Clinical Informatics Literacy: 5000 Concepts That Every Informatician Should Know 9780128032060

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CLINICAL I N F O R M AT I C S LITERACY

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CLI NIC AL I N F O RM AT I CS LI TERACY 5000 Concepts That Every Informatician Should Know DEAN F. SITTIG, PhD School of Biomedical Informatics University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States

Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-803206-0 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals

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QUOTE FROM TS ELIOT The vast accumulations of knowledge—or at least of information— deposited by the nineteenth century have been responsible for an equally vast ignorance. When there is so much to be known, when there are so many fields of knowledge in which the same words are used with different meanings, when everyone knows a little about a great many things, it becomes increasingly difficult for anyone to know whether he knows what he is talking about or not. And when we do not know, or when we do not know enough, we tend always to substitute emotions for thoughts. T.S. Eliot (1888–1965). The Sacred Wood. 1921. http://www.bartleby.com/200/sw2.html.

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CONTENTS Acknowledgments ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xi About This Book����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii

CATEGORY DEFINITIONS Academic Degree������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 3 Anatomy �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4 Application Development ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7 Artificial Intelligence�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8 Body System������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 10 Bone�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11 Chemistry ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 Clinical Decision Making ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 15 Clinical Decision Support���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Clinical Disorder������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 21 Clinical Procedure���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 Clinical Role�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29 Clinical Specialty������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 32 Clinical Syndrome �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34 Communication ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 35 Computational Algorithm �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36 Computer Application �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 39 Computer Architecture�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43 Computer Hardware������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 45 Computer Networking�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 48 Computer Programming ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50 Computer Security�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 54 Computer-Based Education������������������������������������������������������������������������ 58 Corporation�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 59 Data Analysis ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60 Data Structure���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 61

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Data Type������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 62 Data Visualization���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 65 Data Warehousing �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66 Disease �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 69 Electronic Health Record Function ������������������������������������������������������������ 71 Evaluation���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 74 Field of Study ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75 Genetics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 78 Government Funding���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 80 Government Organization�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81 Health Insurance������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 83 Healthcare Finance�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 85 Hospital Department ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 86 Human–Computer Interaction�������������������������������������������������������������������� 88 Identity Management���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 90 Imaging�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 92 Information Resource���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 94 Information Retrieval���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 96 Journal���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 98 Law���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99 Logic ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 102 Malware������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 103 Management���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 104 Mathematics���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 107 Measurement �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 110 Measurement Unit������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 112 Medical Billing ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 114 Medical Device������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 117 Medical Facility������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 118 Medication�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 120 Natural Language Processing������������������������������������������������������������������ 124 Network Security �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 126

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Organization���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 128 Patient Safety �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 129 People �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 131 Physiologic Measurement������������������������������������������������������������������������ 135 Physiology�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 137 Probability Distribution ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 139 Professional Organization������������������������������������������������������������������������ 140 Programming Language �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 142 Quality Management�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 143 Screening Test������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 145 Standard ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 146 Standards Organization���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 148 Statistical Test�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 149 Statistics ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 150 Study Design���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 154 Surgical Procedure������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 157 System Implementation���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 159 Terminology ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 161 Theory�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 163 Unified Medical Language System Vocabulary�������������������������������������� 165 Workflow���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 168 Index ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 171

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The following people were instrumental in helping me identify concepts to be included in this book: Emily Campbell, JoAnn Kaalaas-Sittig, Allison B. McCoy, and Daniel G. Miller, Adam Wright. In addition, I reviewed the glossaries from the following clinical informatics textbooks: Coeira’s Guide to Health Informatics, Third Edition, Shortliffe and Cimino’s Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and Biomedicine, Third Edition, Rowland’s A Practitioner’s Guide to Health Informatics in Australia.

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ABOUT THIS BOOK This book was modeled after Hirsch’s book Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know, which contains over 5000 names, phrases, dates, and concepts that every American should know to consider themselves culturally literate. After reading this book, I decided that there must be at least 5000 concepts that every clinical informatician should know as well. This book represents my attempt to develop such a list.

What is Clinical Informatics? Clinical informatics is the relatively new scientific field that focuses on the sociotechnical aspects of the use of information and information technology to study and improve the health of individuals and the organizational and technical systems that support them in that endeavor. While many have tried to prove that clinical informatics and the artifacts it creates can directly improve the health of individuals or the health of large populations of individuals, in my experience such improvements in health or health care are an indirect result of the work of clinical informaticians. Therefore, by definition, clinical informatics is a multidisciplinary field that requires widespread clinical and technical knowledge as well as the ability to work alongside expert-level clinicians, technologists, and healthcare administrators. This book is designed to help those interested in the field of clinical informatics to understand the breadth of knowledge required to successfully participate in the design, development, implementation, use, and evaluation of the health information technology (HIT) required to transform the current complex adaptive healthcare system into a robust, reliable, efficient, and cost-effective HIT-enabled healthcare system. Such a transformation will require concerted effort on the part of many individuals who each bring unique knowledge, skills, and experience to bear on the myriad problems that must be identified, defined, explored, and overcome.

A Sociotechnical Approach to Clinical Informatics As previously stated, clinical informatics is a sociotechnical field that is well-described by an eight-dimension sociotechnical model that Hardeep Singh, MD, MPH, and I developed to help clinicians, technologists, and researchers understand the

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various sociotechnical aspects of the field and their complex interactions. The following sections (adapted from Sittig DF, Singh H. A new sociotechnical model for studying health information technology in complex adaptive healthcare systems. Quality & Safety in Health Care. 2010 Oct; 19 Suppl 3:i68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2010.042085) describe each of these eight dimensions, first in terms of what is meant by each dimension and second, why each dimension is so important to understanding the complexity of the field. Included within each dimension are a few examples of the categories of concepts related to that dimension.

Hardware and Software Computing Infrastructure This dimension of the model focuses solely on the hardware and software required to run the clinical informatics applications. The most visible part of this dimension is the computer, including the monitor, printer, and other data display devices along with the keyboard, mouse, and other data entry devices used to access clinical applications and medical or imaging devices. This dimension also includes the centralized (network-attached) data storage devices and all of the networking equipment required to allow applications or devices to retrieve and store patient data. Also included in this dimension is software at both the operating system and application levels. Finally, this dimension of the model subsumes all the machines, devices, and software required to keep the computing infrastructure functioning such as the high-capacity air conditioning system, the batteries that form the uninterruptible power supply (UPS) that provides short-term electrical power in the event of an electrical failure, and the diesel-powered backup generators that supply power during longer outages. In short, this dimension is purely technical; it is only composed of the physical devices and the software required keeping these devices running. One of the key aspects of this dimension is that, for the most part, the end-users are not aware that most of this infrastructure exists until it fails. Therefore, everyone working in the field of clinical informatics must have at least a passing knowledge and understanding of the design, development, implementation, use, and monitoring of the equipment and methods used to keep the computer applications running. Likewise, since the entire computing industry continues to move forward with astonishing speed, clinical informaticians need to be aware of the latest developments and improvements in the hardware and software they are relying on. Often, what was virtually impossible several years ago, due to inadequate processing power (e.g., real-time



monitoring of all in-patients to identify potential cases of sepsis via a remote-hosted service), data storage capacity (i.e., real-time access to all patients complete history of imaging procedures, clinical notes and reports), or networking bandwidth (i.e., real-time broadcast of telemedicine-enabled clinical procedures around the world) can now be accomplished relatively, easily, and cheaply using commercially available off-the-shelf hardware and software. Therefore, readers interested in exploring the hardware aspects of this dimension more fully could turn to the computer hardware, architecture, or networking categories. Those interested more in the software side of this dimension could review the computational algorithm, application development, data structure, and data analysis categories.

Clinical Content This dimension includes everything on the data–information– knowledge continuum that is stored in the computing system. For example, data such as structured and unstructured textual or numeric data and images that are either captured directly from imaging devices or scanned from paper-based sources; information such as online clinical reference resources that are available to clinicians at the point of care to help them remember or learn important clinical concepts; and knowledge such as clinical algorithms used to generate real-time clinical alerts or diseasespecific, clinical documentation templates. Various clinical content elements can be used to configure certain software applications to meet clinical or administrative requirements. Examples include controlled vocabulary items that are selected from a list while ordering a medication or a diagnostic test, and the logic required to generate an alert for certain types of medication interactions. These elements may also describe certain clinical aspects of the patients’ condition (e.g., laboratory test results, discharge summaries, or radiographic images). Other clinical content, such as demographic data and patient location, can be used to manage administrative aspects of a patient’s care. These data can be entered (or created), read, modified, or deleted by authorized users and stored either on the local computer or on a network-attached device. Certain elements of the clinical content, such as those which inform clinical decision support (CDS) interventions, must be carefully managed and updated on a regular basis. As the field of clinical informatics progresses, the importance of having access to accurate, up-to-date, clinical content cannot be overemphasized. The translation of this data, information, and knowledge into computer interpretable and usable forms is one of

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the main challenges of the field of clinical informatics. Creation, maintenance, and utilization of this computer-based clinical content requires (1) knowledge of the way the computer algorithms and systems work, as well as, (2) a good understanding of the basic physiological, pathological, and anatomical information and knowledge required to care for patients, combined with an understanding of how clinical and administrative work is accomplished within the healthcare delivery system. These requirements help explain why approximately 30% of the concepts included in this book are from the basic biological and clinical sciences. It also explains why so many of the most successful clinical informaticians come from a clinical background (i.e., physicians, nurses, laboratory technicians, pharmacists, etc.). Finally, it means that those clinical informaticians from more technical backgrounds (e.g., computer science, engineering, statistics, information management, etc.) must learn as much about clinical science, medicine, and how the healthcare system works, as possible to be conversant with the clinicians and administrators that will be using the clinically focused systems that are developed. Therefore, those working on developing or using clinical content could review the categories describing: terminology, Unified Medical Language System vocabulary, clinical decision support, body system, disease, and clinical specialty.

Human–Computer Interface An interface enables unrelated entities, such as humans, to interact with the computer system and includes aspects of the computer system that users can see, touch, or hear. The hardware and software “operationalize” the user interface; provided these are functioning as designed, any problems with using the system are likely due to human–computer interaction (HCI) issues. The HCI is guided by a user interaction model created by the software designer and developer and hopefully agreed to by the user community. During early pilot testing of the application in the target clinical environment, both the user’s workflow and the interface are likely to need revisions. This process of iterative refinement, wherein both the user and user interface may need to change, should culminate in a HCI model that matches the user’s modified clinical workflow while enabling the computer to manage the required data safely and securely. For example, if a clinician wants to change the dose of a medication, the software requires the clinician to discontinue the old order and enter a new one, but the user interface should hide this complexity. This dimension also includes the ergonomic aspects of the interface. If users are forced to use a computer mouse while standing, they may have difficulty



controlling the pointer on the screen because they are moving the mouse using the large muscles of their shoulder rather than the smaller muscles in the forearm. Finally, the lack of a feature or function within the interface represents a potential problem with the interface, the clinical content that provides the selection options for the users, or with the software or hardware that implements the interface. The HCI is one of the key dimensions of the sociotechnical model in that it is the main site at which the users, or social component of the model, interact with the technical or hardware, software, and clinical content. While many users complain about the user interface, the root of the problem may reside in another dimension of the sociotechnical model altogether. Working to understand how the various dimensions of the sociotechnical model interact, often through the user interface is another key challenge for clinical informaticians. Therefore, informaticians need to have a firm grasp of the concepts involved in designing, creating, configuring, maintaining, and evaluating the human– computer user interface. The following categories may prove useful: HCI and computer application.

People This dimension represents the humans (e.g., software developers, system configuration and training personnel, clinicians, and patients) involved in all aspects of the design, development, implementation, and use of HIT. It also includes the ways that systems help users think and make them feel. Although user training is clearly an important component of the user portion of the model, it may not by itself overcome all user-related problems. Many “user” problems actually result from poor system design or errors in system development or configuration. In addition to the users of these systems, this dimension includes the people who design, develop, implement, and evaluate these systems. For instance, these people must have the proper knowledge, skills, and training required to develop applications that are safe, effective, and easy to use. This is the first aspect of the model that is purely on the social end of the sociotechnical spectrum. In most cases, users will be clinicians or employees of the health system. However, with recent advances in patient-centered care and development of personal health record systems and “home monitoring” devices, patients are increasingly becoming important users of HIT. Patients and/or their caregivers may not possess the knowledge or skills to manage new health information technologies, and this is of specific concern as more care shifts to the patient’s home.

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The people dimension is critical for the successful application of clinical informatics’ interventions within the modern day electronic health record (EHR)–enabled healthcare system. Failure to understand the roles, culture, knowledge, training, and emotional states of the people involved in building and using these complex systems will surely lead to failure of the project. Therefore, it is vitally important that clinical informaticians learn enough of the vocabulary of both the information technology professionals (i.e., technical terms in this book) responsible for building, implementing, and maintaining these systems as well as the clinical professionals (i.e., biomedical terms in this book) that will be using them. Specific categories related to this dimension include: people and organization.

Workflow and Communication This is the first portion of the model that acknowledges that people often need to work cohesively with others in the healthcare system to accomplish patient care. This collaboration requires significant two-way communication. The workflow dimension accounts for the steps needed to ensure that each patient receives the care they need at the time they need it. Often, the clinical information system does not initially match the actual “clinical” workflow. In this case, either the workflow must be modified to adapt to the HIT, or the HIT system must change to match the various workflows identified. This dimension highlights the importance of studying both the ways and means that humans use to communicate with each other as well as the way they carry out their work. The goal when developing new health information technology applications is to improve or facilitate communication between the key members of the healthcare system. Likewise, these new applications should make the existing workflows more efficient, safe, and effective. Failure to understand the current and future workflows of clinicians often results in failure to use the new technology as anticipated, which often show up as work-arounds. Key categories related to this dimension include: workflow, communication, and system implementation.

Internal Organizational Policies, Procedures, and Culture The organization’s internal structures, policies, and procedures affect every other dimension in our model. For example, the organization’s leadership allocates the capital budgets that enable



the purchase of hardware and software, and internal policies influence whether and how offsite data backups are accomplished. The organizational leaders and committees who write and implement IT policies and procedures are responsible for overseeing all aspects of HIT system procurement, implementation, use, monitoring, and evaluation. A key aspect of any HIT project is to ensure that the software accurately represents and enforces, if applicable, organizational policies and procedures. Likewise, it is also necessary to ensure that the actual clinical workflow involved with operating these systems is consistent with existing policies and procedures. Finally, internal rules and regulations are often created in response to the external rules and regulations that form the basis of the next dimension of the model. This dimension highlights the importance for all clinical informaticians to have at least a basic understanding of how the healthcare delivery system functions. For example, they need to know the different types of healthcare facilities that exist, how they are organized, how decisions within them are made, and which key stakeholders in the organization must be consulted before any decision that might affect the health information technology that is in place or being considered for widespread implementation is made. Therefore, readers interested in this dimension should review the management, medical billing, and medical facility categories.

External Rules, Regulations, and Pressures This dimension accounts for the external forces that facilitate or place constraints on the design, development, implementation, use, and evaluation of HIT in the clinical setting. For example, the recent passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009, which includes the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, made available over $35 billion dollars for healthcare practitioners who became “meaningful users” of health IT. Thus, ARRA introduced the single largest financial incentive ever to facilitate EHR implementation. Meanwhile, a host of federal, state, and local regulations regulate the use of HIT. Examples include the 1996 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), recent changes to the Stark Laws, and restrictions on secondary use of clinical data. Finally, there are three recent national developments that have the potential to affect the entire healthcare delivery system in the context of HIT. These include: (1) the initiative to develop the data and information exchange capacity to create a national health information network; (2) the open notes initiative to enable patients to

ABOUT THIS BOOK  xix

xx  ABOUT THIS BOOK

access copies of the clinical data via personal health records; and (3) government incentives to define and address clinical and IT workforce shortages. Understanding the forces external to the actual healthcare organization, that is, implementing various health information technology interventions is critical to understanding why certain work is performed in a particular manner, or why certain workflows are not permitted. Often these rules and regulations place enormous pressure and constraints on healthcare organizations with seemingly little input from the healthcare workers themselves. Then these externally mandated constraints are in turn enforced by various health information technology tools and procedures often resulting in extreme user frustration. Failure to understand the root cause of these frustrations can lead informaticians to work on solutions that are not useful or even against the law. Readers curious about this dimension should review concepts in the categories of professional organization, government funding, government organization, health finance and insurance.

System Measurement and Monitoring This dimension has largely been unaccounted for in previous models. We posit that the effects of HIT must be measured and monitored on a regular basis. An effective system measurement and monitoring program must address four key issues related to HIT features and functions. First is the issue of availability—the extent to which features and functions are available and ready for use. Measures of system availability include response times and percent uptime of the system. A second measurement objective is to determine how the various features and functions are being used by clinicians. For instance, one such measure is the rate at which clinicians override CDS warnings and alerts. Third, the effectiveness of the system on healthcare delivery and patient health should be monitored to ensure that anticipated outcomes are achieved. For example, the mean hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) value for all diabetic patients in a practice may be measured before and after implementation of a system with advanced CDS features. Finally, in addition to measuring the expected outcomes of HIT implementation, it is also vital to identify and document unintended consequences that manifest themselves following use of these systems. For instance, it may be worthwhile to track practitioner efficiency before and after implementation of a new clinical charting application. In addition to measuring the use and effectiveness of HIT at the local level, we must develop the methods to measure and monitor these systems and assess



the quality of care resulting from their use on a state, regional, or even national level. As the percentage of the nation’s gross domestic product that is spent on health care continues to increase, there is going to be even more scrutiny of the costs and effectiveness of the health care that is being delivered. The rapid adoption of health information technology is no exception. Informaticians must be ready to demonstrate that the systems they are putting into place are having a significant positive impact on the health of individuals in our country and the costs associated with keeping them healthy. To do this, informaticians need to be familiar with concepts in the categories of statistics, study design, and theory at the very least.

How to Use This Book… This book is divided up into 80 categories. Each category contains from 10 to 200 concepts. Each category is preceded by a short description of the concepts included in that section. This book has several different uses. The first is for selfassessment and improvement. In this mode, readers review the concepts within a particular category. I would recommend that readers with a technical background begin with the more biomedically oriented concepts. This will help ensure that they are capable of communicating more clearly with their clinical colleagues. They may also find it interesting to review some of the technical categories since many of the concepts are evolving rapidly and many new ones are being developed every day. Similarly, I would recommend that readers with a biomedical background begin with the more technically oriented concepts. As you read through the concepts, whenever you come across one that you are not familiar with, then you should go to Google and look it up. If you type define: “depth-first search”, for example, you will be shown a set of pages that attempt to define this concept. You should then try to use this concept in a conversation in the next few days. The second type of user is one who is attempting to assess the breadth or depth of clinical informatics knowledge of a particular individual. This person may be an informatics student or a job candidate. In either case there are several options to consider. The first is to ask the person to define several terms that are either randomly or purposively chosen from one or more categories. This might take the form of randomly selecting 20 concepts from the book and asking a person to provide a short definition of each concept from memory. Alternatively, one could give the person the

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xxii  ABOUT THIS BOOK

same assignment as a take-home assignment and allow them to use the internet to help them define each concept. I would expect an advanced informatics student to be able to define approximately 80% of the concepts from memory. An alternative would be to randomly select 5–10 categories and ask the student to list five example concepts that might be included in each category. A related assessment method would be to give the student a list of 50 randomly identified concepts along with the list of all categories from the book and ask the student to put each concept into the correct category. Similarly, one could ask a student to compare and contrast two or more concepts within the same category, for example, the programming languages “Java” and “Fortran”. Finally, one could utilize the book as a study guide. For example, one could randomly select a page and begin reviewing concepts one after the other until you come across a concept that is unfamiliar to you. Then by all means look up all unknown concepts. If one were really ambitious, then one could make flash cards using 3”× 5” index cards or one of the new online resources such as Anki (http://ankisrs.net/).

CATEGORY DEFINITIONS

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Academic Degree A qualification, usually determined by the successful completion of a prescribed course of study in higher education that often includes the passing of a comprehensive examination. Academic degrees are normally awarded by a college, university, or any number of professional schools such as medical, nursing, dental, osteopathic, pharmacy, and public health, for example. These institutions commonly offer degrees at various levels, typically including associate (most often a 2-year course of study is required), bachelor (4-year course of study), master (1–2 year course of study after the bachelor’), and doctorate (3–7 year course of study after bachelor’s or master’s degree). Bachelor of Arts (BA) Bachelor of Medicine (BM or MB) Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS or MBChB) Bachelor of Science (BS) Doctor of Education (EdD) Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD) Doctor of Medicine (MD) Doctor of Naturopathy (ND) Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Doctor of Nursing Science (DNS) Doctor of Optometry (OD) Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) Doctor of Public Health (DPH) Doctor of Science (DSc) Master of Arts (MA) Master of Business Administration (MBA) Master of Dental Science (MScD) Master of Health Administration (MHA) Master of Nursing (MN) Master of Public Health (MPH) Master of Science (MS or MSc) Master of Science in Dentistry (MSD) Master of Science in Nursing (MSN or MScN) Master of Science in Pharmacy (MPh or Mpharm or MScPh) Master of Science in Social Work (MSW) Master of Surgery (MS) Medical Doctorate (MD)

Clinical Informatics Literacy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803206-0.00001-8 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3

4  Anatomy

Anatomy The branch of biomedical science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms. Anatomy is often studied through dissection and separation of individual parts of the body. For an in-depth overview of human anatomy, see: http://www.innerbody.com/. Afferent Alveolus Amygdala Aneurysm Anterior (ventral) Anulus Aorta Arteries Artery Atrium Axon Biceps brachii Blood Bone marrow Both eyes (OU) Cardiac region Cartilage Caudal Central Cephalic Cerebral Cerebrovascular Cervix Coronal plane (frontal) Cortex Cranial nerves Cranial region Deltoid Dendrite Diaphragm Dissect Distal Dorsal Endosteum Esophagus External (superficial) Gastrointestinal (GI) tract Gluteus maximus

Anatomy  5

Hair Heart Hormones Humeral Inferior (caudad) Innervate Internal Interstitial Intestines Intraperitoneal Kidneys Lateral Latissimus dorsi Left eye (OS) Liver Lung Lymph node Macroscopic Medial Membrane Mouth (Os) Muscles Nails Nerve Pectoralis major Periosteum Peripheral Placenta cord membranes Plasma Posterior (dorsal) Proximal Pylorus Quadriceps femoris Red blood cell (RBC) Renal Right eye (OD) Right lower arm (RLA) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Sagittal plane Septum Serum Sigmoid colon Sketch Skin

6  Anatomy

Stomach Striated Superior (cephalad) Sweat Syncytium Trachea Transverse plane (axial or cross section) Triceps brachii Unilateral Veins Vena cava Ventral Ventricle Visceral Vivisection White blood cell (WBC)

Application Development   7

Application Development A field of study that includes the set of processes, procedures, and practices of developing software applications. Depending on the size, complexity, and criticality of the application to be developed, the process may involve the use of one or more programming languages, application development frameworks, testing methodologies, and one or more teams of software developers. Agile software development Capability Maturity Model (CMM) Data modeling Design effect JavaScript Object Notation (JSOM) Joint applications design (JAD) Logical data model (LDM) Logical schema Productivity Rapid application development (RAD) Rapid prototyping Requirements analysis Software Engineering Institute Capability Maturity Model (SEI-CMM) Software quality assurance (SQA) Software risk analysis Spiral software development Subject-matter expert (SME) Waterfall method

8  Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence A subfield of computer science that focuses on the design, development, use and evaluation of computer-based systems, applications, and algorithms that mimic cognitive processes usually associated with human intelligence. The origins of the field of clinical informatics were in the field of artificial intelligence as researchers attempted to create computer systems that could diagnosis patients’ medical conditions. In the late 1980s, after several large-scale, highly visible AI projects failed to meet overly optimistic expectations, federal and commercial funding for new AI project rapidly dried up. This lead to the so-called AI winter. During this period, many AI researchers turned to building much less ambitious “expert systems” that proved very successful. These expert systems were further simplified to what became basic clinical decision support functionality that was widely implemented directly in electronic health records to perform simple drug–drug interaction checks or generate health maintenance reminders. In the early 2000s, with advent of the “big-data” revolution, several AI-type diagnostic decision support systems began to reappear. Abduction All source intelligence Authoring system Background question Case-based reasoning (CBR) Causal reasoning Chance node Conceptual knowledge Connectionism Consulting model Consulting system Critiquing model Deduction Evoking strength Explicit Facts Factual knowledge First principles, reasoning from Foreground question Frequency weight HELP sector Heuristic Hypothetico-deductive approach Immersive simulated environment Implicit

Artificial Intelligence   9

Import number Induction Inference Influence diagram Integrative model Knowledge-based system Logical positivism Model-based reasoning Modus ponens (Latin for “mode that affirms”) Modus tollens (Latin for “mode that denies”) Overfitting Problem solver Problem space Problem-solving method (PSM) Prognostic scoring system Proposition Qualitative reasoning Reasoning Reasoning about time Reminder systems Representation Rule interpreter Secondary knowledge-based information Situation action rules Skeletal plans Standard gamble State diagram Symbol Treatment threshold probability Truth maintenance

10  Body System

Body System The human body’s key systems are composed of collections of cells, tissues, and organs that work together for a common purpose. Each system performs a key role in helping the body to work effectively. Cardiovascular system Central nervous system (CNS) Circulatory system Digestive system Endocrine system Excretory system Exocrine system Immune system Integumentary system Lymphatic system Muscular system Nervous system Olfactory system Renal system Reproductive system Respiratory system Skeletal system Urinary system

Bone  11

Bone Hard, dense, rigid, yet lightweight and strong, whitish, active, connective tissue that makes up the human skeleton, supports and protects the organs of the body, produces red and white blood cells, stores minerals, and enables mobility. Bones come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes and have a complex three-dimensional internal and external structure. The mineralized matrix of bone tissue has an organic component, mainly collagen, and an inorganic component of bone mineral made up of various salts. In the adult human there are 206 separate bones. The largest bone in the human body is the thighbone (femur) and the smallest is the stapes in the middle ear. Carpals Cervical ribs Cervical vertebrae Clavicle Coccyx Costae (ribs) Cranial bones Cranium Femur Fibula Frontal bone Humerus Lacrimal bone Lumbar vertebrae Mandible (lower jaw) Maxillae (upper jaw) Metacarpals Metatarsals Nasal bones Occipital bone Palatine bone Parietal bones Patella (knee cap) Pelvis Phalanges Radius Sacrum Scapula Stapes Sternum Temporal bones Thoracic vertebrae

12  Bone

Tibia (shin) Ulna Vertebrae Vertebral column Zygomatic bone

Chemistry  13

Chemistry The branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed. Chemists also investigate the properties of these substances and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change. Finally chemists study the use of these processes to form new substances. To find specific information about various facets of the field of chemistry, see: http://www.chemistryguide.org/. 0°C (freezing point of water) 32°F (freezing point of water) 100°C (boiling point of water) 212°F (boiling point of water) Acid Activation energy Anion Anode Aqueous Atmospheric air Avogadro’s number Base Buffer solution Capacitance Cation Cofactor Concentration Conductance Conductivity Countercurrent Diffusion coefficient Electroneutrality Electrolyte Filter (for physical material) Fluorescent Flux Half-life Homogeneous Isolated Isotonic Lyse Medium Modulator Molality Molarity Noxious

14  Chemistry

Osmolarity Partial pressure in a gas mixture Permeability pH Potentiation Preparation Rate constant Relative humidity Resistance Sink Tonicity Trace Turbid Turbulence Vapor pressure Wavelength

Clinical Decision Making   15

Clinical Decision Making The cognitive process is used by clinicians to decide what is wrong with the patient, what should be done to remedy or alleviate the patient’s problem, and when these interventions or procedures should be performed. Often there are many elements of uncertainty in the decision-making process. Therefore, clinicians must assess the probability that a particular patient is (or is not) suffering from a particular illness along with the potential harm that could occur if he or she is wrong. Wrong can be defined as either the patient has a treatable illness and he or she does not recognize it, or the patient is treated for a particular illness that he or she does not have. Anchoring bias Ascertainment bias Assessment bias Availability bias (or heuristic) Bayesian approach Bias Clinical guideline Clinical judgment Cognitive bias Cognitive heuristics Concordant (test results) Confirmation bias Context Decision analysis Decision node Decision tree Expected utility Expected value decision making Indifference probability Knowledge Life expectancy Pathognomonic Prophylactic Protocol (care plan) Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) Recency bias Referral bias Reflective thinking Risk attitude Risk neutral Shared decision-making Summative decision

16  Clinical Decision Making

Test interpretation bias Test referral bias Utility Withholding/withdrawing treatment

Clinical Decision Support   17

Clinical Decision Support Clinical decision support (CDS) is a category of concepts and methods designed to provide patient-specific clinical information to a healthcare provider at the point of care. The goal of CDS is to improve the quality, safety, and reliability of the care provided while at the same time reducing its cost. CDS can take the form of many different types of interventions within an electronic health record. For example, order sets, condition-specific clinical displays, access to reference information, and clinical alerts are all types of CDS that have been designed and developed since the early 1960s. In addition, in the early days of the field of clinical informatics there was a concerted effort to develop diagnostic decision-support systems that would help clinicians create a differential diagnosis and eventually identify the patient’s diagnosis. Although the systems were shown to be nearly as effective as expert clinicians, they fell out of favor in the late 1980s and early 1990s. More recently several companies have developed new products using similar techniques, and these applications are slowly gaining a following and have potential to offer high-quality advanced CDS regarding diagnoses to clinicians. Action item Action palette Admission order sets Alert acceptance rate Alert fatigue Alert message Alert notification Alert override rate Alert salience Alert trigger Alerts Antecedent Antibiotic ordering support ASBRU—clinical guideline representation language Automated decision support Automatic order termination Backward chaining Beer’s criteria Black box warnings Care reminders Careflow Clinical content Clinical content providers Clinical decision support system (CDSS)

18  Clinical Decision Support

Clinical information online resources Clinical pathway guideline (CPG) Clinical Practice Guideline–Reference Architecture (CPG-RA) Clinical prediction rule Cognitive artifacts Computer interpretation Computer-interpretable guideline (CIG) Condition-specific order sets Condition-specific treatment protocol Consequent Consultation systems Context-sensitive information retrieval Context-sensitive user interface Cookbook medicine Critical lab value checking Critiquing systems Decision support opportunity map Declarative knowledge Default doses/pick lists Departmental order sets Description logic Diagnostic support Digital electronic Guideline Library framework (DeGeL) Disease-specific order sets Documentation aids Drug/allergy interaction checking Drug/condition interaction checking Drug/drug interaction checking Duplicate order checking e-Mycin EON Evidence grading Evoking criteria Expression language Five rights of clinical decision support Formalism Formulary checking Forward chaining Framingham equation Free-text order parsing Guideline Guideline Elements Model (GEM) Guideline Expression Language (GELLO) Guideline Markup Tool (GMT) Hard stop

Clinical Decision Support   19

High-risk state monitoring IBM’s Watson Implication Indication-based ordering Interpret Interpretation systems Interruptive alert Intrusive alert IV/PO conversion Knowledge acquisition Knowledge base Knowledge discovery Knowledge engineering (KE) Knowledge management (KM) Knowledge modeling Knowledge representation Laboratory test interpretation Look-alike/sound-alike medication warnings Maximum daily dose checking Maximum lifetime dose checking Medical logic module (MLM) Medication/laboratory test cost display Medication dictionary Medication dose adjustment Medication order sentences MediConsult Modal alert Monitoring systems Nomogram Noninterruptive alert Nonintrusive alert Nonmedication order sentences Notify me when Nutrition ordering tools Order approvals Order routing Order sets Patient-specific relevant data displays Personal order sets Plan of care alerts Polypharmacy alerts Preventive care reminders Problem list management Procedural knowledge Procedure-specific order sets

20  Clinical Decision Support

Prognostic tools Quality metric Question prototypes Radiology ordering support Reference links Registry functions Representation of time Risk assessment tools Risk calculator Service-specific order sets Single dose range checking Standards-Based Sharable Active Guideline Environment (SAGE) Standing orders Subsequent or corollary orders Syndromic surveillance Synthesize Systematic review Tacit knowledge Tallman Lettering Task-network model (TNM) Ticklers Transfer order set Transfusion support Treatment planning Triage tools Trigger event Virtual medical record (vMR) Weight-based dosing

Clinical Disorder   21

Clinical Disorder A functional abnormality or disturbance in one or more parts of the human body. Clinical disorders can be categorized into mental disorders, physical disorders, genetic disorders, emotional and behavioral disorders, and functional disorders. The term disorder is often considered more value-neutral and less stigmatizing than the terms disease or illness, and therefore is often the preferred terminology. In mental health, the term mental disorder is used as a way of acknowledging the complex interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors in psychiatric conditions. Abdominal and pelvic pain Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) Abnormal uterine bleeding Above the knee amputation (AKA) Acute kidney injury (AKI) Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Alcohol abuse (EtOH) Alzheimer disease Anemia Anxiety Aortic aneurysm Aortic stenosis (AS) Arteriosclerosis Arthralgias Atelectasis Atherosclerosis Atrial fibrillation (Afib) Atrial septal defect (ASD) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Back pain Below the knee amputation (BKA) Benign neoplasms Blind Bone pain Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Cervical cancer Chest pain Chronic condition Chronic disease Chronic illness Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Chronically ill

22  Clinical Disorder

Cognitive impairment Coma Complicated pregnancy Congenital anomalies Congestive heart failure (CHF) Constriction Coronary artery disease (CAD) Cough Crying Deafness Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Delirium Delirium tremens (DTs) Dementia Dependence Depression Developmental disability (DD) Diabetes mellitus (DM) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Diarrhea Dilation Disability Dysphagia Dyspnea Dysuria Edema Embolism Embolus End-stage renal disease (ESRD) Erectile dysfunction (ED) Etiology Extremity pain Facial flushing Facial pain Fatigue Fever Fixation Flank pain Frustration Functionally disabled Funny Looking Kid (FLK) Gallbladder disorders Genital skin lesion Genital ulcer Handicapped

Clinical Disorder   23

Hard of Hearing (HOH) Headache Hearing loss Heart failure (HF) Hematuria Hernia Homebound Homicide Hydrops fetalis Hypertension (HTN) Hypotension, shock Impairment Indication infarct Intrauterine hypoxia Ischemia Labile Labor/Delivery complications Learning disability (LD) Leg pain Lesion Lethargy Limp Low back pain (LBP) Lymphadenopathy Malaise Malignant Malignant neoplasms Memory loss Mental health Mental illness/impairment Mentally retarded/developmentally disabled (MR/DD) Minimally conscious state Mitral regurgitation (MR) Morbid Muscle cramps Myalgias Myocardial infarction (MI) Nausea Neonatal hemorrhage Numbness Nutritional deficiencies Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) Occlusion Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) Otalgia

24  Clinical Disorder

Parkinson disease (PD) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) Patent foramen ovale (PFO) Perinatal period Permanent vegetative state (PVS) Petechiae Postpartum depression (PPD) Pregnancy Premature atrial contractions (PACs) Proteinuria Pruritus Pulmonary embolism (PE) Pulmonary hemorrhage Rash, generalized Red eye Scrotal pain Seizure Senility Sensory loss Seriously emotionally disturbed Short gestation Shortness of breath (SOB) Shoulder pain Sinus tachycardia ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Suicide Syncope Tachypnea Tinnitus Torticollis Transient Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Traumatic brain injury (TBI) Tremor Tumor Turgid Twitch Vasoconstriction Venous thromboembolism (VTE) Ventricular septal defect (VSD) Vomiting Weakness Weight loss

Clinical Procedure   25

Clinical Procedure A clinical procedure is a physical process intended to identify a problem or achieve a result in the care of patients with health problems. Clinical procedures can be used for various reasons including: identifying, measuring, diagnosing, treating, restoring structure or function of a specific patient symptom, condition, or specific physiological parameter. Acupuncture Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) Advanced life support (ALS) Anesthesia Angiogram (Angio) Angiography Animal-assisted therapy Antivenom Aortography Apheresis Arterial blood gas (ABG) Arterial catheter (line) Arterial pressure Auscultation Basic life support (BLS) Blood test Cancer immunotherapy Cancer vaccine Cardiac stress test Cardioconversion Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Cell therapy Central venous catheter (line) Central venous pressure (CVP) Cerebral angiography Chelation therapy Chemotherapy Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) Cold compression therapy Combination therapy Computer-based monitoring Coronary angiography Coronary arteriography Craniosacral therapy Cytoluminescent therapy Diagnostic bronchoscopy Dislocation procedure

26  Clinical Procedure

Drug therapy Electrocardiography Electroconvulsive therapy Electrocorticography Electroencephalography Electromyography (EMG) Electroneuronography Electronystagmography Electrooculography Electrophoresis Electroretinography Electrotherapy Endoluminal capsule monitoring Enzyme replacement therapy Epidural (extradural) block Esophageal motility study Evoked potential Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) Facial rejuvenation Fluid replacement therapy Fluoride therapy Fracture procedure General anesthesia Heat therapy Hemodialysis Hemofiltration History and physical (H&P) Hormonal therapy Hormone replacement therapy Hydrotherapy Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Immunization Immunosuppressive therapy In vitro fertilization (IVF) Infusion Inhalation therapy Insulin potentiation therapy Insulin shock therapy Intramuscular (IM) Intravenous therapy Intubation Invasive Laboratory tests Laser therapy

Clinical Procedure   27

Life-sustaining treatment Lithotomy Lithotripsy Lithotriptor Local anesthesia Low-dose chemotherapy Lymphangiography Magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) Magnetic therapy Magnetoencephalography Mechanical ventilation Medical inspection (body features) Monoclonal antibody therapy Nebulization Negative pressure wound therapy Nicotine replacement therapy Noninvasive Noninvasive monitoring technique Ophthalmoscopy Opiate replacement therapy Oral rehydration therapy Otoscopy Oxygen therapy Palliative care Palpation Particle therapy Patient monitoring Percussion (medicine) Perfuse Phage therapy Photodynamic therapy Phototherapy Physical exam (Px) Physiotherapy Plasmapheresis Point-of-care testing Politzerization Posturography Precordial thump Prophylactic treatment Proton therapy Psychotherapy Pulmonary angiography Radiation therapy Radiation therapy planning

28  Clinical Procedure

Radiography Regional anesthesia Respiratory therapy (RT) Rule out (RO) Scintillography Shock therapy Speech therapy Spinal anesthesia (subarachnoid block) Stem cell treatments Stool test Subclavian catheter (line) Subcutaneous (Sub-Q) Symptomatic treatment Targeted therapy Thermography Thrombosis prophylaxis Topical anesthesia (surface) Tracheal intubation Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) Treatment (tx) Universal precautions Unsealed source radiotherapy Vaccination Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) Ventriculography Virtual reality therapy Vision therapy

Clinical Role   29

Clinical Role In a healthcare organization there are many different jobs that need to be done. Clinicians with different training and experience do these jobs by fulfilling a “role.” These clinical jobs almost always involve contact with patients. For the most part, they usually require formal study and training after you have finished high school, college, and often medical, nursing, or pharmacy school. It is common for each of these “roles” to have slightly different data access rights or user privileges within an electronic health record [e.g., the ability to write and sign orders for medications is usually allowed only by clinicians with a medical degree (MD, DO) or advanced nursing certification]. Advice nurse Allergist Allied health personnel Anesthesiologist Attending physician Biomedical informatician Biomedical informaticist Board certified Cardiologist Caregiver Case manager Certified nurse aide (CNA) Certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) Chief executive officer (CEO) Chief health informatics (information) officer (CHIO) Chief information (informatics) officer (CIO) Chief information security officer (CISO) Chief medical informatics (information) officer (CMIO) Chief nursing informatics (information) officer (CNIO) Chief operating officer (COO) Chief quality and informatics (information) officer Clinical champion Clinical informatician Clinical informaticist Clinical nurse specialist (CNS) Clinical research informatician Early adopter EHR super user End user Expert witness Fellow Gastrointestinal (GI) specialist

30  Clinical Role

Gatekeeper General medical practitioner (GP) General surgeon Genital-urinary (GU) specialist Geriatrician Healthcare paraprofessional Health data broker Health data custodian Health informatician Health informaticist Health personnel Healthcare proxy Help at the elbow Home health aide Hospitalist House staff Immunologist Informatician/informaticist Intern Internist Interprofessional teams Interventional radiologist Intravenous (IV) nurse Licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) Licensed practical nurse (LPN) Licensed vocational nurse (LVN) Medical assistant (MA) Medical student Medical technologist (MT(ASCP)) Medical technologist in molecular pathology (MP(ASCP)) Multidisciplinary teams Neurologist Neurosurgeon Nurse Nurse anesthetist Nurse practitioner (NP) Nursing student Obstetrician/Gynecologist (OB/GYN) Occupational therapist (OT) Orderly Orthopedist Parents or relatives Pharmacist Pharmacy technician Physical therapist (PT)

Clinical Role   31

Physician assistant (PA) Plastic surgeon Podiatrist Postgraduate year (PGY) 1–8 Primary care provider (PCP) Private duty nursing Provider Pulmonologist Registered dietician (RD) Registered nurse (RN) Registered pharmacist (RPh) Research informatician Resident Respiratory therapist (RT) Respite care Service class provider Service class user Skilled care Stakeholder Support groups Surgeon Surrogate Trauma surgeon User training

32  Clinical Specialty

Clinical Specialty A clinical specialty is a name for a particular branch of medicine. After completing their medical school training, physicians or surgeons usually further their medical education in a specific specialty of medicine by completing a multiple year residency training program and sometimes an additional multiple year fellowship training program to become a medical specialist. In most cases there are additional tests or “board examinations” that these clinicians must pass before they are able to practice as a boardcertified specialist in their chosen subfield of medicine or surgery. Adolescent medicine Allergy and immunology Anesthesiology Cardiology Clinical and laboratory medicine Colon and rectal surgery Critical care medicine Cytopathology Dermatology Diagnostic radiology Digital radiology Emergency medicine Endocrinology Family medicine Family practice Forensic pathology Forensic psychiatry Geriatrics Gerontology Gynecology (GYN) Hematology Hyperbaric medicine Infectious diseases (ID) Internal medicine (IM) Medical genetics Microbiology Nephrology Neurology Nuclear medicine Obstetrics (OB) Oncology Ophthalmology Orthopedic surgery Orthopedics

Clinical Specialty   33

Otolaryngology Pain medicine Pathology Pediatrics Plastic surgery Podiatry Preventive medicine Psychiatry Pulmonary medicine Radiation oncology Radiology Rehabilitation services Rheumatology Speech therapy Sports medicine Surgery Thoracic surgery Transfusion medicine Urology Vascular surgery

