. ma talabtis HHéaga. ma taldbtis Hasan nizil nizil masr ma9a saHbuh s4Hbuh [sdaHib + uh]. Hasan [saaHib + uh]. masr m49a sakéntu ‘abt il-Harb faransa ‘abl i!-Harb willa walla ba9ddha? ba9déha? fi fardnsa sakantu We e entered the 9:30. W entered the room room at 9:30. Why didn't study the lesson? lesson? Why didn't you you study he’s in jail. He's crazy! Hee struck struck a policeman and now He's crazy! H policeman and now he's jail. Our teacher article about about [9an] the pyramids. r o t e an teacher wwrote Qur an article [9an] the pyramids Hee didn’t didn’t stay because he's he’s busy. H busy. stay because

»

Leal

.

Rl

a

»

fi

the

—

in

Fadia

PeeannwsS

LESSON EEIGHT LESSON IGHT (id-dars (id-dars it-tdamin) it-taamin) IT CCOMMON O M M O EXPRESSIONS. N EXPRESSIONS

11

Harr id-dinya id-dinya Harr

22

bard id-dinya bard id-dinya

33

id-dinya id-dinya dalma dalma

it's dark dark It's

44

id-dinya id-dinya bitméttar bitmattar

IH's t ' s raining raining

55

dii d-dinya hiyva hiyya d d-dinya

That's life! Thar's life! (‘C'est (C'est 1a vvie!) ie!)

.

it’s hot hor Irs cold It's t's cold

la

Note Note the world. world. Tt (1,.2.3.4,5) id-dinya = the It derives derives from (1.2.3.4.5) from a root id-dinya = root meaning meaning be Tow’. ‘to be low’. so the literal literal sense ‘to ‘the world world down so iinn the down here here sense iitt means means ‘the on earth’ and the world world uupp there. there. i.e. i.e. heaven. heaven. Hence on earth’ and opposed ttoo the is opposed Hence

is

EIGHT LESSON EIOHT LESSON

these phrases world ‘the w these mean literally literally “the orld phrases mean

53 53

You etc.’ You hot. cold, dark, etc.’ cold, dark, iiss hot.

that the should nvie have to bbee exclusively does not reference does the reference should note that not have exclusively to outdoors. IItt can the outdoors. the temperature, said ooff the be said the indoors, iiff etc. indoors, can be temperature. etc. appropriate. appropriate.

IT RAMMAR Il GGRAMMAR Tense (Simple Verbs) (Simple’ Verbs) Imperfect Tense Imperfect The imperfect the patterns formed oonn the verbs is of simple is formed The tense of imperfect tense simple verbs i) patterns ((i) The final vowel oof each ywCCuC. is yiCCIC. and ( i i i ) yeCCuC. The final vowel f each is yiCCaC. and yiCCiC. ( i i ) yiCCaC. indicate which verb to the verb beside the brackets beside which pattern presented to indicate presented iinn brackets pattern followed. be followed. should be should and xdrag three fihim, and katab, (ihim, Using h e three paradigms for tthe as paradigms xdrag as Using katab, have: patterns, patterns. we have:

(i)

11 (dna) (ana) (intay {inta) (inti) (inti) (hiwwa) (hiwwa) (hiyya) (biyya) (iHaa) (’Hna) (intu) (intu) (hiimma) (himma)

(iii)

(i)

write to write lo

kétab kdtab (i)

aktib dktib tiktib tiktib tiktrbi tiktibi yiktiby yikuib tiktity tiktib niktib niktib tiktibu tiktibu ——_yiktibu yiktibu

shall write write II write, am writing, write, am writing, shall write {m.s.) write yyou o u {m.s.) write yyou o u (£.5.) (fs) write writes hhee writes she writes writes she write we write we write you (pl.) write you (pl.) write they they write iktib iktib iktibi iktibi iktibu iktibu

22

afham #fham

(inta) (inta) (inti) (inti) (hiwwa) (hiwwa) (hiyya) (hiyya) (GHna) {1Hna)

tifham tifham tithami tithami yifham yéfham tifham titham nifham nifham

Write! (pl.} Write! (pl.

understand to understand

fihim ((a) a) fihim

(ana) {4na)

Write? (m.s.) (m.s.) Write! Write! (f.5.) (Es.) Write!

~~

{1

understand, am understanding, am understanding, understand,

understand shall understand shall understand (m.s.) understand you you (m.s.) understand (f.s.} understand you you (f.s.) understands hhee understands understands she understands she understand we understand we

540 54

EIGHT LESSON EIGHT LESSON

Gata) (intu)

tifhamu tifhamu

{himma} (hémma)

yithamu yifhamu

understand you (pl.) understand you (pl.) understand they they understand

Understand! (m.s.) (m.s.) Understand! Understand! (f.s.) (f.s.) Understand! Understand! (pl.) (pl.) Understand!

itham ifham ifhami ifhAmi ifhamu ifhdmu 33

axrug axtug

raxrug toxrug tuxrigi tuxrigi wixrug yrixrug tixrug

{(himma) (himma)

out to ggeo out

(u)} xdrag xdrag (u}

(ana) {4na) Cinta) (inta) (inti) (inti) (miwwa) (hiwwa) {hiyya) (hfyya) (Hna) (1Hna) (intu) (intu)

i

shail ggoo oout ut m going out, aam I ggoo out. out, shall going owt,

out you (m.s.) go go out you (m.s.) ut you {f.s.) go go oout you {i.5.) he goes out he goes out she goes ut she goes oout we go out we go out

nixrug néxrug

tuxnigu tuxnigu

ut you (pl.) go you (pl.) go oout

——_yuxrdigu yuxrigu

they go out go out

out! (m.s.) (m.s.) Go out!

dxrug dxrug uxrigi uxrigi uxriigu uxnigu

Go

Goo oout! u t ! (f.s.) (£.s.) G Go o out! ( p l . } G (pl.)

out!

of

forms o f the and hivya the imperfect identical. inta and that the the inta Note that are identical. hiyya forms imperfect are Note is usually the imperfect Arabic the b(i)- to to preceded bbyy b(i)n Egyptian IIn imperfect is Egyptian Arabic usually preceded future. and by the future. denote the the present denote the H{a)- to denote denote by H(a)present and

baktib béktib bitiktib bitiktib bitiktibi bitiktibi biyfktib biytktib bittktib bitiktib binsktib binfktib bitiktibu bitiktibu biyiktibu biyiktibu.

and

da

an

Haktib Hiktib Hatiktib Hatiktib Hatiktibi Hatiktibi Hayiktib Hayiktib Haatiktib Hatiktib Haniktib Haniktib Hatiktibu Hatiktibu Hayiktibu Hayiktibu

of the The negative be formed formed in three three ways: the imperfect The imperfect can negative of can be ways:

maktibS maktibi matiktfbs matikiibs atiktibiid mmatiktibfis

mabaktibs/ or mabaktibs/ maHaktibs maHaktibs ete. ete.

mis biktib/mis béktib/mis Haktih Haktib oorr mis etc. ete.

= LESSON EIGHT EIGHT LESSON

55 55

mayiktibs maviktibs matiktibs matiktibs maniktibs maniktib$ matiktibius matiktibniug mayiktibiiug mayiktibius

~— — IMPORTANT: the is based IMPORTANT: based not the negative the imperanegative imperative imperative is not ox on the imperative but but oonn the the imperfect tive indicative. imperfect indicative.

matiktibs matiktibg matiktibiig matiktibiis matiktibaus matiktibius

:

:

write! (m.s.) DDon't o n ' t write! (m.s.) Don't write! write! (f.5.) Don't (f.s.) Don't write! write! (pl.) Don't (pl.)

Here again the verbs verbs that that appeared Lesson Seven, Seven, this time Here again are this time are the appeared iinn Lesson followed by the vowels vowels which which indicate indicate the the pattern each verb verb follows follows followed by the pattern each fist pputting for the the verbs verbs the imperfect. work through through u t i n g the the list for imperfect. Carefully Carefully work the imperfect, into the and negative into imperative and negative imperfect. negative imperfect. imperative negative imperfect, imperative. imperative.

the

daras déras Smal 94mal ‘fal *afal nizil nizil

Ibis ibis O rit frit fatal} faitaH

(i) (i

1ili9 tlio

(a) (a)

i) ((i) i) ((i) (fi) i)

darab darab ilab tfalab daxal dixal

(a) (a) {u) (u) (u) (uw)

(a) (a) (a) (a)

sdkan sdkan

{u) (u)

(1) i)

'‘d9ad (uv) ‘a9ad—(u)

and without prefixes bi- and the verb verb (i.e., form ooff the The basic basic imperfect {i.e.. without prefixes biimperfect form The be used used (a) after certain (a) after certain active active participles: participles: Ha-) may HBa-) may be

Aktib Ydrabi Qaarif iktib 9rabi 9aarif tinzil bit-asapséer bilasanséer Gdyza tinzil Sdyza

to

Arabic. write Arabic. know how h o w to write 1i know the lift down, She wants lift down, to ktake e the wants 10 She

like ldazim Idazim and and darduri invarsable auxiliaries auxiliaries like after certain darduri and (b) certain invarsable and (b) after mig is not darduri {it and mis (it is is necessary), ldazim and not necessary). mis laazim necessary), dariuri (it is necessary), mis (it {it is to} is possible). and gaayiz mafraud (supposed (supposed to}: possible), mafriug mimkin, yimkin gaayiz {it mumkin, yimkin and

laéazim tilbis bi-sdr9a tilbis bi-sirda liazim bina i ' S u d bina a f r i u d rti'9ud m mafriud

dressed iinn aa hurry, You must hurry, must ger You get dressed You ure here. to sit ltere. supposed io are supposed You

56 56

IGHT E S S O N EEIGHT LLESSON

‘ga!

‘ga’

is

Here i s an Arabic. Here few irregular verbs iinn Egyptian There are There an Egyptian Arabic. are very few irregular verbs come) t o come) important important one: one: ga ga ((to

(éna) (ana) (inta) (inta)

(inti) (inti) (hawwa) (hiwwa) {hiyya) thiyya) (1Hna) (iHna) (intu) (1ntu) (h imma) (himma)

Perfect tense Perfect tense geet geet geet geet ggéeti éeti ga gat —_géena géena géetu géetu gum gum +

Negative Imperfect Negative Imperfect magiti dagi magiti magitd tligi magit’ magitiid tigi magitiis amagaas gai yiig magits tigi magats magindad nfigi maginéad—nifigi —tiigu magitdud tiigu magitéus maging —yfigu viigu magins

Imperative Imperative

i

ta9éala ta94ala ta9dali ta9dali

taSéalu ta94alu

Additional vocabulary Additional vocabulary tariix tarfix rivadiyydat riyadiyydat 9ilm (Sulium) (Sulium) 9ilm

Hantuiur Hantiur durg durg. mwusiiga vousiiga wiagib wéagib dayya’ déyya" bald badd (a) (without rigi® (without prep.) rigi9 (a) prep.) Sirib (a) gfrib (a) simi9 (a) simi9 (a) dafa9 (a) (a) dafa9

history history mathematics mathematics Science Science (horse-driven) buggy, buggy, carriage carriage (horse-driven) drawer drawer music music homework duty; homework duty; short (time) narrow, (time) narrow; short each other other each ta return return (10) (to) to drink fto o drink listen to, hear to listen te to, hear to push, to pay to push; to pay

Some new based oonn the the above above vocabulary Some new expressions vocabulary are: are: expressions based tiliféon llii ddrab darab tiliféon Samal tiliféon Samal tiliféon liJi Sirib sigdara §irib sigdara

phone [s.0.] to phone [.0.]

smoke to smoke .- lo

= LESSON EIGHT EIGHT LESSON

57 57

EXERCISES IIll l EXERCISES

I1 Reading Reading practice practice

dna bdfham bafham faransaawi faransdawi dwdyya. dna swayya. eeh dina Hatlub Hatutlub Hétlub gibna fil-madt9am? dna Hatutlub ech baladi fil-mat@am? wi-Vees biladi gibna béeda béeda wi-Yees wi-fuul wi-zatiun, wi-fuul wi-zatiun, inta wi-mraaiak wr-mraatak bitidrisu bitidrisu eeh eeh fig-gam9a, inta taniix wélla walla lughdat? fig-gim9a, tariix lughéat? la tariix fHna mabnidrisi mabnidriss la fHna tariix wala wala lughaal. badris riyadiyyaat wilughaat. dna riyadiyyaat wina badris mrdati bitidris bitidris YSuldum.mrdati ulium. il-wa't ddyya'. irkab il-Hanudur il-wa't dayya’. irkab w-irga9 il-lukénda. il-lukanda. i-Hantiur w-irga9 il-Hisdab? wala tidfad il-His4ab wala yhimmak. mi§ dariuri il-Hiséab innaharda. innaharda. il-Hisaab? yhimmak. mi$ dariuri tidfa¥ tidfa9 bitkra bakra. Mamkin tidfa9 bad bikra. bikra aw Mumkin aw baSd law samdHt, samaHt, udxul udxul 1l-mdktab il-maktab budath law w-'fil id-durg. betaa w-i'fil id-durg. lissa mabyi9rafiug i m m alissa hthimma mabyiSrafaus babd. bad 2 Translation Translation exercise exercise 2

hall

feye

ana basma% basma9 musiiga Yarabiyya. dna musiiga 9arabiyya. bititham 94rabi Yérabi kwayyis. hiyya hiyya bitifham kwayyis. bitaa9u. mid mis 94rfa 94rfa hiwwa fil-maktab bitda%u. hiwwa fgen, feen. a b y u $ u d s fil-maktab guzha guzha mmabyu9idé bitaYhum. inta inta Haukub Hatikub il-wiagib it-tulldab -tulldab biyiktibu biyiktibu l-waapib |-waags> bitd%hum. ii-wdagib bitda9ak 1mta’ imta? bitaa%ak dii l-maHatta |-maHatta biti%ak. bita9rak. inzil inzil bbi-sur9a! i-sira! d What do you drink? f . ) want ttoo dnnk? What you ((f.) for three months. months will live live in in Egypt They period of] three They will Egypt for {a{a period 11's home before before Friday. 10 rreturn for m Friday. e t u r n home o t possible mee 10 11's nnot possible for than you He's smaller smaiier than bit that that boy! are. DDon’t o n ' t hit boy! He's you are. while ago. but she she will will return little while She went out return iinn [after] [after] out a little She ago. but five minutes: five minutes.

