CIA: Core of the Cancer [1 ed.] 9780473681128

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CONTENTS

GREEN BERET MURDERS

1

PREFACE TO THE JAPANESE EDITION

9

CHAPTERS

1. YOUTH SPIES AND THE CIA

22

2. CIA ON MANY FRONTS

43

3. CIA'S SOCIAL ROLE

74

4. DOLLARS TO HIRE THE MINDS OF MEN

97

5. CIA-USIA TWINS

103

6. "RADIO FREE ASIA" A "FREE PRESS" AND "FREEDOM"'

111

7. THE GOLDEN SCREEN

132

8. THE CIA KINGDOM OF SOUTH VIETNAM

142

9. "PACIFICATION"-REFUGEES AND TERROR

155

10. PREPARING THE ELECTORATE

163

11. "FREE CHOICE, FREE BALLOT, FREE WORLD"

168

12. THE "MASTER PLANNER"- DR. ROSTOW

181

13. TOUGH NEW (CIA) VOICE

187

14. DIRTY TRICKS

192

15. JUDGEMENT ON THE CIA REFORMS AND THE FUTURE

196

EPILOGUE

204

rs  rde ders et Mu Mur en Ber Beret  Gre Green 

been in IN September, 1969, the "new" President Nixon had a year. He talked the White House for three-quarter of ecessor and he made

n  had  been  ir  ptember,  1969,  the "new"  President  Nixo   N Se | of  a  year.  He  talked  the  White  House  for  three­quarter  ecessor  and  he  made  "peace" even  more cleverly  than  his  pred principal  slogan.  Nixor  "withdrawal of  American forces"  his  "peace  negotiator"  ir  had  named  Henry Cabot Lodge  as  his  role  in  escalating  the  Pans, who  was best  remembered for  his  or  in Saigon.  war  in Vietnam  when  he  was  Ambassad

"peace" even more cleverly than hishispred ipal slogan. Nixon rican forces" princ "withdrawal of AmeCab negotiator" in had named Henry ot Lodge as his "peace in escalating the mbered for his role Paris, who was bestnreme on. Saig in dor assa he was Amb war in Vietnam whe

outspokeofn overn, an rge S. McG SenatornGeo In July USAme lack the of and nam Viet in rica war

overn>  outspoken  SeDat0r  060186  S"  McG cr^Jt Uf  lack  of  the  of  and  am  Vietn in  war    rican critic of  the  Ame and  a  re  " were  a  "sna progress  in  Pans, said  the "peace  talks had  been  President  sion." delu delusion."  W. Averell  Harriman,  who  was so  disturbed by    Johnson's original "peace" representative, he told  the press  in  the  the  increasing  pace  of  the  war  that  ch  concerned"  at  the  third week  of  August  that  he was  "mu g  that  this was  because  lack  of  "progress"  in  Paris,  explainin   to win  the war".  the United  States was  still bent  on "trying

critic of the a progress in Paris, said the "peace talks" were a "snare and ident

had been Pres W. Averell Harriman, who ative, was so disturbed by

"peace" represent he told the press in the Johnson's originalpace of the war that

the increasing the third week of August that he was "much concerned" at use beca aining that this was in Paris, explon lack of "progresess" was war" the win to g "tryin bent still the United Stat

­ Presiilike Pres words slike  eace" "word ce-peace agic  "peace­p ic"pea d  the m peate the mag ng re ated Having repe Havi  act  some act   e make som e to  forced d to mak t wasforce ident  was  Presiden newPres thenew  son, the  dent John Johnson,  dent ibilityy. . credibilit of  Nixon ncred

h  an au aura of Nixo ablis an ra  blish nce teo est to esta ubstatanc seeming s ing subs ofof seem June 8,  on June 8, n on icists,  President  Nixon 

publlicists, President Nixo drons s of  squadron  squa Amid of pub dunce Ami 25,00 draw 25,0 withdraw 000  terallyy with unilatera woulldd unila the  that  d  wou US anno the thats from VUS ietna announced  troop hich  at w st,  Augu f  whic nd o m  by  the end of August, at h by the e am rican troops from Vietn American Ame s. ctions.  troop redu reduction er troop further  ider furth d  consider  woulld cons time he  he wou time

andd ships ships  to planes movedto  planes an men  moved  first few hundred  men few hundred When the first  When the h  fought eac each almost  n  fought almost camerame en e" the  cameram the "back hom their way  on their way "back home" on andd peaceful event.  peaceful  event. to record unusual an other this unusual record this other to 

almost  in almost that in  Saigonthat  whispersin in Saigon  were  whispers  there  were soon, there But soon, But

home    already sl go home slatedto togo  ular  units were already ated  ,  the partic units were every case the particular case, every

US  the  US of the movesof  The moves  leted. d.The  was complete duty  was comp of duty tour of  their tour for their for

media ia  mass med were recorded the mass n  the Vietnam were  of Vietnam  recorded iin OUT  of  armed forces OUT armed forces the of said was the  of  Nothing said  r. was  ry  splendou war-wea splendour.  Nothing  in war­weary their  all their in all ments.  as replace ents. in as sent in tly sent replacem being quie were  quietly ps that  being were fresh troo that fresh troops over  oadcast t over broadcas Saigon br me from  e from Saigon io program programm e radio ­wave rad short-wav One short One

said  August  said in August tion  in inTokyo  Tokyo in  US Armed Forces station FEN, the  Armed  Forces sta the US FEN, uld  troops wo US troops would inflow of  of US between  the  the inflow difference  between the net  that the net difference that

drop    for  when a a drop month, when    reduction themonth,  forthe  reduction make but  2,000 man but aa  2,000 man make of  of speech    speech a reported a AP  8,  reported August  8, Ap On August s  promised. promised . On  25,000 wa was of 25,000 of statistics  Pentagon  statistics official Pentagon quoting official Gore, quoting Albert Gore, Senator Albert US Senator US the  in the Pentagon in  the  Pentagon intent of the trueintent of  thetrue  to revealthe  seemed  to reveal  which seemed which

in  troops  in US  troops 537,000  US had 537,000 US had "the US peace":  "the "waging  of  of peace": "waging 532,000  on  January  20." 

week  compared ast  week Vietnam llast with 532,000 on January 20." compare d with  Vietnam was  this  was how this know how  wanted  Fulbright wantedto to know   William  WilliamFulbright  Senator J.J. Senator withdraw the withdrawaal l edthe  "announced  had"announc Nixonhad  hen  President  PresidentNixon  possible w when possible left  h a v e   left o   have a i d   tto e r e   s said 1 2 , 0 0 0   wwere w h o m   12,000 f   whom °of P 25,000 troops of already" already  .  2

t

r

o

o

s

 

26    in inSaigon  ure  was issued August 26 on August  official fig Saigonon  (Another official was issued figure (Another 25,000  the 25,000 of the last  of "the last that "the  Command US  Comma stating that  the  US nd  stating  byby the dent  nder Presi President Vietnam u from  under   Vietnam withdrawn be  from troops to    withdrawn be to American troops American ry  Thursday Thursday" " re to leave the country to leave the count ­deployme plan were mentnt plan we Nixon s re re-deploy Nixon's has  Vietnam  has strength  in  troop  strength "US  troop following  day).  in Vietnam (the  following day). "US (the

526,500  as  of as of  February y to  526,500 tofrom  ' late Februar insubtracts  542,500 from fallen 532 000  the  526,500  if one  day."  532,000 the last Thurs from 526,500 y." If one20, subtracts Thursda last and  5,500,  and net  drop is  the  we find  January  n  reported o 5,500, is drop net the find we 20, January on reported 25,000.  sed  the promi not  25,000. not the promised on  factor is t the key  noteworthyy that  ely noteworth selection is thehe selecti keyn. factor the thatcompariso extremely ise proper  ItIt is extrem had  transports  If  for  base  had sthree  If transport on.selected  comparis for period baseperiod  the proper ofdeparted w and  period  the  in  ops  three and 10,000 tro ith  selected period the in departed with 10,000 troops h  20,000,  then  this  permits  a  542 500  m 

Iate 

s  arrive wit days later arrive with 20,000, then this permits a more ships later  more ship days 2

large area  large areafor  for manipulation.  manipulation. Also, Also, it  should  be be  noted noted that  by  it should that by

August,  Nixon's Nixon's "withdrawal" "withdrawal" had had become become "re-deploy"re­deploy­ August,

ment". ment". 

InIn the midst of of  thethe  statistical the  midst  contretemps--which statistical  some  contretemps—which some openly openly charged  charged as being  as beinga' deliberate  a deliberatedeception  deception onthe part  on  the part of  of either the  President  or  either the President Pentagon or  or the  the Pentagon or both,  quietly  both, it was  it was quietly

announced  on  August  3, 3,  1969, 1969,  from announced from  Saigon Saigon  that  on August the  US US  that the

Command had decided  decidednot  notto  to release Command  had  release  any any  information information  on on 

future future military moves in Vi military moves in Vietnam. etnam. Said  SaidUPI Up:: "top commanders"...  "top commanders"...

"felt "felt it it  was politically was  politically  desirable desirable  to to play play down down as much as as much  as  possible possible the  the fact that  fact that US US  offensive offensive  actions actions have have not not decreased decreased 

inin recent recent  months". months". 

While the  Vietnam war war moved moved off  the front  pages, some While some few  the Vietnam off the front pages, few

reports reports told  told of  of "sweep "sweep  operations"  operations"in  in which  which whole whole  districts districts  were surrounded,  were surrounded,the population captured,  the population captured,screened  screenedor or killed,  killed,

accompanied by the mercil ess  B­52 bomb assaults—a dis accompanied cordancy  by the merciless B-52 bomb assaults--a discordancy

amid the newer Nixon "Peace Symphony ". amid the  newer Nixon  "Peace Symphony". 

With With almost almost no no news news permitted permitted  to to escape escape  from from  Vietnam Vietnam  through the  through American,  Vietnamese the triple wall  triple wall of  Vietnamese  military  of American, and  military and

the Thieu Thieu special special police police  censorships, and and with with Washington's  the censorships, Washington's

attempt keep the  the meaningless "Parispeace  peacetalks"  talks" in  in the attempt  to to keep  meaningless  "Paris  the 

headlines, alongside  headlines, alongside its inflated  created  *Czechoslovakian its inflated and  'Czechoslovakian  and created

crisis" inin the the adjoining adjoining news news columns, columns, suddenly suddenly the the GREEn crisis" GREEN 

BERET MURDERS broke BERET  MURDERS  into pages broke  into  theworld  world press the the pages  of  ofthe  press  from cruelly  from cordoned and  cruelly cordoned muzzled  south  and muzzled south Vietnam.  Vietnam. The Green Beret case was first  was first reported from Saigon The Green  Beret Murder Murder case  reported from  Saigon  on August August 66 but but the on the major action  major action had  taken  place place  on  had taken July  on July

20 Col. Robert 20 when when Col.  Robert Rheault, the 43-year Rheault, the  old commander of all  43­year  old commander of  all the 3,000 Green  the 3,000 GreenBerets  Beretsin inVietnam,  Vietnam,and  and two of  Majors,  two of his  his Majors, three Captains,  warrant  officer, officer, were were arrested three arrested  by Captains, and a  by  and a chief  chief warrant

the Adjutant-General's the Adjutant­General's  personnel personnel  and  and charged  chargedwith  with "murder  *murder and conspiracy and conspiracy  to commit  to commit murder". murder". 

Colonel  Rheault, Rheault.  until until  his his removal removal  from from command Colonel command  and and 

arrest, was  the  "murder-for-pay" arrest, "murder­for­pay" specialists wasin in charge  chargeof ofall  specialists  all the

centered  at  the main centered main Green Green  at the Beret  Base,  Beret FIFTH  Base, SPECIAL  thethe  FIFtH SPECIAL

3 3 

the  facing  the   on  coastfacing east coast  theeast  ,  in  , onthe    GROUP Trang FORCESES in NahTrang, P, Nah  GROU FORC Saigon above  Saigon,,  tres)  above kilometres) (320 kilome miles  (320 200  miles China Sea,  about 200 Sea, about  China Berets  Green  Berets the Green of the  tionsof  operaions    open  operat ret and and open the sec secret all the where all  where

el Colonel  of Colon andof  command  the  comm Underr  the .  Unde plottedd. were  plotte am m  were Vietna inin Vietn

and  troops" " and enarytroops "mercenary  40,00 0"merc than40,000 been  more  morethan  lt had  Rheault had been Rheau

more  or more edd or hundre for a  a hundr ers" for "advisers" the  "advis hed  the rnished furnis also fu base also his base his from  ation from information  tionof of inform extraction  for the  extrac t up  upfor the ps" se s" set al cam camp "speciial "spec es.  captives. Front captiv tion Front Liberation al Libera ate  National  fortun unate the un unfort the

by  ordered  own,  ordere d by lampd news­c down, tighter newsclamp the eve evenn  tighter spitee ofof the InIn spit to leak began  to details  began leak  the  details levels, some  of the t  militar , someof  highesst the highe military y levels the but entirely 

ly ey  told  ons, but entire tale th traditions,  the  tale older traditi out an was of  older  told was of they andd  the out strial  y­indu militar the  c of  r" ethi strial highe y-indu new, " the  militar the with  of rd  in acco accorex. d with the new, "higher" ethic incompl complex. hired  had hired accuse edd had t  all  accus thethe  Augus st all week ofof  Augu the firs By the firstt  week By aw­ lawthese l these m  from was fro it was d  it  and lves an elves themse nd thems defend s toto defe  lawyers  civilianlawyer civilian The  ublic. . The made ppublic ally  made was fin on was finally ormati the inf ation of the uch  of inform that m yers that much yers againsstt  led  again been fifiled s  had  had been charges at  the  was th murder r charge fact  was the murde first  fact that first V.  Hendren  the 

Edward  rd V. Hendren thers  Beret  leader Col. Edwa Green  Beret by Col.  the Green leades rs by  the murde The murd m.  The Vietnam. ers eral  of  the  US  Army, Vietna

nt­Gen Adjuta eneral of the US Army,Green  Beret  camp in  Nah ant-G Adjut n  June  at the Green Beret camp in Nah  taken  place o 20at the  had taken June20  place on had the  in the thrown  in  been  thrown had been victim  had  the victim bodyof ofthe  thebody  andthe  Trang and  Trang tire  with  ed  bag fill   n  with  canvas bag filled with tire Sea,  weight witha  acanvas China Sea, ted down weighed dow China

s..  chain chains

ing a  hips,  includ Navy sships, a t, three including August, of Augus week of the firs three  Navy (In the firstt week (In an  in  area  the  ng  combi an in seen  area were  the ing craft,    comb rescue seen rine  were subma arine rescue craft, subm a  victim,,  a the victim   the  bodyof of the  the body  to find tionto find nt  search operaion  appareent searc hoperat appar to  be sustained.)  was to be sustained.) murder  rge  of  the cha r was te ifif the requisiite of murde prime requis charge prime

Ven  named mese  name Ven Vietnamese ChuBerets d,,  Chu  was  aa Vietna victim was murderr victim The murde The Green Berets,  the Green by the who  had  been  captured by

Khac,  Thai  Khac been captu  red , who hadthen  Thai was  He  was test. He tectortest.  lie-deector  given alie­det probably tortured  and  and thengiven a

probably tortured This  head  This the  head. d  then  in the shot in  thenshot  ine and injected  morphine an later injecte withmorph d with  later e   from  Saigon,  becaus he    report se he becau  by  ing to  Saigon,known ne,  accord from agent  was do reportr CIA  a UPI"senio ing to. a UPI accord done, was the  A  "a  double  agent" CIA agent known by the

was «a double agent". A "senior was 

4

'Col.Enking'…..advis Berets" to  name of'Col.  Green  Berets" code Enking'...advised to code  name of  the Green ed  the 

Green  the Green told the Enking"  told "Colonel  Enking" Khac.  "Colonel Ven Thai Thai  Khac. Chu Ven  kill kill Chu  Berets: Berets:  with  terminate  with to terminate course,  to of course, unofficially,  of advise unofficially, "We advise "We

prejudice..  extreme prejudice extreme

with  terminate  with 'to terminate phrase  to the  phrase jargon,  the Intelligence  jargon, InIn Intelligence

kill to kill  orderto  an order  with   an  synonymous with extreme is  synonymous prejudice'  is extreme  prejudice' an individual."  an  individual."

According to high-placed authorities, the thing that made this case unique, was not the killing, but that the Americans

According  to high­placed  authorities,  the thing  that  made  this case  unique,  was  not  the  killing,  but  that  the  Americans  decided  to do  this  "dirty  work"  themselves.  Usually,  and  in  over  turned over was  turned  murdering  was special  murdering such  special cases,  such of cases, thousands thousands  of or South mese of Asians--Vietna South  ese  or  Asians—Vietnam to squads  of  execution  squads the execution to the Beret" Green n  Beret"  "movie­star Gree young "movie-star the  young permitting the thus  permitting Koreans Koreans thus As  superiority.  moral  killers  to  maintain  their figment  of  the  expected  the CIA expected the CIA "possibly  the Pearson,  "possibly Drew  Pearson, detailed  by  by Drew detailed for to the South over to the  to turn Khac Vietnamese  for  Beretsto turn  South  Vietnamese Green Khac over  Green  Berets  CIA the CIA  When  the  manner. ... When the accustomed  accustomedmanner. . . .  in the disposal in quiet disposal quiet Berets Green the that conversations Berets  additional Green  the  from that  learned conversations  learned from  additional  themselves,  the  execution  themselves, the  execution 'unofficial' the 'unofficial'  intended  to handle  to handle the intended Khac late; Khac  toolate;  it cametoo  Butit came  suggestion was  rescinded.But  hastilyrescinded.  washastily  suggestion unwritten  Army's  unwritten the Army's Under the  of. Under  disposedof.  beendisposed  already  been  had had already enemy of enemy  the murder of to the murder  be an accessory  to permissible toto be an accessory rules, it's permissible  rules, it's directly  in participate directly in  y,  but  crime to participate  it'sa a crime to  agents, apparentl butit's  apparently, agents, execution." the the execution." 

decided to do this "dirty work" themselves. Usually, and in

killers to maintain their figment of moral superiority. As

sources,  the  intelligence  sources, the same  to the murderthe murder­ According to same intelligence According victim Chu  Ven  Thai  Khac was  a  Central  Intelligence  Agency  on operated  operated xport" organizati organization a front "Import-Export" spy employed  by a front "Import­E employed by  spy the CIA. by the CIA.  financed by  and financed  and

victim Chu Ven Thai Khac was a Central Intelligence Agency

"  the CIA "sources" to the CIA "sources according to  the killing, according The "reason" for "reason" for  the killing,  The agent"  "double  a  was  Khac  that  was  agent" "double Drew Pearson,  a was quoted by  Khac that was Pearson, Drew by quoted Said  g  Hanoi.  Hanoi. Said the CIA,  working for  was also serving while working and while CIA, hehe was also servin for the and operated that operated  spy-ring that  a with spy­ring  a  working been  working with  "Khac had ad been Pearson, Pearson, "Khac h

5 

5

right in  the Presiden Presidential right tial Palace. in the Palace. The The  Green Berets Berets m ight have Green have  might been  apprehen sive  because  been apprehensive becauseof of a a personal rd  relations persona, awkwa l, awkward relationship  hip

with with Sou Southth Vietnam Vietnam's's Preside Presidennt t Thieu.' Thieu." 

Who  had had this this  "persona awkward Who relations hip" wit "person al,l, awkwar d  relation ship" withh 

"Preside nt" Thieu? was Thieu? One "Presid ent" One  Van was Huyn Trong, Huyn  a  politica Van  Trong, a political l

adviser  to  President  adviser August  and to Preside and  ntThieu,  Thieu, arrested  arrestedearly  earlyin in August charged  chargedwith  a aspy  withhaving  havingassociate ring.  Sixty­liv associad tedwith  with spy ring. Sixty-fivee  so­calledd "spies"  were  arrested arrested at  so-calle this  same tim "spies" were e,  includin at this same time, including a  ga leading  Saigon  leading Above  preside Saigontailor.  presidenntial tailor. Above tial  adviser adviser  Trong, Trong,  there wa there wass said  said to be "a  to be "a higher­p icial" wh higher-placed off laced official" ontacts  whoo had "c had "contact s inside th palace,"  and and who who had inside thee  palace," "access tto o  the  highest  had "access level of  the highest level of informat ion." The informa The CIA CIA reve tion." aled dthis "plo reveale t" and  this "plot" andthe  the "source "source" "

said said that that this this high higher-u er­up had p had  "disappeared". ared". 

CBSBIA IABROADCA CBS—COLUM COLUMB STING  BROADC SYSTEM,  ASTING in  ,a in report  SYSTEM a report on  on August 18,  said  that Khac  was a  "triple agent" and  in  addition  to  working for  the CIA  and  Hanoi,  he was  also  a  Captain  in 

August 18, said that Khac was a "triple agent* and in addition to working for the CIA and Hanoi, he was also a Captain in

the South the Sout Vietnam h Vietna Army. m  Army. 

But, whether the murdered man was a single, double or triple agent was of less importance than the fact that reportedly

But, whether  the murdered  man  was a  single,  double  or  triple agent  was of  less importance  than  the fact  that  reportedly  he had  he had informat informaion  from  the tion right  the Preside right from Presiden tial  palace palace  itself, itself,  ntial the the very  very centre of centre of  the  the real  real treason treason­p -plot lot  where  where more  more than  than 18 18  seperat seperate emilitary  military leaders  leadershave  haveheld  heldbrief  brief power  power in  in Saigon, Saigon,  serving tthe he  United S tates  and  serving United States the Vietnam andtrying  Vietnamese tryingto  ese  to pacify  pacify the south of of the the 17th  south parallel,  to accep 17th parallel, t  America to accept ce,  American guidan n guidance,if if not  not control. control.  Any person, person, a gent  or  Any agent or not  not who  who knew  knew the  the secrets  this  secretsof of this

most  corrupt corrupt of most of palaces palaces, , would  know  who would know who  had had  been  been paid  and  paid and

how how much much and and whether whether  the  the money money  had had  already already  reached reached  the the 

secret  bank  secret bankaccounts accoun tsin inSwitzerl Switzerand.  land.From  FromDiem  Diem to  Thieu  to Thieu

all all the the various various "strongm "strongmen," en," general generals  s or or  "preside "presidents" nts"  were were 

creature creaturess  and  andagents of agents  of the CIA  the CIAand  andall  allhad  hada a real  real horror­ta horror-tale  le

to to tell. tell. 

a 

6

too  sidered  too nts are con "Some age said:  Pearson  are considered Drew  agents "Some said: Pearson AsAs Drew

secretly  are secretly and  are processes  and judicial processes the  judicial to the trust to  totrust  dangerou dangerous sto 

tion".  n". marked  for elimina for eliminatio marked rushed  who rushed attorneys who the civilian civilian  attorneys one of  of the Gregory, one George  Gregory, George

charged  leaders charged Beret leaders Green Beret eight Green the eight defend the to defend Saigon  to toto Saigon the  prove  the to prove evidence  to  have evidence ow and  and II have  "I know said: "I kn murder, said: with murder, with OF  KILLING OF THE  KILLING  EFFECTED  THE and EFFECTED KILLING  and THE KILLING ORDERED  THE  HAS  ORDERED CIA HAS CIA

hope I  hope  YEAR...I PASTYEAR... THEPAST  VIETNAMIN INTHE  SOUTHVIETNAM  IN SOUTH  AGENTS  IN  100 AGENTS OVER OVER  100 

killings.  the killings. on the  information non  release  informatio to release necessary  to  be necessary won't be itit won't

double e  double  to eliminate to tryto eliminat THING to try  THING  NORMAL ITis ISA ANORMAL  AND D  IT  I I UNDERST UNDERSTAN sis.)  .)   (my empha emphasis big thing." not a  thing." (my a big agents.  ItIt is  is not agents.

temporarily  y e  US Army  US Army temporaril August, the ofAugust, th the second  By the weekof  second week  By

case  Murder case Beret  Murder Green Beret the Green  onof ofthe  ation  the investigati suspende suspended dthe investig the  secured  the had  secured lawyers  had defence  lawyers the defence week the third week the third by  the and by and

jail and  the jail and from the clients from Beret  clients Green  Beret eight Green their eight of their release  of  release

told lawyerss  told  The lawyer uarters.  The Quarters. Officers' Q r  Officers' Bachelor to Bachelo er  to transfer their transf their

all ard  to tothe  dropping all  Army dropping  theArmy  the press  looked forward theylooked forw thatthey  pressthat  the against the accused. the  accused.  the charges charges  against the

said  Jersey  said New Jersey of New Rodino  of an  Peter  Congressm W. Rodino PeterW.  man AA Congress

orders"  military orders" under military  "acting under  were"acting  menwere  Beretmen  these  Green  GreenBeret  these Some  criminal". Some   an  "ordinary criminal".  an"ordinary  treated like betreated like notbe  and should should  not  and

hired  indirectly hired hadindirectly  CIAhad  tured  the opinion that theCIA  sources ven the opinion  that the  ventured sources

withthe with­ compellthe  thuscompell  andthus  the caseand  lawyers  to magnify the lawyers to magnify  the case  the

the  name of the the "good name of  proteet the "good  order to protect  in order to  charges in  of allll charges drawal of a drawal who who  Berets Berets  Green Green  its its  and  Army and stupid stupid Army the  was the "It "It was  CIA. CIA  . 

should  They should killing. They lunder  of doing  dirtykilling.  made the b their owndirty  of doingtheir own  the blunder made in  as  ARVN  the  to  over  thing  of  as in kind  ARN this    the to have turned over thing have turned this kind of

Vietnam)  Republic o VN: Army off Vietnam) Army Republic thousands of other  cases." (ARVN: of other cases." (AR thousands the  Army, the US Army,  the US  andthe  CIAand  theCIA  From the  viewpointof ofthe  the viewpoint  From to  how  quickly,  affair  the whole  quash the to quash how to was  how problem  was whole affair quickly, how to problem of  rk  normal wo tion, so  under some bury it  that the normal work of sothat the  other sensation, some  other sensa it under bury battles  bestial  battles more bestial and  more More  and proceed.  More could  proceed. g  could killing mass killin mass

must and less must  ese eand  lessand less  andless  st  the Vietnam the Vietnames place again against must take  take place must

continued.  peace" continued. forpeace"  the "search for  the mass  media asthe "search massmedia as  appear in  in the appear least  go  would  war  the  an;  at least on This was  military plan; the war would go on at  the basicmilitary pl was the basic  This 7 7 

until 1971, 1971,  at at which time  the the comput compute until rs  indicate indicatedd   that  which  time ers that all  all Vietnam ese male s,  over  Vietnamese males, would  overtwelve y have  twelve ears  been  yearsof ofage,  age, would have been

killed have comee over killed oror  have com our side. over to to our  side. 

Preside Presidennt t  Nixon Nixon  would would withdra withdraw w  troops, troops, and and secretly secretly  reple n i s h   t h e m ,  b u t   t h e  P e n t a g o n   h a d  d e t e r m i n e d   i t   w o u l d   W I N .   Said Said Gen General eral  Earle Earle G. G. Wheele Wheeler, chairm r, chairma an nof  ofthe Join the Jointt  Chiefs o Chiefs off  Staff, inin Saigo n  on  "I go July  away 21:  with "I  go  a very away  good with  Staff, a  very goo Saigon d  on July 21: feeling  from  what  I have  seen  here.  I have  been  coming  to  Vietnam for  six years  now and  I  feel  that  the situation is  well in 

replenish them, but the Pentagon had determined it would wIN.

feeling from what I have seen here. I have been coming to

Vietnam for six years now and I feel that the situation is well in hand." hand." 

None tho None ught  to ask  thought to ask how  howthis crue this cruel l  offhand  offhand killing killing ca lled  called

Green B Green eret  Murder Beret Murder case case cou ld  occur in  could occur insuch  sucha ahighly  highly organizorganiz­ ed, comp uterized  ed, comput erizedorganiza Army.  organiztion  ationas asthe US  the US Army.But  Butthe  the truth  truth

was was  that  that in in 1968 1968  Genera General l Creight Creightoon n  Abrams Abrams, , the the  America American  n

Comman der  in  Comma nder in Vietnam Vietnam  organize organized d "Operat "Operation  ion Phoenix Phoenix" which  " which is nothin g  more no r less  than  compute is nothing more nor less than computerized  rizedmurder  murderto to wipe out wipe out 

the "infr astructu the re" of  "infrastru the enem cture" of the enemy,y, which  means, to elimin which means, ate the  to eliminat e the

entire layer layer of  leadership of  the area  entire of leadersh the 17th ip of the areasouth  south of  of the 17th  parallel. parallel. 

Peace Peace  in in  Vietnam Vietnam? ? Only Only when the  aroused when the aroused  nations nations of  of

the world the world compel compell l the the United United States States  to to withd withdra raw  its  troops w its troops 

invading Vietnam Vietnam, a land  invading recorded  history,  , a land that  has never that in all  never  in all recorded history, has

once done once don the USharm or  e  the US  harm orinjury.  injury.

It'I is t   i sa abitter  b i t t e rfoot-note  f o o t ­ n o t eto  t oread  r e a d in   i nthe   t h eUS  U SMarine   M a r i n e newspap   n e w s p a per e r  SEA SEA  T I G E R   of TIGER o fAugust   A u g u s tI,  I1969 ,   1 9 6 9  from f r o m  Da D a  Nang: Nang:  The T h e Freedom  F r e e d o m  Hill H i l lExchange   E x c h a n g and Recreatio

e  a n d   R e c r e a t i o nn CComplex o m p l e x   rreopened e o p e n e d   its its  d o o r stoday  t o d a y  after doors a f t e rbeing   b e i n g  closed c l o s e d  for f o r six  s i x  w e e k s   .  .Many  M a n y  new weeks... n e w  ffeatures eatures 

h a v e  been b e e n   added a d d e d   tto o  tthe h e   area. have a r e a .  Construc Construction included a bee a n dsquash   s q u a s h   ccourts o u r t s   plus plus  a a   4,000 and 1 , 0 0 0   seat, s e a t ,   air-cond a i r ­ c o n d itioned i t i o n e d   motion motion 

tion included a beerr  ggarden, arden,  aa  m miniatur i n i a t u r ee  golf g o l f  course, c o u r s e ,   three t h r e e  automat a u t o m a t iic c   batting b a t t i n g   cages, c a g e s ,   tennis tennis 

picture. picture. 

Within W i t h i nthe   t h eUSO   U S Obuilding  b u i l d i n g  one o n ewall   w a l was l   w a sdedicate a  Freedom   d e d i c a t eddas   a s  a Fre

edom  S h r i n e . Displaye   D i s p l a y ed d   oon n   tthe h e   wall w a l l   aare r e   replicas r e p l i c a s   oof Shrine. f   the t h e  Declara D e c l a r a ttion i o n   oof f  Independence, *Indepen

  t hthe dence, e   CConstitu o n s t i t u t i otion n   o of f   the t h e  United U n i t e d  States. S t a t e s ;   Lincoln's Lincoln's  I n a u g u r a ll  Address Inaugura A d d r e s s   aand n d   mmany a n y   oother t h e r   docume d o c u m e nnts t s   that t h a t   symboliz s y m b o l i ze e 

America A m e r i c a nn  freedom f r e e d o m .. 

P e r h a p s   the Perhaps t h e  theatre t h e a t r e  will w i l lsoon   s o o n have  h a v e  ""The T h e  G reen B Green e r e t  M Beret urder"  Murder"

starring s t a r r i n gJohn  J o h n  Wayne? Wayne? 

8 8 

n Edition  ese  Editio nese Japan the Japa to the ce  to Preface Prefa

iar with my books, particularlyIR,. Tue ERS, READ the DREAM IS ENDED ANd AMERICA IN DESPA CAN famil AMFRI AXIS -USATHE  |> EADERS,  familiar  with  my  books,  particularly, 

IN  DESPAIR,  the  AMERICAN  DREAM  IS  ENDED  aild  AMERICA  AXIS—USA  ASIAN  THE  INDONESIAN  INVISIBLE  COUP  D'ETAT and 

INDONESIAN INVISIBLE COUP D'ETAT and THE ASIAN ca.  America. for  n  rn of Ameri future of  ly  concer thefuture  forthe  conce JAPAN, ,know o my early know f ofmy ear JAPAN tive  ctive destruc the  destru er the consider  of ofwhat  whatI I consid ause se ing bec becau increassing This is is  increa This

IA. FBI/CIA.  er  police" " the FBI/C r police—the  "highe ayed  role pl the US "high by the US d by  playe role CANCER,  of THE  CANcE OF THE moreof  ORE OF reveal smore  CIA—C R, reveals book,  This book, ORE CIA--C This   . zation. organi zation cret  organi this secret of this se sodes  es of  the epi episod the

to  name—  its mame change --to prepar e its CIA  the CIA ringing toto chang as the prepa Now as is is  Now transfe to  ng  and  al spyi and to transfer r spying to actual confine itself to actu n—to  e itself  o confin shed  its ski its skin--t shed za­ organiizass" organ business" te busine "private other "priva sks  to  nal" ta ucatio to other l" tasks ationa "educ itsits "ed ER,  KEFELLER,   activitsies of t ROCKEFELL ious th of the he ROC es obv t becomes such activitie tions, i s thatat such obviou it becom tions, " ations ined  "found intertw US are  "  other and ations Asian "found the , FORD FORD,  the ASIAN  and  other  US  of Life ay  of ican W "Amer Life""  this  Way rican that itit  and  that "Ame CIA,  and isis this the  CIA, with  with the are intertwined

y"   "enem emy". is the that the "en that is 

dards  proand pro­ technic rds and  standa calal stan United States the  United e  the States' ' techni Becausse Becau   living, of  rd rd of living, the  the standa a highstanda witha high  ductive highwith  are sohigh  output t are so  e outpu ductiv southern  rn oped"  southe ­develloped" "underr-deve the  "unde larly the rld,  particu particularly  the wo world, rest of  of the rest

it unless s it  ion  unles condittion ning ing  condi worsen to aa  worse d  to  is doom doomeed here,  ,is  hemis hemispphere

can  American m that problem the Ameri relationn to th that  the  ializes. to thisis proble industrrialize is in  relatio s.  ItIt is in indust tions  founda other  and  "  ations efeller found "Rockefeller" and other ers", th moulders", on mould thee "Rock "opinion "opini taken  ns  taken exactio ons business  ss exacti their busine token  ofof their st  token smalle st the  ck  smalle the give ba back give States   United States  these  United that these so that s,  so parent t indust by the  trial firms, indusrial firm the paren by both  the  tinue  remove e both the ueto to remov y  be  ies ma to contin ttedto con industrries permited  bepermit may indust ingly  increas the increa singly from  als"  the from materi "raw materials" other "raw and  other s"  and "brains" "brain

d  aine ined n-dr ­dra brain and  brai tied and emptied    emp denude ded,d, ed?, ), denu eloped?) (develop ged  (dev rava ravaged gap  gical  nological gap technolo the tech widening even  wide ning  the ting, even etuating,   perpetua thusperp s, thus lands, land ds.  s. r lan orhe r land and  orhe SA  and the U een the USA betw een gap betw me gap inco me the inco and  the and rd reco will record  ns will    historia rians

that histo stionthat  quetion  no ques s  no  seemms The e  see Therre

e  rcom come ove over re toto  failure its  failu at was was  its defeat  test  defe greatest CIA's's grea the CIA that that  the The  uba.  The

of Cuba. sion  of C PIGSS  inva invasion OF  PIG BAY  OF the BAY at the force ess  at ro's  forc Casttro's Cas food­its food   out  to  be,  not  not its 

  turn   well turn out to be, well t  victo may eates 's gr victory rymay CIA's test grea CIA moblizin its  lizing g  pd'eta coup its mob , its  ffing d'etats, ts,or orests  t­stu ballo cou   its , g, its ffing onin poisoning, its ballot-stu pois ,  seass, over rsea ove inter s US  rest e  serve US inte to serv r  stud ents  to  ns oor students unions bour ur unio labo ofof la ars.  chol gn s foreiign scholars. and fore ts" t grants" US  and too US but i h gran earcrch  "resesea itsts "r but ts,  frequently  grants, frequently rch gran resea Arm US Arm arch and US y y rese CIA and The  CIA The scien nt-t­ and    ign scie rican foreign  Ame th  and t  proj to both American fore secreet ectsto bo projects  givenn for for  secr give ndi­ sincere i ere indideceived many y sinc ived  man surely ly dece technicia have  sure and  tech ns,have ists and nicians,  ists been   have ts  gran ts have been  ld.  Other 

ut  the  -world. Other granthat  only  the CIA­wor the CIA als  thro viduals ughout througho vidu ,  so  lemss, prob so that onlyre  the  of  blem ents  fragm but frag ments of pro given  for but n for  give of awareof  areawa pieces esare  thepiec mbl  eall allthe  tists s who assemble scienntist who  asse er  scie mastter mas ad  spre has  y  Arm ad US  spre The  has .  y uses Arm US ate  purp ltimate andits its uses. Thenese the u ose nd  purpose a ultim the   scien the Japa ng  ntist  sat at the  amo scietists rs  nese dolla Japa s of  ng sand amo thou rs of  tens of thousands of dolla tens not  r  othe not to  r othe tion  to   in  addi ition

itutes in add insttutes andinsti tiesand  ersiies  wing univ universit following follo

d:  liste listed:

ma  Gumma Univ oUni oku Uni Toh Hok sityy, , Gum verersit Univ oku kaido  Hokkaid sityy, , Toh verersit

y,  Tok ersitty, Universi yo  Tok yo y,  Tok ersit   Univ Univ hibaa yo y, C Tok ersitty, ty, Universi ersi Univ Chib Univ ersity  Univ izu  u miz anom Och ano y,  Och ersit ity, Univ vers Uni tal  ity, Den ntal Univers Medical­ ical-De Med yo 

ty, Tokyo University, Keio Universi Yokohama Municipail Med ersity, , Toho Univ Collegeity, College,ity,JikeKitazatoicalUni Dental Uni ional vers TheofNat Nihon acevers Aerosp Laboratory, National Institute Health,

Keio University, Tokyo  Yokohama  Municipal University,    C Ilege'  T°h°  University,  ­JikdMediCal ° Nffion  n  ersity,  The  National  Nihon  University,  Kitazato  Univ   Institute  of  Health  Aerospace  Laboratory,  National

Institute, Osaka City Centre Researchitute National Canceriene , Kitazato Inst , Medical Institute

itute of Hyg InstSas Orniashina's Institute for itute of aki Foundation,, Yam Instology,, istry hem Bioc yo Tok logy Zoo and ogy thol robi Mic of sion Divi ory's siological Society of Japan, n Laborat KyotoalBike Phys Tokyo H n,ium' Japa of ty e i Soc c si Phy pital . of  Japan'  ator San l ona Nati the and it r Hosop­ al itute,  Medical  Institute  institute of  Hygiene,  Kitazato Inst   for  Orni  asakl Foundation,  Yamashina's  Institute vn  Tok   ogy, Zool and  gy  tholo

mic st chethea and al c gi o l o bi n i was arch s rese ost, alwilththisom Almatmters Sou of s i ease s d di ing ersi prob calltsyr ifintis spec e54r   arch   ties" ­ s and rese univ in scie on ck A che

Asia. 10

arch  scientists  in  universities  and  rese

these were  on that 25  research on  owed  that engagedin in research  institutes sh were engaged  ofof these 25 showed institutes parasites.  and  us and parasites. bacteria, vir virus

bacteria,

United the United  1967 that the  early in 1967 that  revealed  early in  was revealed addition,  itit was InIn addition, f  of thousands thousands oof tens of  more tens give more Service give Health Service States Public Health States  Public universities..  13 leading  research  scientists  to 30  leading universities dollars to from 13 scientists from  30 research dollars

"Are Japanese scientists prostituting themselves?" was the question asked in Japan. Japanese writer Kiyoaki Murata advanced the theory that this flood of money was being spent for "buying the goodwill" of Japanese researchers, that it was

"Are  Japanese  scientists  prostituting  themselves?"  was  the question asked  in Japan.  Japanese writer  Kiyoaki  Murata  advanced  the theory  that  this flood  of  money  was  being  spent  for "buying  the goodwill"  of Japanese  researchers,  that  it  was  a  huge  "pacification"  programme.  Asahi  Shimbun's  TENSEI 

a huge "pacification" programme. Asahi Shimbun's TENSHI why  made clear  be made should be purpose should "the purpose clear why JINGO  column  said "the column said  JINGO countries" countries".  other in other  in  research for research  y for  money giving mone Army wass  giving US Army wa the the US working  agency  working an agency considered  an be considered cannot be Army cannot US Army "The US "The should be guard  on  guard be  on mankind." *Scholars ofmankind."  welfareof  "Scholars  should  for the welfare  for the There "has  ASAHI.  ," added  "has them money There give  ASAHI. those who  added against  money," against those who give them in  in weak  are  weak are who  who scientists  of  scientists of number  number in the  been  an increase  an increase in the been money." of face the the face  of  money."  Japanese  Japanese toto  grants  grants military  US military of US matter  of the  matter When  the When

University  National  University the  National knowledge, , the became  public  public knowledge scientists  became scientists should should  funds funds  military "USmilitary  that"US    that  and decided metand decided Conference met  Conference

was  it was When it  Japanese  universities universitie". s". When  accepted  by  be accepted by Japanese not be not

funds  CIA funds distributorof ofCIA  Foundation a , adistributor  the AsiaFoundation, that the Asia  revealed  that  revealed physicists  physicists Japanese  to  Japanese yens to three million  yens  had given three million since 1965,  1965, had given  since meetings,  international l meetings, annual internationa penses  to attend  to attend annual  expenses travelling ex for travelling for for 1967. funds for  1967.  reject such such funds  decided to to reject  itit was was decided  learned  Associationss  learned Bar Association of Bar  Federationof  Japan Federation  the Japan  When When  the the from the  yearsfrom  three years  duringthree  yensduring  million yens  three million  received  three  itit had had received there  CIA", there theCIA",  with  withthe  connected  connected ,  "closely  "closely ASIA  FOUNDATION FOUNDATION, ASIA

estab­ was  estaborganization  was protest, and a separate organization and a separate  widespread  protest, was widespread was

problems".  al problems". nal organization al organizatio investigate  "international to investigate lished  to lished e  "It will make group said:"It will mak aking for  this latter group said:  for this latter  Nishina, spe speaking Tetsu Nishina, Tetsu

from this aid fro*m  this  receivedaid  we received  thatwe  knowthat  suspicious know  everyone picious  to to everyone sus dark many so are many dark  there so  are  which there  about n which  about    organizatio kind of  organization kind of rumours." rumours."  11 11 

CIA given  CIA  Asia Fou had given tion had  that the  ndaion  Foundat rted  that reported was repo the Asia ItIt was ation ion  ublic licat the p pub for  the pay  "to pay for ciation  "to

Asso ociation Bar Ass the  Bar to  the money  ey to mon nars.";  semiinars ."; oint sem Federation's jjoint

the Federation's Asian  West  tes  durinng g the  re no taken  duri lecture s taken note ofof lectu   to tothe  egate the Asian West  of  nses gate expe nses ofa del a dele ravel  the t for the l expe trave payy for toto pa eme  Courtt  Suprrem e Cour the    Sup aided the d had aide andit it had  onand  ciation  gal l Asso Associati Pacif Lega ificic Le Pac icity  publ   (The s.  pub times. (The licity nine  time Cenre trenine Legl alCent theLega three s and  the  times and e time thre icion susp no  suspicions s they  had 

rt rtsaid  Cou me  e said they had no uprerem Cou tary  secre the Sup of the S y of  etar secr n.)  datio ion.) Foundat Asia  Foun  of  the  Asia

acter of the character rding the  the char regarding rega

been n    had bee whohad on who ciati tion Asso ocia Bar Ass the  Bar of the bers of  members  e mem Some  Som d   said  they  were  afraiid

afras"  tions were they lien  dona said tions cal  dona mely criti alien extremely thees" w of the a al of  critic extre ught "tho ts" the  ugh on    "tho tabs   the on keep   tabs ould keep ld oriti wou auth orities" tain  auth "certain that "cer that and  lars  and scholars ere scho "wh nars, ere s, "wh inar attending  the  semi peop the peo plele attending the sem ofof the these ough e  Althoug ly". Alth freey".  h  thes ions   freel opinions thei  r opin resstheir exp ess  ers expr ers  lawy lawy tes  minu the    tes es of ree  copi copies of the minu sed ddoor s, three d clo doors, th close ings were behind meettings were  behin mee n.  datio Foun   n. Asia e  datio to th Foun n  were give given to the Asia were

datio Foun Asia Fou tionn  the Asia nda said the ts said grants US gran the  US s  of  nderrs Defende of the Defe ugh  although "  and  ched that altho rings and that  hed" ith  no st attac gs atta no strin gave the  ey "with money "w the mon gave sub­ a  ives  sub "rece a n  s datio Foun tion "receive ortedly Asia Fou nda the  Asia ted  that  dmititted that the was aadm itit was reportedly ...it isis rep CIA...it    aid from  the  CIA

ancialcial aid from the nt  of fin mouunt ial a stanttial of finan amo stan agency".  ce agen igence ntell cy". the i l  ligen ontro intel not under  the c control ofof the

not under the

aske d es aske judges the judg nor the ers  nor lawyers the  lawy neither  arently,  Apparen er the tly, neith App   awayy the  g  awa givin   givi weree ng CIA  wer and CIA rican Army y and  Ame an  Arm why  Am eric why ey..  ss" money d 

the

"stringle gless" mon "strin

ns  ans Orga ld" Org World" "Freee Wor "Fre ents  payments why  made e paym d  d CIA  mad whythe theCIA dere e ma wondere Some have won mayy  have Som evi  G»n in    cated ts, lo eva ted in Gen­leve Commiss Jurists, loca tiona ion off  Juris mission o nall  Com natio Intererna thee Int toto th high of  nt  eme high-levell  settl of   the  ent lem sett sted  dwith the s  entru with timees uste someetim entr and  som and disputes. utes.  egal  nal l l disp national lega internatio inter

erty and the purpose Most law is concerned withrespprop is, ints.aAssenshalfe, lawtrac lcateof exisecttingfor con tiontheto incu of thiskingorgato niza retain sanctity see ed States, and facing

erty  and  the  purpose  Most law  is  concerned  with  prop aw is,  in  a  sense  for l t  organization to inculcate respec °f  racts  AshH  cont ing  seeking to retain  the  sanctity  of  exist United  States  and  f  the world  is deeply  in debt  to  the  ' facing  4    racts   the  the  repudiation  of  cont contracts,  bonds  and  currency,

t to the Unit and currency, the the world is deeplyof incondebtrac ts, bonds diation repu the 12 12 

mobilization world opinion mobilization  of of world  opinion  to to support support some some  possible possible  US US  forceful action, appears  most  desirable from  forceful action, appears most desirable from the US  the US viewpoint.  viewpoint.