34  Clinical Syndrome

Clinical Syndrome A clinical syndrome describes a patient state that consists of a constellation of several medical signs, symptoms, and/or other physical or emotional characteristics that often occur together. Some syndromes, such as Down syndrome, have only one cause; others, such as Parkinsonian syndrome, have multiple possible causes. In other cases, the cause of the syndrome is unknown. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Andersen syndrome Down syndrome Menopause Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Shock Spell Stockholm syndrome Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) Tetralogy of Fallot Vertigo Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome

Communication  35

Communication The act or process of using mutually agreed upon words, sounds, pictures, gestures, or behaviors to convey an intended meaning (e.g., thoughts, feelings, findings, or ideas) from one group to another. There are numerous options or channels (e.g., visual, haptic, auditory, olfactory, electromagnetic, kinesics, or biochemical) in which this communication can occur. Human communication is unique and often open for numerous interpretations due to its extensive use of abstract language constructs involving words, signs, symbols, or sounds. Acknowledgment Asynchronous Body of message Channel Channel capacity Header of message Isochronous Listserve Mailing list Public area branch exchange Public switching telephone network Receiver Sender Signal-to-noise ratio Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation (SBAR) technique Social contagion Social network Spam Spamming Synchronous communication Transaction set Voicemail

36  Computational Algorithm

Computational Algorithm A computational algorithm (pronounced AL-go-rith-um) is an unambiguous set of steps, a procedure, or a formula a c­ omputer can use to perform a specific task or solve a problem. Algorithms can be expressed in any language, including ­natural languages such as English, French, or Spanish to advanced ­programming languages such as Perl, C++, or Java. A computer uses algorithms to solve specific problems. There can be many different algorithms to solve the same type of problem. The most “elegant” algorithms often have the fewest steps, execute the fastest, and use the least amount of computer memory. AdaBoost Algorithm accuracy evaluation Algorithm performance, space Algorithm performance, time (big O) Apriori algorithm Artificial neural networks (ANN) Association rule learning algorithm Averaged one-dependence estimators (AODE) Backpropagation Basic Local Alignment and Search Technique (BLAST) Bayesian algorithm Bayesian belief network (BBN) Binary search Boosting Bootstrapped aggregation (bagging) Breadth-first search Bubble sort C4.5 and C5.0 (different versions of a powerful approach) Chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) Classification and regression tree (CART) Collaborative filtering Computational complexity Conditional decision trees Convolutional neural network (CNN) Crowdsourcing Cryptographic hashing functions Data compression algorithm Decision stump Decision tree algorithm Deep belief networks (DBN) Deep learning algorithm Deep Boltzmann machine (DBM) Depth-first search

Computational Algorithm   37

Dimensionality reduction algorithm Eclat algorithm Elastic Net Ensemble algorithm Evolutionary algorithm Exhaustive search Expectation maximization (EM) Feature selection algorithm Filtering algorithm Finite-state machine First-order predicate logic Flexible discriminant analysis (FDA) Fourier transform Gaussian Naive Bayes Generalized linear models Genetic algorithms Gradient boosted regression trees (GBRT) Gradient boosting machines (GBM) Hash function Hierarchical clustering Hopfield network Huffman coding Insertion sort Instance-based algorithm Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3) k-Means k-Medians k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN) Learning vector quantization (LVQ) Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Least-angle regression (LARS) Lift Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) Linear regression Locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) Locally weighted learning (LWL) Lossless compression Lossy compression M5 Markov cycle Markov model Markov process Merge sort Mixture discriminant analysis (MDA) Multidimensional scaling (MDS)

38  Computational Algorithm

Multinomial Naive Bayes Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) Naive Bayes Neural network NP hard Numerical methods Ordinary least squares regression (OLSR) Partial least squares regression (PLSR) Perceptron Performance measures Principal component analysis (PCA) Principal component regression (PCR) Probabilistic matching algorithm Projection pursuit Proxy calculations Quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA) Quick sort Radial basis function network (RBFN) Random forest Recursive algorithms Refinement Regression algorithm Regularization algorithm Reinforcement learning Ridge regression Sammon mapping Seasonal and Trend decomposition using Loess (STL decomposition) Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1) Secure Hash Algorithm 2 (SHA-2) Self-organizing map (SOM) Semisupervised learning Stacked auto-encoders Stacked generalization (blending) Stepwise regression Supervised learning Support vector machine (SVM) t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) Training data set Transpose Unsupervised learning Verhoeff algorithm Viterbi algorithm

Computer Application   39

Computer Application An application is a computer program, or group of interacting programs, that perform a set of coordinated tasks to help the user. Applications run inside of the computer’s operating system software. Applications designed for desktop or laptop computers are referred to as desktop applications. Applications built specifically for mobile computing platforms are often called apps. AI-Rheum Antibiotic Assistant Program Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application (AHLTA) Attending Automated Medical Record (AMR) Backwards compatibility Bar Code Medication Administration (BCMA) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Best-of-breed Billing System Biomed Central Blue Button Brigham & Women’s Integrated Computing System (BICS) Browser Citation manager Clinical data registry Clinical data repository (CDR) Clinical documentation Clinical Image Access Service (CIAS) Clinical information system (CIS) Clinical Observation Access Service (COAS) Clinical Trials Management System (CTMS) ClinicalTrials.gov Coaching expert system Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) Composite HealthCare System II (CHCS–DoD) Computational propaganda Computer-Assisted Patient Interviewing (CAPI) Computer-Based Training (CBT) Computer program Computer-Stored Ambulatory Record System (COSTAR) Computer-based Patient Record System (CPRS) Computerized Patient Record (CPR) Computerized Physician/provider Order Entry (CPOE) Continuous speech recognition Control system

40  Computer Application

Custom-designed system Data acquisition Data compression Data processing Data recording Data transcription Data transformation Database management Database management system (DBMS) Debugger Decision-support system Departmental system Disease registry DxPlain e-Consent Electronic Health Record (EHR) Electronic mail (e-mail) Electronic medical record (EMR) Electronic Medication Administration Record (eMAR) Electronic nursing record Electronic Patient Record (EPR) Electronic Transmission of Perscription (ETP) Enterprise Information System (EIS) Enterprise Master Patient Index (EMPI) Expert system Fraud detection Front-end application General regular expression parser (GREP) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Gmail Graph database Groupware Guidance Hadoop Health Evaluation through Logical Programming (HELP) Health Information Exchange (HIE) Helper app Homepage Hospital Information System (HIS) Iliad (Diagnostic Decision Support System) Image recognition Immunization registry Inference engine Information processing Integrating Information from Bench to Bedside (I2b2)

Computer Application   41

Interactive Voice Response (IVR) Interface engine Internet Browser Internist-1 Inventory management Kaggle Knowledge base system LaTex Longitudinal medical record Management Information System (MIS) Map reduce Master Patient Index (MPI) Master Provider File (MPF) Medlars online (Medline) MedlinePlus MedWeaver Metathesaurus Mosaic browser Mycin Newsgroup Niche vendor Nursing information system Object-oriented database Oncocin OPAL Optical character recognition (OCR) Order entry Order entry system Pathfinder Patient care system Patient portal Patient tracking application Patient-centered Access to Secure Systems Online (PCASSO) Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) system Personal Health Record (PHR) Personally controlled health management system Personally controlled health record Pharmacy information system Picture Archiving and Communication (PACS) Plugin Point of care system Practice management system Problem-oriented Medical Record System (PROMIS) PRODIGY PROforma

42  Computer Application

Protégé Prototype system Provider profiling system PubMed Question answering programs Quick Medical Record (QMR) Recommendation engine Red Cap Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS) Relational database Report Program Generator (RPG) Results review Rule-based expert system Search engine Search technology Siri Skype Social media Specialized registry Speech recognition Speech understanding Spreadsheet Statistical package System programs Technicon medical information system (TMIS) The Medical Record (TMR) Third-party TRICARE Online Turnkey system Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) Value-added reseller (VAR) Vista Voice recognition Web BLOB Service (WBS) Web browser Web catalog Web crawler Web-Based Training (WBT) Wizorder Word processor

Computer Architecture   43

Computer Architecture A computer’s architecture provides a framework for the rules that describe the capabilities, functionality, organization, and sometimes the methods of implementing various types of applications or computer systems. Application program Applications design Architecture (computer, information) Archival storage Batchmode Business logic layer Central computing system Centralized database Client/server architecture Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) Computer architecture Data layer Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) Distributed data architecture Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) Emergency Data Sets Framework (EDSF) Federal Health Architecture (FHA) Federated model Health informatics Service Architecture (HISA) Health information access layer (HIAL) High-level process Integrated versus interfaced Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) Lexicon query service (LQS) Low-level process Massive Parallel Processing (MPP) Medicaid Information Technology Architecture Middleware Modular computer system Multiprocessing Multiuser system National Information Infrastructure (NII) Network-based hypermedia Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) Open system Parallel processing Patient Identification Services (PIDS) Presentation layer Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)

44  Computer Architecture

Reference architecture Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing Regulated clinical research information model Remote Job Entry (RJE) Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Representational State Transfer (REST) Scalability Sequential Access Method (SAM) Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) Single user system System Systems aggregation Systems integration Terminal server Terminate and Stay Resident (TSR) Timesharing mode Turing machine User interface layer von Neumann machine Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) View schemas Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) Visual Basic Architecture (VBA) Web Access to DICOM-persistent Objects (WADO) Workflow engine World Wide Web (WWW)

Computer Hardware   45

Computer Hardware Computer hardware, often referred to as hardware when discussing computer-related topics, are the physical elements used to create a functional computer system, such as the microprocessor, memory, network, monitor, keyboard, data storage, all of which are tangible physical objects. By contrast, software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware to complete a task. Analog computer Application service provider (ASP) Backup electrical generator Cable Cathode ray tube (CRT) Central monitor Central processing unit (CPU) Client Cloud computing Compact disk (CD) Compact disk read-only memory (CD-ROM) Computer on Wheels (COW) Computer system Data bus Deactivate Digital computer Digital subscribe line (DSL) Digital video disk (DVD) Direct-access storage device (DASD) Display monitor Distributed computing system Dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) Environment (computing) Exam room computers File server Flash card Flash memory Floppy disk Handheld device Hard disk High performance computing (HPC) Hot site backup Ink-jet printer Integrated circuit (IC) Laptop computer

46  Computer Hardware

Laser printer Life cycle Liquid crystal display (LCD) Macintosh Magnetic disk Magnetic tape Mainframe computer Medical information bus (MIB) Memory Memory stick Microchip Modulator-demodulator (MODEM) Netbook computer Network protocol Off-line device Online device Optical disc Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) Patient monitor Personal computer (PC) Personal digital assistant (PDA) Physicians’ workstation Print server Printer Product Random-access memory (RAM) Raster scan display Read-only memory (ROM) Read-only backup Reboot (computer) Red electrical outlet/plug Redundant array of independent (inexpensive) disks (RAID) Scanning devices Server Smartphone Star topology Storage Switch System integration System interface Telemedicine technologies Terminal Terminal interface processor Test system Thick client

Computer Hardware   47

Thin client Transmitter Twisted-pair wires Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) Universal workstation Variable memory Video display terminal (VDT) Virtual memory Volatile memory Warm site backup Workstation Workstation-on-wheels (WOW) Write it once system Write once read many (WORM)

48  Computer Networking

Computer Networking The use of computers and associated hardware to create a telecommunications network that can be used to facilitate the exchange of data, information, or services among individuals, groups, or institutions. Computer networks often differ in their transmission medium (e.g., copper wires, fiber optics, radio frequencies, or microwaves) used to carry their signals, communications protocols to organize network traffic, the network’s size, topology, and organizational intent. In most cases, applicationspecific communications protocols are layered (i.e., carried as payload) over other more general communications protocols. 127.0.0.1 (localhost) Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET) Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Backbone network Bandwidth Baud rate Bit rate Bits per second Bluetooth Broadband network Broadband signal Broadband transmission Circuit switched network Citrix Coaxial cable Communication protocol Computer network Cyberspace Daisy chain networking Dial tone multifrequency (DTMF) Domain Dynamic DNS (domain name service) Ethernet Fiber-optic cable Frame relay Gateway Gigabit per second (Gbps) Global system for mobile communications (GSM) Hyperlink Information super highway Integrated Delivery System/Network (IDS) (IDN) Internet Internet relay chat (IRC) Intranet

Computer Networking   49

IP address Latency Local area network (LAN) Megabit Megabits per second (Mbps) Microwave Name authority Name server National Health Information Infrastructure (NHII) National Health Information Network (NHIN) Network Network access provider Network bridge Network latency Network node Network operating system Network router Network services Network stack Network topology Next-generation Internet Node Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven layer model Packet Packet-switched network Peer-to-peer networking Private branch exchange (PBX) Proxy Remote access Remote presence health care Router Secure hypertext transfer protocol (SHTTP) Store and forward Subnet System administration Telecommunication Telepresence Token ring ethernet Transmit (XMT) Transmittal (XMTL) Uniform resource identifier (URI) Uniform resource locator (URL) Uniform resource name Wide area network (WAN) Wi-Fi (Wireless Infrastructure) WiFi Spectrum

50  Computer Programming

Computer Programming Computer programming (or just programming) is a process that leads from the initial formulation of a problem that the computer can help solve through the intricate process required to create an executable computer program. The programming process involves activities such as analysis of the problem or entire business, developing understanding of the tasks to be accomplished and the existing workflow, generating algorithms required to manipulate the data elements required to solve the problem, verification of requirements of the chosen algorithms including their appropriateness, correctness, computational resource consumption, and implementation of these algorithmic concepts (commonly referred to as coding) in the chosen programming language. The purpose of programming is to find a sequence of instructions that will automate performing a sequence of specific tasks or solving a given problem. The process of programming thus often requires expertise in many different subjects, including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic. Active storage Addition Agile Agile coach Ajax Alphabetic ordering Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) Android Applets Application Programming Interface (API) Apps Assembler Assembly code Binary sort Bit (short for binary digit) Boot Buffer Buffer overflow Burn down Business logic Closed loop control Code Code review Coercion

Computer Programming   51

Command Compiler Compiler optimization Computed check Computer bug Computer-readable content Concept modeling Consistency check Constraint-based programming Construction Daily standup Data accessibility Data architecture Data capture Data control structure Data element Data flow Data flow diagram Data independence Data mediator Data model Data quarantining Data set Data storage Data stream Database Database recovery Debug Delta check Demonstration (demo) Design by constraint Division Document Type Definition (DTD) Dynamic programming Entity, attribute, value (EAV) Entity–Relationship diagram (ER or ERD) Error trap Exception handling Extended Architecture Operation System (XA) Floating point exception Generalization Global variable Hash table Hashing

52  Computer Programming

Hierarchical database Information Object Information Object Class Information Object Instance Input Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Interpreter Iteration Iterative Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) Job jQuery Kernel Late binding Linux Local variable Machine code Macro Markup Marshalling Mathematical operations Model View Controller (MVC) Multiplicity Multiprogramming Node.js Object Object modeling Object oriented programming (OOP) Object-based approach Object-oriented analysis Object-oriented programming Open loop control Output Page Pattern check Pointer-to-data Product backlog Product owner Regular expression Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Requirements development process Resource Definition Format (RDF) ReST Protocol Retrospective

Computer Programming   53

Rounding error Scrum Semantic web Serialization Service Shell script Simultaneous access Simultaneous controls Software Software assurance Software design patterns Software engineering Source Source code compartment Specialization Sprint Sprint backlog Sprint planning Sprint review Structured programming Stub Style sheets Subtraction Synchronization System specification Systems development Team velocity Technical specifications Termination Text editor Truncate Type checking Unified Modeling Language (UML) Unix User stories Virtual addressing Virtualization Waterfall model Website design Windows Word Word size Working memory Wrapper

54  Computer Security

Computer Security The protection of computers and the computing infrastructure (i.e., hardware, software, data, information, or knowledge) from theft, damage, disruption, or misdirection of services it provides. It includes protecting and controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting the software or data from harm that may come via inappropriate network access, data corruption, or code injection due to malicious activities by internal or external agents, whether intentional, accidental, or due to someone being tricked into deviating from routine security procedures. Acceptable use policy Access Access control mechanism Active content Administrative safe guards Advanced persistent threat Adversary Anonymization of data Asset Availability Backup Behavior monitoring Bioterrorism Bootkit Box Business continuity Check digit Checksum Cipher Ciphertext Code escrow Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (Captcha) Computer forensics Computer security incident Consequence Continuity of operations plan Cryptanalysis Cryptographic algorithm Cryptographic encoding Cryptography Cryptology Cyber ecosystem Cyber exercise

Computer Security   55

Cyber incident Cyber incident response plan Cyclic redundancy checks Data availability Data breach Data encryption Data encryption standard Data integrity Data leakage Data loss Data lost prevention Data privacy Data redundancy/mirroring Data reidentification Data spill Data theft decipher Dated administration Decode Decrypt Decryption Digital forensics Disaster recovery Disaster recovery plan (DRP) Downtime Encipher Encode Encrypt Encrypted Encryption Enterprise risk management Event Exfiltration Exploit Exploitation analysis Exposure Failure Fletcher’s checksum Identification (ID) Incident management Incident response Incident response plan Information assurance Information assurance compliance Information communication technology (ICT) supply chain threat

56  Computer Security

Information security policy Information sharing Information system resilience Information system security operations Information Technology (IT) asset Insider threat Integrated risk management Integrity Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) Intense Internet Security Assessment (ISA) Investigate Investigation Keep pair Keystroke logger Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe (LOCKSS) Machine learning and evolution Master boot record Minimum necessary data set Mitigation Moving target defense Multilevel security Operational exercise Outsider threat Passive attack Physician identification number (PIN) Plaintext Precursor Preparedness Privacy Protected health information (PHI) Provider identification number (PIN) Recovery Redundancy Reidentification Resilience Response Response plan Risk analysis Risk assessment Risk mitigation Risk-based data management Rootkit Secret key Secret key cryptography

Computer Security   57

Secure Hash Standard (SHA) Secure shell (ssh) Security architecture and policy Security audit Security automation Security flaw Security incident Security policy Security program management Security provision Security risk assessment Situational awareness Situs State Spear phishing Spillage Spoofing Symmetric cryptography Symmetric encryption algorithm Symmetric key Tabletop exercise Tailored trustworthy space Targets threat Terminal ID (TERMID) Threat actor Threat agent Threat analysis Threat and vulnerability assessment (TVA) Threat assessment Ticket Traffic light protocol Unauthorized access User Datagram Protocol (UDP) User Identification (USERID) Vulnerability Vulnerability assessment and management Web widget Whale phishing White list White-hat hacker Wipe the disk

58  Computer-Based Education

Computer-Based Education A type of curricula in which students interact with a computer as a key element of the learning process. Students may read materials, watch or listen to recordings, complete exercises, interact with models or simulations, and discuss examples, via computer rather than receiving the information from printed materials or an instructor’s oral presentation. Computer-based education is most often accomplished asynchronously, in that the instructor and students are most often not interacting or communicating with each other at the same time. Avatar Computer-based simulation Conceptual fidelity Confederate Continuing medical education (CME) Discrete event simulation European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL) International Computer Driving Licence (ICDL) Maintenance of certification (MOC) Manikin (mannequin) Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) Professional development Simulated patient Standardized patient Transformation-based learning Tutoring system Virtual patient

Corporation  59

Corporation A corporation is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners. Corporations enjoy most of the rights and responsibilities that an individual possesses. For example, a corporation has the right to enter into contracts, loan and borrow money, sue and be sued, hire employees, own assets and pay taxes. It is often referred to as a “legal person.” This means that the corporation itself, not the people who make it up or the people who own it, is held legally liable for the actions and debts the business incurs. Allscripts Aprima Medical Software AthenaHealth Cerner Corporation Computers Programs and Systems, Inc. (CPSI) eClinicalWorks (eCW) ECRI E-MDs Epic Systems Corporation General Electric (GE) Health care Greenway Medical Technologies Hospital Corporation of America (HCA) International Business Machines (IBM) Meditech NextGen Healthcare Information Systems Inc. Practice Fusion Red Hat Surescripts Telco

60  Data Analysis

Data Analysis A systematic process for collection of raw data, inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling that data with the goal of turning it into useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision-making. Data variability Data variety Data velocity Data veracity Data volume Digital signal processing (DSP) Drill-down analysis Frequency modulation Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) Instrumental variable Pattern recognition Pharmacokinetic parameters Pharmacovigilance Protocol analysis Waveform template Wavelet compression

Data Structure   61

Data Structure A manner in which data can be organized in a computer so that they can be used efficiently in an algorithm or for analysis. A data structure is a concrete implementation of a specific abstract data type. Different kinds of data structures are suited to different kinds of applications, and some are highly specialized to specific tasks. Data structures provide a means to manage large amounts of data efficiently. Address (data) Associative array Binary tree Data arrays First in, first out (FIFO) First in, last out (FILO) Graph Linked list Sets Stack (data) Tree

62  Data Type

Data Type The term data type is used in different scientific contexts to refer to the methods of classifying data according to the possible values for that type, the operations (e.g., statistical methods) that can be done on values of that type, the meaning of the data, and (especially in computer science) the way values of a particular type of data can be stored. 9-digit ZIP Code Plan (ZIP + 4) Absolute time Alphabet Alphanumeric Analog data Analog signal Array Array list Bit array Bitmap Boolean (true or false) Cartesian tree Character Circular buffer Coded data Common Clinical Data Set Container Continuous data Control table Data Datum Delimited character string Digital data Digital signal Discriminated union Disjoint union Double floating point Double-ended queue Doubly linked list Dynamic array Enumerated Floating point Free list Freetext Genetic data Geospatial data

Data Type   63

Greenwich mean time (GMT or ZULU) Gregorian date Hashed array tree Iliffe vector Image data Integer Interval scale Irrational number Julian date List Lookup table Medical data Multidimensional data Multimap Multiset Noise Nominal scale Nonnumeric characters Ordinal scale Outcomes data Parallel array Patient specific information Patient-generated data Pixel Priority queue Queue Randomized binary search tree Ratio scale Rational number Real number Record Relative time Self-balancing binary search tree Serial data Set Sorted array Sparse array Sparse matrix Structured content Tagged union Telemetry Tuple Unstructured data Value set

64  Data Type

Variable-length array Variant record Vector Weight-balanced tree XOR linked list Year (YR) Year (YYYY) Year 2000 (Y2K) Year of birth (YOB) Year-to-date (YTD)

Data Visualization   65

Data Visualization Data visualization involves the graphical display of data to facilitate its analysis and communication by making it more accessible, understandable, and usable. Data visualization can be both an art and a science. To convey ideas effectively, the data’s aesthetic form and functionality must be accurately portrayed. Abscissa Amplitude Asymptote Augmented reality Bar chart Bar graph Baseline Boundary conditions Box and whiskers plot Bubble chart Data display Flowcharts Forest plot Graph Graphical analysis Line Logarithmic scale Minimum Monotonic Ordinate Orthogonal Overshoot Peak Plateau Rate of change Sinusoidal waveform Slope Spike Star plot Time course Trend Trough Undershoot Waveform Whiskers plot

66  Data Warehousing

Data Warehousing The process of creating a central repository of data often uploaded from multiple disparate operational data sources that can be used for data analysis and reporting. The data are often transformed from the operational or transactional systems and integrated (or combined) to facilitate different types (e.g., longitudinal) of queries. Administrative versus clinical data Aggregate content Appliances Appropriate field size/type for data Atomicity Atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability (ACID) Attribute Batch mode processing Business intelligence Byte Charge master Chron jobs Clean the data Conform to mention Consistent, standardized internal data naming Content structuring Data aggregation Data attribute Data consistency Data consolidation (reduction) Data cubes Data Description Language (DDL) Data dictionary Data Dictionary Definition Language (DDDL) Data dimensions Data Element Catalog Data integration Data mining Data retention policy Data synthesis Data Views Data warehouse Database backup Datamart Deletes Denormalization Deprecate

Data Warehousing   67

Dimensional model Dimensional table Draw up Drill across Drill down Drill through Durability Electronic Data Capture (EDC) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW) Entity Entity Frameworks Entity–Relationship model Exabyte Extract, Transform, Load (ETL) Fact table Field Flag fields (binary) Flat files Foreign key Function graphs Functional programming Gantt chart Geospatial maps Gigabyte (Gb) Global Unique Identifiers as primary keys (GUIDs as PKs) Graphical Query Language (GQL) Heat map Hierarchy Histogram Inner join Inserts Isolation Joins Key field Level of data normalization (first-, second-, third-level normalization) Line graph Longitudinal query Maintenance of raw data after cleansing Many-to-many relationship Master Provider Index (MPI) Megabyte (MB) Metadata Model organism database

68  Data Warehousing

Multidimensional OLAP Nightly download NoSQL (not only SQL) Null Off-site storage One field–one concept One version of the truth across the enterprise Online analytical processing (OLAP) Open Data Base Connectivity (ODBC) Outer join Performance benchmarks Petabyte (Pb) Pie chart Postgenomic data base Primary key Query tuning/optimization Query-by-example Radar plot Read-only access/privileges Real-time data upload Referential integrity Report date Research Data Repository (RDR) Rolling benchmark calculation Scatter plot Schema Secondary use of data Slice and dice Snowflake schema Sparklines Table relationship mapping Tables Terabyte (Tb) Time series plot Timelines Transactional system Tree map Trigger Twinkling database Updates Value Virtual data warehouse (VDW) Warehousing X–Y plots Yottabyte

Disease  69

Disease Refers to any condition that impairs the normal functioning of the human body. Diseases are often associated with some type of dysfunction within the body’s normal homeostatic process. Commonly, the term disease is used to refer specifically to infectious diseases, that result from the presence of pathogenic microbial agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular organisms, and aberrant proteins known as prions. There are also noninfectious diseases, including most forms of cancer, heart disease, and genetic disease. Four main types of diseases are typically considered: pathogenic diseases, deficiency diseases, hereditary diseases, and physiological diseases. Acute bronchitis Acute disease Acute illness Anthrax Appendicitis Bacterial sepsis Black lung (pneumoconiosis) Chronic lower respiratory disease Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Diphtheria Epidemic Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Graft versus host disease (GVHD) Group B strep Haemophilus influenza Heart disease Hepatitis B (Hep B) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Human papillomavirus (HPV) Influenza (flu) Ischemic vascular disease Japanese encephalitis (JE) Liver disease Measles Meningitis Meningococcal infection Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Mumps Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) Nephritis Pathogen

70  Disease

Pathological Peptic ulcer Pertussis Pneumococcal pneumonia Pneumonia Pneumonitis Polio Rabies Reportable diseases Respiratory distress Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Rotavirus Rubella Septicemia Sexually transmitted disease (STD) Shingles Smallpox Symptoms (Sx) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Tetanus Tuberculosis (TB) Upper respiratory infection (URI) Urinary tract infection (UTI) Varicella Venereal disease (VD) Viral hepatitis Virus Yellow fever Zika virus

Electronic Health Record Function   71

Electronic Health Record Function An electronic health record is a compilation of software routines that provide all the features and functions (e.g., data capture, order creation, information sharing, recording clinician findings, thoughts, and actions, and storage of an accurate and complete copy of a patient’s health record) required to help clinicians (e.g., physicians, nurses, respiratory therapists, nutritionists, etc.) practice medicine. Accessibility-centered design Accounting of disclosures Active order Active problem Activities of daily living (ADLs) Admission Discharge Transfer (ADT) Advance Health Care Directive After Visit Summary (AVS) Amendments Application access—all data request Archive Assessment Audit report(s) Auditable events and tamper-resistance Automated measure calculation Automated numerator recording Automatic access time-out Baseline rate, population Bed Master File (BED) Best Practice Alert (BPA) Break The Glass (BTG) Cancelled order Chief Complaint (CC) Clinical information reconciliation and incorporation Clinical practice guidelines Clinical quality measures (CQMs)—record and export Common Clinical Data Set summary record—create and receive Contact information Cosign Coverage list Data export Data segmentation for privacy Date of birth (DOB) Date of death (DOD) Date/Time stamp

72  Electronic Health Record Function

Demographics Dependent Dictation Differential diagnosis Direct Project Discharge summary Discontinued (DC) order Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order Dose Drug-formulary and preferred drug list checks Edge Protocol Electronic Prescribing (eRx) Electronic Reportable Lab Electronic signature (eSignature) Emergency access Encounter-based record End-user device encryption Episode-based record Estimated Date of Confinement (EDC) Family health history Filled prescription Frequency of administration Hand-off Health Risk Assessment (HRA) History (hx) History of Present Illness (HPI) Implantable device list Laboratory information system (LIS) Medical history for all children Medication allergy list Medication history Medication list Medication route No Known Allergies (nka) Objective Order catalog Order Entry (OE) Ordering provider Parts of order Past Medical History Patient health information capture Patient-specific education resources Pending order Perscription Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST)

Electronic Health Record Function   73

Plan Problem list Problem-oriented medical record (POMR) Profile Psychiatric history Quality system management Radiology Information System (RIS) Reason for referral Referral Resolved problem Results reporting Review of Systems (ROS) Safety-enhanced design Secure messaging Sign & Hold (S&H) Signature Sign-out Smoking history Smoking status Social history Social, psychological, and behavioral data Stop date Subjective Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan (SOAP) note Surgical history Test name Transmission to cancer registries Transmission to immunization registries Transmission to public health agencies—electronic case reporting Trusted connection Vendor system

74  Evaluation

Evaluation A systematic set of methods for making a judgment or assessment of a subject’s merit, amount, worth, number, value, or significance. These judgments are made using criteria governed by a set of standards. Formative evaluations can be used to assess an intervention, initiative, person, project, program, or even an entire organization, and help with decision-making designed to make something better. Summative evaluations can be used to ascertain the degree of achievement or value in regard to the aim and objectives and results of any such action or intervention that has been completed. The primary purpose of evaluation, in addition to gaining insight into prior or existing initiatives, is to enable reflection and assist in the identification of future decisions or change. Cost–benefit analysis Cost effectiveness threshold Formative assessment Formative evaluation Goal-free approach Internal validation Marginal cost-effectiveness ratio Objectivist Process measure Quasilegal approach Responsive-illuminative approach Staged evaluation Subjectivist Summative assessment User profiling Validation Web analytics

Field of Study   75

Field of Study A branch of knowledge that is taught and researched as part of higher education. A student or scholar’s field of study, or academic discipline, is commonly defined and recognized by university faculties, learned societies, and the academic journals that publish research in that particular scientific area. In general, the specific knowledge that is included in any specific academic discipline is open to debate and commonly, multiple fields of study cover the same knowledge. Anthropology Anthropometry Artificial intelligence (AI) Basic research Basic science Behavioral economics Behaviorism Bibliometrics Big data Bioethics Bioinformatics Biomedical computing Biomedical engineering Biomedical informatics Biostatistics Calculus Causal modeling Clinical informatics Clinical research Clinical research informatics Cognitive science Cognitive work analysis Comparative effectiveness research (CER) Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) Complexity science Computational linguistics Computational intelligence Computer programming Computer science (CS) Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) Computer vision (CV) Computer-aided instruction (CAI) Computer-based education Consumer health informatics

76  Field of Study

Cybernetics Data science Data visualization Database design and administration Decision analysis Decision science Decision support Dental informatics Descriptive statistics Distributed cognition eHealth Epidemiology Ergonomics Ethnography Evidence-based medicine (EBM) Experimental science Genomics Health informatics Health information management (HIM) Health information technology (HIT) Health policy Health services research Health technology assessment (HTA) Human–computer interaction (HCI) Human factors Imaging informatics Implementation science Industrial engineering (IE) Inferential statistics Informatics Information and communications technology (ICT) Information science Interventional radiology Lexicography Linear systems Machine learning Medical anthropology Medical computer science Medical computing Medical decision making Medical informatics Medical information science Medical management Medical technology Metrology

Field of Study   77

Mobile health (mHealth) Morphology Morphometrics Nanotechnology Neural computing Neural informatics Nonlinear systems Nosology Nuclear medicine imaging Numerical analysis Nursing informatics Operations research Outcomes research Pathophysiology Persuasive technology Population health Precision medicine Predicate calculus Predictive modeling Program evaluation Public health Public health informatics Recommender systems Scientific writing Sociotechnical systems Spatiotemporal analytics Structural informatics Technology assessment Teleconsultation Teledermatology Telehealth Telemedicine Telepathology Teleradiology Telerobotics Topology Translational bioinformatics Ultrasound imaging Vectorcardiography Virtual reality

78  Genetics

Genetics A biological field concerned with genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It focuses mainly on the study of the subcellular properties (i.e., molecular structures, functions of genes, and gene behavior) of cells or organisms that enable the transfer, or in some cases the inability to transfer, various traits from parents to their offspring. This transfer allows for the propagation of certain anatomical and physiological characteristics from one generation to the next. Allele Alternative splicing product Base pair Biomarker Candidate gene study Chromosome Complementary DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) DNA sequencing Drive Enzyme Epigenetics Fitness landscape Functional genomics Gene Gene prediction Gene product Gene therapy Genome Genome level characters Genome wide association study (GWAS) Genotype Horizontal gene transfer Human Genome Project (HGP) Hybridization Infectome Ligand Messenger RNA Microbiome Mouse model Mutation Next-generation sequencing Northern blot Oligonucleotide

Genetics  79

Open reading frame Orthologous Phage Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Phenotype Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Polymorphism Proband Protein sequence database Proteomics Reading frame Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Sequence alignment Sequence information Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) Southern blot Structural alignment Systematic classification of proteins Transcription factor Universal genetic code Variants Whole genome shotgun sequencing

80  Government Funding

Government Funding Any financial support provided by a local, state, or federal government organization often used to fund various types of scientific research. The funding is often determined through a competitive process, in which potential projects are evaluated (often by peers) and only the most promising receive funding. Affordable Care Act (ACA) Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid (caBIG) Career Development Award (K Award) Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 Clinical Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Program (EPSDT) Health Manpower Shortage Area (HMSA) Home and Community-Based Waivers Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems (IAIMS) Medicaid (Title XIX) Notice of Award (NOA) Notice of Grant Award (NGA) Principal Investigator (PI) Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) Request for Applications (RFA) Social Security Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Services State Medicaid Health Information Technology Plan Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Veterans’ Disability Pension Program

Government Organization   81

Government Organization A permanent or semipermanent organization that forms a part of the government’s bureaucracy. Individual organizations are often responsible for the oversight and administration of specific government functions. A government organization may be established by national, state, or local legislative or executive branches of government. The autonomy, independence, and accountability of government organizations vary widely. Advisory Committee for Immunization Practice (ACIP) Agency Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Area Agency on Aging (AAA) Australian Health Information Council (AHIC) Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council (AHMAC) Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Congressional Budget Office (CBO) Consolidated Health Informatics (CHI) Department of Defense (DoD) Department of Health (DoH) Department of Health and Human Services (HHS or DHHS) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) European Union (EU) Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) General Services Administration (GSA) Government Accountability Office (GAO) Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) Health Systems Agency (HSA) Home Health Agency (HHA) Indian Health Service (HIS) Inspector General (IG) Maternal and Child Health Block Grant (Programs for Children with Special Needs) Military Health System (MHS) Ministry of Health (MOH) National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) National Cancer Institute (NCI) National Center for Biotechnical Information (NCBI)

82  Government Organization

National Center for Health Services and Research (NCHSR) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) National Committee for Quality Health Care (NCQHC) National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics (NCVHS) National Computer Security Association (NCSA) National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC) National Health Service (UK) (NHS) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) National Institute of Child Health and Human Development National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR) National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases (NIDDKD) National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) National Institute on Aging (NIA) National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Library of Medicine (NLM) National Program for Information Technology (UK) (NPfIT) National Science Foundation (NSF) National Security Agency (NSA) National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Office of Civil Rights (OCR) Office of Inspector General (OIG) Office of Management and Budget (USA) (OMB) Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) President’s Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC) Public Health Agency Public Health Department Public Health Services (PHS) Regional Health Information Network (RHIN) Regional Health Information Organization (RHIO) Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Veterans’ Health Services Programs Vital Statistics World Health Organization (WHO)

Health Insurance   83

Health Insurance A financial arrangement in which a company or government agency provides a future guarantee of compensation for specified medical expenses resulting from injury, illness, or death in return for payment of an upfront premium. The insurance companies or government agencies determine the upfront premium by estimating the overall medical costs associated with the individuals in the group that it is insuring. Adjusted Average Per Capita Cost (AAPCC) Blue Cross/Blue Shield (BC/BS) Braided Funding Captive Carrier Catastrophic Health Insurance Child Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS) Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Veterans Administration (CHAMPVA) Competitive Medical Plan (CMP) Consumer Coverage Coverage Basis Coverage Decision Covered Services Current Annual Premium Current Claimant Custodial Care Defined Benefit Defined Contribution Drug Claims Processing Drug Risk-Sharing Arrangements Dual Eligible Exclusive Provider Arrangement (EPA) Expenditure Target (ET) Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP) Federal Poverty Level (FPL) Flexible Savings Account (FSA) Formulary Future Purchase Option (FPO) General Liability Claims/Losses Guaranteed Renewal Health Insurance Purchasing Cooperative (HIPC) Health Plan

84  Health Insurance

Health Risk Factors Health Status High-Risk Pool Home Health Care Benefit Amount Indemnity insurance Inflation Protection Duration: Life of Policy/Certificate Institutional Long-Term Care (ILTC) Joint and Several Liability Joint Underwriting Association Lifetime Maximum Structure (LMS) Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) Maintenance Assistance Status (MAS) Major medical insurance Medical Necessity Medicare Advantage Medicare Supplement Insurance (MedSupp) Medigap Nursing Home Liability Insurance Offshore Captives Partnership Status Policy Benefit Type Policy Number Preadmission Certification Preexisting Condition Preferred Provider Arrangement (PPA) Premium Private health insurance Professional Liability Claims/Losses Psychiatric Rehabilitation Option Qualifying Condition Regulated Insurance Carrier Reimbursement Reinsurance Remaining Lifetime Benefits Rent-A-Captive Restricted-Benefit Enrollee Risk Retention Group (RRG) Self-Insured plans Service Plan Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) Spend-Down Spousal Impoverishment Underinsured Underwriting Veterans’ Disability Compensation Program Workers’ Compensation Program

Healthcare Finance   85

Healthcare Finance A branch of the field of finance that describes the processes by which patients and healthcare beneficiaries pay for medical expenses. When thinking about healthcare finance, one must consider at least three questions: How is the money raised to pay for the healthcare services? How are funds from groups of patients pooled? And, how are healthcare services paid for? Blended Funding Capital Capital Expenditure Review Capitalization Capitation Rate Carve Out Catchment Area Certificate of Need (CON) Community Rating Cost Containment Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA) Cost Neutrality Cost of Illness Analysis (COI) Cost of Living Adjustment/Allowance (COLA) Cost Sharing Cost Shifting Cost Utility Analysis Cost-Based Reimbursement Cost–Benefit Analysis Cost-Shifting Diagnostic-related Group (DRG) Guarantor Insurance guarantor Medicare (Title XVIII) Self-pay Uncompensated Care Uniform billing form (UB-92) Workman’s compensation

86  Hospital Department

Hospital Department The set of organizational components commonly found in hospitals. Hospital departments provide specific diagnostic or therapeutic services to patients throughout the hospital. Acute Care Ancillary Services Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit Burn unit Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit (CVICU) Care/Case Management Critical care Critical Care Unit (CCU) Ear, Nose, Throat (ENT) Emergency Department (ED) Emergency Room (ER) Escort Services General surgery Graduate Medical Education (GME) Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, (Mouth), and Throat (HEENT) Health Education Health Promotion Hospice Care Information Systems (IS) Information Technology (IT) Inpatient Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Intermediate Care Labor and Delivery (L&D) Laboratory (LAB) Long-term care Ombudsman Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) Mental Health Services Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Network Operation Center (NOC) Nursing station Occupational Health Services Occupational Therapy (OT) Ombudsman Operating Room (OR) Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) Perinatal Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic (P&T) committee Physical Therapy (PT)

Hospital Department   87

Postacute Care (PAC) Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU) Pulmonary Intensive Care Unit (PICU) Rapid Response Team (RRT) Rehabilitation Risk management (RM) Skilled Nursing Care Special Care Units Subacute Care Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) Tertiary care Transportation Services Trauma line

88  Human–Computer Interaction

Human–Computer Interaction A subfield of computer science that focuses on the design and use of computing technology that provides the interface between computing technology and the people who use it. It relies heavily on the more mature fields of cognitive science and human factors engineering. An important goal of the field is to facilitate a “dialog” between humans and computers, which is similar to that of human-to-human interactions. Abbreviations to avoid Affordance Augmented reality Autocompletion Bitmap display Button Cascading style sheets Charting by exception Chronological order Cognitive load Contrast Copy and paste Cursor Dashboard Data overload Direct manipulation Drop-down control Error recovery Feedback Flowsheet Foreground/background color combinations to avoid Graphic editor Graphical models Graphical user interface (GUI) Growth charts Haptic feedback Human-readable content Hypertext Icon Information overload Interface consistency Joystick Keyboard Keystroke Level Modeling (KLM) Learnability Light pen

Human–Computer Interaction   89

Make the right thing to do, the easiest thing to do Mandatory field Memorability Mental models Menu Metaphor Metaphor graphics Mouse (pointing device) Multimedia Passive Perception Postscript Presentation Prospective memory Radio button Range check Raster image Readability Red, green, blue pixels Relevant feedback Reverse chronological order Right information to right person at right time, so they can make right decision Screenshot Shared mental model Structured data Tab control Tab metaphor Tactile feedback Tiling Touchscreen Trackball Usability Usability engineering Use error User experience (UX) User interaction model User profile User-centered design (UCD) Vector image View Visibility Visualization What you see is what you get (WYSIWYG) White board

90  Identity Management

Identity Management A broad administrative area or discipline that deals with identifying individuals in a system (such as a hospital, a healthcare delivery network, or an entire community), protecting that identify, and controlling their access to resources within that system by associating specific user rights and restrictions with the user’s established identity. The goal of identity management is to ensure that the right individuals are able to access the right resources at the right times and for the right reasons. Access and identity management Access control Accessibility Accountability Attestation Audit trail Authenticate Authentication Authenticity Authorization Biometric authentication Biometric identification Biometric identifier Comingled records Confidentiality Confidentiality, integrity, availability (CIA) Data confidentiality Deidentification Deidentified data Duplicate records Face (facial) recognition Finger print recognition Handwriting recognition Inaccessibility Internet certificate k-Anonymity Key Key resource Nonrepudiation Palm-print recognition Password Password change policy Personal identification number (PIN) Personal identifying information

Identity Management   91

Role-based security Role-limited access Social Security Number (SSN) Three factor authentication—something you know, something you have, something you are Two-factor authentication