Sw o e

do

—

Beara

= 58 58

NINE LESSON NINE LESSON (id-dars it-tdasi9) (id-dars it-tdasi9)

EXPRESSIONS O M M O N EXPRESSIONS I1 CCOMMON 11

(resp.) (resp.)

w-inta ttdyyib éyyit kull sana sina w-inta kull m.s.) (to m.s.) {to w-inti tayyiba tayyfba u l l sana kkull sina w-inti (to f.5.) (to fs.) kull sdna sana ww-inta -intu kull l.} t o ppl.) tayyibiin tayyibfin ((to weinta tayyib tayyib w-inta tc eetc.

Season's greetings greetings Season's

Same to yyou ou Same

22

abriur Hagg Hagg mmabraur

Congratulations oonn your Congratulations your recent recent pilgrimage pilgrimage

33

karjim ramadaan yamaddan_ kariim

3 below) Note 3 below) (See Note (See

akram ajfaahu dkram ajtldahu

Notes Notes

of

any and Christians Christians at any festive annual annual Used by Muslims and time o f festive (1) Used (1) by Muslims time and you “Every year are good’. holiday, public personal. LLit. good’. i t . = "Every holiday, public or personal. year and you are Mecca is one so-called Five Five Pillars Pillars of Islam. Islam. one of (2) Pilgrimage the so-calted ofthe Pilgrimage ttoo Mecca {2) on lifetime. should go onpilgrimage least once Muslims should = Mushms pilgrimage at least it. = once iinn aa lifetime. LLit. ‘Blessed pilgrimage’. ‘Blessed pilgrimage’. Another Piliar Pillar ooff Islam Islam is the annual annual fast fast for for the the month month ooff is the (3) (3) Another drink smoke Ramadan. Muslims the fast do not eat, Ramadan. Muslims observing eat. drink or smoke observing the fast do not before dawn from just before dawn until until just after sunset for the the whole whole month. month. sunset for from just after Since the the Islamic Islamic calendar calendar is lunar, with aa year about eleven eleven days lunar, with Since days year about shorter than than our fixed solar solar year. Ramadan shorter our fixed gradually moves moves year, Ramadan gradually When i t falls is longer the seasons. fast is fails iinn summer and through through the seasons. When the fast summer the longer and is always difficult, but but whatever whatever the the degree more more difficult, degree ooff severity always severity iitt is with the the expression which means kariim, which downplayed downplayed with ramadaan kariim, means expression ramadaan is generous’. "Ramadan is is more akram means ‘God is ‘Ramadan generous’. ajliahu means “God more alliahu dkram generous’, generous’.

is

at

is

it

= LESSON NNINE LESSON INE

The three other Pillars Pillars of of Islam Islam are: The three other are:

599 5

©

8-Sahdada — i§-3ahdada

-

= ‘bearing the profession witness’. This LLit. it. = This is “bearing witness”. is the profession faith by saying: ooff faith laa iliaha ilaaha H itaa |lash, IJaah, wa wa saying: laa muHammadun rasiuiv-tlash. muHimmadun rasiuiu-Hash.

~ is-saldah is-saléah

five times The set times daily The set prayer daily required five prayer required and (dawn. mid-afternoon, sunset, (dawn, noon, sunset, and noon, mid-afternoon, evening). evening).

iz-zakdah -- iz-zakdah

Almsgiving. Almsgiving.

IIL GGRAMMAR RAMMAR

Verbs Doubied Verbs Doubled

take the the form form CaCC, verbs take doubled verbs CaCC, the perfect tense. simple simple doubled IInn the perfect tense, the variable vowel identical. The The variable vowel for the last last two for the two consonants consonants being being identical. the be imperfect ut o orr ii.. imperfect may may be

1

ut to pput u ) to Hatt Hatt ((u)

perfect perfect Hatiéet Hattéet Hattéet Hattéet

na) ((ana) (inta) (inta) (inti) (inti) (hawwa) {hiwwa) {hiyya) (hiyya) (1Hna) (Ha) (intu) (intu} (hiimma) (himma)

Hattéeti Hatt

Hattit Hattéena Hattéetu Hattéetu Hattu Harty

imperfect imperfect H aaHutt tiHutt tiHo1t

imperative imperative -

-

yitan yiltart

Hutt Hutt itti HHetti ->

yiHittu yiHitte

--

tite Harti

tiHurt Hutt its nniHutt tiHiittu tiHite

like

Hatt: Conjugated like Hatt: Conjugated

ala) to reply reply to ((Sata) (u} radd radd—(u) xads to enter enter fo (u} (u} xasd Look to look (u) bass bass (u)—sta jump (u) matt o jump ffa (u) nat

--Hogtu attu H

600 6

LESSON NINE NINE LESSON

fo count i ) to count d d ({i) aSadd

perfect perfect Saddéer Qaddéet Saddéet Gaddéet Saddéeti Saddéeti Sadd Qadd 94ddit S4ddit Saddéena Saddéena Saddéetu 9addéetu 9addu 9addu

(&na) (ana)

(inta) (inta) (inti) (inti) (hriwwa} (hdwwa}

(hiyya) (hiya) (iHna) (1Hna)

Gntuy (intu)

(himma) (himma)

imperfect imperfect a9idd aidd ti9idd ti%idd ti9iddi tiofddi yi9idd yididd ti9idd ti%idd nididd nididd ti9iddu ti%iddu yi%iddu yididdu

imperative imperative -9idd 9idd 9iddi 9iddi -

-

--~

Ofddu 9ddu

--

like 9add 9add Conjugated Conjugated like Habb Habb rann rann Hagg Hagg ghaid ghass

i) ((i) i) (i} i) ((i) Gi) {i}

like oorr love love to like to ring ring go pilgrimage go oonn pilgrimage cheat to cheat

o ito

Hollow Verbs Verbs Hollow

in

CaaC Hollow verbs form CaaC verbs take take the the form the perfect. The aa takes the the i n the Hollow perfect. The aa takes is suppressed middle radical radical (either which is (either w or y) which place place ooff aa middle suppressed iinn forms ooff the but which which does does the simple verb (Form (Form 1), conjugated 1), but conjugated forms simple verb and some the derived derived forms. forms. active participle h e active appear participle and some of the appear in tthe Notice particularly how the the vowels vowels change The particularly how h e perfect. Notice change in tthe perfect. The variable vowels vowels iinn the the imperfect uu. i i , or aa, variable imperfect are are ww, aa.

ii,

taaH (u) (u) to to go raaH go

(4na) (4na) (inta) (inta) (inti) {inti} (huwwa) {htiwwa) (hiyya) (hiyya)

perfect perfect

imperfect imperfect

rruHt uHt TuHt TuH! raHti raHui raaH raaH raaHit raaHit

aniu aniuH tirduH tirduH tintuHi tirduHi yirduH tinduH

(Hna) (1Hna)

riHna riHna

Gntu) {intu) (himma) (himma)

riiHtu réaHu rdaHu

rity

nirauH

tiniuHu yiniuHu

imperative imperative -ruuwH ruuH rriuHi duH:

-

-

--

--

rauHu riuHu

-

= LESSON NNINE INE LESSON

61

like

Conjugated Conjugated like raaH: raal:

‘aal ‘aal saam saam Saat Saaf zaar— zaat kaan kaan

(w) (u) (u) (u) (uw) (u) ((u} u} (u} (u)

to say sav to fast fast ro to see see visit visit be 1to 0 be

0to

(i)

Baab 10 bring paab { i } to bring

perfect perfect

(dna) (4naj (inta) (inta) (inti) (inti) (Iniwwa) (hiiwwa) ((hivya) hiyya) (iHna) (tHna) {imu) (antu) {(huimma) himma)

gibt gibt gibt gibt gibti gibti gaab gaab gaabit géabit gibna gina gibtu gibtu gaabu géabu

imperative imperative giib giib Efibi Bibi --

imperfect

-

agiib

tigiib

tigiibi yigiib

--

tigiib

-gitbu gitbu --

nigiib tigiibu yigiibu yigiibu

Conjugated Conjugated like like gaab: gaab:

gal Saal baad baal

{{i)i i) {fi)

to carry carry selt to sell

naam (a} to sleep. naam (a) sleep, ggoo to sleep sleep

(4na) (4na) (inta) (inta} (intiy (inti) (huwwa) (hiwwa) (hiyya} (hiyya} (iHna) (iHna) (intu) (intu) (himma) (hdmma}

perfect perfect

imperfect imperfect

imperative imperative

nimt nimt nimt nimt nimti nimti naam naam nadamit ndamit nimna nimna nimtu nimtu naamu mdamu

dam aaniam tindam tindam tindami tindami yindam yindam tindam tindam nindam nindam tindamu tindzmu yindamu yindamu

-naam naam ndami naami --ndamo ndamu --

-

variation oonn the the above of’, min A variation xaaf (a) above pattern (a) m is xaaf afraid of’, t o bbe e i n ‘‘to afraid A pattern is "I xuft *I the first the perfect: of ii iinn the first syllable instead of takes uw instead which takes perfect: xuft syllable ooff the which

is regular; tixéaf. etc, feared’. The The imperfect etc. axaaf, tixdaf. regular: axdiaf, feared’. imperfect is

62 62

NINE LESSON NINE LESSON

Radical Third Radical Weak Third with Weak Verbs with Verbs

(i)

réma throw (1) to fo throw rama

perfect perfect

imperfect imperfect

(ana) {4na)

améet rTaméet

Armi drmi

(Gata) (ina) (inti) (inti)

raméet raméet raméeti raméeti

tirmi tirmi tirmi tirmi

(hiiwwa) (iiiwwa)} (hiyya) (hiya) (t¥Ina) (Ha) (mtu) (mtu) (himma) (himma)

rama rama ramit ramit raméena ramécna raméetu raméetu rama Tamu

yirmi yirmi titmi tirmi nirmi nirmi tirmu tfrmu yirmu yirma

imperative imperative --

rmi {irmi irmi frmi --irmu irmu --

-

rama: like rima: Conjugated Conjugated like kawa kiwa

i) ((i)

iron to iron

is an there is is *ara where there the place read’, where *ara ((a) a in the variation is an a place of i o read’, a ) ‘‘to A variation 4’ra, ti’ra, and imperative: etc. the imperfect i ’ r a . etc. final ii ooff the imperative: #'ra, ti’ra, yy(’ra. the final imperfect and the

nisi ((a} te forget a ) to forget nisi

(ina) (4na) Cinta) (inta) (inti) (inti) (hitwwa) {hiwwa} (hiyya) (hiyya) QHna) {1Hna) (intu) (intu) (htimma) {hiimma)

perfect perfect nisiit nisfit nisfit nisfit nisiiti nisfiti ni nisi Nisyit nisyit Nisiina nisiina nisiita nisiitu nisyu aisyu

imperfect imperfect ansa ansa tinsa tinsa tinsi tinsi yinsa yinsa tinsa tinsa ninsa ninsa tinsu tinsu yinsu yinsa

imperative imperative

-insa {nsa insi insi

-

— -insu insu --

-

like nisi: Conjugated Conjugated like sfHi sfHi

(a) (a)

wake uupp to wake

Verbs like like migi and giri misi (i) ‘‘to Verbs walk. go’ run’ take take an t o walk. the (i) ‘‘to giti (i) go’ and t o run” an ijin i n the both the second syllable the imperative the imperfect and the syllable ooff both second imperfect and (pertect: imperative (perfect: but imperfect: misfit, but timéi, etc_). misfit, imperfect: amsi. ami, timéi, etc.).

NINE E S S O N NINE LLESSON

63 63

Additional vocabulary Additional vocabulary 9iid il-mildad i i d il-“iydama il-fitr i dil-fitr iSiid

Siid il-4dHa Oiid il-adHa Sasiura Oafdura méolid in-nabi in-nabi méolid in-nisiim §amm in-nisiim gamm

Hagg Hagg (Hugdag) (Hugdag) Higg soom sdayim il-al9a il-matHaf il-isldami il-matHaf abu I-hool I-hool abu gheet gheet

i

1M EXERCISES EXERCISES IIT

translation Verb translation 11 Verb

oh e e

the Translate the Translate following: following:

RR al

WN

AMR

dt —

bad

BN

PSP

abu I-hool! |-hool! zuuru ziuru dbu il-Haldawa. magabit magabit§ il-Haldawa. badri. biyndam biyndam badri. hindak! buss buss hindak! kida ‘“aalit d a l i t kida. i-waHdik! a t r u l i i g l-waHdik! mmatraHig Saadil. bitédufi 9dadil. bitddufi waxri. basHa basHa wixri. binHibb masr. binHibb masr. “uul! ‘nul! manséai il-asdami. il-asdami. mansdas

Christmas Christmas Easter Easier Feast on Shawwaal celebrating Feast celebrating on |1 Shawwaal the end end of the the Ramadan Ramadan Fast Fast the The so-called Feast of so-called Feast ImmoThe of Immolation oonn 10 10 Z Zuu {-Hijja lation t-Hijja 10 Muharram, Ashura. oonn 1M) Muharram, a Ashura. voluntary voluntary fast fast day the Propher's birthday the Prophet's birthday holiday oonn an Egyptian spring an Egyptian spring holiday the Monday the Monday following following Coptic Coptic Easter Easter pilgrim pilgrim pilgrimage pilgrimage Jas? fast fasting fasting the Citadel Citadel the the Islamic Islamic Museum Museum the the Sphinx the Sphinx field field

ruddi 9a t-tiliféon! Sala l-ard! matnamiis 94la matnamii§ lard! HartimH H a r i u H ispdanya. ispaanya. is-sabat. biySiil is-s4bat. biysiil Haniméi séwa. sawa. Haniméi i8-34"'a, bidt i§-44™'a, bi9t 18, ’aréet *aréet il-magdala. 18. il-maqdala. xuft minnuh. minnuh. 19. dna doa xuft 19. igri! 20. igri! 21. maaii 22. Hiatit 23. rayHiin 12, 13, 13, 14. 14. 1S. 15. 16. 16. 17. 17.

24. sdayim nayma 25. nayma 25.