The founder and  andleading  leadingspirit  spiritof  of this  this organization The founder  organization  was was 

awarded a "freedomaward"  award"by  awarded  a "freedom  by a  a rightist rightist American American  organorgan­ ization ization  for for his his role role in in the the creation creation  of of  this this concept. concept.  (When (When 

I I wrote the front wrote toto  office the  in in  Geneva front  office  Geneva and and asked "the asked  for for "the  names of all financial supporters" names  of  all the the financial  supporters" of of the the organization, organization,  I I received a reply  reply that funds came  received  a  that funds camefrom  from"foundations,  "foundations,corpo­ crporations, law firms  must be rations, be assumed assumed  that  law firms and  andindividuals".  individuals. ItIt must that

the CIA was among these "foundations" the CIA was  among these "foundatio ns". 

ItIt isis reliably  reported in  reliably reported Tokyo that that the  in Tokyo Asia Foundation Foundation  the Asia made contributions to  to Japanese delegatesto  to enable  enablethem  them to  made contributions  to Japanese  delegates 

attend attend  the  the "World "World  Peace Peace  Through  Through Law"  Law" meetings. meetings.  US US 

Supreme  Court  Supreme Justice Earl Warren  Court Justice Earl Warrenand  and Japan's  Japan's Chief  Justice  Chief Justice Masstoshi Yokota,  were active  in  the  Assembly  Masstoshi in  Geneva  Yokota, were active in the Assembly in Geneva in  in July, 1967,  which discussed July, discussed "peace" on  1967, which "peace" onits first  day's session, its first day's session, 

but but on on the the  second and third second  and  third  days days  got got down the heart down to to the  of heart of  the matter,  "property".  the matter, "property" When  scientists, scientists, researchers, researchers,  educators, When educators,  physicists physicists  and and  lawyers,  learned learned  that that  they they had had been been caught lawyers, caught in in the the CIA  web  CIA web

their be one their reaction reaction seemed seemed to to be  one  of of immediate immediate denunciation; denunciation;  and though, though, because because of  the economic  state, they  were  generally generally  and of the economic state, they were

"weak  in in the the  "weak face  money",  face of of  money", thethe sense  what was  sense ofof what was right,  right, prevailed.  prevailed.

InIn the case of publishers--the "press ords"—  the case  of newspaper newspaper  publishers—the "press l lords"_ the situation  the situationappeared  appearedto tobe  bedifferent.  different.Some—but  Some--butnot  notall—  alldenounced denounced  the  theCIA  CIA tie.  tie. The The International International  Press Press  Institute Institute  seems a agood  seems goodexample.  example.At  1967, the Atthe end  the endof of April,  the Press  April, 1967, Press Institute Institute of which of India was India  setset  which  upup with  with the was  blessings of the blessings  of  the the 

International announced that it  International Press that it was Press Institute Institute announced  was  suspending suspending  all all relations relations with  with the the Asia Asia Foundation,  Foundation, since  since this  this organization organization  had had  "received "received  contributions contributions  from...the from...the  Central Central  Intelligence Intelligence  Agency" Agency".  13 13 

ded   demanded chief editorsdeman ief editors seven ven ch tan, se in Pakist  Pakisan, tim; in the same At  same tim: At the edd  affiliat ns affiliate nizatio s  "orga "organ ization tan all  of all an of Pakist ution in Pakis tion  in the dissolu the dissol The  Institu te.  te. The Press  Institu tional  l Press Interna ationa trolled d  Intern US­con ntrolle the  US-co with the with   of  DAWN,  THE 

ef  editors signed  by  editors of DAWN, THE was signed the chief atemen by the chi joint st entt was statem joint POST,  THE  LEADER,  THE  BUSINESS POST, AT, THE LEADER, THE BUSINESS HURRIY TIMES, , HURRI AN TIMES PAKISTAN YAT, PAKIST ation.  ation.

Associ ess  Associ n Press stan Pr the Pakista and e Paki and th STAR G  STAR  EVENINNG THE  EVENI THE

had  nothin g  ding  that  g had pretending and preten that nothin later, and month s  Two month s later, Two annuall  its annua te had had  its Press  Institute  tional l Press the Intern Internaationa ed,  the  happe happenned, spoken "writte the "writte n  ed  the discuss and spoke n n and  and discus a  and Geneva in Genev sed ng  in gatheriing gather

World" " "Free World the "Free  om  the  ives frfrom executtives ed press  press execu hundr undred Two h word". word" . Two from  wa  from Suzuka awa Isamu  Suzuk ies. Isamu countries.  30 countr from 30  bledfrom  assemb led  were  assem were CIA's  the    the CIA's   Lasky, Melvin  as  Lasky, Melvin BUN at as did HI SHIM eddid  the ASA attend UNtended I SHiMB ASAH the in 

tion  in IA  publication IA publica the  CCF-C ine,  theCCF­C magaz ine, TER  R magaz ENCOUN on ENCO UNTE man on man

Londo n.  London.

ATIONA INTERN NALL  NATIO INTER approp the the  thatthat  ironica priateriate  appro llylly  (It(It is is ironica on  May  I,  1967  should  

HERS HERS on May 1, 1967 should PUBLIS TION  OF  FEDERAATION PUBLIS APER NEWSPPER  OFNEWSPA FEDER to m"  to  Freedoom" of Freed Pen of  Golden  Pen  "The Golden called"The  ing  called  someththing award  some award

ESSO  the ESSO Lubis,   the er  Lubis, Mochtter Mr. Moch ysay  Award Magsaaysay Winner, r, Mr.  Award  Winne Mags ta.)  Djakarrta.) of  Djaka itor of

editor hero ed hero

d  suffered has  suffere press  has se  press Japane the Japan ese roof  that  needs pproof that the one needs IfIf one  the  of  part  is  that it    testing the of ile pro part ven wh line—e cal dec an ethi while protesting that it is e  how  the  e-even l declin ethica an examin to exam only  to ine how the has  only one  has world— press  world-one free  press great  free great ATION  FOUNDATION A  CIA­ASI IA FOUND whole  the whole CIA-AS aded  the have ev ers have evaded ewspap daily n apers newsp daily ches  despat the  tches of the despa some  of printed have printe d  some they have True they story.  True story.   Japan,, e  or  inside  ers  foreign  by    written e Japan outsidts to p ve been or outsid that ha inside ers foreign by written been have that robe  urnalis probe to own jo lists  their own journa permit t their failed toto  have failed permi but  they have

but they Why**  A  FOUND Japan . Why? CIA­ASISIA the CIA-A lish  N storyin inJapan. DATIOstory  FOUNATION  h the publis oror pub er?  ey und  are th Whose  orders ing? Whose protect orders are they under? they protec are they ting? Who are Who of on  of  the defec defectition CIA aided aided  the  theCIA  thatthe  a charged'hat  Pravd f the  United  States .  ravda 

to the United States. ndia  to a,  from I Svetlanna, er,  Svetla danghtter, Stalin 'ss dangh from India Stalin Ceylon of  er  Minist Prime  er  he form Mrs. time, t n  Mrs   same  Ceylo of er Minist Prime r forme the time, same the AtAt the th~     behind CIA is "The  said :  e  eranaik in o Band coups the birimav behind is CIA "The said: e vo Banderanaik sponsible forfor  ^he  Sirima  "   all'T do^f my of all downf Ghana   and In donesi a  and rerespon the sible

and Indonesia and

Ghana te'eU She a. n." She lon."  in Ceylo nment  mentin Cey CIA of^  govern istt gover ed the socahs social accuscntd alsoToac 14 14 

ive  progress Asian progres and Asian sive African  and against  African d'etats  against coup  d'etats plotting coup plotting iated  substanttiated at substan somewhat was somewh view was ter  view (This lat latter governments.  ents. (This governm which  7,  July, 196 in  late  R,  OBSERVE which on  the Lond report inin the London OBSERVER, late in July, 1967, a report byby a  the  "the on on that"the  was  convictin onthat  policy  theconvictio Soviet    based said that wasbased  policy said that Soviet the  against    offensive nary  the evolutio against e counterr a  offensiv ducting  nary US is con US is conducting a counterrevolutio CIA  f  means o by  world  CIA ed  of nonalign means by the  of  world ists  nationallists of the nonaligned radical nationa radical tion" intervention".  military interven threat of  military  by thethreat of n  backed  backedby the  ion subversio subvers Minister  Prime  Minister former Prime the  former ,  the Tshombee, Moishe  Tshomb Algiers, Moishe InIn Algiers, large  centre  of  of large Katanga—the  --the centre province  of of Katanga -rich province mineralrich  the mineral­ ofof the  of  the eve  on  o—said  his of the Cong nt  in  investmeent ler  investm Rockefelller in the Congo-said on the eve his  Rockefe   sentence under  of where he the Cong back to  was under sentenceof  he  was  on back extradition Congoo  where to the extraditi   CIA..." rican  the Ame   CIA.. n victim of   America I was "a the of death:  victim "a was death: I 99

H"  AH" ARABIYA AL ARABIY H  AL AH THAWRA THAWR "AL  er "AL per newspap d  newspa Baghdad The Baghda The of details of  the details  revealed  the  story revealed e story  half­page a half-pag ion))  inin a  volution Revolut (Arab Re (Arab EAST"  THE MIDDLE OF MIDDLE  EAST" OF THE  FRIENDS ANAN  FRIENDS  "AMERIC thethe  "AMERIC between ween  the links bet the links

this  suppresss  this to suppres government  ent to  the  governm ed  on  on the the CIA, and called and the CIA, and call and

withto with­ memberss to  Iraqi member all Iraqi  askedall  andasked  tion,and  ation,  organiza e organiz ive subversiv subvers

Syrian  the Syrian later,  the month  later, One  month tion.  One organizaation. the organiz from  the draw  from draw

the  of the "Friends  of  the "Friends accused  the  s,  accused Damascuus, from  Damasc ent  from ment Governm Govern

ordered  and ordered tion and organizaation  gee organiz espionag anan espiona   being  of being East" of Middle Middle East"   Burkart. Burkart. es  James was Jam was Syria  Syria in agentt in  The agen n. The operation. its operatio close its  to close itit to 

other  and  other Jordan,  Egypt  offices  in  had  offices Egypt and in Jordan, "Friends The  "Friend also had s"" also  The the  SUNDAY  POST,  same tim tes.  InIn Pakis time,e, the SUNDAY POST, Arab sta the same , atat the  Pakistantan,  states. Arab and  ion  and Foundattion Ford Founda the Ford 

"like tions  "like the organizaations that organiz d  that  demandeed demand

their of their  because eof  East"  becaus Middle East" the Middle  of the  Friendsof  rican nFriends  America the the Ame

close  to close forced  to be forced network"  spy  network on  with  " be connectition CIA spy "theCIA  with"the  connec ' ' Pakistan Pakistan East  in East ter  in later weeks la few weeks AA few 

n. operation.  istani i operatio Pakistan their Pak their

ed  N" charg PAKISTAN" "DAINIK PAKISTA newspap charged the  Dacca, the capital o perer "DAINIK newspa off Dacca, capital h   "throug Pakistan st  out in Ea ied  "through was carr e  Pakistan East espionag CIA  that CIA ge was carried out in espiona that "started 

"  have have  "started "agents" the "agents that the and that ion"  and Foundattion" the Asia  Founda the Asia

Pakistan  of a Pakistan hment  of a  lishment establis the estab for the students for Dacca students g Dacca recruitin recruiting

KAMI  of  notoriouss  KAMI of the notoriou of  the pattern  of n  on  Federatio the pattern on the  Youth Federa tion Youth

Indones a".  Indonesiia"

15 15 

inCouncil in­ legislative e Council  r  of  the legislativ ofthe  Bengal,  a membe a member West  Bengal, In West In

of CIA activities activities  investigation tion  of CIA  calling for or  investiga n calling f resolution  a  resolutio troduced troduced  a of role of  over the edd over  the role  concerne rly concern particularly was particula State. He was .  He in the State in the the  charged  that  that the ction, , and  1967, eje and charged February election the Februar y,, 1967, the CIA  CIA inin the the

governmental  and governm ental l,  educatio nal and d cultura educational  penetrateed had  penetrat cultural, agency  had agency particularly  rly organized  labour, particula d labour,  among organize active among  agencies  wasactive  andwas  sand  agencie

in d  in  CIA had succeedeed the CIA  had succeed He saidthe  area. He said  dock area.  the Calcutta in lcutta  dock  in the Ca

by  and by hips ips  and scholarsh tour scholars and tour cash and  "offering cash  by  "offering Bengal,  by West West  Bengal,

German  ns andd aa West West German America ricans an namedd two two Ame parties". He name giving rties". He giving pa

involved. . were re  involved and more we claimed  more and claimed

that  admittedd  that minister  admitte Foreign  minister n  Foreign Indian the India hi the Delhi New Del InIn New

tions  organizations three organiza ties with  with three close  ties ad  close officials h had Indian officials some  Indian some

to a  a g to according  These,  accordin CIA". These, by theCIA".  boughtby the  been  bought  had  been "which had "which

Inter­ Freedom, , the  the InterCultural  Freedom Congress for Cultural were Congre ss  for  rt, were PTI repo report, PTI Assembly 

Worldd  Assembly the Worl and the Delhi and of f New New Delhi Centre Centre o Youth  national national Youth

if asked  if  Sabha asked of the Lok Sabha rs  of  the  Lok Some members Some membe India.  Youth  in in India. of of Youth

es  in  the in the  candidattes Party candida Congresss Party  to Congres been  given  given to  funds ha hadd been CIA funds CIA

was  India was in  India n  in operation CIA  operatio of CIA chief  of The  chief Election . The General l Election. Genera c  Economiic and Econom Political and  for Political  r for  counsellor Weiss,  counsello Leonard Weiss, be Leonard to be said said to 

y. US Embass mbassy.  in  the the US E Affairs Affairs in

over  paid  over had paid CIA had  the CIA  that the  d that  revealed  was reveale itit was  London  InIn London

Trade  ional Trade Internatonal  based  Internati London­-based the  London through  the 700,000  through §$ 700,000

The  nal.  The ional. nternatio Service IInternat Public Service the Public and  the at  and riat Secretari Union Secreta Union   downfall downfall the  the that  that showed  showed tions igations  investiga its invest its said  said TIMES  TIMES SUNDAY  SUNDAY was  was Guiana  Guiana British  f  British of colony o the  colony in  the ent  in ent Governm the Jagan Jagan Governm ofof the not did not  tIMesdid  theTIMES  Althoug hthe  CIA".Although d  by the C by theIA".  ered ngineere "engine largely "e largely materiall  raw  materia bauxite, , raw in  bauxite rich in was rich  Guiana  was  British Guiana state tha thatt  British  state overthrow of  the  overthro w of at  the reveal wh did reveal what trust,  itit did aluminum the aluminu m  trust, for the for

cost: st:  Jagan Jagan co

, sofwounded d hundred untol dead, 170 was about t10,000,0 resul "The damage worth million) 28 00 pounds (§ roughly

"The result  was about  170 dead,  untold  hundreds  wounded  roughly 10,000,000  pounds  ($ 28 million)  worth  of  damage  to the economy, and a legacy  of  racial  bitterness."  Labour Member  of  Parliament Stan  Newens asked  if  the 

to the economy, and a legacy of racial bitterness."

Newens asked if the Labour Member of Parliament Stant on  ent  Government the  Governm statemennt on the make a  would  make inister  would Prime M a stateme Minister Prime intelli  US  other    CIA and   rts by the intelli"the effo US arding g "the efforts by the CIA and other policy reg regardin policy tions..."  ence  organiza nfiltrate  and influ organiza organizations. gence  and influence tions to infiltrate gence organizations to i 16 16 

en,ur as Brad Thom the CIA, ef oft vast ispen ce-ch er vihad formCIA lethatthethe Whi d  labo the on s sum admitted t Germany, giving "secret unions of France, Italy and Wes , none knew--or cared to oses purp US for ort" supp l a ci finan n. Japa t abou s truth lar simi tell--

ssr,r"" f* '­ ~ 

Thorn;, c  While the former  vice­chief of  the CIA 

^ 

any,  giving  "secret  unions  of  France,  Italy  and  West  Germ ^    knew^cr Ud  financial  support"  for US  purposes,  none tell—similar  truths about Japan. 

nt rnment  nd Governme Second  The Seco The

datioon n, rious Asia Founndati Asia  Fou Marchh the notorious  of Marc the  noto weekof thirdird week InIn thethe th press the pres to the tted to s  admi cisco,, adm Fran itted cisco Fran "°™ San   nom in 'its e ,  offic inal atthat e  By th   CIA. the    from the ort"  By supp CIA. ial  the inanc ved f financial support" from receiived that «itit ha hadd rece e articom le in a magazinFreed en revealed BradT  end of April, Thomas r^ " nal  offlce in  San 

ral Freedom that the CIA had founded the Congress for Cultu h ENCOUNTER

ed  iD  a  magazine  artic,e 

reVei A h that founded  the  Congress for  Cultural  ad a^ the CIA h hat  "L o British  ENCOUNTER  (  F)  and  created  and  controlled  the    EVENING  POST­ RDAY magazine.  Braden  wrote  in  the  SATU   the  CIA...We  had  "Money  for...(ENCOUNTER)  came  from organization called  the  placed  one agent  in  the  Europe­based  her  agent  became  an  Congress  for  Cultural  Freedom.  Anot " TER. R."  OUN UNTE of ENC ENCO edito editor r of 

rolled the Britis created andecont (CCF) and SATURDAY EVENING POST: the in wrot en e. Brad magazin

the CIA...We had nTER) came from "Money for...(ENt cOU orga in the Europe-based nization called the

placed one agen

Congress for Cultural Freedom. Another agent became an

near  zine   maga ARTS RAMP s of  nears,  office zine,ment , the  maga 1967 TS l 6,  PAR Apri6, On April RAM of s office the , 1967 On docu d  ds an ts, recor men and  o  docu n int and rds broke e  reco , wer and cisco into en Fran San Fran cisco, were brok  years San s  geou coura us This  n.  ageo stole cour   were This ,  n. many were stole over many years, back  over going g  back goin sed  exposed first expo had  first  ninety day only ninet beforee had y dayss  befor zine, maga   small which h only small magazineed ,  whic d's  worl the  in  ged  enga worl   in the d's CIA engagedd  now  the CIA y­filllled hand of the  moneey-fi hands s of  the mon the some paid  r  move had now paid some  nts,s, ha emement lectu ur mov intelectu laboabou h, intell youth, alal andand l yout

price. . of  price kind of kind

aganda  propagan da the U some of  USS prop led  some of the reveaaled who reve erick Joss Frederick Joss, , who Fred nces  msta circu s  nces eriou msta myst r  circu under mysterious fell unde Kong,, fell Hong n  Hon tion iin g Kong opera ation oper the  Hotel,  n  Hote Hilton l, the Kong Hong the  g  Hilto of  g  Kon floor  Hon 25th  the the  from  the 25th floor of from ub.  ts' Cl nden . espo Correspondents' Club ign Corr  Foreign KongFore ong Kong the H ion o location Hong off the locat ve  to gi n  to began give CIA  the  CIA bega years edy year s,, the Kenn the Ken nedy in the 62, , in 1962 InIn 19 amon   CE fo work among g EREN ce r forwork EREn COnF ERN  IONA  LCONF OUTH REGONAL n REGI the S THER SOU moneyy to  to the mone was  nly $$ 6,0 andit it was was o 6,0000 0 and  sum was The sum only oes. . The Negrroes rn  Neg outhe the S hern Sout the The  Fund". ". The E. E.Norm ron on Norman anFund et "Aar secrt "Aa rough  thesecre led ththrou ghthe  funne eled funn izatio organ ame  nizat the s  § 60 gave$ 00 toto the same orga ionn  IA gave 60,0,000  the C   year the CIA following ing year follow dund­ Foun ld Fo World "New New Wor the " gh gh the

t  throu throu went fundss wen the  fund time the this time but but this

17 17 

NS    RELATIO HUMAN IL  ON  A  COUNC IONS RELAT the  GEORGI HUMAN In  1962  IL ON ation". IA COUNC the GEORG In  1962 ation". n  Norman The Norma fund. The Norma rman n fund.  h  the the No through nds  throug CIA funds gott  CIA fu also also go

ation, , organiz Negro  militan zation the  militan organi money  to  t t Negro gave  money also  gave to the Fund also Fund r) for its "scholar­

ITY (CORE )  for  its  "schola EQUAL RACIAL TY  (CORE FOR   EQUALI ESS RACIAL FOR  THE CONGRESS  THE  CONGR

l' "radical"  to the "radica wentto the  funds nds  went  Also fu nd".  Also onal fufund". educational and d  educati ship ship an and "THE "THE  ITTEEand  COMMTEE  CECOMMIT LAWYE NAL DEFEN DEFENCE  TUTIONAL  CONSTIITUTIO R'S  CONST LAWYER's

RACY".  DEMOCRACY". RIAL DEMOC E  FOR INDUSTRIAL LEAGU FOR INDUST LEAGUE

of some  of  dizing  izing some subsid the CIA CIA's's subsi for the given  for on  given ation planati explan The ex The   "to was "to ent  was movement Rights movem Civil Rights Negro  Civil the  Negro of the vities  ies of  the acti activit the

rights  ed  by  ty caus publicity the civill  rights by the civi strous  caused the disa quiet the foreign  publici ous foreign disastr quiet

ce" violen e".  violenc .

ttified" ed"  be "prettifi ss  had  hadto tobe "pre US press the US pre by the  out by  age sen sentt  out  The im image The

like! looked like !  "truly" looked ca"truly" Ameria  whatAmeric show  what  toto show

"Whitee  rebellion  in  rebellio against "Whit n against United States the  United States, , in Negroes in  s in the Negroe the  as  the CIA as CIA the to the  to n cern  concer the con much the as much are  as gly are seemingly  "  seemin Power" Power and  defeat  and admit  to admit defeat refuseto    who  alsorefuse  whoalso  namese mese us Viet Vietna rebellio ous rebelli

Stokely gton.  . Stoke Washin ly  ington of  Wash acy  of suprem macy ledge  e the  the supre acknowwledg ackno "Black  for *Black smanfor  spokesman  young spoke nt young  eloquent  the  eloque hael,  the Carmi Carmicchael, :   killed  killed stated CIA the CIA States the think  United "I  think   I the " in the United  States  stated: "  in  Power Power"

USA).  the  USA). AK7SLIM BLACK  in the IMSS~in  leader ofof  (the leader MUSL lrnX  BLacK thethe  Malcolm X (the Malco by  d  by (Quote tly"! (Quoted constanntly". mm  consta d  him watcheed they  watch imed d they claime He ^cla He 1967).  24,  1967). Jessel  of the  July, 24, Stephen London, ,July,  Times,London of theTimes,  n Jessel Stephe

tional too  international t the interna rom the eave ffrom weave trigue w CIA intrigue of CIA in eads of threads The thr The

al  l struggl Vietnam  e of Vietnam connecting the struggle of  scene  connec colonia onal  ting the coloni the nati l scene nationa the a  Americ s in  Negroe the  of  ent  movem ent of the Negroes in America. rights movem civil  rights the  civil with the with House' m  Freedo by  made  attack    seen  in  the  May 20 Freedom House, 

byof the Reverend attack armade the Maythe20"anti-w in upon seen is This role York, New in civil rights leader who had Martin Luther King", the Negro this "champion ely,CIA. m.ceStrang Vietna in war US the ned condem the of defen of freedom" came to the saT"  isal" balanced appra House report said "aofof more Freedombong  CIA  CIA,  CIA had is now being made of the role the CIA, while the ided "misgu on the left" and among becom critics"e "a dirty word

This is  nd  in  New  York,  upon  the  "anti­war  role  of  the  Revere had  who  Martin  Luther  King",  the  Negro civil  rights leader  condemned  the US  war  in  Vietnam.  Strangely, this "champion  same  his same of  freedom  came  to  the  defence  of  the  CIA.  TThis  a  app  d  balance more  "a  Freedom  House  report  said  had  while the  the  made  of  the role  .snow  ^  become..a  dlrty  word  Qn  ^ ^  •

18 18 

of  Freedom Freedom  Chairman hairman of Committee ommittee C executive C was the the executive Who Who was 

in war  in  US war the US  support  the Negroes support have Negroes to have sought to that sought House  that House

who  Leo Cherne the CIA?  of  the the name  Cherne,,  who protect the CIA? Leo Vietnam an name of andd  protect Vietnam

tly. subsequently.  to subsequen referred to  isis referred 

seen  CIA wass seen the CIA wa role of the dangerous role of  and dangerous dubious bious and Another Another du to  es  to uinist charg charges anti­Communist al  anti-Comm sensational of sensation furnishing of the furnishing in the in

for its agents i Germany for  Dodd by  WestGermany  Thomas  Dodd agents inn West  by its US Senator Senator  Thomas US

name;  d's  name; under Dod book under States in  Dodd's the United  publication in  in a a book United States in the publication in  people  in an people the Americ thinking of American the thinking of  the shape  the g  to  thus helpin to shape helping thus

ept.  concept. CIA's conc the CIA's with the conformity with  conformity in e in  Committee Ethics Committe the Ethics before  the Testimony  before Senate  Testimony US Senate US the  contains  page 429)  1, page 429) contains the Part  1, (Hearings: : Part 1966  (Hearings June/July  July 1966 June Dodd: Senator  Dodd:  emo  written by  written by Senator memo following m following intention, a my intention, was my  Europe, itit was ass  return from "After  from Europe, ourour return "After

the Stashy Stashy-­ m the from material fro  the material combine the will recall,  recall, toto combine you will you

ED SUSPECTED  or SUSPECT on  known or  on known material  material other  other with  case with nsky case nsky

ts  and  it bring it  Communisists and bring  ns  by  assassinatio by Commun tions political assassina political

al,  Internation "Murder Internatio of "Murder nal, caption  of the caption under the out under allall out

ted" ed".  Incorpora Incorporat

information  what  information them  what king  them CIA asking the CIA as to the request to a request I sent a  I sent

delay...  months  delay... several  months me...After  give me...Afte r several could  give they  could they

long list  names list ofof names  with  us with virtually long a a virtually  provided us CIA provided the CIA the nist  tterror  apparatus, terror apparatus,  victims of  SUSPECTED ED the Communis victims ofthe Commu ofof SUSPECT

IN  CASES  IN CASES ON  THESE  ON THESE no  DETAILS  nO DETAILS had had  theythey  said  said they  but but they

emphasis).  FILES..." (my  (my emphasis). THEIR  FILES..." THEIR

by the the  misconduct ctby  for miscondu censured  for was censured Dodd  was Senator Senator  Dodd

of name of  the name  odiumto tothe  broughtodium  whichbrought    which  for actions Senate for actions US US Senate  same this in this same  CIA in  the CIA  the  probed far have have  probed  so far  None so  Congress Congress.  . None  regard.  regard.

April 99  on April  Ohio,on  Youngof ofOhio,  M.Young  Senator  Stephen  US Senator StephenM.  US

He said  the that the  said that  nt". He second  Governme Government".  1967, called the CIA a "second called  the CIA a " 1967, spent  it  and  100,000  than  spent it more  and 100,000 numbered  than more employees  CIA  numbered s CIA employee Senator  s. Senator its activitie activities. year on  on its dollars aa  year n  dollars 4,000 millio million close  to  to 4,000 close as as  "pose to "pose  se to    Vietname Vietnamese hired hired  the CIA CIA  that the  said that  Young Youn|»  said  19 19 

th  South in aa  Sou s sin  citie atrocitie mit atro commit    com and asand rrillas  guerrill g  gue cong Vie Viett  con done  e this faking  was don

d this faking was umeed  assssum ge".  It Jt co coulduld bebe a ese  villa namese village". Vietnam Viet .  said . cong Viet he  said the Viet g,, he it"  con credit" "dis the cred toto "dis Pigss  of  Pig Bay  of The  Literary  Bay The

sordid  the sord id Pari in the iss in  was hel in Par ting  was heldd  in  meeting Apr 7, a  a mee 196967, il,il, 1 InIn Apr was   was re it befo   and ,  it dom re Free befo l  and tura m, Cul l Freedo   hadbee gress fo Congres the Con s forr  Cultura hallss of of  the hall ­ idizzsubs sidi n  sub CIAhad   been the  CIA that  the made ethat   were emad

ions wer fessions over confess r,, con ove

dingg    sinc ee itsits ffouounndin n sinc atiotion ltur anizniza "cu al"al" orgorga ltur synt this syn thehetiticc "cu ing this ing CCF the  of  ge  of the CCF  char agen rge CIA age the  CIA ntt  inin cha y  the ingl Seem 0.  See gly 1950. min inin 195 haell  Michae ent  resid evaa, , Mic an,  aa resi Genenev erican, t ofof G Americ den ed  Am ralized naturaliz was  aa natu was tary ecre ry..  reta e Sec cutivve S elson,  Executi Josselso the Exe n, the 

Joss

dig into ss begansotomuc nch preays ly the BritdishfactandoryFre Suddentiou h to had alw ch " in the socialist land s wor "cultural whi this preten s freedom ut the lack of

ch  press  began  to  dig into  Suddenly­the  British  and  Fren which  always  had  so much  to  this  pretentious  word  factory    freedom" in  the socialist  lands  say  about  the lack  of "cultural ee  World"  citizens deprived  (ed  bu  d,d  nothing to  protect the  "Fr

say abo ens deprived tect the "Free World"enccitiz but did nothing to proms" teR devoted the oun . On MayF  14 e "freedo  to  the  of the sam TER OUN ir. Affair.  R  Affa and OUnTE CCand EncENC the  the  page than e to the CF mor n  aa pag ree  tha mo   STOR RYV  E,E, THETHESTO es  gave a  page  to CIA  CULTUR of the 

freedoms., 

Qn 

ounter  May  ,4  (he enc

devo

Sunday Times gave a page to CIA CULTUR The OF A LITERARY BAY OF PIGS. The  Sunday  Tim OF  A  LITERARY  BAY  OF PIGS. 

ing g  nuin ontitinu by ccon ldlsby ld  wortua rs  the CF had deceived the wor 7T For uryea CE  ON   who s  CE tual ON llec who inte s  illus of illus us intellec  departed.  Of  es of triotriou names the nam ish the publ lish toto pub etly ntly eque tly departed. Ofis  subs quie but  ,  tly qui CCF the CCF, but subsequen ged  e on d toto the nge belo wn    t kno best is  wn kno es, s,the  azin bes mag the al" ma ltural" ine "cultur gaz 18  "cu 's  18 CCF the  CC F's the influ   hus th (t influ mon s (thu ach  th 00 e mon 40,0 h 40,000 eacative  liberalism"  h  hdist ributes teswith   whic distribu , whic ENCOUN TER OUNTER, ENC iin m" ralis "neg   libe ive ers  s with "negat reader this num ng  this ber of of read enciing number  enc rioe  offe   also ENT and ring   LEMMEN offe SUPPPLE also RARYY SUP T and LITE S  TIME the  of  RAR words  the word ES LITE s ofpetithetionTIM  for  the were   who es  azin mag ines who were non­CIA gaz thos -CIA  ma see  non competition for tho CIA com CIA the CCF had  deceived

  the 

n 

idy))..  subssidy et  sub secrret out aa sec without lish with publish tryingg to to  pub tryin

e: ines agaz es  were:  azin /CCFF m mag CIA/CC The oth otheer r CIA The

s  Pari ed din  lish   pub NOS s Pari in CUADER ce;  lishe pub s, s, Fran NOS DER VES, S,Pari CUA PREUUVE ce; Fran Pari PRE VEY , SURVEY don; ; SUR London LY, , Lon RTERRLY QUARTE A QUA   CHIN THECHI nish;; THE Spanish in  NA inLonSpadon;  FORUUM don'  London ERVA,  MINERV , tria; MIN Austria; Lon A, na, , Aus Vien M, , Vie nna FOR ; don Lon e,'  Rom TS,  SEN PRE PO  TEM y;  man Ger PO PRESENTE,Rome, DER  MONAT,  West 

20 20 

DER MONAT, West Germany; TEM

Sydney,  T,  Sydney, QUADRAN India;  Calcutta, , India; ANT, QUEST,  Calcutta QUADR Italy; QUEST, Italy; niero,  Rio de Ja ,  OS Brazil; BRASILEIR ROS, Rio de Janiero,Brazil;    CADERNOSS  BRASILEI Australia;CADERNO Australia; Philip­ pan;  COMMENT Manila, PhilipFreedom, ,JIYU COMMEN,  T,Manila,  Tokyo, Japan; JYu,,  Tokyo, Ja Freedom ORPHEUS BLACK    Lebanon; Beirut,  ,  HIWAR Idaban, pines;  pines; HIWAR, Beirut, Lebanon; BLACK ORPHEU, S,Idaban, 

N,  TRANSITIO Korea;  ,  Seoul,  SASSANGEGE, ION, Nigeria; SASSAN TRANSIT South Korea; Seoul,South  Nigeria; Uganda.  Kampala,  , Uganda. Kampala

pender,  in  Stephen S ER,  Stephen in ENCOUNT Spender, editor ofof  TER, leading editor The leading ENCOUN The shocked,  he was    press that the  n, told  shocked, was resignatio he announcing his resignation, told the press that ng his  announci

saying: saying: 

and  made  and been  made have been that have nss  that revelation the revelatio of the view  of In view In

sources  past sources about  past made  about be made still be may  still that may allegations ns  that  allegatio

was  who  was editor  who any  editor   funds,  feel any Encounter funds,I I feel  of  Encoun ter of resign.  uld  resign. these sho receiving  these in receiving should involved in unknowing glyly  involved unknowin monthly  ),  a  (Dialoguee), a monthly HIWAR  (Dialogu Lebanon,  , HIwaR Beirut, Lebanon InIn Beirut,

that down  reports that  "becauseof of reports  down"because  cultural  magazine, closed magazin  e,closed  cultural

The edito editorr  the CIA"..  The fromthe CIA" subsidyfrom  received  indirect  indirect subsidy  had  received itit had

supported was supporte by magazine d  by  the  known the had known e  was he had magazin that  if  said  that if he said it.  rejected  ely  immediat have  it. would  rejected he  tely money  he would have immedia dirty  money the  dirty the

TOKYO T0KY0  1967.  24,  1967. July 24, July

Conde  W. Conde David W. David

21 21 

CIA the CIA  and the  Youth Spies  and  Youth  Spies

led  oncea ncealed long­co the long-c off the   some o d some earned learne e  world l the world 1967 th 1967 Y in  FARLY J^ARLin can Ameri the of an  tions" Americ the  opera of  "black  operations"  the  "black 'facts ng  the regardiing facts  regard

s,  studentts, college US  colleg   among e  studen Agencyy ence  Agenc Intelligence among  US Central l Intellig Centra Press  The Press leader. s. The leaders

labour  andlabour   and  apermen newspapermen ors,  newsp profes professsors,

s  appearrs yet  itit appea gton  "mist" Washinington lack  Wash "mist"  yet super­b of super full  of was  full -black was ed  promised are promis We are begun . We just begun. onlyjust  s  have  haveonly  elation tions the rev revela that the that

school­of school than of  details  than  rid  details more lurid   more lu be even ill  be even there will on  there w soon that that so

secret t nment" 'asas secre Government ble Gover "Invisible  an"Invisi erican  the Americ servin rving gthe Am boys boys se lands.  foreign  lands. in foreign agents in  agents

 been    studen have been college ts ts have e studen some  colleg   that  USUS  known some that ItIt is is known the  to the sent  to 

and sent nds  and  CIA funds fromCIA fu dollars from  of dollars ds  of  thousannds given  thousa given

r gather  ts" toto gathe "tourissts"  as  "touri lands--as other lands— and  other  Union--and Soviet t Union— Sovie e"  nocenc ence" the "in "innoc that  the d  that believe ed being  believ it  ence;  it being intelligence; militaryy intellig militar Other  on. Othe suspiciion. from  suspic r them  from would  shield  boys  would these  boys shield them ofof these to  agents  CIA  secret  to as  students  sent as secret CIA agents an  studen been sent  Americ have been  ts have  can Ameri Viennaa  in  at Vienn one  at as  in such  ls,  festiva the one youth  as the  tional  such ls, interna international youth festiva ngs,  gain  gatheriings, gain these  gather pt  these 1962,  to disru to disrupt 1959 an Helsinkii in in 1962, andd  in in Helsink 1959 ce  adheren force    States,   United the United States, force nce for the ty  for adhere ble  publici favouraable publicity favour ction introduction  the  introdu throughh  the war  throug the cold °ld  war

the  US?  position on toe ™ t0

  on  the  c n o , t , s o p

recep­ soughtt  recepthey sough times  they all  times At  ions.  afted  resolut CIA­dr of CIA-d all At tions. resolu rafted oftivenes .  money and money. viewsand  tivenesss for  gton's views  Washington's  for Washin ds and  at therlan and at  the Ne rlands and the Nethe Spain and * ^ a,' Belgium, Spain fi  ««J"  In Canad   CIA­subsidized  student  anac

a

the "Free University" in West Berlin, CIA-subsidized student the  Free Un.versity"  in West  Berlin,

pre­ nts'' " and  as "age nts  al stude and preindividual "agents s as tions,  hired  student ofganizaations, hired individu organiz thought ous  spected  youth su "dangerous thoughts"s".  ossiers" tedof of "danger pared "d suspec of youth rs" of  "dossie pared "  by  CIA CIA  by CIA  "fronts" CIA"fronts hired  as werehired as anadian students swere  Young C an student Canadi Young ­ US spies as  serve  and  ces  spies; conferen US as ional  serve internat and nces attend  to  confere to attend international youth  ated  54 affili d youth ation,  54 affiliate organization, student  organiz Belgian  student the  Belgian through  the through money;  CIA  by  ed  influenc ; were  money lands  other lands were influenced by CIA in other groups  in groups

nationall  t nationa different  60  differen ration  60 eration confede Dutch confed the  Dutch through  the and  through and e. e.  guidanc CIA guidanc en  CIA  given were giv ts  were ents ovemen movem youth m youth by  hired  by were  hired students y" studen ts  were niversit ity* "Free U Berlin  "Free Univers West  Berlin West   have an an ht  have who mig might tes  who class­ma ates class-m theirtheir  report  onon  report CIA  to to  the CIA the s.  countrie n  Europea East  an countries. Union oror East Europe Soviet  Union the  Soviet interest t in  in the interes the  under  tunnel  a  under the dug  tunnel had    a dug the CIA had how  CIA ed  the how ho recall recalled (Some w (Some who e lines  telephonne there, into the lines there,  rman  border  main telepho the  main  East Ge to tap into border to tap  German East

the  of the riesof  dormitories  and dormito oms  and  class­roooms the  class-r that the certain that  were  certain  were

the  gged" b d" byy  the also "bu "bugge were  also Berlin  were West  Berlin West ity" inin  University" "Free Univers "Free in 

Centree  in estst Centr East­We East-W thethe  that  tedd that suggeste been  sugges been It  had  CIA. It had CIA. Asia.  role in Asia. similarr  role in  played  aa simila Hawaii played Hawaii

Algerian paid Algeria CIA paid the  CIA that  the n,,  known  that is known it is a,  it Africa, InIn Afric and  African  est   South­W African, outh  and bique, S est African Angolan,, Mozam South African, South-W Mozambique, Angolan support  ver  those  not support might not  nts sto disco whomight  an stude r thosewho  Rhodesiian to discove student Rhodes melands their ho nds..  within their homela n policy American policy  within America

1953,  CIA  CIA August 1953, ld  has not  howin in August  The wor forgotton nhow  has notforgotto world The to hire a 

dollars to hire a of dollars millions  of spent  millions ,  Iran,  Teherann, agents  in  Iran, spent in Tehera agents a  stage  a to stage students  and  street  idlers  to

former  students and street idlers of  former ny  of miscellaany miscell ans and  hah slog ng pro­S "Down and"Down  nstratio h slogans pro-Sha mercena shouting trationn shouti demons aryry demo mercen that  known that was known it was

As  it ment".As Government".  gh  Govern degh Mossade the Mossa with the with ed  Mohamm Premierr  Moham med as  backing Shah, Premie the Shah,  States w ed States backing  the  the Unit was United the Anglo­ British AnglotheBritish  lizethe  nationaize  o  had  dared  tonational haddared to Mossadegh, wh egh, who Mossad went to  nation, went the nation, of the name  of the name to in  the y  in Companny Oil Compa Iranian  Oil Iranian prison.  prison.

with ed, with  s  were  re-divided,  resourcees m  resourc were re­divid petroleu n's  petrole um Soon Ira Iran's Soon holdings ous  its previ s,,  cent of  holding s 40 per  back 40 etting back ranian g per cent of its previou Anglo­Ianian getting Anglo-Ir Standar d Oil,  Gulf Oil, Standard  vided  between betwee nGulf  being divided per cent cent  being di other 60 60  per the other the and    ompany Texas C Californ ny and and Californ Compa Jersey and New  ia,ia, thethe Texas Oil ofof  Jersey New Oil 23 23 

­Mobil. . (The (The  British British Royal Royal Dutch Dutch  Shell was Socony-Mobil was cut  Shell cut in in for  for 14  per  cent  and the the  French Companies Companies  Francaise 14 per cent and Francaise  Petrols Petrols  French Socony

was given  six  per per cent.)  was given six cent.) The CIA agent who  managed  The left  CIA agent in  in Iran  Iran who managedthe  thecoup  coup later  later left

the CIA CIA and and joined joined  Gulf  Corporation as the Government  Gulf OilOil  Corporation as a  a Government

relations director, and in 1960 was named a Vice-President relations  director,  and  in  1960  was 

a Vice­President 

named 

of the the company.  of company.

1957, the the United United States States again again secretly secretly deplored deplored  InIn 1957, that another  national leader ,  President  Sukarno  of  Indonesia,  that another national leader, President Sukarno of Indonesia, was  "turning  Because the  left". left".  Because of was. of this "turning to  hired this the the CIA to the CIA hired  pilots and  provided  B­26 planes  to carry  out  an  armed  pilots and provided B-26 planes to carry out an armed attack attack  upon  the the forces of  upon Indonesian  Government.  forces of the  the Indonesian The planes Government. The planes 

were supposed  were supposedto be the  to be theair  airforce of  force ofa a"revolutionary "revolutionary"" Govern­ Govern-

ment  with with  its its capital capital inin oil-rich oil­rich  Sumatra, base base  of ment of Texaco Texaco  Sumatra, and  other other  US US  oil oil company company  giants. giants.  One and One CIA CIA bomber bomber was was  shot down  over  Indonesia Indonesia and  shot down over was  captured, captured, arrested and the pilot  the pilot was arrested 

and placed  and placedon trial and  on trial andconvicted.  convicted.By Bythis  this time  time the  the "revolt"  "revolt" was suppressed. was suppressed. 

January, 1959, 1959, in  Cuba, Fidel Fidel Castro Castro and  his revolu­ InIn January, in Cuba, and his revolu-

tionary youth tionary youth movement movement  toppled  toppledthe Batista  the Batistamilitary  military dictatordictator­

ship and  shortly thereafter ship and shortly thereafter he he visited  the United  visited the States and  United States was  and was

made welcome  made welcomein inNew  NewYork and  York andWashington, w Washington, with ith  only  only minor minor 

CIA was later CIA harassment. harassment.  ItIt was  later when when he oil he asked asked  the the U.S. U.S. oil  firms  in firms in Cuba  Cuba to to lower  lower their their selling  selling prices prices or  or to to accept accept  cheaper cheaper 

imported oilfor  imported oil  for refining  refining(as  (asagreed  agreed in their  their original to toin  original  franfran­

chises) which  chises) whichthey  they refused,  to nationalize refused, forcing  nationalize the  forcing Castro  Castro to the

oil industry, industry, that that Washington's Washington's  policy oil policy  turned turned to  toenmity.  enmity. In  In

the spring spring ofof 1961, the 1961, with with  the approval  the President Kenn approval ofof  President edy,  Kennedy,

the the  CIA CIA mounted mounted an an armed armed invasion at the invasion ofof Cuba of Cuba at  the Bay Bay of 

Pigs, for  the purpose  Pigs, for the purpose of  of overthrowing  overthrowing Fidel Castro.  Fidel Castro. The The adven­ adven-

ture ended in failure.  ture ended in  failure.