92  Imaging

Imaging The process of creating a visual representation or reproduction of an object’s internal or external structure. It can be used to allow clinicians to look at the inside or outside of the human body for clues about a medical condition. A variety of machines, modalities, and techniques can create visual representations of the internal and external structures and activities of the body. Back projection Charge-coupled device (CCD) camera Chest photofluorography Chest X-ray (CXR) Color resolution Computed radiography Computed tomography (CT) Computerized axial tomography (CAT) Contrast radiography Contrast resolution Contrast-enhanced ultrasound Convolution Deformable model Diffuse optical imaging Diffusion tensor imaging Diffusion-weighted imaging Digital image Digital image acquisition Digital radiography Digital subtraction angiography Dosimetry Echocardiography Edge detection Electrical impedance tomography Feature classification Feature detection Feature extraction Filmless imaging Fluoroscopy Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) Functional mapping Global processing Gray scale Gynecologic ultrasonography Histogram equalization Image database

Imaging  93

Image enhancement Image generation Image management Image manipulation Image processing Imaging modality Intravascular ultrasound Ionizing radiation Light Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Molecular imaging Multimodal image fusion Neuroimaging Nonionizing radiation Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy Obstetric ultrasonography Phantom Positron emission tomography (PET) Projection Qualitative arrangement Radioactive isotope Region detection technique Resolution Shadow graph Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Spatial resolution Surface based warping Surface rendering Template Atlas Temporal resolution Temporal subtraction Three-dimensional reconstruction and visualization Three-dimensional structure information Ultrasound Unsharp masking Virtual colonoscopy Volume rendering Volume-based warping Voxel X-ray X-ray crystallography

94  Information Resource

Information Resource An element of computing infrastructure (e.g., equipment, personnel) that provides users with the data, information, or knowledge required to help them do their job. Specific information resources may be accessible via the Internet or stored locally on servers. Cochrane Database Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) Digital library E-book Electronic textbook (eBook) EMBASE Evidence-based medicine database Frequently asked questions (FAQ) Full text database Genomics database Guidelines.gov clearinghouse Hospital Consumer Assessment Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) Impact factor Index Medicus Information resources Internet archive Medical literature analysis and retrieval system (MEDLARS) Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MEDPAR) File Medicare Provider Inventory (MPI) Merck Medicus Multimedia content Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care (MIMIC) National Death Index (NDI) National Digital Information Infrastructure Preservation Program (NDIIPP) National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Original content Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR) Population-based atlas Primary knowledge-based information Primary literature Science citation index Social security death index State Medicaid databases

Information Resource   95

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database UMLS semantic network Up-to-date Value Set Authority Center Visible human project

96  Information Retrieval

Information Retrieval The process of obtaining information resources (e.g., articles, books, websites) relevant to an information need (i.e., a query) from a collection of information resources. Searches can be based on full-text information resources or other content-based indexing techniques. Often a query does not uniquely identify a single resource from the collection of resources searched, in which case multiple resources are returned and ranked according to different degrees of relevancy (e.g., closeness of match, time of creation, or proximity to the user). This ranking of search results is a key difference of information retrieval searching compared to precise database searching. All-Payer Claims Database (APCD) Automated indexing Bibliographic content Bibliographic database Boolean search Browsing Check tag Chronology Citation database Cooccurrence of terms Document frequency Emtree Entrez Entry term Exact match searching Excerpta Medica Exploded term Field qualification Filter (for data/information) Full text Google Granularity Index Index attribute Index item Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM) Indexing Information Information need Information seeking behavior Inverse document frequency (IDF)

Information Retrieval   97

Inverted index Keyword Lexical-statistical retrieval Link-based indexing Manual indexing Mesh subheading Metacontent Metadata harvester Natural language query Online bibliographic searching Page rank algorithm Page rank indexing Partial match searching Precision Proximity searching Publication type Query Query and retrieval Ranking Recall Recency ranking Reference Relative recall Relevance ranking Retrieval Search intermediary Search optimization Set-based searching Start with versus contains queries Subheading Subject heading Synoptic content Term frequency Term frequency—inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) Term weighting Text retrieval conference (TREC) Text word searching Vector space model Weights Wildcard character

98  Journal

Journal A serious, scholarly, peer-reviewed publication that deals with a particular subject or professional activity. Journals may be available in either paper or electronic formats. Applied Clinical Informatics (ACI) Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM) BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making Computers in Biology and Medicine International Journal of Medical Informatics (IJMI) Journal of Biomedical Informatics (JBI) Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR) Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (JAMIA) Medical Decision Making Methods of Information in Medicine (MIM) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)

Law  99

Law The system of rules that our society recognizes as regulating the actions of its members. Failure to follow these laws may result in the imposition of penalties. Many of the “laws” consist of thousand page–plus documents that describe in excruciating detail what is and what is not allowed to occur. Finally, many of these laws have a significant impact on the way health information technology is or is not used in the clinical setting. 508 compliance Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Antitrust Any Willing Provider Laws Arbitration Agreements Authorized Testing and Certification Bodies (ATCBs) Belmont Report Beneficence Business Associate (BA) Business Associate Agreement (BAA) Certified Electronic Health Record Technology (CEHRT) Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendment (CLIA) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Collateral Damages Conditions of Participation (COP) Contracting Copyleft Copyright Covered entity Data stewardship Data Use Agreement (DUA) Electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI) Eligible Hospitals (EH) Eligible Professionals (EPs) Emancipated minor Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) End User License Agreement (EULA) Enterprise Liability Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Estimated Liability Costs Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPP) Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) First do no harm

100  Law

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Full disclosure Generalizable knowledge Guardian Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act Health Insurance Flexibility and Accountability (HIFA) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 1996 Hearsay evidence Hill–Burton Act Hold harmless clause Institutional Review Board (IRB) Instructional Health Care Directive Intellectual property (IP) Justice Legal issues Liability License/Licensure Licensing Malpractice Mandate Meaningful Use (MU) Medical power of attorney Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Minor Moral hazard Negligence law Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) Noneconomic Damages Notifiable disease Older Americans Act (OAA) Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1993 Open access Open policy Open source Patents Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) Peer review Plagiarism Power of Attorney (POA) Professional patient relationship Professional review approach

Law  101

Public Health Service Act Punitive Damages Redact Release of Information (ROI) Settlement Software contract Strict product liability Subpoena Tort Reform Treatment, Payment, Operations (TPO) View, Download, and Transmit

102  Logic

Logic The systematic use of symbolic and mathematical techniques and principles underlying the arrangements of elements in a computer, which are used to determine the forms of valid deductive argument with a goal of performing a specific task. AND (Boolean) Boolean logic Complement (Boolean) If–then–else Mutually exclusive NAND (Boolean) NOT (Boolean) Not OR (NOR) Boolean logic OR (Boolean) Reify Truth tables Venn diagram XOR Exclusive OR (Boolean)

Malware  103

Malware A relatively new term that is short for “malicious software.” Rather than being useful to help solve a problem, this software has a malicious intent to disrupt, damage, steal sensitive information, display unwanted advertising, or disable individual computers or entire computing systems. Malware is not used to describe software that causes unintentional harm due to some error or deficiency in its design, development, configuration, or use. Adware Antispyware software Antivirus software Bit torrent Macro virus Malicious applet Malicious code Malicious logic Malware signature Phishing Ransomware Scareware Spyware Trojan horse Virus (computer code) Worm Zombie

104  Management

Management The features, functions, and tools required to organize and coordinate the activities of healthcare-related activities within the healthcare system to achieve defined objectives. Management is also concerned with creating the policies and procedures required to organize, plan, control, and direct an organization’s resources, including physical, financial, and human to achieve the objectives of the organization (i.e., provide high-quality patient care to the most patients at the least cost). Accounts payable (AP) Accounts receivable (AR) Accreditation Adult care home Adult day care Assessing clinical information system needs Behavior change Boiler plate text Bring your own device (BYOD) Capital budget Clinical Decision Support (CDS) Oversight committee Clinical program Collaboration Collaborative decision-making Collaborative work Comprehensive Primary Care Initiative Conflict management Consensus group process Consumer price index (CPI) Cooperative Credentialing Data governance Decision support system (DSS) Doing Business As (DBA) Drug Utilization Review (DUR) Dual reporting structure Email etiquette Employee Identification Number (EIN) Employer Identification Number (EIN) EMR Oversight committee Environmental scan Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) Financial management Fiscal year (FY) Fixed cost

Management  105

Formative decision Full-time equivalent (FTE) Global budgeting Gross domestic product (GDP) Gross national product (GNP) Group purchasing organization (GPO) Health planning Health Service Area Horizontal integration Hospital administration Incremental cost–benefit ratio Indefinite Duration, Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ) Individual practice association (IPA) Information technology strategy Initial public offering (IPO) Inventory Just-in-time learning Kaizen Learning health system Letter of intent (LOI) Long run cost Management by objectives (MBO) Matrix management Medical Executive Committee (MEC) Medical Operations Committee (MOC) Medical record committee Medical Review Board (MRB) Negotiation Net present value (NPV) No margin, no mission Nominal group process Occupancy rate On-the-job training (OJT) Operating budget Opportunity cost Opt-in Opt-out Organizational behavior Organizational change Organizational culture Organizational mission Organizational objectives Organizational tactics Organizational vision Participatory decision-making

106  Management

Patient engagement strategy Patient safety strategy Pay by transaction versus pay by user Performance management Physician Incentive Plan (PIP) Population management Present value Process improvement Production Production room Productivity cost Productivity Improvement Program (PIP) Profit and loss (P&L) Project management Project milestones Prospective payment system Purchasing collaborative Reengineering health care Regional Extension Center (REC) Request for information (RFI) Request for proposal (RFP) Resource allocation Resources Responsibility versus accountability Return on equity (ROE) Return on investment (ROI) Risk Management Program Scope creep Service Level Agreement (SLA) Short run cost Social influence theory Social media strategy Software Oversight Committee (SOC) System development life cycle System requirements Time trade-off Utilization review Value-added reseller (VAR) Value-based purchasing (VBP) Volume performance standard Work to limit of license Workflow reengineering Zero-base budgeting (ZBB)

Mathematics  107

Mathematics An abstract field of science concerned with the study of topics such as number, quantity, structure, patterns, space, and change of physical objects and abstract concepts. Those who study mathematics (mathematicians) look for patterns and attempt to use them to formulate conjectures. They then attempt to resolve the truth or falsehood of the conjectures by mathematical proof. When mathematicians create mathematical structures that are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature or the future. 2.71828 (e) 3.14159 (pi) 1024 (2^10) Acute Arc Arithmetic moving average (ARIMA) Base-10 Base-2 Billion Binary Binary coded decimal (BCD) Binary to decimal conversion Boolean operators Cardinal numbers Coefficient Complex numbers Constant Cosign vector calculation Cosine function Cross product Date Default value Denominator Denormalized numbers Density–amplitude domain Derivative Differential Differential equation Differentiate Digital Dimension Discrete Discriminant

108  Mathematics

Dot product Eigenvectors Entropy Exponent Exponential constant Exponential function Factor Factorial Floating-point arithmetic Fourier analysis Frequency components Frequency response Function Fuzzy logic Global extrema Gradient Gradient descent Halting problem Hash value Hyperbolic Infinitesimal Infinity Integral Interpolate Intersection Inverse Inverse function Kilobyte Limit Linear Linear algebra Local extrema Logarithm Matrix Matrix inversion Maximum Multiplication Natural logarithm Nonlinearity Not a number (NaN) Numerator Octal Operator Optimization Order of magnitude

Mathematics  109

Order of operations Ordinal numbers Partial derivative Percentage Perimeter Power Power law Proof Proportional Quadratic equation Quadratic formula Quotient Ratio Reciprocal Regression Residual Root Root mean square Satisfiability problem Sign Sine function Smoothing Space constant Sum of squares Summation Tangent Time constant Travelling salesman problem Union Vector differentiation Wavelet transformation

110  Measurement

Measurement The assignment of a number to some characteristic of an object or event (e.g., size, length, amount, time, temperature) so that it can be compared with other objects or events. The scope and application of a measurement is dependent on the context and discipline. In the natural sciences and engineering, measurements do not apply to nominal properties (i.e., properties with no magnitude) of objects or events. However, in other fields such as statistics as well as the social and behavioral sciences, measurements can have different levels, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Accuracy of measurement Acoustic Acuity Analog Analytical Angstrom Attenuation Calibration Calorie Distortion Drift Dye dilution indicator Electromyogram False negative result False positive result Fractional change Gain Gold standard test Index test Indicator Intermittant monitoring Invasive monitoring Key performance indicator (KPI) Off scale Offset Order entry rate Patient satisfaction Point of service (POS) testing Pressure Pressure transducer Quantity Real-time data acquisition Recording

Measurement  111

Refractivity index Resolution of measurement Response time Sampling rate Scalar Signal Signal artifacts Spectrum bias Static Temporal Transducer Ultrasonography Unobtrusive measures Valid Visual analog scale Within Defined Limits (WDL)

112  Measurement Unit

Measurement Unit A term used to describe a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law. In general, a country or organization adopts a specific set of measurement units which are used as a standard for measurement of the same quantity everywhere. There are several different overarching measurement systems including the “English” system, which is in use in the United States, and the SI (Système International d’Unités), which is a globally agreed upon system of units, with seven base units. These base units can be modified by various prefixes (e.g., milli, kilo, mega, etc.). Using the SI system, any value of a specific quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of measurement. For most scientific purposes, the SI measurement units are used regardless of the country in which one resides. Ampere (A) Atto (a) Candela (cd) Celsius (C) Centigrade (C) Cubic centimeters (cc) Decibel (Db) Exa (E) Fahrenheit (F) Femto (f) Giga (G) Gram (g) Hertz (Hz) Hour (H) Inch (In) Kelvin (K) Kilo (k) Kilogram (kg) Mega (M) Meter (m) Metric Micro (μ) Microgram (mcg) Micron Milli (m) Milliequivalent (meq) Milligram (mg) Milliliter (mL) Millimeter (mm) Mole (mol)

Measurement Unit   113

Nano (n) Newton Parts per million (PPM) Peta (P) Pico (p) Postmeridiem (PM) Radian Revolutions per minute (RPM) Second (s) Tera (T) Tesla Units Yocto (y) Yotta (Y) Zepto (z) Zetta (Z)

114  Medical Billing

Medical Billing The process by which medical coders (either automated or manually) translate clinical documentation of a healthcare service, which is often described in narrative or free text, into a set of diagnosis, procedure, or medication codes, which can be submitted as a claim to an insurance company or directly to the patient. Often, the healthcare provider must follow-up on the claim with the insurance company to ensure it is paid. Administrative services only (ASO) Admitted Carriers All Patient Diagnosis-Related Group (APDRG) Allowable Costs All-Payer System Alternative Market Ambulatory Payment Classification (APC) Appropriateness Assisted Living Facility (ALF) Benefit Amount Average Wholesale Price (AWP) of Prescription Drugs Avoidable Hospital Conditions Bad Debts Balance Billing Basis of Eligibility (BOE) Beneficiary Benefit Start Date of Current Claim Period Billing Audit Cafeteria Benefits Plan Calendar Year Capitated System Capitation Categorically Needy Charges Charity Care Chart Audit Claim Status Coinsurance Company Code Contract Management System Coordination of Benefits (COB) Copayment Cost center Customary Charge Customary, Prevailing, and Reasonable Customer Deductible

Medical Billing   115

Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) Direct cost Discounting Disease Management Program Durable Medical Equipment (DME) Electronic Claim Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Employer Master File (EMP) Employer Name Employer Type Evaluation and Management Codes (E&M) Explanation of Benefits (EOB) Federal Employer Identification Number (FEIN) Fee for Service (FFS) Fee Schedule Fiduciary Fixed fee Foster Child Fraud Hospital Acquired Condition (HAC) Indigent Care Indirect cost Inpatient Prospective Payment System Level of Care (LOC) Marginal cost Medical Record Number (MRN) Medical Savings Account (MSA) Medically Indigent Merit-Based Incentive Payment System National Plan and Provider Enumeration System National Provider Index (NPI) Nonquantifiable benefits and costs Orderable, Performable, Chargeable (OPC) Overhead Per capita payment Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMS) Physician Fee Schedule Preferred Provider Insurance Prepayment Present on Admission (POA) Primary Care Gatekeepers Prospective payment Relative Value Unit (RVU) Resource-Based Relative Value Scale Retrospective payment

116  Medical Billing

Revenue center Service benefit Service bureau Stop loss coverage Super bill Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) Universal Billing Form 92 (UB-92) Usual customary and reasonable fee Variable cost Willingness to pay

Medical Device   117

Medical Device The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines a medical device as an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component part, or accessory that is intended for use in the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, in man or other animals, or intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals, and which does not achieve any of its primary intended purposes through chemical action within or on the body of man or other animals and which is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of any of its primary intended purposes. Assistive devices Automatic inflation protection type Cannula Cardiovascular monitor Catheter Clamp Crash cart Defibrillator Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) Heart–Lung pump High-efficiency particulate attraction filter (HEPA) Hoist scale Home medical equipment Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) Intraortic balloon pump (IABP) Intravenous (IV) pump Laminar airflow hood Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) Ligature Medication cart Nasal cannula Nasogastric tube (NG) Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) Pyxis machine Radio-frequency identification device (RFID) Ventilator Wheelchair (WC)

118  Medical Facility

Medical Facility A physical location where health care is provided. Medical facilities can range from small clinics and single physician offices to medium-sized urgent care centers and large hospitals with elaborate emergency rooms and trauma centers. In most places, medical facilities are regulated to some extent by a government or private entity. Such licensing by an approved regulatory agency is often required before a facility may open for business and care for patients. Medical facilities may be owned and operated as or by for-profit businesses, nonprofit organizations, and local, state, or federal governments. Academic Medical Center (AMC) Acute Care Unit Ambulatory Care Ambulatory Clinic Ambulatory Surgical Center (ASC) Area Health Education Center (AHEC) Assisted Living Facility Behavioral Health Board and Care Home Children’s Hospital Chronic Care Clinic Community Health Center (CHC) Community Hospital Community Long-Term Care (CLTC) Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) Community-Based Care/Services Comprehensive Cancer Center Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC) Critical Access Hospital (CAH) Emergency Care Center Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Emergency Shelter Family Foster Home Foster Care Free clinic General Practice Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) Group Home Group Practice Health Facilities Home Health

Medical Facility   119

Home Health Care Hospice Hospital Independent Living Facility Intermediate Care Facility (ICF) Intermediate Care Facility for the Mentally Retarded (ICF/MR) Isolation room Long-Term Care (LTC) Medicare HMOs Memory Care Unit Military Treatment Facilities (MTFs) Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) Neighborhood Health Center Nursing Home Nursing Home Care Outpatient Private Practice Rehabilitation Hospital Residential Care Secure Facility Senior Center Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) Step down unit Tertiary Care Hospital Transitional Care Urgent Care Center (Clinic) Veteran Integrated Service Networks (VISN) Wellness Clinic

120  Medication

Medication A chemical substance that is introduced (i.e., ingested, injected into a muscle or vein, applied topically to the skin, inhaled, or inserted rectally) into a patient’s body. A medication is designed to treat a patient’s physical or mental illness or to relieve one or more symptoms of a patient’s clinical condition. It is not uncommon for medications to have unintended, adverse effects, or to interact with each other and harm patients. Often medications are referred to as drugs or pharmaceuticals. Adrenaline Albuterol (Proventil) Alendronate (Fosamax) Allopurinol (Zyloric) Alprazolam (Xanax) Amitriptyline (Elavil) Amlodipine (Norvasc) Amoxicillin (Trimox) Amoxicillin–clavulanate (Augmentin) Analgesia Antibiotic (ABX) Artificial nutrition and hydration As desired (ad lib) As needed (prn) Aspirin (asa) At bedtime (q hs) Atenolol (Tenormin) Atomoxetine (Strattera) Atorvastatin (Lipitor) Azidothymidine (AZT) Azithromycin (Zithromax) Azithromycin pack (Z-pack) Bedtime (hs) BID—twice daily Biocompatible Biosimilar Bupropion (Wellbutrin) Capsule (cap) Celecoxib (Celebrex) Cetirizine (Zyrtec) Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) Citalopram (Celexa) Clonazepam (Klonopin) Clonidine (Catapress) Clopidogrel (Plavix)

Medication  121

Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) Desloratadine (Clarinex) Detailing Dextroamphetamine–amphetamine (Adderall) Dextrose in water (DW) Diazepam (Valium) Digoxin (Lanolin) Diltiazem (Cardizem) Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine Direct to consumer (DTC) advertising Divalproex (Depakote) Doxycycline (Vibramycin) Enalapril (Vasotec) Epinephrine Escitalopram (Lexapro) Esomeprazole (Nexium) Every (q) Every day (QD) Every other day (QOD) Fentanyl (Duragesic) Fentanyl (Sublimaze) Fexofenadine (Allegra) Finasteride (Proscar) Fluconazole (Dipluran) Fluoxetine (Prozac) Fluticasone (Flonase) Folic acid Form Four-times daily (qid) Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) Furosemide (Lasix) Gabapentin (Neurontin) Gemfibrozil (Loped) Generic substitution Glipizide (Glucotrol) Glyburide (Micronase) Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine (Hib) Hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) Hourly (qh) Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) Hydrocodone–acetaminophen (Vicodin) Ibuprofen (Advil) Immunization vaccines Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)

122  Medication

Interchangables International units (IU) Intravenous (IV) Iron supplements IV Piggyback (ivpb) IV Push (ivp) Lansoprazole (Prevacid) Levofloxacin (Levaquin) Levothyroxine, T4 (Synthroid) Lipids Lisinopril (Prinivil) Lorazepam (Ativan) Losartan (Cozaar) Losartan–hydrochlorothiazide (Hyzaar) Lovastatin Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine Medication name Medication substitution Metformin (Glucophage) Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Methylprednisolone (Medrol) Metoprolol Morphine (MSO4) Naproxen (Naprosyn) Narcan Niacin (Niacor) Nifedipine (Procardia) Nitroglycerin (Nitrolingual) Normal Saline (ns) Nothing per os (NPO) Number of doses Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Omeprazole (Prilosec) Once daily (OD) Orally (Per os) Over the counter (OTC) Oxycodone (OxyContin) Oxygen (O2) Pantoprazole (Protonix) Paroxetine (Paxil) Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) Penicillin V (Veetids)

Medication  123

Phenytoin (Dilantin) Pioglitazone (Actos) Pitocin (Oxytocin) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine Potassium chloride (Klor-Con) Pravastatin (Pravachol) Prednisone (Deltasone) Prescription (Rx) PRN—from the Latin “pro re nata” Promethazine (Phenergan) Propranolol (Inderal) Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Quinapril (Accupril) Ramipril (Altace) Ranitidine (Zantac) Ringer’s solution Risperidone (Risperdal) Rosiglitazone (Avandia) Rx—perscription Saline Sertraline (Zoloft) Sildenafil (Viagra) Simvastatin (Zocor) Sodium chloride (NaCl) Spironolactone (Aldactone) Subcutaneous (sq) Sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim (Bactrim) Three times a day (tid) To keep open (TKO) Tobramycin–dexamethasone (TobraDex) Topiramate (Topamax) Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Toxin Tramadol (Ultram) Triamterene–hydrochlorothiazide (Dayside) Twice daily (bid) Unit-based dosing Valsartan (Diovan) Verapamil (Isoptin) Warfarin (Coumadin) Zolpidem (Ambien)

124  Natural Language Processing

Natural Language Processing A subfield of computer science, artificial intelligence, and computational linguistics concerned with developing algorithmic techniques to enable computers to understand human-generated written or spoken natural language. Acronym expansion Acronym standardization Anaphoric references Annotate Annotation Bigrams Bound morpheme Clauses Concept hierarchy Context deficit Context-free grammar Contextual meaning Corpora Derivational morpheme Double negative detection Exception rules Exceptions Foreign language detection Grammar Inflectional morpheme Information extraction Irony detection Label Language modeling Lexeme Lexical form Lexical variants Lexicon Logical connections Machine translation Map tables Metamap Morpheme Natural language processing (NLP) Negation Negative dictionary N-grams Parse

Natural Language Processing   125

Parse tree Part of speech tagging Probabilistic context free grammar Profanity detection Punctuation Punctuation correction Referential expression Sarcasm detection Semantic analysis Semantic grammar Semantic mapping Semantic pattern Semantic type Sentiment analysis Specialized vocabulary mapping Spelling check Spelling correction Stem Stop word list Stop words String Syntax verification Term Text parsing Tokenization Tokens Trigrams Valence weighting Vector mapping White space Word duplication Word sense Word sense disambiguation

126  Network Security

Network Security The activities, policies, and practices an organization uses to protect, prevent, and monitor for unauthorized access, misuse, unintentional modification, or denial of access to a computer network and the network-accessible data, information, and knowledge it contains. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled by the network administrator. It includes both hardware and software technologies. Active attack Airgap Asymmetric cryptography Attack Attack method Attack mode Attack pattern Attack signature Attacker Back door Blacklist Bot Bot herder Bot master Botnet Computer network defense analysis Critical infrastructure Cyber infrastructure Cybersecurity Denial of service Distributed denial of service Drive-by download Dynamic attack surface Firewall Hacker Intrusion Intrusion detection IP sec (Internet Protocol Security) logic bomb Network mapper (Nmap) Network resilience Next-generation firewall Packet capture Penetration Penetration test (Pen test) Perimeter definition

Network Security   127

Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) Private key Proxy access Public key Public key cryptography Public key encryption Public key infrastructure (PKI) Remote desktop protocol (RDP) Secure Socket Layer (SSL) System integrity System security analysis System security architecture Virtual private networks (VPNs)

128  Organization

Organization A legal entity consisting of an organized group of people that has a collective purpose or goal. There are a variety of types of organizations, including business corporations, governments, nongovernmental organizations, political organizations, international organizations, armed forces, charities, societies, associations, not-for-profit corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, and educational institutions. Accountable Care Organization (ACO) Ambulatory Care Group (ACG) Cochrane Collaboration Community Health Information Network (CHIN) Community Health Management Information Systems (CHMIS) Digital Preservation Coalition Disease Management For-Profit Foundation for Accountability (FACCT) Group model health maintenance organization Health care organization (HCO) Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Home and Community-Based Services (HCBS) Institutional Health Services Internet Service Provider (ISP) Local Service Provider Managed Care Organization (MCO) Managed competition N3 Service Provider (N3SP) National Application Service Provider (NASP) Nationwide Health Information Network (NwHIN) Network model HMO Network-model health maintenance organization Nonprofit/Not-For-Profit Open archives initiative Pharmaceutical Benefits Manager (PBM) Physician Hospital organization Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) Prepaid group practice Provider Sponsored Organization (PSO) Purchasing coalitions Regional network Social Health Maintenance Organization (SHMO) Staff model health maintenance organization (HMO) The Joint Commission (TJC) The Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) World intellectual property organization

Patient Safety   129

Patient Safety The field of study that focuses on the policies, procedures, and activities designed to prevent accidental or preventable harm (e.g., medical errors, injuries, accidents, and infections) produced in the course of providing medical care to patients. Research and activities emphasize the system of care delivery rather than focusing entirely on the activities of individuals that are designed to prevent errors, and to learn from errors that occur. The field is built on the concept of a blame-free culture of safety that involves healthcare professionals, organizations, and patients. Active error Adverse drug event (ADE) Adverse drug reaction (ADR) Adverse event Blame-free culture Blunt end Checklist Checklist effect Clinical risk Clinical risk analysis Clinical risk control Clinical risk estimation Clinical risk evaluation Clinical risk management Clinical risk management file Clinical risk management plan Clinical risk management process Clinical safety Clinical safety case Clinical safety case report Clinical safety officer Close call Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) product Common format Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) Fixation error Harm Hazard Hazard log

130  Patient Safety

Health IT System Hospital-acquired Iatrogenic event Incident Initial clinical risk Intended use Issue Likelihood Manufacturer Never events Nonhealth product Nosocomial Patient Postdeployment Procedure Release Residual clinical risk Risk Risk factor Safety incident Safety incident management log Sentinel event (SE) Sentinel event alert (SEA) Serious safety event (SSE) Severity Technology-related event (TRE) Top management Unintended consequences

People  131

People The men and women who have made important contributions to the field of clinical informatics. This category also includes the titles or roles within the organization that people routinely fill. Al Barrak, Ahmed Al-Shorbaji, Najeeb Altman, Russ Altuwaijri, Majid Ameen, Abu-Hanna Ammenwerth, Elske Andersen, Stig Kjaer Aronsky, Dominik Bakken, Suzanne Bakker, Ab Ball, Marion J. Barnett, G. Octo Bates, David W. Bellazzi, Riccardo Bleich, Howard L. Blobel, Bernd Borycki, Elizabeth Brennan, Patricia Flatley Butte, Atul Carr, Robyn Chang, Polun Chief Clinical Informatics (Information) Officer (CCIO) Chief Privacy Officer Chute, Christopher G. Cimino, James J. Classen, David C. Coiera, Enrico Collen, Morris F. Curmudgeon Database Administrator (DBA) De Moor, Georges Degoulet, Patrice Detmer, Don E. Engelbrecht, Rolf Espinosa, Amado Eysenbach, Gunther Fieschi, Marius Fox, John Friedman, Carol Friedman, Charles P.

132  People

Gardner, Reed M. Geissbuhler, Antoine Get Out of My Emergency Room (GOMER) Gogia, Shashi Gonzalez Bernaldo de Quiros, Fernan Greenes, Robert A. Hammond, W. Edward Hanmer, Lyn Hannah, Kathryn Hannan, Terry Hasman, Arie Haux, Reinhold Haynes, R. Brian Health Level 7 (HL7) Analyst Hersh, William R. Holmes, John Hovenga, Evelyn Hripcsak, George Hullin, Carol Humphreys, Betsy L. Hussein, Rada Integration conversion programmer Integration data architect Integration project manager Integration testing coordinator Johnson, Kevin B. Kimura, Michio Klaus-Peter, Adlassnig Knowledge engineer Koch, Sabine Kohane, Isaac S. Kulikowski, Casimir Kushniruk, Andre Leao, Beatriz de Faria Lederberg, Joshua Ledley, Robert S. Lehmann, Christoph Leong, Tze Yun Li, Yu-Chuan (Jack) Liaw, Siaw-Teng Lindberg, Donald A.B. Lorenzi, Nancy M. Lovis, Christian Lun, Kwok Chan (KC)

People  133

Luna, Daniel Mandil, Salah Hussein Mandl, Ken D. Mantas, John Maojo, Victor Marcelo, Alvin Margolis, Alvaro Marin, Heimar de Fatima Martin-Sanchez, Fernando Masic, Izet McCray, Alexa McDonald, Clement “Clem” J. Mihalas, George Miller, Perry L. Miller, Randolph A. Moehr, Jochen Moen, Anne Moghaddam, Ramin Moore, Jason H. Moura, Lincoln de Assis Murray, Peter Musen, Mark A. Nohr, Christian Norman, Donald A. Ohno-Machado, Lucila Otero, Paula Park, Hyeoun-Ae Patel, Vimla L. Peterson, Hans Pinciroli, Francesco Protti, Denis Rector, Alan Rienhoff, Otto Ritchie, Marylyn D. Roberts, Jean Roger France, Francis Sabbatini, Ranato Safran, Charles Saltz, Joel H. Saranto, Kaija Scherrer, Jean-Raoul Schneider, Werner Seroussi, Brigitte Shabo, Amnon

134  People

Shahar, Yuval Shaikh, Aziz Shortliffe, Edward “Ted” H. Slack, Warner V. Smith, Barry Stead, William W. Szolovits, Peter Takeda, Hiroshi Talmon, Jan Tanaka, Hiroshi Tchuitcheu, Ghislain Kouematchoua Tierney, William M. Toyoda, Ken van Bemmel, Jan H. van der Lei, Johan Warner, Homer R. Weber, Patrick Weed, Lawrence Westbrook, Johanna Westbrooke, Lucy Wiederhold, Giovanni “Gio” C. M. Wong, Chun-Por (CP) Wright, Graham Wu (Ying Wu), Helen Wyatt, Jeremy Zhao, Junping Zvarova, Jana

Physiologic Measurement   135

Physiologic Measurement Techniques used to assess or measure the function of major organ systems or other bodily functions either directly or indirectly. Physiological measurements can be obtained using a variety of methods, including: self-report; direct observation; direct measurement; indirect measurement; laboratory tests; and electronic monitoring. ABO blood group (ABO) Acid–base balance Acidosis Activated partial thromboplastin time—aPTT (PTT) Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) Acute physiology score (APS) Acute renal failure (ARF) Alkalosis Alveolar to arterial partial pressure of oxygen gradient (A–a gradient) Amylase Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) Apgar score Basic metabolic panel (BMP) Birth weight (BW) Blood pressure (BP) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Body mass index (BMI) Body surface area (BSA) Complete blood count (CBC) Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) Creatine clearance (CrCl) Diastole Draw time Eindhoven’s triangle Electroencephalogram (EEG) Electrolyte balance Electrolyte panel (lytes) Estimated creatinine clearance Fluid balance Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Health evaluation (Apache–II) scoring system Height (Ht) Hematocrit (hct) Hemoglobin (Hb) Hemoglobin A1C or Glycohemoglobin (HbA1C)

136  Physiologic Measurement

Hemoglobin and Hematocrit (H&H) High/Low interpretation High-density lipoprotein (HDL) High-Density lipoprotein cholesterol test (HDL-C) Intake and output (I&O) Intelligence quotient (IQ) International normalized ratio (INR) Laboratory alert Last menstrual period (LMP) Lipid profile Liver (hepatic) function tests (LFT) Mean arterial pressure (MAP) Metabolic acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Microalbumin Normal body temperature (37°C) Normal body temperature (98.6°F) Normal range Organ-system failure (OSF) scoring system Pain score Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Prothrombin time (PT) Pulmonary function test (PFT) Pulse (P) Pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation (PERRLA) QRS wave Range of motion (ROM) Respiratory acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Result time Rhesus factor blood group (Rh) Saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) Simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) scoring system Spirometry Therapeutic intervention scoring system (TISS) scoring system Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroxine (T4) Urinalysis (UA) Urine culture Vital signs (VS) Weight (WT) Within normal limits (wnl)

Physiology  137

Physiology A subfield of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. Physiologists focus on how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that are required to maintain a living system. Absolute refractory period Absorption Acclimation Accommodation Action potential Activation Active transport Adaptation Aerobic Alimentary Ambient Amplification Anoxia Antagonist Arteriovenous Balance Bowel movement (BM) Catabolism Circadian rhythm Compartment Compliance Contraction Dead on arrival (DOA) Differentiation Diffusion

138  Physiology

Digestion Dose response curve Equilibrium Evoked Excretion Exsanguinate Fibrillation Gustatory Habituation Homeostasis Ingestion Inhibition Leak Live Long-term memory Mechanism Mental status Metabolism Metabolite Micturition Motility Phase Plasticity Prandial Receptor Recurrent Reflex Refractory period Regulate Respiration Retro grade Secretion Short-term memory Steady-state Stimulus Stimulus response Supramaximal Systole Threshold Transport Upregulation Ventilate Ventilation

Probability Distribution   139

Probability Distribution A mathematical description of a particular phenomenon in terms of the probabilities of events. Examples of such phenomena include the measurement of naturally or man-made events, the results of an experiment, or a survey. A probability distribution is defined in terms of an underlying sample space, which is the set of all possible outcomes of the phenomenon being observed. The sample space may be the set of real numbers or a higher-dimensional vector space, or it may be a list of nonnumerical values (e.g., the sample space of a coin flip would be heads or tails). Bernoulli distribution Bimodal distribution Binomial distribution Exponential distribution Gaussian distribution Kurtosis Log-normal distribution Normal distribution Poisson distribution Power law distribution Skewed Skewness Uniform distribution

140  Professional Organization

Professional Organization Most often a nonprofit organization with the goal of furthering the mission of a particular profession, maintaining control, or oversight of the legitimate practice of those in the profession and their privileged and powerful position as a controlling body, promoting the interests of those individuals engaged in that profession, and safeguarding the public’s interest in the field. Many professional organizations are involved in the development and monitoring of professional and academic educational programs, and updating the skills of its membership. Often the organization is responsible for overseeing or promoting professional certification within their field to indicate that a person possesses the required qualifications to practice safely and effectively in their specific subject area. Finally, many professional organizations act as learned societies for the academic disciplines underlying their professions. American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) American Cancer Society (ACS) American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI) American College of Radiology (ACR) American Dental Association (ADA) American Diabetes Association (ADA) American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA) American Heart Association (AHA) American Hospital Association (AHA) American Lung Association (ALA) American Medical Association (AMA) American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) American Nurses Association (ANA) American Psychiatric Association (APA) American Psychological Association (APA) American Public Health Association (APHA) Association for Retarded Citizens (ARC) Association of Medical Directors of Information Systems (AMDIS) Canadian Medical Association (CMA) College of American Pathology (CAP) College of Healthcare Information Management Executives (CHIME) Computer-Based Patient Record Institute (CPRI)

Professional Organization   141

Electronic Health Record Association (EHRA) Health Information Management and Systems Society (HIMSS) Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) Independent Physician Association (IPA) Independent Practice Association (IPA) Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Institute of Medicine (IOM) International Academy of Health Sciences informatics (IAHSI) International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) Medinfo Mothers Against Medical Error (MAME) National Academy of Engineering (NAE) National Academy of Medicine (NAM) [formerly, Institute of Medicine (IOM)] National Academy of Science (NAS) National Alliance for Health Information Technology (NAHIT) National eHealth Transition Authority (NeHTA) National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Object Management Group (OMG) Professional Standards Review Organization (PSRO) Radiological Society of North American (RSNA) Visiting Nurse Association (VNA) Workgroup (WG)

142  Programming Language

Programming Language A formal computer language that includes a controlled vocabulary and set of grammatical rules designed to instruct a computer how to perform specific tasks. Programming languages are used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms. The description of a programming language is usually split into two components: syntax (form) and semantics (meaning). Assembly language C Sharp (C#) C++ Cache Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) Fortran—FORmula TRANslation Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) Java JavaScript Job Control Language (JCL) LISP (LISt Processor) Machine language Markup language Massachusette’s General Hospital (MGH) Utility Multi-Program­ming System (MUMPS) Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) MicroArray and Gene Expression Markup Language (MAGE-ML) Object Constraint Language (OCL) Ontology Web Language (OWL) Perl Python R programming language Ruby on Rails Structured Query Language (SQL) Swift Symbolic programming language

Quality Management   143

Quality Management A business philosophy, focused on customer satisfaction that leads to a set of actions or system to manage the activities and tasks needed to maintain a desired level of consistency or even excellence within a product, process, service, or business. It has four main components: quality planning, quality assurance, quality control, and quality improvement. Quality management is focused not only on product and service quality, but also on the means to achieve it. Access and equity for patient populations Apples-to-apples comparison Automated measure submission to CMS Average length of stay (ALOS) Benchmark Case mix adjustment Case Mix Index (CMI) Case-rate Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) Charlson comorbidity index Clinical performance measures Clinical quality measure Continuous quality improvement (CQI) Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) Customer focus Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DMAIC) Effective Efficiency Efficient Electronic Clinical Quality Measure (eCQM) (eMeasure) Engagement of people Episode of care Equitable Evidence-based decision-making Expanded quality assurance (XQA) Experience rating Fraud, waste, and abuse (FWA) Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) Healthcare-acquired infection (HAI) Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Quality Indicators (HCUP QIs) Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) Health-related quality of life (HRQL) Hospital acquired infection (HAI)

144  Quality Management

Inpatient quality reporting Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) Leadership Lean management Length of stay (LOS) Level of care criteria Medical Outcomes Study 36 Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) Metrics Morbidity Mortality National Patient Safety Foundation (NPSF) National Patient Safety Goal (NPSG) Pareto principle Patient safety indicator (PSI) Patient-centered Pay for Performance (P4P) Peer Review Organization (PRO) Physician Quality Reporting Initiative (PQRI) Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS) Process approach Producer price index (PPI) Quality assurance (QA) Quality control (QC) Quality improvement (QI) Quality improvement strategy Quality management system Quality measurement (management) dashboard Quality of Care Quality planning Quality Reporting Data Architecture Rapid-cycle improvement Relationship management Reporting period Root-cause analysis (RCA) Safe Severity of illness Six Sigma Surgical Quality Alliance (SQA) System improvement Timely Total quality improvement/management (TQI/TQM) Value of a statistical life (VSL) Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) Zero defects (ZD)

Screening Test   145

Screening Test Laboratory or radiology tests used to identify individuals within a population who are at an increased risk for a clinical condition (e.g., high cholesterol levels) or disease (e.g., mammogram for breast cancer) before they have signs, symptoms, or even realize they may be at risk so that preventive measures can be taken. They are most valuable when they are used to screen for diseases that are both serious and treatable, so that there is a benefit to detecting the disease before symptoms begin at their most treatable stages. Good screening tests should be highly sensitive, or able to accurately identify those individuals who might have a given disease. A positive screening test often requires further testing with a more specific test or one that is better able to correctly exclude those individuals who do not have the given disease or to confirm a diagnosis. Autism screening Behavioral assessments Blood pressure screening Body mass index (BMI) measurements Cervical dysplasia screening Depression screening Developmental screening Dyslipidemia screening Fluoride chemoprevention supplements Gonorrhea preventive medication Hearing screening Hematocrit or hemoglobin screening Hemoglobinopathies Hepatitis B screening Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening Human papillomavirus screening test (Pap smear) Hypothyroidism screening Lead screening Obesity screening and counseling Oral health risk assessment Phenylketonuria (PKU) screening Sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention, counseling, and screening Sickle cell screening Tuberculin testing Vision screening

146  Standard

Standard A standard, or well-accepted, uniform set of terms, concepts, procedures, structures, or capabilities, that have been carefully defined and agreed upon by a respected organization, is necessary to allow computers to transfer data, information, or knowledge from one device or application to another. American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) Arden syntax Association Clinical Context Object Workgroup (CCOW) Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) Common data elements Common Industry Format (CIF) Conformance Statement Consolidated Clinical Document Architecture (C-CDA) Continuity of Care Document (CCD) Continuity of Care Record (CCR) Cross-Enterprise Document Sharing (XDS) Curly braces problem Data interchange standard Data standards De jure standard Defacto standard Digital European cordless telephone (DECT) Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Direct protocol Domain Name System (DNS) Draft Standard for Trial Use (DSTU) Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) eXtensible Mark-up Language (XML) Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Formal standard Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) Guideline Interchange Format (GLIF) Hypertext transfer protocol (http) Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) Infobutton Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE)

Standard  147

International Standard Book Number (ISBN) Internet address (IP address) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) Internet Protocol (IP) Internet standards Interoperability standards Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Message Messaging standards Multipurpose Internet mail extensions (MIME) Network Time Protocol (NTP) Open System Interconnection (OSI) Patient identifier (unique, national) Portable Document Format (PDF) Portable Operating System Interface Exchange (POSIX) Post office protocol (POP) Privacy enhanced mail (PEM) protocol Protocol for metadata harvesting Reference Information Model (RIM) Resource description framework RS-232 Secure file transfer protocol (SFTP) Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S-MIME) Security Assertion markup Language (SAML) Simple mail transport protocol (SMTP) Standard development process Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) Standard international (SI) system of units Standard Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL) Structured Mark-up Language (SML) Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) Transaction standards Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) (TCP/IP) Unicode Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) XDR and XDM for Direct Messaging specification XML format XML Paper Specification (XPS) Z-segment (HL-7 v2.x)