2

Translation exercise exercise 2 Translation ‘ahwa. 1. ig-garson ig-garséon gaab gaab fingdan finggan ‘dhwa. huwwa fil-mustdéta. laazim asuuf aSauf id-duktoor id-duktoor wi wi huwwa 2. ldazim fil-mustaifa. be dna Saaf ii-bint nafs Huséen $aaf dii Ag-gdm9a wii ba%d ba9d w 3. Huséen il-bint d a y y a dna Suft nafs fig-gim9a w Swayya Suft il-bint fil-mait9am. il-bint fil-m4t9am. biyHibb in-noom badn wi-biyisHa waxri. nagiib in-noom -- biyndam biyndam badn nagiib biyHibb wi-biyisHa waxri. aws raddéeti waila lissa? taddéeti %dla 94la gawdabuh lissa? gawdabuh walla Did the Islamic {slamic Museum Museum or the the citadel? citadel? you visit visit the i d you D fasted iinn the Ramadan. the month month ooff Ramadan. They fasted They farmer carried boy t o the The farmer the boy the fields. fieids. carried the The suitcase with with you, Bring your Bring your suitcase you. Saturday afternoon? Where do do you Where afternoon? want ttoo go (pl.) want on Saturday you (pl.) go on O o oe 3 o h

A

Wl

to

—

Boer

LESSON TEN TEN LESSON i!-94agir) (id-dars (id-dars il-94asir) Hil H

EXPRESSIONS 11 CCOMMON O M M O N EXPRESSIONS I

L

(resp.} (resp.)

bil-hana wii-Sifa wid-tifa bil-hana yihans aljéah yihanniik a)jdah

.

Note 11 below) (Sce Note below) [Sce

= LLESSON E S S O N TTEN EN

65 65

a)ldah yihannfiki aJ4ab_yihannfiki alldah yihanniikum alJdah_yihanniikum

— haniyyan haniyyan

2

{resp.} (resp.)

hanndak a]ldah allah

(resp.} (resp.}

stifra sifra ddyma déyma —-yiddum 9jzzak yiddum izzak

Note 22 below) (See (See Note below)

——hanndak

33

3 below) Note 3 {See (See Note below)

Notes Notes

the food food Said by you host when when aa guest (1) (1) Said as host on the compliments you guest compliments you on you as ‘To {your} and health’ health’ and {your} happiness you you are serving. L i t . = ‘To and (resp.) happiness and serving. Lit. (resp.) God o d give ‘May give vou happiness’. ‘May G you happiness’. Said by you after someone drinks. LLit. and = ‘‘In I n happiness’ it. = {2} (2) Said someone drinks. happiness’ and you after God alternative ttoo alldah {resp.} o d give vou (cesp.} 'May alldah ‘May G happiness’. an an alternative you happiness’. vihanniik. yihanniik. Said by guest house. LLit. after eating someone’s house. i t . = ‘May ‘May your (3) Said (3) guest after eating at someone's your and (resp.) honour |and table be be always thus’ and dining always thus™ (resp.) "May ‘May your [and dining table your honour last always’. standing} last always’. good good standing}

are

’

Hi G GRAMMAR RAMMAR 11

Pronominat Suffixes Suffixes as Direct Objects Pronominal Objects as Direct

We suffixes used used as the pronominal as possessive possessive pronouns seen the haveseen have We pronominal suffixes pronouns be attached attached ttoo verbs, and of prepositions. verbs, may also They may also be as objects and objects of prepositions. They the suffixes suffixes are the same with the the direct objects, which case case the are the same with objects, iinn which as as direct which changes -ni. of changes Ist person t o -ni. singular which the 1st exception exception of person singular

as

the

fihimnit fihimni fthimak fihimak fihimik fihimik fihimuh fihimuh fihimha fihimha fihimna fihimna fihimkum finimkum fihimbum finimhum

the

he he he he he he he he he he he he he he he he

understood me understood me understood yyou (m.) o u (m.) understood understood yyou f.) o u ((f.) understood understood him/it himtit understood understood herlit heriit understood understood us understood understood yyou o u (pl.) (pl.) understood them understood them understood

to

Safni dafni Saafak 3dafak Saafik 3aafik Baafuh $dafuh Ratha §ifha Safina $4fna satkum gafkum 3afhum $4fhum

he saw he saw me me ete etc

suffix that that When ends iinn ttwo basic verb verb already w o consonants, consonants, aa suffix already ends h e n the basic W vowel. be preceded with aa consonant helping vowel. must be preceded by a helping consonant must begins begins with

66 66

TEN LESSON TEN 1ESSON

understood me me (s.) understood you you (s.)

fihimtini fihimtini

(m.) understood you 1understood you (m.)

fihimtak fihimtak

understood you f.) 1J understood you ((f.) himlit understood him/it o r you 1Tot you understood herlit understood herlit o r you ITor you understood understood us you (s.) understood you (s.) understood you IT understood (pl.) you {(pl.) them understood them o r you Ifor you undersiood

fihimtik fihimtik fihimtuh fhimtuh fthimtaha fihimt4ha fihimtina fihimtina fihimtikum fihimtikum fihimtuhum fihimtihum

—_ the

made When vowel must that vowel ends iin vowel, that verb ends must bbee made basic verb n aa vowel. the basic When

a

adding suffix. when adding a suffix. long tong when

fihimndah fihimn4ah

Safaukum fafitukum biyifhamtiuha biyifhamduha mayifhamuhéas mayifhamuhdas

him understood him w wee understood (pt.) they saw they o u (pl.) saw yyou her understand her they they understand her understand her do not they do not understand

suffix (-uh) 3rd pers.m.s. for the the 3rd the following (-uh) Study paradigm for following paradigm Study the pers.m.s. suffix the perfect the complete attached to the itab, perfect of kkatab. conjugation in the attached complete conjugation (ana) {4na)

katabtuh katdbtuh

(iHna) (tHna)

katabnéah katahndah

(inta) (inta) (nti) inti) (hiiwwa) (huwwa)

katabruh katdbtuh katabtiih katabtiih katabuh katabuh

(intu) (intu) {hiimma) {hiimma)

katabtduh katabtiuh katabiuh katabtuh

{hiyya) (hiyya)

katabituh katabituh

to

when attached 3rd pers. This 3rd suffix changes verb This attached t o a negative changes when m.s. suffix negative verb pers. m.s. and itself -§. The suffix -5. the negative followed by the The following and itself foliowed negative suffix following patterns patterns both common among native are native speakers. common among are both speakers.

(4na) (4na)

(inta) (inta) (inti) (inti)

(hiwwa) (hawwa) (hiyya) (hfyya)

(1Hna) (Hana)

(in)

(1ntu) (himma) (himma)

makatabtuhtus makatabtuhiui makatabtuhdus makatabtuhiud

makatabtibtius makatabtibiiug makatabhius makatabhius makatabithius makatabithuius

makatabnahiius makatabnahiung makatabtuhtius makatabtuhus makatabubiius makatabuhiiug

oorr

makatabuius makatabttiui makatabtius makatabtius makatabtiis makatabtiis makatabiius makatabiiud makatabitdus makatabitdud mmakatabnda’ akatabndaj makatabtius makatabtiius makatabuus makatabdud

recommended that understand bboth learn ttoo understand that vyou [Itt i is s recommended o u learn o t h patterns, or patterns, FFor

be preferable first pattern the first there is less your speech the own speech is less preferable as as there may be pattern may your own inherent ambiguity. For example, second the second makatabdus (from (from the inherent ambiguity. For example, makatabuug

TEN LESSON TEN LESSON

677 6

‘he did did not it’. “they write ir’, pattern} not write wnite it’, Pattern) might might mean mean ‘he it’, i d not not write ‘they ddid did not not write’. write’. ‘they did oor r‘they Relative clauses clauses Relative relative clause clause 1s that begins with is a dependent clause that n English IIn English aa relative dependent clause begins with The book book which which || read read was ‘that’. ‘which’, ‘which’, 'who', ‘who’, etc. ‘that’. etc. (e.g. (e.g. The was The structure Arabic refative relative clauses clauses differs differs expensive.). structure ooff Arabic expensive.). The definite or indefinite. indefinite. Tf whether the-antecedent the-antecedent is definite I f iitt depending depending on on whether is definite the the relative relative pronoun i. is definite pronoun is lMi.

ts

is

li ir-rdagil ir-réagil iili

l-gawdab d t a b i il-gawaab kkétab

da...

da... is-sitt iilli fil-beet . . , l i fil-beet is-sitt

...

The m who that h o wrote wrote that an w The man

. . . letter letter... is at who is The lady at home .. . The lady who home...

is

the antecedent antecedent is indefinite indefinite the the relative relative pronoun be omitted. IIff the omitted. must be pronoun must lazimna waHda waHda sitt lazimna Hatdtbux sit Hatitbux

We nneed who will We e e d some lady who some lady

fiih muddrris mudarris biyidrah fiilh biyidrab

There is teacher w who beats his his is a a teacher There h o beats

cook for cook us. for us.

lina 1-akl l-akl lina

talamfizuh talamfizuh

students. students.

the antecedent is the object verb or preposition is the the antecedent preposition iinn the object ooff aa verb ITff the with the the antecedent suffix agreeing antecedent relative clause, clause, aa pronominal relative pronominal suffix agreeing with the relative relative clause. clause. must must appear appear i n the

in

illi dardstuh dardstuh . . . td-dars illi id-dars .

.

Ili nizilt nizét fiba fina il-lukdnda il-lukanda 1li

studied . . I studied h a t1 lesson tthat Thelesson The hotel hotel where where || stayed The stayed . . The

.

EXERCISE I I EXERCISE III then and answers, the example Read carefully sets ooff questions answers, then example sets carefully the questions and Read the answers exercise by compleung ta 44 yourself. answers for for || ta the exercise yourself. continue the compleung the continue (example) (example)

it-hahrdba? dafa9t il-Hisdab il-Hisdab bitda9 bitda9 it-kuhrdba? dafadt dafa9tuh. aywa, aywa, dafd%tuh. madafaStuhuvs. ja, madafa9tuhius. la,

(example) (example)

fi sinima sinima ast in-niil? Siftu I-film I-film ig-gidiid ‘ast in-niil? ig-gidiid A suftu Sufndah. dywa, dywa, Sufndah. maSufnahaus. a , masufnahdui. lla,

68 68

{example} {example}

imbdariH? fil-masraH imbdariH? f t i i n a fil-masralH uSuftfina Suftaku. aywa. aywa. Suftiku, masuftuktus. la. masuftukius. la.

{example) {example)

i w a l-'amiis? il-makwidgi il-makwagi kkéwa L'amiis? kawdah. dywa. 4ywa, kawaah. Ja, makawahuus. makawahuus. la.

1.

fataHt is-Sibbdak’ is-Sibbdak? fatdH1 avwa.. aywa.. oo... la.........

2

gibtu i-gawéab? gibtu i-gawdab? y w a , . . . . . . . . ee AAywac.. a . .- . . . . . . lJa.

3

zurtina fi3-%ita fis-Sita aw fir-rabit9 fir-rabii9 issdna issdna IIlil i féant? féatit? zurtina fi-sita. . fis-Sita. .. fir-rabii9. fir-rabii9. ma........

4.

il-walad rama rama !-'dlam? 1-'dlam? il-wélad

la... LL.

ose .

.

.

dywa. . . . . . . dywa...

....... la,. la...

LLESSON E S S O N EELEVEN LEVEN (id-dars (id-dars il-Hid4agar) il-Hiddagar)

IB!

HB 1 CCOMMON O M M O N EXPRESSIONS EXPRESSIONS

11 or or (resp.) (resp.)

Sidd Héelak Héelak (10 (10 m.s.) Sidd m.s,) Siddi Héelik Héetik (to §iddi (to f.s.) f.s.} Siddu Hélkum Hélkum (to §idde (to ppl.) l.) ii-Sidda 9ala 94la llaah i$-sfdda Iaah

2 2

rabbina_ rabbina yisdhhil yisabhil

33

alldah alldah vi'awwiik, ete. yiiawwiik. etc.

Be strong Be strong

make {it} May May our o r d make our LLord [it}

gasy easy

make you May May our our LLord o r d make you strong strong

69 LESSON ELEVEN ELEVEN LESSON 69% 4 4

salémtak salamtak

better 1J hope hope you feel better you feel soon Soon

— saldmtik saldmtik salamitkum salamitkum etc. a)ldah alléah yisallimak. yisallimak. etc.

{resp.) (resp.)

Thank vou Thank you

Notes Nutes

Said to someone mental anguish (1) (1) Said someone facing facing difficulty difficulty or mental anguish -- anything anything from too More literally: much work situation of of mourning. work ttoo a situation from too much literally: mourning. More “Pull yourself "Pull yourself together’. [depends] on God’, i.e., together’. Resp.: Resp.: ‘Strength Strength [depends] on God’, i.e.. leave the the dispensing we leave God. dispensing ooff strength strength ttoo God. As (1) above, said said to someone someone facing (2) (2) As (1) above, facing difficulty, difficulty. As above. (3) (1) above. (3) As(1) who Said wo here means (4) saléama here ili. saldama (4) Said health’. to someone someone who means "good “good health’. isisill.