In 1965, In May, May,  President 1965,  President Sukarno Sukarno nationalized nationalized  the oil the oil 

refineries  and and  distributive distributive apparatus apparatus ofof Indonesia,  refineries largely  the the  Indonesia, largely

property  of of  the property the  great great  US US  oil oil firms.  the  firms. InIn the same year year  the the  same 24 24 

book  published  hed a a book York,  publis NewYork, firmin inNew  hingrm  reager rpublis publishing fi CIA­Preage CIA-P ion.  Nasuttion, Haris Nasu Gener by Gene Abduul l Haris ralal Abd writtenn by been writte have been to have said  to said OF  S OF "FUNDAMENTALS 

d  DAMENTAL ,  entitle Army d "FUN esian  entitle Indon Army, the  esian Indon leader  r ofof the leade e  become had  becom tion ion  had Nasu Nasut time time  this . Bythis  ARE"By  RE".  WARF RILLAWARFA GUER GUERRILLA 

pher  biographer the biogra Jr. the inger r Jr.  Schlessinge n.  Arthurr Schle mericaan. pro­Americ y  pro-A warmlly warm "

DAYS :  SAND  DAYS" THOUUSAND "A THO book "A his book in his states in  ime, , states regime dy reg Kennedy the Kenne of of the

of aa  county ry of  ed  Indon thiscountr regardded esia,this  ent  regar Indonesia,  Presid "The Presi dent "The bber, as one one 

tin, ru rubber, as , so  in oil,  tin, peoplee, richin oil, sorich  lion  peopl ed mil hundred million hundr He wa wass  Asia. He of  Asia. s  of ns nation natio cant  significant ially signifi tially potent the poten ofof the

ially orces,, espec especially  unist f comm ist forces mmun then th anti-co thee anti­ strengthen anxiouss to  to streng anxiou my..." the Ar ..   Army the

ian  oil  dones oil the In esian Indon uary,  1967, the in Jan ry, 1967,  later,  in Janua monthss later, Nine month Nine ll  were aall

rties  were properties oil prope the oil  and the  ed  and  onalizized denatitional was  dena ry  was industtry indus ent Presiddent  .. Presi Dutch the and Dutch e  British and th the itish  Americans, cans,  the Br d  back o  Ameri hande back tto handed al  Gener and  powerr  and General ential  powe presidential his presid of his was  shorn  o  was shorn of  Sukarn rno Suka

placedd  be place uld be no wo would Sukarno that Sukar ed  that red declar ion decla tion Nasut Haris Nasu Abdull  Haris Abdu can  support,  was  Ameri with f ion, with ican support, was Nasut Amer fullull  Gener trial. Gene tion, on  trial. Nasu ralal  on esia.  Indon of  esia. ­man  Indon strong ry stron g-man of military now  the milita

now the

Josephh Clark the noted the  Senato Clark  noted    1962 U orr Josep long  USS Senat as 1962 agoago as AsAs long in  CIA,  the  d  nies an

compa oil comp US  oil CIA, in the  big  anies and the paths of  paralle big US of the lell  paths paral can  Ameriican formed  well­in Amer y  d "Ever forme ast.  well-in y ddle E "Ever the Mi ,  East. e stance Middl that in that instance, the the  p  in in the oil  re dee oil nies aare compa oil comp deep can  oil Ameri anies the Amer that  the ican knowss  that know s  politic in the    is deep A  s the CI   politic ...and the in e East Middle East...and the CIA is deep the Middl politicss of  the of politic " East. e Middl   the of East." iddle  of  the M en  between bath betwe   blood guided Army­ bath esian  d blood Indon -guide Army Durin esian gg thethe Indon Durin 000  f 500, lives o he  6  that  took t of 500,000

ry 196 January and  Janua er, 196 1966 that took the lives October, 19655  and Octob Indonesian unists"—men,  women  and  children—a 

en-ed.a childr and, was en, womasenKAMI sts*-m "comntmuni found well-financed stude movement known g of the pa head-

Indonesian  "comm was  founded  well­financed  student movement  known as KAMI,  the  PKI head­ This  was nearly  three weeks  after  the  burning of   had  made  karno ent Su quarters and  nearly ten  days after  Presid any  PKI  en  it  plain  that  he did  not  believe  that there  had be branches  in  coup  attempt.  (Five  months  later  KAMI  had  chairman  of  Djakarta,  Bandung  and  Bogor  etc.)  The  joint  e  and  from  Leagu KAMI  came  from  the  Catholic  Students' 

This was nearly three weeks after the burnin

quarters and nearly ten days after President Sukarno had made

any PKIin had been that there believhselater did notmont that he it plainattem hes branc had I KAM pt. (Five

coup

The joint chairman of Djakarta, Bandung and Bogor etc.) nts' League and from

kaMI came from the Catholic Stude

25 25 

Muslim Organization (AGAMA). Muslim  Religion Religion Among Among Students' Students'  Organization  (AGAMA).  The Times Times of of London London said said  March  3, 1966,  about KAM!: KAMI:  The onon  March 3, 1966, about

"Their movement was spontaneous, in it was organized "Their movement  was not not spontaneous,  in that that it  was organized  and is being  with out the  of the the armed  and is being used by  used byothers...  others...without the support  support of armed

forces their actions can be easily suppressed." forces their actions can  be easily  suppressed." 

President Sukarno briefly President  Sukarno  briefly banned banned  KAMI KAMI and and branded branded 

the of the University University  of of Indonesia Indonesia in in Djakarta Djakarta and and the the  Institute Institute  of 

Technology  at  Bandung  as as "counter-revolutionary "counter­revolutionary  centres". centres".  Technology at Bandung

But KAMI,  "organized by by others"  and supported  by  NasutionNasution­ But kaMt, "organized others" and supported by Suharto group, survived  to  be  the spearhead  for  the destruction  Suharto group, survived to be the spearhead for the destruction of Sukarno and  to gladden  of Sukarno and to gladden the hearts of  the hearts ofthe  the CIA.  CIA.

The US Press tried  tried to convince  to convince the  the world  world that a The US Press  that this this was was a 

"rebellion children" but those who knew rebellions best "rebellion of of the the children"  but those  who  knew rebellions  best  said "counter - rebellionby  bythe CIA".  the CIA" said  it it was was "counter ­ rebellion 

Whether moved through high-sounding Whether  CIA's CIA's funds funds  moved  through  high­sounding  "foundations" to US youth federations "foundations" to  US youth  federations  and and  then then  on on to to some some  such youth organizations as the INTERNATIONAL such  counterpart counterpart  youth  organizations  as  the  INTERNATIONAL  STUDENT  CONFERENCE  of  of Leiden, Netherlands,  STUDENT CONFERENCE Leiden, Netherlands,is  is not presently  not presently known, known Indonesia known,  but but  itit isis  known that that  Indonesia was was formerly formerly  the the  Dutch  colony colony  of of Netherlands Netherlands  East East  Indies, Indies,  and and  both both  the the  Dutch language and  petroleum  ties are close.  language and petroleum ties are close.

Current Current Revelations Revelations  The facts now  Depart­ The facts now revealed, and admitted  revealed, and admitted by the  by the US  US Depart-

ment the CIA has corrupted almost the ment  of of State, State, show show that that the  CIA  has  corrupted almost  the  entire youth movement in the and entire  organized organized  youth  movement  in  the United United States States and  throughout much  throughout much of  of the "Free World".  the "Free World". The National National Student Student Association, Association,  the the largest largest  student student  The

organization  in in the the US...having US...having affiliates  300 colleges colleges and and  organization affiliates inin 300 universities...has  received  3,000,000 3,000,000  dollars dollars  in  universities... hasadmitted  admitted it  it received in

secret  CIA CIA funds funds to  pay  among foreign  students.  secret to pay forfor its work  its work among foreign students. The payments  began in  1952.  The payments began in 1952.

The pretentious pretentious four-floor four­floor  headquarters building  at 2115 2115  The headquarters building at

26 26 

have  students  have foreign students many foreign  where many  on, where  shington,  N.W., Washingt Street  N.W., Wa Street CIA!  by the  CIA. N.S.A  the N.S.A by the freeto tothe  providedfree  wasprovided  been  greeted,  greeted,was  been were  rooms  were e  rooms conferencce the conferen that the believe  that  to believe reason to  is reason  There There  is

The studed. The stW  be taperecor could be taperec ions orded.  that all conversat so that all co s could  wired nversation wired so  they that so by the CIA so  that they  draft defermen rment  tby the CIA were given leaders   draft defe dent rs  were given dent leade instead  (they could could  instead Vietnam (they  in Vietnam  warin  to goto towar  not haveto go  would would  not have  served they time served  the during time they    home?) at during the pro-warr students students at home?)  lead the pro­wa lead the CIA agents. as agents.  as CIA 

to made  to  and  made secrecy  and to secrecy sworn  to were  sworn leaders  were NSA leaders All NSA All

The  n.  The connection. CIA connectio theirCIA  conceal  their  would  conceal they  would pledge  that  that they pledge

of "violation that"violation told   of  they were thatthey were  that  told  admittedhat  chairman NSA man  admitted t NSA chair

years??. years'*.  to twenty twenty  off upup to  penalties o lead  to jail penalties to jail could lead the oath could the oath

ns CIA fund  transactions  ords  of ofCIA fund that all records that all rec sted  d suggeste also sugge was also ItIt was  NSA NSA  the of the  cent per cent of  80 per  paid y paid 80    reportedl reportedly CIA The The CIA  burned.  be be burned.

different,  twenty  different. payments  through  these  payments through twenty guided  these and  guided budget  and budget "bribes",  "bribes?? These  ons.  These tions. organizati front organiza n" front foundation"  "friendly foundatio "friendly week.  per  week. ollars  per to 3,000 d 3,000 dollars amounted to amounted

ly  ons secret organizations secretly and foreig American and student organizati Other American foreignn student  Other tes Youth United Sta States Youth  work were the United were  the  the CIA fo special work paid by  CIA forr special  by the paid

d  student an l, religious and religious,,  student Council, a 36 political, tionof of 36 politica confederation  a confedera Council, the  York, the NewYork,  rtersin inNew  headquaers  service  youth  with headquart groupswith  youth groups  service

national  of  national tion  of ration confedera Youth, aa confede of Youth, Assembly lyof  World  Assemb World

nations  d  nations non­aligneed and non-align Western and 85 Western from  85 groups  from youth  groups youth

itself called itself  rs in inBrussels,  proudlycalled  headquarte Belgium,proudly  with headqua Brussels,Belgium,  rters with Free  the  Free in the in 

youth associatin onof ofyouth  nalassociatio international  "largest  internatio the the  "largest and becam becamee  1949 and  in  d in 1949 organized organize ntlytly  convenien It  was  convenie World". It was World".

was to  to aim was principal  aim Its principal UNESCO. . Its organ  to  to UNESCO advisory  organ an advisory an accord­ in  mingly  lems—see accordin ly youth prob on  n  --seeming exchange informatio information on youth problems exchange

CIA. theCIA.  nd the  World" and the "FreeWorld" a goalsof ofthe "Free  the goals  with the ance with  ance

meeting in Tokyo in  Tokyo  its sixth  sixth meeting 66,  WAY held August, 19 WAY held  its 1966, InIn August, twelve  for twelve entatives  meetingfor  300 repres countriesmeeting  with 300 from55 55countries  ativesfrom  represent with ttended  attended Michiko a Princess  Michiko and  Princess Akihito and Prince Akihito Crown  Prince days.  Crown days.

Not address. Not  ister  Sato  opening address.  the opening  and  Prime Min deliveredthe  Satodelivered  Prime Minister and with accord in p topics werein  accord  with  worksho  the workshop gly,the  surprisin surprisingly, 

topics  were 

27 2.7 

international  problem, international agrarian problem, the  agrarian desires:  the Washington's Washington's  desires: "development" "development"  technology,  of  its  technology, of ruits sharing-the-f assistance,  sharing­the­fru assistance,

here about  here about (Nothing (Nothing  peace. and peace.  and  politics politics  and  and politics and and  politics

the  freedom  rights,  civil rights, protests,  civil student  protests, opposition toto the oror opposition  freedom student

lation.)  .) a  perfect emascu emasculation It  was  a perfect Vietnam  war.  war. It was Vietnam

pro­ doubly  proseemed  doubly attended seemed who attended youth who Japanese youth  The The Japanese  National  National "The  "The was  organization  was host organization their host that their in that tected  in  tected and  1956 and in 1956 established  in Organizations s",", established Youth  of Youth Organization Council  of Council Secretary­ The Secretarygroups. The youth h  groups.  Japanese yout 27 different ifferent  Japanese combining combining 27 d

Ministry byby the was employed the Ministry  Council'cil" was  employed  of the General "Youth Coun the "Youth General of 

an  1965,  an October 1965, 1956. In In  October to 1956. 1952  to from 1952 Education  from ofof Education official  that two  Saigon  official from  two that reported  Saigon agency  from news  reported American  news agency American "civil action"action"—  the "civil  from Tokyo about  the learn  about to learn had Tokyo  to come  from  had  come

Japanese  the  reported inin  Japanese this is  the is reported mes "as little  "as little ofof this {CIA) program programmes (CIA)

"was  Reischauer  "was US Ambassador Ambassador Reischauer also said that   that US  press". They also said press". They

Japanese  press,  the  Japanese  of Japanese Japanese as as  criticism  press, in  his  right" in his of the criticism right North  of North propaganda of  the propaganda  "swallowing the  newsmen  were guilty of  were guilty of"swallowing  aewsmen

National  "the National of  "the "officials" of were  "officials"  men  were The  men Vietnam". Vietnam".  The "they were  and  Japan"  were "they Organizations and Youth  of Youth s  inin Japan" Council  of Organization Council

of in charge charge  of  Minister's office ce  in  Japanese Prime rime  Minister's offi in the employed the Japanese P employed in  n..."  youth educatio education. youth

"Youth  the  "Youth in  the ls  in  Tokyo in andin in Tokyo  Both in Brusse wayand  inWAY  in Brussels Both

as  youth as of youth afraid  of was  afraid appeared someone  was that someone Council", appeared that Council  , itit 

"for" youth  organizations s were  both  organization youth top, "for" the top,  from the  formedfrom  wereformed  both youth."  for  and  y  the bottom, "by and for youth." not from the bottom, "b guide it, and  not from  toto guide it, and Leiden,  of Leiden, CONFERENCE  of  STUDENT  CONFERENCE L  STUDENT AL INTERNATIONA The INTERNATION The

studentt  national studen 60 national about 60  of about confederation of is aa confederation Netherlands,  is Netherlands,

The  nations.  The non­aligned  nations. organizations  from  and non-aligned Western and  from Western  organizations for more

dollars" for  more  "millions of ofdollars"  stated "millions  N STAR that  that stated  WASHINGTO WASHINGTON  STAR 

the  organizations  by  these  organizations by the than a  to these paid to  beenpaid  hadbeen  decadehad  a decade  than funds into  spy  of  into the feeding  funds spy of P j channel for  P 7 principal ,  The channel for the feeding CIA. FOR  YOUTH  e 

rmci

a

the students organizations was a "FOUNDATION FOR YOUTH_  stu  ents  organizations  was  a  "FOUNDATION  THE  PR.NC.PAI  AND  ST„ APFAIRS„  JN  NEW 

paySTUDENTS AFFAIRS" in New York. The principal AND Cord  was Cord master  of  the  secret  CIA  funds  in  Washington  was master of the secret CIA funds in Washington 28 28 

PAY

Meyers,  former  WORLD federalists, FEDERALISTS, and and now now in  Meyers, formerhead  headof of the  the worlD in charge of  charge ofCentral Intelligence's student  Central Intelligence's studentdivision.  division.

RAMPARTS magazine stated that the CIAhad  had"infiltrated  *infiltrated RAMPARTS  magazine stated  that the CIA 

and subverted  past  and subvertedthe world  the worldof ofAmerican  Americanstudents,  students,over  over the  the past

15 15 years", years". 

"It"It  has used pressure international student has  used students students toto  pressure international student 

organization  into  cold­war  position; position;  and  has  organization into taking  taking cold-war and it  it has interfered  in  most  shocking shocking  manner, manner,  in  the  internal internal  interfered in a  a most in the workings  of  the  nation's nation's  largest largest  and and  oldest oldest student student  workings of the organization." organization." 

The CIA  was principally  student  The CIA was principally concerned  concernedin  in "assisting  "assisting student groups  abroad",  RAMPARTS,  and in  contact  groups abroad", said  said RamPaRTs, and in"continuing  "continuing contact with  student student  organizations  in inother  the  with organizations othercountries".  countries". Yet  Yet the effect upon  effect uponthe personal integrity  the personal integrityof ofthe  theyoung  young people  people involved  involved

seems to tohave  "graduated"  seems havebeen ignored.  been ignored.Youth  Youthleaders  leaders who  who "graduated**

from (NSA) after from  the the  National National  Student Student  Association Association  (NSA)  after serving serving  CIA,  were were  later later  offered offered  Government  CIA, Goveroment employment,  employment, many  many of  of them finding  AID  them findinga place in  a place official  in official AID(Agency  (Agencyfor  for International  International Development).  Development). The  American American  CIA CIA  student­agents were were always  partic­ The student-agents always particularly  interested interested  in  when  they they  came came  to to  ularly in the  the ZENGAKUREN,  zengauren, when Japan,  but  Japan, butboth  bothin in Nippon  Nippon and  and elsewhere,  elsewhere,their  theirtactic  tactic at  at

international meetingswas  wasto  to press international  meetings  press  provocative provocative resolutions resolutions  inin the conventions andin  in this manner compel  this manner compel the  the organizations the conventions and  organizations  to  choose choose  sides  in  in the  they  did did not not support  to sides thecold  coldwar.  war. If  If they support the  American American  position  were  considered  their  the position they  they were consideredred.  red.In  In their

secret  reports,  sent  back back  the the names names of  secret reports,these  thesejunior  junior spies  spies sent of all  all

those evenchampioned  championedneutrality  neutralityand  and these  thesewent  went into the  into the those  who who even  monster files  of the  US "enemies".  monster files of the US "enemies".

The Zengakuren  Student  The Zengakuren(The  (TheAll­Japan  All-Japan Federation  Federation of  of Student

Self-Government Self­Government  Associations Associations ZEN ZEN NIHION NIHON GAKUSE GAKUSEI  JICHIKAI JICHIKAI  SORENGO)  was was founded  in  in 1948  and  SORENGO) founded 1948 andit itplayed  played an  an important  important role  in in the the anti-Treaty anti­Treaty (US-Japan (US­Japan  military military pact)  struggles of  role pact) struggles of

1960 whenthe  theGovernment  Governmentof of Prime 1960  when  Prime  Minister Minister  Nobusuke Nobusuke  29 29 

Kishi was was toppled toppled  and Kishi and the the planned planned  visit visit of of US US  President  President

Eisenhower  was  Bisenhower Because  of  was cancelled.  cancelled. Because their militancy  and  of their militancy and the  purity purity ofof their their  motives  struggle  against the ihe rere­ the motives inin thethe  struggle against

militarization of of Japan, Japan, there  militarization no  doubt doubt that that  both  thereis is no Japanese  both Japanese and American American government government  agencies agencies—such  and as the the CIA—have  such as CIA--have been working  been working together  togetheror  or separately,  separately, to to influence,  influence, split,  split, divert divert 

and the Zengakuren. and weaken weaken  the Zengakuren.  regard,  relationship of of Tanaka Tanaka Seigin, Seigin,  a a  In In  thisthis  regard, thethe relationship former  Communist Communist  (who  former "reformed" while (who "reformed" while inin prison prison in  the  in the

1930's I930's  and and  who who became successful became aa  successful business man) and the business man) and  the 

Zengakuren  is  Zengakuren is revealing.  In February, revealing. In February, 1960, i960, Tanaka Tanaka had had an an 

article in  the form  letter published published  in in the article the leading leading  monthly in the form ofof a  monthly  a letter

magazine  BUNKBI BUNKEI  SHUNJU,  which  debate  with with  magazine SHUNJU, whichled ledhim  himinto  into debate Zengakuren  was  need  of of funds funds  because  it Zengakuren it had had broken broken  oil  was in  in need because off Zengakuren  leaders.  that  time time  Zengakuren leaders. Press  Pressreports  reportsexplain:  explain:"At  "At that

with the the Japanese  Communist  and and Japanese Japanese  Socialist Socialist parties with parties  Japanese Communist

and and  with with Sohyo. Sohyo. 

"In thethe  three following "In  years three  Tanaka following  gave years  Tanaka  gave nearly nearly  5 5  million million yen yen to to Zengakuren..."  Zengakuren..."

These details take on added  added significance  These details  significancewhen  take on  whenit  it is is noted noted  that Tanaka's firmsdid construction  did constructionwork  workfor  for the  the US that Tanaka's firms  US  Army Army 

in in Okinawa Okinawa and and elsewhere. elsewhere,  HOSEKI HOSEKI  magazine magazine  reported reported  in in 

November, 1967:  November, activities, which  1967: "Tanaka's  seemed  to "Tanaka's activities, to have have  which seemed

something  to  something with  intelligence to do  intelligence  activity  do with of  US activity of US forces, forces, 

involved  manoeuvres manoeuvres  for for breaking breaking the the  electric industry's involved industry's  electric

strike and also  also the collection of  the collection of information  information on strike and  on the the CommunCommun­ ist ist bloc bloc nations. nations. Especially 1947-48 Especially inin the the  1947­48 period period when when 

strikes  were were  rampant rampant  in  the  mining mining  and and electrical strikes electrical  power power  in the industries, Tanaka  was  believed  to  be active  in  breaking  industries, Tanaka was believed to be active in breaking those those 

strikes." strikes." 

The  CIA CIA used used other The other "foundations" "foundations"  channel secret toto  secret  channel

funds  into into the the  eleven so-far so­far revealed revealed  student student organizations, organizations,  funds eleven academic  and  academic labour  international and labour international groups.  groups. These These  were were  the the 

FREDERICK BROWN BROWN  FOUNDATION, FOUNDATION, the INDEPEND ENCE FOUNDATION FOUNDATION  J.J. FREDERICK the INDEPENDENCE 30 30 

FOUNDA­ CHARITABLE  FOUNDARABB  CHARITABLE ESTHER  RABB AND ESTHER SYDNEY AND Boston,  thethe SYDNEY ofof Boston,

CHARITABLE  TRUST  PAPPAS  CHARITABLE the PAPPas Boston, and  TION  of  Boston. TRUSTof of Boston.  and the of Boston, TON channel­ where  channelfunds  where being the  (This latter  CIA funds route wherebyCIA  the route whereby  latter being (This DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT  the "INTERNATIONAL front" the  "INTERNATIONAL  front  ed 'CIA  the "CIA to the ed  to ".  mentioned  FOUNDATION INC below.) mentionedbelow.)  INC". FOUNDATION funds  Other organizations  Intelligence funds CentralIntelligence  receivingCentral  organizationsreceiving  Other

the  ,  connected  with the connectedwith  FOUNDATION, were the PAN-AMERICANFOUNDATION Latin  on  specializing  and  Florida,  Miami,  of  Latin University  on University of Miami, Florida, and specializing were  the  PAN­AMERICAN 

CIA invasion theCIA  base forthe  thebase for  invasion  (Miami wasthe  targets. (Miami was  American American  targets.  book  telephone  book Miami telephone theMiami  late as 1964the  As  late as 1964  1961. As in1961.  Cubain  of Cuba  of

ZENITH ZENITH  name of "THE "THE  its "front" "front" name of  under its  listed office under CIA office the  CIA listed  the

of  Miami  —University  TECHNICAL  ENTERPRISES Campus, South Campus,  of MiamiSouth  University ENTERPRISESTECHNICAL

osten­ organization,  ostenWashington­based  organization, Perrine 238­3311".)  238-3311".)A A Washington-based Perrine

and  Latin  on on youth and American youth  LatinAmerican  sibly  established to  do research established todo research  sibly

CORPO­ RESEARCH  CORPOINTERCONTINENTAL RESEARCH was the  student activities  the INTERCONTINENTAL activities was student

the  by  the controlled  by not controlled if not  RATION,  which  heavily financed,if  washeavily financed,  whichwas  RATION, innocuous­ in  innocuousin engage  to  engage to was believed  believed This latter organ  latter organ was CIA. This CIA.

questionnaires,  research questionnaires, and  polls" and research seeming  "public  opinion polls" "public opinion  seeming youth,  world  youth, tendencies"  of  of world seeking  to  "thought tendencies" the "thought  probe the  to probe  seeking

'native' front organorgan­ paid'native' front  somepaid  name some  under the of of alwaysunder the  name  but but always  ization.  ization.

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL  to the to  the  support  financial support gave gave financial  The CIA  The CIA ,  an organization  MARKETING  INSTITUTE holding business seminars an organizationholding business seminars  INSTITUTE, MARKETING

were  guests were foreign guests Business, toto which  School ofof  Harvard School at Harvard which foreign Business, at

CULTURE was OF AFRICAN was  invited. AFRICAN  CULTURE  SOCIETY  OF  AMERICAN  SOCIETY THE AMERICAN invited, THE of  INSTITUTE  Of supported AFRICAN­AMERICAN  INSTITUTE the  AFRICAN-AMERICAN was  the as was supported  as

the  described  the latter described the latter of the  Washington  D.C.  The presidentof  D.C. The president  Washington African  new African the new  funds to bring leadersof ofthe  abundance  of ofCIA  CIAfunds to bring leaders  abundance

money poured that the poured  the money  the United saying that  by saying States by nations United States to the  nations  to Santa Claus. Claus.  as ifif from inin as  from Santa 

INDEPENDENT  the INDEPENDEnT CORRESPONDENCE,  the OF CORRESPONDENCE, COMMITTEE OF The COMMITTEE The DEVELOPMENT  INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT the INTERNATIONAL and the RESEARCH  SERVICB  SERVICEand  RESEARCH

York,  all of New  FOUNDATION INC.,  the CIA paidby by the CIA  were allpaid  York,were all  all of New INC., FOUNDATION setting  for services  engagedin in setting been engaged  hasbeen  The latterhas  rendered.The latter  servicesrendered.  for

31 31 

up anti-Communist anti­Communist peasant peasant organizations organizations  in in Latin Latin America. America.  up

During and and before before the the  American  invasion of  the Dominican Dominican  During American invasion of the Republic  INTERNATIONAL  DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION FOUNDATION WaS was  Republic thethe  INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT particularly active among the peasants.  particularly active among the peasants. The American  Friends of the Middle East (AFME), which  The American Friends of the Middle East (AFME), which was founded founded in  1951.  with with headquarters headquarters inin Jordan, Jordan, received received  was in 1951,

CIA front foundations CIA money money  through through at at least least 1212  front  foundations and and 

philanthropies.  The following  CIA channels: channels :  philanthropies. The following were  were the  the major  major CIA BAIRD FOUNDATION FOUNDATION INC; INC; J. J. FREDERICK,  BROWN  FOUNDATION  BAIRD FREDERICK, thethe  BROWN FOUNDATION and the MARSHALL FOUNDATION. and the MARSHALL  FOUNDATION. 

The of the the  AMERICAN FRIENDS OF OF THE  THE MIDDLE EAST The role role of  AMERICAN  FRIENDS  MIDDLE  EAST  was to mollify the Arab world, from  whence  came so  much of  was to mollify the Arab world, from whence came so much of the oil, extracted  by US firms.  The total income of  the AFME  the oil, extracted by US firms. The total income of the AFME in was more than $ 1 million and percentage came in 1965 1965 was more than  $ 1 million  and what what percentage  came  from the CIA is not accurately known. The large US companies from the CIA is  not accurately known. The large US companies  doing business in  among which  doing business in the Arab world also contribute,  the Arab world also contribute, among which the oil oil concerns concerns  predominate. predominate.  As As inin  many  other areas,  the soso  many other areas, the role role of the oil  companies and  their Foundations, Foundations, parallel parallel  the of the oil companies and their the work of the CIA where they do not cooperate. The AFME the work of the CIA where they do not cooperate.  The AFME  has  representatives  in Egypt,  Libya,  Jordan,  Syria,  Iraq and  Iran  and it  also  operates  in  Afghanistan  and  Pakistan.  Its  purpose has been to demonstrate that Americans want friendship  purpose has been to demonstrate that Americans want friendship and  seek  through cultural cultural  exchanges and and the  granting of of  and seek itit through exchanges the granting US scholarships, scholarships.  (1000 (1000  Egyptian  graduate students students were were  US Egyptian graduate placed in  US universities since 1958.)  Following the  revelation  of the  CIA's secret role,  the  Damascus  AL BAATH  newspaper,  called  the  CIA  a  subversive society  and  asked  why  it  should  be allowed  "to have a foothold in the Arab  world". 

has representatives in Egypt, Libya, Jordan, Syria, Iraq and Iran and it also operates in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Its

placed in US universities since 1958.) Following the revelation

of the CIA's secret role, the Damascus AL BAATH newspaper, called the CIA a subversive sociely and asked why it should

be allowed "to have a foothold in the Arab world"

Rabb and Pappas foundations listed in the funds for an organization called the OPERATIONS AND POLICY The fhe  Rabb 

and  Pappas  foundations  listed  in  the  exposure were  the secret channels  used by  the  CIA to provide  funds  for  an  organization called  the  OPERATIONS  AND  POLICY  RESEARCH INC. Thisbody  bodyadmittedly  admittedly hired  hired more RESEARCH  INC.  This  more  than than 100 100  American professors  "to create  and  polish  the  Government's 

exposure were the secret channels used by the CIA to provide

American professors "to create and polish the Government's

propaganda".  The  agency"  operating operating  on  CIA  propaganda". The "scholarly  "scholarly agency* on CIA 32 32 

USIS  the  USIS and the which itit and  articles, which  funds,  created  "persuasive"articles,  created"persuasive"  funds, throughout th distributed  Service)  thee  Information  throughout States  distributed (United  (United States Information Service) demies.  dependent aca of free and in academies. the work  purportedly  the world, purportedly free and independent work of world,

books  cles, books   magazine arti manufacturedmagazine scholars manufactured group of  This group articles, of scholars This the CIA  the CIA, of  CIA research  data  CIA, of the other  research by the and  other was by  which was  datawhich  and nt  agencies then  "planted" agencies then"planted"  and for  US Government the CIA, and US Governme for the CIA, and  and

objective  and objective true  and being  a  them  throughout  a true as being world as  theworld  throughoutthe  them

thought. American thought.  appraisal of  independentAmerican  of independent  appraisal

INCORPO­ RESEARCH INCORPOPOLICY RESEARCH AND POLICY OPERATIONS AND The head of  head of OPERATIONS The

director  executive director the executive Kilpatrick, the RATED  is is Dr. Evron  M. Kilpatrick, Dr. Evron M.  RATED

16,000 SCIENCE  ASSOCIATION,  , with 16,000  POLITICAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATIONwith  AMERICAN POLITICAL ofof thethe AMERICAN

journal and and  holarly  journal  publishes a scholarly tion  publishes a sc This organization members. members.  This organiza to  funds to CIA funds  secret  CIA of secret payment  of the payment did the  arises: did  question  arises:  the  question the

American  by American publication by from publication exclude from to exclude tend  to Director,  tend the  Director, the the  material that  States, of  United  the  in  scientists  political  scientists in the United States, of material that the political

"unhelpful" might find"unhelpful".  CIA CIA might find 

uth  Search for Truth and Search for Tr rofessors  and  Professors Honourable P Honourable

sense hich inin this means  sense means this  How American—which  rich American--w much rich How  much

scholarship,  American  scholarship, corrupted American millions- has  corrupted  the secret CIA  secret CIAmillions—has the remains yet  long have long  this dangerhave  but warningsof ofthis danger  to be seen,but warnings  yetto be seen,  remains President  Harry  Truman,  Truman, US  heeded.  US President Harry but little  heeded. been sounded  but little sounded been

in 1953: 1953:  icle in  newspaper article in a syndicated  newspaper art wrote wrote  in a syndicated

free  respected for  up as a nation grown up our free have grown for our  "We have as a nation,, respected "We open  and open a free and  to maintain a free  abilityto maintain  d our  ourability  and institutions an institutions

has  CIA has theCIA  waythe  about theway  thing  about the  is something There is some society.  There society.

historic  over historic shadow over  casting ashadow  at  is iscasting a  functioning that been been  functioning th

to correct it."  need to correct it." feel we and II feel  position we need  position and 

the  to the messageto  President  Eisenhower,  farewell message  his farewell  Eisenhower,in inhis  President

omina­ Government dominaof Government d ect of  at the "prospect 1960 warnedat the "prosp in 1960 warned  nation nation in 

project  employment,  project Federal  employment, by Federal scholars by  tion of  the nation's scholars  of the nation's  tion

of money" the powerof money".  and  the power  allocations and allocations

33 33 

Althoughh  the  Althoug Presidentnt the Preside   did  did not  not spell  spell it it out, out,  there there is is 

little dou that the the "proj little doubtbt that ects" and "projects he  had " and "money had  in  "money""  he mind  in mind were large ly  CIA and   related "d efence"  were largely CIA and related "defence tasks.  " tasks. has often often been been asked (It(Lt has asked  how how  is is itit  possible for for such such  possible

Americanss as Presi dent t Harry S. American as Presiden and Presiden Harry S. Truman  Presidentt-Genera Truman and ­General l Eisenhowwer, er,  to  speak  up  in  criticism   of  Eisenho CIA  actions,  to speak when  up in criticism of CIA actions, when they themselv themselvees s were  they harge  of  wereonce in c the  once in charge of the CIA as  the  head head  of  CIA as the of

State  This This can  WHEN the State. the critic can bebe explai ism was was made. explainened  made,  d byby WHEN criticism

not unna tural l for  Ittt isis also  also not US politician politicians,s, once unnatura for US once they they serve serve  a  a term inin  the Whit term as Presiden the President,t, to  White e House  House as ous of  to bebe consci their  conscious of their "role in  history"  and to  "role make sta in history" tements f and to make or  the  history books statemen books  ts for the history which are which are sometim at  variance  sometimes  es at variancewith  withtheir own their own  prior  activities..  prior activities act  that all  ItIt isis also a f also a fact that all politician many  things  politicians do  s do many order  to  things inin  order to

be be elected elected  or re­elec or re-electe ted dor  or to  to reap reap ever everlastin lasting  g fame.)  fame.)

What is not What is  is that not known known is thethe  "respec   that  ted"d" names "respecte likee  names lik

Rostow  and and  Bundy, Bundy, so so high  the America American Rostow   academic and  high inin the n academ ic  and

governme ntal  world, m ust accep governm re of  ental responsibbility world, must ility  acceptt a a large sha large share of responsi

for their their role role in  "casting aa shadow for in "casting over US US  educatio educationn. shadow" " over .  For For 

the two  chief go­b the etweens i two chief go-betwe iage of  ensn inthis marr this marriage millions a ofCIA  nd  CIA millions and the colleg the colleges es of  America  of America are  are WALT  WALT W. W.  ROSTOW  ROSTOW andand  MCGEORGE MCGEOR GE 

BUNDY,  both Pres idential  BUNDY, both Presiden tial advisers  advisersand  andin in positions positions of of top  top CIA  CIA

control. control. 

The CIA CIA was   establishe The 1947,  was establish successor edd inin 1947, successo r  toto the OS the OSSS  (Office of (Office of  Strategic Strategic Services) Services ) the warti me spy  the wartime agency  and spy agency and one o one off 

the the earliest earliest CIA employe CIA  ess was employee was Walt Rostow, Walt  anan Econo Rostow,  Econom ics mics 

professorr and  professo SS  agent.  and former O former OSS 1950 Rostow Rostow establish agent. In  establishe In 1950 edd  the CENTER the CENTER  FOR  FORINTERNAT INTERNAIONAL  TIONAL STUDIES  STUDIES at  atthe  the heretofor heretoforee 

respectedMASSACH respected   MASSACHUSETTS USETTS IN STITUTB EOF TECHN INSTITUT OF TECHNOL OLOGY.  OGY.This was  This was aa CIA est CIA establish ablishme ment nt  and it  and it was was devo devoted ted  solely  solely to  to providing providing the the  Central  Intellige Central Intelligennce ce  Agency  Agencywith  with ideas.  ideas. Walt Walt  Rostow Rostow  the the 

first first  Director Director  of of this the this Cenire same  Walt Centre  isis  the same Walt Rostow Rostow  who who 

Presidenttial isis top  top Presiden ial  adviser adviser  today. today. As As  he devised devised the he the strategy strategy 

defeat  communi toto defeat communsm  decade  ago, ismmore  more than  ago, today than aa  decade today he he is  is

the chief  the  of  chief exponent exponen t ofthe  "fight the thehard  hardline—or  line-or "fight war  to to  the  Viet  Viet war victory"  victory" inin order  order toto prove  prove the the accur accuracy acy  of of his his own  own ideas. ideas.  The The 

34 34 

C I A  paid paid for  Rostow's  books, "AMERICA "AMERICAN CIA forand  andprinted two printed two  of of Rostow' s books, N 

POLICY IN INASIA,"  POLICY ASIA,"and "THE  and "THE DYNAMICS  DYNAMICSOF OFSOVIET  SOVIETSOCIETY".  SOCIETY".The  The

latter  being  latter beingissued  issuedin intwo  twoversions :  versions:one for  one forthe  the CIA  CIA eyes eyes 

alone alone and  andthe other so the otherld  sold to the  to the publicin inorder  public  order to  to persuade persuade tthe he 

American pepeople American ople  that the  CIA view  that the of  the  CIA view of theworld  worldis is"correct"  "correct"

because "scholars" because "sch sayso. so. olars" say  MaxE. Millika E. Millikan, Max  another Economic Economicss  n, another

professor  who had  served  professor two  who had served twoyears as  years asAssistant  AssistantDirector  Directorof  of the CIA  in  Washington the CIA in Washingto, n,in in 1952  1952 succeeded  succeededRostow as Rostow as  Director  Director MIT's  Centre.  ofof  MIT's Centre.About  the  CIA's About60  CIA's  senior 60per  senior  per cent  centof  of the employees  come from  League co employees come fromthe  lleges, man y  of them  theIvy  Ivy League colleges, many of them

with with Ph.Ds. Ph.Ds. 

Other "resp Other ected" "universitie "respected universities s in the  in the US  have also  US have been  also been

the  recipients  the recipientsof ofsecret  secretCIA  CIA or  defence  intelligenc or defence intelligence  money.  e money.

JOHN HOPKINSIVERSITY  JOHN  HOPKINS UN UNIVERSIT in Baltimore in Y Baltimore  acceptedsizeable  accepted  sizeable sums  sums

its Operatio ns sResearch O forfor its Operation Researchffice,  Office,doing US  doing USArmy  Army intelligenc intelligence e analysis.  Additionall analysis. Additionay llythe  theInstitute  Institutefor  Defence  Analysis, for Defence Analysis, 

presided  over  presided overby byGeneral  GeneralMaxwell  MaxwellTaylor,  Taylor, was was founded founded  by the the  by MASSACHUSE mASSAch TTS  INSTITUT USetTS INSTITUTB  EOF  TECHNOLOGY,  OF TECHNOL OGY, the  the CALIFORNIA  IAINSTITUTB  CALIFORN GY,  CASE  INSTITUTE INSTITUTEOF OFTECHNOLO INSTITUTE  OF OF  TECHNOLO GY, CASE

TECHNOLOGYGY, ,  STANFORD  TECHNOLO STANFORDUNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY.  UNIVERSIT  AND  Y andTULANB  TULANE UNIVERSIT Y.

InIn 1967  1967the US defe the US defence nce  budget  budget included included  sumof  a  asum  of 60,900,00 60,900,0000  dollars for these and related dollars for th RAND and ese and rela Aerospace ted  RAND an Corporatio d Aerospa ns ce Corpor ations 

research. research. 

THE MICHIGANSTATE  STATEUNIVERSITY THE  MICHIGAN  UNIVERSI  TY long served the CIAin  long serve in d  the CIA 

permitting ththe e  secret  permitting agency  to to devise and secret agency   operate  devise and operatea a"police  "police

training  programme training "  e" programm for  forNgo  NgoDinh  Dinh Diem,  in  1955, Diem, in 1955, so  so that  that

Diem's  militarized  Diem's militarized"police"  "police"would  would be  be able  able to  suppress  the  to suppress the

majority majority  of  of the  the people of  people ofSouth Viet South Vietnam nam  and  and willingly a willingly accept ccept  him as  him as "president" "president".  The UNIVERSIT The UNIVERS OF INDIANA'S ITY  Y OF INDIANA "Russian 'S "Russian andEast Euro East European   and  pean 

Institute Institute  worked  workedclosely  closelywith  withthe  theCIA  CIA training  training intelligen intelligenc cee 

experts.  experts,

35 35 

the  and  the SITY  and RSITY   UNIVER ISLAND D UNIVE LONG  ISLAN LONg like  thethe  rsities like Universities Unive

served  have served York, have New  of  of NewYork,  RSITY UNIVeSITY  SON  UNIVER IGH  DICKIN DICKINSON FAIRLEEIGH FAIRL to arship larship"" to  "schol of "scho es s of  degree degre rary"  rary" "hono ngg "hono grantin byby granti CIA  the CIA the ad  and he izer and head  organ izer police organ secret  police Kim,  Pil  secret Kim, Chong Pil men as as  Chong such  men such

Hee  g Hee r­in­la Chunng  brothe ww ofof Chu and  r-in-la   CIA,  brothe KoreaCIA, and South Korea the South of the of

Park. Park. 

ted  corrupted been corrup have been sities have rsities univer can unive ican Ameri nss ofof Amer Dozen Doze edly, , ndoubt btedly and undou ret CIA CIA  and u the sec secret for the ervices es  for ecret s servic their s secret throughh their throug hisrn mode his­ n  in moder arship in  ip  schol US olarsh of tivity"  of  US sch ed "objectivity" d  "objec the vaunte the vaunt

stands 

related and relate ics and econom d fields, stands scienc mics politic tory, politic ce,e, econo scien alal  tory,  fields, 

ord. . record the rec by the ged  by  nged challen challe are  ars rs  are schola and schol sors sors and profes ican can profes Ameri of Amer ands of Thous Thousands 

d  secre secret t tainted tance of tainte ance  of accept their accep h their through led  throug despoiiled seen as  despo seen  as

shed ed  blemish are blemi mies ies are acade academ USUS  redred  honou honou . Other   Other  funds. CIA CIA funds

where  ence where confer rence ationa l l confe intern ationa intern ance atat  attend ance their  attend h their through throug finger­

or fingerspies or servin   Some  views.Some ought views. as spies gg as  servin deliverr  CIA­b they delive CIA-bought they who  gues"  "collea n  n who foreig foreig gues" of es  of  s

the name outthe nam pointed dout  men  who  whopointe men

"collea

friendly and approachable, or those others, the "hard-core were communists" who should be avoided.

ard­core  were  friendly and  approachable, or  those others,  the "h communists" who should  be avoided.  US S  that U ed that med  assum must t bebe assu e, itit mus science, falsee scienc areaea ofof fals this ar InIn this purpose  scholars  prepared  deceptive  scientific reports, for  the  ay from  him aw ading  and le of  misleading  the foe  (and friend)  A.  the US some  near­discovery of  an  The  cold war  years  have  been truly  golden for  Americ it so  had  ver  ve "ne nts ha universities and  professors and  assista om  the  goo  .  Research grants  are available  for  anything­fr e  the  A  and  the  military—providing  they  will  tend  to mak es  iveristi US un Great    weak. "  "them US  strong and  to make  the  of    a study s, by  cholar have been enriched,  along with  some s paid for  from military  funds,  with the  hony  fTT  °lk"tales'  logical  key  to the  Russian  "soul"  psycho some  hope of finding  and  thus giving power  to control the  body.  al  At  the end  of 1966  it was  announced  that  of  the tot h,  researc es for  agenci other  sum  spent  y  the  Pentagon  and  the  In  s.  ademie and ac rs  one  per cent  went  to foreign  schola

s, for the purpose deceptive scientific report scholars prepared foe (and friend) and leading him away from of misleading the

some near-discovery of the USA. for American The cold war years have been truly golden"never had it so

universities and professors and assistants have the available for anything--from the good". Research grants are make to tend will they g CIA and the military--providin US strong and to make "them" weak. Great US univeristies

some scholars, by a study of the have been enriched, along with for the military funds,anwith"soul" les, paid from early Russian folk-ta Russi the some psychological key to

of finding hopethus giving power to control the body. and

At the end of 1966 it was announced that of the total ies for research, sum spent by the Pentagon and other agencacade mies. In the

one per cent went to foreign scholars and

36 36 

1964­65 budget, 34 1964-65 budget, 34  million dollars w million dollars wasas spent by  spent by thethe US in EUROPF US in EUROPE..  ASIA  was second  ASIA with  was second 14 14 million  with milliondollars  dollars (most  (most of  of itit going to  going to

Japanese researchers) and Japanese  researchers) and  BAREAST  BAST third the the NEAR  with9 9 million  million third  with  dollars dollars and and LATIN LATIN  AMERICA lastwith  with5 million  AMERICA  last  5 million dollars.  dollars.

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY,  HARVARD UNIVERSITY,the pinnacle  the pinnacleof ofAmerican  American learning,  learning, while  refusing to  while refusing toaccept  grants,  has, has,  in acceptdirect  in another another  directCIA  CIA grants, fashion,  become become  a a major  partner in  fashion, cold war  major partner in the  and  its  in­ the cold war and its in-

dustries. dustries.  Harvard Harvard  is is heavily heavily  endowed endowed  with with  donations donations  from from  the estates of deceased milliona the estates of  deceased millionaire ire  business business men,  men, and as  and asa  a result  result itit owns  owns millions of dollars of shares of stock in millions of  dollars worth worth of  shares of stock  in American American 

corporations,  many  corporations, a  great great  stake manyof  stake  in  of them  them with  the  with a in the

continuation-_-e venacceleration—of  acceleration--of the  the war continuation—even  war  atmosphere. atmosphere. 

Harvard University's 37 Harvard  University's  contracts fromthe  the US  37  research US Navy research contract s from  Navy  indicate but one side ofthe  theUniversity's  University'srole  indicate  but one side of  role as  as a Navy a  Navy  subsub­ contractor,  another  role  as as  an an  institution institution  devoted contractor, devoted  to anotheris is its  to  its role

objective truth and objective  truth  a major stockholderr  in and  both both while while being being a  major stockholde in  concerns designing concerns designing and  and manufacturing  manufacturing war-goods. war­goods. 

InIn addition  addition toto the involvement of the involvement  of these these great great institutions institutions  the perpetuation perpetuation ofof  inin the war  boom,  thethe  war STANFORD  and boom, and  MIT,MIT,  STANFORD MICHIGAN STATEUNIVERSITY  UNIVERSITY MICHIGAN STATE  have alsobeen  beenrevealed  revealedas  as being have also  being 

the centres of Central Intelligen the centres of  Central Intelligence ce  activities. activities.  the end of  1966, the  US State  AtAt the Department announced end of 1966, announced  the US State Department

that restrictions  were being  were beinglifted and  that travel lifted and Americans travel restrictions Americans  would would 

now have  now havefreedom  freedomof oftravel  travelto  China,  Albania, to China, Albania, North North Korea Korea  and  North North  Vietnam,  providing the  applicant could sh ow  that that  and Vietnam, providing the applicant could show

his visit was his visit  "of benefit was "of  to the United benefit  to the  United  States" States  . 