148  Standards Organization

Standards Organization A standards organization’s [also referred to as a standards body, standards developing organization (SDO), or standards setting organization (SSO)] primary activities include developing, coordinating, promulgating, revising, amending, reissuing, interpreting, or otherwise producing technical standards. The resulting standards are intended to address the needs of a group of affected adopters (e.g., product or service developers, purchasers, and users). Most standards are voluntary in that they are offered for adoption by groups or industry without being mandated in law. Some standards become mandatory when they are adopted by regulators as legal requirements in particular domains. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) Conseil European pour la recherche nucleaire (CERN) European Committee on Standardization (CEN) Health Informatics Standards Board (HISB) Health Level Seven (HL-7 or HL7) Health on the Net Foundation (HON) International Conference on Harmonization International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization (IHTSDO) International Standards Organization (ISO) Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) National Information Standards Organization (NISO) National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) National Quality Forum (NQF) Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Authorized Testing Body (ONC-ATB) SNOMED International Standard development organizations (SDOs) Workgroup on Electronic Data Interchange (WEDI) World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Statistical Test   149

Statistical Test A mathematical method designed to help make a quantitative decision about differences between two or more groups of measurements or processes. The intent is to determine whether there is enough evidence (e.g., a large enough difference between the measurements or processes in each group while taking into consideration potential inaccuracies in the measurements) to “reject” a conjecture or hypothesis about the measurement or process. The conjecture is called the null hypothesis (i.e., there is no difference between the two groups). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Area under the curve (AUC) Bonferroni correction Case-mix normalization Chi-square test Coefficient of variation Correlation Correlation coefficient Cronbach’s alpha Goodness of fit Kappa value Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance Least squares fitting Likelihood ratio Logistic regression Mann–Whitney test Mean average precision (MAP) Mean square error Measures of concordance Measures of discordance Nonparametric test p-Value Paired comparison Parametric test Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve r-Squared Stasis statistical test Statistical Process Control (SPC) Student’s t-test Survivorship bias Wilcoxon statistic z-Score z-Test

150  Statistics

Statistics The science concerned with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. One of its main functions is to help scientists measure, control, and communicate uncertainty so as to help them learn (i.e., to separate fact from chance) from their data. Statistical methods can be used to help solve a wide variety of scientific, social and business problems. 80/20 rule A priori probability Absolute risk Accuracy Aggregate Allocation bias Anomalous Artifact Baseline measurement Belief network Categorical data Causal factor Centrality Chance Clinical subgroup Clinically relevant population Cluster Clustering Composite estimation Conditional event Conditional independence Conditional probability Confidence interval Confidence limits Contingency table Cross validation Cumulative scaling Curve fitting Curvilinear Data interpretation Data normalization Decile Degrees of freedom Delta Density coefficients Dependent variable Derived parameter

Statistics  151

Descriptive variable Effect size Error bars Error function Estimator (biased, unbiased) Expected value External validity False negative False negative rate (FNR) False positive False positive rate (FPR) Frequency Frequency-amplitude domain Generalizability Group Guttman scaling Hypothesis testing Independent Independent variable Internal validity Interobserver variation Interrater reliability Likert scale Mean Median Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) Mode Model Modeling Modeling uncertainty Negative predictive value Nonsignificant (NS) Nonsampling error Nonstationary signals Normalization Normalize Null hypothesis Null values Odds Odds likelihood form Odds ratio Odds ratio form Outcome measure Outcome variable Parzen windowing method

152  Statistics

Percentile Polynomial curve fitting Pool Pooled data Population segmentation Positive predictive value Posterior probability Posttest probability Predictive model Predictive value Pretest probability Prevalence Prior probability Probabilistic relationship Probability Quartile Random error Range Ratio adjustment Regression to the mean Relative risk Reliability Reliability estimate Sampling error Sampling variance Scalogram analysis Scoring Sensitivity Sensitivity analysis Sensitivity calculation Severity classification Significance level Significance testing Specific Specificity Standard deviation Standard error Standard error of the mean Stationary signals Statistical error Stochastic Strata (State Stratification) Synthetic estimates

Statistics  153

Systematic error Time-amplitude domain Transition matrix Transition probabilities True negative True negative rate (TNR) True negative result True positive rate True positive rate (TPR) True positive result Type 1 error Type 2 error Uncertainty Uniform Validation data set Validity Validity check Value of information Variable Variance White noise Yield optimization Z-transform

154  Study Design

Study Design The process by which experiments, trials of different interventions, or observational studies are designed, developed, and implemented. The goal of a study is to either help the researcher better understand the issue under examination or to assess the safety, efficacy, or mechanism of action of an investigational product, medication, or device. There are many different types of study designs. Adverse selection Anonymous reporting Assignment Before-after study Biased selection Boot-strapping Case Mix Case severity Case-control Citation analysis Clinical equipoise Clinical trial Cognitive interviewing Cognitive task analysis Cognitive walk through Cohort study Comorbidity Comparison-based approach Conceptual model Conjoint analysis Control group Convenience sample Cost-effectiveness analysis Critical experiment Crucial experiment Decision facilitation approach Delphi method Demonstration study Descriptive study Deterministic Discourse Distributed research network (DRN) Double-blind study Effective sample size Effectiveness Efficacious

Study Design   155

Efficacy Emergent property Ethnographic study Experiment Experimental design Favorable selection Focus group Formal systems analysis Gold standard Hawthorne effect Healthcare outcomes Heuristic evaluation Hindsight bias Historical controls Historically controlled study Homophily Human subjects Hypothesis In silico In situ In vitro Log analysis Measurement study Member checking Meta-analysis Modified Delphi method Monte Carlo simulation Multistage probability sample Naturalistic Number needed to treat Nyquist frequency Oral history interview Orienting issues Orienting questions Outcomes Panel survey Participatory action research (PAR) Pattern analysis Placebo Placebo effect Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) cycle Primary sampling unit (PSU) Prospective study Protocol

156  Study Design

Purposive sampling Qualitative data analysis Qualitative methods Qualitative model Quantitative data analysis Quantitative methods Random allocation Randomization Randomized clinical trial (RCT) Randomly Rapid assessment process (RAP) Reductionist approach Representativeness Research protocol Retrospective chart review Retrospective study Sample attrition rate Sample size Sample size calculation Sampling Screening Segmentation Selection bias Selectivity Semistructured interviews Simulation Site visit Snowball survey technique Structured interview Study population Study protocol Subject Surveillance methods Survey Test data set Think aloud protocol Time and motion study Time-motion analysis Triangulation Unstructured interview Usability inspection Word cloud analysis Work sampling study

Surgical Procedure   157

Surgical Procedure A medical procedure involving an incision with instruments. Such procedures are generally performed to repair damage or arrest disease in a living body. Most surgical procedures are performed under sterile conditions, to reduce the threat of infection, with some type of anesthesia that blocks the patient’s pain receptors. Ablation Adenoidectomy Amputation Angioplasty Arthroplasty Atherectomy Biopsy (Bx) Biopsy of bronchus Breast biopsy Broken bone repair Caesarean section (C-section) Cardiac catheterization Cataract removal Cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) Circumcision Colonoscopy Colposcopy Common bile duct exploration Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) Cryosurgery Cystoscopy Debridement of wound, infection, or burn Decompression peripheral nerve Diagnostic dilatation and curettage (D&C) Endoscopic surgery Endoscopy Endoscopy of the urinary tract Esophageal dilatation Excise Excision of cervix and uterus Excision of semilunar cartilage of knee Femoral hernia repair Gastroscopy Hand surgery Hemilaminectomy Hysterectomy Image-guided surgery

158  Surgical Procedure

Implants Incision and drainage, skin and subcutaneous tissue (I&D) Inguinal hernia repair Joint replacement Knee cartilage replacement therapy Laminectomy Laparoscopy Laryngoscopy Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) Ligate Lobotomy Lumpectomy of breast Myringotomy (ear tube surgery) Neovaginoplasty Partial excision bone Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) Radiosurgery Sigmoidoscopy Stent procedure Stereotactic surgery Suture Tonsillectomy Total knee replacement (TKR) Transurethral removal urinary obstruction Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy Ureteral catheterization Vaginoplasty Xenotransplantation

System Implementation   159

System Implementation The clinical information system implementation process encompasses analyzing requirements, designing new workflows, purchasing hardware and software, installing, configuring, customizing, testing, and training users on both the hardware and software required to make something happen. The word “deployment” is often used as a synonym. Acceptance testing Adopt, implement, upgrade (certified EHR Technology) Analysis phase Big Bang Broad and shallow Build phase Competency testing Conformance testing Data conversion Data migration Debriefing Decommissioning systems Deployment Design phase Document-centric information exchange Empirical testing End-user testing Foundational interoperability Functional testing Functionally comparable data models Historical data Implementation Implementation phase Integrating data Integration assessment Integration testing Interfacing data Interoperability Late adopter Late majority Legacy system Luddite Maintenance phase Narrow and deep Nudge Optimization phase

160  System Implementation

Phased implementation Phased installation Postmortem Regression testing Semantic interoperability Specification phase Synchronizing content Syntactic interoperability System review form System testing Systems requirement planning Technical characteristics Test patient Test script Testing Testing phase Train the trainer Transparency Trialability Unit testing User rights and responsibilities Zztest

Terminology  161

Terminology The field of study concerned with the systematic development, management, and interrelationships of specific terms and their use to define, label, and describe items, events, actions, and people, for example. These terms can consist of single words, compound words, or multiword expressions that in specific contexts are given specific meanings. Within a specific context or domain, the definition of these terms may deviate from the meanings the same words have in other contexts, domains, or even in everyday language. Abstraction Antonym Canonical form Child relationship Clinical modifications Coding scheme Component-of relationship Controlled terminology Deprecated term Eponym Global unique identifiers (GUIDs) Is-a relationship Isomorphic data exchange Kind-of relationship Language Lingua franca Measured-by relationship Measures relationship Multiaxial terminology Nomenclature Nonsemantic concept identifiers Not Otherwise Classified (NOC) Ontology Parent Part-of relationship Polyhierarchy Polysemy Postcoordination Pragmatics Precoordination Relationship Semantic relationship Semantics Sibling Standardize coding and classification

162  Terminology

Sublanguage Synonymy Syntactic Syntax Taxonomy Terminology authority Terminology services Thesaurus Translation Treated-by relationship Treats relationship Typology Vocabulary Work domain ontology (WDO)

Theory  163

Theory An idea or coherent group of tested propositions, commonly regarded as correct, that are subject to further experimentation before they can be formally accepted as fact, or proven to be true. Theories are often used to provide the basis for an explanation of specific phenomena or the prediction of future phenomena. Actor–network theory (ANT) AORTIS (Aggregate, Organize, Reduce, Transform, Interpret, Synthesize) model of clinical summarization Bayes’ theorem Blackboard architecture Centering theory Chaos Complex adaptive systems (CAS) Complexity theory Computability Data, information, knowledge, wisdom DeLone and McLean model of information systems DeMorgen’s theorem Dempster–Shafer theory Distributional semantics Empiricism First law of informatics—do not reuse data Fundamental theorem of informatics Gartner Hype Cycle Grounded theory Health record banking model Holism Intuitionist-pluralist Just-in-time information model Logical positivist Negligence theory Nyquist theorem Occam’s razor Paradigm Principle Prochaska’s Stages of Change Publish and subscribe model Roger’s diffusion of innovation theory Shannon’s information theory Sociotechnical model of safe and effective health information technology implementation and use Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model

164  Theory

Technology acceptance model (TAM) Teleological Theory of planned behavior Trellis architecture TURF (task, user, representation, and function) Turing test Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) Zipf’s law

Unified Medical Language System Vocabulary   165

Unified Medical Language System Vocabulary The UMLS, or Unified Medical Language System, is one of the crowning achievements of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM). It consists of a set of files and software that brings together many health and biomedical vocabularies and standards to enable interoperability between computer systems. The UMLS has been used to facilitate linking health information, medical terms, drug names, and billing codes to create or enhance applications, such as electronic health records, patient classification tools, clinical dictionaries, and medical language translators. Alcohol and Other Drug Thesaurus Alternative Billing Concepts Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System Authorized Osteopathic Thesaurus Beth Israel Vocabulary BioCarta online maps of molecular pathways Biomedical Research Integrated Domain Group Model Cancer Research Center of Hawaii Nutrition Terminology Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program—Simple Disease Classification Canonical Clinical Problem Statement System Clinical Care Classification Clinical Classifications Software Clinical Element Model (CEM) Clinical Terms Version 3 (CTV3) (Read Codes) Code on Dental Procedures and Nomenclature Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Concept Unique Identifier (CUI) Consumer Health Vocabulary COSTAR COSTART CRISP Thesaurus Current Dental Terminology (CDT) Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Definition Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition (DSM-IV) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third edition (DSM-III-R) Diseases Database FDA National Drug Code Directory FDA National Drug File

166  Unified Medical Language System Vocabulary

FDB MedKnowledge (formerly NDDF Plus) Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology Gene Ontology Gold Standard Drug Database HCPCS Version of Current Dental Terminology (CDT) Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) HL7 Vocabulary Home Health Care Classification HUGO Gene Nomenclature International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health for Children and Youth International Classification of Primary Care International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Jackson Laboratories Mouse Terminology KEGG Pathway Database Korean Standard Classification of Disease Library of Congress Subject Headings Master Drug Data Base MEDCIN Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Terminology (MedDRA) Medical Entities Dictionary Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Medical vocabularies MedlinePlus Health Topics Micromedex RED BOOK Multum MediSource Lexicon NANDA nursing diagnoses: definitions & classification National Cancer Institute (NCI) Developmental Therapeutics Program National Cancer Institute (NCI) Dictionary of Cancer Terms National Cancer Institute (NCI) Division of Cancer Prevention Program National Cancer Institute (NCI) SEER ICD Neoplasm Code Mappings National Cancer Institute (NCI) Thesaurus National Cancer Institute Nature Pathway Interaction Database National Center Biomedical Information (NCBI) Taxonomy National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (NCPDP)

Unified Medical Language System Vocabulary   167

National Drug Codes (NDC) National Drug File Reference Terminology (NDF-RT) NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy North American Nursing Diagnosis Association Taxonomy (NANDA) Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) Omaha system Online Congenital Multiple Anomaly/Mental Retardation Syndromes Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) Patient Care Data Set Perioperative Nursing Data Set Pharmacy Practice Activity Classification Physician Data Query Physicians’ Current Procedural Terminology, Spanish Translation Read codes Read thesaurus, American English Equivalents Read thesaurus, Synthesized Terms Registry Nomenclature Information System RxNorm Vocabulary SNOMED Clinical Terms, Spanish Language Edition Source of Payment Typology Specialist lexicon Standard Product Nomenclature Systemized nomenclature of medicine (SNOMED) Systemized nomenclature of medicine clinical terminology (SNOMED-CT) Systemized Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP) Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms Traditional Korean Medical Terms US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) UltraSTAR UMDNS: product category thesaurus UMLS Metathesaurus Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM) University of Washington Digital Anatomist USP Model Guidelines VA National Drug File Vaccines Administered Veterans Health Administration National Drug File Veterinary Extension to SNOMED CT World Health Organization (WHO) Adverse Reaction Terminology Zebrafish Model Organism Database

168  Workflow

Workflow A predefined, coordinated, and repeatable pattern of activities facilitated by the systematic organization of physical, human, or information resources into processes that can transform materials, provide services, or process information. It is often depicted as a sequence of operations that one or more agents (i.e., people or computer programs) carry out to accomplish a specific task or set of tasks. Actors ADCVAANDIML (Admit, Diagnosis, Condition, Vital signs, Allergies, Activity, Nursing, Diet, IV fluids, Medications, Labs/ procedures) Admission Advance care planning Against medical advice (AMA) Agents Ambulatory Setting Appointment Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) Capacity Care pathway Care plan Care process Change of shift/report Clinical event Clinical feedback Clinical integration Clinical pathway Clinical process Clinical process model Clinical scenario Clone a note Compromised care process Computer-based clinical protocol Consent (informed or patient) Continuity of care Continuum of care Data workflow Diagnosis (Dx) Diagnostic hypothesis Diagnostic process Direct data entry (DDE) Direct patient care

Workflow  169

Disaster drill Discharge (DC) Duplication in, duplication out (DIDO) Electronic communication Emergency department/room on divert Encounter External hospital transfer Group visit Healthcare team Identical, related, and similar (IRS) Immediate access Indirect care Individual instruction Information reconciliation Interdisciplinary care Internal hospital transfer Mapping physical locations Medical record Medication reconciliation Messenger Multidisciplinary care Multitasking Nursing care plan Nursing intervention Observation Patient chart Patient experience Patient record Patient triage Patient-centered medical home (PCMH) Personal care Physical artifacts Point of service Practice parameter Precede–proceed Primary care Process Process modeling Prognosis Queuing Register Report generation Request for appointment Rounding

170  Workflow

Rounds Scribe Secondary care Shift Sign Standard of care Stat Structured encounter form Summary care record Surveillance Sweep Systems analysis Task To be determined (TBD) Transcription Transitions of care Treatment plan Turn around document Unit dose dispensing Unit dosing User acceptance testing (UAT) Work breakdown structure (WBS) Work-arounds Workflow analysis Workflow elements model (WEM) Workflow model Working diagnosis

Index 

171

INDEX [0-9] 0° C (freezing point of water), 13 2.71828 (e), 107 3.14159 (Pi), 107 9-digit ZIP Code Plan (ZIP+4), 62 32° F (freezing point of water), 13 37° C (normal body temperature), 136 80/20 rule, 150 98.6° F (normal body temperature), 136 100° C (boiling point of water), 13 127.0.0.1, 48 212° F (boiling point of water), 13 508 compliance, 99 1024 (2^10), 107

A A priori probability, 150 AAA—Abdominal aortic aneurysm, 21 AAA—Area Agency on Aging, 81 AAFP—American Academy of Family Physicians, 140 AAP—American Academy of Pediatrics, 140 AAPCC—Adjusted Average Per Capita Cost, 83 Abbreviations to avoid, 88 Abdominal and pelvic pain, 21 Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), 21 Abduction, 8 ABG—Arterial blood gas, 25 Ablation, 157 Abnormal uterine bleeding, 21 ABO blood group (ABO), 135 ABO—ABO blood group, 135 Above the knee amputation (AKA), 21 Abscissa, 65 Absolute refractory period, 137 Absolute risk, 150 Absolute time, 62

Absorption, 137 Abstraction, 161 ACA—Affordable Care Act, 80 Academic Medical Center (AMC), 118 ACA—Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 100 Acceptable use policy, 54 Acceptance testing, 159 Access, 54 Access and equity for patient populations, 143 Access and identity management, 90 Access control, 90 Access control mechanism, 54 Accessibility, 90 Accessibility-centered design, 71 Acclimation, 137 Accommodation, 137 Accountability, 90 Accountable Care Organization (ACO), 128 Accounting of disclosures, 71 Accounts payable (AP), 104 Accounts receivable (AR), 104 Accreditation, 104 Accupril (Quinapril), 123 Accuracy, 150 Accuracy of measurement, 110 ACG—Ambulatory Care Group, 128 ACI—Applied Clinical Informatics, 98 Acid, 13 ACID—Atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability, 66 Acid–base balance, 135 Acidosis, 135 ACIP—Advisory Committee for Immunization Practice, 81 Acknowledgment, 35 ACLS—Advanced cardiac life support, 25

ACLU—American Civil Liberties Union, 140 ACMI—American College of Medical Informatics, 140 ACO—Accountable Care Organization, 128 Acoustic, 110 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 34 ACR—American College of Radiology, 140 Acronym expansion, 124 Acronym standardization, 124 ACS—Acute coronary syndrome, 34 ACS—American Cancer Society, 140 Action item, 17 Action palette, 17 Action potential, 137 Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time —aPTT (PTT), 135 Activation, 137 Activation energy, 13 Active attack, 126 Active content, 54 Active Error, 129 Active order, 71 Active problem, 71 Active storage, 50 Active transport, 137 Activities of daily living (ADLs), 71 Actor Network Theory (ANT), 163 Actors, 168 Actos (Pioglitazone), 123 Acuity, 110 Acupuncture, 25 Acute, 107 Acute Bronchitis, 69 Acute Care, 86 Acute Care Unit, 118 Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 34

172 Index

Acute disease, 69 Acute illness, 69 Acute kidney injury (AKI), 21 Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 21 Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE), 135 Acute physiology score (APS), 135 Acute renal failure (ARF), 135 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 34 ADA—American Dental Association, 140 ADA—American Diabetes Association, 140 ADA—Americans with Disabilities Act, 99 AdaBoost, 36 Adaptation, 137 ADC—Analog-to-digital conversion, 50 ADCVAANDIML—Admit, Diagnosis, Condition, Vital signs, Allergies, Activity, Nursing, Diet, IV fluids, Medications, Labs/ procedures, 168 Adderall (Dextroamphetamine– amphetamine), 121 Addition, 50 Address (data), 61 ADEA—Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 99 ADE—Adverse drug event, 129 Adenoidectomy, 157 ADHD—Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, 21 Adjusted Average Per Capita Cost (AAPCC), 83 ADLs—Activities of daily living, 71 Administrative safe guards, 54 Administrative services only (ASO), 114 Administrative versus clinical data, 66 Admission, 168 Admission Discharge Transfer (ADT), 71

Admission order sets, 17 Admit, Diagnosis, Condition, Vital signs, Allergies, Activity, Nursing, Diet, IV fluids, Medications, Labs/procedures (ADCVAANDIML), 168 Admitted Carriers, 114 Adolescent medicine, 32 Adopt, implement, upgrade (certified EHR Technology), 159 ADR—Adverse drug reaction, 129 Adrenaline, 120 ADSL—Asymmetric digital subscriber line, 48 ADT—Admission Discharge Transfer, 71 Adult care home, 104 Adult day care, 104 Advance care planning, 168 Advance Health Care Directive, 71 Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), 25 Advanced life support (ALS), 25 Advanced persistent threat, 54 Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET), 48 Adversary, 54 Adverse drug event (ADE), 129 Adverse drug reaction (ADR), 129 Adverse event, 129 Adverse selection, 154 Advice nurse, 29 Advil (Ibuprofen), 121 Advisory Committee for Immunization Practice (ACIP), 81 Adware, 103 Aerobic, 137 Afferent, 4 Affordable Care Act (ACA), 80 Affordance, 88 Afib—Atrial fibrillation, 21 After Visit Summary (AVS), 71 Against Medical Advice (AMA), 71 Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), 99

Agency, 81 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 81 Agents, 168 Aggregate, 150 Aggregate content, 66 Agile, 50 Agile coach, 50 Agile software development, 7 AHA—American Heart Association, 140 AHA—American Hospital Association, 140 AHEC—Area Health Education Center, 118 AHIC—Australian Health Information Council, 81 AHIMA—American Health Information Management Association, 140 AHLTA—Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application, 39 AHMAC—Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council, 81 AHRQ—Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 81 AI—Artificial intelligence, 75 AIDS—Acquired immunodefi­ ciency syndrome, 34 AIM—Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 98 Airgap, 126 AI-Rheum, 39 Ajax, 50 AKA—Above the knee amputation, 21 AKI—Acute kidney injury, 21 ALA—American Lung Association, 140 Al Barrak, Ahmed, 131 Albuterol (Proventil), 120 Alcohol abuse (EtOH), 21 Alcohol and Other Drug Thesaurus, 165 Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Services Block Grant, 80 Aldactone (Spironolactone), 123 Alendronate (Fosamax), 120

Index 

Alert acceptance rate, 17 Alert fatigue, 17 Alert message, 17 Alert notification, 17 Alert override rate, 17 Alert trigger, 17 Alerts, 17 ALF—Assisted living facility, 118 Algorithm, 8, 36, 50 Algorithm accuracy evaluation, 36 Algorithm performance, Space, 36 Algorithm performance, Time (Big O), 36 Alimentary, 137 Alkalosis, 135 Allegra (Fexofenadine), 121 All Patient Diagnosis-Related Group (APDRG), 114 All source intelligence, 8 Allele, 78 Allergist, 29 Allergy and immunology, 32 Allied health personnel, 29 Allocation bias, 150 Allopurinol (Zyloric), 120 Allowable Costs, 114 All-Payer Claims Database (APCD), 96 All-Payer System, 114 Allscripts, 59 ALOS—Average Length of Stay, 143 Alphabet, 62 Alphabetic ordering, 50 Alphanumeric, 62 Alprazolam (Xanax), 120 ALS—Advanced life support, 25 Al-Shorbaji, Najeeb, 131 Altace (Ramipril), 123 Alternative Billing Concepts, 165 Alternative Market, 114 Alternative splicing product, 78 Altman, Russ, 131 Altuwaijri, Majid, 131 Alveolar to arterial partial pressure of oxygen gradient (A–a gradient), 135 Alveolus, 4

Alzheimer disease, 21 AMA—Against medical advice, 168 AMA—American Medical Association, 140 Ambien (Zolpidem), 123 Ambient, 137 Ambulatory Care, 118 Ambulatory Care Group (ACG), 128 Ambulatory Clinic, 118 Ambulatory Payment Classification (APC), 114 Ambulatory Setting, 168 Ambulatory Surgical Center (ASC), 118 AMC—Academic Medical Center, 118 AMDIS—Association of Medical Directors of Information Systems, 140 Ameen, Abu-Hanna, 131 Amendments, 71 American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), 140 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 140 American Cancer Society (ACS), 140 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 140 American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI), 140 American College of Radiology (ACR), 140 American Dental Association (ADA), 140 American Diabetes Association (ADA), 140 American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA), 140 American Heart Association (AHA), 140 American Hospital Association (AHA), 140 American Lung Association (ALA), 140 American Medical Association (AMA), 140

173

American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA), 140 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 148 American Nurses Association (ANA), 140 American Psychiatric Association (APA), 140 American Psychological Association (APA), 140 American Public Health Association (APHA), 140 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), 80 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 148 American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), 146 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 99 AMIA—American Medical Informatics Association, 140 AMI—Acute Myocardial Infarction, 21 Amitriptyline (Elavil), 120 Amlodipine (Norvasc), 120 Ammenwerth, Elske, 131 Amoxicillin (Trimox), 120 Amoxicillin–clavulanate (Augmentin), 120 Ampere (A), 112 Amplification, 137 Amplitude, 65 Amputation, 157 AMR—Automated Medical Record, 39 Amygdala, 4 Amylase, 135 ANA—American Nurses Association, 140 ANA—Antinuclear antibodies, 135 Analgesia, 120 Analog, 110 Analog computer, 45

174 Index

Analog data, 62 Analog signal, 62 Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC), 50 Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 149 Analysis phase, 159 Analytical, 110 Anaphoric references, 124 Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, 165 Anchoring bias, 15 Ancillary Services, 86 AND (Boolean), 102 Andersen, Stig Kjaer, 131 Android, 50 Anemia, 21 Anesthesia, 25 Anesthesiologist, 29 Anesthesiology, 32 Aneurysm, 4 Angiogram (Angio), 25 Angiography, 25 Angioplasty, 157 Angstrom, 110 Animal-assisted therapy, 25 Anion, 13 ANN—Artificial neural networks, 36 Annotate, 124 Annotation, 124 Anode, 13 Anomalous, 150 Anonymization of data, 54 Anonymous reporting, 154 ANOVA—Analysis of variance, 149 Anoxia, 137 ANSI—American National Standards Institute, 148 ANT—Actor Network Theory, 163 Antagonist, 137 Antecedent, 17 Anterior (ventral), 4 Anthrax, 69 Anthropology, 75 Anthropometry, 75

Antibiotic (ABX), 120 Antibiotic Assistant Program, 39 Antibiotic ordering support, 17 Antinuclear antibodies (ANA), 135 Antispyware software, 103 Antitrust, 99 Antivenom, 25 Antivirus software, 103 Antonym, 161 Anulus, 4 Anxiety, 21 Any Willing Provider Laws, 99 AODE—Averaged OneDependence Estimators, 36 Aorta, 4 Aortic Aneurysm, 21 Aortic stenosis (AS), 21 AORTIS (Aggregate, Organize, Reduce, Transform, Interpret, Synthesize) model of clinical summarization, 163 Aortography, 25 APA—American Psychiatric Association, 140 APA—American Psychological Association, 140 AP—Accounts payable, 104 APACHE—Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation, 135 APC—Ambulatory Payment Classification, 114 APCD—All-Payer Claims Database, 96 APDRG—All Patient Diagnosis Related Group, 114 Apgar score, 135 APHA—American Public Health Association, 140 Apheresis, 25 API—Application Programming Interface, 50 Appendicitis, 69 Apples-to-apples comparison, 143 Applets, 50 Appliances, 66 Application access——all data request, 71

Application program, 43 Application Programming Interface (API), 50 Application service provider (ASP), 45 Applications design, 43 Applied Clinical Informatics (ACI), 98 Appointment, 168 Appropriate field size/type for data, 66 Appropriateness, 114 Apps, 39, 50 Aprima Medical Software, 59 Apriori algorithm, 36 APS—Acute physiology score, 135 aPTT (PTT)—Activated partial thromboplastin time, 135 Aqueous, 13 AR—Accounts receivable, 104 Arbitration Agreements, 99 Arc, 107 ARC—Association for Retarded Citizens, 140 Architecture (computer, information), 43 Archival storage, 43 Archive, 71 Arden syntax, 146 ARDS—Acute respiratory distress syndrome, 34 Area Agency on Aging (AAA), 81 Area Health Education Center (AHEC), 118 Area under the curve (AUC), 149 ARF—Acute renal failure, 135 ARIMA—Arithmetic moving average, 107 Arithmetic Moving Average (ARIMA), 107 Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application (AHLTA), 39 Aronsky, Dominik, 131 ARPANET—Advanced Research Project Agency Network, 48 ARRA—American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, 80

Index 

Array, 62 Array list, 62 Arterial blood gas (ABG), 25 Arterial catheter (line), 25 Arterial pressure, 25 Arteries, 4 Arteriosclerosis, 21 Arteriovenous, 137 Artery, 4 Arthralgias, 21 Arthroplasty, 157 Artifact, 150 Artificial intelligence (AI), 8–9, 75 Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM), 98 Artificial neural networks (ANN), 36 Artificial nutrition and hydration, 120 As Desired (ad lib), 120 As needed (prn), 120 AS—Aortic stenosis, 21 ASBRU —clinical guideline representation language, 17 ASC—Ambulatory Surgical Center, 118 Ascertainment bias, 15 ASCII—American Standard Code for Information Interchange, 146 ASD—Atrial septal defect, 21 ASD—Autism spectrum disorder, 21 ASO—Administrative services only, 114 ASP—Application service provider, 45 Aspirin (asa), 120 Assembler, 50 Assembly code, 50 Assembly language, 142 Assessing clinical information system needs, 104 Assessment, 71 Assessment bias, 15 Asset, 54 Assignment, 154 Assisted living facility (ALF), 118

Assisted Living Facility (ALF) Benefit Amount, 114 Assistive devices, 117 Association, 146 Association for Retarded Citizens (ARC), 140 Association of Medical Directors of Information Systems (AMDIS), 140 Association rule learning algorithm, 36 Associative array, 61 ASTM—American Society for Testing and Materials, 148 Asymmetric cryptography, 126 Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), 48 Asymptote, 65 Asynchronous, 35 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 48 At bedtime (q hs), 120 ATCBs—Authorized Testing and Certification Bodies, 99 Atelectasis, 21 Atenolol (Tenormin), 120 AthenaHealth, 59 Atherectomy, 157 Atherosclerosis, 21 Ativan (Lorazepam), 122 ATM—Asynchronous Transfer Mode, 48 Atmospheric air, 13 Atomicity, 66 Atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability (ACID), 66 Atomoxetine (Strattera), 120 Atorvastatin (Lipitor), 120 Atrial Fibrillation (Afib), 21 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD), 21 Atrium, 4 Attack, 126 Attack method, 126 Attack mode, 126 Attack pattern, 126 Attack signature, 126 Attacker, 126 Attending, 39 Attending physician, 29

175

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 21 Attenuation, 110 Attestation, 90 Atto (a), 112 Attribute, 66 AUC—Area under the curve, 149 Audit report(s), 71 Audit trail, 90 Auditable events and tamperresistance, 71 Augmented reality, 88 Augmentin (Amoxicillin– clavulanate), 120 Auscultation, 25 Australian Health Information Council (AHIC), 81 Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council (AHMAC), 81 Authenticate, 90 Authentication, 90 Authenticity, 90 Authoring system, 8 Authorization, 90 Authorized Osteopathic Thesaurus, 165 Authorized Testing and Certification Bodies (ATCBs), 99 Autism screening, 145 Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 21 Autocompletion, 88 Automated decision support, 17 Automated indexing, 96 Automated measure calculation, 71 Automated measure submission to CMS, 143 Automated Medical Record (AMR), 39 Automated numerator recording, 71 Automatic access time-out, 71 Automatic inflation protection type, 117 Automatic order termination, 17 Availability, 54 Availability bias (or Heuristic), 15 Avandia (Rosiglitazone), 123

176 Index

Avatar, 58 Average length of stay (ALOS), 143 Average Wholesale Price (AWP) of Prescription Drugs, 114 Averaged one-dependence estimators (AODE), 36 Avogadro’s number, 13 Avoidable Hospital Conditions, 114 AVS—After Visit Summary, 71 AWP—Average Wholesale Price, 114 Axon, 4 Azidothymidine (AZT), 120 Azithromycin (Zithromax), 120 Azithromycin Pack (Z-pack), 120 AZT—Azidothymidine, 120

B BAA—Business Associate Agreement, 99 BA—Bachelor of Arts, 3 BA—Business Associate, 99 Bachelor of Arts (BA), 3 Bachelor of Medicine (BM or MB), 3 Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS or MBChB), 3 Bachelor of Science (BS), 3 Back door, 126 Back pain, 21 Back projection, 92 Backbone network, 48 Background question, 8 Backpropagation, 36 Backup electrical generator, 45 Backup, 54 Backward chaining, 17 Backwards compatibility, 39 Bacterial sepsis, 69 Bactrim (Sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim), 123 Bad Debts, 114 Bakken, Suzanne, 131 Balance Billing, 114 Balance, 137 Ball, Marion J., 131 Bandwidth, 48

Bar chart, 65 Bar Code Medication Administration (BCMA), 39 Bar graph, 65 Barnett, G. Octo, 131 Base pair, 78 Base, 13 Base-10, 107 Base-2, 107 Baseline measurement, 150 Baseline rate, population, 71 Baseline, 65 Basic life support (BLS), 25 Basic Local Alignment and Search Technique (BLAST), 36 Basic metabolic panel (BMP), 135 Basic research, 75 Basic science, 75 Basis of Eligibility (BOE), 114 Batch mode processing, 66 Batchmode, 43 Bates, David W., 131 Baud rate, 48 Bayes’ theorem, 163 Bayesian algorithm, 36 Bayesian approach, 15 Bayesian belief network (BBN), 36 BBN—Bayesian belief network, 36 BC/BS—Blue Cross/Blue Shield, 83 BCD—Binary coded decimal, 107 BCMA—Bar Code Medication Administration, 39 Bed Master File (BED), 71 BED—Bed Master File, 71 Bedtime (hs), 120 Beer’s criteria, 17 Before-after study, 154 Behavior change, 104 Behavior monitoring, 54 Behavioral assessments, 145 Behavioral economics, 75 Behavioral Health, 118 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 39

Behaviorism, 75 Belief network, 150 Bellazzi, Riccardo, 131 Belmont Report, 99 Below the knee amputation (BKA), 21 Benchmark, 143 Beneficence, 99 Beneficiary, 114 Benefit Start Date of Current Claim Period, 114 Benign Neoplasms, 21 Bernoulli distribution, 139 Best Practice Alert (BPA), 71 Best-of-breed, 39 Beth Israel Vocabulary, 165 Bias, 15 Biased Selection, 154 Bibliographic content, 96 Bibliographic database, 96 Bibliometrics, 75 Biceps brachii, 4 BICS—Brigham & Women’s Integrated Computing System, 39 BID—twice daily, 120 Big Bang, 159 Big Data, 8, 75 Bigrams, 124 Billing Audit, 114 Billing System, 39 Billion, 107 Bimodal distribution, 139 Binary coded decimal (BCD), 107 Binary search, 36 Binary sort, 50 Binary to decimal conversion, 107 Binary tree, 61 Binary, 107 Binomial distribution, 139 BioCarta online maps of molecular pathways, 165 Biocompatible, 120 Bioethics, 75 Bioinformatics, 75 Biomarker, 78 Biomed Central, 39 Biomedical computing, 75 Biomedical engineering, 75 Biomedical Informatician, 29

Index 

Biomedical Informaticist, 29 Biomedical Informatics, 75 Biomedical Research Integrated Domain Group Model, 165 Biometric authentication, 90 Biometric identification, 90 Biometric identifier, 90 Biopsy (Bx), 157 Biopsy of bronchus, 157 Biosimilar, 120 Biostatistics, 75 Bioterrorism, 54 Birth Weight (BW), 135 Bit (short for binary digit), 50 Bit array, 62 Bit rate, 48 Bit torrent, 103 Bitmap display, 88 Bitmap, 62 Bits per second, 48 BKA—Below the knee amputation, 21 Black box warnings, 17 Black lung (pneumoconiosis), 69 Blackboard architecture, 163 Blacklist, 126 Blame-free culture, 129, 129 BLAST—Basic Local Alignment and Search Technique, 36 Bleich, Howard L., 131 Blended Funding, 85 Blind, 21 Blobel, Bernd, 131 Blood Pressure (BP), 135 Blood pressure screening, 145 Blood test, 25 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 135 Blood, 4 BLS—Basic life support, 25 Blue Button, 39 Blue Cross/Blue Shield (BC/BS), 83 Bluetooth, 48 Blunt End, 129 BM or MB—Bachelor of Medicine, 3 BM—Bowel movement, 137 BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 98 BMI—Body mass index, 135

BMP—Basic metabolic panel, 135 BMT—Bone Marrow Transplant, 86 Board and Care Home, 118 Board Certified, 29 Body mass index (BMI) measurements, 145 Body mass index (BMI), 135 Body of message, 35 Body surface area (BSA), 135 Body systems, 10 BOE—Basis of Eligibility, 114 Boiler plate text, 104 Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) Unit, 86 Bone marrow, 4 Bone pain, 21 Bone, 11–12 Bonferroni correction, 149 Boolean (true or false), 62 Boolean logic, 102 Boolean operators, 107 Boolean search, 96 Boosting, 36 Boot, 50 Bootkit, 54 Bootstrapped aggregation (Bagging), 36 Boot-strapping, 154 Borycki, Elizabeth, 131 Bot herder, 126 Bot master, 126 Bot, 126 Both eyes (OU), 4 Botnet, 126 Bound morpheme, 124 Boundary conditions, 65 Bowel movement (BM), 137 Box and whiskers plot, 65 Box, 54 BPA—Best Practice Alert, 71 BP—Blood pressure, 135 BPMN—Business Process Modeling Notation, 168 Braided Funding, 83 Breadth-first search, 36 Break The Glass (BTG), 71 Breast biopsy, 157 Brennan, Patricia Flatley, 131

177

BRFSS—Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 39 Brigham & Women’s Integrated Computing System (BICS), 39 Bring your own device (BYOD), 104 Broad and shallow, 159 Broadband network, 48 Broadband signal, 48 Broadband transmission, 48 Broken bone repair, 157 Browser, 39 Browsing, 96 BSA—Body surface area, 135 BS—Bachelor of Science, 3 BTG—Break The Glass, 71 Bubble chart, 65 Bubble sort, 36 Buffer overflow, 50 Buffer solution, 13 Buffer, 50 Build phase, 159 BUN—Blood urea nitrogen, 135 Bupropion (Wellbutrin), 120 Burn down, 50 Burn unit, 86 Business Associate (BA), 99 Business Associate Agreement (BAA), 99 Business continuity, 54 Business intelligence, 66 Business logic layer, 43 Business logic, 50 Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN), 168 Butte, Atul, 131 Button, 88 BW—Birth weight, 135 BX—Biopsy, 157 BYOD—Bring your own device, 104 Byte, 66

C C Sharp (C#), 142 C++, 142 C4.5 and C5.0 (different versions of a powerful approach), 36

178 Index

CABG—Coronary artery bypass graft, 157 caBIG—Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid, 80 Cable, 45 Cache, 142 CAD—Coronary artery disease, 22 Caesarean section (C-section), 157 Cafeteria Benefits Plan, 114 CAH—Critical Access Hospital, 118 CAI—Computer-aided instruction, 75 Calculus, 75 Calendar Year, 114 Calibration, 110 Calorie, 110 CAM—Complementary and alternative medicine, 75 Canadian Medical Association (CMA), 140 Cancelled order, 71 Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid (caBIG), 80 Cancer immunotherapy, 25 Cancer Research Center of Hawaii Nutrition Terminology, 165 Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program —Simple Disease Classification, 165 Cancer vaccine, 25 Candela (cd), 112 Candidate gene study, 78 Cannula, 117 Canonical Clinical Problem Statement System, 165 Canonical form, 161 Capability Maturity Model (CMM), 7 Capacitance, 13 Capacity, 168 CAP—College of American Pathology, 140 CAPI—Computer Assisted Patient Interviewing, 39 Capital budget, 104

Capital Expenditure Review, 85 Capital, 85 Capitalization, 85 Capitated System, 114 Capitation Rate, 85 Capitation, 114 Capsule (cap), 120 Captive, 83 Cardiac catheterization, 157 Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU), 86 Cardiac region, 4 Cardiac stress test, 25 Cardinal numbers, 107 Cardio-conversion, 25 Cardiologist, 29 Cardiology, 32 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 25 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 21 Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit (CVICU), 86 Cardiovascular monitor, 117 Cardiovascular system, 10 Cardizem (Diltiazem), 121 Care pathway, 168 Care plan, 168 Care process, 168 Care record, 170 Care reminders, 17 Care/Case Management, 86 Career Development Award (K Award), 80 Careflow, 17 Caregiver, 29 Carpals, 11 Carr, Robyn, 131 Carrier, 83 CART—Classification and regression tree, 36 Cartesian tree, 62 Cartilage, 4 Carve Out, 85 Cascading style sheets, 88 CAS—Complex adaptive systems, 163 Case manager, 29 Case mix adjustment, 143