RAMMAR IIlI GGRAMMAR

forms The derived derived forms The

[1 to X forms’. Verbal forms forms [1 X are called the the “derived ‘derived forms’. You should should Verbal are called You the same letter combinativns combinatiuns that that appear off the recognise root letter same root tecognise many many o appear A given the simple the verb verb (Form 1). A form ooff the set o f root root letters (Form 1). letters iinn the simple form given set several verbal verbal forms forms but but hardly all may one or several hardly ever ever m1 in all may appear appear in one forms. ten forms. ten

of

in

patterns patterns

examples examples

Form IIEI Form

CaCCaC CaCCaC CaCCiC (or) CaCCiC (ory

fakkar fakkar fahhim fahhim

Form IIT III Form Form IIV V Form Form V V Form

CaaCiC CaaCiC aCCaC aCCaC itCaCCaC itCaCCaC itCaCCiC {or) (or) itCaCCiC itCaaCiC itCaaCiC

séafir séafir 4drab drab 9éla itfarrag itfarrag Yala itHassin itHassin itféahim mava itfdaalumn maa

Form V VII Form VII Form VII Form

inCaCaC_ inbdsat inbésat inCaCaC

remind think; to remind to think; make 5.0. to make 5.0. understand understand travel to travel strike to tu go on strike go on look at to look better to get get better underreach an ro to reach an under(with) standing (with) standing to enjoy oneself ta enjoy oneself

700 7

LESSON ELEVEN ELEVEN LESSON

Form V III Vill Form Form IIX X Form Form X X Form

iCtaCaC ibtdsam ibtdsam iCtaCaC iCCaCC iHmarr iHmarr iCCaCC istaCCaC istdghrab istaCCaC istaghrab istaCCiC isté9mi) (or) istd9mil (or) istaCCiC

to ta to to to to

smile smile become red red become be surprised be surprised use use

CaCCiC) Verbal Form Form IIII {CaCCaC (CaCCaC oorr CaCCi() Yerbal Often denotes: denotes: Often dic, t o kill’) méwwit “to maat ‘‘to ‘to cause i e : mawwit t o ddie’, causation (e.g. (e.g. maat cause ttoo die, kill’) 11 causation 2 intensity cut iinto a n y pieces’) nto m t o cut u t ’ ; '4(ta9 t o ccut’: pieces’) intensity (e.g. (e.g. *ata® ‘ata9 ‘‘to ‘atta9 ‘‘to 2 many

to

Gallim fo teach to teach 9allim

(dna) (4na) (inta) (inta) (inti) (nti) (hiwwa) (thiwwa) {hiyva) (hiya) (tHna) (Hna)} (intuy (1ntu) ((huimma) himma)

perfect perfect Sallimt Sallimt 9allimt Qallimt Sallimti Fallimti 94ttim Dallim Sallimit Sallimit Sallimna Yallimna Sallimtu Qallimiu Sallimu Qallimu

imperfect imperfect agallim a%4ilim ti941lim ti94llim ti9allimi ti%allimi yi94Him yigallim ti9allim ti%alkim aidéllim nid4llim ti9atiimu ti%atlimo yialiimu yidallims

imperative imperative -9allim 94llim 9allimi Qallimi ---

-

9allimu 9allimu --

Form IIII verbs verbs which which have have a as second vowel the second the vowel are Form conjugated the as the are conjugated fakkar "to think’ (Perfect: and Imperfect: (Perfect: fakkart: fakkart: and ‘to think’ same same way {e.g. (¢.g. fakkar Imperfect: afakkar, etc.) etc.) afikkar, and fakkar: 94llim and fakkar: i k e 9allim LLike kallim kiilim kabbar kabbar sdllaH sallaH Haddar Héddar faddal faddal mawwit méwwit fahhim fahhim

to speak speak ttoo to to enlarge enlarge to repair repair io to prepare prepare tto o prefer prefer to kkill il la ta explain explain

ELEVEN LESSON ELEVEN LESSON

771]

Form IIII verbs have a conjugation radical have third radical weak third with a weak verbs with Form the conjugation iinn the similar ttoo that The imperfect verbs. The doubled verbs. the simple that ooff the perfect perfect similar simple doubled imperfect and imperative and imperative are regular: are regular: show warra to show wirra (4na) (ana) (inta) (inta)

(inti) nti) (iniwwa) (hdwwa) (hiyya) (hiyya) (Hna) GHna) (intu) {(1ntu) (hdmma) (himma)

perfect perfect warréet warréet warréet warréet | warréeti warréeti warra wérra warrit warrit warréena warréena warréetu warréetu warrn warn

imperfect imperfect awam AWAIT tiwarmi warm

tiwarri tiwarni

yiwarri yiwarti tiwarri tiwarri niwarri niwarri tiwarra tiwarru yiwdrru yiwarru

imperative imperative -wirri wari warri wirri

--

--warm wirru -

-

warra: i k e wirra: LLike rabba rébba sdlia sdlla xébba xdbba wadda widda dda aadda

to raise, bring uupp raise, bring fo pray to pray conceal hide (5.th.}, ta’ hide (s.th.), conceal to take (to a place), deliver to take place), deliver exceed to cross; cross; exceed

(to

I

(CaaCiC) Form TN (CuaCiC) Verbal Form Verbal for to oorr for effort to something to to ddoo something often effort effort. often denotes effort. Usually denotes Usually someone. someone. travel sdafir to fo travel sdafir {éna) {dna) (inta) (inta) (inti) (inti) {(htiwwa) (hiiwwa) (hiyya) (hiya) (iHna)} (1Hna) (intu) (intu) (himma) (himma}

perfect perfect

imperfect imperfect

safirt saffrt safirt safirt safirti safirti séafir sdafir séfrit séfrit safima saffma safirtu safirtu sifru séfru

yisdafir yisdafir tisdafir usdafir nisdafir nisdafr tisafru tisafru yisafru yiséfra

asdafir asdafir tisdafir tisdafir tisafri

imperative imperative -sdafir sdafir sAfri séfri

---

séfru séfru --

72 72

ELEVEN LESSON ELEVEN LESSON

séafir: i k e sdafir: LLike meet to fo meet to study study to to help to help to fo try, attempt try, attempt to answer answer

“dabil *dabil zéakir zhakir sdadid sdalid Héawil Héawil giawib géawib

It

radical: third radical: weak third with verbs w i t h aa weak Form [EI verbs for Form The pattern The pattern for call out out to ndada fo to call n4ada

(dna) (ana) (inta) (inta) (inti) (ati) (hawwa) (hiwwa) (hiyvya) (htyya) (tHna) (iHna) Cintu) (intu) {himma) (hiimma)

imperative imperative

perfect perfect

imperfect imperfect

nadéet nadéet nadéet nadéet

andadi aniadi tindadi tindadi

-néadi ndadi

nadéeti nadéet: iada nndada naadit naadit nadéena nadéena nadéctu nadéetu néadu néadu

tindadi tindadi yindadi yindadi tindadi tindadi nindadi nindadi tindadi tindadi yindadu yindadu

néadi ndadi --

-

néadu néadu -

-

ndada: Like naada: Like laa'a l4a"a

s.o. to meet meet s.0. to

Form IIV Verbal Form Verbal V (aCCaC) (aCCaC) in Classical Classical Arabic, causative in Form IIV verbs are Arabic, Form V verbs are generally generally causative Form IIII to denote denote causation Arabic prefers makes which makes causation which Colloguial Colloguial Arabic prefers Form the Coiloquial. Form 1V you will However, you Form rare in the will encounter encounter many rare Coiloquial. However, many IV active Form 1V active participles. Form participles. 1V

in

strike adrab adrab ttoo go on strike go on (dna) (4na) (inta) (inta) (inti) (inti) (huwwa) (hawwa) {hiyya) (hiya)

perfect perfect

imperfect imperfect

adrabt adribt adribt adrabt adrabti adrabti Adrab Adrab adrabit adrébit

adrib adrib il

tidrib tidribi yidrib yidrib tidrib tidrib d

imperative imperative -idrib fdrib idribi idribi

-

-

-

LESSON ELEVEN ELEVEN LESSON

(1Hna) (iHna) ((intu) intu) {(bamma) himma)

adribna adrébna adrabiu adrabiu adrabu adrabu

73 7%

-

nidnb nidrib _ tidribu tidribu yidribu yidribu

idribu idribu -

|

-

adrab: i k e adrab: LLike dsbat (yisbit) dshat (yisbit) dkcam_ (yikrim} dkram (yikrim) dslam (yistam) dslam (yistam)

lto o prove prove be hospitable to be hospitable to become a Muslim Muslim to become

the a iinn yislam) (Note the (Note yislam)

Participles Participles ‘The following words are derived verbs. verbs. IIn Classical following words The arealll all participles n Classical participles ooff derived the Arabic the the participial Arabic f r s t syllable mu-; i n participial patteros syHable ooff the always mu-; first patterns is always mi-. Active words this this becomes becomes mi-. Active participles some some Colloguial a k eii Colloquial words participles ttake final vowel. vowel. Passive Passive participles take a. as participles take a. as a final

is

II. Form [I Form

mu9allim mu9illim mudarris. mudarris mufartis mufattis mmufaddal ufaddal

teacher teacher teacher teacher inspector inspector preferred preferred

Form [III II Form

musaa9id musda®id misdafir misdafir muHaasib muH4asib

helper, helper, assistant assistant traveller travelling, travelling, traveller accountant accountant

Form IIV Form V

muslim muslim mudfir mudfir mufiid m ufid mudhia miidhii

Muslim Muslim director, manager director. manager usefu useful wonderful wonderful

in

Il

EXERCISES I I EXERCISES forms given the forms below, making Substitute the making any changes given below, I1 Substitute necessary changes any necessary the sentence: sentence: to the

i

I

fi ech? bitfakkar fi eeh? inta bitfakkar futa 4 huwwa .

74

LLESSON E S S O N EELEVEN LEVEN

2

n-nibiit. 94la n-nibiit. il-biira 94la ana bafaddal il-biira ana bafiddal

3.

dazim aghdyyir hbuddumm bi-sdrda. u d d u m bi-sirga 13azim sabdyyir (hiyya) (hiyya) . . . . . . . . m) ........ f(in)

4,

kida? mi$ kida? il-itnéen, mis sdfrie aswdan waldituh safrit watdituh as aan yoom yoom il-itnéen, walduh walduh......

inta. 6.6.0,

iHna

..

.

.

eee]

agdéaduh...

3.

2...

2

nddya bitdarris Sarabi walla ingiliizi?

Hasan... nadya wi-Hasan....... 7

Hasan

Cee

Additional vocabulary Additional vocabulary Hiyya Hayya (Hayydat) (Hayat) biira biira nibfit nibfit hudidum hudium waalid wialid walda wilda B IHE

viper viper beer beer wine wine clothes clothes = abb) ((= abb) father father mother m } mother = w ((= umm)

the

Make the appropriate 2 Make the sentences below: to the 2 changes to sentences below: appropriate changes 1, 1.

Haawil yimawwit il-falkiaH yimawwit il-Hayya. il-Hayya. il-falldal! Haawil il-fallathin ifallaHiin . . . . . . . .

... 2...

id-dars. il-mudarrisa bitfdhhim bitfahhim it-tulldab il-mudarrisa it-tutléab id-dars. il-mudarrisiin . . . . . . . . il-mudarmsiin

...

.

it-tabbaax biyHdddar biyHaddar i-94%a. it-tabbéax il-94sa. it-tabbaxiin it-tabbaxiin . . . . . . . . da mis mis Hayidrib. il-94ami] da il-9aamil Hayidrib. i-Summaal dool... il-9ummagidool ........

2...

.

75 75

LLESSON E S S O N TTWELVE WELVE (id-dars il-itnaasar) (id-dars il-itndagar) Middle Eastern character of Middle Eastern folk folk literature literature is Goha. A principal is Goha. principal character with his his nagging Usually depicted Usually riding a donkey donkey or quarrelling depicted riding quarrelling with nagging wife. Goha Goha plays fool but but always the last the fool last laugh. These wife. plays the always gets Jaugh. These gets the for learning ideal for Arabic so learn them stories them stories are are ideal see iiff vou can learn learning Arabic so see vou can included the Exercise Exercise Key. heart, The The translations translations ‘are are included i n the by heart. Key.

in

II

tat

fi “a9ad yifakkar marra kaan kaan gguHa ‘daSid a H ddgarit i n d u ’ , wa "d9ad i H a "da9id marra yifakkar fi Sdgarit bbindu’, il-Hikma innu kibiira titraH béndu’ titraH hdndu’ ech il-Hikma innu rabbina rabbina yixdlli yixalli i4gara geh Sigara kibiira hiwwa dkbar akbar m il-bdndu' luh wi-yixalli [-battiix [-battiix iiti min i n il-bdndu’ l i hiwwa sughdyvar sughdyyar wi-yixalli th kutr it-tafkfir it-tafkiir ggdHa i H a naam, i n kutr mayi'dér’ yidiluh. yisiiluh. m min a r sughdyyar ffar9 naam, sughdyyar mayi'ddri réasuh. faSila béndu’a bandu’a wi'ivit wi'ivit 9ala Sala raasuh. fawi-baSdéen siHi wi-ba9déen a x d i u d 9dla siHi mmaxdiud I+ ‘aal il-Hdmdu il-Hamdu lillaah lillaah ya rabbi. rabbi, Sirift Sirift HHikmitak is-s4gara |‘aal i k m i t a kinn inn i$-§agara di mabtitraHis ruHt fasius. kibjira di kaan zamaani zamdani ruMt fadus. kibiira battiix kaan mabtitraHis battiix

Vocabulary Vocabulary marra marta Aaid **aadid

S4gara (asghar) (aégdar) Sagara ndy’ i bindu’

indu’a bbundy’ "30a yifdkkar yifdkkar ‘a%ad Hikma Hikma

innu innu rabb rabb yixAlli xalli, yixdlli xalli, téraH, vyitrall tdraH, yitraH battiix battiix uh lduh far9 far9 (furdu9) (furdu9) ‘idir, yi'dar yf'dar "idir, Saal, yisiil yisil Saal,

once once sitting sitting tree tree hazel-nuts (collective) hazel-nuts (collective) hazel-nut (s.) hazel-nus (s.) he went went on he on thinking thinking wisdom wisdom that that ord LLord ler to ler wy forth iton give give forth water-meton waier-melon has itit has branch branch be able able to he o carry lto carry

76 76

TWELVE LESSON TWELVE LESSON

utr kkutr tafkiir (v.n.} tafkiir (v.n.) baddéen ba%deéen Yéla maxduud Yila maxduud

large farge quantity quantity thinking thinking afterwards afterwards startled by startled tto o fall fall ‘it would would have have idiomatic) ‘ir (very (very idiomatic) me’ been curtains curtains for been for me'

wii®, wid, ydi'ad yaad

kaan zamdani ruHt fasuus fasues zamdani ruH1 kaan

Wl 1!

fa-GaSdan marra wi-gliHa méaéi. il-9ivdal “d9adu yi9aksuuh, mérra il-Siydal ‘d%adu yiSakstiuh, fa-9asdan wi-giHa maasi. fi beet s4H{buh ilfiih 9izuuma ilbeet sdtibuh minhum ‘alidhum ‘allahum innu inau fiih Yiziuma fi yilxdllas yitxdllag minhum fi il-Yiydal délhum fi 94li. il-%iydal sadda‘u rrialiu Hagg m a a l i u ttal9iin a l % i n ggira i r a délhum maa saddi’'v Hagg 94dli. fiih ba9d ma sinanhum. ha%d ‘aal ma ma rréallu sindnhum. d a l l u goHa i k k a r "sal i k i u n fiih géHa ffakkar ma gaaviz gaayiz yyikiun beet il-Hage Siztiuma bi-saHiiH bi-saHiiH w wi-tik9 kamdan Yila 9:la beet Yiziiuma i - t l i ¢ yigri i w w a kamdan il-Hagg yigri hhiwwa 94h. 9al:.