The Soviet  The Soviet Union Union has has had had long long  experience with  experience visiting  with visiting

delegations  of of scholars  and students  delegations scholars and has  publicly publicly stated stated  students and it  and it has

that  the the  CIA  is  involved  in  every  scientific­educatio that nal  CIA is involved in every scientific-educ ational

gathering.  Last Last September September  YOUTH TRUTH TRUTH (Komsomolskaya (Komsomolskaya  gathering. YOUTH

Pravda), stated stated that  returning delegate Pravda), that returning delegatess oror academic visito academic visitorsrs  toto  naire to to pick their  brain of  naire facts  pick their brain and  impressions  of allall significant  significant facts and impressions

the USSR  were compelled  out  devised question­ the USSR were compelled to fill  to fill out aa cleverly  cleverly devised questiongleaned from  gleaned from the Soviet visit.  the Soviet visit.

37 37 

They wrote of one US bio-chemist who was so eager for his own individual research that he spurned all offered aid from INTOURIST T and  INTOURiS andthrough  diture of  throughthe expen the expenditu ars  in a  re of 6,000 doll 6,000 dollars in a two  two

They  wrote of  one US  bio­chemist  who  was so  eager  for  his own individual  research  that  he spurned  all offered  aid  from 

month visit, visit, he  probed many many of of the the Soviet   research ce month ntres.  By he probed By  Soviet research centres. implication, n, they  questioned that this  sum  implicatio was his  own  they questione money.  d  that this sum was his own money. last year  the body  InIn January January  last an American American was year the was  found found  body ofof an canal in  Netherlan ds, and  in  time  it was  discovered inin aa canal in Netherlands, and in time it was discovered  that  that he  was  a 

nutrition  expert  he was a nutrition way  to experton  to an an internati on his  his way internation al  onal

conferencece   in  Drew  conferen Pearson,  Pearson the leading , the in Iran.  leading America Iran.Drew American  n

journalist t stated stated  this journalis this man  definitely a aCIA  man "was  "was definitely CIA agent".  agent". AA 

few months months la ter, a  few Hungarian later,  Professorheld a Hungarian   held a Pre Professor nce  a Pressss Confere Conferenc e

Budapest t and inin Budapes and  stated stated  that that American American agents agents  had had  tried tried  to to 

recruit him some  Hungaria Hungarian recruit him,, and  who had  and that  that some gone  to to the  nss  who had gone the

United United  States States  had had  been been  given given  special special  training training  and and  they they  returned  to  returned to their their former former homeland homeland  and and tried tried toto  persuade h persuade im  him and and severa severall other  otherscholars to scholars to   join  jointhe  theCIA  CIA network. network.  Hungaria Hungarian n  Governmeent Governm nt  officials oflacials  revealed revealed  captured captured  documen documentts s  which which 

indicated indicated that the CIA that the C IA was interested was intere in the friendl sted  in  the friendly y  nations nations of  of

France  and and  Austria, Austria, a France well as  Hungary. Based ass  well Based upon as Hungary. upon these these  secret  reports, reports,  the secret the America American intelligenc n  intelligen agents  cee agents sought  sought.

formation  about formation about  "river-da "river­dam s,  water water  basins ms, basins  and and  irrigation irrigation 

networks" networks ".. AA Hungaria Hungarian  assistant  lecturer n assistant lecturer said said he he had  had been been  approached by  US agents agents wh approache en  he d by US he visited  West  Germany. when Germany.  visited West

AA 43-year 43­year old old Chinese Chinese engineer engineer  named named  Hsu-tsai Hsu­tsai  with with 

Peking pas Peking passport, sport,  was hit  was hit by an  by an auto and  auto and killed killed in in October October,, 1966,  1966, the Hague inin the Hague,,  Netherlan journalists Netherlands.  ds. Three  wrote a  Three Dutch  Dutch journalist s  wrote a

book book on on this case this  in which case in  they which  they stated stated that that Hau Hau was was a a  CIA CIA  agent  working working  to agent to secure a "nerve­gas  secure  a"nerve-ga s formula" formula" from Poland from Polan d 

for the United for the  United States. States. 

In In Decembe Decemberr  1963 1963 the the Bulgarian BulgarianGovernm   Governme ent nt charged charged 

that Cyril Cyril Black, that Black, head head ofof  Slavic Stu thethe  Slavic dies Departm Departme Studies nt  ol  ent of

PRINCETON  NUNIVERSIT PRINCETO UNIVERSY, ITY, had acted  had actedas contact as contact  man  between  the  man between the 38 38 

CIA and and the the forme CIA formerr  Bulgarian Bulgarian  diplomat  Ivan­Asseen diplomat Ivan-Ass n  Georhiev Georhiev,, 

who for the who  worked worked  for  the  CIA CIA and and who who was was CIA-prov CIA­provided ided  with with 

US dollars US dollars and  and many  many imported  imported women, women,  while while he he was was serving serving 

at UnitedNations in at the Nations in the  United  NewYork.  York.   New 

this  education InIn this educatio al world, world, in nal in which which all all  nations have have  nations "intelligen ce  agents" "intellige agents"  but  nce those  of of the  but those enemy  are are "spie the enemy s",  we we  "spies",

see that a see  that  a  "James "James  Bond" Bond"  has has been been  made made  an an  internatio international nal 

fantasy  idol, idol, being being equipped equipped with with  fantasy extra spec ial weapons weapons,,  extra  extra special extra

personal  magnetism personal magnetism   and also  and alsoextra  extra special  special women.  women. There There  is is 

even even  an an  extra extra  "Bond" "Bond" report that t Bond report tha films  are Bond films are subsidize subsidized d 

by the by the CIA CIA  to to glamor glamorizeize  thethe profes professio sion  n ofof spying  spying and and to  to make make 

individua more individuall  murder murder m ore  fun. fun. 

Few moderns moderns o Few bject  to nations object to nations  having having  intelligen intelligenc agents  cee  agents this still inin this still troubled troubled world, world, bu butt  many many  American Americans,  s, like  like Ross Ross  &  &

Wise, the the authors authors ofof  THE  Wise, INVISIBLE  GOVERNMMENT, THE ENT,  which first INVISIBL E GOVERN   which first

exposed  the CIA,  exposed the  heretofo heretofore the CIA,strongly  invisible  strongly object  object to  to the re  invisible

corrosio corrosion n that  that CIA CIA activities activities have have brought brought toto honour honouraable  ble

organizat organizatiions and individua ons and  individualls.  s. But not But not all  all US US schola scholars rs  succumb succumbeed d  to  to the the  enticeme enticemennt t  of  of

the "good the "good life" and life" and  CIA  CIA dollars, dollars, and and amon among g  the the  many many  critics critics  speaking  speaking up  was a lead up was ing  anthropo anthropollogist a leading ogist  Professo Professor  Stephen  r Stephen Boggs of  Boggs stated  that of Pittsburg  Pittsburg who  that the  who stated CIA was was sending sending it the CIA itss  agents  "anthrop abroad  disguised  ologists" agents abroad disguisedas as "anthropologists"  and and  this this was was  manifestaation aa manifest tion that  that the  United States the United States  consider considereed d  the  whole  the whole

world world its its own  own private private re research search  area. area. 

Senator Fulbright, chairman of the US Senate Foreign

Senator  Fuibright,  chairman  of  the  US  Senate  Foreign  Relations  Committee,  and long  concerned  with  the role  of  the  CIA and  its "scholarly" research and  other subversive activities,  stated in  Sentember, 1965,  that  the  United  States was spending 

Relations Committee, and long concerned with the role of the

CIA and its "scholarly" research and other subversive activities,

stated in September, 1965, that the United States was spending much money on research studies which "look very much efforts to develop scientific techniques for the anticipatlike ion and n of revolutions, without regard for the possibility and preventio prevention  that revolution s may be justified and even desirable" that some some revo l  39 39 

What of Japan? of Asia? What of  Japan?  What What  of  Asia?  To what extent have To what  extent Japanese Japanese  scholars scholars  and and intellectuals intellectuals have  been influencedas a  as aresult  resultof ofsecret  secretCIA  CIA funds been  influenced  funds  and and  intrigue intrigue  presently  difficult  to measure,  would appear appear that  there  isis presently difficult to measure, yet it  yet it would that there

isis a  a definite relationship between the increase in Japanese studies definite relationship  between the  increase in  Japanese studies 

ofof modern  modern China and the needsof  of the  the United States.  United States. Likewise, China and  the needs  Likewise, 

that since 1960  and the cementing of the US­Japan  itit isis apparent  apparent that since 1960 and the cementing of the US-Japan military  alliance—which  certainly  included an an agreement agreement  on on  military alliance--which certainly included

exchange of  cultural­educational  exchange of"intelligence"—the number  "intelligence"-the number ofof cultural-educational exchanges  have  increased.  Also, Also,  under under  the the  joint joint  exchanges have greatly  greatly increased. Japan­US scientific programme  American scientists  have come to  Japan-US scientific programme American scientists have come to Japan to to participate participate in  Japanese research  and  Japanese special­ Japan in Japanese research and Japanese special-

ists gone to  to the United  the UnitedStates  Statesfor  for a a similar purpose. (( A  A ists have have gone  similar purpose. 

listing of  all the the research  US has has  made made  - listing of all researchprojects  projectsto which  to which the  the US even  the the smallest  contribution, might  even smallestdirect  direct or indirect financial  or indirect financial contribution, might

be most most  revealing.) revealing.)  Late Late  in in 1966 1966 the the United United States States Public Public  be

Health Service  announced  that  granting 104 million yen  Health Service announced that it was  it was granting 104 million yen in  in

grants to  27 different  Japanese scientific  grants to 27 different Japanese scientificinstitutions.  institutions.

The Fulbright  Scholarships and  the professional and  edu­ The Fulbright Scholarships and the professional and edu-

cational  exchange exchange  programmes, programmes,  plus plus the the  all­expenses­paid­ cational all-expenses-paidinvitations to  visit the the United States,  offered by by a  wide range range of  invitations to visit United States, offered a wide of

American organizations, have done much to the road American organizations,  have done much  to make make wide wide the road  leading to  the USA.  Professor Kentaro Kentaro Yano, writing  USHLO  leading to the USA. Professor Yano, writing in in  USHLO December, 1966, spoke  in which  inin December, 1966, spokeof ofthe  therising "Brain  rising "BrainDrain"  Drain" in which Japanese  scholars  scientists  were were  being being lured  away  from from  Japanese scholars and  and scientists lured away Japan.  He He said:  Japan. said: "With pay and  research  conditions  ours,  "With pay and research conditionsfar  far superior  superior to  to ours,

itit is  is only once exposed to  to the of only natural natural that, that, once exposed  the amenities amenities of  research  life life in in America, America, Japanese Japanese  scholars scholars  do do not  feel  research not feel like coming  home."  like coming home."

Although  the the Brain Brain Drain Drain  cannot cannot  be be  directly directly attributed attributed  Although

the activities activities of of the the CIA CIA inin  Japan, certainly certainly the the flood  toto the Japan, flood of  of

"grants",  some some  of of  which which  are are  undoubtedly undoubtedly  of CIA  origin,  "grants", ofCIA origin, (although channelled channelled  through through some  foundations) have  had much  (although some foundations) have had much

with the the current  trend  which  to make make financial  reward  toto do  do with current trend which is  is to financial reward the prime goal  scholarship.  the prime goal of  of scholarship. 40 40 

British Minister Anthony Crosland said at British Education Education  Minister  Anthony  Crosland said  at the the  end  of of February February  that that the the American American brain brain drain  highly  end drain ofof highly

trained andAsians,  Asians, "had counteracted trained Africans Africans and  "had probably probably  counteracted the the 

whole of American foreign aid recent years." He said inin effect  effect whole of  American foreign  aid in in recent  years." He said 

the draining draining away  of scholars scholars to to the the US was  making permanent  the away of US was making permanent

the gap between theless advanced  less advanced lands and  lands and the  the United the gap  between the  United States States  and  that that this this was was  "a "a serious serious matter...particulary matter...particulary  (for) (for)  the the  and

United States, to consider how far  how far this drain  this drain ofof scarce talent isis  United States,  to consider  scarce talent  morally reprehensible."  morally reprehensible."

Thirty centof  ofall  all Asian US Thirty per per cent  Asian  students students  who who enter enter the the US  for study, seek  At present present  for study, seek permanent  permanentvisas in  visas inorder to  order toremain.  remain. At there are about  students in the  US universities,  there are about 100,000 foreign  100,000 foreign students in the US universities, plus  thousands thousands  more in  An  plus more in Canada,  Canada, Britain and  Britain and Australia.  Australia. An

effect that developing--and effect  of of this this isis  that  developing—and developed--countries developed—countries  must foreign "experts" because  becausetheir  their own  own trained must  hire hire foreign "experts"  trained people people  have remained in brought by  by the  the higher have remained  in the the West, West, brought  higher salaries. salaries.  The Rockefeller,  and  Asian Asian  foundations, foundations,  which which  The Rockefeller, Ford,  Ford, and have with the have  worked worked  closely closely  with  the  CIA, CIA, in in so so far far as as supporting supporting  similar projects, projects, have have played played  an an increasing  spinning the the  similar increasingrole in  role in spinning golden  web web  that that seeks, seeks,  to  bind  all  "Free World" World" scholars scholars  golden to bind all the  the "Free

and intellectuals to the American way. and intellectuals to the  American way.  the field  of foreign  policy, the the Rockefeller Rockefeller  Foundation Foundation  InIn the field of foreign policy, has played  role,  with with the the former former Secretary Secretary  has played a  a most  most dominant  dominant role,

of Foster Dulles and thethe  present Dean of State State John John  Foster  Dulles  and  present Secretary Secretary Dean  Rusk, both  former heads  Rusk, both former headsof  of the Rockefeller  the RockefellerFoundation.  Foundation. (John  John Foster  Dulles Dulles and and his  brother  Allen Allen  Dulles, Dulles, late late chief  the  Foster his brother chief of  of the CIA, were were both both attorneys  Rockefeller,  Standard  CIA, attorneys for the  for the Rockefeller, StandardOil  Oil of  of

New Jersey)  McGeorge Bunay,  ofof New Jersey) McGeorge Bundy, recently  recently appointed  appointed head  head of  of the Ford Ford  Foundation,  was  president Kennedy's Kennedy's assistant assistant  and and  the Foundation, was president headed up the headed  up  the "Special "Special  Group" Group"  that that guided guided  the the world-wide world­wide 

activities of of the the  CIA CIA from from the the White White House. House. Bundy Bundy was was a  activities a

graduate Yale and there, he had been of another graduate ofof  Yale  and  there, he had  been aa student student of  another  economics  professor  Deputy  economics professorRichard  RichardM.  M.Bissell,  Bissell,in in 1960  1960 the  the Deputy

Director ofof  Plans and  Operations section  the  Director thethe  Plans and Operations sectionof  of the  the CIA;  CIA; the "cloak and dagger" section. The new American to "cloak and  dagger" section.  The new  American  Ambassador Ambassador  to 

41 41 

Japan  U. U. Alexis Alexis Johnson Johnson was was also also one one ofof the the  key  men  in in  Japan key men guiding the CIA  in  both both the  Kennedy and and the the early early Johnson Johnson  guiding the CIA in the Kennedy administrations, being being one  the five  men  who  composed  the the  administrations, one ofof the five men who composed "Special Group* Group" which which  Ross  and  Wise called,  "The hidden  "Special Ross and Wise called, "The hidden power centre of  of the Invisible Government" power centre  the Invisible  Government". 

42 42 

c A CI I A on   onM   Ma any nyFr   Fr onts on ts 

The sudden revelation that the American Central Inte gence Agency had been the almost sole patron of the organizedlliyouth in the ited States during the past fifteen ye , alerted studeUn nt groups in many countries, promptingars the question: "Have we been recruited or used as 'spies ' by the CI A?" CIA

The sudden  revelation  tha t  the American  Central Int elli­ gence Agency  had  been  the almost sole  patron of  the organized  vouth  in  the  United  Sta tes  during  the  past fiiftee n  years,  alerted  student  groups   in  many  countries,  pro mp ting  the  question:  "Have  we  bee n  recruited  or used  as  'spi es  by  the  ?" 

That m Tha   Am t moost st Am ericericanan  univer

universitisiti eses a andnd proprofesfessorsorss hhadad bee been  n ququiitete wwilillin lingg  toto . dodo ,  "cl"cloithasasssifiifieedd" " wo work  for the the CIA CIA rk ,  for has  long g  , ha s lon ouah  as  President Eisenh been n q bee quiuieetly  tly notnoted,ed,al  alth thououg ghh asas President Ei ower  warned 

imen 19nt's60dom , theina"power of money" made possisbenh le theower"Gwaovernern-d

^  in  1960, the  "power  of  money  made  p  ment's  domination  on  nat ion's  scholars.  Had academic  freedom  been menaced  by  the two d ecades  of  big  spy  and  counter­sp y  m o n e y   poured into the c lass roo ms?  Had  the CIA's secret  wo rk  in the academies,  aimed  Had  tne  tow ard ^  enemv.  destroyed  the  sch   the  goal of  "winning  ov  olar s  traditional  objectivity  and education    love  of  truth,  H  standards been  permanen tly impaired.  Bv  the third  week  in  Feb ruary, this question  had ass By  the ti  umed  ,,MFRICAN  POLITICAL  SCI ENCE  great  importance  an  committee  to  investi gate  ASSOCIATION  named  a  four ma  community.  The  the  CIA's  p  investigators, were  appoin ted iroiu  uu  , 

tion on nation's scholars." Had academic freedom been menaced by the two dec ades

of big spy counter-spy money poured into the classroom s? Had the CIAand's sec ret work in the academies, aimed towards the

goalditiof "winning" over the enemy, destroyed the scholar's tra onal objectivity and love of truth? Had US education

standards been permanently impaired?

By the rd week in February, this question had assumed great importathince and the AMERICAN POLITICAL SCIENC AStheSOCIACI'AsTIpeOneN nam tratioedn aoffotheur-maacnadcom emmiic tcoeemmto iunnvesity.tigThatee investigators, were appointed from DUKE, STANFORD, CALIFORNIA

red  nt declared President decla tionPreside .  The  Association  TheAssocia SITIES. IA  UNIVERS UNIVERITIES COLUMBBIA and COLUM and

of accounts ts of  news  accoun the  news by the alarmed" by  ed and alarmed "sickened and  was  "sicken he  was that he that making  rss making scholar schola four  four   the  to the letter to his letter In his s.  In es. activitie CIA activiti the CIA the ted  ated penetra penetr has  has CIA  CIA "The  stated : "The he stated : ttee  he  Commiittee the Comm up the up

and  foundations  tions and throughh  founda circles  throug cultural l circles ic  and  academmic and cultura acade funds.  led  funds. channellled have channe they  have which they ationsto to which  pseudo­foundat -foundions  pseudo

He es". He  practices".  suchpractic from such  cts  from  effects evil effe be  evil to be bound  to  are bound There There  are 

the if, the  to learn  if,  be to learn should  be  task should ttee's  task  Committee's the Commi that the  d  that  suggesteted sugges pre­ as  prewas tions w foundations academicic founda academ  funds toto  "givingfunds in "giving role in CIA's CIA's role

with nships ships  with  relation e,,  relatio prestige sityty prestig universi ann univer America Americ judicia judiciall  toto 

nities?"  opportunities?" ts and  research  opportu lishmen and research ic estab hments academic establis foreign academ foreign had  gold had CIA gold  mist ofCIA  t  the  blackmist of  theblack  as soon  seen that Yet, it w soon seen tha it was Yet,

also  It had had  also s. ts. It  studen andstudent ors  and  to profes professsors itself to  confinedd  itself  not not confine s  religiou rs and and  religious of ministe ministers    of  pocketss and pocket pulpits and  the pulpits    the  reache reachedd

ES,  an  CHURCH an HES, COUNCI IL L OFOF CHURC NATION   the  COUNC AL AL  through NATION the workers through workers ox

Orthodox  and Orthod Protestant nt  and  34 differen of34  different t Protesta made up  of  ation made up organiz organization 

42 million  of  42  rship of ership membe total memb with  aa total US  with the  US in the s  in  churchees church HES ES  CHURC CHURCH IL OF L OF  COUNC COUNCI of thethe  ralral of  ry-Gene ry­Gene Secreta Secreta The  ns. The America Americans.

the  to the givento  ad  been  beengiven  funds had ns, funds h occasions,  that on  three occasio d  that on three  admitted admitte

now  foundations,  t  founda tions, now differennt three  differe ation  from  from three organizzation church  organi church

s. IA secre secrett  pipelines.  being CIA as being C exposedd as  expose

r form another form  the CIA anothe to the CIA able to   chargeable directlycharge not directly gh not (Althou (Although

in midealed din mid­ es swas rev was reveale churche mericann church e on America pressurre on A onn pressu Pentago ofof Pentag

ent  Department Defencee  Departm the Defenc ced thatt  the  announced tha it was  was announ when  it y when Februarry Februa Presby­ ens  a childr to a childrens Presbytion  to subscrip e  subscr long­time iption d  its  cancelleed had cancell its long-tim had bed  subscriibed .  The  VENTURE Army subscr paper  VENTU The Army  RE. school paper Sunday school terian Sunday terian weekly  this weekly .ten  per  total...off  this copies.....ten the total...o 13,000  copies centof of the  percent  toto 13,000 among  te  distribu to  ds,  years ol 12  9 to  e  for  te among magazin to distribu Sundayy  magaz years olds, 12  personn to 9 for ine Sunda s.  It  oversea It d  statione el  stationed overseas. military personnel US military dren  the chil of US n of  childre the

had  paper  had n  paper tion  because Christian subscrip this Christia d  its  becaus  ethis  cancelleled iption its subscr cancel d,  entitled by aa 12­ye entitled  written by poem  written old child, 12-yeaar r old chil dared to print a a poem to  print  dared NEAR  S  VILLAGE   JUNGLE S NEAR NAPALM  DROP  ON 

ON  NAPALM DROP ON JUNGLE VILLAGE OUGHTS AFTERTH HTS  ON THOUG "AFTER the  ed the described poem describ The poem y  issue.  issue. The Februarry its  in  Februa ",  its NG in ONG, HAIPHO HAIPH in and  napalm  in  imals  s searedby by napalm childre  nseared  suffering of  andchildren small animal g ofsmall an sufferin am).  ). the  jungles of Vietn of Vietnam

the jungles 44 44 

CIAfun  fun CIA andCIA dsds and   CIA   influ influ encence e also penetrated the INTER

  also  penetrated  the  INTER­ NATIONAL  UNION  OF  YOUNG  CHRISTIAN  DEMOCRATS,  the  YOUNG  WOMEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIAT ION,  the PAX  ROMANS  (Roman  Peace 

NATIONAL UNION OF YOUNG CHRISTIAN DEMOCRATS, the YOU NG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, the PAX ROMANS (Rom

an Peace moveme ement). nt). The mov The   Qua Qua kerker  orgorg n,  AM anizaniz the ERI atioatio AME n, the RICA N  CAN FRIFRIE NDS END S  SERVICE SER VICE  COM COMIT MMTEE  and  accacc ITTEE and ordordi ing  to  Tim

ng to Time e mag magazin azine, e,the  the CIA CIA  gave e  bac backin king gav g  to to the the per peripa ipatteti eticc  Ch Chrrist istia n  revi valilist st, , Bill ian reviva Billy y  Graham ham, , in  his "Ch Gra "Ch in his sade ristristianian CruCrusad s" iin n  Lat Latin in Am Americ es" erica.    a. CIA CIA funds ds also also rea reac hed   the  fun YW CA ,  und che oub d tedl the y  YW to  influ CA, undoubtedly to influ ence enc e its  its interna

tional al  ope internation operati rations ons. . Its Its ffina inannci cial  contrib tributio utions  al con alsoo  inin­ ns als dica dicatete thatthathe t  the    had CIACIA  an  had an interest interest   in "CO the NFE in "CONREN the FERENC THE  CEE ONON THE ATLAN ANTTIC ATL IC  COM ITY".  COMUN MMUN ITYThe . The  "At "Atllant Commu antic ic Com mun ity " has has long nity long 

bee been n  Roc Rockefe kefeller ller con concep cept t for  for mel meldin dingg  We Wesster ternn  Eur Europe ope  into into

cap capitlistt bl blo c. oc. 

a

 a 

TheCIA   CIA 's pmen The aymtsents 's pay   to INT the ERN to the INTE RNANAL TIONCOM AL  COM ATIO OE  MISMISS SIOION  N OF

JURIST ISTSS   with JUR with hea headqu dquarte arters rsin G eneva,  in Gen eva,seem see mlikelike  a a mos most t dire dire ct app roa ch  ery bed approach toto tthehe vvery bedrock rock  of international  just

ice, part of international justice, icullarar­ par ticu t one  lyly inin thathat one   imp ofof itsits c orta nt  cururre "leg renntly tly important "legal"al quequestiostionsns iiss a a

setttlem lement  set the bor border ent ofof the der disp dispute ute bet betw een  China  wee and  Ind n Chi India, ia,  na and

gro growin wingg out outof  of the the 196 19622 cl clas ashh.. 

The CIA also contributed to and worked through inter-

The  CIA  also  contributed to  and  worked through  inter­ national  law firms,  research  organizations,  public  relations  firms  and almost  every  sort of  US  grouping  having  overseas  act actiiviti vities. es. 

national law firms, res

ch organizations, public relations firms and almost everyear sort of US grouping hav ing overseas The CIA   was also The alsoa  a  CIA was paypay mamas sterter forfor  ITUTE FO thethe  INSINST FOR TITUTE R  INTE

INTERN helped toATIONAL LABOUR RESEARCH, an organization which RNA

TIONAL  LABOUR  RESEARCH,  an  organization  helped  to train  "liberal"  politicia ns  in  Latin  America  to p  y  the  role of  a "loyal opposition".  In an attempt to  .store tba  Africa wen,  in the  proper  directio n  the CIA  also paidor  the  support of  "THE CROSSROADS  OF 

trai

n "liberal" politicians in Latin America to pay the role of a "loy al opp ion". In an attempt to assure that Africa went in the properositdire n the CIA also paid for the support of "THE CROSSROADS OFctioAFR ICA". Desirous of having a rese ntat reprep res ive  ent in  ati eve v r,  e i n inte eve rna ry tion i n ternational al  sect sece  ion  tifund onof s to of the American emeent lactlabo nt, , the bouur o the  CIA rit's uninion CIAgav on  momovvem   gav  the the "RETAI e fun ds to L CLERK'S AFRICA  .  DCSUOUS 

.FR

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION", a powerful organization RETA  INTERNATIONAL  ASSOC.ATION ",  a powerful  organizat 

among ng c hain amo cha employe in-s­stotorere emp loyees. es. 

45 45 

single a single  not a  was not  there was  thatthere  ent  tthat  the statemen d the statem challenge llenged  None None cha

Middle the Middle  American, ,the  LatinAmerican or causen inLatin  tionor cause i organization  importan importantt  organiza d.  penetrate had  not  paid or penetrated. not paid or  the CIA had Africa or  Asia, that  the CIA  or Asia, that East, Africa East, course. "free" of  course.  and "free" of dent" "indepen " and  ependent of them All were "ind them were All of  Ogres  the Ogres er and and  the Singer  Folk-Sing The The Folk­ in   in  exampless al  example sensationnal and  sensatio recent  and other  recent There were  other There  were and n America both and  muzzle   to e American interven both  did CIA muzzle  the to    which which  the CIA  did  intervene

cowardly  The most most  cowardly Vietnam . The in Vietnam. US war  war in  the US itics of  of the  critics foreign cr foreign Joan  Miss Joan g,  frail,  frail, Miss  one young, againstone youn CIA's warr against  was the  the CIA's wa which was ofof which

ed, clearvoiced,  Miss Bae and other clearvoic Baezz  and other American folk­sing folk-singeer. r. Miss Baez an  an American Baez

were  in Vietnam Vietnam  were war in  the America of the  American nwar  criticsof  ingcritics  folk-sing folk­singing    totally  totally somehow were somehow but were  studentsbut  college  students  US  college by US beloved  by  beloved

Pete  country. Pete homecountry.  theirhome  sion  in intheir  and television radioand televi om radio  banned frfrom banned

twenty t  twenty  of protest songsof protes ofsongs  g of  the singing pioneere din inthe singin ho  pioneered who Seeger, w Seeger,

but Harvard,  but  Kennedyat atHarvard, years ago JohnF. F.Kennedy  e ofJohn  classmat of  was aclassmate ago,,  was a  years

but  is but (This is  TV. (This  andTV.  radioand  USradio  fromUS  bannedfrom  long banned  was  long  he  was he

in the e in  the  everyone is not for everyon not  for freedom is  that freedom  indicatio nthat  another another  indication World".))  "Free World". of  the capital the "Free capital of

that the  US that  in  in theUS  announcd ed it wasannounce 1966it was  er 1966  December Late in  in Decemb Late

Japan  of Japan ng tour of folk-singiing tour  to make a  folk­sing Miss Baez contracted d to make a had contracte Baez  had  Miss almost  was  and  known  almost was widely  and was  she  known where  widely January where she was inin January popular.  y  popular. universa universalllly

the to the  ce to  importance  lming ing  importan of overwhe overwhelm Japanis isof  Because Because  Japan 

American and  America Asia  and in Asia position  in n  American the America ce  of  maintenannce n  position of the maintena are almos Vietnam are totally almostt  totally  waging a a"dirty  in waging war" inin Vietnam action  in "dirty war"  action brand  to  e  imperativ brand suddenly  to e became  it  ,  it became suddenly imperativ d in Japan condemneed in Japan, condemn

Miss Baez as "dangerous" and to mobilize the force of the CIA

to muzzle the criticism of the US war-role anticipated from

Miss Baez on her Japanese Tour. On December 31, a few days after the announcement that

Miss Baez was leaving for Japan, the internationally syndicatekd-

of a fol "comic strip" "LI'L ABNBR" began the daily portrayal singer named "Joanie Phoney", who sang "songs of protest singer  named "Joanie  Phoney", who 

46 46 

agai nst pov pov aga ertyand inst  andhun   hun erty ger"but  butwho   whowas ger"   wasonly  onlyinte   inter este the  rest edd  inin  the

fees she lect fees ed. d."Joa she col "Joanie coll ney nie Pho ecte " " ha Pho hadd long ney longhair  hairdrap ed over  draped 

over  her sho shoulde ulders, her rs, inin a    sim a stylstyle e sim to that  ilarilar  of Jo to that an  of Baez Joan Baez,, and and in  in ever waywas eve   wasdep ryy way   dep icted  icted   hear asas a tless a hea , greedy  rtles s, gree and crue cruell per dy and son. pers on.  the crea creator AlA1 C Capapp tor of p,, the of this thisvicio  vicious  "co mic  stri us p"  "comic strip" told toldthe   the  press s  pres that thatther   ther ee was was no no rela rela tion tionbetw   betw een een "Joa "Joan" n" a and nd " "Joa Joan nie" ie", ,  as  as he he 

saw his his hero heroine saw ine as as a unpatrio atriotic,  un­Amer ann  unp

tic, un-American ican folk folk sing er, w ho  singer, who therefor efore ther e  cou could ld not not be be like like  Mis s  Baez Mis s . InIn sp Bae z. ite o spit f this this pro e of prottee­ station, ion, Mr stat p must  have  Mr. . CapCapp mus

t have known

readder that the rea ers sof  of"LI'L "LIL  ABNER  ABN ER iden identifie tified d the the two twoJoa   Joan ns s asas oneone and and  eith er o eith ppos er opp ed  ose d cr  or applaud lauded  his  holding  app known  that the 

ed his holding thethe felkfcIk -sin­sing rnat gerer upup toto inteinterna iona tion all 

ridi cule ridic ule.. 

This Thiscart   cart oon oonseri   serie es s onon " "JoaJoan nieie PhoPho neyney" " app   appe eareared d eac   each h 

dayin  in  Japa day Japa n'sn's  leadlead inging  newnew spapspap I  EVEN er,er,  ASAASAH HI EVE NEWS an NINING g New S andd  the  the crue l  atta cruel attackck whiwhichch begbega n  on  Dec emb er  an on abou Dec emb t tw o  er wee 31, ks  abo ut two weeks before re Mis Mis befo cam e to   Japa s s BaeBaez z cam n, c onti nued e to   Jap unti an, l  Febr continued until Februar uary y 14,  14, twowee  weeks ks afte afterr sh e  depa two rtedd   on  Februar she dep y 2n arte d. . On On her on her way Feb way  to  ruar y 2nd to Japa Baez, z, ob viou Jap sly  an,n, M hurtby Mississ Bae   by  the  cart obv oon-stri ious ­stri ly hurt p, an swe the red  cart oon p, ans wer ed questio stions ns o que the US US pres off the presss in  Hawaii aii by in by say Haw sayi ng tthat hat  the the  cart ing cartoo­ oonist Al A1 Cap Cap nist "spo ofin pp w wasas "spo ofin g";g"; ie,ie, m appa rent meaeani that  he ningng app he  are ntlyly  that was  eng aged was engaged  inin "joc "joc ular   dece ptio n", " ular deception", "whwhe n he he d enie d  that en   the  den ied that the singer er in sing in th thee ca cartrtoo was not oonn was Mis not  Mis ss Ba Baeez.  z. Newspa spapper er  rea readder New ers s in  who  follo in Tok followed Tokyo  yo who wed  the  the"Li' "Lill  Abner"  eart 31, 

oon Abner" cartoo   have   belie n  mamayy hav e beli   the  eveved  d thathatt the simstmu ultaltanneoeous us  app eara nce e of appearanc of "Joa "Joanie nie Pho Phoney ne," and Joa Joan Baezz  was " and was  but n  Bae but a  a coincide cidence nce  prom prompted coin pted inin  part part by  by thethe s sememi­ i-phphob obicic pr prej.jud udic.ceses of of

the mill milliona ionaire the ire cart cartoon oonist ist AlA1 C   but  Capapp p but   this soosoon  con n this cept con cep t  wa, was  challleng lenged cha ed  by  new

by newer er de devvelo eloppme nts­ men ts.

Shortly after Miss Bae re two stories appeared in Japanese weekly magazinz'esdepto artu the ct that the Japanese interpreter who had been employed toeffe translate all her English

Shortly after  Miss Baez'  departure  two  stories appeared  m  Japanese  weekly  magazines  to  the  effect  that  the  Japanese  interpreter  who had  been employe d  to translate  all  her  Englis  remarks into Japanese, had  been  approached  by  the CIA and  o  to mistranslate almost everything  she said. The interpreter, Ichiro 

remarks into Japanese, had been approached by the CIA and told to mistranslate almost everything she said. The interpreter, Ichiro 47 47 

Takasaki, a producer for the semi-Government JAPAN BROADCASTING COMPANY, did such a crude job of garbling and changing the mea ning of Miss Baez' remarks in a TV show broadcast on January 27, tha the nation's listener-viewers were "surprised". Interviewed bytNEW GAZINE, Takasaki said that under the threat of the lossSWofEBKhis MA , he was to "mistranslate deliberately statemelivelntsihood by Miss Baez."compelled

Takasaki  a  producer  for  the  semi­Government  JAPAN  BROAD­ CASTING  COMAPANY, did  such a  crude  job of  garbling and  chang­ Z meanin„ 0f Miss  Baez'  remarks   in a  TV  show  broadcast  1D8 T  arv  27 ° that  the  nation's listene r­viewers were  "surpri­ ^  IN e­iewed  by NBWSWEE,  MAG AZINE, Takasaki  said £T  under the  threat  of  the loss  of  his livelihood, he  was compelled  to "mistranslate deliberately  stat ements by  Miss Baez. 

Takasaki explained that on January 12 he received a "apparently from the caller was the "int the American Embasay" and told

Takasaki  explained  that  on  Jan uary  12  he  received  a  pho ne c all  "apparently  from the  Americ phone cal l an Embasay  and to  the  caller  was  the  "interpreter   for  Harold  Cooper  of  the  American  Embassy"  informing  him  that  he  was "free  to au  as Master­of­Ceremonies"  for  Miss  Baez on  her  concert  tou .  "Tokyo! Osaka,  Hiroshima  and   Nagoya,  "but Mr. >  Cooper  hopes  you  will  not  make  any   political  statements.  n  fallowing day  he  received  a ca oper" ll  directly from  "Mr. Cooop   who said  that  he  was a  US  inte lligence  agent,  and  that  he  wanted  Takaski "to  change the   meaning when  Miss Baez  mad e  any  political  statements".  He  was  told  that  if  he  did  not  cooperate "he  would  have  trou ble"  in his work  inthe.to**  Takasaki  spends  about  two  mon ths  each  year  in  the US an  because  he  feared  that he mig ht  be unable to secure a  visa for   entry in  to America  he decided  to  cooperate with  the CIA.  said,  "it is a  fact  that pressur e  was  applied on  me  by  a man  who said he was  from the  CIA."  Takasaki said  that he had  met  "Cooper"  four  times and  that each  time he  had  made  "strict  demands"  concerning  »s  han handlingg of of  Mis Misss Ba Baeez'  z' rem remark s::  arks

r for Harold Cooper of the American Embassy" infoerprmirete ng him that he was "free to act

as Master-of-Cerem Miss Baez on her concert tour inhopTokyo, Osaka, Hironioshes"imaforand Nagoya, "but Mr. Cooper es

you will not make

political statements." On the following day he received any a call directly from "Mr. who said that he was a US intellige agent, and that he wanted Takaski "to change the meaningnce when Miss Baez made any political statements". He was told that if he did not cooperate "he would have trouble" in his wor the future. Takasaki spends about two months each yearkininthe and because he feared that he might be unable to secure aUS visa for entry in to America he decided to cooperate with the CIA. He said, "it is a fact that pressure was applied who said he was from the CIA."

on me by a man

Takasa

said that he had met "Cooper" four times and that each timkie he had made "strict demands" concerning his

#I"I k knonow w  tha Misss Bae that t Mis Baez  wass  a  z wa marrke a ma kedd  per persson on  who who  isis  opp osed the  Vie Vietnam oppose tnam wa d to  to r  the and  has  bee n ta war city and   boy has bee n tacity boycott cotted  ed byby the the bro broadc adcasti asting s ng stat tatio ns in  ions in the  the Uni United ted Sta States" tes". 

Accord ordiing ng tto o  unimpeachable  Acc rowed a cameraand the  and  on  onone one  ot of the four occasio asions h fou r  occ photogr ns hee  pho aphhed ed  Tak tograp Takasak r  asakii togtogethe with agent  ether with  age nt

unimpeachablesou sources rce in  asakkii  s inTok Tokyo,  yo, Tak Takasa was very nerv ous at t nervou s athe thethou ght tof  tho the  ugh dan of ger  the to  dan him ger self to   him and  self and his fam family,  his friend nd  bor borrowed a  camera  ily, soso aa  frie was very 

48 48 

"Cooper"  easily identifiable identifiable setting. setting.  When When Miss Miss Baez Baez  "Cooper" inin anan easily stated that that she  stated she was donating  was donatingthe  the proceeds  proceedsof ofher  con­ her Tokyo  Tokyo con-

cert to to the  victims of  US bombing  Hiroshima and  Nagasaki,  cert the victims of US bombing inin Hiroshima and Nagasaki,

interpreter Takasaki Takasaki told told the the audience only  that the interpreter the programme programme  audience only that

was was being being  televised.  televised. Her  Her remarks remarks  about  about the  the anti-atom anti­atom  bomb bomb 

song,  "What "What Have Have They They Done Done toto  the Rain?" Rain?" and  the "anti­ song, the and the "antiVietnam  war  song,  "Saigon  Vietnam Bride"  war song, were  all  "Saigon Bride" were nd all distorted.  distorted.AAnd 

when when she she explained explained she  she refused  refusedto pay  to pay income income taxes  taxesin  in the  the US US 

because she  not want want her her money  used to because to feed  shedid  the  did not money toto bebe used feed the Vietnam  War, War, the Vietnam the  CIA­pressured  interpreter CIA-pressured interpreter  merely mererly  said: said: 

"Taxes are high States. "Taxes are  high inin the the United United States." 

Later, back  home  in  California, Miss  Baez said  that she she  Later, back home in California, Miss Baez said that

had known known that had that  remarks were  herher  remarks being falsely  were being translated  but falsely translated but  that when when  she she  tried that tried  to to talk talk toto  Takasaki, he he was Takasaki, was  "terribly "terribly 

nervous" so so she she gave gave up. up. She She said: said: "I'm so followed nervous" by  the the  "I'm so followed by

CIA." CIA."  Analysts of power Analysts of  power relationships relationships say the spectacle of  say that that the spectacle  of

the greatest greatest power power on  going  to to the  extreme  of  the on earth, the  earth, the USA,  USA, going the extreme of

mobilizing mobilizing  its conrol the speech its secret secret  CIA CIA toto  of one frail conrol the  speech  of  one  frail 

young American American  girl, girl, armed armed only only with with her  young guitar and  soft  her guitar and aa  soft

voice,  indicates  that  Washington  vice, indicates overwhelm­ that Washington is is aware  aware ofof an  an overwhelming ing sense of guilt sense  of  guilt and and shame shame  over over  the the  war fighting in war itit isis fighting  in 

Vietnam. Vietnam. It It  also seems toto indicate  also seems  indicate a a great  great fear fear  that that it  it would would 

take  very very little little toto  move  take the  people of of Japan Japan  into move into outright the people outright  opposition opposition to to American  American policy. policy. 

Demonstrators--Lif Demonstrators—Lifee-time ­time  Work Work 

Further Further evidence that Washington evidence that  seems to feel  Washington seems  to feel that  that the the 

US US position position in in Asia a frail Asia isis a  house frail  house  of of cards that will cards that  will topple topple  under impact ofof even  even aa weak under the voice, the impact  was seen in weak oppositional oppositional  voice, was  seen  in  the strange  treatment inflicted  upon  another another  American the strange treatment American  the  inflicted upon the anti­ anti-

Vietnam  war war  leader, leader,  the the  late late Reverend Reverend  A. A. J.  Muste.  When When  Vietnam J. Muste.