Case Mix Index (CMI), 143 Case Mix, 154 Case Severity, 154 Case-based Reasoning (CBR), 8 Case-control, 154 Case-mix normalization, 149 Case-rate, 143 Catabolism, 137 Catapress (Clonidine), 120 Cataract removal, 157 Catastrophic Health Insurance, 83 Catchment Area, 85 CAT—Computerized axial tomography, 92 Categorical data, 150 Categorically Needy, 114 Catheter, 117 Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), 143 Cathode ray tube (CRT), 45 Cation, 13 Caudal, 4 Causal factor, 150 Causal modeling, 75 Causal reasoning, 8 CAUTI—Catheter-associated urinary tract infection, 143 CBC—Complete blood count, 135 CBO—Congressional Budget Office, 81 CBR—Case-based reasoning, 8 CBT—Cognitive behavioral therapy, 25 CBT—Computer-Based Training, 39 CC—Chief Complaint, 71 CCD—Charge coupled device, 92 CCD—Continuity of Care Document, 146 CCIO—Chief Clinical Informatics (Information) Officer, 131 CCOW—Clinical Context Object Workgroup, 146 CCRC—Continuing Care Retirement Community, 118

Index 

CCR—Continuity of Care Record, 146 CCU—Critical Care Unit, 86 CDA—Clinical Document Architecture, 146 cd—Candela, 112 CDC—Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 81 CD—Compact disk, 45 CDC—US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 167 CDISC—Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium, 148 CDR—clinical data repository, 39 CD-ROM—Compact disk Read Only Memory, 45 CDS—Clinical Decision Support, 17–20 CDSS—Clinical decision support system, 17 CDT—Current Dental Terminology, 165 CEA—Cost Effectiveness Analysis, 143 CEHRT—Certified Electronic Health Record Technology, 99 Celebrex (Celecoxib), 120 Celecoxib (Celebrex), 120 Celexa (Citalopram), 120 Cell therapy, 25 Celsius (C), 112 CEM –Clinical Element Model, 165 CEN—European Committee on Standardization, 148 Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 81 Centering theory, 163 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), 81 Centigrade (C), 112 Central computing system, 43 Central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), 143 Central monitor, 45 Central Nervous System (CNS), 10 Central Processing Unit (CPU), 45

Central venous catheter (line), 25 Central venous pressure (CVP), 25 Central, 4 Centrality, 150 Centralized database, 43 CEO—Chief executive officer, 29 Cephalic, 4 CER—Comparative effectiveness research, 75 Cerebral angiography, 25 Cerebral, 4 Cerebrovascular, 4 CERN—Conseil European pour la recherche nucleaire, 148 Cerner Corporation, 59 Certificate of Need (CON), 85 Certification, 140, 29 Certified Electronic Health Record Technology (CEHRT), 99 Certified nurse aide (CNA), 29 Certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA), 29 Cervical cancer, 21 Cervical dysplasia screening, 145 Cervical ribs, 11 Cervical vertebrae, 11 Cervix, 4 Cetirizine (Zyrtec), 120 CFR—Code of Federal Regulations, 99 CHAID—Chi-squared automatic interaction detection, 36 CHAMPUS—Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services, 83 CHAMPVA—Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Veterans Administration, 83 Chance node, 8 Chance, 150 Chang, Polun, 131 Change of shift/report, 168 Channel capacity, 35 Channel, 35 Chaos, 163 Character, 62 Charge Master, 66

179

Charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, 92 Charges, 114 Charity Care, 114 Charlson comorbidity index, 143 Chart audit, 114 Charting by exception, 88 CHC—Community Health Center, 118 CHCS—DoD—Composite Health Care System II, 39 Check digit, 54 Check tag, 96 Checklist effect, 129 Checklist, 129 Checksum, 54 Chelation therapy, 25 Chemotherapy, 25 Chest pain, 21 Chest photofluorography, 92 Chest X-ray (CXR), 92 CHF—Congestive Heart Failure, 22 CHI—Consolidated Health Informatics, 81 Chief Clinical Informatics (Information) Officer (CCIO), 131 Chief Complaint (CC), 71 Chief executive officer (CEO), 29 Chief health informatics (information) officer (CHIO), 29 Chief information (informatics) officer (CIO), 29 Chief information security officer (CISO), 29 Chief medical informatics (information) officer (CMIO), 29 Chief nursing informatics (information) officer (CNIO), 29 Chief operating officer (COO), 29 Chief privacy officer, 131 Chief quality and informatics (information) officer, 29

180 Index

Child Health Insurance Program (CHIP), 83 Child relationship, 161 Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009, 80 Children’s Hospital, 118 CHIME—College of Healthcare Information Management Executives, 140 CHIN—Community Health Information Network, 128 CHIO—Chief health informatics (information) officer, 29 CHIP—Child Health Insurance Program, 83 Chi-square test, 149 Chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID), 36 CHMIS—Community Health Management Information Systems, 128 Cholecystectomy (gall bladder removal), 157 Chromosome, 78 Chron jobs, 66 Chronic Care, 118 Chronic condition, 21 Chronic disease, 21 Chronic illness, 21 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 21 Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease, 69 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 69 Chronically ill, 21 Chronological order, 88 Chronology, 96 Chute, Christopher G., 131 CIA—confidentiality, integrity, availability, 90 CIAS—Clinical Image Access Service, 39 CICU—Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, 86 CIF—Common Industry Format, 146

CIG—Computer-Interpretable guideline, 18 Cimino, James J., 131 CINAHL—Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 94 CIO—Chief information (informatics) officer, 29 Cipher, 54 Ciphertext, 54 Cipro (Ciprofloxacin), 120 Ciprofloxacin (Cipro), 120 Circadian rhythm, 137 Circuit switched network, 48 Circular buffer, 62 Circulatory system, 10 Circumcision, 157 CISC—Complex Instruction Set Computing, 43 CIS—Clinical information system, 39 CISO—Chief Information Security Officer, 29 Citalopram (Celexa), 120 Citation analysis, 154 Citation database, 96 Citation manager, 39 Citrix, 48 Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS), 83 Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Veterans Administration (CHAMPVA), 83 CKD—Chronic kidney disease, 21 CLABSI—Central line-associated bloodstream infection, 143 Claim Status, 114 Clamp, 117 Clarinex (Desloratadine), 121 Classen, David C., 131 Classification and regression tree (CART), 36 Clauses, 124 Clavicle, 11 Clean the data, 66

CLIA—Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendment, 99 Client, 45 Client/server architecture, 43 Clinic, 118 Clinical and laboratory medicine, 32 Clinical Care Classification, 165 Clinical champion, 29 Clinical Classifications Software, 165 Clinical content providers, 17 Clinical content, 17 Clinical Context Object Workgroup (CCOW), 146 Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC), 148 Clinical data registry, 39 Clinical data repository (CDR), 39 Clinical Decision Making, 15–16 Clinical Decision Support (CDS) Oversight committee, 104 Clinical Decision Support (CDS), 17–20 Clinical decision support system (CDSS), 17 Clinical Disorder, 21–24 Clinical Document Architecture (CDA), 146 Clinical documentation, 39 Clinical Element Model (CEM), 165 Clinical equipoise, 154 Clinical event, 168 Clinical feedback, 168 Clinical guideline, 15 Clinical Image Access Service (CIAS), 39 Clinical Informatician, 29 Clinical Informaticist, 29 Clinical Informatics, 75 Clinical information online resources, 18 Clinical information reconciliation and incorporation, 71 Clinical information system (CIS), 39

Index 

Clinical integration, 168 Clinical judgment, 15 Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendment (CLIA), 99 Clinical modifications, 161 Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), 29 Clinical Observation Access Service (COAS), 39 Clinical pathway guideline (CPG), 18 Clinical pathway, 168 Clinical performance measures, 143 Clinical Practice Guideline— Reference Architecture (CPG-RA), 18 Clinical practice guidelines, 71 Clinical Prediction rule, 18 Clinical process model, 168 Clinical process, 168 Clinical program, 104 Clinical quality measure, 143 Clinical quality measures (CQMs)—record and export, 71 Clinical research informatician, 29 Clinical research informatics, 75 Clinical research, 75 Clinical risk analysis, 129 Clinical risk control, 129 Clinical risk estimation, 129 Clinical risk evaluation, 129 Clinical risk management file, 129 Clinical risk management plan, 129 Clinical risk management process, 129 Clinical risk management, 129 Clinical risk, 129 Clinical safety case report, 129 Clinical safety case, 129 Clinical safety officer, 129 Clinical safety, 129 Clinical scenario, 168 Clinical subgroup, 150 Clinical Terms Version 3 (CTV3) (Read Codes), 165

Clinical Translational Science Awards (CTSA), 80 Clinical trial, 154 Clinical Trials Management System (CTMS), 39 Clinically relevant population, 150 ClinicalTrials.gov, 39 Clonazepam (Klonopin), 120 Clone a note, 168 Clonidine (Catapress), 120 Clopidogrel (Plavix), 120 Close call, 129 Closed loop control, 50 Cloud computing, 45 CLTC—Community Long-Term Care, 118 Cluster, 150 Clustering, 150 CMA—Canadian Medical Association, 140 CMA—Cost Minimization Analysis, 85 CME—Continuing medical education, 58 CMHC—Community Mental Health Center, 118 CMI—Case Mix Index, 143 CMIO—Chief medical informatics (information) officer, 29 CMM—Capability Maturity Model, 7 CMP—Competitive Medical Plan, 83 CMP—Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, 135 CMS—Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 81 CMV—Cytomegalovirus, 69 CNA—Certified nurse aide, 29 CNIO—Chief nursing informatics (information) officer, 29 CNN—Convolutional neural network, 36 CNS—Central nervous system, 10 CNS—Clinical nurse specialist, 29 Coaching expert system, 39 COAS—Clinical Observation Access Service, 39 Coaxial cable, 48

181

COB—Coordination of Benefits, 114 COBOL—Common businessoriented language, 142 Coccyx, 11 Cochrane Collaboration, 128 Cochrane Database, 94 Code escrow, 54 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 99 Code on Dental Procedures and Nomenclature, 165 Code review, 50 Code, 50 Coded data, 62 Coding scheme, 161 Coefficient of variation, 149 Coefficient, 107 Coercion, 50 Cofactor, 13 Cognitive artifacts, 18 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 25 Cognitive bias, 15 Cognitive heuristics, 15 Cognitive impairment, 22 Cognitive interviewing, 154 Cognitive load, 88 Cognitive science, 75 Cognitive task analysis, 154 Cognitive walk through, 154 Cognitive work analysis, 75 Cohort study, 154 COI—Cost of Illness Analysis, 85 Coiera, Enrico, 131 Coinsurance, 114 COLA—Cost of Living Adjustment/Allowance, 85 Cold compression therapy, 25 Collaboration, 104 Collaborative decision-making, 104 Collaborative filtering, 36 Collaborative work, 104 Collateral Damages, 99 College of American Pathology (CAP), 140 College of Healthcare Information Management Executives (CHIME), 140

182 Index

Collen, Morris F., 131 Colon and rectal surgery, 32 Colonoscopy, 157 Color resolution, 92 Colposcopy, 157 Coma, 22 Combination therapy, 25 Comingled records, 90 Command, 51 Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) product, 129 Common bile duct exploration, 157 Common business-oriented language (COBOL), 142 Common Clinical Data Set summary record——create and receive, 71 Common Clinical Data Set, 62 Common data elements, 146 Common format, 129 Common Industry Format (CIF), 146 Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), 39 Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, 165 Communication protocol, 48 Community Health Center (CHC), 118 Community Health Information Network (CHIN), 128 Community Health Management Information Systems (CHMIS), 128 Community Hospital, 118 Community Long-Term Care (CLTC), 118 Community Mental Health Center (CMHC), 118 Community Rating, 85 Community-Based Care/ Services, 118 CoMorbidity, 154 Compact disk (CD), 45 Compact disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), 45 Company Code, 114

Comparative effectiveness research (CER), 75 Comparison-based approach, 154 Compartment, 137 Competency testing, 159 Competitive Medical Plan (CMP), 83 Compiler optimization, 51 Compiler, 51 Complement (Boolean), 102 Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), 75 Complementary DNA, 78 Complete blood count (CBC), 135 Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (Captcha), 54 Complex adaptive systems (CAS), 163 Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC), 43 Complex numbers, 107 Complexity science, 75 Complexity theory, 163 Compliance, 137 Complicated pregnancy, 22 Component-of relationship, 161 Composite estimation, 150 Composite Health Care System II (CHCS —DoD), 39 Comprehensive Cancer Center, 118 Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP), 135 Comprehensive Primary Care Initiative, 104 Compromised care process, 168 Computability, 163 Computational complexity, 36 Computational intelligence, 75 Computational linguistics, 75 Computational propaganda, 39 Computed check, 51 Computed radiography, 92 Computed tomography (CT), 92 Computer Application, 39–42

Computer architecture, 43 Computer bug, 51 Computer forensics, 54 Computer interpretation, 18 Computer network defense analysis, 126 Computer network, 48 Computer on Wheels (COW), 45 Computer program, 39 Computer programming, 75 Computer science (CS), 75 Computer security incident, 54 Computer security, 54–57 Computer Stored Ambulatory Record System (COSTAR), 39 Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW), 75 Computer system, 45 Computer Vision (CV), 75 Computer-aided Instruction (CAI), 75 Computer-Assisted Patient Interviewing (CAPI), 39 Computer-based clinical protocol, 168 Computer-based education, 75 Computer-based monitoring, 25 Computer-based Patient Record Institute (CPRI), 140 Computer-based Patient Record System (CPRS), 39 Computer-based simulation, 58 Computer-Based Training (CBT), 39 Computer-interpretable guideline (CIG), 18 Computerized axial tomography (CAT), 92 Computerized Patient Record (CPR), 39 Computerized Physician/ provider Order Entry (CPOE), 39 Computer-readable content, 51 Computers in Biology and Medicine, 98 Computers Programs and Systems Inc. (CPSI), 59 Concentration, 13

Index 

Concept hierarchy, 124 Concept modeling, 51 Concept Unique Identifier (CUI), 165 Conceptual fidelity, 58 Conceptual knowledge, 8 Conceptual model, 154 CON—Certificate of Need, 85 Concordant (test results), 15 Conditional decision trees, 36 Conditional event, 150 Conditional independence, 150 Conditional probability, 150 Conditions of Participation (COP), 99 Condition-specific order sets, 18 Condition-specific treatment protocol, 18 Conductance, 13 Conductivity, 13 Confederate, 58 Confidence interval, 150 Confidence limits, 150 Confidentiality, 90 Confidentiality, integrity, availability (CIA), 90 Confirmation Bias, 15 Conflict management, 104 Conform to mention, 66 Conformance Statement, 146 Conformance testing, 159 Congenital Anomalies, 22 Congestive heart failure (CHF), 22 Congressional Budget Office (CBO), 81 Conjoint analysis, 154 Connectionism, 8 Conseil European pour la recherche nucleaire (CERN), 148 Consensus group process, 104 Consent (informed or patient), 168 Consequence, 54 Consequent, 18 Consistency check, 51 Consistent, standardized internal data naming, 66

Consolidated Clinical Document Architecture (C-CDA), 146 Consolidated Health Informatics (CHI), 81 Constant, 107 Constraint-based programming, 51 Constriction, 22 Construction, 51 Consultation systems, 18 Consulting model, 8 Consulting system, 8 Consumer health informatics, 75 Consumer Health Vocabulary, 165 Consumer Price Index (CPI), 104 Consumer, 83 Contact information, 71 Container, 62 Content structuring, 66 Context deficit, 124 Context, 15 Context-free grammar, 124 Context-sensitive information retrieval, 18 Context-sensitive User interface, 18 Contextual meaning, 124 Contingency table, 150 Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC), 118 Continuing Medical Education (CME), 58 Continuity of Care Document (CCD), 146 Continuity of Care Record (CCR), 146 Continuity of care, 168 Continuity of operations plan, 54 Continuous data, 62 Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI), 143 Continuous speech recognition, 39 Continuum of care, 168 Contract management system, 114

183

Contracting, 99 Contraction, 137 Contrast radiography, 92 Contrast resolution, 92 Contrast, 88 Contrast-enhanced ultrasound, 92 Control group, 154 Control system, 39 Control table, 62 Controlled terminology, 161 Convenience sample, 154 Convolution, 92 Convolutional neural network (CNN), 36 Cooccurrence of terms, 96 COO—Chief operating officer, 29 Cookbook medicine, 18 Cooperative, 104 Coordination of Benefits (COB), 114 Copayment, 114 COP—Conditions of Participation, 99 COPD—Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 21 Copy and paste, 88 Copyleft, 99 Copyright, 99 CORBA—Common Object Request Broker Architecture, 39 Coronal plane (frontal), 4 Coronary angiography, 25 Coronary arteriography, 25 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG), 157 Coronary artery disease (CAD), 22 Corpora, 124 Correlation coefficient, 149 Correlation, 149 Cortex, 4 Cosign vector calculation, 107 Cosign, 71 Cosine function, 107 Cost center, 114 Cost Containment, 85 Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA), 143

184 Index

Cost effectiveness threshold, 74 Cost Minimization Analysis (CMA), 85 Cost Neutrality, 85 Cost of Illness Analysis (COI), 85 Cost of Living Adjustment/ Allowance (COLA), 85 Cost Sharing, 85 Cost Shifting, 85 Cost Utility Analysis, 85 COSTAR—Computer Stored Ambulatory Record System, 39 COSTART (Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction Terms), 165 Cost-based Reimbursement, 85 COTS—Commercial off the shelf, 129 Cough, 22 Coumadin (Warfarin), 123 Countercurrent, 13 Coverage Basis, 83 Coverage Decision, 83 Coverage list, 71 Coverage, 83 Covered entity, 99 Covered Services, 83 COW—Computer on Wheels, 45 Cozaar (Losartan), 122 CPG—Clinical pathway guideline, 18 CPG-RA—Clinical Practice Guideline—Reference Architecture, 18 CPI—Consumer price index, 104 CPOE—Computerized Physician/provider Order Entry, 39 CPR—Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 25 CPR—Computerized Patient Record, 39 CPRI—Computer-based Patient Record Institute, 140 CPRS—Computer-based Patient Record System, 39 CPSI—Computers Programs and Systems, Inc., 59

CPT—Current Procedural Terminology, 165 CPU—Central processing unit, 45 CQI—Continuous quality improvement, 143 CQMs—Clinical quality measures, 71 Cranial bones, 11 Cranial nerves, 4 Cranial region, 4 Craniosacral therapy, 25 Cranium, 11 Crash cart, 117 CrCl—Creatine Clearance, 135 Creatine Clearance (CrCl), 135 Credentialing, 104 CRISP Thesaurus, 165 Critical Access Hospital (CAH), 118 Critical Care Medicine, 32 Critical Care Unit (CCU), 86 Critical care, 86 Critical experiment, 154 Critical infrastructure, 126 Critical lab value checking, 18 Critiquing model, 8 Critiquing systems, 18 CRNA—Certified registered nurse anesthetist, 29 Cronbach’s alpha, 149 Cross product, 107 Cross validation, 150 Cross-Enterprise Document Sharing (XDS), 146 Crowdsourcing, 36 CRT—Cathode ray tube, 45 Crucial experiment, 154 Crying, 22 Cryosurgery, 157 Cryptanalysis, 54 Cryptographic algorithm, 54 Cryptographic encoding, 54 Cryptographic hashing functions, 36 Cryptography, 54 Cryptology, 54 CS—Computer science, 75 CSCW—Computer supported cooperative work, 75

C-section (Caesarean section), 157 CT—Computed Tomography, 92 CTMS—Clinical Trials Management System, 39 CTSA—Clinical Translational Science Awards, 80 Cubic Centimeters (cc), 112 CUI—Concept Unique Identifier, 165 Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), 94 Cumulative scaling, 150 Curly braces problem, 146 Curmudgeon, 131 Current Annual Premium, 83 Current Claimant, 83 Current Dental Terminology (CDT), 165 Current Procedural Terminology (CPT), 165 Cursor, 88 Curve fitting, 150 Curvilinear, 150 Custodial Care, 83 Customary Charge, 114 Customary, prevailing, and reasonable, 114 Custom-designed system, 40 Customer focus, 143 Customer, 114 CV—Computer vision, 75 CVD—Cardiovascular disease, 21 CVICU—Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, 86 CVP—Central Venous Pressure, 25 CXR—Chest X-ray, 92 Cyber ecosystem, 54 Cyber exercise, 54 Cyber incident response plan, 55 Cyber incident, 55 Cyber infrastructure, 126 Cybernetics, 76 Cybersecurity, 126 Cyberspace, 48

Index 

Cyclic redundancy checks, 55 Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), 121 Cystoscopy, 157 Cytoluminescent therapy, 25 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 69 Cytopathology, 32

D D&C—Diagnostic dilatation and curettage, 157 Daily standup, 51 Daisy chain networking, 48 DASD—direct access storage device, 45 Dashboard, 88 Data accessibility, 51 Data acquisition, 40 Data aggregation, 66 Data architecture, 51 Data arrays, 61 Data attribute, 66 Data availability, 55 Data breach, 55 Data bus, 45 Data capture, 51 Data compression algorithm, 36 Data compression, 40 Data confidentiality, 90 Data consistency, 66 Data consolidation (reduction), 66 Data control structure, 51 Data conversion, 159 Data cubes, 66 Data Description Language (DDL), 66 Data Dictionary Definition Language (DDDL), 66 Data dictionary, 66 Data dimensions, 66 Data display, 65 Data Element Catalog, 66 Data element, 51 Data encryption standard, 55 Data encryption, 55 Data export, 71 Data flow diagram, 51 Data flow, 51 Data governance, 104

Data independence, 51 Data integration, 66 Data integrity, 55 Data interchange standard, 146 Data interpretation, 150 Data layer, 43 Data leakage, 55 Data loss, 55 Data lost prevention, 55 Data mediator, 51 Data migration, 159 Data mining, 66 Data model, 51 Data modeling, 7 Data normalization, 150 Data overload, 88 Data privacy, 55 Data processing, 40 Data quarantining, 51 Data recording, 40 Data redundancy/mirroring, 55 Data reidentification, 55 Data retention policy, 66 Data science, 76 Data segmentation for privacy, 71 Data Set, 51 Data spill, 55 Data standards, 146 Data stewardship, 99 Data storage, 51 Data Stream, 51 Data synthesis, 66 Data theft decipher, 55 Data transcription, 40 Data transformation, 40 Data Use Agreement (DUA), 99 Data variability, 60 Data variety, 60 Data velocity, 60 Data veracity, 60 Data Views, 66 Data visualization, 76 Data volume, 60 Data warehouse, 66 Data warehousing, 66–68 Data workflow, 168 Data, 62 Data, information, knowledge, wisdom, 163

185

Database Administrator (DBA), 131 Database backup, 66 Database design and administration, 76 Database management system (DBMS), 40 Database management, 40 Database recovery, 51 Database, 96 Datamart, 66 Date of birth (DOB), 71 Date of Death (DOD), 71 Date, 107 Date/Time stamp, 71 Dated administration, 55 Datum, 62 DBA—Database Administrator, 131 DBA—Doing Business As, 104 DBM—Deep Boltzmann Machine, 36 DBMS—Database management system, 40 DBN—Deep belief networks, 36 DC—Discharge, 169 DC—Discontinued, 72 DCMI—Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, 146 DCOM—Distributed Component Object Model, 43 DD—Developmental disability, 22 DDDL—Data Dictionary Definition Language, 66 DDE—Direct data entry, 168 DDE—Dynamic Data Exchange, 43 DDL—Data Description Language, 66 De jure standard, 146 De Moor, Georges, 131 Deactivate, 45 Dead on arrival (DOA), 137 DEA—Drug Enforcement Administration, 81 Deafness, 22

186 Index

Debridement of wound, infection, or burn, 157 Debriefing, 159 Debug, 51 Debugger, 40 Decibel (Db), 112 Decile, 150 Decision analysis, 15, 76 Decision facilitation approach, 154 Decision node, 15 Decision science, 76 Decision Stump, 36 Decision Support Opportunity Map, 18 Decision support system (DSS), 40 Decision support, 76 Decision tree algorithm, 36 Decision tree, 15 Decision-support system, 40 Declarative Knowledge, 18 Decode, 55 Decommissioning systems, 159 Decompression peripheral nerve, 157 Decrypt, 55 Decryption, 55 DECT—Digital European cordless telephone, 146 Deductible, 114 Deduction, 8 Deep belief networks (DBN), 36 Deep Boltzmann Machine (DBM), 36 Deep learning algorithm, 36 Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 22 Defacto standard, 146 Default doses/pick lists, 18 Default value, 107 Defibrillator, 117 Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DMAIC), 143 Defined Benefit, 83 Defined Contribution, 83 Definition, 165 Deformable model, 92 DeGeL—Digital electronic Guideline Library framework, 18

Degoulet, Patrice, 131 Degrees of freedom, 150 Deidentification, 90 Deidentified data, 90 Deletes, 66 Delimited character string, 62 Delirium Tremens (DTs), 22 Delirium, 22 DeLone and McLean Model of Information systems, 163 Delphi method, 154 Delta check, 51 Delta, 150 Deltasone (Prednisone), 123 Deltoid, 4 Dementia, 22 Demographics, 72 Demonstration (demo), 51 Demonstration study, 154 DeMorgen’s theorem, 163 Dempster–Shafer theory, 163 Dendrite, 4 Denial of service, 126 Denominator, 107 Denormalization, 66 Denormalized numbers, 107 Density coefficients, 150 Density–amplitude domain, 107 Dental informatics, 76 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 78 Depakote (Divalproex), 121 Department of Defense (DoD), 81 Department of Health (DoH), 81 Department of Health and Human Services (HHS or DHHS), 81 Departmental order sets, 18 Departmental system, 40 Dependence, 22 Dependent variable, 150 Dependent, 72 Deployment, 159 Deprecate, 66 Deprecated term, 161 Depression screening, 145 Depression, 22 Depth-first search, 36 Derivational morpheme, 124 Derivative, 107

Derived parameter, 150 Dermatology, 32 Description logic, 18 Descriptive statistics, 76 Descriptive study, 154 Descriptive variable, 151 Design by constraint, 51 Design Effect, 7 Design phase, 159 Desloratadine (Clarinex), 121 Detailing, 121 Deterministic, 154 Detmer, Don E., 131–132 Developmental Disability (DD), 22 Developmental screening, 145 Dextroamphetamine– amphetamine (Adderall), 121 Dextrose in Water (DW), 121 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), 22 Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), 22 Diagnosis (Dx), 168 Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG), 115 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V), 165 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition (DSM-IV), 165 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third edition (DSM-III-R), 165 Diagnostic bronchoscopy, 25 Diagnostic dilatation and curettage (D&C), 157 Diagnostic hypothesis, 168 Diagnostic process, 168 Diagnostic radiology, 32 Diagnostic support, 18 Dial tone multifrequency (DTMF), 48 Diaphragm, 4 Diarrhea, 22 Diastole, 135 Diazepam (Valium), 121 DICOM—Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine, 146

Index 

Dictation, 72 DIDO—Duplication In, Duplication Out, 169 Differential diagnosis, 72 Differential equation, 107 Differential, 107 Differentiate, 107 Differentiation, 137 Diffuse optical imaging, 92 Diffusion coefficient, 13 Diffusion tensor imaging, 92 Diffusion, 137 Diffusion-weighted imaging, 92 Digestion, 138 Digestive system, 10 Digital computer, 45 Digital data, 62 Digital electronic Guideline Library framework (DeGeL), 18 Digital European cordless telephone (DECT), 146 Digital forensics, 55 Digital image acquisition, 92 Digital image, 92 Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), 146 Digital library, 94 Digital Object Identifier (DOI), 146 Digital Preservation Coalition, 128 Digital radiography, 92 Digital radiology, 32 Digital signal processing (DSP), 60 Digital signal, 62 Digital subscribe line (DSL), 45 Digital subtraction angiography, 92 Digital video disk (DVD), 45 Digital, 107 Digoxin (Lanolin), 121 Dilantin (Phenytoin), 123 Dilation, 22 Diltiazem (Cardizem), 121 Dimension, 107 Dimensional model, 67 Dimensional table, 67

Dimensionality reduction Algorithm, 37 Diovan (Valsartan), 123 Diphtheria, 69 Dipluran (Fluconazole), 121 Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (DTaP) Vaccine, 121 Direct Access Storage Device (DASD), 45 Direct cost, 115 Direct data entry (DDE), 168 Direct manipulation, 88 Direct Patient Care, 168 Direct Project, 72 Direct protocol, 146 Direct to consumer (DTC) advertising, 121 Disability, 22 Disaster drill, 169 Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP), 55 Disaster recovery, 55 Discharge (DC), 169 Discharge summary, 72 Discontinued (DC) order, 72 Discounting, 115 Discourse, 154 Discrete event simulation, 58 Discrete, 107 Discriminant, 107 Discriminated union, 62 Disease management program, 115 Disease Management, 128 Disease registry, 40 Disease, 69–70, 21 Diseases Database, 165 Disease-specific order sets, 18 Disjoint union, 62 Dislocation procedure, 25 Display monitor, 45 Dissect, 4 Distal, 4 Distortion, 110 Distributed cognition, 76 Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), 43 Distributed computing system, 45 Distributed data architecture, 43 Distributed denial of service, 126

187

Distributed Research Network (DRN), 154 Distributional semantics, 163 Divalproex (Depakote), 121 Division, 51 DKA—Diabetic ketoacidosis, 22 DMAIC—Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control, 143 DM—Diabetes Mellitus, 22 DME—Durable Medical Equipment, 115 DNA sequencing, 78 DNA—Deoxyribonucleic Acid, 78 DNP—Doctor of Nursing Practice, 3 DNR—Do Not Resuscitate, 72 DNS—Doctor of Nursing Science, 3 DNS—Domain Name System, 146 Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order, 72 DOA—Dead on Arrival, 137 DOB—Date of birth, 71 Doctor of Education (EdD), 3 Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD), 3 Doctor of Medicine, 3 Doctor of Naturopathy (ND), 3 Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), 3 Doctor of Nursing Science (DNS), 3 Doctor of Optometry (OD), 3 Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO), 3 Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), 3 Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), 3 Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM), 3 Doctor of Public Health (DPH), 3 Doctor of Science (DSc), 3 Document frequency, 96 Document Type Definition (DTD), 51 Documentation aids, 18 Document-centric information exchange, 159 DOD—Date of death, 71

188 Index

DoD—Department of Defense, 81 DO—Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, 3 DoH—Department of Health, 81 DOI—Digital Object Identifier, 146 Doing Business As (DBA), 104 Domain Name System (DNS), 146 Domain, 48 Dorsal, 4 Dose response curve, 138 Dose, 72 Dosimetry, 92 Dot product, 108 Double floating point, 62 Double negative detection, 124 Double-blind study, 154 Double-ended queue, 62 Doubly linked list, 62 Downtime, 55 Doxycycline (Vibramycin), 121 DPH—Doctor of Public Health, 3 DPM—Doctor of Podiatric Medicine, 3 Draft Standard for Trial Use (DSTU), 146 DRAM—Dynamic Random Access Memory, 45 Draw time, 135 Draw up, 67 Drift, 110 Drill across, 67 Drill down, 67 Drill through, 67 Drill-down analysis, 60 Drive, 78 Drive-by download, 126 DRN—Distributed Research Network, 154 Drop-down control, 88 DRP—Disaster Recovery Plan, 55 Drug Claims Processing, 83 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 81 Drug Risk-Sharing Arrangements, 83 Drug therapy, 26

Drug Utilization Review (DUR), 104 Drug/allergy interaction checking, 18 Drug/condition interaction checking, 18 Drug/drug interaction checking, 18 Drug-formulary and preferred drug list checks, 72 DSc—Doctor of Science, 3 DSL—Digital subscribe line, 45 DSM-III-R—Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third edition, 165 DSM-IV—Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition, 165 DSM-V—Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, 165 DSP—Digital signal processing, 60 DSS—Decision Support System, 40 DSTU—Draft Standard for Trial Use, 146 DTaP—Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, 121 DTC—Direct to Consumer, 121 DTD—Document Type Definition, 51 DTMF—Dial tone multifrequency, 48 DTs—Delirium Tremens, 22 DUA—Data Use Agreement, 99 Dual Eligible, 83 Dual reporting structure, 104 Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI), 146 Duplicate order checking, 18 Duplicate records, 90 Duplication In, Duplication Out (DIDO), 169 Durability, 67 Durable Medical Equipment (DME), 115 Duragesic (Fentanyl), 121 DUR—Drug Utilization Review, 104

DVD—Digital video disk, 45 DVT—Deep vein thrombosis, 22 DW—Dextrose in Water, 121 Dx—Diagnosis, 168 DxPlain, 40 Dyazide (Triamterene– hydrochlorothiazide), 123 Dye dilution indicator, 110 Dynamic array, 62 Dynamic attack surface, 126 Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE), 43 Dynamic DNS (domain name service), 48 Dynamic programming, 51 Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), 45 Dyslipidemia screening, 145 Dysphagia, 22 Dyspnea, 22 Dysuria, 22

E e (2.71828), 107 E&M—Evaluation and Management codes, 115 Ear, Nose, Throat (ENT), 86 Early adopter, 29 Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Program (EPSDT), 80 EAV—Entity, attribute, value, 51 EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code, 146 EBM—Evidence-based medicine, 76 E-book, 94 ECCO2R—Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal, 26 ECDL—European Computer Driving Licence, 58 ECG/EKG—Electrocardiogram, 117 Echocardiography, 92 Eclat algorithm, 37 eClinicalWorks (eCW), 59 ECMO—Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 26 e-Consent, 40

Index 

eCQM or eMeasure—Electronic Clinical Quality Measure, 143 ECRI, 59 eCW—eClinicalWorks, 59 EDC—Electronic Data Capture, 67 EDC—Estimated Date of Confinement, 72 EdD—Doctor of Education, 3 Edema, 22 ED—Emergency Department, 86 ED—Erectile Dysfunction, 22 Edge detection, 92 Edge Protocol, 72 EDI—Electronic data interchange, 67 EDSF—Emergency Data Sets Framework, 43 EDW—Enterprise Data Warehouse, 67 EEG—Electroencephalogram, 135 EEOC—Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 81 EEO—Equal Employment Opportunity, 99 Effect size, 151 Effective Sample Size, 154 Effective, 143 Effectiveness, 154 Efficacious, 154 Efficacy, 155 Efficiency, 143 Efficient, 143 EFT—Electronic Funds Transfer, 115 eHealth, 76 EH—Eligible Hospitals, 99 EHR super user, 29 EHRA—Electronic Health Record Association, 141 EHR—Electronic Health Record, 40 Eigenvectors, 108 Eindhoven’s triangle, 135 EIN—Employee Identification Number, 104 EIN—Employer Identification Number, 104

EIS—Enterprise Information System, 40 Elastic Net, 37 Elavil (Amitriptyline), 120 Electrical impedance tomography, 92 Electro Neutrality, 13 Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), 117 Electrocardiography, 26 Electroconvulsive therapy, 26 Electrocorticography, 26 Electroencephalogram (EEG), 135 Electroencephalography, 26 Electrolyte balance, 135 Electrolyte Panel (lytes), 135 Electrolyte, 13 Electromyogram, 110 Electromyography (EMG), 26 Electroneuronography, 26 Electronic Claim, 115 Electronic Clinical Quality Measure (eCQM) (eMeasure), 143 Electronic communication, 169 Electronic Data Capture (EDC), 67 Electronic data interchange (EDI), 67 Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), 115 Electronic Health Record (EHR), 40 Electronic Health Record Association (EHRA), 141 Electronic mail (e-mail), 40 Electronic medical record (EMR), 40 Electronic Medication Administration Record (eMAR), 40 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), 45 Electronic nursing record, 40 Electronic Patient Record (EPR), 40 Electronic Prescribing (eRx), 72 Electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI), 99 Electronic Reportable Lab, 72

189

Electronic signature (eSignature), 72 Electronic textbook (eBook), 94 Electronic Transmission of Prescription (ETP), 40 Electronystagmography, 26 Electrooculography, 26 Electrophoresis, 26 Electroretinography, 26 Electrotherapy, 26 Eligible Hospitals (EH), 99 Eligible Professionals (EPs), 99 Email etiquette, 104 E-mail—Electronic mail, 40 Emancipated minor, 99 eMAR—Electronic Medication Administration Record, 40 EMBASE, 94 Embolism, 22 Embolus, 22 E-MDs, 59 Emergency access, 72 Emergency Care Center, 118 Emergency Data Sets Framework (EDSF), 43 Emergency Department (ED), 86 Emergency Department/Room on divert, 169 Emergency Medical Services (EMS), 118 Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA), 99 Emergency Medicine, 32 Emergency Room (ER), 86 Emergency Shelter, 118 Emergent property, 155 EM—Expectation Maximization, 37 EMG—Electromyography, 26 EMP—Employer Master File, 115 EMPI—Enterprise Master Patient Index, 40 Empirical testing, 159 Empiricism, 163 Employee Identification Number (EIN), 104 Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 99

190 Index

Employer Identification Number (EIN), 104 Employer Master File (EMP), 115 Employer Name, 115 Employer Type, 115 EMR Oversight committee, 104 EMR—Electronic medical record, 40 EMS—Emergency Medical Services, 118 EMTALA—Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, 99 Emtree, 96 e-Mycin, 18 Enalapril (Vasotec), 121 Encipher, 121 Encode, 55 Encounter, 169 Encounter-based record, 72 Encrypt, 55 Encrypted, 55 Encryption, 55 End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), 22 End User License Agreement (EULA), 99 End user, 29 Endocrine system, 10 Endocrinology, 32 Endoluminal capsule monitoring, 26 Endoscopic surgery, 157 Endoscopy of the urinary tract, 157 Endoscopy, 157 Endosteum, 4 End-user device encryption, 72 End-user testing, 159 Engagement of people, 143 Engelbrecht, Rolf, 131 ENIAC—Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, 45 Ensemble Algorithm, 37 ENT—Ear, Nose, Throat, 86 Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW), 67 Enterprise Information System (EIS), 40 Enterprise Liability, 99

Enterprise Master Patient Index (EMPI), 40 Enterprise risk management, 55 Entity Frameworks, 67 Entity, 67 Entity, attribute, value (EAV), 51 Entity–Relationship diagram (ER or ERD), 51 Entity–Relationship model, 67 Entrez, 96 Entropy, 108 Entry term, 96 Enumerated, 62 Environment (computing), 45 Environmental scan, 104 Enzyme replacement therapy, 26 Enzyme, 78 EOB—Explanation of Benefits, 115 EON, 18 EPA—Exclusive Provider Arrangement, 83 ePHI—Electronic Protected Health Information, 99 Epic Systems Corporation, 59 Epidemic, 69 Epidemiology, 76 Epidural (extradural) block, 26 Epigenetics, 78 Epinephrine, 121 Episode of care, 143 Episode-based record, 72 Eponym, 161 EPR—Electronic Patient Record, 40 EPSDT—Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Program, 80 EPs—Eligible Professionals, 99 Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO), 99 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 81 Equilibrium, 138 Equitable, 143 ER or ERD—Entity–Relationship diagram, 51 Erectile Dysfunction (ED), 22 ER—Emergency Room, 86 Ergonomics, 76

ERISA—Employee Retirement Income Security Act, 99 Error bars, 151 Error function, 151 Error recovery, 88 Error trap, 51 eRx—Electronic Prescribing, 72 Escitalopram (Lexapro), 121 Escort Services, 86 Esomeprazole (Nexium), 121 Esophageal dilatation, 157 Esophageal motility study, 26 Esophagus, 4 Espinosa, Amado, 131 ESRD—End Stage Renal Disease, 22 Estimated creatinine clearance, 135 Estimated Date of Confinement (EDC), 72 Estimated Liability Costs, 99 Estimator (biased, unbiased), 151 ET—Expenditure Target, 83 Ethernet, 48 Ethnographic study, 155 Ethnography, 76 Etiology, 22 ETL—Extract, Transform, Load, 67 ETP—Electronic Transmission of Prescription, 40 EU—European Union, 81 EULA—End User License Agreement, 99 European Committee on Standardization (CEN), 148 European Computer Driving Licence (ECDL), 58 European Union (EU), 81 Evaluation and Management codes (E&M), 115 Evaluation, 74 Event, 55 Every (q), 121 Every Day (QD), 121 Every Other Day (QOD), 121 Evidence grading, 18 Evidence-based decision making, 143

Index 

Evidence-based medicine (EBM), 76 Evidence-based medicine database, 94 Evoked potential, 26 Evoked, 138 Evoking criteria, 18 Evoking strength, 8 Evolutionary Algorithm, 37 Exa (E), 112 Exabyte, 67 Exact match searching, 96 Exam room computers, 45 Exception handling, 51 Exception rules, 124 Exceptions, 124 Excerpta Medica, 96 Excise, 157 Excision of cervix and uterus, 157 Excision of semilunar cartilage of knee, 157 Exclusive Provider Arrangement (EPA), 83 Excretion, 138 Excretory system, 10 Exfiltration, 55 Exhaustive search, 37 Exocrine system, 10 Expanded Quality Assurance (XQA), 143 Expectation Maximization (EM), 37 Expected utility, 15 Expected value decision making, 15 Expected value, 151 Expenditure Target (ET), 83 Experience Rating, 143 Experiment, 155 Experimental design, 155 Experimental science, 76 Expert system, 40 Expert witness, 29 Explanation of Benefits (EOB), 115 Explicit, 8 Exploded term, 96 Exploit, 55 Exploitation analysis, 55

Exponent, 108 Exponential constant, 108 Exponential distribution, 139 Exponential function, 108 Exposure, 55 Expression language, 18 Exsanguinate, 138 Extended Architecture Operation System (XA), 51 Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC), 146 eXtensible Mark-up Language (XML), 146 External (superficial), 4 External hospital transfer, 169 External validity, 151 Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal (ECCO2R), 26 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 26 Extract, Transform, Load (ETL), 67 Extremity pain, 22 Eysenbach, Gunther, 131

F FACA—Federal Advisory Committee Act, 81 FACCT—Foundation for Accountability, 128 Face (facial) recognition, 90 Facial flushing, 22 Facial pain, 22 Facial rejuvenation, 26 Fact table, 67 Factor, 108 Factorial, 108 Facts, 8 Factual knowledge, 8 Fahrenheit (F), 112 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), 129 Failure, 55 Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPP), 99 False negative rate (FNR), 151 False negative result, 110 False negative, 151 False positive rate (FPR), 151

191

False positive result, 110 False positive, 151 Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), 99 Family Foster Home, 118 Family health history, 72 Family Medicine, 32 Family Practice, 32 FAQ—Frequently asked questions, 94 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR), 146 Fatigue, 22 Favorable Selection, 155 FBI—Federal Bureau of Investigation, 81 FCC—Federal Communications Commission, 81 FDA National Drug Code Directory, 165 FDA National Drug File, 165 FDA—Flexible Discriminant Analysis, 37 FDA—Food and Drug Administration, 81 FDA—U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 117 FDB MedKnowledge (formerly NDDF Plus), 166 Feature classification, 92 Feature detection, 92 Feature extraction, 92 Feature selection Algorithm, 37 Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), 81 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 81 Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 81 Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP), 83 Federal Employer identification Number (FEIN), 115 Federal Health Architecture (FHA), 43 Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS), 146 Federal Poverty Level (FPL), 83 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 81