Vocabulary Vocabulary Siyaal ((= wiléad) = wildad) Qivaal Qdakis, Géakis, yi9dakis yi9dakis ‘aYadu 'a a d u yiYaksiuh yi9akstiuh min itxdllas, in itxéllas. vitxallag yitxallas m la + hum) "alldhum ‘allhum {(= = "zal + la hum) Sizduma ((= Sizduma Hafia) = Hifla) sadda‘u ma saddd'u ma deel deel ‘aal

sinn {sindan) sina (sindan) ma ma gdayiz ih gaayiz yikaun yikdun ffih bi-saHiH bi-saHi11 9dla giri, yigri 9dla gir, yigri

children children tease teuse him [they] went on Ithey} went on teasing teasing him rid o to to get rid off he said said to them them he party party than nnoo sooner believed than sooner believed tail (here the hems hems of their (here the tail of their galabias) galabias) teeth reeth there is maybe is maybe there truly, really truly, really fe fo run run to

10 to

a

kL

LLESSON E S S O N TTHIRTEEN HIRTEEN (id-dars (id-dars it-talattdasar) it-talattdaSar) EXPRESSIONS. I1 CCOMMON O M M O N EXPRESSIONS naSiiman nadiiman 4n9am alldah 9aléek. dn9am alldah 9aléek,

iq

(resp.) (resp.)

You look look refreshed You refreshed Thank you Thank you

l. eetc.

magallaah masallash

2 2

(See o t e bbelow) elow) (See nnote

Notes Notes

is

who refreshed after (1) Said shower, shave, to someone looking refreshed shave, after a shower, is looking Said to (1) someone who comfort’ and and (resp.) Lit. hair-cut, eete. M a v vou it. = te. L hair-cut, = [“[May (resp.) ‘May ‘May you be] iinn comfort’ God comfort’. o d give you G you comfort’. Said when beautiful (2) aa" alldah (2) or ma ma $aa’ alJdah Said wher one one sees sees something something beautiful or been said Arabic. admurable. Perhaps has been said ttoo you admirable. Perhaps by now now iitt has you ooff your your Arabic. certainly will certainly said iiff you have aa large family (4 I'egyptienne) be said IItt will 'egyptienne) ooff large family you have God wills Lit. = ‘That which God beautiful or “That which [is beautiful wills[is or admirable] admirable]" your own. Lit. your own.

be

Il GGRAMMAR IT RAMMAR V {itCaCCaC itCaCCic) Verbal Form Form V (itCaCCaC or itCaCCiC) Verbal

of Form The reflexive reflexive of Form III: I: The it9aHlim t‘to oneself ttoo teach’ — it%4llim 9allim ‘‘to o cause cause oneself n o w . t o teach’ t o cause Sgllim cause ttoo kknow, know, t o learn’ learn’ know,

to

to

w9allim to learn nGatiim to learn

(dna) (ana) (inta) (iota) (inti) (inti) (hiwwa) (hiwwa} (hiyya) (hiyya)

(Hna) {1Hna) (intu) (intw)

(imma) (himma)

perfect perfect

imperfect imperfect

i9allimt itallimt invaltint t9allimt it9allimti t9allimti it9allim it9allim itGallimit it9allimit itVallimna ityallimna inSallimtu it9allimtu itGaltimu it9altimu

at9allim at94ltm tieGallim titYallim tit9allimi titYallimi yitgallim yitdallim

imperative imperative

--

it9dlim it94llim

ttit9allimu it9ajlimu

it9allémi it9allimi ---iVallfmu iallfmu

yitQattimu yitSattima

-~

titSallim: tit9allim

nnitSéilim ityailim

78 78

THIRTEEN LESSON THIRTEEN LESSON

itSallim: like it9allim: like

itgdwwiz, itgdwwiz, yitgawwiz yitgawwiz ma9a itkallim, yitkdllim itkdllim, yitkdllim m49%a it’dxxar, yit’axxar it éaxar, yit'dxxar itsawwar, yitsdawwar yitsawwar itsdwwar, itxdrrag, itxdrrag, yitxarrag yitxérrag

married to get married (with) speak speak (with) be late fate ta ta be to imagine imagine fo to graduate graduate

1a ta

radical: weak third third radical: V verbs verbs with with a weak Form V Form lunch have lunch to have have dinner dinner o have tto

itgh4dda (itghaddéet), (itghaddéet), yitghddda itgh4dda yitghadda

it948Sa (it9atdéet), it9488a (in9a8Séet), yit9adia yit9assa

Verbal Form Form V VII (itCaaCiC) Verbal (itCaaCiC) the reflexive of Form Form IIll, reflexive of often conveying idea ooff an idea Usually the l l . often Usually conveying an reciprocity. reciprocity. ithdahim (md9a) reach an 10 reach itfdahim (m49a) to (with) an understanding understanding (with) (4na) (ana) (inta) (inta) (inti) (inti) {hiwwa) (hitwwa)

(hiyya) (hiya) (iHna) (iHna) (Cintu) (intu)

(h imma) (himma)

perfect perfect itfahime itfahimt itlahimt itfahimt itfahimti itfahfmti itfaahim itfdahim itfanmit itfahmit itfahimna itfahimna i t f afahimtu himiu itféhmu itfdhmu

imperfect imperfect atféahim atfaahim titféahim titf4ahim titfahmi titfahmi yitfdahim yitféahim titféahim titfaahim nitfaahim nitfaahim ttitfahmu ittihmu yitféhmu yitfdhmu

imperative imperative -itfaahim itfaahim itfahmi itfahmi

---

--

itfahmu itfshmu --

itfaahim: LLike i k e itfdahim: it’éabil, yit'aabil it'dabil, yit’aabil itnda’is, yitnda'i§ itnda'i§, yitnéa’is itxfani’, itxdani’, yitxdani’ yitxaani’

meet (intrans.) to fo meet (intrans.) discuss to to discuss to quarrel quarrel

“t’ o Sometimes the the 't* off the the pattern assimilated into Sometimes into the is assimilated the first first root pattern is root letter. letter.

idddayi' idddayi'

be annoyed to be annoyed fo

LLESSON E S S O N TTHIRTEEN HIRTEEN

Verbal Form Form VII VII (inCaCal) Yerbal (inCaCaC) Reflexive ooff Form Form 11 Reflexive fe enjoy inbdsat .5. inbdsat to enjoy 0o.s.

(dna) (na) {inta} {inta) {{anti) inti) ( (hiwwa) hiwwa)

(hiyya) (hiyya) (1Hna) (iHna) (intu) (tnt) (huimma) (himma)

perfect perfect inbasatt inbasatt inbasatt inbasdtt inbasatti inbasatti i

inbasaf

inbdsatit inbasétna inbasdtna

inkasdttu inbaséttu imbasatu inbisatu

imperfect imperfect anbisi anbisit tinbisit tinbisti yinbisit

tinbisitt ninbisit ninbisit tinbistu tinbistu yinbistu yinbistu

imperative imperative inbfsit inbisit inbisti inbisti -_ -inbistu inbistu

-

-

--

i k e inbasat: LLike inbasay:

inkdsar, yinkisir inkdsar. yinkisir infétaH, yinfitiH infitaH, yinfitiH ins4Hab, yinsiHib yinsiHib insaHab,

te to o tto to

break (intrans.) break (intrans.)

(intrans.) open open (intrans.)

withdraw (intrans.) (intrans.) withdraw

Participles Participles

Form V V Form

mitgdwwiz mitgawwiz mit’ dxxar axxar mit miighdyyar mitghayyar mitghdddi mitghaddi mitSdkkir mitsakkir mit’assif i t dssif m

married married late, delayed late, delayed changed changed tunched (have) lunched (have) thank yyou ou thank sorry sorry

VII Form V Form

mits4a‘im mit§4a'im mitféa'il mitfaa'il middéayi’ middaayi*

pessimistic pessimistic optimistic optimistic annoyed annoyed

VilI Form V Form

munfa9il munfadil

agitated upset, upset, agitated surprised surprised

mundahis munddhis

79

80 80

THIRTEEN LESSON THIRTEEN LESSON

EXERCISES T EXERCISES ITl the following: Translate the following: BB !I Translate AEWN

pe

WN

SOREN

Dah

MN

—

SO

farans4awi. nit94llim faransdawi. l4azim nitDallim l3azim feen? Hatit’éblu feen? Hatit'dblu Ili fiatit. faatit. is-sana li hiyya txarragit hiyya txarragit is-sana

at*ixxar Swdyya. yimkin Swayya. yimkin at’dxxar kitiir. asH4bna nbasatu kitiir. asH4bna nbasatu ma9dah. itkallim ma9aah. itkallim matit’axxarius! matit’axxanius! il-baab ninfataH. fitaH. il-baab ma9a badd. nitféahim ma%a ldazim nitfiahim dna wi wi hhéwwa badd. i w w a laazim dna nkésarit. il-mirdaya nkésarit. il-mirdaya

the

Make the appropriate WB 22 Make changes: appropriate changes: 1, 1.

muréad* diyman murdad” diyman biyit‘dxxar! biyit’axxar! hida*® fida**..

2... himma........! ........!

200

dna

ig-gam9a s-sandadi, in

Hatxarragmin

imi... .. hdwwa.... 6...

111

3,

3a’

alléah.

EE.

ilfailaHiin ldazim yit’ablu {Hna léazim intw ldazim laazim . . . . . _ . . Intw

is-subH{

gamb in-niil.

.

4, 4,

himma nabiila

5. 5.

....

bitHibb ttdassa badri waxri? walla w badri willa iinta t a bitHibb ixri? ursassa

YaSdan yit9alim da ga S4rabi. it-taalib d-ingiliizi da it-tdalib il-ingiliizi yit9allim Gdrabi. masr 9asdan ga masr

it-taaliba . . . . . . . . ft-taaliba it-tulldab . . . . . . . . .

* boy's boy's name name gin!'s name name ** girl's *

"

.

81 81

LESSON FOURTEEN LESSON FOURTEEN (id-dars (id-dars il-arba9tdaSar) il-arba9t4asar) 11 CCOMMON O M M O N EXPRESSIONS EXPRESSIONS

1I

Gatéek. ixs 9aléek. etc. ixs etc.

22

Hardam aléek, 9aléek, etc. Hardamn etc

You must It’s do that, that, It's You must not not do wrong! wrong!

33

sémaH all4zh llaa samaH all4ah

God May o d not May G not permit permit itit to happen! happen!

44

biOd i§-farr ik-Sarr bi9d

evil be be far May May evil away! far away!

Notes Notes

Shame on Shame ou! on yyou!

a

May be serious admonition. admonition. well as (1) May light-hearted as as well (1) be a light-hearted as a serious is that which which is The opposite Haraam = forbidden by is forbidden = thai by tslam. {2) (2) Haraam Islam. The opposite is is allowed that which which is allowed by stam. Islam. Halaal. Halal, that & One other of these used whenever any (3 & 4) One or other o f these expressions {3 expresstons is used whenever is mentioned. evil or unpleasantness mentioned. potential potential evil unpleasantness is

is

IIlI GGRAMMAR RAMMAR Verbal Form Form V VIII (iCtaCaC) Yerbal I I I (iCtaCa(C) Form V Also reflexive reflexive ooff Form Form |} with with the the difference difference that that Form VIII verbs Also I I I verbs direct object. take aa direct object. may may take smile ibtasam to fo smile ibtdsam (4na) (Ana) (inta) (inta)

inti) (inti)

hiwwa) { (hiwwa) {hiyya) (biyya) tHna) {(iHna) (inta) (intu) imma) ( (himma)

perfect perfect ibtasamt ibtasamt ibtasamt ibtasamt ibtasamti iblasamti ibtésam ibtasam ibtasamit ibtasamit ibtasamna ibtasdmna ibtasamtu ibtasdmtu ibtésamu iblasamu

imperfect imperfect abtisim abtisim tibtisim tibtisim tibtismi tibtismi és yibtisim tibtisim nibtisim

tibtfsmu tibtismu yibtismu yibtismu

imperative imperative -ibtisim ibtisim ibtismi ibtismi ----

ibtismu ibtismu --

82 82

LESSON FOURTEEN FOURTEEN LESSON

ibtasam: i k e ibtisam: LLike o respect tto respect

iHtéram, t a r a m , yiHtirim iH yiHtirim iftékar, yiftikir yiftikir iftakar. istdlam, yistilim istdlam, yistilim istaghal, istaghal, yiStighal yistaghal

think to think receive fo to receive work fas) {as) to to work

radical: With a weak weak first first radical: With ma9a ittéfa’, yittilh’ ittdfa’, yin’ ma9a i t i s i l bbii ittdsal, yyittisil ittasal,

with agree agree with in touch touch with with ta to contact, contact, get in

0 to

With a weak weak second second radical: With radical: choose to to choose

ixtdar, yixtdar jxtéar, yixtdar third radical: radical: With aa weak weak third With igtdéra (iStaréet), (iStaréet), vistiri j§tdra yistiri ibrdda (ibtadéet), (ibtadéet}, vibtidi ibtdda yibtidi

to to buy buy to begin begin

Verbal Form Form IIX (iCCaCC) X {iCCaCC) Verbal ‘The the derived derived forms; forms: associated with adjectives associated with rarest ooff the ‘The adjectives denoting denoting rarest colour and and physical colour physical disability. disability.

to

become red; iHmarr ro become sunburned blush; ger (4Hmar —} red; blush; (AHmar get sunburned +) iHmarr

(dna) (4na) (1nta) (inta) (inti) (inti) (hiwwa) (ttiwwa) (hiyya} (hiya) (tHna} (Ha) (tatu) (intu) {huimma) (himma}

perfect perfect

imperfect imperfect

iHmarréet iHmarréet iHmarréet iHmarréet iHmarréeti iHmarréeti iHmarr iHmdrr iHmamit iHméarmit iHmarséena iHmarréena iHmarréetu iHmarréetu iHmarry iHmérru

aHmarr aHmirr

imperative imperative iAmérr iHmarr iAmérri iHmérr --iHmadrr

tiHmarr uHmér twHmérmi tiHmarri yiHmarr yiHmare tiHmarr tiHmarr niHmén niHmarmm tHmdna LiHmdrru yiHimarrs yitImdrm

--

iHmarr: LLike i k e iHmarr: {axdar {axdar —}) +) {Asfar {asfar — ~»)) (4smar —») (dsmar ~») (4tras —) (dtrad +) (4%rag —)

(rag

)

ixddry, yixdarr ixddrr, yixdéarr isfarr, isfarr, yisfdrr yisfarr ismary, yismimr isméarr, yismarr itrass, yitrdss yitrass i9ragg, iSragg, vidripg yidragg

ids,

lfo o

to to to to to io

turn green turn green turn turn yellow yellow tanned get tunned become deaf become deaf become lame lame become

LLESSON E S S O N FFOURTEEN OURTEEN

83 83

X {istaCCaC Verbal Form Form X istaCCiC) Verbal {istaCCaC or or istaCCiC)

denotes asking for oneself: Usually oneself: its its least least common common use, Usually denotes use, asking or doing doing for be (s.th.) also be be its its most considering . 0 . ) tto o be most (s.th.) might might also considering {s.th. (s.th. oorr 5s.o.) istsHmar, yistéHmar consider (s.0.) be aa amusing, amusing, as (s.0,) to he as iinn ist4Hmar, yistéHmar to consider donkey = Humaéar). donkey ((= Humaar). isté9mil to use istaSmit use

perfect perfect (dna) (ana)