Muste and and his his small small group group  went went  to  Saigon  in  Muste to Saigon in the  the spring  spring of  of I960,  they  were  greeted  by  a  group  of "anti-Communist "anti­Communist  1960, they were greeted by a group of students" who  students" who shouted shouted  "Go Home  "Go Home Friends  Friends of of the the Viet  Viet Cong" Cong  and when when  they they sought sought to to visit visit the the  American  Embassy there, there,  and American Embassy they were were removed removed  forcefully  they forcefully by the  by the "Vietnam police.  "Vietnam police." 49 49 

gon moolelesst t Saiigo n  toto m in Sa s" in entts" "studen the  "st of the zation aniiza tion  of  organ Thee org Th went  nt ent thiss ininccidident  we visd edso sothathat t thi d  dev deise

ste see seememed Muste end d  Mu veren  Rever thetheRe the  not anany y cricritticiicissmm ofof  the and  not wires  to the  US US  and

the ne newsws  wires toThthe ououtt ooveverr  the the  of  the t t of cen inis rem en sc ly rem ini nge strage ly is  is  an str is m.  is tna Th Vie m. tna r Vie   in US e mie US rol gam iet t PrPre Sov ierr  t  So em insst ain aga vie tratiotions ns ag nstra moons dem   de zedd ­or anize A-org CIUIA wa he    ugh thoug ss  aa  n tho wa 9 eveve he h 195 es inin  en cities 59 US  citi g  US 19 iting visitin   hev shc Kru vis ev ch vell-­ trave Krushst  of thethe UnUniteitedd Sta derr  tra leade iet  lea t   Sov vie theSo en  Wh the en tes.. Wh Sta   tes gugueest of a  and rnia lifo  Ca  to d  oss an acr rni US,, ac lifo the US Ca   the to s ros parrtt of rn  ste  ea the of m   fro pa led rn ste ea the s­ mNew  York, makingg aann  inc pre e im ledbacfro ablle our favou   fav resed gly impang reasin rab increa gly sin kin ma rk, Yo w toto Ne arr   basiockn k upo and   for d arrcheanv gein d e  CIA for anush pad id ult  CIA  pai an  peo eric the Am peopplele, , thhecthe erican Amdem uponn emthe sionhav Kr ins   Kru and   insult Yoshcrk heCitv iny  ors rs hecklkleeffaanlo dand demooststrratato toto havee emigrigrDeee tro ,  Bu it,  Clevelandd, Buffalo and  NeNew w York City, 0le  in 

uke lwauk it, Clevelan eee, , Detroimp MiMilwa po° pular"P"protest""'  s wa re the t tha n sio res   the e ^ anagagadaininsthustt"sthegiv   C^ ZeCommunist leader. against 

3 

Wa§  P

the Communist  leader. 

rotest

pu,ar 

ese,  cant nt acacttioionn  taktak nifica signifi °° sig In South Viey'tnaprom,' vawhl oferetheno CIA, EmbaUSssyspokanesd the ap weak voicesUSof the placemuwitzzlhoingut the men for of m theto  indiraicatp te tha thipeasce,  woulduld  see t  tu.  pearance of solidity ap m to  Kvind  rel  that thetua ° peon acethe,  wopart  of seethe ime is ac lly a mask forfor  itsits  etQam

place 

f 

on the part of the Ky reg Vieb tnam in wherichinthewh"Ky The recent "elredectiaao"grn"8reeaiat n tSoviviccuthtor y ich  sco  ter"s turnedtorouy"t"-iinnSetheptelimmbitedii regwiotS nmenr t"of/r verT Go™ ns vo 70 per cent trothel--wa productiarnoedn. s actual ynewansmAmeneriincanWaCIA under lKyy as's Seconptember 196 shington le 5, US As ear plan" which was to bring about a

ess!  akness . weakn we

aCtUally  *  16811116  " 

a 

 "Kv 

uth  Vietnam in  which  the

The recent  "election" in So

under Ky's control' 

^  "" As cat,/a, Septl™ of the  Vietnam"™  er 

  r^ions 

**  Umhed

CU Pr°dUCti  were centred 

A"e" DU""  M its  European  '  ^""''ndl­beg.n the  attack upon  French lahn  As the  echo of  Um0DS  m  Carly  1945­  J  the German  ts  in  Paris  agen s died  away>  US  intelligence  wl  ™  gun agents  in  nce  llige inte US  o  enng  almost  un­obtainable  DblTi;ir,he 

60 60 

to labour ­obtainable  US newsprint  US newsprint to labour  were offering almost un Paris were offering almost un-obtainable Paris would  newspapers  which  establish  newspapers to establish which would leaders  to resistance  leaders and resistance and objectives.  cooperate American objectives. with American cooperate  with

Under the guidance of Jay Lovestone, an arrogant

Under  the  guidance  of  Jay  Lovestone,  an  arrogant  Harry  and Harry Brown and  Irving Brown  plus Irving  ex­Communist,  plus  American  American ex-Communist, of the the  of  DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT  AFFAIRS AFFAIRS  INTERNATIONaL the INTERNATIONAL  the  Goldberg, Goldberg,  Meany),  George  (president  Labour  of  Federation  American  by 1947 by  (after 1947  US intelligence funds (after  by US intelligence funds  subsidized  by  secretly subsidized was secretly  was battle to  American  the  to in  battle became the spearhead  and became the CIA)  the spearhead in the American CIA) and the broke agents US broke  These agents  movement. These US  labour world's the world's labour  movement.  control control the  unionists  trade unionists "red" trade up"red"  hoodlums beatup  had hoodlums beat  in France, France, had  strikes strikes in  labour leaders"  into throwing "Communist  boasted  of  even  boasted and even "Communist labour leaders" into  of throwing and 16,  January  16, MAGAZINE,  New  NATION MAGAZINE, York, January the sea.  New York,  sea. InIn thethe NATION the "American  entitled  "American article entitled an article in  an Berger,  in W. Berger, Harry  W. 1967,  Harry 1967, Overseas" states: Labour s:  Labour Overseas" state

American Federation of Labour (president George Meany),

were  agents were AFL  agents that AFL emphasise that emphasise to to  important  "It  important is is  "It well  Europe  well and Europe Asia and America,  Asia Latin America, in Latin proselytizing  in  proselytizing Soviet Union  the Soviet that the Union seriously argued  can  argued that before  itit can seriously bebe  before as on  intervening in those are behalf on behalf  any active sense  was in  in those areas active sense intervening in any was

Communist labour ofof Communist  leadership".  labour  leadership". L. official,  official, of L. A. F. of  Richard  Deverall,  topA. F.  Japan,  Richard (In Japan, Deverall, a atop  (In similar  carry out  to  carry a similar was assigned  out a  for GH,  worked for assigned to first worked who first GH, was who and India.) Japan and India.)  campaign in Japan  campaign  in

always  agents  always secret agents US secret the US elsewhere, the and  France  elsewhere, and France InIn 

of unions under banner  of  the  banner under  the sought dual­rival  unions  establish  dual-rival to establish sought  to

Washington  by Washington wrested  by recently  wrested so recently "anti­Communism"  so  "anti-Communism"

Japan, militarist Japan,  in militarist Tojo in  Tojo and  and Germany,  Germany, Nazi  Nazi in in  Hitler  from Hitler from workers. In a  all organized In  a of all  secure leadership organized  workers.  in leadership of  order toto secure  in order CONFEDERATION INTERNATIONAL an an  time short TRADE  FREE TRADE OF FREE CONFEDERATION OF INTERNATIONAL  time  short 

Belgium  in Brussels, Brussels,  Belgium headquarters in  with headquarters was established with  UNIONS" UNIONS"  was established 

of the and support CIA­financed  the CIA-financed guidance support of  (ICFTU) guidance and  the  under the (ICFTU) under American FedetheAmerican Fede­ ofthe  DEPARTMENT" "INTERNATIONAL "  of  AFFAIRS  DEPARTMENT "INTERNATIONAL  AFFAIRS

"Free"  US­controlled  "Free" this  Naturally, this Labour.  US-controlled ration  ofof Labour. Naturally, ration

papier mache "labour unions" nions"  union movement established trade established  papier mache "labour u trade union movement 

Asian  and Asian African and American, African Latin  the  majority ofof the the majority American, Latin inin the US-dominated ofof the much make upup  that the US­dominated  much  military that make  dictatorship  military dictatorship

"Free world",  "Free  world"

61 61 

world's the world's  rolein inthe  's role  the CIA's details f ofthe CIA tary y  details o fragmen gmentar These These fra

the  ,  the Reutherr, ning.  Walter Reuthe ng.Walter  the beginni ovement are butthe begin ent  are but  labour m movem labour ional

s International  Rs's' UNIoN' UNION'S  aUTO worKER UNiteD thethe  AUTO WOrkE head UNITED  head  ofof 

1967,  February in  Februar y  1967, POST  in NY POST the NY   with the interviewwith in an  Section, , in an interview Section

the  olved"  in the d" in  was "involve igence  moneywas "inv nce money  ral Intell Intellige the Cent that the Central said that said d this would

reveale the details ealed  this  would  when were rev that  details were AFL-CIA when the that    and  AFL­CIAand CIA  about the dabout  the CIA one expose exposed  the the one  story" than  ory" than lot bigger bigger st be "a lot  be "a

rseas  ION.  The ove The overseas ATION. ASSOCIAT T ASSOCI STUDENT LL STUDEN NATIONA NATIONA in thethe  operatiosns in  operation by  ized  y subsid by zed "strongl been "strong ly subsidi   had been AFL­CIA the  AFL-CI of the A had activities  s of activitie r.  Reuther. Victor Reuthe saidid Victor CIA", sa CIA",

UAW other UAW  had other  r brothers brothers had  the Reuthe Reuther  why the  The reasons  why The reasons

tee  utive e Committee the Executiv from the Exec resignedfrom  recently resigned  leaders, aders,  recently labour labour le Reutherr  Victor  Reuthe when  Victor 1966,  when back  to  es  back May 1966, AFL, go to May  the AFL, goes ofof the

AFL. theAFL.  usingthe  wasusing  charged  the CIA  the CIA was  first charged first

the seen in are ation in the  collabor are seen  ation  of this collabor Exampl CIA­AFLL  this  CIA-AF s  of  Examplees

Harry  and  Harry rown  and Irving B ts,  Irving Brown   two agen Italy the agents, g:  InIn  the two following: Italy followin

nists  Communists the Commu as the  well as as well  s  as Socialistts the Socialis opposedd  the g,  oppose Goldberg, Goldber In  ent. In movemnt.  labour moveme Italian labour  er the  theItalian  to splint splinter helped  to thus helped and  thus and

course ourse  similar c Orient" aa similar "in the Orient" and "in the  German y and  West Germany Greece Greece, , West  the pre­ from  preis  the from Orient"  quote  "the  "the Orient" is (This  quote was  followed followe. d. (This was

Japan).  btedly  means Japan). edlymeans  it undoubt NATION  article a andit undou cited NATION article nd  viously cited viously  

where he Indones he Italy  ia,ia, where from Italy Indones sent  from to to  was sent Goldber Later Goldbe rgg was Later named named  ent nt  movem moveme union union  trade trade  splinter  "free" splinter ed  a a "free"  establis establishhed which  and  which ICFTU and the ICFTU of the affiliate  of  an affiliate was an  which was NDO which GASBIINDO GASBII Indone­ nation­wide  leading  nation-w the  leading ide IndoneSOBSI,  the destroy  SOBSI, to destroy sought  to sought t  1958 when g g 1958  Presidennt when Preside ent. Followin nt. Followin moveme sian union movem trade union sian trade had  the CIA that the ,  that admittedd, CIA had later  admitte was  later what  was proved  what Sukarnoo  proved Sukarn him  him force  to force iato  Indonesia  ion" in Indones "revolution" in  fake"revolut to stagea afake  sought  to stage  sought ate  to seper   e biindo" seperat to do" the "Gas ed  "Gasbiin the  compell ed Sukarno compell office, Sukarno of office, out of out TU.  nced ICF ICFTU. CIA­financed the  CIA-fina itself fro fromm the itself

the October 1965 military coup in which 500,000 After unists" in Indonesia were brutally murdered and the

After  the October  1965 military  coup in  which  500,000  Indonesia  were  brutally  murdered and  the 

  "Comm power, all power,  assumedd  all  *rt0  assume by led fl Generals Nasution and Suharto junta Ha  rv r  sentative the repre a as  Indonesi to    returned oldberg  ntative Harry G Goldberg returned to Indonesia as the represe   of of Harry C°m,m!™sts"  ln 

GeneralS NaSUtion  and  Suh

62 62 

EDERA RA-­ FEDE L CONCONF IONANAL  the  INTER RNAtNATIO of theof  INTE deleg ateate  deleg andand  AFL­ CIACIA  the AFLthe have    was to e  urpos His p (ICFTU).  was to have S  NS (ICFTU). His purpose UNION TRADE OF  FREE  TION  OF E UNIO TRAD iliated FREE TION ssful l in  succe were  in "We  essfu succ ICFT with  were   U.U. "We re­aff ICFT "  with nndo d Gasb filiate re-af o" biind "Gas rg.  . oldbe berg Mr. G Gold   Mr. , said that", said that"

nt in  cemeent advan in degreee of  ncem the degre of adva  showss the istori ote show (An h footntnote ricc foo histo (An h  Frenc ch the  Fren that " ct  "the the fa that red  fact the deplo   red Marxdeplo Karl Marx hzation;  on; Karl brutalizati bruta in communists unist s in  and  comm thoussand thirty  thou massacred  acredthirty eoisieie  had  had mass bourg geois bour reat  this g d  ..." an 1870 great

defeatt of  and this500,000  the defea   after the of 1870..." bloodafter cold blood Paris in  in cold Paris esia 500,000 Indon In  y.  histor esia in  ded  Indon In recor ry. vely  histo ded in hter  is gra

slaughter is gravely recor slaug are  trator perpe orss ' are the perp etrat murdered  and  the cruely more crue ly  murdered and even  more are  even are ility"..) ) ng  "stability" r  creati ed fo creating "stab for cheerred chee

ced  financed CIA­ the CIAfinan diary subsi y  ofof the idiar   Amer Latin ricaica thethe subs Ame InIn Latin ION  NIZAT ORGA NAL  ICAN  REGIO

­AMER INTER ION ,  THE  NIZAT OR IT ORGA ONAL ICFTU is  N REGI RICA -AME INTER THE ORIT, s i ICFTU the  ened  weak the that    ened union weak that dual  the  union is  dual this  the and  is ,  OF  WORK KERS, and this WORERS OF

orker in the w erss  in  work ranks of  the ranks of the split the ns, split izatioons,  labourr orga ng labou organnizati existiing exist of  er  ke­ov the ta ble  over possi   made ible the take- of thus mad and thus e poss land and every st  ever almost y  land almo ry  military by  US­supporting  milita lics  by US-supporting repub ican  repu Amer blics Latin Ame rican manyy  Latin man dicta tors.  dictators.

stated alist  journ US jour d;­ son, t state leadin nalis the  lead Drew on,  the Pears ingg  US Drew Pear

967: : Marchh 1, 1 1, 1967 Marc

one­ ovest eany­L eston "... the e Me y-Lov ding"...th Mean regarding  laints regar the comp complaints off the  One One o

behind  weigh d their weig swing htt behin they  g  their swin policyy isis tha foreignn polic that t they CIA foreig CIA  to  funds CIA  to s use  fund and  ica  CIA Amer rica and use in Latin Ame dictatorsh ips in  torships  dicta ney,  d  by CI y, backeed mone agent by CIAA mo CIA  AFL­ tss back l,  agen Brazi CIA ...In  AFLdo so il, do so... In Braz ary   milit ...the 1964... in 1964 the military art  in Goulart ident  Goul hrow Pres President overthrow helpedd overt helpe ed  arrest ptly  ted .prom arres him.. y ced  mptl repla ..pro   which torship  h replaced him. dictatorsh ip whic dicta

rs". leaders".  abourr leade lian llabou Braziilian many Braz many dead   was dead CIA) was AFL­ CIA) .(the  AFLblic.. .(the   Repu blic.. inican n Repu Dom inica Dom "In"In thethe  IA  FL­C was A CIA and iitt was AFLBosch Juan  Bosc h,,  and ent  Juan Presid st Pres ident against set again set directly or eitherr  direc y,  eithe moneey, CIA  tly ori­i-  by  d  backe es  mon confederat CIA by ed back tes dera confe contr thus  Bosch and thus contr h, , and  oust  Bosc helpedd toto oust who helpe ctly, who indirectly,

indire

r,  "Late s..."  troops... US troop of  US ng of ter, landing tuall  landi " "La entua even the ev to the butingg to  butin

63 63 

in  Lovestone aga and Lovestone Meany and election, Meany 1966 election, the 1966 during the again during

defeat  to defeat money, to  by  CIA  CIA money, backed  by influence,  backed their influence, swung  their swung

Bosch. lost.  He  lost. Bosch.  He Donald  pro­American the pro-America n Donald Republic, the Dominican Republic, the Dominican In the In

headed  who headed and who CIA, and  the CIA, by the backed  by was backed who was Cabral, who Reid Cabral, Reid

proviwas  provi­ Bosch,  was Juan  Bosch, President Juan ousted President ousted that  nta that military junta the military ju the

in power. power.  16 months months  in  in his aid in  his 16  USaid  inUS  61 millionin  with$ $ 61 million  ded ded with 

constant  CIA kept  kept aa constant rule, the  the CIA dictatorial rule, time ofof dictatorial this time During this During

on information on  thisinformation  passedthis  Bosch and passed  on exiled watch President  Bosch and  exiled  President watch on 

train his 8,000­ his 8,000sought also sought toto train  also  CIA  The CIA toto leader Cabral.  The leader  Cabral.

to control  control it how to teachit how  it  itand  andteach  arm police force,arm  man special  specialpolice force,  man in the polls the  opinion public opinion  polls in  took public  also took  CIA also  CIA  The  the people. The the people. the  supported the people supported people the  learn  ifif the to learn Republic  to  Dominican  Republic Dominican 1962 in 1962  in  vote the of the vote  of  cent per 62 per cent  62  polled polled  Bosch Bosch  Senor Senor  dictator. dictator. 

Reid 1965  in 1965 Cabral in Reid Cabral Donald  of Donald thought of but people thought the people what the but what the  turn, brought  brought the which, in turn, revolutionwhich, in  was seen  genuinerevolution  in thegenuine  seenin the  was troops. States troops.  United States  of United intervention tion  of armed armed interven

to oust oust  helped to  agents  helped  AFL­CIA  agents these  AFL-CIA In Guyana,  these In Guyana,

press  the press Dr. Jagan told 1964.  Dr. Jagan  in  Jagan told  the Cheddi  Jagan in 1964. Premier Dr.  Dr. Cheddi Premier

organized  had organized agents  had "CIA agents that"CIA  (AP)that  25, 1967(AP)  on February  February 25, 1967  on of  the "overthrow led to which led  1963" which  "overthrow of and 1963"  to the  strikes...in 1962  and  strikes...in  1962 People's "the ple's  that said that "the Peo He said  Party". He  Party".  Progressive  his People's  Progressive his People's interAmerican inter­ evidence of American  rty  has...produced has.. produced  evidence of  Progressive Pa Party Progressive

the  (On the CIA." (On the CIA."  throughthe  in Guyana,  particularly through  vention  in Guyana, particularly  vention

a declared  a  been  declared had  been she  had said  she Jagan  said Mrs. Jagan day  Mrs. following following  day abroad.)  to travel  abroad.) travel to permission  permission on  and denied  and denied "stateless pers person "stateless the installasupported ed  the installa­ forces support dark  forces same  dark Recently these  same Recently  these

Humberto  Brazil of General  Humberto of General in Brazil  military dictatorship dictatorship  in of the tion the military  tion of 

from fact came came  from  to this fact  evidence  to this  Additional evidence Branco. o.  Additional  Castelo Castelo Branc

e,  former  Brazilian sourc high  Brazilian Lacerda, a a Carlos Lacerda,  Governor Carlos  former Governor  source, aa high   Late 

United States. the United States. Late "darling" ofof the former  "darling" and  aa former rightist  and rightist the Branco  ainst  the Branco dictatorship movement" ag against "movement" t  Manifesto  announcemennt in  he stated  ) and  Manifesto being outlawed his announceme inhis  stated he and outlawed) being proxy".  by  proxy" Brazil  by that "the CIA governing Brazil "the CIA is is governing  that

a  organizing  a was organizing he was that  he announced  that he announced 1966 he October 1966 inin October parties  (political parties dictatorship  (political

64 64 

The The AFL-CIA's AFL­ClA's International FREE International Confederation Confederation ofof  FREE  Trade Unions  (INCFTU) ofof Brussels, Brussels, Belgium, Belgium,  which  Trade Unions (INCFTU) whichin  in turn  turn

guided Latin American guided  the the Latin  INTERAmerican  anti-Communist anti­Communist  ORIT-the ORIT—the  INTER­

AMERICAN  REGIONAL REGIONAL  ORGANIZATION  ,"  subsequently  AMERICAN ORGANIZATIONOF  OFWORKERS WORKERS," subsequently

created in Washington D.C. the AMERICAN INSTITUTE FOR FREE created in  Washington  D.C.  the  AMERICAN  INSTITUTE FOR  FREE 

LABOUR  DEVELOPMENT .  (AIFLD)  "educational  LABOUR DEVELOPMENT. (AIFLD)This  Thiswas  was an  an "educational

institute" designed to train specially selected Latin institute" designed  to train  specially selected  Latin Americans Americans 

so they would so that that they  to their would  return cities and return to  practice the their cities  kind and practice  the kind  of CIA and leading American of trade-unionism trade­unionism approved approved by by  the the CIA  and leading  American  employers. employers.  Since its founding  and  up up to  1966,  AIFLD  trained 30,000  Since its founding and to 1966, AIFLD trained 30,000

Latin Latin Americans Americans inin  proper proper union union methods methods in  in their their own own lands  lands

and and  500 500 more to more who who were were carefully carefully screened screened  and and  brought brought  to 

Washington Washington  for for "advanced "advanced  courses." courses." 

The annual budget of The annual  budget  of 

AIFLD AIFLD ran thethe  millions ran into into  of of dollars,  dollars, most millions  ofof which came most  which came  has 14 Latin American field offices and from the  from AIFLD has  theCIA.  CIA.AIFLD 14 Latin  American field  offices and  sufficient sufficient  funds graduate students funds  to to pay pay allall graduate  for nine months students for  nine months 

after they return native cities. after they  return to to their their native  cities.  Naturally Naturally  the the  AIFLD AIFLD has has  the the support support  of of  the the largest largest  US on its Board ofof  Trustees are represenUS corporations corporations and and on  its Board  Trustees are  represen­ tatives tatives from  from thethe  W. w. c.  C. GRACE GRACE  AND AND  COMPANY; COMPANYthe ;  the  ROCKEFELLER ROCKEFELLER  FOUNDATION,  the  ANACONDA  COPPER  COMPANY  and  the  PAN­ AMERICAN AIRWAYS. AMERICAN  AIRWAYS thetens  tens millionsof  .  Of Of of US  the  US dollars of ofmillions  dollars  spent to guide spent to  Latin American guide Latin  labour through  American labour  through AIFLD,  AIFLD, about about  99 per  cent comes  from  the the  Central Central Intelligence Intelligence  Agency 99 per cent Agency  and comes from and  aa more fractionfrom the  from theCIA's  more fraction  CIA'scopartners.  copartners.The  The AFL  AFL contricontri­ buted  §$ 280,000  annually  and and the the bigbig  business executives executives  buted 280,000 annually business $200,000.  (In (In the the summer summer  of of 1966 1966  aa Director Director  of $200,000. of PanPan­ American,  in in Tokyo, Tokyo, told told of  having "raised  American, large amounts  of having "raised large amounts of  of money" for for  money" the  purpose  the purpose studying the  of of  studying Japanese language, the Japanese language,  its culture  and its  people, in  some new  organization in in Japan, Japan,  its culture and its people, in some new organization such as the "CENTRE FOR such as  the " CENTRE  FOR FAR FAR EASTERN EASTERN  STUDIES.") STUDIES.") 

FOUNDATION, the ANACONDa COPPER COMPANY and the Pan-

As early early as as March March 1947, 1947, the the US US  As State Department's Department's  State

office  was was  importing importing  and and  distributing distributing  copies office copies  of of  the the James James 

MANAGERIAL to Japanese Burnham's  book, book, "THE "THB  MANAGERIAL  REVOLUTION" REVOLUTION"  to Japanese  Burnham's 65 65 

an  Japan ring tha thatt Jap sidering Conside ves. . Con cutiives execut and exe lead s and derers  labo tist lab ourur lea rightist righ the t  the t tha and  tha   ent  and vement movem on mo union ade e uni trad uinee tr genuin  a gen hada er had never had nev had the gri irmly  gripp  of of ly inin  the teded ffirm nomy  still  rest

yldstilonll res ecoknom s boo an' ofbatJap trol con y have been intended to cou the Zai su, this

control  of  Japan's  eco d  to  ld  only  have  been  intende the  Zaibatsu,  this  book  cou labour.  disrupt and  retard Japanese 

disrupt and retard Japanese labour.

l of  total of had  a atota bassies sies had Embas USS Em 19655 U in 196 ld  in  wororld houtt th thee w oughou Throug Thr iliarr  familia ghl yfam rouhly thooug selves t shor

them mselve de  the who ma made s, who Attach chees,  6565 LLababoourur Atta the  n, the ition, additio ement  in  each h nat nationion. . InIn add

in eac erts serving  theAG   labo ourur momovveme ent witwithh  thethe lab   CY EN NCY   exp our ser  vinYetg  thethis   AGE lab erts t­tim exp par our   lab 125 e had125 part-tim had US but was but  D). this Was (AI Yet . NT  PME (AID T ELO EN   DEV PM LO NALNA VE TIO DE RNA L INTE   TIO FOR NA ER INT R FO vast t the  vas was s  the out of  den out of sigsighhtt wa iceb the ice for hidhidden of the tip of bererg,g, for  the tip the  wo wor the   entt ofof the rld ld men moovevem ur m aboour ee llab dee ththee frfree mad t  ma that tus tha aratus ara app CIA app et. target.  ion  targ version subvers one sub er one umb ber num itsits n

Afar r ce  from from  Afa dan nce Guiida and  Gu our  and Labour an s s Lab Japan' Jap

ist  st e un e uniiononitop tradas hollic ic trad ativ ivee CCatatho servvat conser the con RicharddforDevGHeraQll,' ?and the top  edd inin  Jap an  as  the Japan then­ rem aine remain whiFLo wo bt  "  Tarke erg ag­in in ldb Go ry erg ldb Har Go as ry  roleoni« sm Harand  in enc samuale  uni ,  der,' played the AFL at  lea our TM  labour enc agour in and erin fostteri in fos sia in ngg ddual unionism munist onesia andd IndIndone ItalItalyy an d,  nd. stan sta   nis in t Japan  mu om i-Com ant anti­C an  ane un pt  pt  trad ado toado Tb  the labour movementto  ing an tres Jap cen e m three jor trade uniionon  centres in maajor aree thre act  that  ther ree ar Who 

Rlchard Devera11

GH

the 

andth

  played  the same  ro,e

e  a  our  movement 

Thehe ffact that theain  dark k kind vtie actiivti ess  the  act to the nument  monum ent to    of  mo of d kin cert dar   a  tain ays cer a today is tod IA.  L-CIA. AFL­C the AF and  the  of D verrallall  and Deeve of

, e years ago ne crashwoinrld'Indsialabsom d in a pla Deverallno die s ent that of all the se labourourmomovem but there is doustrebtngt vement ane Jap the of h and s ion the act . CIA ains the number one conern of the India some  years ago  Devera11  died  'n a  plane  crash  in  ,  ,s |abou[ J  ­8  |d wor thc  a||  but there ,, „„ doubt  that of  Japanese  labour  m0  , be  act.™,  and  strength  of  he   of  the CIA.  emains the  number  one conern

rem

the  ties wi witth h the al"  ties ltural" "cultur several era  l"cu ollo owwiningg, , sev peri the per iodod ffoll InIn the stud red d "wa "wage ge studyy  US­sha -share hed;  a  a US

; tes wereaneestseabltradished United Sta alignm.entThiofs ons andrkearsnew uni e ong Jap centre" am wo origin.federar.tion tal ting meres aboanut ainte upedhad waelos gro unions M Ichiro later dev pmient U N on Ma ,som B  =n the 13 e kofthe M ts oun rec 13, "  rch ™ HU ' NS BU r,  AN d SHInUKZy :° p, ,Tin : T iSoails 2 Satdet m too dy nne Ke sident John Mayste196p of2 Pre sending a greeting from an American ,es  were 

"a'.' .  S,a

unprecedented 66

establis

President to to  the 11TH OF OF  ELECTRIC TRADE President  the  1 CONFERENCE 1TH  CONFERENCE  ELECTRIC  TRADE UNIONS UNIONS 

in sent also thethe  head of of  thethe  American UNITED in Japan. Japan. HeHe  sent  also  head  American  UNITED  ELECTRICAL  WORKERS'  ,  the  James  ELECTRICAL WORKERSUNION UNION, theright­leaning President  right-leaning President James B. Carey, Carey, toto deliver  his briered briered  speech.  Accompanying  Carey Carey  B. deliver his speech,Accompanying was  an  aide,  "H.  Pollack",  who  was  introduced  from  the  convention INTRNATIONAL convention  stage stage  as as being being from from the the  INTERNATIONAL  affairs affairs  DEPARTMENT of the AF.of  of L.  L. When convention ended DEPARTMENT  of  the  A.F.  When the the  convention ended  both Carey and  and"Pollack"  "Pollack returned the United both Carey  returned  to to the  United States States  and and  a few weeks later Mr. "Pollack" was quoted asas having a few  weeks later  Mr.  "Pollack"  was quoted  having been been  introduced a nation-wide American TV audience as a former  former introduced toto a nation­wide  American TV  audience as a 

was an aide, "H. Pollack", who was introduced from the

"CIA  labour consultant."  was while  serving  the  that  "CIA labour consultant." ItIt was while serving the CIA  CIA that

"Pollack" "Pollack" established established  in in  Japan Japan  the the  INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL 

MENTAL-WORKERS MENTAL­WORKERS'  FEDERATION FEDERATION  of of  Japan Japan  (Kokusai (Kokusai  Kinzoku  Roren  Nihon  Kyo­gi  Kai).  Mr.  Satio's  report  Kinzoku Roren Nihon Kyo-gi Kai). Mr. Satio's report

concludes remained the US only about concludes  that that "Pollack" "Pollack"  remained inin  the US only  about  one one 

month inin 1962, 1962, returning returning to Japan  month to Japanas  asa a"Labour  "Labour Attache"  Attache" at  at the US  Embassy.  the US Embassy.

This fact  was plainly  indicated  when George George Meany,  the  This fact was plainly indicated when Meany, the

President President  of of  the the AFL AFL and and his his top top international international  adviser, adviser,  Jay  Lovestone, Lovestone,  came came  to  Japan  in in November, November,  1965 1965  to to help help  Jay to Japan inaugurate the  conservative Japanese Japanese Confederation  inaugurate the conservative Confederationof  of Labour.  Labour.

(Domei) arrogance (Domei) Lovestone, Lovestone,  with with his his old-time old­time  arrogance based based upon upon  the concealed concealed  power  CIA, told told the the press press  in in Tokyo:  the powerof of the  the CIA, Tokyo:

"we DOMEI and "we will will WORK WORK  WITH WITH  DOMEI  and  we we  will will work work WITHIN WITHIN  SOHYO."  "We  would  prerfer different  leadership in  SOHYO '  and "We  have come  out". Regarding Regarding  and "We have come here  here to straighten  to straighten them  them out". the Communists Communists  he  "We have have come come  here here  to to flatten  the he said:  said: "We flatten them out" them  out". 

SOHYO." "We would prefer different leadership in SOHYO"

During this  press conference conference I I asked asked Lovestone Lovestone  "if the  During this press "if the

AFL the US bythe  the CIA?  CIA?" AFL activities activities outside outside the  US were were subsidized subsidized  by 

and he  noted that that from  this  and he answered  answeredsharply:  sharply:"No".  "No". ItIt was  was noted from this

point on  the  press conference conference that that Mr. Mr.  Lovestone s hands hands  point on inin the press Lovestone's

shook and he appeared exceedingly shook and  he appeared  exceedingly  nervous. nervous.  The  Japan Times, Times,  (November 13, 13,1964)  carried the the AP AP  The Japan (November 1964) carried report of  this press press conference  and  the the sum  its dispatch  report of this conference and sum total  total ofof its dispatch

as  contained contained  in jp  the the headline; headline;  was W

"Demonstrators "Demonstrators  Here Here Paid Paid 

67 67 

 

the rolee o the rol off  the t the ."(N(N   her ouut  ed"  abbo inghe re e a oth ex-R ing oth ­Red. kin US ex By :  US ingg: Pek   By Pe ce" en "no evid

had  "no evidence" e  had he t h t tha   ttha en ent tem tem sta e's's sta ne ton sto ves ve Lo Lo n  en eve ev or  A  or CICIA   sub ti­Nsu bmmaaririnnee ddee­anti-N the an re  "fina anncciningg"" the s"  re t "fin ed "ndwewe  tha the "r ds "re thatt the tha .) on.)  his op inion opini ly his only  thiss w waas s on t thi s, a tha ion d rat monst tions, an

monstra

bable proba ble  res, it , it  isis pro exp sures entt  ex poosu recen re rec more and se  an d  mo these gh  the rough Throu rea Th Al d.  . Already dy  be sev seveerered may s y soooonn  be n ma L connection 

AFL connectio thatt th vern­ thee e sCICIeenA-A­  AF Gove rntha isible le Go Invisib the  Inv that  tthithis s relrelatiationonshishp ipwiwitth h the   hav seentha

d  ited Unite wewe have brought ht ababouout t the the  Un ignatiationons  sof ofallall  the resign the  res nt" ha ment" has s broug me from the AFL executive committee,

rs r) break-up in the American labour ' leade Auto gWatorkaers ajo (m e ibl ss po hintin out splitting s brought abthe Even as theioCInsA, iha meayfors sa ne do o s al s ha t un ur bo a l n g ei for g alw on is am A t the CI ve that labour in the siUSde,A.itAltwohoulugd beh itexistretrumee ltha goals. (Oonn onweaktheenrIgingHTAMBRICAN labour was one ofy iditsfficoriulgitntoalthopro voted au frorizmatithe UAW, in convthdenratiown,the 1966, the rsh March 18,ion UAW wi to ip de lea un toA. the F. of L.) itsahames ly red su as t, en ag e on ps dro A CI the en wh t Bu the dy prepared another to step forward and play movement.

    i  our  was one of  itc  naI g0a's­  «>"  eakening AMERICAN  lab 0"8, w TTA March  18  1966  the  00  ICaderShiP 

T. R  of")

^ £*7  alreadfU" d  and  more CMKeall  ™ role, with a  new  and 

* «  ­as  'h° 

alreawith a new and more concealing "cover". As Americanis ,pularity has declined in Japan, due to the war the US e rol po ting in Vietnam, and the continuous retention of mibelitaenry uld wenlg hafrovem joint tablis.heMad chnyanacnetiolsnscoran bacosends,ucother and olsud-es gi bstitute

KKD'i0n °f  aTmM'  Z Z £ Z u   il bases, o ­ave been  ChMnds  ttae.  „  considered  ,s a  subs fromj°int  8 8  s  to a simL,"v" '" economic  organization PP°SItlonaI stand  to the  nuclear  tecf  l°  3  revived  non­proliferation  of  mg'  P°'DtS  p.  shi on ati rel se  German­Japane

idereic dorgasanaizations to a similar oppositional stand to the coonnsom ec oliferation of nuclear testing, points to a revived

normn-pran-Japanese relationship. Ge

n to harmvean"inacvicesibntle? re invisieablek tha What cot" aguldenbets imo goIt ives stirnml ofenthe utmosnt iJampopartan spnce towitheth aCIGeAittohinbeSOasHYsuO"red t its work continues "with DOMEI" and "w

ha™  b,e ,ha",o  e „invisi nI,an accent?  Ge ~t.C.s i„T W"h  "  st  imco/  mo  ut the f  l o stil s  It i assured  *  ?A  "  ^Dome f,  'bat its work conttCs " O",  HY SO Jay  Lovestone  S neatly  phrased  by 

thaas neatly phrased by Jay Lovestone. 68 68 

the purs pursuit uit ofof  InIn the conj thisthis con re, I I wo jectectu ure, like to to e wouuld  xplo ld like exp lorere 

threee sep sepe rate thre erat e  fact facts,s, no nonne  of  which,  as fa

e of which, as farr  as I  know as I kno any  w, , hav havee any relation tionship ship with rela with the the CIA CIAin  in Jap Japa Tha t the an.n. Tha   indi viduals t the individu als m ay,  may ,

like like  thethe  ForD FORD and   and  ROCKEF ROCKELL EFELER LER FOU FOUN NDA DATI tIOn ONSs, ,  be be  purs pursuing uing  simi sim lar edu ilar educ cati atio ona nal  l aim aims s,, isis perh perpaps hapsenli   enlig ghte hten ning ing and and inte interr-­ estin esti ngg in  itsellf. in itse f. 

The prec precedin The edingg pag page havee  sho ess  hav shown  that

wn that  ther theree are are man manyy  "friendly ndly" "  "frie foun foun dati ons whi dati ons whic coop chh coo erate perate  with withthe  the CIA CIAand  and in in 

somee ins som instatanc theree has nceses ther has bee been the c oinc n the iden coin ce  of cide of the nce the FOR FORD and  D  and

ROCKEFE LLERER   FOU ROC KEFELL FOUNDATIONS  being  intertwin gressma sman Wright  Patman, long­time  ofAme USrican Congres n Wright Patman, long-time inve investigator  o  stigator of

NDA and  TIONs. S beiIn ng intertwied  supp orte rs  nrd,  edthe and supp orte rst  ofof the the sam same e Am Ame rican eric an  goa goalls. In this this  rega rega rd, the  state stat men eme nt of US  Con

tax­exe American  taxexem pt  foun mpt foundati dations  onshint new  and hint  at  and dee at new deep perer 

rela relation tionship ships: s: 

"Joh n  J. J. Mc McC loy, "Jo hn yearrs s  allie Clo allied  y,   FOR forfor D maman with  the the  nyy NDAyea d quot with ROC KEFE LLER   AND ROC FOU KEF ELL TION ER S, S,was  AND FOR D ed  FOU NDA TION was quoted asas  telling 

telling aa gr grououp   leaders  that  he  would  p ofof EurEuro opepe's 's lead

ers that he would like like to  to see them them erec see erect t a'a co ex  of of foun foundati commpl datio plex ns  who se  repr repreons e­ who se senttativ atives  sen es coul exchhan coud ld exc angege   thou ghts   tswith tho ugh   tho t  ose  with se of Ame Am rican eric foundati an  foun dations ons  and and thus thus  form form  a a sort sort of  informa of info rmal  l

internat rnationa ionall app inte appr oach roac som h toto som the g reat  ee of  of the problem grea lemss of  t prob of the day day.'.' HeHe  the welc the 'gro welcomome 'grow edd the ing  activ ities wing activities' ' ofof su succh h German Germ  foudatio an foun ndatns ions   THYS THY SSESEN  and VOL N and VOL KSWAGE AGEN".  KSW N'

Mr.McC  McCloy   was  Mr. HighCom loy was   Com miss High ione mis Westt Ge sion err forfor Wes Gerrma manny y the p inin the immedia ediately  perierioodd imm follo wing tely   wor worlld follo d war war II, wing II, a nd l ater and later hel  held manyy high highpos   post man Washing hington. tss in  ton. Why in Was Whyhe   he s ingle these  sing ledd  out  out thes e two  two

German Germ   foun an foun dati datio nsons  andand  the  "IDER not not  the "FRE FREIDERI ICH CH  EBEEBER FOUNDA RTT FOU NDA-­ TION "  with  hea headd offi TION" with ce  in  Bon n,  is no office in Bonn, is not t  know n.  But But sure surely ly the known. the 

latterr mus latte mustt sha shar the  "info ree the "inform rmaal l inte interna rnattion ionaal l  app apprroa oach ch""  toto 

the "great problems" to the same degree as Thyssen and

the  "great  problems"  to  the  sam e  degree  as  Thyssen  and  Volk Volkswa swagen gen.. 

Amo ng  the the  man many Am ong y  foun foundati dations ons  and and  org orga niza tionns s  in in  aniz atio Wes German We many  stt  Ger establish y esta ed  and  blished and heav ily f hea inanc vily ed  fina to  nce brin d to g  "bri ng ideologi logical ideo cal  influ influenc ence "young e"" on on  "you ng Afri Afri cans can Asia s,, Asia nd  nsns a Latin and Lati n 

69 69 

Americans" thethe  FREIDERICH BBERT Americans" is is  FREIDERICH  EBERT FOUNDATION FOUNDATION  devoting devoting 

itself  mainly mainly  for for the the  training training  of of "trade "trade union union officials". officials".  itself

Named after the first  the first President during the time Named  after  President  of of Germany Germany during  the time  WEIMAR  REPUBLIC ,  the "socialist"  Ebert was  revealed  WEIMAR REPUBLIC, the "socialist"Freiderich  Freiderich Ebert was revealed

in courts to have long been a secret anti-socialist with  with in German German courts to  have long  been a  secret  anti­socialist 

the banned banned  German German General  the post  the Generalstaff,  staff, while  while he  he held  held the post of  of

President. President.  1950, a  young man man who who had had worked worked in in aa Hungarian Hungarian  InIn 1950, a young Socialist  paper, paper, left  Socialist left Hungary  Hungary and  andwent to the  went to theUnited States.  United States. In  In

1957 US citizenand in  and in that same year he  he came  came to 1957 he he  became became a aUS citizen  that same year  to 

Japan to attend the PEN CLUBCONVENTION CONVENTION. In thefollowing year  following year Japan to  attend the  PEN CLUB  .  In the  he labour chief he returned returned toto Japan Japan contacting contacting Japanese Japanese  labour  chief  and and  becoming  acquainted acquainted  with Socialist  leaders.  He He established  an  becoming with Socialist leaders. established an "INTERNATIONAL FEATURE SERVICE" in New York and in 1960, "INTERNATIONAL  FEATURE  SERVICE"  in  New  York and  in  1960,  1962 and  1966,  he he  returned returned to to Japan Japan to sell  this special special news news  1962 and 1966, to sell this

service. is the "editor-in-chief" and his "news" is sold service.  He He is  the "editor­in­chief" and  his "news" is  sold  to to 

280 newspapers newspapers in inlatin  Asia.  280 latinAmerica,  America, Europe, Africa  Europe, Africaand  and Asia.

The Secretary-Treasurer of an The same same young young man man isis the the  Secretary­Treasurer  of  an  organization  with  the  highly  propagandists  name  of  " PEACE  organization with the highly propagandistic name of "PEACE WITH  FREEDOM  INCORPORATED",  which  is said  to be  a  non­profit  "foundation". principal projects are in Africa, "foundation". ItsIts principal  projects are in  Africa, in in Uganda, Uganda,  Malagasy, Zambia  Kenya, where where it  has established established  newsnews­ Malagasy, Zambia and  and Kenya, it has papers, printing plants and is teaching  teaching journalism.  journalism. ItIt also  also sends papers, printing  plants and is  sends  textbooks and  aid  to certain  African schools and  provides  funds  to permit African scholars to study  to study both in  both in the to permit  African scholars  the Foundation's Foundation's  schools and abroad.  abroad. His schools and  His organization organization has has assisted assisted the the EAST EAST  AFRICA  INSTITUTE  FOR  SOCIAL  AND  CULTURAL  AFFAIRS ,  in  Nairobi,  AFRICA INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS, in Nairobi, Kenya and  One  Kenya and publishes a  publishes ajournal in  journal inEast  EastAfrica  Africain English.  in English. One ofof the main functions is toto hold  hold seminars on"trade  "trade unionism". the main  functions is  seminars on  unionism".  This INSTITUTE...was foundedin in1963  1963 and  and was This EAST EAST  AFRICA AFRICA  INSTITUTE ...was  founded  was  financed byby  thethe  FREIDERICH FOUNDATIONof of Bonn  Bonn financed largely largely  FREIDERICH EBERT EBERT  FOUNDATION  and the the PEACE PEACE  WITH  INCINc. .  of  of New  and WITHFREEDOM  FREEDOM NewYork.  York.

WITH FREEDOM INCORPORATED", which is said to be a non-profit

textbooks and aid to certain African schools and provides funds

On his his 1966  visit to  Asia and and Japan,  he also  journeyed  to to  On 1966 visit to Asia Japan, he also journeyed Indonesia, wherehe is  he issaid to  said tohave  have"instant" report with  "instant" report with men Indonesia, where  men  like (Foreign  The name  this young young  like (Foreign Minister)  Minister) Adam Malik/'  Adam Malik," The name ofof  this

70 70 

man who who isis reputed man Hungarian reputed  toto speak  German, French speak Hungaria French  and and  n,, German,

English is "Robert G English is  "Robert Gabor." abor." 

InIn 1963  1963 aa West union West German German trade trade unio a n  official official  accepted accepted  a 

position  with  position with FREIDERICH the the  FREIDERI   EBERT FOUNDAT CH EBERT FOUNDATIO N and shortl ION y  after  and shortly after came came to  to Japan Japan  to to establish establish  a a  permane permanennt liaison office.  t  liaison  office. This This 

office office has has now  now been been open open for  for nearly nearly three three years years and  and is but  is but one of  one of

the 22 such EBERT the 22  such  EBERT FOUNDAT FOUNDATIION-paid labour advisers  ON­paid  labour  advisers serving  serving in  in

Latin America, Latin America, Africa Africa and and Asia. Asia. The The  stated purpose stated purpose of the  of  the

German German  foundatio is toto donate foundationn is  donate scholarsh ips for study  scholarships for  in Gerstudy  in  Ger­

many, the  financing ofof  many, research into the financing into labou r­managem research ent relatio labour-ma ns  nagement relations in the the develo in developin ping g countries, countries  ,and into  and intocommunis communit stactivities.  activities. It  It

also sponsors also sponsors  labour labour stu dy  programm study programmes  es "all over  "all over the the  world". world". 

Recently inin Novembe Recently November   1966  EBERT  r 1966 FOUNDATIO thethe  EBERT N  official  FOUnDA TION official

brought together together 16 brought 16 represen representa tives of  Japanese  labour,  tatives of Japanese both  labour, both DOMEI  and  SOHYO the  INTERNATI DOMBI and SOHYO,,  atat the ONAL TRADE TRADE UNION UNION  FoRUM INTERNAT FORUM  at  IONAL at Toshi, to  meet 15 15 other " Toshi, labour leaders" to meet leaders" f other "labour rom four  other Asia from four other Asiann 

countries countries..  The man's  name  The man's name is "Heinz  is "HeinzGottschal Gottschak".  lk". When Mr. When  Mr.  Gottschal Gottschalkk was asked "Where d was asked "Where does all the money oes  all the  money come from to  come from to

finance all your finance  all  activities your activ ?" he ities ?"  he  replied: "Mostly replied : " Mostly from Labour from Labo ur 

Unions andd private Unions an contributo private co rs.. The ntributors Foundatio The Foun n also dation  also receives receives 

token financial token finan cial  assistanc assistancee from  from political political parties parties and and  municipa municipall 

Governments... ents....It  strictly German Governm German Foundatio Foundatio It isis a  a strictly receives  nn and  and receives

support fr om  other other countries nono financia financiall  support countries  or or foreign foreign  organifrom organi­

zations." zations." 

The seeming seeming  precision precision  of of this this reply  The prompts questions questions.:  reply prompts Do the  Do methodica the methodic German b all German ook­keepe book-kee rs  in  pers Bonn consider in Bonn consider th thee  OPEL  MOTOR  (owned  OPEL MOTORWORKS  WORKS Motors),  (ownedby bythe theUS USGeneral  t  General Motors), thee 

FORD MOTOR MOTOR  WORKS WORKS or  ROCKEFELLLLER' FORD ER  S  SSTANDARD OF ROCKEFE es  STANDAR  OIL  D OILO of West Germany  "Foreign"  or "Germ an  konzerns konzerns""? Germany  ?  Or as Or any  "Foreign" of the  or "German any of the other hun dreds  of  American firms  other hundreds whose  total  of American capital  investfirms whose invest­ total capital ment  in west  Germany totalled $  2,500  million at  ment in west Germany the  start  totalled $ 2,500 million at the start of of 1966?  Would 1966? Would  the the  FREIDER FREIDERIC ICH H EBERT EBERT  FOUNDATIO FOUNDA as 

TION  accept P  donations?  What of  donations German Foundati ? What Foundatio of German that might   have a  onsns that might have a friendly working working relationsh relationship  friendly with the the CIA? CIA?  ip with LikeLike  thethe  EBERT EBEE 

FOUNDATION OF WEST GERMANY, the CIA OF WASHINGTON, USA FOUNDATION  OF  WEST  GERMANY,  the CIA  OF  WASHINGTON, 

71 71 

also  has has  aa dea dee pp inter also intere estst inin ma makking  ing itit pos Japan posssible  ese  ible forfor Japa nese labour r leade labou leadersrs toto "ex "exchchang angee view viewss"?  ""?

On March 20, "WEST T  GERM GERMAN  "WES INSTIT AN INST UTE E FOR FOR  THE ITUT THE  STUD STUDY Y  OF OF DEM MNO CFAT .C  OCR ATIC , the Freiderich Ebert Stiftung (foundation) began a1967 six-day seminar in Toky o under the

On  March  20,  1967,  the  Freiderich  Ebert  Stiftung  (foundation)  began a  six­day  seminar  in  Tokyo  unto  the 

SOCIAIALIS LISM"M". .  The  SOC gatheering ring  was  Thethem theme eof of the  _One  Worl the gath was "One World d Only—

Only--A Forum on Internatio peration". The onE WORLD envisaged was indicatednalby Coo the invited delegates from Indonesia, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Hongkong, South A  Forum  on  International  Cooperation  .  The  o. 

WORLD  envisaged  was  indicated  by  the in vited  delegates from 

Indonesia, India,  Malaysia,  the Philippines,  Hongkong, South  Korea,  South  Vietnam  and  Japan...all from  the non­socialist  "one  world".  The  leading  delegate  from  Indonesia  was  the  president  of  GASBIINDO,  mentioned  on  previous  pages.  Observers  in Tokyo  saw  this  meeting as  a con firmation  of  the  CIA's  direct  withdrawal  from  the  Japan ese  labour  scene  because of  its discreditation  and also  becau se the  United  States  in  Asian  minds is so  irrevocably  identified  with  "capitalism  .  By  having  the  "social  democrats"  from  Germany  and  Japan step fforw orwaard Japa rd  at thi "prog n  step s  time, ress towa   "prog at this ress  socia time, towards lism rds so cialis m  will  seemingly  be  made while  things  rema in  very  much  the  same.  It  is noteworthy  that  within  the past  ninety  days  the  "Social­Democrats"  of  both  West Germany  and  Japan,  have  made some made some  alignment ment with  the ru with the ling c ruling onser vativ cons e  parties.  ervat ive s.