192 Index

Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC), 104 Federated model, 43 Fee for Service (FFS), 115 Fee Schedule, 115 Feedback, 88 FEHBP—Federal Employees Health Benefits Program, 83 FEIN—Federal Employer identification Number, 115 Fellow, 29 Femoral hernia repair, 157 Femto (f), 112 Femur, 11 Fentanyl (Duragesic), 121 Fentanyl (Sublimaze), 121 Fever, 22 Fexofenadine (Allegra), 121 FFP—Fresh Frozen Plasma, 121 FFS—Fee for Service, 115 FHA—Federal Health Architecture, 43 FHIR—Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources, 146 Fiberoptic cable, 48 Fibrillation, 138 Fibula, 11 Fiduciary, 115 Field of study, 75–77 Field qualification, 96 Field, 67 Fieschi, Marius, 131 FIFO—First in, first out, 61 File server, 45 File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 146 Filled prescription, 72 Filmless imaging, 92 FILO—First in, last out, 61 Filter (for data/information), 96 Filter (for physical material), 13 Filtering algorithm, 37 Financial management, 104 Finasteride (Proscar), 121 Finger print recognition, 90 Finite State Machine, 37 FIPP—Fair Information Practice Principles, 99 FIPS—Federal Information Processing Standards, 146

Firewall, 126 First do no harm, 99 First in, first out (FIFO), 61 First in, last out (FILO), 61 First law of informatics——do not reuse data, 163 First Order Predicate Logic, 37 First principles, reasoning from, 8 Fiscal Year (FY), 104 Fitness landscape, 78 Five rights of clinical decision support, 18 Fixation error, 129 Fixation, 22 Fixed cost, 104 Fixed fee, 115 Flag fields (binary), 67 Flank pain, 22 Flash card, 45 Flash memory, 45 Flat files, 67 Fletcher’s checksum, 55 Flexeril (Cyclobenzaprine), 121 Flexible Discriminant Analysis (FDA), 37 Flexible Savings Account (FSA), 83 FLK—Funny Looking Kid, 22 Floating point arithmetic, 108 Floating point exception, 51 Floating point, 62 Flonase (Fluticasone), 121 Floppy disk, 45 Flowcharts, 65 Flowsheet, 88 Fluconazole (Dipluran), 121 Fluid balance, 135 Fluid replacement therapy, 26 Fluorescent, 13 Fluoride chemoprevention supplements, 145 Fluoride therapy, 26 Fluoroscopy, 92 Fluoxetine (Prozac), 121 Fluticasone (Flonase), 121 Flux, 13 FMEA—Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, 129

FMLA—Family and Medical Leave Act, 99 fMRI—Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 92 FNR—False negative rate, 151 Focus group, 155 FOIA—Freedom of Information Act, 100 Folic acid, 121 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 81 Foreground question, 8 Foreground/background color combinations to avoid, 88 Foreign key, 67 Foreign language detection, 124 Forensic Pathology, 32 Forensic Psychiatry, 32 Forest plot, 65 Form, 121 Formal standard, 146 Formal systems analysis, 155 Formalism, 18 Formative assessment, 74 Formative decision, 105 Formative evaluation, 74 Formulary checking, 18 Formulary, 83 For-Profit, 128 Fortran ——FORmula TRANslation, 142 Forward chaining, 18 Fosamax (Alendronate), 120 Foster Care, 118 Foster Child, 115 Foundation for Accountability (FACCT), 128 Foundational interoperability, 159 Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology, 166 Four times daily (qid), 121 Fourier analysis, 108 Fourier transform, 37 Fox, John, 131 FPL—Federal Poverty Level, 83 FPO—Future Purchase Option, 83 FPR—False positive rate, 151

Index 

FQHC—Federally Qualified Health Center, 104 Fractional change, 110 Fracture procedure, 26 Frame relay, 48 Framingham equation, 18 Fraud detection, 40 Fraud, 115 Fraud, Waste, and Abuse (FWA), 143 Free clinic, 118 Free list, 62 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 100 Free-text order parsing, 18 Freetext, 62 Frequency components, 108 Frequency modulation, 60 Frequency of administration, 72 Frequency response, 108 Frequency weight, 8 Frequency, 151 Frequency-amplitude domain, 151 Frequently asked questions (FAQ), 94 Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP), 121 Friedman, Carol, 131 Friedman, Charles P., 131 Frontal bone, 11 Front-end application, 40 Frustration, 22 FSA—Flexible Savings Account, 83 FTC—Federal Trade Commission, 81 FTE—Full Time Equivalent, 105 FTP—File Transfer Protocol, 146 Full disclosure, 100 Full text database, 94 Full text, 96 Full Time Equivalent (FTE), 105 Function graphs, 67 Function, 108 Functional genomics, 78 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), 92 Functional mapping, 92 Functional programming, 67

Functional testing, 159 Functionally comparable data models, 159 Functionally Disabled, 22 Fundamental theorem of informatics, 163 Funny Looking Kid (FLK), 22 Furosemide (Lasix), 121 Future Purchase Option (FPO), 83 Fuzzy logic, 108 FWA—Fraud, Waste, and Abuse, 143 FY—Fiscal Year, 104

G g (gram), 112 G (Giga), 112 Gabapentin (Neurontin), 121 Gain, 110 Gallbladder Disorders, 22 Gall bladder removal (cholecystectomy), 157 Gantt chart, 67 GAO—Government Accountability Office, 81 Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO), 60 Gardner, Reed M., 131 Gartner Hype Cycle, 163 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), 69 Gastrointestinal (GI) specialist, 29 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, 4 Gastroscopy, 157 Gatekeeper, 30 Gateway, 48 Gaussian distribution, 139 Gaussian Naive Bayes, 37 GBM—Gradient Boosting Machines, 37 GBRT—Gradient Boosted Regression Trees, 37 GCS—Glasgow Coma Score, 135 GDP—Gross Domestic Product, 105 GE—General Electric, 59 GELLO—Guideline Expression Language, 18 Gemfibrozil (Loped), 121

193

GEM—Guideline Elements Model, 18 Gene, 78 Gene Ontology, 166 Gene prediction, 78 Gene product, 78 Gene therapy, 78 General anesthesia, 26 General Electric (GE) Healthcare, 59 General Liability Claims/Losses, 83 General Medical Practitioner (GP), 30 General Practice, 118 General regular expression parser (GREP), 40 General Services Administration (GSA), 81 General Surgeon, 30 General surgery, 86 Generalizability, 151 Generalizable knowledge, 100 Generalization, 51 Generalized linear models, 37 Generic Substitution, 121 Genetic algorithms, 37 Genetic data, 62 Genital skin lesion, 22 Genital ulcer, 22 Genital-urinary (GU) specialist, 30 Genome, 78 Genome level characters, 78 Genome wide association study (GWAS), 78 Genomics, 76 Genomics database, 94 Genotype, 78 Geographic Information Systems (GIS), 40 Geospatial data, 62 Geospatial maps, 67 GERD—Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, 69 Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), 118 Geriatrician, 30

194 Index

Geriatrics, 32 Gerontology, 32 Get Out of My Emergency Room (GOMER), 132 GFR—Glomerular filtration rate, 135 GIF—Graphics Interchange Format, 146 Giga (G), 112 Gigabit per second (Gbps), 48 Gigabyte (Gb), 67 GI—Gastrointestinal, 4 GIGO—Garbage in, garbage out, 60 GIS—Geographic Information Systems, 40 Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), 135 GLIF—Guideline Interchange Format, 146 Glipizide (Glucotrol), 121 Global Budgeting, 105 Global extrema, 108 Global processing, 92 Global system for mobile communications (GSM), 48 Global unique identifiers (GUIDs), 161 Global Unique Identifiers as primary keys (GUIDs as PKs), 67 Global variable, 51 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 135 Glucophage (Metformin), 122 Glucotrol (Glipizide), 121 Gluteus maximus, 4 Glyburide (Micronase), 121 Gmail, 40 GME—Graduate Medical Education, 86 GMT or ZULU—Greenwich Mean Time, 63 GMT—Guideline Markup Tool, 18 GNP—Gross National Product, 105 Goal-free approach, 74 Gold standard, 155 Gold Standard Drug Database, 166

Gold standard test, 110 GOMER—Get Out of My Emergency Room, 132 Gonorrhea preventive medication, 145 Goodness of fit, 149 Google, 96 Government Accountability Office (GAO), 81 GP—General Medical Practitioner, 30 GPO—Group Purchasing Organization, 105 GQL—Graphical Query Language, 67 Gradient, 108 Gradient Boosted Regression Trees (GBRT), 37 Gradient Boosting Machines (GBM), 37 Gradient descent, 108 Graduate Medical Education (GME), 86 Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD), 69 Gram (g), 112 Grammar, 124 Granularity, 96 Graph, 61, 65 Graph database, 40 Graphic editor, 88 Graphical analysis, 65 Graphical Models, 88 Graphical Query Language (GQL), 67 Graphical User Interface (GUI), 88 Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), 146 Gray scale, 92 GRECC—Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, 118 Greenes, Robert A., 132 Greenway Medical Technologies, 59 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT or ZULU), 63 Gregorian date, 63 GREP—General regular expression parser, 40

Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 105 Gross National Product (GNP), 105 Grounded Theory, 163 Group, 151 Group B Strep, 69 Group Home, 118 Group model health maintenance organization, 128 Group Practice, 118 Group Purchasing Organization (GPO), 105 Group visit, 169 Groupware, 40 Growth charts, 88 GSA—General Services Administration, 81 GSM—Global system for mobile communications, 48 Guaranteed Renewal, 83 Guarantor, 85 Guardian, 100 GU—Genital-urinary, 30 Guidance, 40 Guideline, 18 Guideline Elements Model (GEM), 18 Guideline Expression Language (GELLO), 18 Guideline Interchange Format (GLIF), 146 Guideline Markup Tool (GMT), 18 Guidelines.gov clearinghouses, 94 GUIDs—Global unique identifiers, 161 GUI—Graphical User Interface, 88 Gustatory, 138 Guttman scaling, 151 GVHD—Graft versus Host Disease, 69 GWAS—Genome wide association study, 78 Gynecologic ultrasonography, 92 Gynecology (GYN), 32 GYN—Gynecology, 32

Index 

H H&H—Hemoglobin and Hematocrit, 136 H&P—History and Physical, 26 Habituation, 138 HAC—Hospital Acquired Condition, 115 Hacker, 126 Hadoop, 40 Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine (Hib), 121 Haemophilus influenza, 69 HAI—Healthcare Acquired Infection, 143 Hair, 5 Half-life, 13 Halting problem, 108 Hammond, W. Edward, 132 Hand surgery, 157 Handheld device, 45 Handicapped, 22 Hand-off, 72 Handwriting recognition, 90 Hanmer, Lyn, 132 Hannah, Kathryn, 132 Hannan, Terry, 132 Haptic feedback, 88 Hard disk, 45 Hard of Hearing (HOH), 23 Hard stop, 18 Hardware, 45, 48 Harm, 129 Hash function, 37 Hash table, 51 Hash value, 108 Hashed array tree, 63 Hashing, 51 Hasman, Arie, 132 Haux, Reinhold, 132 Hawthorne Effect, 155 Haynes, R. Brian, 132 Hazard Log, 129 Hazard, 129 HbA1C—Hemoglobin A1C or Glycohemoglobin, 135 Hb—Hemoglobin, 135 HCA—Hospital Corporation of America, 59

HCAHPS—Hospital Consumer Assessment Healthcare Providers and Systems, 94 HCBS—Home and CommunityBased Services, 128 HCFA—Health Care Financing Administration, 81 HCI—Human computer interaction, 76 HCO—Health care organization, 128 HCPCS Version of Current Dental Terminology (CDT), 166 HCPCS—Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System, 166 HCTZ—Hydrochlorothiazide, 121 HCUP QIs—Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Quality Indicators, 143 HCV—Hepatitis C Virus, 69 HDL-C—High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol test, 136 HDL—High Density Lipoprotein, 136 Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, (Mouth), and Throat (HEENT), 86 Headache, 23 Header of message, 35 Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), 81 Health care organization (HCO), 128 Health Care Paraprofessional, 30 Health care team, 169 Health data broker, 30 Health data custodian, 30 Health Education, 86 Health evaluation (Apache—II) scoring system, 135 Health Evaluation through Logical Programming (HELP), 40 Health Facilities, 118 Health Informatician, 30 Health Informaticist, 30 Health informatics Service Architecture (HISA), 43

195

Health Informatics Standards Board (HISB), 148 Health Informatics, 76 Health information access layer (HIAL), 43 Health Information Exchange (HIE), 40 Health Information Management (HIM), 76 Health Information Management and Systems Society (HIMSS), 141 Health Information Technology (HIT), 76 Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, 100 Health Insurance Flexibility and Accountability (HIFA), 100 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 1996, 100 Health Insurance Purchasing Cooperative (HIPC), 83 Health Insurance, 83–84 Health IT System, 130 Health Level 7 (HL7) analyst, 132 Health Level Seven (HL-7 or HL7), 148 Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), 128 Health Manpower Shortage Area (HMSA), 80 Health on the Net Foundation (HON), 148 Health Personnel, 30 Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS), 143 Health Plan, 83 Health Planning, 105 Health Policy, 76 Health Promotion, 86 Health record Banking model, 163 Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 81 Health Risk Assessment (HRA), 72 Health Risk Factors, 84

196 Index

Health Service Area, 105 Health Services Research, 76 Health Status, 84 Health Systems Agency (HSA), 81 Health Technology Assessment (HTA), 76 Healthcare-associated infections (HAI), 143 Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS), 166 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Quality Indicators (HCUP QIs), 143 Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS), 143 Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS), 141 Healthcare outcomes, 155 Healthcare proxy, 30 Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL), 143 Hearing loss, 23 Hearing screening, 145 Hearsay evidence, 100 Heart Disease, 69 Heart Failure (HF), 23 Heart, 5 Heart—–Lung pump, 117 Heat map, 67 Heat therapy, 26 HEDIS—Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set, 143 HEDIS—Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set, 143 HEENT—Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, (Mouth), and Throat, 86 Height (Ht), 135 Help at the elbow, 30 HELP sector, 8 Helper app, 40 HELP—Health Evaluation through Logical Programming, 40 Hematocrit (hct), 135 Hematocrit or hemoglobin screening, 145

Hematology, 32 Hematuria, 23 Hemilaminectomy, 157 Hemodialysis, 26 Hemofiltration, 26 Hemoglobin (Hb), 135 Hemoglobin A1C or Glycohemoglobin (HbA1C), 135 Hemoglobin and Hematocrit (H&H), 136 Hemoglobinopathies, 145 HEPA—High Efficiency Particulate Attraction filter, 117 Hepatitis B (Hep B), 69 Hepatitis B screening, 145 Hepatitis B Vaccine (HepB), 121 Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), 69 Hernia, 23 Hersh, William R., 132 Hertz (Hz), 112 Heuristic evaluation, 155 Heuristic, 8 HF—Heart Failure, 23 HGP—Human Genome Project, 78 HHA—Home Health Agency, 81 HHS or DHHS—Department of Health and Human Services, 81 HIAL—Health information access layer, 43 HIE—Health Information Exchange, 40 Hierarchical Clustering, 37 Hierarchical database, 52 Hierarchy, 67 HIFA—Health Insurance Flexibility and Accountability, 100 High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), 136 High Efficiency Particulate Attraction filter (HEPA), 117 High performance computing (HPC), 45 High/Low Interpretation, 136 High-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol test (HDL-C), 136

High-level process, 43 High-Risk Pool, 84 High-risk state monitoring, 19 Hill–Burton Act, 100 HIM—Health Information Management, 76 HIMSS—Health Information Management and Systems Society, 141 HIMSS—Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, 141 Hindsight Bias, 155 HIPAA—Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, 100 HIPC—Health Insurance Purchasing Cooperative, 83 HISA—Health informatics Service Architecture, 43 HISB—Health Informatics Standards Board, 148 HIS—Hospital Information System, 40 HIS—Indian Health Service, 81 Histogram equalization, 92 Histogram, 67 Historical controls, 155 Historical data, 159 Historically controlled study, 155 History (hx), 72 History and Physical (H&P), 26 History of Present Illness (HPI), 72 HITECH—Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health, 100 HIT—Health Information Technology, 76 HIV—Human Immunodeficiency Virus, 69 HL7 Vocabulary, 166 HL7—Health Level 7, 132 HMO—Health Maintenance Organization, 128 HMO—Staff model health maintenance organization, 128 HMSA—Health Manpower Shortage Area, 80

Index 

HOH—Hard of Hearing, 23 Hoist scale, 117 Hold harmless clause, 100 Holism, 163 Holmes, John, 132 Home and Community-Based Services (HCBS), 128 Home and Community-Based Waivers, 80 Home Health Agency (HHA), 81 Home Health Aide, 30 Home Health Care Benefit Amount, 84 Home Health Care Classification, 166 Home Health Care, 119 Home Health, 118 Home Medical Equipment, 117 Homebound, 23 Homeostasis, 138 Homepage, 40 Homicide, 23 Homogeneous, 13 Homophily, 155 HON—Health on the Net Foundation, 148 Hopfield Network, 37 Horizontal gene transfer, 78 Horizontal Integration, 105 Hormonal therapy, 26 Hormone replacement therapy, 26 Hormones, 5 Hospice Care, 86 Hospice, 119 Hospital Acquired Condition (HAC), 115 Hospital Acquired Infection, 143 Hospital administration, 105 Hospital Consumer Assessment Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS), 94 Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), 59 Hospital Information System (HIS), 40 Hospital, 119 Hospital-acquired, 130 Hospitalist, 30

Hot site backup, 45 Hour (H), 112 Hourly (qh), 121 House staff, 30 Hovenga, Evelyn, 132 HPC—High performance computing, 45 HPI—History of Present Illness, 72 HPV—Human Papilloma virus, 69 HRA—Health Risk Assessment, 72 Hripcsak, George, 132 HRQL—Health-Related Quality of Life, 143 HRSA—Health Resources and Services Administration, 81 HSA—Health Systems Agency, 81 HTA—Health Technology Assessment, 76 HTML—Hypertext markup language, 142 HTN—Hypertension, 23 http—Hypertext transfer protocol, 146 HTTPS—Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, 49 Huffman coding, 37 HUGO Gene Nomenclature, 166 Hullin, Carol, 132 Human computer interaction (HCI), 76 Human Factors, 76 Human Genome Project (HGP), 78 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) screening, 145 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), 69 Human Papilloma virus (HPV), 69 Human Papillomavirus screening test (Pap smear), 145 Human subjects, 155 Human-readable content, 88 Humeral, 5

197

Humerus, 11 Humphreys, Betsy L., 132 Hussein, Rada, 132 hx—History, 72 Hybridization, 78 Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), 121 Hydrocodone–acetaminophen (Vicodin), 121 Hydrops Fetalis, 23 Hydrotherapy, 26 Hyperbaric Medicine, 32 Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, 26 Hyperbolic, 108 Hyperlink, 48 Hypertension (HTN), 23 Hypertext markup language (HTML), 142 Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), 142 Hypertext transfer protocol (http), 146 Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS), 146 Hypertext, 88 Hypotension, shock, 23 Hypothesis testing, 151 Hypothesis, 155 Hypothetico-deductive approach, 8 Hypothyroidism screening, 145 Hysterectomy, 157 Hyzaar (Losartan– hydrochlorothiazide), 122

I I&D—Incision and drainage, skin and subcutaneous tissue, 158 I&O—Intake and Output, 136 I2b2—Integrating Information from Bench to Bedside, 40 IABP—Intraortic Balloon Pump, 117 IADLs—Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, 144 IAHSI—International Academy of Health Sciences informatics, 141

198 Index

IAIMS—Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems, 80 Iatrogenic event, 130 IBM—International Business Machines, 59 IBM’s Watson, 19 Ibuprofen (Advil), 121 ICANN—Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, 148 ICD-9-CM—International Classification of Diseases, ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, 166 ICD-10-CM—International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification, 166 ICD—Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator, 117 ICDL—International Computer Driving Licence, 58 ICF—Intermediate Care Facility, 119 ICF—International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, 166 IC—Integrated circuit, 45 ICMP—Internet Control Message Protocol, 147 ICNP—International Classification for Nursing Practice, 166 Icon, 88 ICT—Information and Communications Technology, 76 ICU—Intensive Care Unit, 86 ID3—Iterative Dichotomiser 3, 37 IDE—Integrated Development Environment, 52 Identical, Related, and Similar (IRS), 169 Identification (ID), 55 IDF—Inverse document frequency, 96 ID—Identification, 55 ID—Infectious Diseases, 32

IDIQ—Indefinite Duration, Indefinite Quantity, 105 IDS/IDN—Integrated Delivery System/Network, 48 IEEE—Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 141 IE—Industrial Engineering, 76 If –then–else, 102 IgG—Immunoglobulin G, 121 IG—Inspector General, 81 IHE—Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise, 146 IHI—Institute for Healthcare Improvement, 141 IHTSDO—International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation, 148 IJMI—International Journal of Medical Informatics, 98 Iliad (Diagnostic Decision Support System), 40 Iliffe vector, 63 ILTC—Institutional Long-Term Care, 84 Image data, 63 Image database, 92 Image enhancement, 93 Image generation, 93 Image management, 93 Image manipulation, 93 Image processing, 93 Image recognition, 40 Image-guided surgery, 157 Imaging Informatics, 76 Imaging modality, 93 Imaging, 92–93 IMAP—Internet Mail Access Protocol, 147 IMIA—International Medical Informatics Association, 141 IM—Internal Medicine, 32 IM—Intramuscular, 26 Immediate access, 169 Immersive simulated environment, 8 Immune system, 10 Immunization registry, 40

Immunization vaccines, 121 Immunization, 26 Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 121 Immunologist, 30 Immunosuppressive therapy, 26 Impact factor, 94 Impairment, 23 Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD), 117 Implantable device list, 72 Implants, 158 Implementation phase, 159 Implementation science, 76 Implementation, 159 Implication, 19 Implicit, 8 Import number, 9 In silico, 155 In situ, 155 In Vitro Fertilization (IVF), 26 In vitro, 155 Inaccessibility, 90 Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), 121 Inch (In), 112 Incident management, 55 Incident response plan, 55 Incident response, 55 Incident, 130 Incision and drainage, skin and subcutaneous tissue (I&D), 158 Incremental cost–benefit ratio, 105 Indefinite Duration, Indefinite Quantity (IDIQ), 105 Indemnity insurance, 84 Independent Living Facility, 119 Independent Physician Association (IPA), 141 Independent Practice Association (IPA), 141 Independent variable, 151 Independent, 151 Inderal (Propranolol), 123 Index attribute, 96

Index 

Index item, 96 Index Medicus, 94 Index test, 110 Index, 96 Indexed Sequential Access Method (ISAM), 96 Indexing, 96 Indian Health Service (HIS), 81 Indication infarct, 23 Indication-based ordering, 19 Indicator, 110 Indifference probability, 15 Indigent Care, 115 Indirect care, 169 Indirect cost, 115 Individual Instruction, 169 Induction, 9 Industrial Engineering (IE), 76 Infectious Diseases (ID), 32 Infectome, 78 Inference engine, 40 Inference, 9 Inferential statistics, 76 Inferior (caudad), 5 Infinitesimal, 108 Infinity, 108 Inflation Protection Duration: Life of Policy/Certificate, 84 Inflectional morpheme, 124 Influence diagram, 9 Influenza (Flu), 69 Infobutton, 146 Informatician/informaticist, 30 Informatics, 76 Information and Communications Technology (ICT), 76 Information assurance compliance, 55 Information assurance, 55 Information communication technology (ICT) supply chain threat, 55 Information extraction, 124 Information need, 96 Information Object Class, 52 Information Object Instance, 52 Information Object, 52 Information overload, 88

Information processing, 40 Information reconciliation, 169 Information resources, 94 Information science, 76 Information security policy, 56 Information seeking behavior, 96 Information sharing, 56 Information super highway, 48 Information system resilience, 56 Information system security operations, 56 Information Systems (IS), 86 Information Technology (IT) asset, 56 Information Technology (IT), 86 Information technology strategy, 105 Information, 96 Infusion, 26 Ingestion, 138 Inguinal hernia repair, 158 Inhalation therapy, 26 Inhibition, 138 Initial clinical risk, 130 Initial Public Offering (IPO), 105 Ink-jet printer, 45 Inner join, 67 Innervate, 5 Inpatient Prospective Payment System, 115 Inpatient Quality Reporting, 144 Inpatient, 86 Input, 52 INR—International Normalized Ratio, 136 Insertion sort, 37 Inserts, 67 Insider threat, 56 Inspector General (IG), 81 Instance-based Algorithm, 37 Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), 141 Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP), 141 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), 141 Institute of Medicine (IOM), 141 Institutional Health Services, 128

199

Institutional Long-Term Care (ILTC), 84 Institutional Review Board (IRB), 100 Instructional Health Care Directive, 100 Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs), 144 Instrumental variable, 60 Insulin potentiation therapy, 26 Insulin shock therapy, 26 Insurance guarantor, 85 Intake and Output (I&O), 136 Integer, 63 Integral, 108 Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems (IAIMS), 80 Integrated circuit (IC), 45 Integrated Delivery System/ Network (IDS) (IDN), 48 Integrated Development Environment (IDE), 52 Integrated risk management, 56 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 146 Integrated versus interfaced, 43 Integrating data, 159 Integrating Information from Bench to Bedside (I2b2), 40 Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), 146 Integration assessment, 159 Integration conversion programmer, 132 Integration data architect, 132 Integration project manager, 132 Integration testing coordinator, 132 Integration testing, 159 Integrative model, 9 Integrity, 56 Integumentary system, 10 Intellectual property (IP), 100 Intelligence Quotient (IQ), 136 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), 56 Intended use, 130

200 Index

Intense, 56 Intensive Care Unit (ICU), 86 Interactive Voice Response (IVR), 41 Interchangables, 122 Interdisciplinary care, 169 Interface consistency, 88 Interface engine, 41 Interfacing data, 159 Intermediate Care Facility (ICF), 119 Intermediate Care Facility for the Mentally Retarded (ICF/ MR), 119 Intermediate Care, 86 Intermittant monitoring, 110 Intern, 30 Internal hospital transfer, 169 Internal Medicine (IM), 32 Internal validation, 74 Internal validity, 151 Internal, 5 International Academy of Health Sciences informatics (IAHSI), 141 International Business Machines (IBM), 59 International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP), 166 International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM), 166 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), 166 International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF), 166 International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health for Children and Youth, 166 International Classification of Primary Care, 166 International Computer Driving Licence (ICDL), 58

International Conference on Harmonization, 148 International Health Terminology Standards Development Organisation (IHTSDO), 148 International Journal of Medical Informatics (IJMI), 98 International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA), 141 International Normalized Ratio (INR), 136 International Standard Book Number (ISBN), 147 International Standards Organization (ISO), 148 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 166 International Units (IU), 122 Internet address (IP address), 147 Internet archive, 94 Internet Browser, 41 Internet certificate, 90 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), 147 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 148 Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP), 147 Internet Protocol (IP), 147 Internet relay chat (IRC), 48 Internet Security Assessment (ISA), 56 Internet Service Provider (ISP), 128 Internet standards, 147 Internet, 48 Internist, 30 Internist-1, 41 Interobserver variation, 151 Interoperability standards, 147 Interoperability, 159 Interpolate, 108 Interpret, 19 Interpretation systems, 19 Interpreter, 52

Interprofessional teams, 30 Interrater reliability, 151 Interruptive alert, 19 Intersection, 108 Interstitial, 5 Interval scale, 63 Interventional Radiologist, 30 Interventional radiology, 76 Intestines, 5 Intramuscular (IM), 26 Intranet, 48 Intraortic Balloon Pump (IABP), 117 Intraperitoneal, 5 Intrauterine Hypoxia, 23 Intravascular ultrasound, 93 Intravenous (IV) Nurse, 30 Intravenous (IV) pump, 117 Intravenous (IV), 122 Intravenous therapy, 26 Intrusion detection, 126 Intrusion, 126 Intrusive alert, 19 Intubation, 26 Intuitionist-pluralist, 163 Invasive monitoring, 110 Invasive, 26 Inventory management, 41 Inventory, 105 Inverse document frequency (IDF), 96 Inverse function, 108 Inverse, 108 Inverted index, 97 Investigate, 56 Investigation, 56 IOM—Institute of Medicine, 141 Ionizing radiation, 93 IP address, 49 IP address—Internet address, 147 IP sec (Internet Protocol Security) logic bomb, 126 IPA—Independent Practice Association, 141 IPA—Independent Physician Association, 141 IP—Intellectual property, 100 IP—Internet Protocol, 147 IPO—Initial Public Offering, 105

Index 

IPV—Inactivated Polio Vaccine, 121 IQ—Intelligence Quotient, 136 IRB—Institutional Review Board, 100 IRC—Internet relay chat, 48 Iron supplements, 122 Irony detection, 124 Irrational number, 63 IRS—Identical, Related, and Similar, 169 Is-a relationship, 161 ISA—Internet Security Assessment, 56 ISAM—Indexed Sequential Access Method, 96 ISBN—International Standard Book Number, 147 Ischemia, 23 Ischemic Vascular Disease, 69 ISDN—Integrated Services Digital Network, 146 IS—Information Systems, 86 ISMP—Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 141 Isochronous, 35 ISO—International Standards Organization, 148 Isolated, 13 Isolation room, 119 Isolation, 67 Isomorphic data exchange, 161 Isoptin (Verapamil), 123 Isotonic, 13 ISP—Internet Service Provider, 128 ISR—Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, 56 Issue, 130 Iteration, 52 Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3), 37 Iterative, 52 IT—Information Technology, 86 IU—International Units, 122 IV Piggyback (ivpb), 122 IV Push (ivp), 122 IV/PO conversion, 19 IVF—In Vitro Fertilization, 26 IV—Intravenous, 122

ivpb—IV Piggyback, 122 ivp—IV Push, 122 IVR—Interactive Voice Response, 41

J J2EE—Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition, 52 Jackson Laboratories Mouse Terminology, 166 JAD—Joint Applications Design, 7 JAMA—Journal of the American Medical Association, 98 JAMIA—Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 98 Japanese encephalitis (JE), 69 Java, 142 Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), 52 Java Database Connectivity (JDBC), 43 JavaScript, 142 JavaScript Object Notation (JSOM), 7 JBI—Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 98 JCAHO—The Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 128 JCL—Job Control Language, 142 JDBC—Java Database Connectivity, 43 JD—Doctor of Jurisprudence, 3 JE—Japanese encephalitis, 69 JMIR—Journal of Medical Internet Research, 98 Job, 52 Job Control Language (JCL), 142 Johnson, Kevin B., 132 Joins, 67 Joint and Several Liability, 84 Joint Applications Design (JAD), 7 Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), 147 Joint replacement, 158 Joint Underwriting Association, 84

201

Journal of Biomedical Informatics (JBI), 98 Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing, 98 Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR), 98 Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 98 Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (JAMIA), 98 Joystick, 88 JPEG—Joint Photographic Experts Group, 147 jQuery, 52 JSOM—JavaScript Object Notation, 7 Julian date, 63 Justice, 100 Just-in-time information model, 163 Just-in-time learning, 105

K Kaggle, 41 Kaizen, 105 k-anonymity, 90 Kappa value, 149 Keep pair, 56 KEGG Pathway Database, 166 KE—knowledge engineering, 19 Kelvin (K), 112 Kernel, 52 Key field, 67 Key performance indicator (KPI), 110 Key resource, 90 Key, 90 Keyboard, 88 Keystroke Level Modeling (KLM), 88 Keystroke logger, 56 Keyword, 97 Kidneys, 5 Kilo (k), 112 Kilobyte, 108 Kilogram (kg), 112 Kimura, Michio, 132 Kind-of relationship, 161

202 Index

Klaus-Peter, Adlassnig, 132 KLM—Keystroke Level Modeling, 88 Klonopin (Clonazepam), 120 Klor-Con (Potassium chloride), 123 k-Means, 37 k-Medians, 37 KM—Knowledge management, 19 k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), 37 Knee cartilage replacement therapy, 158 kNN—k-Nearest Neighbor, 37 Knowledge acquisition, 19 Knowledge base system, 41 Knowledge base, 19 Knowledge discovery, 19 Knowledge engineer, 132 Knowledge engineering (KE), 19 Knowledge management (KM), 19 Knowledge modeling, 19 Knowledge representation, 19 Knowledge, 15 Knowledge-based system, 9 Koch, Sabine, 132 Kohane, Isaac S., 132 Korean Standard Classification of Disease, 166 KPI—Key performance indicator, 110 Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance, 149 Kulikowski, Casimir, 132 Kurtosis, 139 Kushniruk, Andre, 132

L L&D—Labor and Delivery, 86 Label, 124 Labile, 23 LAB—Laboratory, 86 Labor and Delivery (L&D), 23 Labor/Delivery Complications, 23 Laboratory (LAB), 86 Laboratory alert, 136 Laboratory information system (LIS), 72 Laboratory test interpretation, 19

Laboratory tests, 26 Lacrimal bone, 11 Laminar Airflow Hood, 117 Laminectomy, 158 Language modeling, 124 Language, 161 LAN—Local Area Network, 49 Lanolin (Digoxin), 121 Lansoprazole (Prevacid), 122 Laparoscopy, 158 Laptop computer, 45 LARS—Least-Angle Regression, 37 Laryngoscopy, 158 Laser printer, 46 Laser therapy, 26 Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis (LASIK), 158 LASIK—Laser-Assisted in situ Keratomileusis, 158 Lasix (Furosemide), 121 LASSO—Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator, 37 Last Menstrual Period (LMP), 136 Late Adopter, 159 Late binding, 52 Late majority, 159 Latency, 49 Lateral, 5 LaTex, 41 Latissimus dorsi, 5 LBP—Low Back Pain, 23 LCD—Liquid crystal display, 46 LCSW—Licensed Clinical Social Worker, 30 LDA—Linear Discriminant Analysis, 37 LDAP—Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, 147 LD—Learning Disability, 23 LDM—Logical Data Model, 7 Lead screening, 145 Leadership, 144 Leak, 138 Lean management, 144 Leao, Beatriz de Faria, 132 Learnability, 88

Learning Disability (LD), 23 Learning health system, 105 Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ), 37 Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), 37 Least squares fitting, 149 Least-Angle Regression (LARS), 37 Lederberg, Joshua, 132 Ledley, Robert S., 132 Left Eye (OS), 5 Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD), 117 Leg pain, 23 Legacy system, 159 Legal issues, 100 Lehmann, Christoph, 132 Length of stay (LOS), 144 Leong, Tze Yun, 132 Lesion, 23 Lethargy, 23 Letter of Intent (LOI), 105 Levaquin (Levofloxacin), 122 Level of Care (LOC), 115 Level of Care Criteria, 144 Level of data normalization (first-, second-, third- level normalization), 67 Levofloxacin (Levaquin), 122 Levothyroxine, T4 (Synthroid), 122 Lexapro (Escitalopram), 121 Lexeme, 124 Lexical form, 124 Lexical variants, 124 Lexical-statistical retrieval, 170 Lexicography, 76 Lexicon query service (LQS), 43 Lexicon, 124 LFT—Liver (Hepatic) Function Tests, 136 Li, Yu-Chuan (Jack), 132 Liability, 100 Liaw, Siaw-Teng, 132 Library of Congress Subject Headings, 166 License/Licensure, 100 Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), 30

Index 

Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN), 30 Licensed Vocational Nurse (LVN), 30 Licensing, 100 Life cycle, 46 Life expectancy, 15 Life-Sustaining Treatment, 27 Lifetime Maximum Structure (LMS), 84 Lift, 37 Ligand, 78 Ligate, 158 Ligature, 117 Light pen, 88 Light, 93 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), 147 Likelihood ratio, 149 Likelihood, 130 Likert scale, 151 Limit, 108 Limp, 23 Lindberg, Donald A.B., 132 Line graph, 67 Line, 65 Linear algebra, 108 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), 37 Linear Regression, 37 Linear systems, 76 Linear, 108 Lingua Franca, 161 Link-based indexing, 97 Linked list, 61 Linux, 52 Lipid Profile, 136 Lipids, 122 Lipitor (Atorvastatin), 120 Liquid crystal display (LCD), 46 Lisinopril (Prinivil), 122 LIS—Laboratory information system, 72 LISP (LISt Processor), 142 List, 63 Listserve, 35 Lithotomy, 27 Lithotriptor, 27 Live, 138

Liver (Hepatic) Function Tests (LFT), 136 Liver Disease, 69 Liver, 5 LMP—Last Menstrual Period, 136 LMS—Lifetime Maximum Structure, 84 Lobotomy, 158 Local anesthesia, 27 Local Area Network (LAN), 49 Local extrema, 108 Local service provider, 128 Local variable, 52 Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing (LOESS), 37 Locally Weighted Learning (LWL), 37 LOCKSS—Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe, 56 LOC—Level of Care, 115 LOESS—Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing, 37 Log analysis, 155 Logarithm, 108 Logarithmic scale, 65 Logical connections, 124 Logical Data Model (LDM), 7 Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC), 147 Logical positivism, 9 Logical positivist, 163 Logical schema, 7 Logistic regression, 149 Log-normal distribution, 139 LOI—Letter of Intent, 105 LOINC—Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes, 147 Long run cost, 105 Longitudinal medical record, 41 Longitudinal query, 67 Long-Term Care (LTC), 119 Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI), 84 Long-term care Ombudsman, 86 Long-term memory, 138 Look-alike/sound-alike medication warnings, 19

203

Lookup table, 63 Loped (Gemfibrozil), 121 Lorazepam (Ativan), 122 Lorenzi, Nancy M., 132, 132 Losartan (Cozaar), 122 Losartan–hydrochlorothiazide (Hyzaar), 122 LOS—Length of stay, 144 Lossless compression, 37 Lossy compression, 37 Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe (LOCKSS), 56 Lovastatin, 122 Lovis, Christian, 132 Low Back Pain (LBP), 23 Low-dose chemotherapy, 27 Low-level process, 43 LPN—Licensed Practical Nurse, 30 LQS—Lexicon query service, 43 LTC—Long-Term Care, 119 LTCI—Long-Term Care Insurance, 84 Luddite, 159 Lumbar vertebrae, 11 Lumpectomy of breast, 158 Lun, Kwok Chan (KC), 132 Luna, Daniel, 133 Lung, 5 LVAD—Left Ventricular Assist Device, 117 LVN—Licensed Vocational Nurse, 30 LVQ—Learning Vector Quantization, 37 LWL—Locally Weighted Learning, 37 Lymph node, 5 Lymphadenopathy, 23 Lymphangiography, 27 Lymphatic system, 10 Lyse, 13

M M5, 37 Machine code, 52 Machine language, 142 Machine learning and evolution, 56

204 Index

Machine learning, 76 Machine translation, 124 Macintosh, 46 Macro virus, 103 Macro, 52 Macroscopic, 5 MAGE-ML—MicroArray and Gene Expression Markup Language, 142 Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4), 122 Magnetic disk, 46 Magnetic Resonance Angiogram (MRA), 27 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 93 Magnetic tape, 46 Magnetic therapy, 27 Magnetoencephalography, 27 Mailing list, 35 Mainframe computer, 46 Maintenance Assistance Status (MAS), 84 Maintenance of certification (MOC), 58 Maintenance of raw data after cleansing, 67 Maintenance phase, 159 Major medical insurance, 84 Make the right thing to do, the easiest thing to do, 89 Malaise, 23 Malicious applet, 103 Malicious code, 103 Malicious logic, 103 Malignant Neoplasms, 23 Malignant, 23 Malpractice, 100 Malware signature, 103 Malware, 103 MA—Master of Arts, 3 MA—Medical Assistant, 30 MAME—Mothers Against Medical Error, 141 Managed Care Organization (MCO), 128 Managed competition, 128 Management by Objectives (MBO), 105 Management Information System (MIS), 41

Management, 104 Mandate, 100 Mandatory field, 89 Mandible (lower jaw), 11 Mandil, Salah Hussein, 133 Mandl, Ken D., 132–133 Manikin (Mannequin), 58 Mann–Whitney test, 149 Mantas, John, 133 Manual indexing, 97 Manufacturer, 130 Many-to-many relationship, 67 Maojo, Victor, 133 Map reduce, 41 Map tables, 124 MAP—Mean Arterial Pressure, 136 MAP—Mean average precision, 149 Mapping physical locations, 169 Marcelo, Alvin, 133 Marginal cost, 74 Marginal cost-effectiveness ratio, 74 Margolis, Alvaro, 133 Marin, Heimar de Fatima, 133 Markov cycle, 37 Markov model, 37 Markov process, 37 Markup language, 142 Markup, 52 Marshalling, 52 MARS—Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, 38 Martin-Sanchez, Fernando, 133 MASH—Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, 119 Masic, Izet, 133 MAS—Maintenance Assistance Status, 84 Massachusette’s General Hospital (MGH) utility multi-programming system (MUMPS), 142 Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), 58 Massive Parallel Processing (MPP), 43 Master boot record, 56 Master Drug Data Base, 166

Master of Arts (MA), 3 Master of Business Administration (MBA), 3 Master of Dental Science (MScD), 3 Master of Health Administration (MHA), 3 Master of Nursing (MN), 3 Master of Public Health (MPH), 3 Master of Science (MS or MSc), 3 Master of Science in Dentistry (MSD), 3 Master of Science in Nursing (MSN or MScN), 3 Master of Science in Pharmacy (MPh or Mpharm or MScPh), 3 Master of Science in Social Work (MSW), 3 Master of Surgery (MS), 3 Master Patient Index (MPI), 41 Master Provider File (MPF), 41 Master Provider Index (MPI), 67 Maternal and Child Health Block Grant (Programs for Children with Special Needs), 81 Mathematical Markup Language (MathML), 142 Mathematical operations, 52 MathML—Mathematical Markup Language, 142 Matrix inversion, 108 Matrix management, 105 Matrix, 108 Maxillae (upper jaw), 11 Maximum daily dose checking, 19 Maximum lifetime dose checking, 19 Maximum, 108 MBA—Master of Business Administration, 3 MBBS or MBChB—Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, 3 MBO—Management by Objectives, 105 McCray, Alexa, 133 McDonald, Clement “Clem” J., 133

Index 

MCO—Managed Care Organization, 128 MDA—Mixture Discriminant Analysis, 37 MD—Doctor of Medicine, 3 MD—Medical Doctorate, 3 MDS—Multidimensional Scaling, 37 Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), 136 Mean average precision (MAP), 149 Mean Square Error, 149 Mean, 151 Meaningful Use (MU), 100 Measles, 69 Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine, 122 Measured-by relationship, 161 Measurement study, 155 Measurement unit, 112–113 Measurement, 110–111 Measures of concordance, 149 Measures of discordance, 149 Measures relationship, 161 Mechanical Ventilation, 27 Mechanism, 138 MEC—Medical Executive Committee, 105 MEDCIN, 166 MedDRA—Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Terminology, 166 Medial, 5 Median, 151 Medicaid (Title XIX), 80 Medicaid Information Technology Architecture, 43 Medical Anthropology, 76 Medical Assistant (MA), 30 Medical computer science, 76 Medical computing, 76 Medical data, 63 Medical decision making, 76, 98 Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities Terminology (MedDRA), 166 Medical Doctorate (MD), 3 Medical Entities Dictionary, 166 Medical Executive Committee (MEC), 105