(Inta) Gnta) (inti) (anti) (hiiwwa) (hiwwa) {hiyya) (hiyya) (1Hna) GHna) Gntu) {intu) himma) {(imma)

ista9mnilt ista%milt

ista9mflt ista9miflt ista9mflti ista%miflti ista9mit istd9mil ist9mitit istaGmilit istaSmiina ista®milna ista9mfita istamiitn ista9milu ista9milu

imperfect imperfect ast49mil ast49mil tisté9mil tistd9mil tista9mili tista9mili yistd9mil yisté9mil tista9mil tista%mil nista9mil nista9mil tista9milu. tista¥milu yista9milu yista9milu

imperative imperative

-

-

ista9mil istd9mil ista9mili ista®mili --~ —ista9mitu ista9mdau -

ist&9mit: i k e ista9mil: LLike

(hollow) {hollow} {doubled) {doubled) (final weak) weak) (final

ista%gil, yista9gil ista9gil, yistd9gil ista'zin. yistd’zin yistd'zin istd’zin. istaltaf, vistabtaf istaltaf, yistattaf ista’4al, yista'iil ista’sal, yista'iil istaQadd (ist9addéct), (ist9addéct), ista®add yistaGidd yistadidd ist49la (ista9léet), istd%la (istaMléet), yistd®la yistaSla

to fo hurry hurry fo EXCUSE .5. 10 excuse 00.5. consider (s.o.} nice (s.0.} nice to consider 10 resign to resign be ready to fo be ready

to

be stuffy he stuffy pompous pompous

Participles Participles

VIII III orm V FForm

uHtiram mmuHtéram muxtalif muxtatif

Form IIX X Form

(rare) (rare)

orm X FForm

mistA9gil mistadgil mista9mal mistdSmal mustadidd mustafidd

respected respected different different

in a hurry hurry in second-hand used, second-hand used, ready ready

oorr

84 84

LLESSON ESSON

FOURTEEN FOURTEEN

Quadriliterals Quadriliterals

three. verbs have four rout instead of of the the usual usual three. Quadrtiliteral verbs have four root letters fetters instead Quadriliteral but their their conjugation and regular. but is perfectly consistent and regular. They They perfectly consistent conjugation is follow exactly the pattern of Form Form Ll II verbs verbs (see Lesson Eleven). follow Eleven}. exactly the (see Lesson pattern of

(derived) (derived)

yitargim targim, targim, yitargim laxbat, laxbat, yilaxbat yilxbat itlaxbat. itlaxbat. yitlaxbat yitlaxbat

translate ta transiate muddle to muddle be muddled muddled to be

Cultural note: note: Cultural The word word for for “translator” ‘translator’ is The now The is mutargim mutéegim (mutargimiiny. (mutargimiin). The now archaic word word targumaan derives from from the the same of course, archaic targumaan derives root. of same root, course, and was the also for the also archaic was the source archaic English word 'dragoman’ and source for English word ‘dragoman’ meaning meaning ‘guidefinterpreter’. ‘guide/interpreter’.

the

EXERCISES 1Ul EXERCISES the following: Transtate the B HEW ! / Translate following: 1. 1. 2. 2. 3, 3. 4, 4, 5. 5. 6. 6. 7. 7.

abiuya abtiuya biyiStighal suHafi biyistaghal siHafi fi xaan Hatiétiri eeh ech fi il-xali Hatidtiri xaan il-xaliili? iHmérrit m min i-Sams i n is-3ams léela lela iHmérrit ldazim nasid’zin nasté’zin dilwd'ti dilwa'ti ldazim Hasan Stara Hdésan Ségala gidiida gidiida tara 94gala mmimkin ast49mil ast49mil il-gamuus bitda9ak. muimkin il-amdus bitda9ak. i-muséa kkulldhum l-mudda u l l i h u m misia9giliin, mistadgiliin.

Vocabulary Vocabulary musia musia

muHéami muHdiami a9dda’ il-mdglis ad9%dau’ il-maglis masrzHiyya masraHiyya deex {Suyaux) feex (Suydux) ra'tis il-wiizara il-wizara ra'iis HE Make the the appropriate 22 Make BW changes: appropriate changes: 1, 1.

dna baStighai muHaami. dna bastaghai muHaami. huiwwa . . . . . . . . hiwwa inta

ss...

pedestrians pedestrians lawver lawyer the members members o Councif the the Council offthe (theatrical) play (theatrical) play ald m Senator old a n ; Senator man; Prime Minister Minister Prime

2.

3,

ikmudfir Hayista'iil bukra” il-mudfir Hayista'iit bikra. il-mudarrisa imudarrisa .... . .2.0... .... a9daa’ il-maglis 4na istaldmt istal4mt il-fildus dna min il-fildus m iJ-bank. i n il-bank. hiyya hiya . . . . . . . . hhimma i m m a . . . .. . . . . .

4.

.

i ira tizkara tazkara lil-masraliyya. nagiib magiib iStdra lil-masraHiyya.

dana na... .

LL,

mirdati... 5.

.

.

i8-Seex muHtdram muHtaram . . is-8eex iS-fuytux ....... yiux ra‘iisit il-wuzara il-wizara . . . . . . . . ra'fisit .

|

LESSON FIFTEEN FIFTEEN LESSON (1d-dars il-xamast daar) (id-dars il-xamast daar)

Ii

§

EXPRESSIONS O M M O N EXPRESSIONS CCOMMON

1 1

or or or or

(resp.) {resp.)

Sarraftina ((to farrafiina m.s.} t o m.s.} Sarraftiina {{10 Sarraftiina t o [.s5.) f.s.) Sarrafttiuna (to (to pl.) Sarrafiituna pl.) mi'déarak allah allah yizarraf yiSdrraf mi'daarak (to m.s.) {to ms.)

Very pleased to see Very pleased to see you you

Thank you Thank you

ic. eetc. 2

oorr or

(resp.) (resp.)

nawwart il-beet (As above) {As above) il-beet rawwirt (to (to m.s.) ms.) I-beet nawwarti J-beet nawwirti u) l o ffs.) {(to L-beet nawwartu nawwairtul-beet {to (to pl.) pl.) 9aléek allaah all4ah yindwwar yinawwar 9aléek (to m.s.) m.s.) (to etc. ele.

866 8

FIFTEEN LESSON FIFTEEN LESSON

33 oorr or

(resp.) (resp.) or

or 4 4

(resp.) (resp.)

m.s.) anistina (to (to m.s.) anistina anistfina (to f.s.) anistiina (to f.s.) n i s t u u n a (to pl.) pl.) aanistuuna m.s.) t o m.s.) allaah yi'ansak ((to alléah yi'ansak alidah alléah yi"dnsik yi'ansik fis.) t o f.5.) ((to yi'aniskim aljdah alldah_yi’aniskim t o pl.) {{to pl.)

above) A s above) {(As

aHsni wwaHiini waHSéani waH3dani

miss yyou m.) .) to m o u ((to 1i miss

waHastini waHastini waHasni waHaéni waHasiuni waHastuni

missed yyou .) to m o u ((to m.) II missed him missed him II missed them missed them II missed

HatiwHasni HatiwHa4asni wiHis maisufs wiHis maidafs matiuffis wiHis matiufiis wiHii

shall miss miss yyou .} o u (to (to m m.) II shall below) (See (See below)

(to

.)

t o £.) o u ((to miss yyou IJ miss

Notes Notes us’ and “You have have honoured Said ttoo your honoured us’ and {resp.) i t . “You LLit. (1) {resp.) (1) Said guest. your guest. God honour you’. ‘May o d honour you’. ‘May G Same as “You have the house’, above. Lit. have brought house’, brought light light ttoo the (2) as(1) (1) above. L i t . “You (2)) Same God i.e. ttoo our house; (resp.) o d give (resp.) ‘May ‘May G light’. i.e. our house; give you you light’. Same as (1) and {2) above. LLit. “You have have cheered cheered us uup’ and p ’ and i t . “You {3) (3) Same (1) and (2) above. God cheer you'. ‘May G you' o d cheer (resp.) ‘May (resp.) Notice how how the Arabic really this the the other other way around: the Arabic around: (4) (4) Notice really says says this "You “May bad!” missed by me’. me’. Resp. "You are missed you not see see Janything] anything] bad!’ Resp. = "Mayyou

as

are

not

Tl G GRAMMAR RAMMAR IT

Verbal Nouns Nouns Verbal A verbal is a verbal noun. ‘masdar’ iinn Arabic, derived directly Arabic, is directly a noun A called ‘'masdar’ noun. called noun derived When translated from aa verh. verb. When such a noun into English from translated into English such noun may appear may appear ends i n “--ing’ the form form of of the the verb verb which which ends and as (i.e. the as a gerund gerund (i.e. is ‘--ing’ and Used as is good Verbal nouns ay iin as aa noun. noun, as exercise’). Verbal used n "Running “Running is good exercise’). nouns be grouped but for for simple 1) verbs verbs these can be these can grouped hy patterns, (Form 1) simple (Form patterns, but

in

is

= LLESSON E S S O N FFIFTEEN IFTEEN

87 87

too numerous are memorise. Each Each new are too to try ttoo memorise. numerous 16 should new example example should be learned learned as item ooff vocabulary. simply simply be as aa new new item vocabulary. verb verb

verbal noun verbal noun

meaning meaning

kkétab itab zaar zaar daxal daxal xdrag wisi} tili% nizil daras dérab

kitaaba kitaaba ziydara Ziyaara duxitul duxiiul Xuriug xuriug wustiul wostul tulouy tulouy nuziul nuzuul dars dars darb darb fahm fahm sékan sdkan gurb furb aki akl noom noom maty mésy ramy ramy

writing writing visiting: visiting, visit entering entering R OINE o ul out going arrival arriving, arriving; arrival ascending ascending descending descending lesson lesson striking striking understanding understanding dwelling dwelling drinking drinking eating, eating; food food sleeping sleeping walking walking throwing throwing

fihim

sdkan gitib kal naam mii Tdma

-

:

of

forms o f the Verbal noun for the the derived derived forms the verb verb tend tend to be be Verbal noun patterns patterns for and predictable. The following the basic basic regular regular and predictable. The following examples examples give the ‘sound’ derived verbs. for ‘sound’ patterns derived verbs. patterns for

9allim Gallim sdllaH sdilaH

ttaMiim adiim taslitHT taslittl

im

it

sda9id séaYid

musd9da musi¥da

Haéawil Fadawil

muHawia muHawla

vVv

ddrab drab

idrdab idrdab

auf IT

ékram Akram

Vv Vv

VII V

ikraam ikraam

itxassas itxdssas

ta9dllum ta%adlium taxassus taxdssus

itfaahim itfaakim it9damil it9damil

tafaahum tafdahum ta9aamul ta9zamul

i9allim it9allim

88 88

FIFTEEN E S S O N FIFTEEN LLESSON

V VII l

insdHab insdHab inbasat inbésat

insiHéab insiHdab inbisdat inbisdat

Vill

Vi

iHtéram iH tiram istarak iftarak

iHtirdam iHtirdam tirdak ii8tirdak

X I1X

iHmarr iHmarr

iHmirdar iHmirdar

X x

ista9mil ista9mil

isti9maal isti9maal

—_ Nouns ooff Place Place Nouns

Nouns of the patterns maCCaC, maCCiC, maCCiC, place generally ofplace Nouns occur on generally occur on the patterns maCCaC. for all three and maCCaCa. maCCaCa. The The plural maCaaCiC for all three is usually and plurat is usually maCaaCiC patterns. patterns.

+

desk place office; desk place o writing ~~ — office; off writing —+ kitchen kitchen place — cooking place ooff cooking place — entrance entrunce place ooff entering entering place — exit place ooff exiting exiting —» mosque place place o kneeling — off kneeling mosque place o f stopping place (parking) stopping — (parking) place place daras madrasa (maddaris} school diras madrisa (maddasis) place place o studying — school off studying makt4ba (maktabdat) (maktabéat) place kkaétab i t a b maktaba place o writing ~~ — library; library; off writing bookshop bookshop Hakam maHké4ma maHkama law-court place of Hékam place ofjudging judging — —law-court (maHaakim) (maHaakim)

kkétab itab tdbax tabax Gaxal d ixal xdrag xfrag ségad ségad wif wi'if

mdktab (makdatib) mdktab (makéatib) mditbax matbax (matdabix) (matdabix) madxal (maddaxil) maidxal (madaaxil) méaxrag (maxdarig) méxrag (maxdarig) (masdagid) masgid masgid {masdagid) mawif (mawda'if) maw'if (mawda'if)

>

of

>

The following also nouns The but based based on following are are also forms nouns ooff place, place. but root forms on root doubled radicals. weak or doubled possessing possessing weak radicals. laar Yaar kaan kaan Hatt Hatt

matdar matdar (matardal) (mataréat) makdan makédan(amaakin) (amdakin) mmaHatta aHiua (maHattiat) (maHattaat)

flying»

place place ooff flying =» airport airport place place o -» place — being place off being place place of of pputting u t t i n g— — station station down* down*

“From Classical Classical Arabic where where Hat} has the *From the addmonai additional meaning of Haft has meaning of alighting. down. alighting. or putting putting down.

FIFTEEN LESSON FIFTEEN LESSON

89 8&0

Collective Nouns Nouns Collective

(e.g.