Korea, South Vietnam

and Japan... all from the non-socialist "one world". The leading delegate from Indonesia was the president of GASBIINDO, mentione

previous pages. Observers in Tokyo saw this meeting asd aonconfi rmation of the CIA's direct withdrawal from the Japanese labour scen because of its discreditation and also because the United Statees in Asian minds is so irrevocably identified with "cap

italism". By having the "social democrats" from Germany and

will seemingly be made while things remain very much the same. It is noteworthy that within the past ninety days the

"Social-Democrats" of both West Germany and Japan, have ASSO ASSOCCIATE IATED PRESS D PRES S, repor in repor ,  in  tingone o ting  onef ofthe se the semin minaar event r  event

s, s,  said :"The said:   "The   addre addr essss was was prese presented nted behin behind  closed  d close d door doors"  s" and and  the spea speak whose the e  word wordss were kerer whos were so so ca refull ed  from caref ullyy  shield shielded from  the  the publicc and and p publi ress s was was  Singa pres pore'e's s  Prime Singapor Prim eMinis Minister  Kuan  ter Lee  Lee Kuan

Yew, who who but but a a  Yew, years   earlie fewfew year was offer s earli offere er r was million edd  a a $$ 3 3 millio n 

bribe  by bribe by the the C IA. Byst CIA. Bysta nders ande   asked rs aske the Germa d  ifif the

Germann  "Soc "Social  ial Dem Democra ocrattic" ic" cham pions  of  champions of "one "one world " " wer world weree not tooo care not to carefful ul 

lest s ome rrema lest some emarrk k  migh might blem t blemish  ishthe  theworld world  of the of the CIA CIA.. 

InIn a  a relate relatedd coinc coincidenc West idencee 139 139 W est Germ German arrive an  youth arriv d ed  in  Toky in Tokyo,o, atat the the  invita invita tion ofof  tion thethe Wor Worl Yout ld d Yout Exchange h h Exch ange  Associatio Asso ciation,  whose e Presi n, whos Presdent  identis isHidej Hidei ji Kawa saki, i, a  Kawasak a Liber Liberal­ alDemo cratic Dem ocrat ic Diet Diet mem member.  Its pu ber. Its rpose purp is to  ose  is promote "f to prom rienddly ote "frien ly  99 relati relations ons b betw etwee een n  Japa Japann and  and Germany. any."   72 72 

InIn thethe en ensuinsuing  g period period the  FRIED the  FRIEDE ERiCH RICH  EBER EBERT  T FOUN FOUND DATIO ATION N 

contin ued its continued  its  well-fi well­financ ed nanced effort sto    efforts to "aid" "aid"  and and  "educ "educate" ate" 

labourr  but but  by labou by  late late  in in 1967 1967, , had had  move moved dinto  into the fie ld  of  the field of mass  comm communica mass unicattions, ions,  as as  well. well. On On  Decem ber 4, Dece 4, itit arran mber arrang ed  ged

aa 5­da 5-day y  "Mass "Mass Media MediaConfe   Confe rence rence" "  inin Tok Tokyoyo,  , with with  deleg delega ates tes 

from eight from eight Asian Asian coun countr tries ies  "as "as well well as as Japa Japan  n and and  West West  Germany."  Germ any." The The  assem assem blage must blage must have have cost cost consi consid erable derab le 

dollars, s, for  delega dollar tes were were a for deleg ssembbled ates led  from e assem ven  distan from even distant t Indo­ Indo-

nesia nesia  and and  India. 

The suspi suspic The ion  arose arose  that cion that the the Ebert Ebert Foun Found ation  had  datio n had assumed  the  assum leaderrship ed the leade ship  role  the discre role of  discredited of the dited IPI IPI (INTE (INTER­ R-

NATIONAL  NATIO NAL PRESS  PRESSINSTIT INSTIUTE TUTE )  of ofGenev Genea,  va, Switze Switzerland rland, , long long 

identif ident ied  with ified with the the CIA-R CIA­R ockefe ockef ller  and eller and Ford Ford found foundation ations s,,  when  it  was se en  that A mitaya when it was Chowdhuri, seen that Amita India attend attended ya  Chow ed  dhuri,  ofof  India

repres representing enting the  theIPI.  IPI.

Critics s  state statedd  that Critic that  the the  purpo purpose  the new se ofof  the new group groupiing ng  seemeed d  to  be to  build u seem p  a stron to be to build up a strongg and and co ntrolle Asian press press  contro lledd Asian

centre,, with with i centre power   bases  itsts powe being  conser r bases vative being govern conse menta rvativ e  gover nmen tall  or  big publis publishing hing circle or big circles Japan and  s in  India. in Japan   This h and India. This aving  as  havin g as

o­fold purpo itsits tw two-fo bindingg of  ld  purpo Japan and  sese the  the bindin India togeth of Japan together er  and India with  one  more  anti­C hina  stran strand with ,  and  one also  more to  anti-C assure hina   t  d,  not  andreflect also to assure that controll of  the press contro press in of the in Asia Asia shoul should d   the indep not indepe reflec n  en t t the enden (non­U SA) viewp viewpoint. (nonoint. That USA) That  this  was th e  assign this ed role was   to  the assig ned role to the publishers hers  and and ed publis itors  of the   big big pre editor ss  in  s of the Japan  and and  India, press n  >  in Japan seemed  obvio ia

seemed obvious.  Two ofof the the non-A us. Two non­Asian sian partic partici pants  at  the  ipants at the

mass  media media  confe conferrence ence wwere ere  Gebha mass Gebhrd  ardHielsc Hielscher,  her,Direct Direcor  tor of of

the EBER EBERT  FOUNDATION the T FOUN rd rd W.  DATIO,  n,Richa Richa W.Dill,  Dill, Head  Head of  the  ARD 

of the ARD EUROVVISIO ISION NOFFICE EURO OFFIC  and  E andthe  or ofof  the Direct Director INDIAN thethe    INSTITUTE INDIA UTE  N INSTIT

OF  MASS MASS  COMM TIONS OF ,  L. R.  COMMUNICA UNICA TIONS , L. R.Nair.  Nair. Repre Representati sentatves  ives from  from

UNESCO CO an UNES ECAF andd ECAF also attend EE were attendants were  also ants a confer att the  ence. . the confe rence

73 73 

CIA's Social Role It has been noted previously that the CIA has a reported

15,000 agents/employees outside the United States. How many are working away quietly in Japan can only be guessed. A former US Ambassador has stated that of the 700 employees of the US Embassy in New Delhi, only 100 are State Department people: "the hordes are chiefly CIA'. The ny TIMEs has stated that 75 per cent of some US embassies are CIA agents. Using this first yardstick ratio of 1 to 7 produces a startling but not necessarily an accurate figure. It has been pointed out that while India has approximately 4 times the population of Japan, the Japanese intelligence services are probably four times more

cooperative with the CIA than the Indian under-cover sleuths. (It is known that the CIA has a close working relationship with more than 60 different friendly spy networks and it seems safe to assume that one of these is Japanese. It can only be guessed

whether these might be police spies-special higher police spies or military "intelligence" agents who work with the CIA.)

Japanese police or military? or Both? The answer to these questions might indicate if the CIA is morE interested in the

doings of the nationals of Japan's supposed "enemies" resident in Japan or in the Japanese people themselves and/or in giving them "guidance."Whether in intelligence-counter-intelligence or in "influencing people?"

(The Japanese people well remember the fantastic

kidnapping by American secret agents--said to be functioning through the "Cannon Agency" and the "Hattori Agency"-of noted critic-political writer Wataru Kaji in November 1951 and his being held a secret prisoner under US intelligence guards in

the "host country", Japan.) Also, more recently the attempt to kidnap the First Secretary of the Soviet Embassy Georgy Pokrovsky, in Tokyo, on March 17, 1966. It was charged and officially protested by the Soviet Government that two American secret agents were

responsible for the plot. After a brief investigation that was

prompted by pressure from Diet opposition members, the Japanese authorities revealed that one American was "Thomas

Ryan", 54, who came to Japan on March 8, as a "tourist" from his home in Vienna, Virginia and the other was "David E.

Murphy, of McLean, Virginia who came a day later. The first was listed as "an economic consultant" and the other as an

"engineer'. When they failed to recruit another "ally" for the

"Free World", either through "economic consultation" or

"engineering", the two grey shadow men on March 22, made an

instant air departure together back to their homes in the

immediate environs of Langley, Virginia, the headquarters of the CIA.

It should not be imagined that all CIA agents in Japan

are either military personages, "clock and dagger" experts, or advertising agents. Some undoubtedly are modest businessmen,

vice presidents of great foreign corporations, missionaries or

even officials of other "friendly" nations having relations with Japan. (There is one known case of a former American OSS

agent working for one of the large Japanese construction

companies in Indonesia on a hotel project during the time events were building up towards the "September 30* affair. This same man was also a one-time employee of the Ford Foundation.)

75

That the United States has other agents who are spying on its Japanese agents seems understandable--although difficult to prove--because it is important for such agencies to know

that the reports received are accurate. This is in the proper

"James Bond' tradition.

But, relatively speaking, these honest spying operations

seem but child's play compared with the bigger CIA job; that of manipulating people.

The Pen is Mighty! Japanese intellectuals well remember the Pen CLUB cOn-

vention held in Tokyo in 1957, when a "famous" British author

from the CONGRESS OF CULTURAL FREEDOM'S ENCOUNTER magazine group came to Japan to attend and to destroy the

Japanese red dragons. The strategy of the attack was reminiscent

of American youth leaders attending some International Youth

gathering who appeared so well-fed-well-dressed and care free but who were hired and paid by the CIA to introduce provoca-

tive and disruptive resolutions. In the case of the PEN CLUB, these tactics did bring about a subsequent change in leadership, so, this must be chalked up as a CIA victory. It has been

charged that the famous author's--Arthur Koestler-books, such as DARKNESS AT NOON and other anti-Communist and anti-

Soviet books were helped to publish by the CIA.

A book by Melvin Lasky. London ENCOUNTER, CIA/ CC editor on THE HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION, was published in New York by the CIA publishers Frederick Praeger. An antiMao book was written by Roderick MacFraquhar, editor of the CIA/CCF CHINA QUARTERLY of London.

In Japan, the leading participants in the JIYU magazine

conferences backed by the CIA/CCF are: Sadao Beppu, Kentaro Hayashi, Taiko Hirabayashi, Masamichi Enoki, Michiata Kawakita, Takeyasu Kimura, Tomoo Odaka, Zengo Ohira, Yoshihiko Seki, Kenzo Takayanagi and Michio Takeyama, the siyu editor. Critics in Tokyo have said that through the 76

CCF/CIA list above, the editorial views of Chuo Koron have

also came under the gentle sway of Washington.

THE CONGRESS OF CULTURAL FREEDOM, the CIA holding

company was founded in June,

-and whose planning PRECEDES the Korean War--insis1950 ts in its manifesto that it is dedicated to the preservation and rgement of these (cultural) liberties.." Yet it is notewortenla hy that its attacks are always aimed at the faults of the socia list lands while no struggle is ever directed to the paymaster in Washington, there the actions of the CIA in subsidizing so many leading American universities has done much to restrict the publication of critic

works of scholarsbip while paying fat fees for the massive out-al

put supporting the cold war line of the Pentagon.

In 1963, when charges were alrea

dy being made that the CCF was really a part of the CIA "fron t" operating on a world-wide scale, the head office of the CF in Paris , stated

that over the past 12 years it had received donations from the

following"philanthropic foundations and organizations*: "CATHERWOOD FOUNDATION, THE CHARLES B. MERRILL TRUST, the

COUNCIL ON ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL AFFAIRS, INC., the FAIRFIELD FOUNDATION, INC., the FORD FOUNDATION, thE HOBLITZELLE FOUNDATION, the HOLMES FOUNDATION, INC., the INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE, the MIAMI ICT FUND, and the ROCKEFBL LER FOUNDATION. All thesDISTR e are located in the US. "THECOMITE SUISSE D'AIDE AUX PATRIOTES HONGROIS, of Zurich the DEUTSHER KUNSTlERBUnD of Berlin" completed the and list.

Two of these named, the Hoblitzelle Foundation and the International Rescue Mission, are known to have had long close relations with the CIA, and all the rest have had varying degrees of intimacy. NEWSWEEK magazine, during the early 1967 exposures, revealed that the CIA had used six different "front' organizations to funnel finally its secret money to CF through an "M.D. Anderson Foundation." 77

that McGeorge Bundy, It should not be forgotten adviser in charge of the CIA

formerly the top White House

and President Johnson,, under both President Kennedy Foundation, and in May 1966

became president of the Ford he visited Japan and conferred with Prime Minister Sato and "private citizen", Foreign Minister Shiina, in his capacity asr comp licates his according to the newspapers. It furthe role when it was noted "private", "public", USIS and/or CIA

mimeographed and that the USIS of the American Embassyspeec h made before

distributed the seven-page copy of the

the Foreign Correspondents' Club by the President of Ford Foundation. In November 1966 the Ford Foundation announced that

g $ 1,500,000 to the "Congress of Cultural ibutin contr was it Freedom"

uary 20, The Ford Foundation, in New York on Febr of $ 6,000 to

1967 announced that it was making a donation ERSITY, tO ent of the RIKKYO UNIV Masatoshi Matushita, presid philanthropic organizations in the "enable him to study

press the Japanese ident February 25.ment On Saturday anno United States."lines Pres that unce with the made head

Masatoshi Matsushita would be the candidate of the LIBERAL.-

IC SOCIALIST parties, in the April CRATons. DEMOelecti IC and CRATgube DEMO rnatorial Tokyo 15

The ASIA FOUNDATION, with large-scale operations in

ry 19, 1965. Japan and Asia, was banned in Cambodia inn Janua om In a letter to this philanthropic organizatio Prince Norod ter said: "At a time when Sihanouk Premier and Foreign Minisand neutrality has become

the safeguarding of our independence

such a serious matter, we will be running risks if we allow US

espionage and subversive agents freedom of action". The t all

CAMBODIAN JOURNAL stated that it was difficult to collec sources the evidence on the "complex CIA machine" butNmany e of sourc a of information show that the ASIA FOUNDATIO is

espionage" 78

We have attempted to tie-up some of the loose threads in the CIA spider-web that relates FORD and ROCKEFELLER FOUNDA-

TIONS to tasks that involved many people throughout the world, who were completely unaware that they were a part of the worldwide CIA apparatus. This same innocence must be

assumed for many of such unwitting tools in Japan, the United

States--and elsewhere.

"Popular Culture" and an Assembly

A similar complex of network is one that grew out of

Walt Rostow's "Centre for International Studies" at M.IT.,

which he fathered in 1950, aided by full support from the CIA and for whom he prepared several special studies in both

secret and "public" versions. Among these were "THE PROSPECTS FOR COMMUNIST CHINA" and "AN AMERICAN POLICY IN ASIA". (This latter CIA foreign policy for Asia was published in a large, low-priced edition in the US and in effect, was a

means of brain-washing the American people with the CIA's "hard line". One recalls the great condemnation that came from Washington in pre-war days when it was learned that the Japanese Imperial General Staff, used similar scholar-patriots to

disseminate its aggressive views.) As pointed out earlier, Walt

Rostow was the principal semanticist who created the theory

that wars of liberation in former colonial areas were "communist aggression".

Rostow's "Centre for International Studies" learned of research work being done by the "INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

THOUGHT" in Tokyo. In 1954-55 Hideyoshi Kato was attending Harvard as a visiting "ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Fellow"

and he was contacted by the CIA's "Centre for International

Studies" and was asked if he would be willing to be the editor of a study based upon this "science and thought" material. MIT-CIA were most interested in what the common

people in Japan were thinking and this exploration of the

comic strips, radio dramas, magazine serials and motion 79

pictures, was hoped to provide the key to the psychology of the Japanese man-in-the-street. Kato agreed to accept the responsibility and in time the task was done. In 1959 a public

version was published in English in Tokyo by Charles Tuttle,

who have also published CCF (Congress of Cultural Freedom) books. (In 1960 the Japanese common people reacted diffe-

rently than indicated by the books when the giant demonstrations toppled the Kishi Government over the forced passage of the US-Japan military treaty.)

A student in Japan from the Ohio State University, Herbert Passin (now a Professor) and who had participated in

the CONGRESS OF CULTURAL FREEDOM'S Conference in Rangoon,

Burma in February 1955, wrote the preface to the book,

JAPANESE POPULAR CULTURE, which was largely an adaptation of an article of his published in CC's ENCOUNTER, in 1957.

In this he surveys the Japanese magazines and publishers and deplores that they are almost all in the hands of the leftists; he

quotes "conservatives govern the country (Japan) but socialists govern the bookshops". The FORWARD to "Japanese Popular Culture" was written by an editor from the CIA's "CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIBS, M.IT." and it spoke of the "Marxist world myth; and repeated the CIA-Rostow-Reischauer semanticist thesis that the problem in the world today is not capitalism or communism but one of "modernism"

In his report to the CF Rangoon Conference, Mr. Passin

dealt with «Totalitarian Threats to Cultural Freedom" and

told of the "totalitarian experience in Japan" during the pre-

war and war years. Speaking of the (post-war), he concluded: There are a few ultra-nationalistic groups in Japan at

present, but they have so little influence as compared with the communists that it is correct to say that the

threat to democracy in Japan, if it exists, comes from the communists. 80

This "leading Japanese scholar" has acknowledged that

the "conservatives""govern the country" and so see "no

threat" from ultra-nationalists, as though unaware that the

NATIONAL MOBILIZATION LAW, the WARTIMB SECRETS ACT and

the THOUGHT CONTROL laws etc. were enacted under "liberal"

Prince Konoye, helped to a considerable extent by Nobusuke

Kishi, that these preparations were ready for Premier Hideki

Tojo, to initiate the war in 1941, ably assisted by the same Nobusuke Kishi, and many other "liberals", or "old right" in the present ruling LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC regime.

The next gossamer-like complex that connects the right-

wing of the USA--as embodied in the CIA-and the Japanese

right wing, became visible after the US launched its attack

upon North Vietnam in February 1965 and made plain that the

American role in Asia, is not too dis-similar from that of Japan

when attacking the "communists" in Manchuria and China.

In recent years, at Columbia University in New York

City (with strong Rockefeller influence in its leadership) there

have been gatherings of scholars-businessmen-government

officials held under the name of "THE AMBRICAN ASSEMBLY". At the conclusion of each meeting the speeches are gathered into a book and distributed to those assumed to have an interest.

In 1965, the Assembly proceedings (part I) were edited by

Professor Herbert Passin, now of Columbia University and Chapter One was contributed by Professor Edward Seidensticker of Stanford.

Edward Seidensticker spent several years of the late 1950's

in Tokyo and while he pursued his studies he conducted a

regular newspaper column in the English-language which was

usually a running attack upon the "leftist" Japanese intellectuals. In his friendship and in his thinking, Mr. Seidensticker was the opposite of "left". On one occasion and with no explanation

being offered, he was an "official" guest of the US Embassy in Seoul, during his Tokyo sojourn.

81

The formant of the AMBRICAN ASSEMBLY and the tenor of

its speeches apparently made a deep impression on Japanese

political and industrial leaders for in April 1966, an inaugura-

tion meeting for a similar "JAPAN ASSEMBLY" was held in the

INDUSTRIAL CLUB in Tokyo. The Chairman of this meeting was the ubiqitious ex-premier Nobusuke Kishi, and among the leading participants were Shinzo Koizumi, formerly president of KRIO UNIVERSITY, Taizo Ishizaka head of KEIDANREN and

Tadashi Adachi head of the CHAMBER OF COMMERCB. Other participants in the preparatory meeting were Okinori Kaya, Kiichi Aichi, Thunichi Kase, Teizo Horikoshi, Ryokichi Sagane

and Nobutane Kiuchi, the latter an "economic commentator" among the politicians and business and banking leaders. The

Secretary-General of the DEMOCRATIC-SOCIALIST PARTY, Elichi

Nishimura, attended the preparatory meeting as an "observer"

to the US model, It was decided that an Assembly, similar 1967.

would be held in Tokyo in the autumn of

While each of the six chapters of the volume containing

the proceedings of the 1965 NEW YORK ASSEMBLY was the responsibility of a Professor (five American and one Japanese, the latter Kimihide Mushakoji) the Kishi plan for Tokyo

seemed to indicate some revisions. On February 20, 1967 the young businessman Kosaka Jimusho announced that a "JAPAN COUNCIL FOR INTERNATIONAL

to UNDERSTANDING had been formed to concretise the plan to be

hold the Japan Assembly. It was revealed that the issues

the general heading of "The US-Japan discussed would be under the China Policy" which would include Security Treaty and

a, towards Okinaw the policy and as US bases in Japan, such thingst security with s relation Treaty, bi-national trade

the presen

other Asian nations.The announcement said that the

at the ber 14, 1967 begin on Septem was scheduledandto that Assemblya Tokyu of worlds "the from tes delega Hotel Shimod business, education, communications, government, and the 82

clerical, legal, medical and other professions from both nations". If the reader has followed these tenuous threads he could

discern that seemingly, there is a relevancy between the instruments of the CIA and the plans and goals of Nobusuke Kishi

in Tokyo, and the subject now was no longer scholarship and

Professors, it was re-armament to confront China. It seems strangely significant that former Prime Minister kishi was the

original sponsor of the plan in April 1966 but finally when his plan came to fruition seventeen months later, his name had been mislaid. Whether this was because the "American

experts" such as FUKUSHIMA, SHINTARO, President of the JAPAN TIMES and the KYODO PRESS Agency, deemed this advisable, is not known.

Among the 37 American delegates, 10 were directly connected with big business-including the President of EsSO

STANDARD BASTERN, and the General Manager of DUPONT FAR EAST, INC. The next largest group was made of politicianpublicists and lawyers. The number of genuine scholars could be counted on one hand.

Opportunistically, the agenda had undergone changes and

as reported, the main items now were: "The US Japan Security

Treaty, Reversion of Okinawa and the Bonins to Japan, the Vietnam War, the China question and the establishment of an Asian and Pacific Economic bloc".

The Meetings were held in "closed sessions" and it some-

how seemed appropriate that Herman Kahn, the cold war strategist for the RAND CORPORATION and the HUDSON

INSTITUTE - US Air Force and Defence Department "think factories"-was in attendance. From the Japanese side, the President of the TOKYU HOTEL

OF SHIMODA, Noboru Goto, was a delegate, as was SHINTARO FUKUSHIMA, President of the JAPAN TIMES and the KYODO NEWS

AGENCY, both of the latter having threads connecting them with 83

TO, Chairman of the the Government. Also SHIGEHARU MATSUMO TIONAL HOUSE OF

board of ESSO-financed INTERNA

JAPAN. The other Japanese representatives making up the

total of 40 were largely past or present bureaucrats or senior

officials from the big press. The Vice-president of mITSUI, the Vice-president of the JAPAN SAMAN'S UNION, the Vice-president of SONY Corporation, attended, along with a good representation from the Liberal-Democratic Party. The professors were few and made the thinnest plastic intellectual wrapping.

Two representatives from the Japan SOCIALIST PARTY, who had been invited, refused to attend. Outside, anti-war pickets,

from the JAPAN PEACE coMMITTEE, opposed the holding of the "Kishi" meeting.

Praise, Protest and Polls

In August 1966, the "LIPB MAGAZINE" published by Henry

Luce, the advocate of the "American Century" and a crusader for capitalism, published a most adulatory article about Yukio Mishima, the Japanese novelist. It said he was "a kind of a

god, the last Emperor of the Japanese esthetic tradition, beauty's final desperate kamikaze pilot." After bestowing this flowery mish-mash LIB stated that praise was what Mishima wanted:

"He makes no secret of his avidity for international recognit-

ion." (Ivan Morris, the British scholar famed for his study of things Japanese wrote in 1965 that Junichiro Tanizaki "was one of the few great writers of our time."Tanizaki had died shortly before at the age of 79.)

Recognizing Mishima's monumental vanity and as though

LIFE sought to place Mishima under perpetual "GIRI" (obliga-

tion), this American magazine said that Yukio Mishima was

Japan's "likliest candidate for the NOBEL PRIZE. Whether the Japanese Nobel nominating committee would accept this New

York suggestion was not known when in March 1967, Mr.

Mishima and three of his colleagues, made headlines in the

YOMIURI newspaper, by their attack upon the government of 84

China. Their slogan that "the autonomy of Learning and Art

were now being violated" in China, seemed to assure some sort of a prize in the United states.

The four Japanese writers--YASUNARI KAWABATA, JUN ISHIKAWA, KOBO ABE ANd YUKIO MISHIMA -said that the "wilfulness of political power changing every moment" in China

does not permit them "to look on idly." They said they were making their protest "without being involved in any ideological standpoint" but that they were against the "massacre of free learning and free art". Those familiar with the CIA-supported CONGRESS OF CULTURAL FREEDOM could see that this was but a re-phrasing of

their central slogan. Art must be free from idealism, protest and organized support for specific human goals; art did not have to be free from opportunism, for it rewarded whose goals were of the market place.

Yomiuri's HENSHU TECHO column called them "courageous" for their stand, but it would seem that this was a strange evalu-

ation. These men (like other "artists" who joined the war machine in the 1930's) were acting in accordance with the Japanese Government, the American and the CIA's policy. They

were against China and on the side of the presently strong. In

most countries it is considered courageous to speak up against the power of Government and in this manner manifest the true autonomy of art and learning.

As far as is known, these authors have never condemned the "massacre" of 500,000 real human beings in Indonesia in the days following the "September 30 incident", where the CIA

played a more than passive role. As far as is known they have never championed the fight of Koreans in Japan to the

«autonomy" of their art, culture and learning. On the cultural-political plane, these four authors might well initiate a campaign to have published in Japan the two

brilliant, critical and so-far banned books written by Hanama 85

an and 3 and who came to JapHis Tasaki, born in Hawaiithein 191 first na. Chi in y Japanese Arm

in was sent to serveIMP y stor al c i t cri yet m, war a s i " WAY AL ERI THE NG "LO el nov se ane dier in the ImperiedalinJapwelding of the cruel lot of thethatavetherageEmpsoleror system play Army and the rolelogy that made the patriotic fervour possible. together the ideo k, "THE MOUNTAINS REMAIN' is a critical Tasaki's second boo the occupation. Both were published by er novel of nJapMifflaninund Company, Boston in 1950 and 1952.

Houghto "massacre" of culture This suppression seems a worthyand Art" might be able

that these champions of "free learning ause of their "courageous"

. Bec ntry cou theinr own y in bee tostanrectd itifhas these gentlemen authors could that d este sugg

at the on the "China policy" panelusu be the "cultural" delegateswhi ke Nob by ch was devised

sembly" been completely removed from September se"Asnam i but who e has now kish the signboard. Special Research

hired American Previous pages have shown that the CIA sian folk tales and

appraise old Rus s and radio jokes scholars to translatanee and mod proverbs and Jap se ern comic stripple and discovering of a peo ning and directionKEY seeking the meaYCH " that would permit their AL GIC OLO some magic n."PS manipulatio

called "THE UgLy In a laudatory American novfeltelwas subsidized by the

AMBRICAN which some people have l Lansdale, under the

us "Colone ing conquered the CIA itself, the notColorioonel ndaleon, havto repeat the same ofPhilippinesHimol aved e oks"usinnam i t ficti the "Hu novel he gave his formula for gic in Vietnam. In the ma success:

r "Every person and nation has a key which will open thei any

yout,"can manoeuver key,wan rightyou theway useany If you hearts. on or nation pers

86

Whether this is a verbatim quote of some CIA leader is

not known but of a certainty, it does embody the rationale

seemingly motivating the Central Intelligence Agency, namely

that EVERYTHING HAS ITS PRICB, that all people and all nations

can be "bought". That scholars, researchers, newspaper men and spies, can all be hired to do their different parts of the

rs, demogogues, same job. That gangsters, rabble-rouse ts can be rented for specific politicians and governmen

tasks.

What are these certain tasks in the "Free World?"

What does the "research" seek to discover? Who are those people who CaNnOT BE BOUGHT, those who cannot be aroused by the demogogues. Those whose very existance provides both the "reasons" for the CIA's existence and are a

violation of the concept that all men can be "bought"

In Japan there are many "research" organizations, some of which seek objective truth through scientific investigation. Others are little more than private police organs, keeping watch on a large and increasing group of individuals. Most of these latter are in the category of "SHIMPOTEKI BUNKAJIN*-or, in English: "progressive people of culture." why this is so can be

discovered in the history of Japan, in which democracy has never

been a part of Government. The parliamentary system has

never been more than a mask behind which the person of power have ruled the country. The legalization in the post-war of the reformist parties such as the Socialist and Communist, and the amazing growth in the Shimpoteki Bunkajin are all part of the

repudiation of the old ideology that led to war and the trend of the times today which place more emphasis upon the people and

their needs. The leading English-language newspaper, THE

JAPAN TIMES stated with superb accuracy in recent months:

"In few countries in the world is there as much distance

between the ruling ideology of regime in power and the influential segment of the public as in Japan." 87

made after The only national comparison that might bed State s and Unite the is the start of the "cold war" in 1945 war. civil particularly since it intervened in the Vietnamese ican "sHiMIn-

pre-war days and during the Pacific war--the Amer y supported

POTBKI BUNKAJIN"-the intellectuals--overwhelmingl

the Government in opposition to the German, Italian and

Japanese aggressions.

But now that the United States itself has set out to build

rican Empire, (and in the the greatest empire of all, the Ame aggression) US comm is eyes of millions of Americans shetheir goveitting nt, even as did rnme st intellectuals have truned again in earlier days.

their Japanese colleagues

we have To spy upon these anti-government intellectuals BURBAU OF

seen the power of Washington's FBI--the FEDERAL

I INVESTIGATION-(and the CIA abroad) plus various ex-FB

agents who have organized their own private enterprises "secret-

police-semi-research organizations" which gather vast files on to

then sell various individuals like Gestepo. This theyhot" war, and

ring the "cold and business organizations favou names of all their "enemies". The who are anxious to know speak up for peace in the US go into such men and women who

some secret list of all such "dangerous men"

late es of Harvard, son of theyear Professor H. Stuart HughCharl es, last Court, es Evans Hugh Justice of US Supremethis t. On that smen haras ce t-poli secre of was one example occasion Professor Hughes made plans to visit Paris and to have sted both these embassies Moscow, and the FBI reque t. The abou what followed and discover who he talked to and unist leanin g". FBI-cabled request said that he had "pro-Comm COmMITProfessor Hughes, who is co-chairman of the National US war in TEE FOR A SANE NUCLEAR POLICY, opposes the am. He said, "If this happened to a younger and less Vietn secure man it could be very serious. 88

"Private enterprise" research organs such as those in the US have been formed in Japan in recent years and based upon

the thoroughness of their material might indicate a degree of official assistance, the use of electronic listening devices and

access to vast sums of money. Whether this is paid in dollars, counterpart yen, or both is not presently known, but it is an

assured fact that the assembled reports are of great value to the CIA. One organization engaged in this private intelligence

work was "ZEMBO", monthly magazine made up of men or an organization... (engaged in)...a systematic and astonishingly

thorough research effort... in keeping a vigilant eye on a large number of (Japanese) individuals"•

Throughout history, it has usually been true that once national leaders became fearful that certain individuals are

"dangerous" who must be first watched and then removed, they then are at the stage where they are fearful of the "people"

and hasten to enact laws to "control" their thoughts and actions. To know when to proceed against the people, it was

customary in old times throughout the world to send out secret spies who would go into the market places to learn "what the people are saying. And at other times and places

from Persia to China and Korea, even the rulers have gone disguised among the people, seemingly not trusting their police informers. In very recent times research reports based upon "Public

Opinion Polls have revealed the thinking of the people and the results have often been guided to a desired conclusion by

the farming of the question itself. Therefore, although it is

true that "Public Opinion Polls" can prove that "people" are simultaneously in both a "peaceful" and a "dangerous revolutionary' mood, it is also true that such polls are still relied upon by Governments and agencies to give them either

guidance or an excuse for action. 89

, then l-taker e of theforpol truereanam w the the ne kne if eveberyoabl the and l pol l reason the e to guess they would likely use that would be made of the results. One such research poll was conducted by the GOKHAlE

na, India ande OMICS, in Poo ICS AND ECgazONine E OF POLIToug INSTITUTtrib in published the sam h a ma was dis uted thr Tod ctiomn has entayelefro ay, sinha196d7,turthenerec latellioinns196of5.Indian ntrny, mi couow the aw d sh ago thiscypuof blic ee yearst ten Y but thr GresS PAtoRT ruling coN den the cover the though estion opinion poll sought e fordismu lation of thesouqught to leas rnthomougreh people of Indindia.icaTh ner t the questiosou seemed to rent tepoltha also to learn some ght but ds tren al itic cur re me n tha ultimate conclusions. a The questions ranged from "Do you regard yourself as

outside paprorliaducmetionnt,, within andme ass strugglener, shi socialist?"the"Clnat p of therse accanseptofable or not?") g to socialiionsmal ow leadinpat this is the h tok the CONG?"RE("IsSS PAcou ing a socialid?"st RTY is becom "Do you thin should foreign capital be welcome

level ship" be a criterion in the natioparty?" "At wh"Foatreig n owner and should re were dozectensof ofsoctheialseist p? All-in-amll the malization ofqueowstineronsshicov ost every asp h questions. and related ia, running intoerinsevg alen pag suc thought in Ind the case of similar proesbesfullinofJap ms , as in results were of considerable valan,ue ittosee Here tootha se certain t the icemen who had made of all the worldthotheir Washington pol dollars paid for this poll of Indian opinion beat.wheWhtheethr itersupUSports the "DEMOCRATIC RESBARCH SERVICE" and of Bombay, should be answered by the Indians. "Camelot", "Simpatico" and "Three Arrows"

gramminesearcomly e196into6. these sorl itaofm pro An examposeledofbyhowSenat briECIghtAL OPERATIONS WiERSITY'Ful or beiHe nreveg waalesd exp "SP S V that the AMERICAN UNI RESKARCH OFFICE", inWashington received a "Defence 90

Department" subsidy of $ 2,700,000 and from January 1965, a research staff of thirty experts under Professor Rex D. Hooper,

had set up the "Camelot" and "Simpatico" programmes in Latin America as covers for their espionage work.

The aim was to gather information in Latin American countries that would provide the formula that would make possible the suppression of any and all popular uprisings. The plan was projected for four years during which time it

was planned to gather information on such subject as left wing,

socialism, land problems, attitude towards the government, etc. in Colombia, Venezuela Brazil and Chile, among others.

In August, a Rio de Janeiro report in the "Correio da

Manha" stated that two Americans had been expelled from the University at Minas Gerais, by the students of the Economics faculty for being "spies of the US State Department." The

paper's correspondent stated that the United States was sending Americans to the BRAZILIAN UNIVERSITY as part of the

"Camelot Plan".

One month earlier, the AFP reported that the Chilean Ambassador to Washington, Radomiro Tomic, had protested

against the "Camelot Plan" in a note to the US State Department. He said that his Government regarded it as an "intervention in Chile's internal affairs." In Santiago it was reported that an American Professor Hugo Nutini had arrived

in mid-April with a plan to induce Euduardo Hamuy, Director of the SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INVESTIGATION CENTRE of the

UNIVERSITY OF CHILE, to help him implement the Camelot Plan. The Director rejected this request with the statement: "Camelot is actually an elaborate espionage plan.

Chilean newspapers and television stations indignantly

reported that CAMELOT PLAN envisaged the spending of $ 1.5 million in Chile's academic and research circles to gather

information on the "class struggle" and the possibility of armed

uprisings and to develop a local means for their suppression. 91

in America that had trulthey But in all the countries ,ofmasLatsive popular protest forced independent Governments co" programmes. melot" and "Simpati abandonment of theof"Ca pted Senator (It was this series developments that prom ark that the US

rem ars to find ely-quoted t to make hisspewidndin Fulbrighme of doll ions mill g Govern nt was rd out regaand ions olut "ewith of preventiengrevo"revlutio fic" means "scientifact le irab des wer ns that some of thes for the

necessary.

e Japanese that the It has been suggested by knowledgeabl "Three Arrows Study"

ment of the timing, concept and developins. important part of "Three in Japan had similar orig to One civilian population how control thency" Arrows" seemed to be determined "emerge

of Japan in a military-

Let US Study English

or' form of US thoughtn A different and seeformintheglyUSminrole in Vietnam has bee

guidance or propaganda

mination for unidetected in the English preparatory testaexa STATE r Kyozo Akad of the OSAKA lishi versities prepared by Professoby pub ng UNIVERSITY and published the great educatior nal educational

firm of "OBUNSHA" in conjunction with thei wing appears :

magazine KBISETSU JIDAI. On page 390 the follo

tnam we are "An American remarked: In SouthinVie rnment a critical strategic engaged in assisting the gove tary reenterprise to which we contribute not only mili of social,

port a wide diversityintended to sources but also supacti programmes at of detereconomic and civic portonupo n which defe

create that popular sup mined communist terrorism depends."

ing tight Government Strangely, those who are urg ools in Japan" control of all schools, including the "Foreign Sch most in favour of

and also of the contents of textbooks seem 92

this type of US brainwashing. It should be noted that the

term "civic action programmes" is the cover name for the CIA operations of "Colonel" Lansdale in South Vietnam. Let Japanese Spy on China

The foregoing pages have shown that not all this sort

of special "research" is paid for by the CIA; some is subsidized by the US Defence Department while other projects are provi-

ded with grants by American "philanthropic" foundations. The one unifying characteristic of all these kinds of "cultural

exchanges" is that US dollars are exchanged for someone else's culture.

An example of the non-CIA intelligence gathering in Japan was the late 1961 FORD FOUNDATION payment of $1.4

million in grants to institutions in Japan, Taiwan and the United States for special "research to provide critical knowledge of modern China". Until 1961 the FORD FOUNDATION president said there had been "little coordinated national

or international effort to understand the post-1949 changes..." in China, and "there was an increasing need for knowledge about that country and the Chinese Communist adaptation

of Marxist-Leninist doctrine". Concluded the then president: "it was now necessary to mobilize available research resources to meet this critical need". It was the FORD FOUNDATION that determined that the

need was "critical", and the FoRD MOTOR COMPANY, whose stocks were largely held by the FORD FOUNDATION, a major "defence contractor" concurred and it was the Former

President of the FORD MOTOR COMPANY, Robert McNamara, who had been named a few months earlier to be the Secretary

of defence in the new Kennedy Administration.

Seemingly the "need" stemmed from the US Department of Defence in its suddenly indicated conclusion that the

"enemy" was China, The decision to make funds available to 93

simultaneously scholars in Japan and other lands was made with the JFK decision to greatly increase American forces on m--even before the "knowledge the Asian mainland in Vietna been gathered. had ) (China about that country" It would have been patently impossible for the CIA to

upon China, hire Japanese and other scholars to act as spies FOUNDATION, the

but when the same task was given to the FORD thropic-educational* activity was given an aura of "philan

sanctity.

In Japan the grant of $ 173,000 was made to the Toyo

internal BUNKO (oriental Library) for a study of "Chineseand insti-

developments...such subjects as political thought tutions, industrializations and land reform." As seen in the

foregoing, the Japanese scholars were not called "spies" but the , a similar grant rch resources". In Taiwan softer term of "reseathe meterial taken of tion publica and study permit was made to from the Chinese Foreign Ministry files which Chiang Kai-shek had removed from the Chinese capital when he fled in 1949.

FORD also granted $ 165,000 to the US SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL to support "visiting American scholars" who would work with their colleagues in Japan and Taiwan."Some forty to fifty economists from the US and abroad" were

expected to be involved in the later portion of the studies.

With the benefit of hindsight, one can now see how the grants of great American (tax-exempt) Foundations made huge US's cold and funds (derived to a considerable extent from the

hot wars) to "great" intellectual centres which would in turn

ing "scholars" to invite US-approved and cold-war approv to appraise all the

lecture on the US point of view and

attending "brains" in the allied or rival camps.

At the same time in December 1961, other significant

FORD FOUNDATION grants were to "EXCHANGE WITH BAST

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES" to support "cultural exchanges". "THE

FOUNDATION FOR THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS" at 94

ocratic institutions". The Geneva to "strengthen world dem DIES" at Vienna, "to strengthen

ADVANCED STUal activity and communication "INSTITUTE FOR centre of intellectu

Vienna as a

in, ewortokSpa tsrlymad gran e wer re The pe Euro tral Cen with the in Britain and the Netherlands, particula for

"under-developed lands."

to the "INTER-AMERICAN A grant of $ 400,000 was made TRE" to "strengthen press and CEN PRESS ASSOCIATION TECHNICAL America" . The "AMERICAN public-information media in Latin ering in England in

gath ASSEMBLY also received a grant foredalike st, the FORD seem st May 1962. In what almo to the Rockefelleince r-controlled JAPAn t

e a gran FOUNDATION madYork SOCIETY of New .

FORD FOUNDatION want from the Toyo Bunko What did its money?

in retrun of

e of the books and materials on modern China a. CataloguToyo Bunko. in the

materials on modern China b. Catalogue of the books andlibra ries. in the principal Japanese

on modern China published in c. List of the Chinese articlesand 1961. the period between 1956

pubys and reports on China RON d. Lists of the editorials, essa , O-KO CHU ral magazines such as

lished in Japanese gene

KAIZO and NIHON-OYOBI-NIHONJIN.

e. Annotated bibliographies of specified topics.

institutions specializing and lars scho nese Japa of f. Direinctory a" modern Chin a great knowledge of Because the Japanese scholars hadmad r in orde grantCHIN its ERN eMOD , Ford uage lang ese Chin the a and Chin ESE FOR TRE d a "CEN to have Toyo Bunko establishewas to be allways "accessible to it g latin stipu S" DIE STU lars" scho gn forei Japanese and 95

From the foregoing it is apparent that the purposes of such

"research" had a motivation that were probably more politicalmilitary than "pure"• scholarship. At least this was the con-

clusion of many leading Japanese scholars, who condemned this glossy espionage offer out of hand.

96

Dollars Dollars  To To Hire Hire the the  Minds Minds  of of  Men Men  For the the CIA CIA  control |of fsoj many {youth  and  For to to secure  secure control fof (so] many lyouth and

trade trade union union groups groups and and employ employ  universities universities  and and  individual individual  scholars work did scholars  to to  do do its its subversive subversive  work  did  not not mean mean  that that  the the 

members of or  or members  of of  such such  organizations organizations  had had  either either  knowledge knowledge  of  agreement with the  the secret CIA aims; it merely agreement  with  secret  CIA  aims;  it  merely  meant meant  that that  some and individuals  individualscould  could be  be"bought".  "bought". That the some  leaders leaders  and  That the  whole operation had to be kept secret from the American people whole operation  had to be  kept secret  from the American  people 

and and from from the the foreigners foreigners who who were were being being guided, guided, indicates indicates  clearly that that the operation  was acknowledged to  be reprehensible.  clearly the operation was acknowledged to be reprehensible. Controlling such  organs, taking  opinion  polls  Controlling such key  key organs, taking public  public opinion polls inin forming lands and seeking to control  to control the intellectuals in forming lands  and seeking  the free free intellectuals in  press and  press and literature on  literature on three  three continents  continents under the  under the stimulus  stimulus of  of

CIA and aa "Cultural  "Cultural Freedom" slogan, the  the CIA  CIA was, CIA funds funds and  Freedom"  slogan,  was, 

for the  briefest time, time,  apparently successful.  Yet always  there  for the briefest apparently successful. Yet always there

was that this freedom was  the the  inherent inherent  contradiction contradiction  that  this  "aid" "aid" for for  freedom 

must remain forever aa secret  secret police must remain forever  police secret. secret.  Seemingly,  it  was  believed believed  on on  some some high high  level level  in in  Seemingly, it was Washington,  that  some  distant distant  day, day, victory victory  over over  the the  Washington, that at  at some "Communist enemy"  would  based upon upon purchased purchased  "Communist enemy" would bebe achieved,  achieved, based "freedom"  and and  the the  power power  of  funds.  Of Of course, course,  other other  "freedom" of CIA  CIA funds. ideological  weapons weapons  were  the  enemy enemy  and and  ideological were used  usedto  to divide  divide the

make too had  had their  their contradiction make  him him  weak weak  but but these these too  contradiction  with with 

other aspectsof ofUS policy.  US policy."Nations  "Nations must  must join other aspects  join  together.. together..."  " were "peoples  must must  unite... unite..."  "world "world brotherhood... brotherhood..."  were  the the  "peoples

ICA  radio radio  AMER RICA VOICE E  OFOF AME   the  VOIC fromthe cast from broad cast logan ns s broad US s sloga officialal US offici rope ee Eu Europe"",  "Rad Free ons— adioio Fr ns-"R statio et CIA stati secrt CIA from secre ork, while from network, netw and  ty Ra Liberrty io"  and on",  Libe Raddio" Station", ration n Stati "Liberatio Radi Asia", ", "Libe Freee  Asia ioo Fre "Rad o",  Cong   "free go", and  Con "  "free nesia "free Indo Indonesia" and  Egypt",  "freeEgyp t", "free of "free rts  of sorts allall so ss.  ivene divis was divisiveness.   line was da line agananda Cuba propropag free Cub thethe p onsns  a,", statistatio "free t be    must be ersrs mus lead leade ist"  munist "Commun or "Com lish" ish" or "fool us" or  "foo   or gero erous "Dan Dang (who  rulers  past  ruler s (who tic" past ocratic"  people;  "democra le; "dem ated  from their  peop seperrated from  their sepe

or  religions  ions or and relig sed, and  an)  )must praied,  mericrican pro­AAme mus  tbe be prais were  prowere   must be t y"  enem my" mus be  the "ene weaken  en the " ight t weak that m migh ences  that

differ rences ous  diffe religi ious relig

. ited.  oited explo expl

the  in the   in  eone someone h som which and  whic latterr  and this latte of this  le  of  xampple exam The e The was   devised, 

  havedevised, was CIA  the CIA musmustt  have the "blackk cha ber""  ofof  darke chammber estst  "blac dark ge  stam posta stamps ps in in ative emor post comm memorative rst age an  issua meric nceof of com the A issuance  rican Ame the of blic  of  Repu Rep the fi first ublic of the er"  of "father" the  "fath our"  the

"hon our" I960  0, to to "hon 196 The  aryk. The n  Thom Masryk.  estertern masG. G.Masa Thoas  ,  pro­W vakia hoslo pro-Wes Czecchoslovakia, Cze us  obvio   as an this  as an obvious g  this seeinng vakia hoslo Czec kia,,  seei nt  of  lova rnmeent chos Gove of Cze ernm Gov this  carrying  mail  carry ing this rejected  all mail ption,  ted all  disruption e  disru , rejec creatte attempt  pt toto crea attem again ht  soug n    agai gists ht strate soug war  ts US  cold­ strategis

the US cold-war 1966 the stamp.  p. InIn 1966 stam da  aganda prop agan a  devis siveive prop   as  a devi mails s as US mail the US of  use  the of the  t  use test the toto tes mora mme to co atete  amp  ge st postage p to commemor stam issued a  it issue centt  posta when  it on  when d a 55 cen weapon weap ed  azon embl and  nd", and emblazoned Poland", in Pola ity  in istian "Christia   of  nity yearss 1,0000  year of "Chr 1,00 h  Polis st  muniist Polish Commun ifix. The  Com fix.  The an""  cruc cruci risti istian with "Chr with  aa "Ch ed  warn ed and  smen haras entt  and warn ssm dered d this  this aa hara consiidere nt  cons rnmeent Gove ernm Gov ail  destined  on m tamp mail destined ese s pss  on stam these to o useuse th the U USS notnot t asers purch rs  inin the hase purc nd. d.  Pola for Polan for 

low­ for lowinternatio posts  for  nal posts national  he  use  saw tthe the inter Critic useof of the  css saw Criti nal  natio inter of  tion of international violation  propaganda  as  a aviola

ical  propaganda as political level l polit leve otherr  affairrss of  of othe on in the affai in  the  ventiion intervent flagrant ant inter s  and a and a flagr ment nts agreeeme agre affix  Moscow  the  right  to affix

gave  Moscow the right to this gave said  this They nations.  y  said ns. The natio   US le ers  our"US leadaders "honour" ge or to "hon posta   or  to  to its age post gans  its st slo ns to

muniist sloga Commun Com the  ine the imagine can  imag One  can American policy. y. One current  rican  polic nt Ame oppo to curre sed to  opposed  Wayn tor  Sena edy,  Kenn tor  Robert  , Senator Waynee  Sena as Sen such as ertFulbrKenight nedywere  so  recoggniz Rob furor if  ator ife, such furor nized ed.  am  Willi J.    nator or Se Morse, or Senator J. William Fulbright were so reco Mors rain­ nal b national braininternatio and inter tic  and omes estic ration  illustratio her  illust n ofof thisthis ddom Another Anot 98 98 

washing washing wa wass the the United United Stat States' es' Post Post Office  Office use use of  of the the cancellacancella­

tion tion slogan  slogan "Pray "Pray For  For Peace Peace" at at the the time time the the United United States States 

was was  the the  only only power power  carrying carrying  on on  a a  war war  and and  after after  the the  US US 

Supreme Court Supreme Co had ruled urt had  ruled that that religious-ch religious­churches could  not urches could a not be be a 

part part of  of the the Governme Governmen nt's t's concern. concern. 