Medical Genetics, 32 Medical Group Management Association (MGMA), 141 Medical history for all children, 72 Medical informatics, 76 Medical information bus (MIB), 46 Medical information science, 76 Medical inspection (body features), 27 Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU), 86 Medical literature analysis and retrieval system (MEDLARS), 94 Medical logic module (MLM), 19 Medical management, 76 Medical Necessity, 84 Medical Operations Committee (MOC), 105 Medical Outcomes Study 36 Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), 144 Medical power of attorney, 100 Medical record committee, 105 Medical record number (MRN), 115 Medical record, 169 Medical Review Board (MRB), 105 Medical Savings Account (MSA), 115 Medical Student, 30 Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), 166 Medical Technologist (MT(ASCP)), 30 Medical Technologist in Molecular Pathology (MP(ASCP)), 30 Medical technology, 76 Medical vocabularies, 166 Medically Indigent, 115 Medicare (Title XVIII), 85 Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015, 100 Medicare Advantage, 84 Medicare HMOs, 119

205

Medicare Provider Analysis and Review (MEDPAR) File, 94 Medicare Provider Inventory (MPI), 94 Medicare Supplement Insurance (MedSupp), 84 Medication allergy list, 72 Medication cart, 117 Medication dictionary, 19 Medication dose adjustment, 19 Medication history, 72 Medication list, 72 Medication name, 122 Medication order sentences, 19 Medication reconciliation, 169 Medication route, 72 Medication substitution, 122 Medication/laboratory test cost display, 19 MediConsult, 19 Medigap, 84 Medinfo, 141 Meditech, 59 Medium, 13 Medlars online (Medline), 41 MEDLARS—Medical literature analysis and retrieval system, 94 MedlinePlus Health Topics, 166 MedlinePlus, 41 MEDPAR—Medicare Provider Analysis and Review, 94 Medrol (Methylprednisolone), 122 MedSupp—Medicare Supplement Insurance, 84 MedWeaver, 41 Mega (M), 112 Megabit, 49 Megabits per second (Mbps), 49 Megabyte (mb), 67 Member checking, 155 Membrane, 5 Memorability, 89 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 100 Memory Care Unit, 119 Memory loss, 23 Memory stick, 46 Memory, 46

206 Index

Meningitis, 69 Meningococcal Infection, 69 Menopause, 34 Mental Health Services, 86 Mental Health, 23 Mental Illness/Impairment, 23 Mental models, 89 Mental status, 138 Mentally Retarded/ Developmentally Disabled (MR/DD), 23 Menu, 89 Merck Medicus, 94 Merge sort, 37 Merit-Based Incentive Payment System, 115 Mesh subheading, 97 MeSH—Medical Subject Headings, 166 Message, 147 Messaging standards, 147 Messenger RNA, 78 Messenger, 169 Meta-analysis, 155 Metabolic acidosis, 136 Metabolic alkalosis, 136 Metabolism, 138 Metabolite, 138 Metacarpals, 11 Metacontent, 97 Metadata harvester, 97 Metadata, 67 Metamap, 124 Metaphor graphics, 89 Metaphor, 89 Metatarsals, 11 Metathesaurus, 41 Meter (m), 112 Metformin (Glucophage), 122 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 69 Methods of Information in Medicine (MIM), 98 Methylphenidate (Ritalin), 122 Methylprednisolone (Medrol), 122 Metoprolol, 122 Metrics, 112–144

Metrology, 76 Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), 151 MGMA—Medical Group Management Association, 141 MHA—Master of Health Administration, 3 mHealth—Mobile health, 77 MHS—Military Health System, 81 MIB—Medical information bus, 46 Micro (μ), 112 Microalbumin, 136 MicroArray and Gene Expression Markup Language (MAGE-ML), 142 Microbiology, 32 Microbiome, 78 Microchip, 46 Microgram (mcg), 112 Micromedex RED BOOK, 166 Micron, 112 Micronase (Glyburide), 121 Microwave, 49 Micturition, 138 MICU—Medical Intensive Care Unit, 86 Middleware, 43 Mihalas, George, 133 Military Health System (MHS), 81 Military Treatment Facilities (MTFs), 119 Miller, Perry L., 133, 133 Miller, Randolph A., 133 Milli (m), 112 Milliequivalent (meq), 112 Milligram (mg), 112 Milliliter (mL), 112 Millimeter (mm), 112 MIME—Multipurpose Internet mail extensions, 147 MIMIC—Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care, 94 MIM—Methods of Information in Medicine, 98 MI—Myocardial Infarction, 23 Minimally Conscious State, 23

Minimum necessary data set, 56 Minimum, 65 Ministry of Health (MOH), 81 Minor, 100 MIS—Management Information System, 41 Mitigation, 56 Mitral Regurgitation (mr), 23 Mixture Discriminant Analysis (MDA), 37 MLM—Medical logic module, 19 MMR—Measles, Mumps, Rubella, 122 MMWR—Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 98 MN—Master of Nursing, 3 Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH), 119 Mobile health (mHealth), 77 MOC—Maintenance of certification, 58 MOC—Medical Operations Committee, 105 Modal alert, 19 Mode, 151 Model organism database, 67 Model View Controller (MVC), 52 Model, 151 Model-based reasoning, 9 Modeling uncertainty, 151 Modeling, 151 MODEM—Modulator Demodulator, 46 Modified Delphi method, 155 Modular computer system, 43 Modulator Demodulator (MODEM), 46 Modulator, 13 Modus Ponens (Latin for “mode that affirms”), 9 Modus tollens (Latin for “mode that denies”), 9 Moehr, Jochen, 133 Moen, Anne, 133 Moghaddam, Ramin, 133 MOH—Ministry of Health, 81 Molality, 13 Molarity, 13

Index 

Mole (mol), 112 Molecular imaging, 93 Monitoring systems, 19 Monoclonal antibody therapy, 27 Monotonic, 65 Monte Carlo simulation, 155 MOOC—Massive Open Online Course, 58 Moore, Jason H., 133 Moral hazard, 100 Morbid, 23 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 98 Morbidity, 144 Morpheme, 124 Morphine (MSO4), 122 Morphology, 77 Morphometrics, 77 Mortality, 144 Mosaic browser, 41 Mothers Against Medical Error (MAME), 141 Motility, 138 MOU—Memorandum of Understanding, 100 Moura, Lincoln de Assis, 133 Mouse (pointing device), 89 Mouse model, 78 Mouth (Os), 5 Moving target defense, 56 MP(ASCP)—Medical Technologist in Molecular Pathology, 30 MPF—Master Provider File, 41 MPh or Mpharm or MScPh— Master of Science in Pharmacy, 3 MPH—Master of Public Health, 3 MPI—Master Patient Index, 41 MPI—Master Provider Index, 67 MPI—Medicare Provider Inventory, 94 MPP—Massive Parallel Processing, 43 MR/DD—Mentally Retarded/ Developmentally Disabled, 23 MRA—Magnetic Resonance Angiogram, 27

MRB—Medical Review Board, 105 MRI—Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 92 mr—Mitral Regurgitation, 23 MRN—Medical record number, 115 MRSA—Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 69 MS or MSc—Master of Science, 3 MSA—Medical Savings Account, 115 MSA—Metropolitan Statistical Area, 151 MScD—Master of Dental Science, 3 MSD—Master of Science in Dentistry, 3 MS—Master of Surgery, 3 MSN or MScN—Master of Science in Nursing, 3 MSW—Master of Science in Social Work, 3 MT(ASCP)—Medical Technologist, 30 MTFs—Military Treatment Facilities, 119 Multiaxial terminology, 161 Multidimensional data, 63 Multidimensional OLAP, 68 Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), 37 Multidisciplinary care, 169 Multidisciplinary teams, 30 Multilevel security, 56 Multimap, 63 Multimedia content, 94 Multimedia, 89 Multimodal image fusion, 93 Multinomial Naive Bayes, 38 Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care (MIMIC), 94 Multiplication, 108 Multiplicity, 52 Multiprocessing, 43 Multiprogramming, 52

207

Multipurpose Internet mail extensions (MIME), 147 Multiset, 63 MultiStage Probability Sample, 155 Multitasking, 169 Multiuser system, 43 Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS), 38 Multum MediSource Lexicon, 166 MU—Meaningful Use, 100 Mumps, 69 MUMPS—Massachusette’s General Hospital (MGH) utility multi-programming system, 142 Murray, Peter, 133 Muscle cramps, 23 Muscles, 5 Muscular system Musen, Mark A., 133 Mutation, 78 Mutually exclusive, 102 MVC—Model View Controller, 52 Myalgias, 23 Mycin, 41 Myocardial Infarction (MI), 23 Myringotomy (ear tube surgery), 158

N N3 Service Provider (N3SP), 128 NAE—National Academy of Engineering, 141 NAHIT—National Alliance for Health Information Technology, 141 Nails, 5 Naive Bayes, 38 Name authority, 49 Name server, 49 NAM—National Academy of Medicine, 141 NAND (Boolean), 102 NANDA nursing diagnoses: definitions & classification, 166 NANDA—North American Nursing Diagnosis Association Taxonomy, 167

208 Index

NaN—Not a Number, 108 Nano (n), 113 Nanotechnology, 77 Naprosyn (Naproxen), 122 Naproxen (Naprosyn), 122 Narcan, 122 Narrow and deep, 159 Nasal bones, 11 Nasal cannula, 117 NASA—National Aeronautic and Space Administration, 81 NAS—National Academy of Science, 141 Nasogastric Tube (NG), 117 NASP—National Application Service Provider, 128 National Academy of Engineering (NAE), 141 National Academy of Medicine (NAM) (formerly Institute of Medicine (IOM)), 141 National Academy of Science (NAS), 141 National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA), 81 National Alliance for Health Information Technology (NAHIT), 141 National Application Service Provider (NASP), 128 National Cancer Institute (NCI) Developmental Therapeutics Program, 166 National Cancer Institute (NCI) Dictionary of Cancer Terms, 166 National Cancer Institute (NCI) Division of Cancer Prevention Program, 166 National Cancer Institute (NCI) SEER ICD Neoplasm Code Mappings, 166 National Cancer Institute (NCI), 81 National Cancer Institute (NCI) Thesaurus, 166 National Cancer Institute Nature Pathway Interaction Database, 166

National Center Biomedical Information (NCBI) Taxonomy, 166 National Center for Biotechnical Information (NCBI), 81 National Center for Health Services and Research (NCHSR), 82 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), 82 National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), 148 National Committee for Quality Health Care (NCQHC), 82 National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics (NCVHS), 82 National Computer Security Association (NCSA), 82 National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (NCPDP), 166 National Death Index (NDI), 94 National digital information infrastructure preservation program (NDIIPP), 94 National Drug Codes (NDC), 167 National Drug File Reference Terminology (NDF-RT), 167 National eHealth Transition Authority (NeHTA), 141 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 141 National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC), 82 National Health Information Infrastructure (NHII), 49 National Health Information Network (NHIN), 49 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 94 National Health Service (UK) (NHS), 82 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), 82 National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), 82 National Information Infrastructure (NII), 43

National information standards organization (NISO), 148 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 82 National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), 148 National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 82 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 82 National Institute of Dental Research (NIDR), 82 National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases (NIDDKD), 82 National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 82 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), 82 National Institute on Aging (NIA), 82 National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), 82 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 82 National Library of Medicine (NLM), 82 National Patient Safety Foundation (NPSF), 144 National Patient Safety Goal (NPSG), 144 National Plan and Provider Enumeration System, 115 National Program for Information Technology (UK) (NPfIT), 82 National Provider Index (NPI), 115 National Quality Forum (NQF), 148 National Science Foundation (NSF), 82 National Security Agency (NSA), 82 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), 82 Nationwide Health Information Network (NwHIN), 128

Index 

Natural Language Processing (NLP), 124 Natural language query, 97 Natural logarithm, 108 Naturalistic, 155 Nausea, 23 NCBI—National Center for Biotechnical Information, 81 NCHS—National Center for Health Statistics, 82 NCHSR—National Center for Health Services and Research, 82 NCI—National Cancer Institute, 81 NCPDP—National Council for Prescription Drug Programs, 166 NCQA—National Committee for Quality Assurance, 148 NCQHC—National Committee for Quality Health Care, 82 NCSA—National Computer Security Association, 82 NCVHS—National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, 82 NDA—Nondisclosure Agreement, 100 NDC—National Drug Codes, 167 ND—Doctor of Naturopathy, 3 NDF-RT—National Drug File Reference Terminology, 167 NDIIPP—National digital information infrastructure preservation program, 94 NDI—National Death Index, 94 Nebulization, 27 NEC—Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 69 Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), 69 Negation, 124 Negative dictionary, 124 Negative predictive value, 151 Negative Pressure Wound Therapy, 27 Negligence law, 100 Negligence theory, 163

Negotiation, 105 NeHTA—National eHealth Transition Authority, 141 Neighborhood Health Center, 119 NEJM—New England Journal of Medicine, 98 NEMA—National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 141 Neonatal Hemorrhage, 23 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), 86 Neovaginoplasty, 158 Nephritis, 69 Nephrology, 32 Nerve, 5 Nervous system, 10 Net present value (NPV), 105 Netbook computer, 46 Network access provider, 49 Network bridge, 49 Network latency, 49 Network mapper (Nmap), 126 Network model HMO, 128 Network node, 49 Network operating system, 49 Network Operation Center (NOC), 86 Network protocol, 46 Network resilience, 126 Network router, 49 Network services, 49 Network stack, 49 Network Time Protocol (NTP), 147 Network topology, 49 Network, 49 Network-based hypermedia, 43 Network-model health maintenance organization, 128 Neural computing, 77 Neural informatics, 77 Neural network, 38 Neuroimaging, 93 Neurologist, 30 Neurology, 32 Neuronames Brain Hierarchy, 167

209

Neurontin (Gabapentin), 121 Neurosurgeon, 30 Never events, 130 New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), 98 Newsgroup, 41 Newton, 113 Nexium (Esomeprazole), 121 NextGen Healthcare Information Systems Inc., 59 Next-generation firewall, 126 Next-generation Internet, 49 Next-generation sequencing, 78 NGA—Notice of Grant Award, 80 NGC—National Guideline Clearinghouse, 82 NG—Nasogastric Tube, 117 N-grams, 124 NHGRI—National Human Genome Research Institute, 82 NHII—National Health Information Infrastructure, 49 NHIN—National Health Information Network, 49 NHIS—National Health Interview Survey, 94 NHLBI—National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 82 NHS—National Health Service (UK), 82 Niacin (Niacor), 122 Niacor (Niacin), 122 NIAID—National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, 82 NIA—National Institute on Aging, 82 NICE—National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 82 Niche vendor, 41 NIC—Nursing Interventions Classification, 167 Nicotine replacement therapy, 27 NICU—Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 86 NIDA—National Institute on Drug Abuse, 82

210 Index

NIDDKD—National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, 82 NIDR—National Institute of Dental Research, 82 Nifedipine (Procardia), 122 Nightly download, 68 NIH—National Institutes of Health, 82 NII—National Information Infrastructure, 43 NIMH—National Institute of Mental Health, 82 NIOSH—National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, 82 NISO—National information standards organization, 148 NIST—National Institute for Standards and Technology, 148 Nitroglycerin (Nitrolingual), 122 Nitrolingual (Nitroglycerin), 122 nka—No Known Allergies, 72 NLM—National Library of Medicine, 82 NLP—Natural Language Processing, 124 NMR—Nuclear magnetic resonance, 93 No Known Allergies (nka), 72 No margin, no mission, 105 NOA—Notice of Award, 80 NOC—Network Operation Center, 86 NOC—Not Otherwise Classified, 161 NOC—Nursing Outcomes Classification, 167 Node, 49 Node.js, 52 Nohr, Christian, 133 Noise, 63 Nomenclature, 161 Nominal group process, 105 Nominal scale, 63 Nomogram, 19 Nondisclosure Agreement (NDA), 100

Noneconomic Damages, 100 Nonhealth product, 130 Noninterruptive alert, 19 Nonintrusive alert, 19 Noninvasive monitoring technique, 27 Noninvasive, 27 Nonionizing radiation, 93 Nonlinear systems, 77 Nonlinearity, 108 Nonmedication order sentences, 19 Nonnumeric characters, 63 Nonparametric test, 149 Nonprofit/Not-For-Profit, 128 Nonquantifiable benefits and costs, 115 Nonrepudiation, 90 Nonsampling Error, 151 Nonsemantic concept identifiers, 161 Nonsignificant (NS), 151 Nonstationary signals, 151 Normal body temperature (37°C), 136 Normal body temperature (98.6°F), 136 Normal distribution, 139 Normal range, 136 Normal Saline (ns), 122 Normalization, 151 Normalize, 151 Norman, Donald A., 133 North American Nursing Diagnosis Association Taxonomy (NANDA), 167 Northern blot, 78 Norvasc (Amlodipine), 120 Nosocomial, 130 Nosology, 77 NoSQL (not only SQL), 68 NOT (Boolean), 102 Not a Number (NaN), 108 Not OR (NOR) Boolean logic, 102 Not Otherwise Classified (NOC), 161 Nothing per Os (NPO), 122 Notice of Award (NOA), 80

Notice of Grant Award (NGA), 80 Notifiable disease, 100 Notify me when, 19 Noxious, 13 NP hard, 38 NPfIT—National Program for Information Technology (UK), 82 NPI—National Provider Index, 115 NP—Nurse Practitioner, 30 NPO—Nothing per Os, 122 NPSF—National Patient Safety Foundation, 144 NPSG—National Patient Safety Goal, 144 NPV—Net present value, 105 NQF—National Quality Forum, 148 NSA—National Security Agency, 82 NSF—National Science Foundation, 82 NS—Nonsignificant, 151 ns—Normal Saline, 122 NTP—Network Time Protocol, 147 NTSB—National Transportation Safety Board, 82 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, 93 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 93 Nuclear medicine imaging, 77 Nuclear Medicine, 32 Nudge, 159 Null hypothesis, 151 Null values, 151 Null, 68 Number needed to treat, 155 Number of doses, 122 Numbness, 23 Numerator, 108 Numerical analysis, 77 Numerical methods, 38 Nurse Anesthetist, 30 Nurse Practitioner (NP), 30 Nurse, 30 Nursing care plan, 169

Index 

Nursing Home Care, 119 Nursing Home Liability Insurance, 84 Nursing Home, 119 Nursing Informatics, 77 Nursing information system, 41 Nursing intervention, 169 Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), 167 Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), 167 Nursing station, 86 Nursing student, 30 Nutrition ordering tools, 19 Nutritional Deficiencies, 23 NwHIN—Nationwide Health Information Network, 128 Nyquist frequency, 155 Nyquist Theorem, 163

O OAA—Older Americans Act, 100 OB/GYN—Obstetrician/ Gynecologist, 30 Obesity screening and counseling, 145 Object Constraint Language (OCL), 142 Object Management Group (OMG), 141 Object modeling, 52 Object Oriented Programming (OOP), 52 Object, 52 Object-based approach, 52 Objective, 72 Objectivist, 74 Object-oriented analysis, 52 Object-oriented database, 41 OB—Obstetrics, 32 OBRA—Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, 100 Observation, 169 Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OCD), 23 Obstetric ultrasonography, 93 Obstetrician/Gynecologist (OB/ GYN), 30 Obstetrics (OB), 32

Occam’s Razor, 163 Occipital bone, 11 Occlusion, 23 Occupancy Rate, 105 Occupational Health Services, 86 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 82 Occupational Therapist (OT), 30 Occupational Therapy (OT), 86 OCD—Obsessive Compulsive disorder, 23 OCL—Object Constraint Language, 142 OCR—Office of Civil Rights, 82 OCR—Optical character recognition, 41 Octal, 108 ODBC—Open Data Base Connectivity, 68 OD—Doctor of Optometry, 3 ODD—Oppositional Defiant Disorder, 23 Odds likelihood form, 151 Odds ratio form, 151 Odds ratio, 151 Odds, 151 OD—Once Daily, 122 OEM—Original Equipment Manufacturer, 46 OE—Order Entry, 41 Off scale, 110 Office of Civil Rights (OCR), 82 Office of Inspector General (OIG), 82 Office of Management and Budget (USA) (OMB), 82 Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC), 82 Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Authorized Testing Body (ONC-ATB), 148 Off-line device, 46 Offset, 110 Offshore Captives, 84 Off-site storage, 68

211

Ohno-Machado, Lucila, 133 OIG—Office of Inspector General, 82 OJT—On-the-Job Training, 105 Olanzapine (Zyprexa), 122 OLAP—Online analytical processing, 68 Older Americans Act (OAA), 100 Olfactory system, 10 Oligonucleotide, 78 OLSR—Ordinary Least Squares Regression, 38 OLTP—Online Transaction Processing, 43 Omaha system, 167 OMB—Office of Management and Budget (USA), 82 Ombudsman, 86 Omeprazole (Prilosec), 122 OMG—Object Management Group, 141 OMIM—Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 167 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1993, 100 ONC-ATB—Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology Authorized Testing Body, 148 Once Daily (OD), 122 Oncocin, 41 ONC—Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, 82 Oncology, 32 One field—one concept, 68 One version of the truth across the enterprise, 68 Online analytical processing (OLAP), 68 Online bibliographic searching, 97 Online Congenital Multiple Anomaly/Mental Retardation Syndromes, 167 Online device, 46 Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), 167

212 Index

Online Transaction Processing (OLTP), 43 On-the-Job Training (OJT), 105 Ontology Web Language (OWL), 142 Ontology, 161 OOP—Object Oriented Programming, 52 OPAL, 41 OPC—Orderable, Performable, Chargeable, 115 Open access, 100 Open archives initiative, 128 Open Data Base Connectivity (ODBC), 68 Open loop control, 52 Open policy, 100 Open reading frame, 79 Open source, 100 Open System Interconnection (OSI), 147 Open system, 43 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven layer model, 49 Operating budget, 105 Operating Room (OR), 86 Operating system, 39 Operational exercise, 56 Operations research, 77 Operator, 108 Ophthalmology, 32 Ophthalmoscopy, 27 Opiate replacement therapy, 27 Opportunity cost, 105 Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), 23 Optical character recognition (OCR), 41 Optical disc, 46 Optimization phase, 159 Optimization, 108 Opt-in, 105 Opt-out, 105 OR (Boolean), 102 Oral health risk assessment, 145 Oral history interview, 155 Oral rehydration therapy, 27 Orally (Per os), 122 Order approvals, 19 Order catalog, 72

Order Entry (OE), 41, 72 Order entry rate, 110 Order entry system, 41 Order of magnitude, 108 Order of operations, 109 Order routing, 19 Order sets, 19 Orderable, Performable, Chargeable (OPC), 115 Ordering provider, 72 Orderly, 30 Ordinal numbers, 109 Ordinal scale, 63 Ordinary Least Squares Regression (OLSR), 38 Ordinate, 65 Organizational behavior, 105 Organizational change, 105 Organizational culture, 105 Organizational mission, 105 Organizational objectives, 105 Organizational tactics, 105 Organizational vision, 105 Organ-system failure (OSF) scoring system, 136 Orienting issues, 155 Orienting questions, 155 Original content, 94 Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), 46 OR—Operating Room, 86 Orthogonal, 65 Orthologous, 79 Orthopedic Surgery, 32 Orthopedics, 32 Orthopedist, 30 OSF—Organ-system failure, 136 OSHA—Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 82 OSI—Open System Interconnection, 147 Osmolarity, 14 Otalgia, 23 OTC—Over the counter, 122 Otero, Paula, 133 OT—Occupational Therapist, 30 OT—Occupational Therapy, 86 Otolaryngology, 33 Otoscopy, 27 Outcome measure, 151

Outcome variable, 151 Outcomes data, 63 Outcomes research, 77 Outcomes, 139 Outer join, 68 Outpatient, 119 Output, 52 Outsider threat, 56 Over the counter (OTC), 122 Overfitting, 9 Overhead, 115 Overshoot, 65 OWL—Ontology Web Language, 142 Oxycodone (OxyContin), 122 OxyContin (Oxycodone), 122 Oxygen (O2), 122 Oxygen therapy, 27 Oxytocin (Pitocin), 123

P P&L—Profit and Loss, 106 P&T—Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic, 86 P4P—Pay for Performance, 144 PACE—Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly, 80 Packet capture, 126 Packet, 49 Packet-switched network, 49 PAC—Postacute Care, 87 PACS—Picture Archiving and Communication, 41 PACs—Premature Atrial Contractions, 24 PACU—Postanesthesia Care Unit, 87 Page rank algorithm, 97 Page rank indexing, 97 Page, 52 Pain Medicine, 33 Pain score, 136 Paired comparison, 149 Palatine bone, 11 Palliative care, 27 Palm-print recognition, 90 Palpation, 27 Panel Survey, 155 Pantoprazole (Protonix), 122 PA—Physician Assistant, 31

Index 

Paradigm, 163 Parallel array, 63 Parallel processing, 43 Parametric test, 149 Parent, 161 Parents or Relatives, 30 Pareto Principle, 144 Parietal bones, 11 Park, Hyeoun-Ae, 133 Parkinson Disease (PD), 24 Paroxetine (Paxil), 122 PAR—Participatory Action Research, 155 Parse tree, 125 Parse, 124 Part of speech tagging, 125 Partial derivative, 109 Partial excision bone, 158 Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), 38 Partial match searching, 97 Partial pressure in a gas mixture, 14 Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), 136 Participatory Action Research (PAR), 155 Participatory decision-making, 105 Particle therapy, 27 Partnership Status, 84 Part-of relationship, 161 Parts of order, 72 Parts Per Million (PPM), 113 Parzen windowing method, 151 Passive attack, 56 Passive, 89 Password change policy, 90 Password, 90 Past Medical History, 72 Patel, Vimla L., 133 Patella (knee cap), 11 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), 24 Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO), 24 Patents, 100 Pathfinder, 41 Pathogen, 69 Pathognomonic, 15 Pathological, 70

Pathology, 33 Pathophysiology, 77 Patient Care Data Set, 167 Patient care system, 41 Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), 82 Patient chart, 169 Patient engagement strategy, 106 Patient experience, 169 Patient health information capture, 72 Patient Identification Services (PIDS), 43 Patient identifier (unique, national), 147 Patient monitor, 46 Patient monitoring, 27 Patient portal, 41 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), 100 Patient record, 169 Patient safety indicator (PSI), 144 Patient safety strategy, 106 Patient satisfaction, 110 Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA), 100 Patient specific information, 63 Patient tracking application, 41 Patient triage, 169 Patient, 130 Patient-centered Access to Secure Systems Online (PCASSO), 41 Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH), 169 Patient-centered, 144 Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pump, 117 Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA), 122 Patient-generated data, 63 Patient-specific education resources, 72 Patient-specific relevant data displays, 19 Pattern analysis, 155 Pattern check, 52 Pattern recognition, 60 Paxil (Paroxetine), 122

213

Pay by transaction versus pay by user, 106 Pay for Performance (P4P), 144 PBM—Pharmaceutical Benefits Manager, 128 PBMS—Pharmacy Benefit Managers, 115 PBX—Private branch exchange, 49 PCA—Patient-Controlled Analgesia, 117, 122 PCA—Principal Component Analysis, 38 PCASSO—Patient-centered Access to Secure Systems Online, 41 PCMH—Patient-Centered Medical Home, 169 PCORI—Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute, 82 PC—Personal computer, 46 PCP—Primary Care Provider, 31 PCR—Polymerase chain reaction, 79 PCR—Principal Component Regression, 38 PDA—Patent Ductus Arteriosus, 24 PDA—Personal digital assistant, 46 PDF—Portable Document Format, 147 PD—Parkinson Disease, 24 PDR—Physician’s Desk Reference, 94 PDSA—Plan, Do, Study, Act, 155 Peak, 65 Pectoralis major, 5 Pediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) system, 41 Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), 86 Pediatrics, 33 PEEP—Positive End-expiratory Pressure, 117 Peer Review Organization (PRO), 144 Peer review, 100 Peer-to-peer networking, 49

214 Index

PEG—Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy, 117 Pelvis, 11 PEM—Privacy enhanced mail, 147 Pending order, 72 Penetration test (Pen test), 126 Penetration, 126 Penicillin V (Veetids), 122 People, 131 Peptic Ulcer, 70 PE—Pulmonary Embolism, 24 Per capita payment, 115 Percentage, 109 Percentile, 152 Perception, 89 Perceptron, 38 Percussion (medicine), 27 Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG) tube, 117 Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), 158 Performance benchmarks, 68 Performance management, 106 Performance measures, 38 Perfuse, 27 Perimeter definition, 126 Perimeter, 109 Perinatal Period, 24 Perinatal, 86 Perioperative Nursing Data Set, 167 Periosteum, 5 Peripheral, 5 Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC), 117 Perl, 142 Permanent Vegetative State (PVS), 24 Permeability, 14 PERRLA—Pupils equal, round and reactive to light and accommodation, 136 Perscription (Rx), 72 Personal Care, 169 Personal computer (PC), 46 Personal digital assistant (PDA), 46 Personal Health Record (PHR), 41

Personal Identification Number (PIN), 90 Personal identifying information, 90 Personal order sets, 19 Personally controlled health management system, 41 Personally controlled health record, 41 Persuasive technology, 77 Pertussis, 70 Peta (P), 113 Petabyte (Pb), 68 Petechiae, 24 Peterson, Hans, 133 PET—Positron Emission tomography, 93 PEWS—Pediatric Early Warning Score, 41 PFO—Patent Foramen Ovale, 24 PFT—Pulmonary Function Test, 136 PGP—Pretty Good Privacy, 127 pH, 14 Phage therapy, 27 Phage, 79 Phalanges, 11 Phantom, 93 Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic (P&T) committee, 86 Pharmaceutical Benefits Manager (PBM), 128 Pharmacist, 30 Pharmacogenetics, 79 Pharmacogenomics, 79 Pharmacokinetic parameters, 60 Pharmacovigilance, 60 Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMS), 115 Pharmacy information system, 41 Pharmacy Practice Activity Classification, 167 Pharmacy Technician, 30 PharmD—Doctor of Pharmacy, 3 Phase, 138 Phased implementation, 160 Phased installation, 160 PhD—Doctor of Philosophy, 3

Phenergan (Promethazine), 123 Phenotype, 79 Phenylketonuria (PKU) screening, 145 Phenytoin (Dilantin), 123 PHI—Protected Health Information, 56 Phishing, 103 Photodynamic therapy, 27 Phototherapy, 27 PHP—Hypertext Preprocessor, 142 PHR—Personal Health Record, 41 PHS—Public Health Services, 82 Physical artifacts, 169 Physical Exam (Px), 27 Physical Therapist (PT), 30 Physical Therapy (PT), 86 Physician Assistant (PA), 31 Physician Data Query, 167 Physician Fee Schedule, 115 Physician Hospital organization, 128 Physician Identification Number (PIN), 56 Physician Incentive Plan (PIP), 106 Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST), 72 Physician Quality Reporting Initiative (PQRI), 144 Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS), 144 Physicians’ Current Procedural Terminology, Spanish Translation, 167 Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR), 94 Physicians’ workstation, 46 Physiotherapy, 27 PICC—Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter, 117 Pico (p), 113 Picture Archiving and Communication (PACS), 41 PICU—Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, 86 PICU—Pulmonary Intensive Care Unit, 87

Index 

PIDS—Patient Identification Services, 43 Pie chart, 68 Pinciroli, Francesco, 133 PIN—Personal Identification Number, 90 PIN—Physician Identification Number, 56 PIN—Provider Identification Number, 56 Pioglitazone (Actos), 123 PIP—Physician Incentive Plan, 106 PIP—Productivity Improvement Program, 106 PI—Principal Investigator, 80 PITAC—Presidents information technology advisory committee, 82 Pitocin (Oxytocin), 123 Pixel, 63 PKI—Public Key Infrastructure, 127 PKU—Phenylketonuria, 145 Placebo effect, 155 Placebo, 155 Placenta Cord Membranes, 5 Plagiarism, 100 Plaintext, 56 Plan of care alerts, 19 Plan, 73 Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) cycle, 155 Plasma, 5 Plasmapheresis, 27 Plastic surgeon, 31 Plastic Surgery, 33 Plasticity, 138 Plateau, 65 Plavix (Clopidogrel), 120 PLSR—Partial Least Squares Regression, 38 Plugin, 41 PM—postmeridiem, 113 PMS—Premenstrual Syndrome, 34 Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 123 Pneumococcal pneumonia, 70 Pneumoconiosis (Black lung), 69

Pneumonia, 70 Pneumonitis, 70 POA—Power of Attorney, 100 POA—Present on Admission, 115 Podiatrist, 31 Podiatry, 33 Point of care system, 41 Point of service (POS) testing, 110 Point of Service (POS), 169 Pointer-to-data, 52 Point-of-care testing, 27 Poisson distribution, 139 Policy Benefit Type, 84 Policy Number, 84 Polio, 70 Politzerization, 27 POLST—Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment, 72 Polyhierarchy, 161 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 79 Polymorphism, 79 Polynomial curve fitting, 152 Polypharmacy alerts, 19 Polysemy, 161 POMR—Problem oriented medical record, 73 Pool, 152 Pooled data, 152 POP—Post office protocol, 147 Population Health, 77 Population Management, 106 Population segmentation, 152 Population-based atlas, 94 Portable Document Format (PDF), 147 Portable Operating System Interface Exchange (POSIX), 147 Positive End-expiratory Pressure (PEEP), 117 Positive predictive value, 152 Positron Emission tomography (PET), 93 POS—Point of Service, 169 POSIX—Portable Operating System Interface Exchange, 147 Post office protocol (POP), 147

215

Postacute Care (PAC), 87 Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU), 87 Postcoordination, 161 Postdeployment, 130 Posterior (dorsal), 5 Posterior probability, 152 Postgenomic data base, 68 Postgraduate Year (PGY) one to eight, 31 Postmeridiem (PM), 113 Postmortem, 160 Postpartum Depression (PPD), 24 Postscript, 89 Posttest probability, 152 Posturography, 27 Potassium chloride (Klor-Con), 123 Potentiation, 14 Power law distribution, 139 Power law, 109 Power of Attorney (POA), 100 Power, 109 PPA—Preferred Provider Arrangement, 84 PPD—Postpartum Depression, 24 PPI—Producer Price Index, 144 PPI—Proton Pump Inhibitors, 123 PPM—Parts Per Million, 113 PPO—Preferred Provider Organization, 128 PQRI—Physician Quality Reporting Initiative, 144 PQRS—Physician Quality Reporting System, 144 Practice Fusion, 59 Practice management system, 41 Practice parameter, 169 Pragmatics, 161 Prandial, 138 Pravachol (Pravastatin), 123 Pravastatin (Pravachol), 123 Preadmission Certification, 84 Precede —proceed, 169 Precision medicine, 77 Precision, 97

216 Index

Precoordination, 161 Precordial thump, 27 Precursor, 56 Predicate calculus, 77 Predictive model, 152 Predictive modeling, 77 Predictive value, 152 Prednisone (Deltasone), 123 Preexisting Condition, 84 Preferred Provider Arrangement (PPA), 84 Preferred provider insurance, 115 Preferred Provider Organization (PPO), 128 Pregnancy, 24 Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs), 24 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), 34 Premium, 84 Prepaid group practice, 128 Preparation, 14 Preparedness, 56 Prepayment, 115 Prescription (Rx), 123 Present on Admission (POA), 115 Present value, 106 Presentation layer, 43 Presentation, 89 President’s information technology advisory committee (PITAC), 82 Pressure transducer, 110 Pressure, 110 Pretest probability, 152 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), 127 Prevacid (Lansoprazole), 122 Prevalence, 152 Preventive care reminders, 19 Preventive Medicine, 33 Prilosec (Omeprazole), 122 Primary care gatekeepers, 115 Primary Care Provider (PCP), 31 Primary care, 169 Primary key, 68 Primary knowledge-based information, 94

Primary literature, 94 Primary Sampling Unit (PSU), 155 Principal Component Analysis (PCA), 38 Principal Component Regression (PCR), 38 Principal Investigator (PI), 80 Principle, 163 Prinivil (Lisinopril), 122 Print server, 46 Printer, 46 Prior probability, 152 Priority queue, 63 Privacy enhanced mail (PEM) protocol, 147 Privacy, 56 Private branch exchange (PBX), 49 Private Duty Nursing, 31 Private health insurance, 84 Private key, 127 Private practice, 119 PRN—from the Latin “pro re nata”, 123 Probabilistic context free grammar, 125 Probabilistic matching algorithm, 38 Probabilistic relationship, 152 Probability distribution, 139 Probability, 152 Proband, 79 Problem list management, 19 Problem list, 73 Problem solver, 9 Problem space, 9 Problem-oriented medical record (POMR), 73 Problem-oriented Medical Record System (PROMIS), 41 Problem-solving Method (PSM), 9 Procardia (Nifedipine), 122 Procedural knowledge, 19 Procedure, 130 Procedure-specific order sets, 19 Process approach, 144 Process improvement, 106 Process measure, 74

Process modeling, 169 Process, 169 Prochaska’s Stages of Change, 163 PRODIGY, 41 Producer Price Index (PPI), 144 Product backlog, 52 Product owner, 52 Product, 46 Production room, 106 Production, 106 Productivity cost, 106 Productivity Improvement Program (PIP), 106 Productivity, 7 Profanity detection, 125 Professional development, 58 Professional Liability Claims/ Losses, 84 Professional patient relationship, 100 Professional review approach, 100 Professional standards review organization (PSRO), 141 Profile, 73 Profit and Loss (P&L), 106 PROforma, 41 Prognosis, 169 Prognostic scoring system, 9 Prognostic tools, 20 Program evaluation, 77 Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), 80 Project management, 106 Project milestones, 106 Projection Pursuit, 38 Projection, 93 Promethazine (Phenergan), 123 PROMIS—Problem-oriented Medical Record System, 41 Proof, 109 PRO—Peer Review Organization, 144 Prophylactic treatment, 27 Prophylactic, 15 Proportional, 109 Proposition, 9 Propranolol (Inderal), 123 Proscar (Finasteride), 121

Index 

Prospective memory, 89 Prospective payment system, 106 Prospective payment, 115 Prospective study, 155 Protected Health Information (PHI), 56 Protégé, 42 Protein sequence database, 79 Proteinuria, 24 Proteomics, 79 Prothrombin Time (PT), 136 Protocol (care plan), 15 Protocol analysis, 60 Protocol for metadata harvesting, 147 Protocol, 155 Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI), 123 Proton therapy, 27 Protonix (Pantoprazole), 122 Prototype system, 42 Protti, Denis, 133 Proventil (Albuterol), 120 Provider Identification Number (PIN), 56 Provider profiling system, 42 Provider Sponsored Organization (PSO), 128 Provider, 31 Proximal, 5 Proximity searching, 97 Proxy access, 127 Proxy calculations, 38 Proxy, 49 Prozac (Fluoxetine), 121 Pruritus, 24 PSDA—Patient Self-Determination Act, 100 PSI—Patient safety indicator, 144 PSM—Problem-solving Method, 9 PSO—Provider-Sponsored Organization, 128 PSRO—Professional standards review organization, 141 PSU—Primary Sampling Unit, 155 Psychiatric history, 73 Psychiatric Rehabilitation Option, 84

Psychiatry, 33 Psychotherapy, 27 PTCA—Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, 158 PT—Physical Therapist, 30 PT—Physical Therapy, 86 PT—Prothrombin Time, 136 PTT—Partial Thromboplastin Time, 136 Public area branch exchange, 35 Public Health Agency, 82 Public Health Department, 82 Public Health Informatics, 77 Public Health Service Act, 101 Public Health Services (PHS), 82 Public health, 77 Public key cryptography, 127 Public key encryption, 127 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), 127 Public key, 127 Public switching telephone network, 35 Publication type, 97 Publish and Subscribe model, 163 PubMed, 42 Pulmonary angiography, 27 Pulmonary Embolism (PE), 24 Pulmonary Function Test (PFT), 136 Pulmonary Hemorrhage, 24 Pulmonary Intensive Care Unit (PICU), 87 Pulmonary Medicine, 33 Pulmonologist, 31 Pulse (P), 136 Punctuation correction, 125 Punctuation, 125 Punitive Damages, 101 Pupils equal, round, and reactive to light and accommodation (PERRLA), 136 Purchasing coalitions, 128 Purchasing Collaborative, 106 Purposive sampling, 156 p-value, 149 PVS—Permanent Vegetative State, 24

217

Px—Physical Exam, 27 Pylorus, 5 Python, 142 Pyxis machine, 117

Q QALYs—Quality-adjusted life years, 15 QA—Quality assurance, 144 QC—Quality control, 144 QDA—Quadratic Discriminant Analysis, 38 QD—Every Day, 121 QI—Quality improvement, 144 QMR—Quick Medical Record, 42 QOD—Every Other Day, 121 QRS wave, 136 Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA), 38 Quadratic equation, 109 Quadratic formula, 109 Quadriceps femoris, 5 Qualifying Condition, 84 Qualitative arrangement, 93 Qualitative data analysis, 156 Qualitative methods, 156 Qualitative model, 156 Qualitative reasoning, 9 Quality assurance (QA), 144 Quality control (QC), 144 Quality improvement (QI), 144 Quality improvement strategy, 144 Quality management system, 73 Quality measurement (management) dashboard, 144 Quality metric, 20 Quality of Care, 144 Quality planning, 144 Quality Reporting Data Architecture, 144 Quality system management, 73 Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), 15 Quantitative data analysis, 156 Quantitative methods, 156 Quantity, 110

218 Index

Quartile, 152 Quasilegal approach, 74 Query, 97 Query and retrieval, 97 Query tuning/optimization, 68 Query-by-example, 68 Question answering programs, 42 Question prototypes, 20 Quetiapine (Seroquel), 123 Queue, 63 Queuing, 169 Quick Medical Record (QMR), 42 Quick sort, 38 Quinapril (Accupril), 123 Quotient, 109

R R programming language, 142 Rabies, 70 Radar plot, 68 Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN), 38 Radian, 113 Radiation Oncology, 33 Radiation therapy planning, 27 Radiation therapy, 27 Radio button, 89 Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID), 117 Radioactive isotope, 93 Radiography, 28 Radiological Society of North American (RSNA), 141 Radiology Information System (RIS), 73 Radiology ordering support, 20 Radiology, 33 Radiosurgery, 158 Radius, 11 RAD—Rapid Application Development, 7 RAID—Redundant array of independent (inexpensive) disks, 46 Ramipril (Altace), 123 RAM—Random Access Memory, 46