Certain nouns and animals) fruit, vegetables nouns (e.g.. fruit, Certain have aa ‘collec ‘collec: vegetables and animals) have form i n addition tive’ form addition 10 the usual usuat singular and plural forms. The The tive” to the singular and plural forms. is general that it refers refers ttoo the the class class oof fitems collective is collective items general iinn scope scope iinn that whole the specific as (e.g. [[ llike i k e apples) ‘coun as aa whole apples) as opposed opposed ttoo the specific or ‘coun(e.g. table’ plural. which is used with with sumbers numbers (Bring three apples, is used table” plural. which (Bring me three apples, The singular formed by adding for these these nouns please). is always please). The adding singular for nouns is always formed orm. o l l e c t i v e fform h e ccollective e m . sing. h e ffem. tthe sing. ending ending -a ttoo tthe

in

—_ — collective collective

singular singular

plural plural

beed beed bidingdan bidingaan burtu’dan burtu’dan gamdus gamidus

béeda béeda bidingaana bidingaana burtu'dana burtu'dana gamiusa gamdusa

bedéat beddat bidinganaat bidingandat burtu'andat burtu’anaat gawamiis gawamiis

Hagar Hagar Hamdam Hamam lamiun larmiun nail namuus. namuus naxl naxl rummdan Tummdian fdgur Ségur tuffaaH tuifdaH

Hégara Hagara Hamdama Hamdama Jamduna lamiuna naHia naHla namiusa namiusa naxla naxia rummaana rumnmaana fdgara Sagara tuffaaHa tuffdiaHa

Hagardat Hagardat Hamamdat Hamamaiat lamundat lamundat naHidat naHl4at namusdat namusdat naxléat naxiaat rummandat rummandat asgdar agdar tuffaHaat tuffaHdat

nal

eggls) eggts) —auberginets) auberginets) orange(s) orange(s) water waterbuffalofes) buffalo(es) Stone(s) stone(s) pigeonis) —_pigeon(s) femons lemons beefs) beels) mosquitofes) mosguitofes) palm-treefs} palm-tree(s} pomegrandte(s) pomegrunate(s) tree(s) tree(s) appleis) applets)

The professions professions The

with the the Turkish Turkish formed either either with The ‘professions’ uswatly formed The are wuswatly ‘professions’ are CaCCaaC: the Arabic Arabic pattern ending os on on the ending -gi or pattern CalCaaC:

agzaxdana® ageaxdana’ buista* buista* parma” pazma” makwa* makwa*

stifra* sufra* 9araba” Q4raba”

— (agzagivya) agzdpi {agzagivya)} + apzagr —> (bustagiyya) bustapi — bustagi (bustagiyya) —» pazmagi — (gazmagiyya) pazmagi (garmagivya) makwagi —» = makwagi (makwagivya) (makwagiyyz —» (sufragivya) (sufragivya) sufragi — sufragi — 9Yarbag Yarbagn (Yarbagivva) — (Yarbagi

chemist pharmucixt, pharmacist, chemist postman postman cobbler cobbler who irons laundry ‘one wha irons luundry one

butler butler and driver ooff a horse horse and driver carriage carriage

mail. shoe, table-cloth, carriage. shoe, iron. iron. tuble-cluth, carriage “meaning: pharmacy, pharmacy. mail. “meaning:

9 900

LESSON FFIFTEEN IFTEEN LESSON

baww4ab {bawwabiin) (bawwabiin) bawwiab farréaS. (farradfin} farrdad (farrasiin) (garratiin) garrdaH (garratiin) garrdaH naggdar (maggariin) naggdar (naggariin} sawwda’ (sawwa'iin) (sawwa'iin) sawwida' (sarraffin) sarraaf sarrdaf (sarraffin) (ayyaliin) fayydal Sayyaal (Sayyaliin) tabbdax (tabbaxiin) fabbéax (tabbaxiin} xadddam (xaddamiin) {xaddamfin) xadddam xattdat (xallatiin) (xattatiin) xaitdal

door-man doorman attendant office-boy, office-boy, attendant surgeon surgeon carpenter carpenter driver driver money changer money changer {to carry bags) porter carry bags) porter (to cook coo servant servant calligrapher calligrapher

Sentences Conditional Sentences Conditional iza and and law. law. three words words ttoo say Arabic commonly n , iza i f : iin, Arabic commonly uses uses three say ‘‘if: Examples: Examples: 1 {(i)

Saa’ alldah alléah iinn saa’

God-willing God-willing

(2)

‘whtilak jl-Ha'ti'a iza ‘'ultilak il-Ha'ii'a fza Hatiz9al Hatiz9al

the truth, truth, yyou'd Uf IFtold ou'd told you If you the gel get angry. angry.

@) (3)

law kunt kunt makdanak makdanak kunt kunt law kitiir inbasitt inbasatt kitiir

be very If ' d be were you, if If were you, II'd happy. happy.

(4) (4)

kida ma9amdl8 kida llaw a w HHasan a s a n ma%amald

Hassan had had nnoto tdone If done sso, o, ff Hassan

inta kunt kunt Hatiz%al Hatiz9al inta

would you you would angry. angry.

have have

gotten gotten

and fast fast rules the use There are hard and rules governing There h e tthree hree are no no hard governing the use of tthe Arabic (though there are ‘if iinn Colloquial particles meaning “if” (though there particles meaning Colioquial Arabic are iinn Classical Arabic), but the the following be considered considered general Classical Arabic), but following may general may be guidelines. guidelines.

in:

in

:

ita iza

©

llaw aw:

=:

used more borrowed from from Classical Classical used more iinn expressions expressions borrowed Arabic. Arabic. is used iiff the the proposition stated iinn the the ““if' clause is usually usually used proposition stated i f clause the verb verb following iza is is usually possible possible or probable: probable: the following fza usually and the the main clause verb verb usually perfect perfect and main clause usually imperfect. imperfect. is used iiff the the proposition stated iinn the the i“if* clause is usually used usually proposition stated f ” clause least unlikely: unlikely: the the verb totally totally hypothetical, verb hypothetical, or at least law is and the the main following is perfect clause verb verb usually following law perfect and main clause usually with the the perfect of kaan, kaan. compound compound with perfect tense tense of

91 LFSSON FIFTEEN FIFTEEN 91 LESSON

EXERCISES IM1 EXERCISES

Le f d —~

xercise r a n s l a t i o n eexercise TTranslation

wh

il-Habiib zayy akl iz-zabiib iz-zabiib [Proverb]. darb [Proverb] darb il-Habiib zayy akl ‘illit adab id-ditik m sabab 'illit adab [Popular i n gheer id-ditk gheer sabab Saying] min [Popular Saying].

ook

wala ntizdaruh’ wu'dud 1l-bala i-bala dHsan dHsan m min in il-bdla wala w u ' i u 9il-bala ‘‘wu'u9 ntizdaruh’ yd%m yam wu'dauY il-bala. intizdar intizdar il-bala. bitHibb is-sibiaHa wi-rukdub il-xeel is-sib4aHa wi-rukiub il-xeel. sordyya rayya bitHibb iddiini d téiat rummandat m fadlik i n fadlik. i s t rummandat iddiini min We and oranges. ate apples We apples and oranges. Smoking forbidden at cinema. at the the cinema. is forbidden Smoking the members. members. mutual understanding between the There is is no understanding between There no mutual is dangerous. that street street is Walking dangerous. ‘Walking iinn that is not lots ooff w i n e is . Drinking not good. Drinking lots wine good.

ink

ate

om

oem

=

l@ l

is

.

Additional vocabulary vocabulary Additional Habiib Habiib zabiib zahiib dildk “tlt: ddab ‘ f l i t ddab wir iud i r iud w ila bdala intizdar intizdar nikuub rukuub xcel xcel itar xxdtar

dik

loved one loved one raisins raisins laughing laughing lack of good lack good manners manners happening falling. befalling, happening falling; befalfing, misfortune misfortune expecting expecting riding riding horses horses danger: danger: dangerous dangerous

9 ay2

SINTEEN LESSON SIXTEEN LESSON (d-dars is-sif taasar) (id-dars is-sigtaasar) Goha stories three more Here are stories. more Goha Here are three 1lil1

ara

web

WER so-basdd li adda a r e a l lhens lid whda bed a d o a Iegubian msbuay ggahuit ala asbaud af br aHa t comma Sandu: b Savam nnatsats WasHid Wacom wikabind a s a l Samduh o n u h sstab a a iets t h ssaahtib a a t h of sutba fa amnat gubia fa a‘allah addimtid mmays. armab a s a ssuv ung Baka mnaby sutha thal guia “addimiud ti-sternaty da sa coh da Suede si-geoats allah gubla ir-raagil - och o t a allub e n a Sada ya ggutta gute dodeeSteuben Waal nmare rarnt w al

Vocabudury Vocabulary

yiddi Wdda. ida. vidda droab ( (artamb) arian) (hadaayad hidivea hidiyya {hadaand hu} + hu} [ga + lii + wiluh giluh [ga Qiizam, ivam fizam, vvi9am nafsuh nafsuh hi-Huegit bi-Higgit s i i AHid Hib (stash) ikarnab sdaHib a a t h il-arnab Hit ssaath

dab

(asta)

‘addimluh “addimlvh mavyva suxna mdyya suxna Yala i innaha Yala nnah. Sirba Suri faE)

ttoogive give rrabbit ibbu Nis qa him came f o hum came co

ae

FO i m o do

hunselt hemselt the preweas on on the pretext friends o fried: mar owner Ca ihe owner tricnd: o the a trivnd off phe off the owner o rrubber uhbit’ him offered ttoo hum offered fhot o t water water chat ittf wus {pretending Iprotending! chat wus soup soup SO tfan so a n i iinvoductory r o n d i s c t o r y pparticle? uteiicic!

Ww ERY

San ig-gawaas ssa'aho a l u pgutta u l l s San ig “allubamLivan atizah man LAZAW W a g sas Tallubum was “aluulod lech va aad l a t a l a h , gabli w dabli a man a i d “alouled mattLas I WAWWAa gig Phaedh manasat ing ounen C3o g a n a t t aisnhuk, Wanaih manasabinng slht r a abi Canach ws Tabi tgaww baddak *’ sallutuim wall 1ab Jab w a l l ptgawewas a w n s bavdah i l u h u mSalasaan Saladaan naie a ssieS u m e aRacca ids

auth

LESSON SIXTEEN LESSON SIXTEEN

93 93

Vocabulary Vocabulary

ssé’al. d a l , yis'al yis‘al (9an) (San) gawdaz gawaaz

ask (about) to ask (about) marriage marriage

{a9an alldah ld9an bé9di —Goha alldah man wa-man tazdwwag tazawwag gabli qabli wa-man tazawwag bd9di nan tazawwag - Goha this is Classical Arabic: Arabic: "May pompouwsly is Classical ‘May God pompously says those who who G o d curse curse those says this the one Ullt.: the married before und those those who who married Hit.. one who| who} married married after after before me me und me." me.’ ‘aléuluh ‘alduluh Wénnuh [li'Anna li'énnuh hu] [l'4nna ++ hu] n a s a H . yinsaH

manasaHniis

zift zift = tdyyib tab tab = tayyib kaliam kaldam kaléami kaldami

said to him him they said because he he because advise ttoo udvise didn't tefl tell me fflit: he did did they they didn't l i t : he advise me/ nnot o t advise me{ terrible, awful fidiom.} terrible, (idiom.) awful words talking, talking, speaking; speaking; words that which which {I said said that Vv Vv

Yan rd‘'yuh “dlluh guHa waaHlid mitgdwwiz sd’al pedHa fil-gawdaz, wiaaHid i H a Yan mitgawwiz sd’al ré'yuh fil-pawaazz. -dlluh guHa foo" 9asal Yaamil zayy i lil-birmil 9asal wi-ba9déen wi-baSdéen inn - b i r m i l iilli l l i mun inn ig-gawsaz min foo" ig-gawaaz 9damil “Alluh ir-raagil. kalluh basal. basal. ‘dlluh sda9it ma ana min ttila'ith i l a ’ i h kiilluh ir-raagil. walldahi, walldahi, ana min sda9it ma wi-kulluh “alluh laazim fataHt il-birmiil tgawwizt i H a laazim fataHt il-birmiil min basal. ‘dlluh ggdHa min tgawwizt wi-kalluh basal. taHt. taHt.

Vocabulary Yocabulary mitgdwwiz mitgawwiz fi (arda‘) fi ra'y ta’y (arda’)y barmiil (baramiil) (baramiil) barmiil S4sal Gdsal laa’a, yilaa’t yilaa'i lda’a, kull kull basal basal 4ahi wal] walléahi sda9it ma min ma i n sda%t m

married married fon) apnion aptnion fon) barrel barrel honey horey to find find all all onion onion God! by God! the moment moment flil.; from the [lit.: ‘hour'f ‘hour’ from that that

HR== io

94° 04

SIXTEEN LESSON SIXTEEN 1ESSON

tye

SE

0

| |

L j ) ge v grand vwUiyge gamut +

gael

tLe x gadabll

y

mine

cli

Zitjue 46 Lait

pan

WS

» 3

Lptuad Upama ——

ta.

H s w u S tyea d yhiale . . Sygle

mabis d diYwa. Hisammiiha mizanivve tisnmmiitha a m m i t h a mowiazna i t w a . dna muwazna maliz ana mizaniyya t usammiiha Sawza 1-fidyu! 9dwza I-fidyu! call ot the books”. books (You can call iitt vour halancing the ‘budget, vou {Your con call a “balancing can caft vour “budget. von can don't care. WANT care. || W Ii don't A N T TTHAT HAT V IDEON VIDEO)

PPROVERBS ROVERBS ‘abl id-daar 1 ig-gaar b l id-daar ig-gaar a

the neighbour {Choose| {Choose] the neighbour before before the house house the

gamiil 22 is-sabr is-sabr_gamiil

is beautiful, Patience is Patience is a beautiful, ii.e. e . is a

1

virtue virtue

33ilird ilied hazal gghazéal

fi fi

Seen 9cen

‘immuh Gimmuh

the eye in the monkey, in its A monkey, of its eye of mother, is is a gazelle mother, gazelle

duxxéan_ m 4 maffid maffis duxxdan i n gheer 4 min gheer naar naar

No smoke smoke without without fire No fire

ikwild ila min dla 5Sma ma dghla i n il-wild 4ghla m wild il-wild il-wild wild

dearer than than one's one's chilchilNothing is dearer Nothing is the children children o one's dren, save dren, save the off one's children children

(i

it,

6 M i ma%ndiud ma9indius mayilzamiud 6 mayilzamius

have it, you da not do not not have If not If you you do you do need iitt need

7 ees ees yaaxud yéaxud ir-riiH mil-balaat 7 i r - r i i l l mil-baldat

What can the wind wind sweep What from can the sweep from have what what tile {{= a tile = you a n n o t have you ccannot Is nnot is o l there) there) a@

faat maat maat 88 iili l l i faat

That which is dead dead (Don’t is past That (Don't which is past is cry over mitk) over spitled spilled milk}

il-wizz 9awwdam 9awwaam 9 iibn 4 b n il-wizz

The knows how how to swim to swim gosling knows The gosling like son, { = like father father like posison, iinn a positive senve) sense) (=

like

10 tkfi 1’idra 9idla 94la fummaha; furmmaha; 10 thf 1-'idra i-bint l-ummdha |-ummaha titla9 titla9 il-bint

Turn the the clay its mouth, clay pot mouth, pot oonn its Turn the daughter like her her the turns out out like daughter turns mother ((= like mother, like ike mother, = like mother daughter) daughter)