The The  United United States States Congress Congress, , "honoured "honoured""  a a  Polish Polish  Volunteer in Volunteer in the the people's people's  army  of  liberation army of liberation that that fought fought unde underr  George  Washingto Washington George American  n  forfor  Independen American ce. Because Independe Because  nce.

Tadeusz  Andrzej Tadeusz Andrzej  Kosciuszk Kosciuszkoo  returned returned  to to  Poland Poland  and and  then then 

fought fought  the the Russians Russians inin   the the battles battles  of of 1794 1794 isis assuredly assuredly  a a 

motive motive for  for the US propagand the US  propagandis ists ts  today today toto  accentuate accentuate tthe he  role role 

Kosciuszkoo, ,  whose  ofof Kosciuszk publicised  in  whosebirthday  the  birthdayis is widely  widely publicised in the

United United  States States  but but  ignored ignored  in in Poland. Poland. The The Negro Negro slave, slave,  Crispus  Attucks, Attucks,  who who  also Crispus also  fought fought  inin the the American American revolurevolu­

tionary armyy isis ignored tionary arm ignored by by the the US US Congress. Congress. 

domestic aspect aspect ofof  AA domestic postage­stam thethe  postage-st plot has  been  ampp plot has been

the CIA's  work in the in controlling CIA's work controlling, paying for for and  ,  paying utilizing many and utilizing many 

the "refuge ofof the "refugee"e" groups groups of  East Europe of East Europeans ans (and (and Cuban s)  who Cubans) who 

had emigrated emigrated  from from Poland, had Poland,  Czechoslov akia,  Esthonia, Esthonia,  Czechoslo vakia, Lithuania,  Latvia Latvia  and and  the the  Ukraine, Lithuania, Ukraine,  etc. etc.  All All were were strongly strongly 

anti-Comm anti­Communist unist and utilized by  and were were  utilized  by the  the CIA to harass CIA to  harass  visitors visitors  from the Socialist from the  lands. Socialist lan ds.  They They also also  carried on carried  on  active active  political political 

agitation  at agitation at the the United United  Nations  Nations headquarter headquart erss  in in  New New  York.  York. Some  of of the the  leaders of  Some these groups leaders groups were of these so  important  were  so important to the  to the

CIA that that the the press press said said they they were were  "above CIA "above the  Others  thelaw."  law." Others

saw them them  as as  potential potential  "Governme saw "Governments  Exile  whose whose  "foreign nts inin Exile" foreign 

affairs" weree  all affairs" wer handled by  by the  the CIA.  all handled  CIA.

Similar emigre emigre groups groups  in in Europe Europe were were coordinate coordinated  by  Similar

d by the CIA aft 1951  when the when  its CIA afterer 1951 its  "American "American  Committee Committee  for  Libe­ for Liberation" was was founded. founded.  This This organizat organization the  front ration' front  that that  ion  is is the controls the the "RADIO controls "RADIO  LIBeRTY" LIBERTY"  network,  network,with  with head  office  head office .n  in New York York  and which which broadcasts broadcasts 224 New 4  hours a  and shortwave  hours aday  day on  on short-wave

into the Soviet Union, from stations in West Germany,

into  the  Soviet  Union,  from  stations  in  West  Germany  Spain and  TAIWAN.  (This same  CIA organ  controls a  so­called 

Spain and TAIWAN. (This same CIA organ controls a so-called

99  99

the  Germany West  Germa ny,,  the Munich,,  West in  Munich tion"  in organizaation" y  organiz "scholarlrly "schola some 

some "Institute for the study of the USSR", which employs issues an anti-

'Institute  for  the  study  of  the  USSR", which  employs  of  the  same "experts"  who  served  Hitler, and  issues an  anti­ e. worldwidde.  circulates sworld­wi which circulate magazinee  which  Soviet magazin Soviet

of the same "experts" who served Hitler, and

Foster  the John John  Foster of the part of became  part   theme became eration" n" theme This "lib "liberatio This

the  slogans, , whereby  of  slogans give the armory  of soughtto to give  Dulles  armory wherebyhe hesought  Dulles in a  tates  in a United S States the United going toto lead  lead the was going he was n  that  that he impressio ion impress under  d  under "enslave d peoples  "enslave ll  the  peoples "free" a all the would  "free" that  would "crusade e" that "crusad

bag  of  secret bag the  of from the portion from secret inuing portion still­cont tinuing Socialism m..  AA still-con Socialis was  which  project,    Nations"   was "Captive which the  is  tricks is the "Captive Nations" project, CIA's tricks CIA's This was 's.  This was  the 1950 1950's. er  in  in the Eisenhow wer Presiden ntt Eisenho by Preside ed  by proclaimed proclaim

in  ton,  in Washing gton, fanfare inin Washin publicity fanfare great publicity d  with  announce with aa great ced announ om  from groups fr "refugee"" groups own "refugee CIA's own the  CIA's from the   from  delegatess which  delegate which

continuin still continui ngg  we see  Here we this still see inin this  Europe  joined.  Eastern  Europe joined. Here Eastern the CIA  CIA hand of  of the right hand the  right Week"  the Nations  Week" "Captive  Nations annual  "Captive annual What  ause.  What self­appl in  lause. the CIA  self-app of  in hand  CIA the the left  of ith  the left hand joining w with joining launch a  a were to  Peking were to launch or Peking Moscow or do if  ton  do if Moscow Washington would Washing would

Arizona  Mexico,  New Mexico , Arizona California,  ia, New t  to  e" Californ movemen to "Liberate"  ent movem

Mexico?  owner, Mexico? original owner, their original to their them to return them s,  to  and Texa to return Texas, and kery  all this fa by    deceived to be  ear  this who app ple who only peo (The only appear to be deceived by all fakery people (The

es.)  s themselv themselves.) ricans  American are are Ame

scheming g  odel schemin r CIA­mdel too­cleve er CIA-mo this  part  too-clev ofof this another  part Yet another Yet

the 19th  D. C.  Washington,  19th C. ofof the ion of  ton, D. the erect was the statue in  Washing ofa a statue in erection was appro­ hailed  ,  approNKO TARAS  SHEVCHEENKO, hailed   poet,  TARAS SHEVCH Ukranianpoet, century Ukranian century

Wash­ assemble were  who  ledd inin WashUkranian assemb former Uranian by  former were priately by s,s, who priately by 

over  by d over presided  dedicatio ionn preside dedicat thethe  CIA  forfor  the CIA by  the ington  by ington

period of of  oyant  wer. the flamb t Eisenho ant period was inin the flamboy Presiden This was er.  This Eisenhow President 

was  ulles was Foster D Dulles John Foster when John 600 when  1952­196 era 1952-19 er­Dulles era  Eisenhower-Dulles Eisenhow of head of  was head  as  Dulles Allen Allen  Dulles w brother  and brother ry  ofof State State and US Secretary US Secreta

of  spoke  of leaders spoke US  when US leaders time  when was  This  thethe time was CIA. This the CIA. the ion" on"  "liberat "liberati and " and    rollback rollback" unist nist  "Commu about  aa "Comm bringing bringing  about The  " .  The tyranny" nist  tyranny unist "Commu from "Comm "  from Nations" e  Nations "Captive ofof "Captiv more of  CIA's one  more of CIA's  but  one poet was nian  was  but the Ukra n poet Ukrania monument  nt toto the monume more  the  made  was  more blatancy  the It's  .  made was offensive y al  ideologicical offensive. It's blatanc ideolog to thus  n fit  thus never see to fit ent has  seen Governm ent has never the US  that the US Governm obvious inin that obvious

100 100 

"hoour" "hon nour" su suchch asas E Engngla landnd's  Shakesp 's Sha kespeare eare, , Fran France's  ce'sVict Victor  or Hug Hugo,  o, or  Japa n's  Takiji  Kob or Jap an's

Takiji Kobayashi, author of KANI KOSEN (Crab

ayashi,  author  of  KANI  KOSEN  (Crab  Cannery Boat),  beaten  to death  by  the Japanese  police  in 1933. 

Cannery Boat), beaten to death by the Japanese police in 1933. The fact that this The appeeal fact  that al  to  this  app Ukrania anian  "separati to Ukr sm' ' was n "sep was  aratism the s the amee  as th sam as that at  utili sed by  utilised the  by Naz the is  Naz duri is ng  duri Wor ng ld  WorldWar War  II,  II, was but but one one  was mor e  debt   that mor   Alle e deb n  Dull t that es  Alle owe n d  Dull to h is so es owe me­ d to his som etimess men mentor, tor, Gen General eral Rei time Rein Gehlen, len,  ex-N ex­Nazi azi  Gen nhahardrd  Geh General eral,,  the 

the bem bemeda edalled ed  Weh Wehrmac h  offic rmach officer er who who  was was  a a mem member  ber o of the t  e  Germ an  Gen Ger General man eral Staf Stafff und unde r Hitler and er and who whowas   was in m ch arge   of  cha rge of intelllige ligen ce  in in  Eas inte Eastt  Eur Euro nce pe  and  the  Sovi ope and the Unio n.  Geh Sovet iet Uni Gehlen len  on. Hitler 

brought ght his his s brou sececrerett file filess  toto thethe A 1945 Amemerricaicannss inin 194 when n  Alle Allen n  5  whe Dull es was was the the top top US US  Dul intel les ligen ce  chie f  (OS inte S)  m  llige Bern ncewas chie f (OSS) intimeBer latene,e,  Switzer tzerlland and..  With Withthe   the w Swi ar ove over , it  but aa sh war ort  r, it was r  but sho rt timeto  late r  that the the  corp that oration ion lawy corp lawy orat er  Alle n  Dull er Alle es  was  n Dull named es ed to was head nam hea d the n ewly form the new CIAand   and  ly  form Geh eded CIA was  finan Geh ced d and lenlen was and  con conttrolfina rol­ nce CIA ledled byby thethe CIA   in  its  oper atio in n  of  its ope a  new  ratio "Fre n of e W a new "Free Woor d spy­ rld  spy network, ork, esta establish blished ed  nea nearr  Mun netw Munich, ich, in in Star Starnbe nberrg, g, BBav avararia ia.  . In  In July 195 1955 July the Geh Gehlen 5,, the len orga organiza nization was  take tion  was taken  n over

by the Bonn Bon n  Gov Governm ernment ent  und undeer r  the the  nam name  e ofof the the BUN BUNDES DESNAC NAC H RICHTE HTENDI NDI ENS(Fed RIC T (Feder EST Intel ligen eralal Inte genc llige ncece A Age ncyy). ). over 

The prev The iouslv­m previous ly-mentio ned  Radio L entione

d Radio Libe iberratio ation,  now nam n, now named ed  "Radio dio Libe Libe "Ra rty"bea   beam s its rty" its CIA CIA ms   prop agan prop da  dire aga ctly and nda and  exdire ex­ ctly clusively clus ively  toto thethe Sov Sovi Unio ietet Uni the "inv "inv onn butbut the isibl isib lee go t  govvern ernmmenent" has ano has anot her and ther and eve even n  mor moree eno enor mou rmo s  CIA us CIA radi radioo op ope erati ratioon n, the "Ra "Radio dio Fre the Free  Eur Euro pe". e  This Thisorg ope   orga ". niza tion  was aniz was  foun atio founded n ded  inin 1941949 BEFO 9-—BEF RE  THE THE  KOR ORE KOREAN  WAR EAN   whic WAR h hwas  whic supp was osed sup   to  pos ed to hav have e  mar marked  ked the the  "Co "Comm mmunis unis t t cons con piracacy spir y  goin goin g g over ove ^ r from from   subv ersio n to  ove rt m sub ilita vers ry actio ion action", to n  , acc ove rt milit ordi ng to ary   estn acco na e rdin gthe  to CIA estimatess. . Radio io Free Free Eur Rad ope  bea beam Europe s  its  message ms its  e"to  mes sag eigh "to the eighty ty mill milliion  on capt cap Poland, tiveive ppeoeoplpleses  inin Pola nd, Czechoslovakia, 

Hun Cze gary chotionslov Rumania akialong ania  , Hun garyende, , Rum and Bulg Bulgaria aria". ". This This and   orga niza   has  orga  pretend niza tion d  to has to  be  long pret ed be a "p asolic "privrivaatete nnonon­p-prorofitfit,, non­gov radio -governm o  netw ernmenta network  ental" l radi w  Mark's  deCdt'  °bvi°US  fr°m  P°],Cy ^  admissions 

Mar ctor of USIA, Leotenard abroad the Direng k readers.MarThak'st US ula nip ma USIA was tryipolicyto was deceit, is obvboo ious from Mr.

men Gov ns: tal issio admern

label l the labe with  the  book kwith reads sa aboo ence rseas sread audi oversea e  ove re an ienc Where an  aud Whe ar  icul part in a  n nit    upo ar   look icul part   they a in it ernment, upo Governm US  Gov look the US they ct the ent, ofman the  in  d  lishe the pub in  is  ed that lish k  pub boo is a  that ead  k ey r read a boo re ththey ner  Whe manner. Where ly,  renttly, differen upon nit it diffe ribute it, they  look  upo

dist ribute it, they look we  dist US  and we US or.. ."  author.. n  of  the auth essioion ofthe  exprress the exp as the as "a was  "a  there e was ledged edther nowledg ackknow . ac USIA chief,doin ' f the ;,^ks, ^ Mar fine  Mr. did les bbees  did  Goe Goebbel was ° g and what rton line" betweenr what hepag finein  Or  Hitleer a­r ofHitl es of  nes  ove erto thee ov * th 8 a has "pro "P °P and Here said man  y.\  o  Gerany inO?m sent epre misr e is  ther ese re  repr is mis uscriptsnta-"or re therethe whe there  lying, whe e is ^ G^ Ger ." y, where ther tionman manuscripts^  d" man "hire had " ^ USIA TTedd:   if"wethe I en ask doner. Wh them".  with them ked  with  worked wor and 

r

a

99

S theUSIAchief

CtV

What  hC  W3S  d

S3,d 

r

a

ing and  what 

anda  ka whe

,f 

USIA had 

hired the 

d  me.  e?" He replied: "we don secr retet  A's sec USI IA's and  US 's  and CIA's the  CIA thatt  the   tha was   wa s truth h The  trut The irms ng f firm  s lishiing ss  American  publish ntle tless zation of the cou coun He replie

sub .dizat'on  subssidi

erican pub

Am ernment-CIA propaganda, Gov h t wi filled the bookshelves

of  the  ent­CIA  propaganda,  the  bookshelves  with  Governm

filled 

108 108 

1

brain-was hed brain­wash generation ed  aa generatio n  of of Americans Americans and and at at the the same same  time time 

effectively prevented effectively prevented  the publica the publication tion  of  of many  many books  books of  criticism  of criticism

of of Washingto Washington's cold war  n's cold  war policies. policies. 

The secret  The secret police police fund fundss of of these these two two agencies agencies effectively effectively 

and richly richly muzzled muzzled  not only  and many  of  not only many the privately-o privately­owned of the wned  and and 

profit­seeking profit-seek ing "free"  "free" publishers publishers, it even  , it  even more succe more ssfully stifle successfu lly stifled d 

almost almost  all all the y y  the "Universit presses" "Universit presses" supposed ly  devoted supposedly devoted  to to 

knowledgeand knowledge  and not do not dollars. llars. It It  was not  was not that that the bu the business siness man agers  managers

of of both both "profit" and "non-profi "profit" an d "non­pro t"fit" publish publishersers  accepted accepted bribes to bribes to 

suppress cr itical  books; suppress books;  it critical it was was just just that  their business business  "sense" that their "sense" 

told told them them that that if  if they they desired desired  to to receive receive  secret secret  CIA CIA or  or USIA USIA  "non-comp "non­competitive subsidies" etitive sub sidies" they had better say  better say"no" to a  they had  "no" to a book  book

critical of  the US  critical role in  of the the Korean Korean  war, US role war, such in the such as as  written written  by by 

David Con David de  etc. etc.  Conde

additional AnAn    possibility  additiona l possibilit the  CIA's CIA's  corruptin y ofof the corrupting g of  of political thinking thinking  USA,  is  political seen  in  the  sizeable sum inin thethe  USA, is seen in the sizeable sum  of  of such secret such secret  funds  funds that that reach reach  important important American American magazine magazines. s. 

This is done This is  done through through the paid placemen the paid  placement t of  of articles articles by  by the CIA the CIA  oror inin thethe regular regular purchase   purchase o off thousands thousands of of  copies copies of  of "dependa"dependa­

ble"  ble" magaziness  for magazine for  world-wid world­widee  distributio distribution.  n. InIn both both cases cases  the editorial editorial co the ntent ofof  content magazine i thethe magazine influenced  by  iss influenced by the CIA  the CIA

and and American American readers are influenced readers  are  influenced.  . An An additiona l deceit additional  deceit 

isis that  that such such  magazine magazines sreview  reviewthe  thebooks  bookswritten  written by  by CIA or  CIA or

USIA authors USIA authors and and good good reviews reviews make make the the magazine magazine  more more  desirable desirable  to to Washingto Washington, n, albeit  albeit less  less dependable dependable   as  as a a critical  critical source for  source for the the  prospectiv prospectivee  American American  Book-buy Book­buye er. r. 

JAPAN  CULTURAL  InIn 1956,  FORUM,  which is  1956, thethe  JAPAN CULTURA L FORUM, which is affiliated  affiliated with with the CONGRE the  CONGRESS  SS OF  OF CULTURA CULTURAL  LFREEDOM  FREEDOM(and  (and thus  thus is  is

connected connected with the JIYU with the  magazine) JIYU maga held a FIRST zine)  INTERNAT held  a  FIRST  IONAL INTERNATIO NAL 

YOUNG  ARTISTS'  YOUNG ARTISTS' EXHIBITION EXHIBITIO   " in  N " Tokyo.  in Tokyo. Invitations Invitations  were were sent  sent

Ceylon, the the Philipp ines,  Malaya, Burma, toto India,  Burma, Indonesia India, Ceylon, Indonesia, , Philippine s, Malaya,

Thailand, Hongkong Hongkong, Vietnam a Thailand, , Vietnamnd  invita­ andsouth  southKorea.  Korea. No  No invitations were  tions were sent  North  sentto to China,  Korea,  China,North  North Vietnam  Vietnam or  or North Korea, these cham pions  sof  byby these art and champion and "Cultural Cultural Freedom" of "Asian"  Freedom  ,  "Asian" art , as  though  what 

was sought sought was was "anti-Com "anti­Communist as though what was munist  art  art". 

109: 109. 

"Mr. stated"Mr.  brochurestated  brochure  FORUM CULTURALFORUM  JAPAN  CULTURAL  THE  JAPAN THE

N",  ION"* FOUNDATIO FOUNDAT FARFIELD  FARFIBLD thethe  President ofof  chmann,  nn, President Julius Fleis Fleischma Julius

Rumour  exhibition". ". Rumour thisexhibition possiblethis  makepossible  "assisted  greatly  greatlyto tomake  "assisted

another but another  ION" " is is but  the "FARFIELD FOUNDATION indicated "FARFIELD  FOUNDAT has that the  ed that has indicat be  can  be can they they  where where  funds funds  in  pump  in to pump pipeline  to  CIA pipeline secret secret  CIA  useful. useful. 

James  Mr. James lists Mr.  atalogue  lists  same catalogue this same c that this interesting that  is interesting ItIt is 

Stewart  Mr. Stewart Indonesia  .Mr.  tive fromIndonesia. representative from  a major major  representa as a  Stewart Stewart as

the ow and usis  with the owl  then USIs and then war II was world war II  after world  was with  and  after  during during and in ION in  FOUNDAT N  ASIA the of FOUNDATIO ASIA  President the  of  tly became subsequen became  President  and uently  and subseq

had  frontmen  had whose  frontmen n,  whose Foundation, Asia  Foundatio The  Asia (1964).  The Japan  (1964). Japan

or Ambassador  former Ambassad as former  trustees  as  and  trustees dignitaries aries  and such dignit included included  such Saigon  to Saigon or  to Ambassaddor now  Ambassa er,,  now Reischauer O  Reischau Edwin  O. Japan Edwin toto Japan 

y  University Stanford Universit of Stanford President t of and  Presiden Bunker,  and Ellsworth Ellsworth  Bunker.

23, 1967  March  23, mitted  on  1967 publicly ad on March Sterling,  publicly admitted Wallace  Sterling, E. Wallace / J.J. E. 

camee  budget cam ual budget annual million ann its $  $ 44 million portion ofof its sizeable portion sizeable that a a  that funds.  from CIA funds. secret  CIA from secret pages in  in preceding pages mentioned d  onon preceding Passin, mentione Herbert Passin, Mr. Herbert Mr.

STUDIES  IONAL NAL STUDIES INTERNAT INTERNATIO FOR FOR  CENTRE CENTRE  MIT's MIT's  with  connection connection with

"AMERICAN AN  regarding  "AMERIC thethe  and  Japan and regarding on Japan alsoalso  publicationn  on publicatio

ARTISTS  ASIAN ARTISTS YOUNG ASIAN FIRST YOUNG preparing  helped inin preparing thethe FIRST ASSEMBLY"  helped ASSEmBLY

EXHIBITION EXHIBITION. .

the  off  the Directors o of Directors Board  of the Board of the members  of 55 members the 55 Of the Of

names  prominent names suchprominent  weresuch  1956,were  FORUM  in in1956,  CULTURAL L FORUM JAPAN  CULTURA JAPAN HAYASHI,  KENTARO  HAYASHI, INOKI,  KENTARO MASAMICHII  INOKI, GI, MASAMICH TAKAYANAGI, KENZO TAKAYANA asas KENZO

COMPANY  RAYON  COMPANY KURASHIKI I RAYON the KURAShIK of the ,  President  President of OHARA, SOICHIRO  OHARA SOICHIRO COMPANY.  SHOCHIKU  COMPANY. TOSHIO  TAKAHASHI and TOSHIO the SHOCHIKU TAKAHASH, I,of of the  and

110 110 

"Radio Free  Asia", AA  "Free Press" And  "Radio Free Asia", Freedom  "Free Press" And Freedom In the the same same  post-World post­World  War In War II  period  in in  the the Pacific, Pacific,  a II period a 

"Radio Free Asia" was established "Radio Free Asia" was e in San Francisco, stablished in San Francisc taking over o, taking over 

some short-wave facilities ofthe  the OWI  OWI (Office of the the wartime wartime short­wave facili some  of ties  of  (Office 

ofof War fight "Communism", War Information) Information) and and intended intended to to fight  "Communism",  following the the 1949  following victory of  1949 victory the Chinese Red  of the Chinese Red Army  under Mao  Army under Mao Tse-tung Tse­tung in China.  in China. This This too was called an ind too was called an independent ependent operation  operation and names of such major west coast as the and the the  names of  such  major  west  coast corporations corporations as the 

PACIFIC PACIFIC GAS GAS  AND AND ELECTRIC ELECTRIC COMPANY, COMPANY,  the SOUTHERN the  SOUTHERN  PACIFIC PACIFIC  RAILWAY the the  BANK  OF OF  AMERICA, AMERICA,  were  RAILWAY BANK wereput  putup on  up on the  the signboard.  signboard.

But, seemingly, seemingly, the the intelligence intelligence experts experts  learned learned  after after  But, they had  gone into  business,  that  the  they people of  had gone Asia  into business, were  poor poor  that the people of Asia were and very very few few owned owned  shortwave shortwave (or  long  wave, wave, radios).  and Before  (or long radios). Before

long " RADIO FREE FREE  ASIA long "RADIO ASIA"" disappeared  disappeared(some of  (some ofthe radio  the radio stations  stations

inin the for "Christian the Pacific Pacific became became  outlets outlets  for  "Christian  religions" religions"  and and 

always identifying identifying the the close  always relationship between between "God" and  close relationship "God" and

the United States.) the United  States.)  In 1954 1954  under under  a a  new new  name, name,  the the  same In same  "owners" "owners"  went into into a a  new  business. At At that  went new business. time the  ASIA  that time FOUNDATION  the ASIA FOUNDATION

was was  established with CIA  established  with  CIA money money  and and  soon soon  this this  new new  San San  Francisco­based  organization  Francisco-based organizationbegan  beganto topour  pour money  money into  into many many Asian and toto many  Asian causes many Asians. causes and  annual budget Asians.  The The annual  budget  ran millions of dollars spent towards the end ran into into millions  of  dollars  spent  towards  the end of of winning winning  was on friends  for for Washington's Washington's policies. policies.  The friends The  emphasis emphasis  was  on 

al "culturral  f  "cultu name of the name o under nder  the  Asia u o  Asia can ideas tto an ideas Americ g  Ameri carryin carrying

rship  "leadership of  "leade e  of promisse gave  promi who  gave uals  who Individuals ges".  Individ exchan nges" excha United 

the  United to the brougt ht to  were  given  and brough lities"  were grants  and  capabiilities" givengrants capab study.  for study. States  for  States

Asian in Asian  t  tin  interes ar larinteres particu tookarticul took p DATION FOUNATION  ASIA  FOUND THE  ASIA THB

make and make  tionand  r  genera generation  youngeer the young cethe  ence  to influen g to influ ing  seekin ts, seek students, studen can  Ameri for American ffered  d for were o offere rships  s were Schola arship US.  the  Schol of the US. fiiendss  of friend

t  to  to brought werebrough d  studen screeneed students tswere  ly  screen carefullly and  carefu ities  and univers sities univer was was    system l system   carefu careful most t  A ts. A mos subjec ed subjects.  approved studyy approv to stud Americ Americaa to omes  their homes left their h they left  the timee they  ts from  studen ts from  the tim e these studen these to guid guide setup  to set up US.  the  US. school l in  in the selecte their  edd  schoo reache select they  edd their until  reach Asia until they inin Asia them  prepare  e them to prepar ard to  shipboard  nied  them  on shipbo compapanied themon  llors ac Counseellors accom Couns they  until  they them  until ed  followed them ce follow guidance r guidan and aa simil similaar  USA and the USA for the for home­ their homeback to  their  bound back to States  bound  United States of the the  United shores of  the  shores left left the

future  as aa  future "files"  as  the "files" werein in the  they were  after they  r  after  Foreveer land. land.  Forev t. contac contact. 

sco,  Franciisco, San Franc in  San ed  in publishhed was  publis per  was newspa studentt newsp aper AA studen were  were  that ts that ts conten conten   with Studentt" with Studen

sian  "The Asian of"The A e  of  name the nam under the under nent  the fon nt forme nd  reflect of the uous a none of  ing none  t/innoc reflecting  rightis ,  always s, rightist/innocuous and alway the  all  But    States.   the United all the  But . or in  States Asia  ts in  in the United ot  as  well  amongg studen students in Asia orFOUND amon known  were not as well known ATION Nwere n ASIA FOUNDATIO ctivitie ess ofof thethe ASIA other a activiti other sed.  publicised. so highly or highly publici or so 

the  after the declinedd  after  China decline anda  beamed beame dto toChina  propaganda US rad radioio propag US   passed  and 

as time But, as time passed and venture.  essful l ventur e. But, unsucc and unsuc cessfu brief and first brief first than a a in  less than  ded  in less  succee eded Mao  succe an  Mao an Chairm f  ment o t of Chairm Govern nmen the Gover the averag the  f  living o of  ndard  averag the sta the ng  of made  a e e livingngton  almostt doubli standain rd ofWashi decadee in  the ence  doublingintellig in almos decad made a ington level intelligence in Wash high  level e,  high Chinesse, Chine

ngaveits was beami ICAfrom AMER OFinto VOICE the By 1966, raisal.object re-app short-w China mmes progra ive" "thoroughly , from Hawaandii, United StatesOkina Coast of theOkina the West and stations onPhilipp wa From wa. ines form

g  its  re­appraisal.  By  1966,  the  VOICE  OF  AMERICA  was  beamin ave  short­w "thoroughly objective"  programmes into  China from  Hawaii  stations  on  the  West  Coast of  the United  States,  from  a  and  from  the  Philippines and  form Okinawa.  From  Okinaw into  d  beame o  was als anda  from  Taiwan,  medium­wave propag hips"  radio s pirate  the mainland and since  the summer of  1966, " ngton's  began cruising off  the mainland  of China,  pumping  Washi to  hear.  message into  the ears  of  all  Chinese  able  and  willing 

from the from Taiwan, medium-wave propaganda was also beamed into radio ships" the mainland and since the summer of 1966, "pirate g Washington's

n mainland of China, pumpi began cruising off the and message into the ears of all Chinese able willing to hear.

112 112 

This isis "black" "black"  deception propaganda propaganda  of This of  the the darkest darkest  kind, deception kind, 

intended to to sow  confusion among intended among the the  nation's sow confusion nation's leadership leadership  and and 

toto destroy Chin destroy China a from  from within.  within.

Tokyo,  a  "FAR US  "EAST InIn Tokyo, FAR  EAST  a US BROADCASTING  BROADCASTI COMPANY"  NG COMPANY"

operates, hurling its electronic arrows into Ch operates, hurlin arrows into China. g its electronic  ina.  The The address address 

Canada, and  the CPO  isis in  in Canada, Box  Number  and the CPO Box Number is 1055  is 1055and  andthe  theTokyo  Tokyo

Phone is 291-0365 and the Phone is  of the  291­0365  and  the "Director  "Director for  the  home for home  phone phone of 

Japan" Japan"  isis 919-4277. 919­4277.  Its Its two two stations stations have have  the the  call call letters letters  KSDX 1250  KSDX KC and  1250 KC DZF2 11.92  and DZF2 11.92 MC.  MC.

South Korea,  the American  InIn South CIA  Korea, the has long  been estab­ American CIA has long been established.  lished. AsAs early early as as 1946 1946  itit set set up up  anan  elaborate monitoring elaborate monitoring  station station to listen to to listen  every electronic  to every  electronicwhisper within  whisper withinAsia.  Asia. Later Later  with  the  Korean  War  and  after,  the CIA  took  other  and  sometimes much more sinister  sinister roles. sometimes muc h  more  roles. 

with the Korean War and after, the CIA took other and

InIn time,  time, inin 1961,  coup  d'etat  1961, a a coup was engineered  d'etat when  it  was engineered when it

appeared that the South  South Korean appeared  that the  on the  the verge  Korean  people verge of  of people  were were on  unifying unifying north  north and and south  south Korea Korea peacefull peacefully y  and contrary  and contrary to  to the the  desires desires of  of Washington.  Washington. The coup took two The coup took  hours and two hours  and involved involved  mere 3,600  (The US  aa mere Commander ha 3,600 troops.  troops. (The almost 600,000 US Commander hadd almost 600,000 

troops troops under hi under hiss command,  command, most most of  of them them South Kor South Koreans eans pledged pledged 

toto support support  thethe President  President John John M. Chang but M. Chang  but they they were  were ordered ordered 

toto remain  remain inin camp.)  camp.) AnAn army  Colonel Chung  army Colonel Hee Park  Chung Hee emerged  Park emerged as as  the the director and was director  and  quickly acclaimed was  quickly  acclaimed  by by President President  Kennedy.  He Kennedy. He  was  was given much given much aid aid  and  and hehe  quickly  quickly smashed  smashed down all those down all  who wanted  wantedto unify Korea. those  who  to unify Korea.   The of this The  leader leader  of  this  brutal witch-hunt witch­hunt was brutal was Chung Chung  Hee Hee  Park's Park's  "brother-in-la "brother­in­law w"" 

Colonel Colonel Chong Chong Pil Kim.  Pil Kim. Kim Kim was  was later later  toto be  be given given temporary temporary  exile in in the the United  exile States as he  United States as he waited  waited out  suppression  of  out the  the suppression of

hishis opponents,  opponents, during  by  two  during which  whichtime  time he  he was  was "honoured"  "honoured" by two US universities .  (Gen. Chang  D.  Young, the  former  US universities. (Gen. Chang D. Young, the former Chief  Chief of  of staff staff of of the the South  South Korean  KoreanArmy,  Army, who  who had had  originally originally opposed opposed  the coup, and  then, when  he found  that  the the US US favoured favoured the the the  coup, and then, when he found that

overthrow of  Johan M. M. Chang,  overthrow as figurehead  of Johan Chang, hehe agreed  agreed toto serve  serve as figurehead

a few months was of the the military  junta. Within of Within  military junta. a few  months hehe  was arrested arrested  113 113 

the  orted  the supported not supp had not  because  usehe he had  h  beca deatth   to  ncedd to dea sente ence and sent and old  ear  old Lt.  38­year Lt. the 38-y .  In  open  courtt the

ningg. In open cour begin the  beg from  the innin coup  from coup 16  15 an May 15 een  May andd  16 between uct betw conduct my cond gret  "I re :  ated et my ral st regr "I Gene d: General state us  vario d  us ause vario ns, c ed cisio ts and de ions, caus en  doub etwe doubts and decis een ht betw caugght b when II wa wass cau when ter­coun his  cou nter elling g his revolution."  (Labellin

n." (Lab p  characteristicss  diments  the revolutio impeedim entsto to the  imp nshi latio ic­re p characteristicUS  publ nshi the  latio one ofof the as one public-re n'  as lution" revolutio revo the  US vent inter tionof of the the  intervenion  ugh  the Through Park).  Hee  Park ). Thro Chun ngg Hee ofof Chu to  sent  was  sed  and  released to was  relea sentand  he  was oul,  and  was assy  offic ul,TYhe Embassy Seo inin Se ials UNIV officials  Emb   ties) CIA g  stron and   ties) (with ,  CIA ng ERSI SITY, (with stro IGAN  STATE  MICHHIGAN STATE UNIVER MIC .")  dentt."") "studen as a a "stu lled as  enrolled  enro

ce  ligence Intelligen tral Intel ­Central is  own  "CIA-Cen own "CIA up his set up h Chon Kim set  Pil  Kim ngg Pil Cho was  and  uest  nal g national guest and was State nitedd  Stat the u d the as aa natio visited ess as  cy",  Agen unite , visite ncy" Age eet    discr after reet ies,  ersit r disc univ , afte US  ties l  ersi smal two small US univ by  two "honoure oured d by "hon that  ce.  ligen (At that ce.(At  the  ligen e by  intel   mad theUS USintel e by mad gements  been arran hadbeen entshad  ngem arra huge  the  huge   the with   with n ction ectio onne his conn use f ofhis c ile  beca because o in ex exile was in time Kim Kim  was time n  Whe n )  Whe dals. .) scan dals r  othe r scan and  othe ders"  " and powders "five pow the  "five ket, the market,  stock k mar stoc CIA his    using ned  and  returrned and using his CIA   ied  Kim pacifified Kim  retu weree  pac peop the peo plele  wer the name  the  nam of e of  with  the par ty with ticalparty poliical  ts,  he  agennts, creaed teda  apolit hecreat age eral  Gen d  eral aske Gen ion  d creat aske this creation and this n"  and blicaan Repu tic  Rep ublic ocra ratic moc "DeDem the  for the idate  for  candidate lian""  cand "civ "civiilian the  the me  me beco to  beco   to Park e  Park Hee ngg He Chun Chu and  on  tituti and consstitution ised d con e­dev polic vise new  polic e-de the new dency  undr er the  presiiden cyunde pres the   of  ssion repre the  of  the of face  in  on on"  essi ositi "opposition" in face of the repr The "opp aw.  The ion llaw. electtion elec e,  police, openn  polic and ope secre the secr and  the ett  and nt  and rnme gove the gov ent ary, the ernm military, milit Chun but  Chu votess  but ngg  lar vote popu the  pop of the rity  of ular majo won a  lly  won ority actuaally a maj actu me h beca   Kim me hisis  Chong  Pil  and Chong Pil Kim beca nt" and sident" "Preside me  "Pre became Park beca Hee Park Hee man. .   g­arm stron and    trust rm top brain  t and strong-a man

top brain trus "Antti­iwasan an"An -Par kwas  Kim­Park d  by byKim devised cts evise the  proje projects d One of  of the One ork,  beamed  into 

into beamed ting netwn.ork, broadcas ist Centreaand Commun men Korea, Chin and the Soviet Unio (Like his tor

netw Communist  Centre"  and  broadcasting  n.  (Like  his  mentor  North Korea,  China and  the Soviet  Unio   that only  through  the  hiang Kai­shek, Chung  Hee  Park  knew e  be made  "secure.")  defeat of  Communism" would  his tenur

North

gh the knew that onlye throu , Chung Hee Park Chiang Kai-shekmun ) ure." "sec mad be re tenu defeat of "Com ism" would his an  Korean h  Kore Soutth ­the Sou May--the in May was in  coup  was ~ e coup ! ' 1961-th ,.  In late ut  propaganda 

aganda ve stations sending out prop dictator had three short-waRuss , German, French ese, ian, Japa, nese in six languages: Chin rted that "the repo AP and English. On August 9 of that year In f  t

at

1961

thc 

sending o dictator had  three short­wave  stations  nese,  German  French  in  six languages:  Chinese,  Russian, Japa ,  AP  reported  that  "the  and English.  On  August 9  of  that year

114 114 

United United Nation's Nation's Command Command dedicated dedicated aa new new 50,000-watt 50,000­watt ra radio dio 

station aimed atat beaming bro beaming broadcasts station aimed  into Communist adcasts into C China from ommunist Chi na from 

the Island the Island  of of  Kangwa" Seoul. AA delegation Kangwa" near near Seoul.  delegation came came  from from 

Chiang  Kai-shek's Kai­shek's  Taiwan  Chiang Taiwan to  inspect  the new  to inspect the new "UN"  venture  "UN" venture

and called for the coordination and called  off Chiang's for the  and Park's coordination o "psycho-­ Chiang's and  Park's "psycho logical warfare  against logical warfare Communists" against the the Communis ts".  In August August 1966, 1966, "Radio "Radio Free In Free Asia", Asia", aa "privately"privately­

sponsored sponsored  American American  radio radio  station" station"  with with headquarter headquarters s in in  Washington an Washington with transmitters andd with transmitters in   Seoul, South  in Seoul, Korea, began  South Korea, began broadcasts broadcasts bea beamed med  into China, No into China, North Korea and North rth Korea and  North Vietnam Vietnam.. 

This 500,000 500,000 watt This watt station  was operated station was operated in  in the  the name  name of  of "The  "The

Korean Korean Cultural Cultural and and  Freedom Freedom  Foundation  Foundation Inc."  Inc." and and  former former 

US President President  Harry Harry Truman Truman and US and Dwight Dwight  Eisenhower  were were  Eisenhower

listed listed  as as "honorary "honorary Presidents" Presidents". . Former Former  Chief  Chief of  of Staff Staff 

Chairman  Admiral Admiral  Arliegh Arliegh  Burke, Chairman Burke,  was was  called called  the the founding founding 

President. President.  It It was was  officially officially  announced announced  that that  *the "the station station  will  broadcast the will the  broadcast message of  God­given free message of God-given dom.  Programmes Programmes  freedom.

will will defend defend  human against human rights rights and and dignity dignity  against Communist Communist  tyranny". Retired tyranny". Retired  Admiral  Admiral Burke  Burke has  has often  often been identified been identified  with other other  rightist rightist causes, with causes, and  currently  the former  and currently the formerChief  Chief of  of

Naval Operations Operations is  Naval Director  is Director of  CENTRE the  CENTRE  of the FOR  STRATEGIC  FOR STRATEGIC

STUDIES  at  University.  STUDIES atGeorgetown  Georgetown University.

Recently Recently  he he  was was  aa speaker speaker  at at the the inauguration inauguration  of of the the 

"Freedom Studies Studies Centre", Centre", located located  near near  Culpepper, Culpepper,  Virginia,  "Freedom Virginia,

richly financed  and  dedicated dedicated  to  turning  out out "cold-war "cold­war  richly financed and to turning

professionals" One of  the key figures  this new professionals new propagandapropaganda­ ".. One of the key figures inin this

mill isis  "Colonel"  Lansdale, CIA CIA chief chief  currently in-charge in­charge  mill "Colonel' Lansdale, currently

South Vietnam. Vietnam. (More (More will will  inin South told about about this this "freedom  bebe told "freedom" centre which  centre which some  someconsider  considera aserious  seriousthreat  American  threat to  to American liberties.) liberties.) 

The current current  functioning Pr esident  of of the The the South South Korean Korean  functioning President "Freedom  and and  Cultural Cultural  Foundation" "Freedom Foundation"  is is former former Lt. Lt. General  General

John  B. B. Coulter, Coulter, former former deputy deputy  US US  Commander  in in South South  John Commander

Korea. Korea. 