Random allocation, 156 Random error, 152 Random Forest, 38 Randomization, 156 Randomized binary search tree, 63 Randomized clinical trial (RCT), 156 Randomly, 156 Range check, 89 Range of Motion (ROM), 136 Range, 152 Ranitidine (Zantac), 123 Ranking, 97 Ransomware, 103 Rapid Application Development (RAD), 7 Rapid Assessment Process (RAP), 156 Rapid prototyping, 7 Rapid Response Team (RRT), 87 Rapid-cycle improvement, 144 RAP—Rapid Assessment Process, 156 Rash, generalized, 24 Raster image, 89 Raster scan display, 46 Rate constant, 14 Rate of change, 65 Ratio Adjustment, 152 Ratio scale, 63 Ratio, 109 Rational number, 63 RBC—Red Blood Cell, 5 RBFN—Radial Basis Function Network, 38 RCA—Root Cause Analysis, 144 RCT—Randomized clinical trial, 156 RDBMS—Relational Data Base Management System, 42 RDF—Resource Definition Format, 52 RDP—Remote desktop protocol, 127 RD—Registered Dietician, 31 RDR—Research Data Repository, 68 Read codes, 167 Read only access/privileges, 68

Read Only Memory (ROM), 46 Read thesaurus, American English Equivalents, 167 Read thesaurus, Synthesized Terms, 167 Readability, 89 Reading frame, 79 Read-only backup, 46 Real number, 63 Real time data acquisition, 110 Real time data upload, 68 Reason for referral, 73 Reasoning about time, 9 Reasoning, 9 Reboot (computer), 46 Recall, 97 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, 149 Receiver, 35 Recency bias, 15 Recency ranking, 97 Receptor, 138 Reciprocal, 109 Recommendation engine, 42 Recommender Systems, 77 Record, 63 Recording, 110 Recovery, 56 REC—Regional Extension Center, 106 Rector, Alan, 133 Recurrent, 138 Recursive algorithms, 38 Red Blood Cell (RBC), 5 Red Cap, 42 Red electrical outlet/plug, 46 Red eye, 24 Red Hat, 59 Red, green, blue pixels, 89 Redact, 101 Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC), 43 Reductionist approach, 156 Redundancy, 56 Redundant array of independent (inexpensive) disks (RAID), 46 Reengineering healthcare, 106 Reference architecture, 44 Reference Information Model (RIM), 147

Index 

Reference links, 20 Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing, 44 Reference, 97 Referential expression, 125 Referential integrity, 68 Referral bias, 15 Referral, 73 Refinement, 38 Reflective thinking, 15 Reflex, 138 Refractivity index, 111 Refractory period, 138 Region detection technique, 93 Regional anesthesia, 28 Regional Extension Center (REC), 106 Regional health information network (RHIN), 82 Regional Health Information Organization (RHIO), 82 Regional network, 128 Register, 169 Registered Dietician (RD), 31 Registered Nurse (RN), 31 Registered Pharmacist (RPh), 31 Registry functions, 20 Registry Nomenclature Information System, 167 Regression Algorithm, 38 Regression testing, 160 Regression to the mean, 152 Regression, 109 Regular expression, 52 Regularization Algorithm, 38 Regulate, 138 Regulated clinical research information model, 44 Regulated Insurance Carrier, 84 Rehabilitation Hospital, 119 Rehabilitation Services, 33 Rehabilitation, 87 Reidentification, 56 Reify, 102 Reimbursement, 84 Reinforcement Learning, 38 Reinsurance, 84 Relational Data Base Management System (RDBMS), 42

Relational database, 42 Relationship management, 144 Relationship, 161 Relative humidity, 14 Relative recall, 97 Relative risk, 152 Relative time, 63 Relative Value Unit (RVU), 115 Release of Information (ROI), 101 Release, 130 Relevance ranking, 97 Relevant feedback, 89 Reliability estimate, 152 Reliability, 152 Remaining Lifetime Benefits, 84 Reminder systems, 9 Remote access, 49 Remote desktop protocol (RDP), 127 Remote Job Entry (RJE), 44 Remote Method Invocation (RMI), 52 Remote presence healthcare, 49 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC), 44 Renal system, 10 Renal, 5 Rent-A-Captive, 84 Report Date, 68 Report generation, 169 Report Program Generator (RPG), 42 Reportable diseases, 70 Reporting Period, 144 Representation of time, 20 Representation, 9 Representational State Transfer (REST), 44 Representativeness, 156 Reproductive system, 10 Request for Applications (RFA), 80 Request for appointment, 169 Request for Information (RFI), 106 Request for Proposal (RFP), 106 Requirements analysis, 7 Requirements development process, 52

219

Research Data Repository (RDR), 68 Research Informatician, 31 Research protocol, 156 Resident, 31 Residential Care, 119 Residual clinical risk, 130 Residual, 109 Resilience, 56 Resistance, 14 Resolution of measurement, 111 Resolution, 93 Resolved problem, 73 Resource allocation, 106 Resource Definition Format (RDF), 52 Resource description framework, 147 Resource-Based Relative Value Scale, 115 Resources, 106 Respiration, 138 Respiratory acidosis, 136 Respiratory alkalosis, 136 Respiratory Distress, 70 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), 70 Respiratory system, 10 Respiratory Therapist (RT), 31 Respiratory therapy (RT), 28 Respite Care, 31 Response plan, 56 Response time, 111 Response, 56 Responsibility versus accountability, 106 Responsive-illuminative approach, 74 ReST Protocol, 52 REST—Representational State Transfer, 44 Restricted-Benefit Enrollee, 84 Result time, 136 Results reporting, 73 Results review, 42 Retrieval, 97 Retro grade, 138 Retrospective chart review, 156 Retrospective payment, 115 Retrospective study, 156

220 Index

Retrospective, 52 Return on Equity (ROE), 106 Return on Investment (ROI), 106 Revenue center, 116 Reverse chronological order, 89 Review of Systems (ROS), 73 Revolutions Per Minute (RPM), 113 RFA—Request for Applications, 80 RFID—Radio Frequency Identification Device, 117 RFI—Request for Information, 106 RFP—Request for Proposal, 106 Rhesus factor Blood Group (Rh), 136 Rheumatology, 33 RHIN—Regional health information network, 82 RHIO—Regional Health Information Organization, 82 Ribonucleic acid (RNA), 79 Ribs, 11 Ridge Regression, 38 Rienhoff, Otto, 133 Right Eye (OD), 5 Right information to right person at right time, so they can make right decision, 89 Right Lower Arm (RLA), 5 Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), 5 Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), 5 RIM—Reference Information Model, 147 Ringer’s solution, 123 RISC—Reduced Instruction Set Computing, 43 Risk analysis, 56 Risk assessment tools, 20 Risk assessment, 56 Risk attitude, 15 Risk calculator, 20 Risk factor, 130 Risk management (RM), 87 Risk Management Program, 106 Risk mitigation, 56 Risk neutral, 15 Risk Retention Group (RRG), 84

Risk, 130 Risk-based data management, 56 Risperdal (Risperidone), 123 Risperidone (Risperdal), 123 RIS—Radiology Information System, 73 Ritalin (Methylphenidate), 122 Ritchie, Marylyn D., 133 RJE—Remote Job Entry, 44 RLA—Right Lower Arm, 5 RLQ—Right Lower Quadrant, 5 RMI—Remote Method Invocation, 52 RM—Risk management, 87 RNA—Ribonucleic acid, 79 RN—Registered Nurse, 31 Roberts, Jean, 133 ROC—Receiver operating characteristic, 149 ROE—Return on Equity, 106 Roger France, Francis, 133 Roger’s Diffusion of Innovation Theory, 163 ROI—Release of Information, 101 ROI—Return on Investment, 106 Role-based security, 91 Role-limited access, 91 Rolling benchmark calculation, 68 ROM—Range of Motion, 136 ROM—Read Only Memory, 46 Root Cause Analysis (RCA), 144 Root mean square, 109 Root, 109 Rootkit, 56 RO—Rule Out, 28 Rosiglitazone (Avandia), 123 ROS—Review of Systems, 73 Rotavirus, 70 Rounding error, 53 Rounding, 169 Rounds, 170 Router, 49 RPC—Remote Procedure Calls, 44 RPG—Report Program Generator, 42

RPh—Registered Pharmacist, 31 RPM—Revolutions Per Minute, 113 RRG—Risk Retention Group, 84 RRT—Rapid Response Team, 87 RS-232, 147 RSNA—Radiological Society of North American, 141 r-Squared, 149 RSV—Respiratory Syncytial Virus, 70 RT—Respiratory Therapist, 31 RT—Respiratory therapy, 28 Rubella, 70 Ruby on rails, 142 Rule interpreter, 9 Rule Out (RO), 28 Rule-based expert system, 42 RUQ—Right Upper Quadrant, 5 RVU—Relative Value Unit, 115 RxNorm Vocabulary, 167 Rx—prescription, 123

S S&H—Sign & Hold, 73 Sabbatini, Ranato, 133 Sacrum, 11 Safe, 144 Safety Incident Management Log, 130 Safety incident, 130 Safety-enhanced design, 73 Safran, Charles, 133 SAGE—Standards-Based Sharable Active Guideline Environment, 20 Sagittal plane, 5 Saline, 123 Saltz, Joel H., 133 SAML—Security Assertion markup Language, 147 Sammon Mapping, 38 Sample attrition rate, 156 Sample size calculation, 156 Sample size, 154, 156 Sampling Error, 152 Sampling rate, 111 Sampling Variance, 152 Sampling, 156

Index 

SAM—Sequential Access Method, 44 SAPS—Simplified acute physiology score, 136 Saranto, Kaija, 133 Sarcasm detection, 125 SARS—Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, 34 Satisfiability problem, 109 Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen (SpO2), 136 SBAR—Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation, 35 Scalability, 44 Scalar, 111 Scalogram analysis, 152 Scanning devices, 46 Scapula, 11 Scareware, 103 Scatter plot, 68 Schema, 68 Scherrer, Jean-Raoul, 133 Schneider, Werner, 133 Science citation Index, 94 Scientific writing, 77 Scintillography, 28 Scope creep, 106 Scoring, 152 Screening, 156 Screenshot, 89 Scribe, 170 Scrotal pain, 24 Scrum, 53 SDOs—Standard development organizations, 148 Search engine, 42 Search intermediary, 97 Search optimization, 97 Search technology, 42 SEA—Sentinel Event Alert, 130 Seasonal and Trend decomposition using Loess (STL decomposition), 38 Second (s), 113 Secondary care, 170 Secondary knowledge-based information, 9 Secondary use of data, 68

Secret key cryptography, 56 Secret key, 56 Secretion, 138 Secure Facility, 119 Secure file transfer protocol (SFTP), 147 Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA-1), 38 Secure Hash Algorithm 2 (SHA-2), 38 Secure Hash Standard (SHA), 57 Secure Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (SHTTP), 49 Secure messaging, 73 Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S-MIME), 147 Secure shell (ssh), 57 Secure Socket Layer (SSL), 127 Security architecture and policy, 57 Security Assertion markup Language (SAML), 147 Security audit, 57 Security automation, 57 Security flaw, 57 Security incident, 57 Security Policy, 57 Security program management, 57 Security provision, 57 Security Risk Assessment, 57 SEER—Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results, 95 Segmentation, 156 SEI-CMM—Software Engineering Institute Capability Maturity Model, 7 SEIPS—Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety, 163 Seizure, 24 Selection bias, 156 Selectivity, 156 Self-balancing binary search tree, 63 Self-insured plans, 84 Self-Organizing Map (SOM), 38

221

Self-pay, 85 Semantic analysis, 125 Semantic grammar, 125 Semantic interoperability, 160 Semantic Mapping, 125 Semantic pattern, 125 Semantic relationship, 161 Semantic type, 125 Semantic web, 53 Semantics, 161 Semistructured interviews, 156 Semisupervised learning, 38 Sender, 35 Senility, 24 Senior Center, 119 Sensitivity analysis, 152 Sensitivity calculation, 152 Sensitivity, 152 Sensory loss, 24 Sentiment analysis, 125 Sentinel Event (SE), 130 Sentinel Event Alert (SEA), 130 Septicemia, 70 Septum, 5 Sequence alignment, 79 Sequence information, 79 Sequential Access Method (SAM), 44 Serial data, 63 Serialization, 53 Serious Safety Event (SSE), 130 Seriously Emotionally Disturbed, 24 Seroquel (Quetiapine), 123 Seroussi, Brigitte, 133 Sertraline (Zoloft), 123 Serum, 5 Server, 46 Service benefit, 116 Service bureau, 116 Service class provider, 31 Service class user, 31 Service Level Agreement (SLA), 106 Service Plan, 84 Service, 53 Service-oriented Architecture (SOA), 44 Service-specific order sets, 20

222 Index

SE—Sentinel Event, 130 Set, 63 Set-based searching, 97 Sets, 61 Settlement, 101 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), 34 Severity classification, 152 Severity of Illness, 144 Severity, 130 Sexually transmitted Disease (STD), 70 Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) prevention counseling and screening, 145 SFTP—Secure file transfer protocol, 147 SGML—Standard Generalized Markup Language, 147 SHA-1—Secure Hash Algorithm 1, 38 SHA-2—Secure Hash Algorithm 2, 38 Shabo, Amnon, 133 Shadow graph, 93 Shahar, Yuval, 134 Shaikh, Aziz, 133–134 Shannon’s Information theory, 163 Shared decision-making, 15 Shared mental model, 89 SHA—Secure Hash Standard, 57 Shell script, 53 Shift, 170 Shingles, 70 SHMO—Social Health Maintenance Organization, 128 Shock therapy, 28 Short Gestation, 24 Short run cost, 106 Shortliffe, Edward “Ted” H., 134 Shortness of Breath (SOB), 24 Short-term memory, 106 Shoulder pain, 24 SHTTP—Secure Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, 49 Sibling, 161 Sickle cell screening, 145

SICU—Surgical Intensive Care Unit, 87 SIDS—Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 34 Sigmoid colon, 5 Sigmoidoscopy, 158 Sign & Hold (S&H), 73 Sign, 109, 170 Signal artifacts, 111 Signal, 111 Signal-to-noise ratio, 35 Signature, 73 Significance level, 152 Significance testing, 152 Sign-out, 73 Sildenafil (Viagra), 123 Simple mail transport protocol (SMTP), 147 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), 44 Simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) scoring system, 136 Simulated patient, 58 Simulation, 156 Simultaneous access, 53 Simultaneous controls, 53 Simvastatin (Zocor), 123 Sine function, 109 Single dose range checking, 20 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 79 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), 93 Single user system, 44 Sink, 14 Sinus tachycardia, 24 Sinusoidal waveform, 65 Siri, 42 SIRS—Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, 34 SI—Standard international, 147 Site visit, 156 Situation action rules, 9 Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendation (SBAR) technique, 35 Situational awareness, 57

Situs State, 57 Six sigma, 144 Skeletal plans, 9 Skeletal system, 10 Sketch, 5 Skewed, 139 Skewness, 139 Skilled Care, 31 Skilled Nursing Care, 87 Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF), 119 Skin, 5 Skype, 42 Slack, Warner V., 134 SLA—Service Level Agreement, 106 SLE—Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 70 Slice and dice, 68 Slope, 65 Smallpox, 70 Smartphone, 46 SME—Subject Matter Expert, 7 S-MIME—Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, 147 Smith, Barry, 134 SML—Structured Mark-up Language, 147 Smoking history, 73 Smoking status, 73 Smoothing, 109 SMTP—Simple mail transport protocol, 147 SNF—Skilled Nursing Facility, 119 SNOMED Clinical Terms, Spanish Language Edition, 167 SNOMED International, 148 SNOMED-CT—Systemized nomenclature of medicine clinical terminology, 167 SNOMED—Systemized nomenclature of medicine, 167 SNOP—Systemized Nomenclature of Pathology, 167 Snowball survey technique, 156

Index 

Snowflake schema, 68 SNP—Single nucleotide polymorphism, 79 SOAP—Simple Object Access Protocol, 44 SOAP—Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan, 73 SOA—Service-oriented Architecture, 44 SOB—Shortness of Breath, 24 Social contagion, 35 Social Health Maintenance Organization (SHMO), 128 Social history, 73 Social influence theory, 106 Social media strategy, 106 Social media, 42 Social network, 35 Social security death index, 94 Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), 84 Social Security Number (SSN), 91 Social security, 80 Social Services Block Grant (SSBG) Services, 80 Social, psychological, and behavioral data, 73 Sociotechnical model of safe and effective health information technology implementation and use, 163 Sociotechnical systems, 77 SOC—Software oversight committee, 106 Sodium Chloride (NaCl), 123 Software assurance, 53 Software contract, 101 Software design patterns, 53 Software Engineering Institute Capability Maturity Model (SEI-CMM), 7 Software engineering, 53 Software oversight committee (SOC), 106 Software Quality Assurance (SQA), 7 Software risk analysis, 7 Software, 53 SOM—Self-Organizing Map, 38

Sorted array, 63 Source code compartment, 53 Source of Payment Typology, 167 Source, 53 Southern blot, 79 Space constant, 109 Spam, 35 Spamming, 35 Sparklines, 68 SPARQL—Standard Protocol and RDF Query Language, 147 Sparse array, 63 Sparse matrix, 63 Spatial resolution, 93 Spatiotemporal analytics, 77 SPC—Statistical Process Control, 149 Spear phishing, 149 Special Care Units, 87 Specialist lexicon, 167 Specialization, 53 Specialized registry, 42 Specialized vocabulary mapping, 125 Specific, 152 Specification phase, 160 Specificity, 152 Spectrum bias, 111 SPECT—Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography, 93 Speech recognition, 42 Speech therapy, 28, 33 Speech understanding, 42 Spell, 34 Spelling check, 125 Spelling correction, 125 Spend-Down, 84 Spike, 65 Spillage, 57 Spinal anesthesia (subarachnoid block), 28 Spiral software development, 7 Spirometry, 136 Spironolactone (Aldactone), 123 Spoofing, 57 Sports Medicine, 33 Spousal Impoverishment, 84 Spreadsheet, 42 Sprint backlog, 53 Sprint planning, 53

223

Sprint review, 53 Sprint, 53 Spyware, 103 SQA—Software Quality Assurance, 7 SQA—Surgical Quality Alliance, 144 SQL—Structured Query Language, 142 sq—Subcutaneous, 123 SSBG—Social Services Block Grant, 80 SSDI—Social Security Disability Insurance, 84 SSE—Serious Safety Event, 130 ssh—Secure shell, 57 SSI—Supplemental Security Income, 80 SSL—Secure Socket Layer, 127 SSN—Social Security Number, 91 ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI), 24 Stack (data), 61 Stacked Auto-Encoders, 38 Stacked Generalization (blending), 38 Staff model health maintenance organization (HMO), 128 Staged evaluation, 74 Stakeholder, 31 Standard development organizations (SDOs), 148 Standard development process, 147 Standard deviation, 152 Standard error of the mean, 152 Standard Error, 152 Standard gamble, 9 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), 147 Standard international (SI) system of units, 147 Standard of care, 170 Standard Product Nomenclature, 167 Standard Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL), 147 Standardize coding and classification, 161

224 Index

Standardized patient, 58 Standards-Based Sharable Active Guideline Environment (SAGE), 20 Standing orders, 20 Stapes, 11 Star plot, 65 Star topology, 46 Start with versus contains queries, 97 Stasis statistical test, 149 Stat, 170 State diagram, 9 State Medicaid databases, 94 State Medicaid Health Information Technology Plan, 80 Static, 111 Stationary signals, 152 Statistical error, 152 Statistical package, 42 Statistical Process Control (SPC), 149 Statistics, 150–153 STD—Sexually transmitted Disease, 70 Stead, William W., 134 Steady-state, 138 Stem cell treatments, 28 Stem, 125 STEMI—ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, 24 Stent procedure, 158 Step down unit, 119 Stepwise Regression, 38 Stereotactic surgery, 158 Sternum, 11 Stimulus response, 138 Stimulus, 138 STI—Sexually Transmitted Infection, 145 STL decomposition—Seasonal and Trend decomposition using Loess, 38 Stochastic, 152 Stomach, 6 Stool test, 28 Stop date, 73 Stop loss coverage, 116 Stop word list, 125

Stop words, 125 Storage, 46 Store and forward, 49 Strata (State Stratification), 152 Strattera (Atomoxetine), 120 Striated, 6 Strict product liability, 101 String, 125 Structural alignment, 79 Structural informatics, 77 Structured content, 63 Structured data, 89 Structured encounter form, 170 Structured interview, 156 Structured Mark-up Language (SML), 147 Structured programming, 53 Structured Query Language (SQL), 142 Stub, 53 Student’s t-test, 149 Study population, 156 Study protocol, 156 Style sheets, 53 Subacute Care, 87 Subclavian catheter (line), 28 Subcutaneous (sq), 123 Subcutaneous (Sub-Q), 28 Subheading, 97 Subject heading, 97 Subject Matter Expert (SME), 7 Subject, 156 Subjective, 73 Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan (SOAP) note, 73 Subjectivist, 74 Sublanguage, 162 Sublimaze (Fentanyl), 121 Subnet, 49 Subpoena, 101 Sub-Q—Subcutaneous, 28 Subsequent or corollary orders, 20 Subtraction, 53 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), 34 Suicide, 24 Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (Bactrim), 123

Sum of squares, 109 Summation, 109 Summative assessment, 74 Summative decision, 15 Super bill, 116 Superior (cephalad), 6 Supervised learning, 38 Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 80 Support Groups, 31 Support Vector Machine (SVM), 38 Supramaximal, 138 Surescripts, 59 Surface rendering, 93 Surface-based warping, 93 Surgeon, 31 Surgery, 33 Surgical history, 73 Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), 87 Surgical Quality Alliance (SQA), 144 Surrogate, 31 Surveillance methods, 156 Surveillance, 170 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, 170 Survey, 156 Survivorship bias, 149 Suture, 158 SVM—Support Vector Machine, 38 Sweat, 6 Sweep, 170 Swift, 142 Switch, 46 Sx—Symptoms, 70 Symbol, 9 Symbolic programming language, 142 Symmetric cryptography, 57 Symmetric encryption algorithm, 57 Symmetric key, 57 Symptomatic treatment, 28 Symptoms (Sx), 70 Synchronization, 53 Synchronizing content, 160

Index 

Synchronous communication, 35 Syncope, 24 Syncytium, 6 Syndrome, 34 Syndromic surveillance, 20 Synonymy, 162 Synoptic content, 97 Syntactic interoperability, 160 Syntactic, 162 Syntax verification, 125 Syntax, 162 Synthesize, 20 Synthetic Estimates, 152 Synthroid (Levothyroxine, T4), 122 System administration, 49 System development life cycle, 106 System implementation, 159–160 System improvement, 144 System integration, 46 System integrity, 127 System interface, 46 System programs, 42 System requirements, 106 System review form, 160 System security analysis, 127 System security architecture, 127 System specification, 53 System testing, 160 System, 44 Systematic classification of proteins, 79 Systematic error, 153 Systematic review, 20 Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), 34 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), 70 Systemized nomenclature of medicine (SNOMED), 167 Systemized nomenclature of medicine clinical terminology (SNOMED-CT), 167 Systemized Nomenclature of Pathology (SNOP), 167 Systems aggregation, 44

Systems analysis, 170 Systems development, 53 Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model, 163 Systems integration, 44 Systems requirement planning, 160 Systole, 138 Szolovits, Peter, 134

T Tab control, 89 Tab metaphor, 89 Table relationship mapping, 68 Tabletop exercise, 57 Tachypnea, 24 Tacit knowledge, 20 Tactile feedback, 89 Tagged union, 63 Tailored trustworthy space, 57 Takeda, Hiroshi, 134 Tallman Lettering, 20 Talmon, Jan, 134 TAM—Technology Acceptance Model, 164 Tanaka, Hiroshi, 134 Tangent, 109 Targeted therapy, 28 Targets threat, 57 Task, 170 Task, user, representation, and function (TURF), 164 Task-Network Model (TNM), 20 Taxonomy, 162 Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN), 116 TBD—To Be Determined, 170 TBI—Traumatic Brain Injury, 24 TB—Tuberculosis, 70 Tchuitcheu, Ghislain Kouematchoua, 134 TCP—Transmission Control Protocol, 147 t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE), 38 Team velocity, 53 Technical characteristics, 160 Technical specifications, 53

225

Technicon medical information system (TMIS), 42 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), 164 Technology assessment, 77 Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), 147 Technology-related Event (TRE), 130 Telco, 59 Telecommunication, 49 Teleconsultation, 77 Teledermatology, 77 Telehealth, 77 Telemedicine technologies, 46 Telemedicine, 77 Telemetry, 63 Teleological, 164 Telepathology, 77 Telepresence, 49 Teleradiology, 77 Telerobotics, 77 Template Atlas, 93 Temporal bones, 11 Temporal resolution, 93 Temporal subtraction, 93 Temporal, 111 Tenormin (Atenolol), 120 TENS—Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, 28 Tera (T), 113 Terabyte (Tb), 68 Term frequency, 97 Term frequency—Inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), 97 Term weighting, 97 Term, 125 TERMID—Terminal ID, 57 Terminal ID (TERMID), 57 Terminal interface processor, 46 Terminal server, 44 Terminal, 46 Terminate and Stay Resident (TSR), 44 Termination, 53 Terminology authority, 162 Terminology services, 162 Tertiary Care Hospital, 119

226 Index

Tertiary care, 87 Tesla, 113 Test data set, 156 Test interpretation bias, 16 Test name, 73 Test patient, 160 Test referral bias, 16 Test script, 160 Test system, 46 Testing phase, 160 Testing, 160 Tetanus, 70 Tetralogy of Fallot, 34 Text editor, 53 Text parsing, 125 Text retrieval conference (TREC), 97 Text word searching, 97 TF-IDF—Term frequency— Inverse document frequency, 97 The Joint Commission (TJC), 128 The Joint Commission for Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), 128 The Medical Record (TMR), 42 Theory of Planned Behavior, 164 Therapeutic intervention scoring system (TISS) scoring system, 136 Thermography, 28 Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 167 Thesaurus, 162 Thick client, 46 Thin client, 47 Think aloud protocol, 156 Third-party, 42 Thoracic Surgery, 33 Thoracic vertebrae, 11 Threat actor, 57 Threat agent, 57 Threat analysis, 57 Threat and Vulnerability Assessment (TVA), 57 Threat assessment, 57 Three factor authentication —something you know,

something you have, something you are, 91 Three Times a Day (tid), 123 Three-dimensional reconstruction and visualization, 93 Three-dimensional structure information, 93 Threshold, 138 Thrombosis prophylaxis, 28 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), 136 Thyroxine (T4), 136 TIA—Transient Ischemic Attack, 24 Tibia (shin), 12 Ticket, 57 Ticklers, 20 tid—Three Times a Day, 123 Tierney, William M., 134 Tiling, 89 Time and motion study, 156 Time constant, 109 Time course, 65 Time series plot, 68 Time trade-off, 106 Time-amplitude domain, 153 Timelines, 68 Timely, 144 Time-motion analysis, 156 Timesharing mode, 44 Tinnitus, 24 TIN—Taxpayer Identification Number, 116 TISS—Therapeutic intervention scoring system, 136 TJC—The Joint Commission, 128 TKO—To Keep Open, 123 TKR—Total Knee Replacement, 158 TMIS—Technicon medical information system, 42 TMR—The Medical Record, 42 TNM—Task-Network Model, 20 TNR—True negative rate, 153 To Be Determined (TBD), 170 To Keep Open (TKO), 123 TobraDex (Tobramycin– dexamethasone), 123

Tobramycin–dexamethasone (TobraDex), 123 Token ring Ethernet, 49 Tokenization, 125 Tokens, 125 Tonicity, 14 Tonsillectomy, 158 Top Management, 130 Topamax (Topiramate), 123 Topical anesthesia (surface), 28 Topiramate (Topamax), 123 Topology, 77 Tort Reform, 101 Torticollis, 24 Total Knee Replacement (TKR), 158 Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN), 123 Total Quality Improvement/ Management (TQI/TQM), 144 Touchscreen, 89 Toxin, 123 Toyoda, Ken, 134 TPN—Total Parenteral Nutrition, 123 TPO—Treatment, Payment, Operations, 101 TPR—True positive rate, 153 TQI/TQM—Total Quality Improvement/Management, 144 Trace, 14 Trachea, 6 Tracheal intubation, 28 Trackball, 89 Traditional Korean Medical Terms, 167 Traffic light protocol, 57 Train the trainer, 160 Training data set, 38 Tramadol (Ultram), 123 Transaction set, 35 Transaction standards, 147 Transactional system, 68 Transcription factor, 79 Transcription, 170 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 28 Transducer, 111

Index 

Transfer order set, 20 Transformation based learning, 58 Transfusion Medicine, 33 Transfusion support, 20 Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA), 24 Transient, 24 Transition matrix, 153 Transition probabilities, 153 Transitional Care, 119 Transitions of Care, 170 Translation, 162 Translational Bioinformatics, 77 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) (TCP/IP), 147 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 147 Transmission to cancer registries, 73 Transmission to immunization registries, 73 Transmission to public health agencies—electronic case reporting, 73 Transmit (XMT), 49 Transmittal (XMTL), 49 Transmitter, 47 Transparency, 160 Transport, 138 Transportation Services, 87 Transpose, 38 Transurethral removal urinary obstruction, 158 Transverse plane (axial or crosssection), 6 Trauma line, 87 Trauma surgeon, 31 Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), 24 Travelling salesman problem, 109 Treated-by relationship, 162 Treatment (TX), 28 Treatment Plan, 170 Treatment planning, 20 Treatment threshold probability, 9 Treatment, Payment, Operations (TPO), 101

Treats relationship, 162 TREC—Text retrieval conference, 97 Tree map, 68 Tree, 61 Trellis architecture, 164 Tremor, 24 Trend, 65 TRE—Technology-related Event, 130 Triage tools, 20 Trialability, 160 Triamterene–hydrochlorothiazide (Dyazide), 123 Triangulation, 156 Tricare Online, 42 Triceps brachii, 6 Trigger event, 20 Trigger, 68 Trigrams, 125 Trimox (Amoxicillin), 120 TRL—Technology Readiness Levels, 147 Trojan horse, 103 Trough, 65 True negative rate (TNR), 153 True negative result, 153 True negative, 153 True positive rate (TPR), 153 True positive rate, 153 True positive result, 153 Truncate, 53 Trusted connection, 73 Truth maintenance, 9 Truth tables, 102 TSH—Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, 136 t-SNE—t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding, 38 TSR—Terminate and Stay Resident, 44 Tuberculin testing, 145 Tuberculosis (TB), 70 Tumor, 24 Tuple, 63 Turbid, 14 Turbulence, 14 TURF—task, user, representation, and function, 164

227

Turgid, 24 Turing machine, 44 Turing test, 164 Turn around document, 170 Turnkey system, 42 Tutoring system, 58 TVA—Threat and Vulnerability Assessment, 57 Twice Daily (bid), 123 Twinkling database, 68 Twisted-pair wires, 47 Twitch, 24 Two-factor authentication, 91 TX—Treatment, 28 Type 1 error, 153 Type 2 error, 153 Type checking, 53 Typology, 162

U UAT—User Acceptance Testing, 170 UA—Urinalysis, 136 UCD—User-Centered Design, 89 UCUM—Unified Code for Units of Measure, 167 UDP—User datagram protocol, 57 Ulna, 12 Ultram (Tramadol), 123 Ultrasonography, 111 Ultrasound, 93 Ultrasound imaging, 77 UltraSTAR, 167 UMDNS: product category thesaurus, 167 UMLS Metathesaurus, 167 UMLS semantic network, 95 UMLS—Unified Medical Language System, 147 UML—Unified Modeling Language, 53 Unauthorized access, 57 Uncertainty, 153 Uncompensated Care, 85 Underinsured, 84 Undershoot, 65 Underwriting, 84 Unicode, 147

228 Index

Unified Code for Units of Measure (UCUM), 167 Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), 147 Unified Modeling Language (UML), 53 Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), 164 Uniform, 153 Uniform billing form (UB-92), 85 Uniform distribution, 139 Uniform resource identifier (URI), 49 Uniform resource locator (URL), 49 Uniform resource name, 49 Unilateral, 6 Unintended consequences, 130 Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS), 47 Union, 109 Unit dose dispensing, 170 Unit dosing, 170 Unit testing, 160 Unit-based dosing, 123 Units, 113 Universal Billing Form 92 (UB-92), 116 Universal genetic code, 79 Universal precautions, 28 Universal workstation, 47 University of Washington Digital Anatomist, 167 Unix, 53 Unobtrusive measures, 111 Unsealed source radiotherapy, 28 Unsharp masking, 93 Unstructured data, 63 Unstructured interview, 156 Unsupervised learning, 38 Updates, 68 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, 158 Upper Respiratory Infection (URI), 70 Upregulation, 138 UPS—Uninterruptable Power Supply, 47

Up-to-Date, 95 Ureteral catheterization, 158 Urgent Care Center (Clinic), 119 Urinalysis (UA), 136 Urinary system, 10 Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), 70 Urine Culture, 136 URI—Uniform resource identifier, 49 URI—Upper Respiratory Infection, 70 URL—Uniform resource locator, 49 Urology, 33 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 167 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 167 Usability, 89 Usability engineering, 89 Usability inspection, 156 Use Error, 89 User Acceptance Testing (UAT), 170 User datagram protocol (UDP), 57 User experience (UX), 89 User Identification (USERID), 57 User interaction model, 89 User interface layer, 44 User profile, 89 User profiling, 74 User rights and responsibilities, 160 User stories, 53 User training, 31 User-Centered Design (UCD), 89 USERID—User Identification, 57 USP Model Guidelines, 167 Usual customary and reasonable fee, 116 UTAUT—Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology, 164 Utility, 16 Utilization review, 106 UTI—Urinary Tract Infection, 70 UX—User experience, 89

V VA National Drug File, 167 Vaccination, 28 Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 42 Vaccines Administered, 167 VAERS—Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 42 Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC), 28 Vaginoplasty, 158 Valence weighting, 125 Valid, 111 Validation data set, 153 Validation, 74 Validity check, 153 Validity, 153 Valium (Diazepam), 121 Valsartan (Diovan), 123 Value of a Statistical Life (VSL), 144 Value of information, 153 Value Set Authority Center, 95 Value set, 63 Value, 68 Value-added reseller (VAR), 42, 106 Value-Based Purchasing (VBP), 106 van Bemmel, Jan H., 134 van der Lei, Johan, 134 van Neuman machine, 44 Vapor pressure, 14 VAP—Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia, 144 Variable cost, 116 Variable memory, 47 Variable, 153 Variable-length array, 64 Variance, 153 Variant record, 64 Variants, 79 Varicella, 70 VAR—Value-added Reseller, 42, 106 Vascular Surgery, 33 Vasoconstriction, 24 Vasotec (Enalapril), 121

Index 

VBAC—Vaginal Birth After Cesarean, 28 VBA—Visual Basic Architecture, 44 VBP—Value-Based Purchasing, 106 VDT—Video display terminal, 47 VD—Venereal Disease, 70 VDW—Virtual Data Warehouse, 68 Vector differentiation, 109 Vector image, 89 Vector mapping, 125 Vector space model, 97 Vector, 64 Vectorcardiography, 77 Veetids (Penicillin V), 122 Veins, 6 Vena cava, 6 Vendor system, 73 Venereal Disease (VD), 70 Venn diagram, 102 Venous Thromboembolism (VTE), 24 Ventilate, 138 Ventilation, 138 Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP), 144 Ventilator, 117 Ventral, 6 Ventrical, 6 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD), 24 Ventriculography, 28 Verapamil (Isoptin), 123 Verhoeff algorithm, 38 Vertebrae, 12 Vertebral column, 12 Vertigo, 34 Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), 44 Veteran Integrated Service Networks (VISN), 119 Veterans’ Disability Compensation Program, 84 Veterans’ Disability Pension Program, 80 Veterans Health Administration (VHA), 82

Veterans Health Administration National Drug File, 167 Veterans’ Health Services Programs, 82 Veterinary Extension to SNOMED CT, 167 VHA—Veterans Health Administration, 82 Viagra (Sildenafil), 123 Vibramycin (Doxycycline), 121 Vicodin (Hydrocodone– acetaminophen), 121 Video display terminal (VDT), 47 View schemas, 44 View, 89 View, Download, and Transmit, 101 Viral Hepatitis, 70 Virtual addressing, 53 Virtual colonoscopy, 93 Virtual Data Warehouse (VDW), 68 Virtual Medical Record (VMR), 20 Virtual memory, 47 Virtual patient, 58 Virtual private networks (VPNs), 127 Virtual reality therapy, 28 Virtual reality, 77 Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM), 44 Virtualization, 53 Virus (computer code), 103 Virus, 70 Visceral, 6 Visibility, 89 Visible human project, 95 Vision screening, 145 Vision therapy, 28 Visiting Nurse Association (VNA), 141 VISN—Veteran Integrated Service Networks, 119 Vista, 42 Visual analog scale, 111 Visual Basic Architecture (VBA), 44

229

Visualization, 89 Vital signs (VS), 136 Vital Statistics, 82 Viterbi algorithm, 38 Vivisection, 6 VLSI—Very Large Scale Integration, 44 VMR—Virtual Medical Record, 20 VNA—Visiting Nurse Association, 141 Vocabulary, 162 Voice recognition, 42 Voicemail, 35 Volatile memory, 47 Volume performance standard, 106 Volume rendering, 93 Volume-based warping, 93 Vomiting, 24 Voxel, 93 VPNs—virtual private networks, 127 VSAM—Virtual Storage Access Method, 44 VSD—Ventricular Septal Defect, 24 VSL—Value of a Statistical Life, 144 VS—Vital signs, 136 VTE—Venous Thromboembolism, 24 Vulnerability assessment and management, 57 Vulnerability, 57

W W3C—World Wide Web Consortium, 148 WADO—Web Access to DICOMpersistent Objects, 44 WAN—Wide Area Network, 49 Warehousing, 68 Warfarin (Coumadin), 123 Warm site backup, 47 Warner, Homer R., 134 Waterfall method, 7 Waterfall model, 53 Waveform template, 60

230 Index

Waveform, 65 Wavelength, 14 Wavelet compression, 60 Wavelet transformation, 109 WBC—White Blood Cell, 6 WBS—Web BLOB Service, 42 WBS—Work Breakdown Structure, 170 WBT—Web-Based Training, 42 WC—Wheelchair, 117 WDL—Within Defined Limits, 111 WDO—Work domain ontology, 162 Weakness, 24 Web Access to DICOMpersistent Objects (WADO), 44 Web analytics, 74 Web BLOB Service (WBS), 42 Web browser, 42 Web catalog, 42 Web crawler, 42 Web widget, 57 Web-Based Training (WBT), 42 Weber, Patrick, 134 Website design, 53 WEDI—Workgroup on Electronic Data Interchange, 148 Weed, Lawrence, 134 Weight (WT), 136 Weight loss, 24 Weight-balanced tree, 64 Weight-based dosing, 20 Weights, 97 Wellbutrin (Bupropion), 120 Wellness Clinic, 119 WEM—Workflow Elements Model, 170 Westbrook, Johanna, 134 Westbrooke, Lucy, 134 WG—Workgroup, 141 Whale phishing, 57 What you see is what you get (WYSIWYG), 89 Wheelchair (WC), 117 Whiskers plot, 65 White Blood Cell (WBC), 6 White board, 89

White list, 57 White noise, 153 White space, 125 White-hat hacker, 57 Whole genome shotgun sequencing, 79 WHO—World Health Organization, 82 Wide Area Network (WAN), 49 Wiederhold, Giovanni “Gio” C. M., 134 Wi-Fi (Wireless Infrastructure), 49 WiFi Spectrum, 49 Wilcoxon statistic, 149 Wildcard character, 97 Willingness to pay, 116 Windows, 53 Wipe the disk, 57 Withholding/Withdrawing Treatment, 16 Within Defined Limits (WDL), 111 Within Normal Limits (WNL), 136 Wizorder, 42 WNL—Within Normal Limits, 136 Wong, Chun-Por (CP), 134 Word cloud analysis, 156 Word duplication, 125 Word processor, 42 Word sense disambiguation, 125 Word sense, 125 Word size, 53 Word, 53 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), 170 Work domain ontology (WDO), 162 Work sampling study, 156 Work to limit of license, 106 Work-arounds, 170 Workers’ Compensation Program, 84 Workflow analysis, 170 Workflow Elements Model (WEM), 170 Workflow engine, 44

Workflow model, 170 Workflow reengineering, 106 Workflow, 168–170 Workgroup (WG), 141 Workgroup on Electronic Data Interchange (WEDI), 148 Working diagnosis, 170 Working memory, 53 Workman’s compensation, 85 Workstation, 47 Workstation-on-wheels (WOW), 47 World Health Organization (WHO) Adverse Reaction Terminology, 167 World Health Organization (WHO), 82 World intellectual property organization, 128 World Wide Web (WWW), 44 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 148 Worm, 103 WORM—Write Once Read Many, 47 WOW—Workstation-on-wheels, 47 Wrapper, 53 Wright, Graham, 134 Write it once system, 47 Write Once Read Many (WORM), 47 WT—Weight, 136 Wu (Ying Wu), Helen, 134 WWW—World Wide Web, 44 Wyatt, Jeremy, 134

X XA—Extended Architecture Operation System, 51 Xanax (Alprazolam), 120 XDR and XDM for Direct Messaging specification, 147 XDS—Cross-Enterprise Document Sharing, 146 Xenotransplantation, 158 XML format, 147 XML Paper Specification (XPS), 147

Index 

XML—eXtensible Mark-up Language, 146 XMTL—Transmittal, 49 XMT—Transmit, 49 XOR Exclusive OR (Boolean), 102 XOR linked list, 64 XPS—XML Paper Specification, 147 XQA—Expanded Quality Assurance, 143 X-ray, 93 X-ray crystallography, 93 X–Y plots, 68

Y Year (YR), 64 Year (YYYY), 64 Year 2000 (Y2K), 64 Year of Birth (YOB), 64

Year-to-Date (YTD), 64 Yellow Fever, 70 Yield optimization, 153 YOB—Year of Birth, 64 Yocto (y), 113 Yotta (Y), 113 Yottabyte, 68 YR—Year, 64 YTD—Year-to-Date, 64

Z Zantac (Ranitidine), 123 ZBB—Zero Base Budgeting, 106 ZD—Zero Defects, 144 Zebrafish Model Organism Database, 167 Zepto (z), 113 Zero Defects (ZD), 144 Zero-Base Budgeting (ZBB), 106

231

Zetta (Z), 113 Zhao, Junping, 134 Zika virus, 70 Zipf’s Law, 164 Zithromax (Azithromycin), 120 Zocor (Simvastatin), 123 Zoloft (Sertraline), 123 Zolpidem (Ambien), 123 Zombie, 103 z-score, 149 z-segment (HL-7 v2.x), 147 z-test, 149 z-transform, 153 Zvarova, Jana, 134 Zygomatic bone, 12 Zyloric (Allopurinol), 120 Zyprexa (Olanzapine), 122 Zyrtec (Cetirizine), 120 Zztest, 160

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