4na w-axxtuya 9ala bbnn weaxxttuya Sala w-ibn Sammi S4mmi Ydmmi; ana ana we-ibn Ydmumi;

brother and and II against Myy brother M against my cousin and and II against cousin; my cousin cousin, against the strunger {worth thinking the thinking stranger (worth about in the the context Arab context o about off Arab politics) politics)

11

Yala l-ghariib Ydla b-ghariib

96 06

PROVERBS PROVERBS

12 9dla 94la 12

‘add liH4afak liHdafak ‘add rightek rigléck

midd idd m

according to Spread Spread your quilt according your quilt the measure = cut cut the legs {(= measure ooff your your legs our o yyour tto cloth) cloth)

ccording o u r coat coat aaccording yyour

and vou're Pasha and Pasha; you're a Pasha; ' m a Pasha II'ma who drives drives the the donkey? so who donkey?

iz14 darb akl izil-Habiib zayy 14 darb il-Habiib zayy akl zibiib zibiib

loved one A blow one is blow from A from your your loved fi.e. something like eating something like raisins (i.e. eating raisins The loved laved one one referred referred to good. The good. is usually the wife) usually the is

[= wh

13 dna dna bdafa béala w-Inta w-inta bdada; baaSa: 13 miin yisuu'il-Huméar yisuu' il-Humdar miin

on

15

iis

filfil-

A white will be be useful white piastre A useful on on piastre will black day saved is a black is = a penny day ((= penny saved a penny earned} penny earned}

— ~J

il-'ir¥ il-dbyad i-abyad yinfa? yinfa? il-iswid yoom yoom il-iswid

The above the the does nnot rise above o t rise eye does The eye should know know i e . one one should r o w ffie. bbrow one's place) one's place)

17

faar iinn ghaab a b ya faar ghaab il-"utt il-"utt 9 9ab

— pores

16

il-Seen mati9lias mati9ldas 9al-Haagib 9al-Hadagib il-9een

is

labbis il-buusa tib'a Dartiusa Sarttusa 14bbis il-biusa tib'a

@ Dress uupp a reed and and iitt will will Dress reed become a bride ((like the English become l i k e the a bride English “Clothes. make the the man’ man’ but but ‘Clothes make the female the applied applied to the female ooff the Species) species)

waaHid $4ayil da‘nuh: witS4ayil da'nuh: wiéaHid ldani zaYlian za9ldan lech? lech? taani

is carrying One man his beard; beard: One man is carrying his the other other one is the so so why is one angry angry it's none his business) ffie. i e . it's business) none o off his

8 umm il-Sartiusa, ffadya i d v a wumm il-9ariusa, masbuuka matbuuka

bride's mother: like a bride's mother: doing like doing but acting riothing busy nothing but acting busy

oe

[*] Lr)

— L=]

S

R

o tJ ary

8

If If

the cat's O cat's away, the play O away, go go play the mice mice w will mouse mouse ( = . . . the ill play} play}

(=...

Habiibak yibld9ak iz-zdlat: yiblé9ak iz-zélat: Habiibak wiSadiwwak yitmanndalak wi-9adiwwak yitmanndalak i-ghdlat i-ghdlat

Your friend will swallow stones friend w stones i l l swallow Your for your for yoursake; sake; your hopes your enemy enemy hopes make a mistake mistake o u ' l l make yyou'll

22 kkul flii yi9gibak: w-ilbis fli ‘li ul M 22 yidgibak: w-ilbis yidgib in-naas in-naas yi9gib

Eat that that which which pleases Eat dress pleases you; you; dress what pleases others to what according according to pleases athers at least fi.e. conform at least externally) externally) fie. conform

= 97 PROVERES 97 PROVERBS

it-taDliim fig-sighar infis-s 23 it-taflfim har zayy inna’s 9al-Hégar na's Sal-Hdgar no

Learning n youth Learning iin youth engraving stone engraving iinn stone

is like is like

— yal

24 y l t a l ii-"atiil ihatiil ganaztuh ganaztuh

wi-yimst wiyimsi

fit fii

the man, then walks walks in IHeekills kifls the man, then

his funeral hurts 5.0. his (i.e. hurts then funeral (i.e. 5.0, then be his his friend) pretends pretends to be friend)

bi-Geen adoufuh aSaufuh bb25 ffli l i yéafni ySufni bi-9een itnéen itnéen

He wha who looks looks aatt me with one He me with one

Yabd jl-mudiin ya 9abd il-mudiin illa’éetak ya 9abd Yabd illa'éetak 1i194an tit%aan

Abd here, A 1} brought o u here, b d ilbrought yyou it Mudiin, ito MuSiin, o help e ; I[found foundyou, help m me; you, Abd i-MuBiin, il-MuSiin, needing Abd needing help help needed it) more than i(i.e. . e . even than |I needed even more

fiiha rayyiséen l i filha rayyiséen - m é r k i b ffli i il-mérkib tighra’ tighra’

The ship which has has two captains The captains ship which sinks f(= cooks spoil sinks = too many spoil many cooks the broth) broth) the

Yan i-9een y i-bidiid 9an il-9een bidiid didiid il-bi%id 28 9an il-xaatir 9an il-xaatir

Out ooff sight, Literally: Literally Our sight, out out of of rmind und

my

[

x

-1

tp 26 gibtak gibtak ti9inni; ti%nni; mudSiin mu%iin

te il-baxt yilda's l i i l #-baxt a‘alii 29 yilda’i il-9adm il-9adm fil-kirsa fil-kirsa

30 yiddi yiddi wy

li

1-Héta® Hala’ 1 - 1

widdan widdan

a maHaddis maHé4ddis 31 Haaga Héaga

waaxid waaxid

look aatt hhim with ttwo eve, ' l f look i m with w o ((= = eve, I[Il scratch my back. II'll vou scratch ' l l scratch vou scratch my back. — twice as much} yours as much} yours —

he finds bones So unlucky untucky that finds bones So that he iinn tripe tripe

bala bala

Hee gives H o someone someone gives ear-rings ear-rings lto without ears without ears

minha minha

takes anything Noo one N anything from from it one takes You can't can't take (i.e. Yau take [the world] (i.e. {the world] with irit w i t h you) you)

}-49war 9dla 9dla Yéenuh; 9€enuh; 32 dérabu darabu -d9war xasrdana ‘aal xasrdana xasrdana xasrdana ‘aal wy

it

hit the the one-eyed They hit one-eyed man man on on is he said ‘what is said 'whai his fbad] {bad} eye; hiv eye; he

is

bad bad’ (i.e. what? Don't So what? Don't fie. No bad is bad’

Tad Lr)

be concerned about concerned about be already damaged) damaged) already

my

B

fil-ward mala’ivs 9eeb; 9eeb; filward mala'dud 4Hmar il-xaddéen il-xaddéen a l i u h ya AHmar ‘ ‘aliuh

what's what's

with the the They found They found nnoo fault fault with red said they hhad a d red roses, roses, so they said cheeks (i.e. will (i.e. some cheeks some people people will always try try to find always find fault) fault)

to

OS G8

PROVERES: PHOVTRBK

bisuw’ ili H l i m bison’ il-pavian vyHlier 3 i-ga®ian it Yous Yeed HM

2

35

Sumer e m

id-damm id-damm

—omayib'a maviba

a v yaa w may

ila

the A hungry off the dreams o A fumgre man man dreams bread prarket market fread

wid Blood w become waier water i l l mever never become Blood x of:f BAlaod l o o d iix ony o the ssense h s e d tintn dhe ttused ife) thivker thun thin wwaters thicker That w the which written oonn the is written h ah is Thsir

36 ilemakmub il-makniuh l-gibiin Sila 36 -gibiin tikuufuh I-Y¢en laagim tituufuh U-8een laazim

ust ve m he o r o ttte bbrow mast eve

37 vimuut i2-zammaar vimuat—iz-zammiar 37 sinvabSuh bbitldab ush sawabduh

Jas fingers The plaver but Jin dies, but The plaver dies, fingers heep un on playing Avep plaving

iw we

fil-mayya nus aduh fil-masya mis zzave 38 Mh avy ili irbuh AR fiduh Bin-naar i Gwdubh lMi fia-aasr

et nnot

vaoskol ili 33 39M la iYala yaakul naitsuh vinfa¥ yinta9 nitsuh

sett-sutieient ix a selt-suffrcient

dirsuh dirsuh

ee ssee

bund is One whose whose hand is ar warer One isin water is fire tthe one one whose whose ahand n hre m d as Dike is iun He who whe chews Chews oonn He

his own molar us own molar

40 i d min sabab 40 -ditlk m i n gheer id-diTk gheet sabab adab i h adab ““lit,

Lawghter Laughter mpale iimpotize

+ bislHki biviHKi 41

the srorv He's tefling bu He's Abt story ooff A telling the Zeut 1 e hhe'll Zeid e ' l l ggoo oonn uund n d oonn ttalking h i n g ttor o r ayes) ayes}

;

S2

“issit abu abu Cissit

zeed zeed

—is-saa‘iva, id-dinva zayy id-dinya zavy is-sasiva, nuirea foo wi-marra nuirra foo’ wiemarra table WE

Pa A is-sire isesivr ffii bur 43 bir

wud

ata bil-bata

reson reason

is Js

te

is

world is hhe The world like u The water-wheel a waterwheel, down the mp one m e n t eand manute wind down thenext next up one

iinn aawell well tte. r e , vvou ou telli l ome, can tell n d 1f owor't can w ine, aand won't elt rivers) ddavenc)

The sseeret is The e c r e is

AY basalit ii:- mmulbb 4H basalit o k i b b xaruuf xaruut

45 wa'iu9 otigaasab mizmnub

without without

wills wi-laa

A r o m a loved-one Ann onion loved-cne is is onion ffrom

utton e moudton htke

The aactual disaster c r a l huppening The off desasrer happening o had as waiting o r iitt we a d as aasy b to waiting ffor

i

t n enot

happen happen

bab

aHb l u a b ullash 46 i - a ttial fial a ullash

Chibtren are loved bbvy G Gad ad Children are much puch foved

wi-bika wwi-saha'ni 47 darabai daribai wi-hika i-saba'ni

He hie hit me und cried. He then he he ran cried. then me und ran

-tSLh WWeISLAL

o off f f ro before te complain complain before

E

could could

9

99

48 rabbina rabbina rabb rabb il-'uldub il-‘uluub 43

i

is the Our lord of the lord the heart: heart: O u r LLord o r dis of the Hee knows and H knows our our thoughts thoughts and intentions intentions

49 M i vixtidi bin’ 9dmmuh 94mmuh 49 i n bint yixtisi m min minha Yivdal maygibs Yiyaal maygibs. minha

He e who is shy his father-inH with his father-inwho is shywith law's daughter won't have have law's won't daughter children children

50 i lil-muHdami il-minsdar 50 - m u H i a m i zavy zayy il-minddar waakil ndazil-waakil ndazil-waakil tdah9 tdali9 waakil

lawyer like a saw; he eas A lawyer is like eats saw; he when he's he eats he's up. when he's he’s when eats when up, he down (i.e. win oorr lose) down (i.e. gets lose) paid win gets paid

is

READINGS READINGS il-itnéen aHmuaddut aHmadaat il-itnéen fi wit-tdani 94ayid iLitnéen uHmaddar, aHmaddat. wwaéaHid Odayis § d a H i d 9david il-itnéen Siayis fil-arydaf. fil-arydaf. wit-tdani waaHid bivistighal falldaH. wit-taani gindadi. wit-taani biyistighal mass. biyiéta masr. wdaHid biyistaghal fallaaH. Hasibma ginéeh Hasibma wit-tdani wndasar itndasar miméeh waaHid bivtallaY tis9a tis9a gindeh w i a H i d bivtillay ginéeh wit-tdani f wi-mixaltauHuh fis-fughl. iitnéen mitgawwiziin mitgawwiziin wi-mixalyidghat l a rduHuh ilatnéen yidghat i Qala lifin, dbu dbu HHuméed a v i s f r - r u f mixdllif arbdva. wil-xdamis l i dYdayi u m é e d iili lifitn, moxallif itnéen itnéen witwitwi-saHhbog Ili I Y4ayié Ydavis fil-quahsra fil-qaahira micdllif fiv-sikka. wi-satlibng gavy gayy fis-sikka. fis-sikka. il-awwaldam ti'dlleh axbdarak axbéarak ech? ech? taulit gayy lis-sikka. i d a l l-awwaldam ttaabil tdulit illdah, uhé ahé masva. W'dlluh madsya il-Hamdu hlldah. maéya izzday? masya. ti'allubh izzday? yi'illak yi'ullak yi'allak yi'dilak il-Hamdu Yasal wi-veméen basal. n'olluh héeclak. vi'dllak vidllak is-Sidda u’ulluh Sdd sidd heéclak, is-sidda wi-veméen basal. voom yoom Ydsal 1d-daaya. badd Yal-allaah. allaah allaah vikassibha. bdssit Yal-allaak. wis miraati basyit fi wiié mirdati ba9d yikassibha, 1d-daava. W-Yeel it-taaliv fiih & walad. llissa walad. wissik witlad, wi"alillaha fith i s a Hatgiibi Hatgiibi wilad. il-Yeel it-talit wi-"alinahs t wissik fi wisitk wilad. walad. Haakim Haakim “alilldha lisss lisse 1 wisitk kaan xallif xailii w walad wi-bintéen, “alitldha i l a d wi-bintéen. kaan Beh di Yaalima tadariis l i-kaft ruffivva, B id-daava di Qvalima rublivea, - k a f l wia u 8 0 tadarns h nnaw id-dauva wi ie-wiis. saddait. mus tabYan nuraatoh nuraatah saddait, ma daaya tadariis alowaSe daaya tdbYan nass nass ora tra tadariis tictlit Qiks dimaagh “abl Kida att mares Yarfa H wallidit “abl kida att i n e 9ata E nrvinn dimdagh wallidit marra nba iba Yara be Ydyza kKumaan movin alisoan vYakisaan da gaomn alid kamaan wwalad mizha mizha Yévea mayb aad las he gain dindia yisavdun. fndlio Yala hinteen binteen g a s a s a a n sisatdun. ass YYasaan sienlun a t fdun Yala wwattdun ulit naxx wewatad wil-xdamis arhava. ttalat banaat we-watad damm baw oarhabin gayy wil-xdams gayy k e bengat i a l {amma ttxallt a s Walid i n pragidas llah, w fissikka darinrs san ahawk. a m s walod Wein magaas iill Gordurt of lia-nihkit