115 115 

men " vern entt"  "Go nm the"Go ver ancd edby bythe  "finance   is is "fin ion tion zat niza orgaani The The  org nt"  age   eign "foreig n agent" a  "for as  a listed  d as is liste and it it is  Hee  Park Park  and ng  Hee Chung ofof Chu be a to  s  anti-­ aim ce. . ItIt cl ustitice claims to be ann  anti of J ent  of artment Jus Departm US Dep the US with the with s".  The 

vities". The activitie ura  l acti cultural rea ncult "Korean ist  supp porr terof of"Ko commun suporte munist com this  f  this ge oof char rge in  cha be  in said  to to be   is issaid who nessman sma  nwho busiines erican  an bus Americ Am tate l es "real estate""  the "rea in the    is is in  hine machine da amac and agan propag king  prop -making war­ma new war new

pers was per dedd  he was suauade that  he sayss  that He  say d.  He imore, M Balttimo re, Md. ness s  inin Bal busbusiines ean  Korean th Kor South the Sou urgi the urg n" a ingng ooff  the ation" undatio "Found att  the the "Fo joinin the toto jo Seoul  ul him to to Seo tookk  him  You  Chan  Yang,  who too

arge ­at­l Yang, who ador Chanlead basssad Ambas ge You t the t-lar or-a Am ean  Korean South  th Kor the  Sou of the ers of    meet the leaders  1966 6 toto mee ruar ryy 196

Februa inin Feb

thee  rs"  " toto th buto ors "contri ntribut erican  an "co Americ 5,00 000  Am the 5,0 Of  the ent. nt.  Of ernm me Govern Gov ".  .No  names es Nonam INC"   FOUNDATION  INC

EDOM FOUNDATION   it  can be  "KOREAN CULTURAL ANDt  FRE ose, , it can be  expose of  the  current CIAexp DOM KOREAN  CULTURAL  AND  FREE

ligh t of the current CIA the ligh In the are give n. Inthat given. ted  are s" ndation tions"  "founda imore  re "fou Baltimo CIA's 's Balt theCIA  som som that e ofe  ofthe  cipa anticipated anti

ors.  donors. of don ist  of  he llist on tthe are on are

among  e  CIA of th ng the  CIA  amo detailed of the havee  deta role  with es  hav therole  pages iled grou s pag viouious PrePrev ted  Uni in  ted the UniCIA in the  re  and emig gee grort ps upsstatewith ous  em refugee  vari the var and  refu igre ious the the    that s  CIA  es that the  Japa ing  repo undding report stat mos oun es.  AA mo Stattes. stt valivalid-sd­so Sta s  livin oupps livingg inin Japann  th K eann grgrou Kororea e  among the  South

activ Sou ve among the veryry acti isis ve ni­ orgaaniPark Hee  Par ng  Hee Chu k  org pro­ those  of  ung   -Ch bers members of thos e pro the  mem that  the and that and uals llect intellec ur, inte labour, tuals  spy onon  se  labo to  spy anenese usedd  to JapJapa are  use ns  are zatio ons zati bein of  bei d  of ecte susp ngp  be sus ht  be might ted pec whoo  mig   wh eanss Korean r  Kor otheer and  oth and s"".  "lef tists "leftist gue was intrigue this intri was  note to a footnote rre foot to allll ofof this bizarre at biza ewhat som ewh AA som s  row  Bur bert ,  Her s. pan row t  in Ja Bur bert A  agen Her e CI an, ­tim Jap n i long nt the  age CIA casee of  e m i ng-t o l the of cas thethe   his  and   1966 his and    and 1956 een  1956 and 1966 between yo betw Tokyo onedd in   stati wasstat in  Tok ione HeHe was g 

agee  nguguag -LaLan lishlish­ loye EngEng emp thethe for  inin ted  was  em edd epar ne  was ploy dela Mag wife Ma lane gdenew wife ton  last  hinggton Was lasta  shin Whe arted forthe Wa er. Wh enn hea he ddep Yom spaspap per. iuriiuri new Yom ­  tion niza orga anization; a as  said that  he  was  "VI "VIPP" " in the org

a out by the charge that his he was said that year,thait was ne bor fact t was seeminglymembership in the "foreign" correswife had been given full pondents' club of Tokyo, without ever having worked as a in 

year, it w out  by  the  charge  that  his  fact  that  was  seemingly  borne  hip  in  the  "foreign"  corres­ wife had  been given  full members out  ever  having  worked  as  a  pondents'  club of  Tokyo,  with ent. nt.  ond nde espo corr corresp

116 116 

Othe Otherr exam examples ples oof CIA's f  the the C IA's role role in in relat relatiion to

on to  the the ""free free 

pres press s"" isis seen seen inin  its its se secucurin ring g of  of copie copiess of  of allall  the the n news

ews stori storie

ess  filed  by by the the S filed oviet Sovi news agen et  TAS TASSS news agency cyin ina Lat in  Ame Amerrican a Latin ican ccity ity 

from the from the com comm merc ercia iall cabl cable e  com comp any ((Am pany Ameerica rican).  n). In M In Mon onti­ ti-

video capit vide o,,  capi Urug uay,  talal ofof Urug polic uay, chief thethe polic   coop e e chie erated d wit f coop h  erate with the C the IA plac CIA placi ng taps ing taps on on the the telep telephone hones  of  s of the the Sovi Sovie and  ett  and Czecch h  Emb Cze Embassie assis, es,in inallian alliace ncefor forthe  theCIA  CIA's 

s progress. In  In Havana, na, inin  1960the Hava   the  early  daysof 1960   of  Castr early o,  days it wa s disco discovere Cast vered ro, it was d  that CIA CIA  agen that had  agen place tsts had plac edd a a taptap o n  the te lepho on the telephone ne lines lines of  of HSINHUA HUA HSIN hines , , thethe C news agen Chin agenccy. esee news y.  ItIt  was  anno unced was  by by  anno unce d "Free "Fre dom  Hou edom Hous e"  in se" in New New York York progress. 

 City City  in in  June June  1966 1966 , , that that  an an  oppo opponent nent  of of Pres Presi iden dent  t Tito Tito  ofof  Yugo Yugo slavi slavia a want   want ed ed to to sta startrt an  an anti­G

overn ment anti-Gove newspaper rnme nt  news pape rin inBelgr was  repo Belgade.  reporrted rade. It  ted  that  It was that

the a spirin the aspir publi ingg publi sher was was a sher professor ssor  who a  profe who "says "says he  unds. ." he has f has funds

AA crud crude e  exam example ple  of of CIA CIA  inter inter vent venti ion on inin  Can Cana ada da was was  reported  in  the London  EASTERN  WORL D  in  June  1966,  which  stated that  a special  report  had recently  been  prepared on  CIA  activities  in  Canada,  "including  the  expenditures  for  the  "formation of  the  so­called  "Vietnam  lobby"  in  the Canadian  Parliament,  consisting  "mostly  of  conservative  members".  It was  said  that  the CIA  had taken  this c ourse because  of  the  lack  of  enthusiasm  among  Canadians   for  the  actions  of  the  Vietnam.  The report  concluded:  "thes e  lobbyists are  meeting  with  resistance  from  the  Canadian  public,  especially  when  they  touch  Canada's actual participation  in  the Vietnam  war." 

reported in the London EASTERN WORLD in June 1966, which stated that a special report had recently been prepared on CIA activities in Canada, "including the expenditu for the "formation of the so-called "Vietnam lobby" in theres" Canadian

Parliament, consisting "mostly of conservative members". It was said that the CIA had taken this course beca

of the lack of enthusiasm among Canadians for the actiouse ns of the

Vietnam. The report concluded: "these lobbyists are meeting with resistance from the Canadian public, especially when they touch Canada's actual participation in the Vietnam war." Whille e  itit isis  Whi extre mely extr doubbtfu eme tful l that ly  dou that  the the  CIA CIA wou woulld d  opera this  operatete  inin this open   fashi on  open in  Japa fash n,  ion it  was d in Japa eeme n, d  quite it quite  was deem ed possiible ble  that poss that a a  simil similar ar "lo bby" "lobb migh y'  migh sought t t bebe soug ht throu through gh th thee  use o use differ off differ ent a ent nd  less c and less cons onsp icuou picuo channels.  uss  chan nels.

Much more  impo Muc important h more rtant  is is  the the  invis invisible ible  shado

w  of  shadow the  of the "Invi sibleGov   Gove rnme "Invi nt's  work sible work; ; the ernm the plan plant ent's ed  news paper and  ted newspaper  and magazine zine storie maga lantining stories, s,the s g of  the slant comi c stri ps fo of r  politi comi c cal  strips ends, , for politi cal ends the s ubsid izingg  of  books  the subs written  idizin "greatt sch of book s writte n by  by "grea schoolars lars""  living living on  on secreet t  polic secr police e"secr "secet"  The  prod ret" funds produ funds..  The ctionn  of of US US  moti motion uctio on 

117 117 

some "Free dom"  carry some "Freedom" to carry mmes  to programmes ion progra television and televis picture e and pictur

ges  exchan cultur nges est cultur CIA.The theCIA.  alal excha East­W fromthe  The  West mess Easte  from  messagage

little. hange  ngelittle.  to exc excha seem  to which seem which

service e  cartoonn servic al cartoo political ated  politic ­circul widely ulated y-circ years aa widel For years For

oviet,  anti­Soviet, S, anti-S pro­US, fed pro-U has  fed ny,  has Germaany, West  Germ Berlin,,  West from Berlin from into  anda  many propagganda into many  nist  propa ommuunist anti­Comm and  anti-C anti­China  hina and anti-C used  in  ntly used freque in   are  (Theyare ently frequ World".". (They "Free World the  "Free of  the papers rs  of pape news­ ge  langua Englis the Engli in the and  in shh language newsTaiwan  Korea,,  Taiwa n and South Korea South These  .)  These   TIMESS.) JAPAN the  and  ,  MAINIC Tokyo paperss  inin Tokyo IcHIHI and the JAPAN TIME , mAIN paper stands which  TP, which stands  d TP, marked all marke are  all oons  al cart political ing  politic right­wing ns are cartoo right-w zation  retain retains s organization this organi edly,this  TEL  PRESS  reportedly,  TARAN S andreport PRESand  NTEL forfoi TARA Goebbels,  during 

Dr. Goebbels, during servedd  Dr. who  serve cartoonists  the cartoo of  the nists who some  of some better­ger an andd  better serve  larger thethe lar   Now  serve Reich. theythey  Third  . Now Hitler  Reich 'ss Third Hitler iting  vik­ba Bolshe aiting of Bolsh sort of evik-b same  sort the same press" "free press with the "  with  paying g  "free payin the CI tly ther  direcctly  that ei CIAA dire r the ected that eithe is suspcted   Natura it isit suspe "wit". allylly  Natur "wit. for    paying is  h,  Munic in  for rk  g netwo payin en" network in Munich, is "Gehl throug len" ghh  itsits "Geh oror throu CIA  the  CIA exist, the not exist, did not agencyy  did an agenc if such for  ion,  operat this operation, for if such  an this

it. like it.  onelike  te  one  o crea create have tto surely  have would surely would

M  ISM UNIS MUN COMM ON COM RY  ON TARY ENTA MEN COMM arly, rly,  aa  COM Simil Simila

appears  rs Londo nd, appea one '  Englaland,  Johnst n,n, Eng Colin Johns ofof Londo tone" written by aa "Colin n  by  writte the  on  based  on the apers,  "  newsp World s, butbut based "Free  paper " news many ofof  World thethe "Free inin many more  ;  lished al pub is more this is  materi t  hed; this 

munis ti­Com the an nist material publis nature of  ommu anti-C of the nature on n in  English editi in HI,  Englis MAINIC h editio (The    ICHI, outlet. MAIN CIA  a  sly  a CIA outlet. (The obviouusly obvio

make  cited  make source ess cited The sourc rly). The regularly). e  regula feature this featur uses  this Tokyo uses Tokyo ne  machiine ence  mach intelligence g  intellig ranging world­rangin rom  worldcome ffrom they come that they plain that plain warriors.  ld  warrio rs. A's co the CI cold to the CIA's similarr to al orie ation  simila political orientntation with aa politic with the  ss  isis seen in the the pre of the seen  in  uses of press aspect ther aspec the uses Still o tss ofof the  other Still

range  from  which  range rs  which from a a rumou ar rumo cold­war of cold-w urs tion on of nt flota frequeent flotati frequ Soviett  some  Sovie o  to  some Sukarn rno to explot itof of Suka sexua  lexploi ed  wild  wild sexual suppossed suppo

his  after  his then,  after and  then, Londo onn  and in Lond suit in  s'  purcha aseof ofa a suit  leaderrs' purchse  leade n" d  "South  African"  selecteted "South Africa he  selec that  he being  said  said that ure,  it  departrture, it being depa

" wool. wool.  n"  esian odesia "Rhod oror "Rh

118

The role of  of the  the US pressin  in dutifully  dutifully following the lead The role  US press  following the  lead  the CIA  regarding the the procurement,  the  ofof the CIA regarding procurement, the translation  the translation and  and the

publication in the "Dr. publication  in  the  United United  States States  of of  Boris Boris  Pasternak's Pasternak's  "Dr.  Zhivago", and  the turning of  this into an  anti­Soviet field­day  Zhivago", and the turning of this into an anti-Soviet field-day (joined in  by CCF) CCF) when when at  this  very  same time,  the role  (joined in by at this very same time, the role of  of the CIA CIA in  publishing field  United States, made  the in thethe book  book publishing field inin the  the United States, made

the the Central or the the protestation protestation  that that the  Central Intelligence Intelligence  Agency Agency or  the 

United United  States States  Department Department  of of  Justice Justice  or or the the US US press press  championed press  championed press freedom,  freedom, something  something less  lessthan  than the  the truth.  truth. In the world In every every major major news news  centre centre  in in  the  world  there there  are are  a a  select few  "trustworthy"  American  journalists,  who are  given  special  treatment treatment  by by  the the  US US Embassy. Embassy.  Frequently Frequently  some some  of  special of these men were formerly  were formerly in  in the US intelligence services in either  either these men  the US intelligence  services in  World so they World  War War IIII or or the the Korean Korean War War and and so  they  tend tend  to to  maintain maintain  close close  contacts contacts  with with  today's today's US US intelligenceintelligence—  the CIA--for the government the CIA—for  the "inside "inside story". story". They They use use the the  government  agencies  as as  a a  source source  of  news  and  undoubtedly  this  agencies of news and undoubtedly this is  is aa  mutual  relationship.  In  addition,  they  are  the  means  mutual relationship. In addition, they are the means of  of "planting" trial  balloons in  media and and also,  they  are are  "planting" trial balloons in thethe news  news media also, they given of impending "action." given tips tips of  impending "action." 

select few "trustworthy" American journalists, who are given

the last six  months  there has  been a a  buildup buildup  of  news  InIn the last six months there has been of news

stories regarding Nepal and Tibet,  Tibet, undoubtedly purpose stories regarding  Nepal and  undoubtedly  for for the the purpose  of sentiment.That  Thatthe  the CIA  CIA was of creating creating  anti-Chinese anti­Chinese  sentiment.  was  the the  basic  source source  for  this news news  trend trend  is is  probable, probable,  but  also,  the the  basic for this but also,

general of the seeking to general  blood-thirstiness blood­thirstiness of  the press, press, seeking  to sensationalize sensationalize  "trouble" without offering  an explanation  for its its cause,  also  "trouble" without offering an explanation for cause, is  is also

aa contributing  contributing factor. factor.  Also, there is  the  continuing continuing  trend trend of  tested  newsmen newsmen  to  Also, there is the of tested to

move into Government circles: two newsmen have been named move into  Government circles:  two newsmen  have been  named 

Ambassadors and  Ambassadors andcurrently, one  currently, oneof ofthe thetop top"AID"  "AID" officials  officials isis 

aa former  former UpI thethe past  past few years a writer forfor  REPORTER UPI man. man. InIn  few  years a  writer  REPORTER  magazine was  Government.  magazine was given a  given ahigh  highpost  postin  in Government.

While from advertisers continuesas a  as afactor  factor in  in While pressure pressure from  advertisers  continues  the US  press,  today  it  works more  specifically  in  the  case of  local owners or community leaders. Within cities  cities local store store owners  or business business community  leaders. Within 

the US press, today it works more specifically in the case of

119 119 

sed  uppres ews" s ssed "bad n suppre ave "bad news" nts to h mercha to have ants possibl en possib for merch lee for  is often itit is oft scale the the 

al scale  the nation national on the  but on media edia  but news m town own news homehome­t inin the the  d.  ed. change  has chang patternhas pattern

Motorss  l  Motor Generaal as Gener such  as  sers  such advertiisers name  advert big  name sly big usly Previou Previo

press  ut  today  pers, bbut the press newspa today the  cal newsp upon lo apers, ressure local exert p could exert re  upon pressu could they  of  big firms;  insteadd  they e  of big firms; instea the nam ect  to prot name ing  to t the so will protec willing not so isis not 

to carefu l to  being  careful system, , being ic system mic econom the econo t  the protect to protec seek  to now seek now

lism".".  pitalism capita se—ca nterpririse "free enterp weakenn  "free e might  weake that might ng that  ything anythi curb an curb cow" "sacred  cow"  as a "sacred magic as a  its magic  t  its  has lost y  has los industry ile  industr obile tomob autom The au The and  nes  and magaziines in magaz neer  Nader,  in  an engi Ralph Nader, erRalph  Americ engine can since th thee  Ameri since old  being s autos  s of 

millions of autos being sold the million that the  books,,  was  prove hat  able to  prove t was able to books ue  were d due on the  the highway y were ths  on the dea f  deaths the many o of  and  many and unsafe were unsafe were e "new "newss" " Now the driver.  Now th nd  not  a baddriver. chine a not a bad  ect ma ne and imperfect machi an imperf toto an  100,000  ed" 100,00 0 "recalled" have  "recall er have Chrysler Ford o orr Chrysl that G report that GM,M, Ford isis aa report ve.  defectiive. e they  are defect they are  x  becausse model × becau cars of of  model cars

sing  adverti of adver tising region of this region in this battle in major battle last major The  last The that  that was  was s States    State d United the  Unite in  the fought t in was  fough that  was e  that ure pressur press time  long  time —and  for a a long   who  t andfor  makersrs te  make sough whosought cigarettte the cigare ofof the  that  science   cigathat ciga­ ions of e revelat scienc suppressing th ed  in suppre ssing thee  revelations of succeed ded--in succee lung  from  deaths  contributor to prime  contrib the  prime utor to  deaths from lung oking  rette sm ng is is the smoki rette heart  sed ed  heart increas hh increa throug throug killer  major killer is  aa major also  is and  also ,  and cance cancerr,

of wall of  thewall  the  story  through h the  broke throug story broke  When finally  .  When diseasee. finally the diseas pers  newspa apers the newsp nes,  the magazi ines, tion inin magaz publica ation through  h public silencee  throug silenc

te  cigarettte the  cigare news fo forr  the bad news the bad reveal  the began  to  to reveal opened up and  began d up and opene sing  adverti   source  richest tising among e ofof adver were amon t sourc who were firms  who g  thethe riches firms an  Americ all  e,  can struggl Ameri this  all of  le, result  strugg a  as  a result of this Today,  e.  Today , as revenuue. reven must  carry  a  printed 

ited  States, States  , must carry a printed tes sold the United cigaretttes within the Un sold  within  cigare tes  cigaretttes g  cigare that  smoking

arning  death­w g that smokin nes'  deathwarnin crossbo ones' 'skull a andnd crossb 'skull

may kill.  may  kill.

was  Press  chief  e  Press chief was Defencce US Defen the  US rs, the few yea past few the past years, InIn the hiss    Committee  that hi

Congressional a  Congre ssional Committee that before  a dmit  before led to a compellled to admit compe news" the ge icularly regarding  to "mana

sought ment depart ght  to "manage  the news", part ent sou departm ", particularly regarding m. Currently,  late in  1967,  the US  newsmen  Vietna war  in the nam.  in Viet the war

en Currently, late in 1967, the US newsm who seek

in saigon are at daggers-points with the "high brass,"

eek  in  saigon are  at daggers­points  with  the "high  brass " who s

120 120 

give fa toto con controtrol th vours  l thee pres presss, , give "favourites favou and to rs to  to "favou secure rites"" and to  secur e 

aa "fav "favou ourab rable" le" press press ffor or the the ro rolele ofof the the US US milita military ry in  Vietnam. in Vietna m. 

(This (This is is aa conti contin nuan uance ce  ofof the the  unen unend ding ing battle battlebetw   betwee een n  a a 

genuin e  free  genu ine free press  pressand  ilitarisrists. and the m ts.  I I recal the milita recall l the the  viciou vicious s  chargee  made made  by by Gene charg Gener McAr thur's  ralal McAr PRO­ Public thur's PRO-Publi  Relat Relatiions ons  c Office—to  Office anyon --to anyo who  expo nee  who expossed ed  either eithe  rthe  the"dark "dark  side '  side" of  of rightistt activ rightis activiities i ties inn  Japan Japan  or or defec defectts s in  the  milita in the military ry occup occupaa­ tion; itit  was: "Wha "Wha tion; are you was: you doing doing,, playi t t are playin the Russ Russia ngg the iann  game??") game ") 

Currently the US Embassy in Tokyo refuses, as it has for

Currently the  US Embassy in  Tokyo refuses,  as it  has for  more than  three  years, to  provide  me  with  copies  of  its  daily  and weekly  translations of  stories in  the  Japanese  press  and  magazines.  This is given  to a  long list  of  newsm en free,  some  who don't even  want it, but  the head  of  usis to ld  me,  "Why  should  we give  you  the means  to attack  us ?"  My  answer  that  I am  an  American  taxpayer  helping to  pay  for  this  service  made  no  impression  upon this  champion  of  "Unit ed  States  Inform Information ation". 

more than three years, to provid copies of its daily and weekly translations of storiese inmethewith Japan ese press and magazines. This is given to a long list of newsmen free, some who don't even want it, but the head of usis told me, "Why

should we give you the means to attack us?" My answer that Iam an American taxpayer helping this service made no impression upon this chamtopionpayoffor "United States Amongg the  Amon many instan the many instances  ces in in which which  the  the visible visible and 

and invi­ invisible" sible"Gove  Governmen rnments ts of  of the the  Unite Unitedd State States s  work work togeth together er to to use use  the U press and  the USS press and partic particularly ularly becau because seof of their  world cover covera their world ge,  age,

the  the ASSOC ASSO IATED  CIATE PRESS S and  D PRES and the the UNITE UNITE D D PRES PRESS  INTERNATIO S INTER NATIONAL NAL 

news a news gencie agenc s  AP  ies AP and  and UPI— UPI--aare se re seen en  in the  in the follow following: ing. 

Some  years years ago  when  Henry Some Henry  Cabot ago when e  was  the  US  Cabot Lodg Lodge sensattion ion in in reserv sensa reserve e to "r elease to "relea when  the the Sovie se"" when Soviett  Union Union press presse edd  too ha rd  with d amnin too hard with damn testimony  regard ing  ingg testim US  foreig ony n n policy regar . . ding US foreig policy Working ing close closely  with  the  CIA in Work

was the US Amba Ambassado ssador r to to the the Unite Unitedd Natio Nation ns,s, had had an an  enorm enormous ous news news 

ly. with the CIA in Wash Washingto ingtonn and  the  and with  with the State Depa Depar tment , it  State was de cided  rtment, it was that  the So viet  decid UN  ed attack that the Soviet UN attacks s were  too too  sharp sharp  and were and  the the head headli nes  of of  the the  world lines world were weic  being bein capturred ed  with  captu with anti­A anti-Americ merican antruths truths.  . At  this  time,  and At this and  after time, after  the US press was was  told told to the US  press ready  with with c amera to  bebe ready sensattion, came ion,  rass  for a  for a sensa B 

Mr. L odge  brought ht into Mr. into th Lodg e broug UN Asse Assem bly  aa wood thee UN woode carved mbly enn carve d  insignia  insign of  the the Sh ia of ield  Shield of  Unitedd  State of the  the Unite Statess. .  This This  had had been been  121 121 

y in  Embass the US  in arver a sy wood­carver Embas US Soviet  wood-c the by aa Soviet gift forfor  aa gift  made  by ass l examp made but­ aft  buthandicr raft of  le  handic of le eautifu examp ful truly b a  beauti was a truly Moscow .  ItIt was 

Moscow.

had  Soviets   had on­the  Soviets sensati ion--the was the catchingg sensat and tins headlinne e catchin the headli this was and atete   within  the Sh ield.  This wa s a  legitima

ophone was athe legitimthat  Thisit was  Planted  a micr the Shield. within publici hone microp a planted but  ty,  served   and de news se nsation ed publicity, but it was the use that

and deserv sensatof ion newsmade this long-known "sensation", to shield the US from USE 

was ma de of th is long ­known  "sensa tion", t o shield  the US  from  deserve d critic ism, th at shou ld  have re ceived  denunc iation f rom  the cha mpions  of the  free  press. 

was deserved criticism, that should have received denunciation from the champions of the free press.

Robert  nce  Secreta ry  e Robert 1967, U Defenc ry ofof Defe tember USS Secreta On Sep 18, 1967, ber 18,  Septem On San  in  ers  publish editors   and publishers in San

UPI editors and the  Up to the McNam ara  spoketo  ara spoke  McNam

  going to as  going States w United  the United  that  to he said which  he was co, in  States Francis co, the that said which in Francis (Anti" ABM (Anti­ hinese ABM  "anti-Chinese" an"anti­C uction  ctionof ofan  constru on the constr embarkk on the embar

nal"...  "irrational"   "irratio possiblele e  of  becausse system ) ) becau of possib Missile   system Ball,st.cc  Missile Ballisti take   would  The US tes.  take ited Sta the Un US would pon the . The tack" u States United upon se attack" "Chineinese at .." China..."  ntend  to dete to deterr  China. ians th we intend thatat we i "to Asians prove "to As step too prove thisis step t Eisenent Presid Eisen­ to nt  rs Preside advise e to  s  scienc adviser top gh the three  top  science   Althou the three loug  an  such  an ly  urged  that such nimous urged that  son una ously ^  n unanim ^ Johnso y and^ John Kenned hower, system  B.    Jerome Dr.    of them e  and on built,  e be  not  be built, and one of them Dr. Jerom B. not system ABM dollars,  of  billions of    a waste be a waste of billions of dollars,  ust  be would jjust said  it  eisner  it would er, said Weisn could be such "really  be  "really he did system   could  h  system as any suc "that any ' '" °­  believe '"  not effect'  made. was t cemen made.  announ was  ional   nsation al  announ cement effective" ',  still'" this sensat impres­eate the the  impres to create s:s, to cr obviou s seemm obviou ^ reason°ns see sin  Why? Two ce  to  peace,  ennct

an

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lat 

eve  se

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a menace to peace, Minister to give support to,Prime to the world body;ignand,to re-mili to his prior just tarize Japan in his campa Sato, visit to Washington and secret conferences with President

a wason China's admiss nvote that' Chis'China  ' worl'^  dNation ^' °out the through sion onthethe™ ion United the of eve on ^ ' * Nati ons' vo te  on Chi na's  admissi on  ' to the 1  U l   l 1 C   W o r

1

C  CVL 

Sato

Johnso

was  a mena

8' y e  suppor t  to  Prime  Ministe r  re­milit arize  Japan,  just  prior  to his  and  secret  confere nces  with  Preside nt 

an( *>  t o  

6 

visit' to     Johnsonn.

l lat 

n tec

t 1C 

W  C a '. n ^ a ' s n   a s ^' n 8 t o n  

to 

on November 5, 1967, there was another Recen le oftly,this kind of headline robbery. On this date US examp

^ o v e m t > e r   5,  1967,  there  was  another   ' l e a < J'' n e   robbery .  On  this  date US   Defence  Seer t ' 1 ' S  McNam ara sum moned  a speci al  news  ^  confere nc  n   a n d told  the wor ld  that  the  Soviet  0 t n s a Union  had 'h  ^ ^' ® a n   "orbita l  bomb s ystem"   which  the  "Free  World" 5 0   t C S t ' n ®  d at United  s   headli s as "Aime e r the United ned at the "Aime d  press ed  as  headlin States""   TI    P States. l s   was  a  news  "sensa tion" a lthough  if  one rea d  °D 

example  

l news aSoviet a speci nedthat summo ara McNam Robert ry Secreta e Defenc the world the told and gton Washin in conference

Union had been testing an "orbital bomb system" which the

"Free World" 122 122 

This was a news "sensation" although if one read

the  head the headline  line one one  learn learned  ed that that the the Sovi Sovie ett Unio Unionn had had been been  "test "testing" ing" for for  some som   time  e time and  and thethe  Defe Defe nce Secr nce Secre tary  of  etary the  of the

Unite d State United St s hims himself  elfsaid  ates  said: : "I'm "I'mnot  not conc d." concerne erned ." 

Wha Whatt was was note notew worth orthy y  was  was that that t this his story story reac reach

hed ed al alll  the the  "Freee Wor "Fre World' ld"  headlines head lines  just just on on the the  eve eve  of of the the Nov Nove mber emb er  7th, 5 0th Anni Annivers versaary 7th, ry  of  50th the  Bols Bolshevik  (majority)  of the

hevik (majority) Revo Revolution lution, , when whe n  the the achi achie veme evem nts  were ents were  bein beingg  reco recouunte nted.d.   It It had had been been 

long know known long n that that the the CIA CIA  was  conc was erned conc with  the flood  erne d  with

the flood of  of favou favo rable urab publi le  publ city f icity rom Mos from Mosc ow a cow nd  work worked and ed  out m out any y pro­ man projects jects to to coun counter ter their their effec effect.t. Here HereMcN   McN ama amar raa prov prove edd to to be be 

aa ma mastster  er head headline-s line­steale tealerr by by co conv nvey eying ing the the impr impre ssion essio that tthe n  that he 

USS USSR R  isis wa warlike  witho r­like without ut sayin saying so.  g so.

The facts The facts that that the the S Sovi oviet et  Unio Unio nn offic offici ially ally deni denie d  that  ed that

it  it had a orbit had ann orbit bomb   and  alal bom even Wes b and West even   Germ an  t Germ space an space  scien scientists tists  said they they  did said did not not belie believe th McNama ve thee  McN amarra-"I' a­'Tm not c once m not rned" conc erne d"-­

report, rt,  were were  bela belatted, ed,  for  repo here  the the  "innocent  free  press  of  for here

"innocent free press of the the Free Free world world" ha " hadd been been rape raped d once once agai againn. . Senator J. Sena iam  tor J. Will Fulbright Willia right,, reco m Fulb recog nized throughout  the  gnize d  throu

ghout the worldas  as a  spokesma world a spok esman nof ofinteg integrity  rity told  TV audie told the U audience the USS  TV nce  on  on

October 2, 1966 that the American press had become "servile" to

October 2,  1966  that the  American  press  had  become  "servile  to the  Government  and  that  regarding  the  US war  against  the  Vietnamese,  most  papers seemed  "bloo d­thirsty".  A  rolling  back  of  the  curtain  reveals  how an  "invi sible  magic carpet  h e l p e d   b r i n g  t h i s  a b o u t .   O n   F e b r u a r y  2 4 ,  1 9 6 7 ,  2 9  U S s i t i n g   newsmen came  to Japan  as a  "study  missi on  to Asia  under  the  auspices  of  "THE  AMERICAN  NEWSPAPE RS  STUDY  MISSION  INCORPORATED"  Which  UPI reported  would also  visit  Taiwan  Hongkong,  South  Vietnam  and  Thailand.   The  news  stories  did  not  reveal  that  the  whole  tour  was  arrang  *  Pentagon,  and  that  this  was  but  one o f  many  such  Junkets  devised  by  the  US  military  to  influence  newsmen.  In  this  instance  it  sought  to  reach  the  "Study  Mission  I«corPonite  members  who  came  from  500  smaller  newspapers  and  200  telev television ed isioned  statio stations. ns. 

the Government and that regarding the US war against the

Vietname helped bring this about. On February 24, 1967, 29 US visiting

mosint papers seemed "blood-thirsty". A rolling back of these,curta reveals how an "invisible" magic carpet

newsmen cam

e to Japan as a "study mission to Asia" under the ausp i ces of "THE AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS STUDY MISSION INCORPO

RATED' which UPI reported would also visit Taiwan, Hongkong, South Vietnam and Thailand. The news stories did not reveal that the whole tour was arranged by the

Pentagon, and that this was but one of many such Junkets devi sed by the US military to influence newsmen. In this instance it sought to reach the "Study Mission Incorporated"

members who came from 500 smaller newspapers and 200

123

seen  was seen ess  was thirstiness blood­ and bloodthirstin bias and stations  s ofof bias Manifestation Manife Minis­ reign  sian Fo Minisn Indone time th the  time thee Indonesian Foreig circles at  ss  circles US pre at the press inin US in  the  military  junta  in

d  by  arresteed was  arrest by the military junta drio,  was Suban Dr. Suba ter Dr. ndrio, ter parties drinkin s  Improm ngg partie 1966.  17,  mptuptu drinki   Impro March Djakar rtata onon March 17, 1966. Djaka enmity  much  enmity and  much event  and ted  this  celebraated this event ircles  celebr press c circles inin USUS press Depart State  t-­ the  of  Depar emies  State that en reveale enemies of the rio  reveal edd  that Suband againstt  Suban drio agains rs.  rs. eporte tive" reporte e  "objec "objective" r of these ies s of thes enemie thee enem also th ere also were ment w ment three  the three when  the 1967, when Januar York,  ryy 10,10, 1967, New York, onon Janua InIn New m m  Vietna North North    from d d from returne tes es  returne dvocat peace aadvoca women peace an women Americ American

an  can Americ the Ameri tell the to tell  seekin gto  nce,  seeking ence, confere press confer held aa press and held and

days  spent 1 111 days (They spent heard.  . (They and heard seen and had seen they had what they people  what people with President

ourur talk talk  with  President  mm and two­ho Vietna had aa two-h and had inin North Vietna North  d  by 

insulted by and insulte ed and ridiculed derided were deride d,, ridicul they were Minh, they Ho Ch Chii Minh, Ho Presse corres­ce France Presse))  corres

(Agen AFP (Agence  France  en". An AFP  newsm An  "USS news the men".  the "U into a ce  turned  into a  onferen ence "The c :   confer wrote wrote: "The spot the  spot  on  the t  on ponde pondennt

women three wome the  three n,,  interrupted  lists  interru Journa pted the alists Journ iles." les."  imbec like ke  imbeci them li treated them and treated eded them them and ridicul and ridicul d  and insulte insulted tools  thee  tools were th were ey  they that th that n men  wome the wo the ld  told also to n" also men' ewsme "news The "n The men  The wo e".  n machin wome anda  The propag anda machine". mese  propag Vietnamese rth Vietna the 'No 'North ofof the

ng shouti match. . g  match shoutin

the  ary  of  of the  secrettary strative e secre ,  admini istrativ Griffith , admin Patrici iaa Griffith Mrs. Patric were  Mrs. were Barbara  Mrs.  TE, Mrs. Barbara COMMIT ITTE, WAR  COMM ETNAM  WAR ANTI­VIIETNAM SITIES' S ANTI-V UNIVER RSITIE UNIVE gazine US ma ndent  indepe ine     small, magaz for the ist for journallist g, aa journa Deming, the small, independent USer of  Demin   an, sist Dennis Grace  Mora  Newman, sister of

TION  and  Mrs. Grace Mora Newm LIBERAATION andMrs.  LIBER years'  to thre ed to sentenc threee  years'  recentlyly senten ced soldier Americ recent the  Mora,  Mora, the Americanan soldier m.  Vietna in  the US  Army 

nment t for  impriso to fight  in in the US Army in Vietnam. refusing gto fight for refusin onmen impris d  reporte and report  saw and women the  what   ofof what ed, nothing Almostt nothin saw n wome the g Almos AFP  h  the  press, , althoug the AFP an  "free  although "free press appeared in  the  Americcan

in the Ameri "of  war "of ting aa war technological horror conduc was condu US  the US cting that the was that ter  later, North  Vietnamese  people".  A  short  time la

appeared said  and said US bom ngs and bombibings  of US seen  many  had seen victims of  many victims reportedd they  they had reporte horror    technological

the  North Vietnamese people". A short time against st  the again returned  Salisbu son  Editor, Harri d ing  returne uryry the  n Salisb when NY TIMES Manag Harriso Editor, ing Manag when New  ally,  graphic more  graphically, the New even  more reporte and report Hanoi and from Hanoi even edd less  from the  that  the say  that urs  say (Rumours brave.  were    alists" "journ (Rumo York  brave less the cro.wd of  were s in  alists"  heckler "journplanted York   disrupt to  pressmen  t disrup to en had planted hecklers in the crowd of pressm CIA had CIA *  \  n^ mnfpro   the women  s nress press conference). NY  TIMES 

the women's 124 124 

Q

The ASSOcIATED PRESS on February 20, 1967, told of how

The  ASSOCIATED  PRESS  on  Februar y  20, 1967, told  of  how  the CIA  was financing  the  AME RICAN  NEWSPAPER GUILD  to aid  in  its "work of  helping newspap er  workers in  other countries"  doing  this  through  secret  chan nels  in  the  "INTERNATIONAL  FEDERATION  OF  JOURNALISTS "  of  Brussels,  Belgium  and  the 

the CIA was financing the AMERICAN NEWSPAPER GUILD to aid in its "work of helping newspaper workers in other countries" doing this through secret channels in the "INTERNATIONAL

FEDERATION OF JOURNALISTS" of Brussels, Belgium and the "INTER"INT ER­A MER AME ICAN RIC AN  FED FEDEERA RATITION ON  OF  OF JOUR JOURNA NALISTS LIST" S"in in Pana Panama ma . Throug Thro ughh th thesese  three pipelines  the new

e threwere smen n  of e pipe of US, US, Eur lines ope  the newthe  sme Euro pe, and  and Latiin n Am Ame Lat rica  eric   "hel a ped we " d"by  re "he lpe CIA by .  . In the In Asi CIA Asia the  a, the prob lem was vas vast problem  was ly mor moree com complic plicated tly ated  from from the the CIA CI  'ss vie vieww­point t bec beca poin use  newsme aus e the  the new n nof  the  sme one  of indu the stria one l l land indu ,  stria Japaan, land, Jap n,  were  notsym   sym pathetic wer etic towa e not towards path  the role role play rds ed b the y th e  US  play star ed ting by   the US star ting withthe   the  ning with banbanning of  of   General thethe  eral Stri JapJapa Strik anenese se Gen Febrruar uaryy  kee in  in Feb 1947 and the the mili mili 194 tantanti   anti 7,, and ­Ch inesee acti activ tant ities -Ch Was ines hing ton  vitie s  of  of Wa shin gton

afte afterr Dec Decemb ember 9..  er 194 1949

nter ToTo coucounte thissitu   situation  in  r  this

ation in JapJapaann thethe WaWas shinhinggtoton n startegi tegists sts aado star doppted ted  a  policy cy  of of woo a poli wooing ing the the  JapJapa owners anenese eis  se own and in in e ncou and enc ourragiaginng gthem them to totake take  full full cont theirr pap conrol  pape trol of of thei ersrs  as 

as "owners

andd  upo den yinthe "pro g pub gres licalicatfrom sive tionion   Ma ofMajof "pro gre ssiv e"in   matteri eria ma ls.  Bas Baseed als. upon  the  rec n reco rd  from ord or  Imbode jor odenn  in Imb 1947 Am 194 bass 7  toto Am ador bas McArthu sad rthurr  in or  McA in 196 I960   and Am Am 0 and bass ador bas sad or  Reis chau 1965 Reischauerer inin  196 , wh at  was   wan 5, what was wanted  was the ted in Ja   crea in Jappanan  was tion the creation  "owners",  and  denying  pub

pres that ofof aa pre was  stric sss tha strictly tly  com t  was mer cial,l,  dev devo me ted  rcia to  ote d only only  to mon ey­m akin g  and  money-making becoming com increasingly 

and becoming increasingly pro-American. pro  American 

was  ant (It(It was antiicip cipaate ted dthat tha twith with  the  the influ influx x of  US  cap of US capiital tal  and and the the  esta establish blishmen ment of  t of Tok Tokyo yo b bran ranc che hes  sof of the l the larg argee  "Ma "Madiso dison n

Avenue" adv

 the exp ertiwne sindd g yen endiiture age ncion eadv s, that ons  the exp end tsoon ure nof  ofwhip bibillipl  iothe ns ofof Am Am eric eric an-o an­owne yen on adve ertis rtisiing, ng,  wou would  ld soo whi the  Jap Japa ane nese se  mas mas Avenue"  advertising  agencies,  that

s-media into acc

epta ptannce ce  of  of suc such h  aa role' > , as had taken n plac place take e  inin the the  Uni ted  Stat Uni es ear ted earli Sta er  tes and  lier and inin thethe sam same e  manner. ner. AllAll  man al  cons socsoci ciou ial snes con scio s  abo abov usn e  the ess the  leve level l of  ve appro­ of app roving  PTA PTA was was toto  ving elim bebe elim inainatteded, , toto bebe reprepllace acedd  by by sex sex,,  sens atio n,  sca scannda dalsls and sen   mur sati der. on,   The   "fre and e  pres mur s"  der. was  The to b "freher  e pres s" wasr.  to bee  the han hand the maiiden den  of dma of  viol violence   and  enc the  e and teac the of ofterro teac her terror. Like Like  the US US pres pres s, the the  Japa the nese  pres presss  sho s, shou Jap ld  bec becoome ane se me  the  ente uld the enter­rtainer er  of of the the pub publlic ic not tain not its its pro prot educ ator tectectoorr oror itsits edu ).  cator). s­media  into  acce

r0 e

125 125 

Asia--the Asia"—(The  "Free  Asia"_(The In so­called  "Free Asia—the so-called rest ofof  the rest In the Governmen States United the Governmentt  s  because counted United State not counted  because  the  mainland mainland isis not 

of problem  of  the problem "enemy")  the  the "enemy"") wasthe  China was  thatChina  decidedthat  had had decided  was  countries  was g"" countries "developing the "developin in  the press  in the  press   the coordinatin coordinatingg r r  period—afte period--afte post­war  post-war the  the in in  lands  lands these In these  In different.  vastly  different. vastly

was  Ceylon,  etc.  air was the air  Indonesia,  Ceylon, etc. the  Philippines, , Indonesia, 1945—the Philippines 1945-the

the  e,  but  but the independencce, and independen freedom and the dream  with the dream ofof freedom filled with filled

the  to the s  to  access having acces those  having that those assure that was toto assure  CIA was the CIA  of the role role of  TseMao Mao Tse­ by by  taken taken  ce nce  independen to independe the path to urge the path  not urge  did not press did  press Asia,  in Asia, American  outpost  an  American outpost in long an Philippines,  (In  , long tung. (In thethe Philippines tung. viewpoint,  publishing  viewpoint, right­wing  publishing the  right-wing   aid  tendencies toto overt  tendencies aid the overt newsprint  imported newsprint which scarce scarce  imported  in which  manner in  themanner  seen inthe  were were seen in 

available  made available forces, was  McArthur's forces, was made control of  the control under  the of McArthur's under

press.)  friendliest press.) to the the friendliest only only to 

aid  its aid through its  s,  through  United States, the United State 1952,  the  to 1952, 1945 to  From 1945 From

the  agents,  plus  plus the programmess riddled  with agents, riddled with  rehabilitationn programme and rehabilitatio and the  from  the intelligence  operating  operating from Force  intelligence Air  Force Army­Navy­-Air US Army-Navy US a close  kept  es,  close a kept the Philippin in  bases  Philippines, the military  in bases leased  military 99­year  leased 99-year reform.  or reform. freedom  or  of freedom talked of  who talked  Filipinos who  all those  on all those Filipinos  watch  on watch

nd" d"  to go "undergroun decided go  "undergrou ecided  to  intelligence d InIn 1952, American intelligence 1952, American Air Force US Air  ostensible  US  ,an Colonel  Lansdale' Force  Colonel when an ostensible nsdale",  "Colonel La when "Colonel

entrusted  CIA­agent entrusted the CIA-agent was the Lansdale was Manila. Lansdale in Manila. arrived  in arrived of  of President  as  President as Magsaysay  Magsaysay Ramon  Ramon of electing  electing task of the task with the  with him  making  him in  making and in campaign  and  his  campaign financing his Philippines, , financing  the Philippines the

p" "Hukbalahap",  the"Hukbalaha ofthe  suppression  of  off  suppression programme o the programme out the carry out  carry

opposition.  an  opposition. anti­American the strongest  anti-Americ the strongest

and massive massive  "social reform" was one reform" and one "social  The plan was  Lansdale plan The Lansdale

ingredient,  its major ingredient, reform as its major  pressure; the land reform as  former havingg  land  the  former havin pressure;

in succeeded  in  Lansdale Lansdale succeeded n. Colonel Colonel  exterminatio ination.  the latter, and latter, exterm and the 

ression  reform­supp the reform-sup pression initiating the in initiating Magsaysay  and  and in  electing  Magsaysay electing

later,  decade  later, than  aa decade more  than campaign  against  but more Huks, but  theHuks,  againstthe  campaign for  "victory" for officials  have  claimed"victory"  haveclaimed  thousands  of  of officials although  thousands although different.  In  seemed  different. results  seemed the  results plan,  the In Lansdale­CIA  the  Lansdale-C IA plan, the

the  that the states  that  Manila  states from Manila dispatch  from  UPI  dispatch 1967,  aa  UP February  1967, February

dangerous",    very  "potentially again  Huks  ' "Communistt"  dangerous very "potentially areare again Huks "Communis 126 126 

That ifif  That "low li "low ving  living standa standa rdsrds per sist,  persis land re t, ifif land form  does reform does no nott 

take pl ace...th take e  whole  place. .. the whole situatio could  blow  situation  n could up  in in a  blow up year an d  a  a year and a

half".  half". (Colon (Colon el el  Lansd Lansda ale,le, as t as the he world world k nows,  knows after  his , after his gre great at  "victoyry" in  "victor in thethe Ph Philipp ilippin ines,es,  was sen was sent t on on to  to South South Vietna Vietnam,  m, to  to achiev e the sam the same achieve results with  withthe "V e  results the "Vietco ng"".  ietcong

The task The ta sk  of of  guidin g  the  guiding the "free press" "free p ress"  in Asia  during in Asia during  this this 

period period was was  assum assumeed d  by  by anoth anothe err  press press  organ organiz ization ation, , the the  INTERN ATIONA L  PRESS PRESS  INSTITU INTER NATIO ,  with he NAL adquararters ters in  INSTITTEUTE, with headqu inSwitze Switzerr­

land, w hich just just ha land, ppened which to be f ormed  during happe ned  to be formed Korean   war,  during the  the Korean war, 1951, with with funds inin 1951, funds report reporte dly  provid provide edly d  by by the the CIA-F CIA­Ford ed ord 

Found Foundation ation and and Rocke feller Rockef eller Found Foundations .  TheThe  ations. "CONG RESS "CONGR ESS  FOR CULTUAL  RALFREEDO FOR  CULTUR FREEDMOM" "Praeg " and and er" the the publish "Praeg ing er" publishing firm  firmboth both parts of f the parts o CIA's's "invisi the CIA bleble em "invisi empire ", were pire",  also were al founde so foun d ded  inin 1951. 1951.  (In (In 1959 1959 the the chairm chairman  an of of  the the IPI IPI  was was  Mr. Mr. Barry Barry 

Binghaam, m,  a a Truste Trustee  Bingh of  the the Rocke Rockef e of eller  Found Foundation. ation.  The feller The 

feeling feelings of  s of warmth warmt h of  of the the  Rocke Rockeffellers ellers  for  for Asia Asia  is is certain certainly  ly

related to related to Indo Indone nesia  sia as as a  major s a major ource  of  source petroleum of petrole um sup ply  and supply and  industrial ial Jap industr an, as  Japan the numbe , as the number one  r one oil  markett.) oil marke .) 

I I had  had writte written n to  to the the  Ford Ford  Found Foundation  ation and  and asked  askedif if it  it

contributed contrib uted  to the  to the IPI and IPI and  was tol was told d  that  thatI I should should  write write to to  the the 

headqu arters  tzerlan headq d,  directly uarter This I  s in Swi in Switze did twice twice  asking rland, asking  directl. y. This I did

the the ir's IPI'S  sourc source e of  of incom income e and  and on on Octob Octobe err  17,  17, 1966,  1966, I I was was  advised advise that the d that the ans wer  answe could n r could ot be be give not givenn  becaus because "som e "some e  of  of it it

naturallly ly requ ires  natura require s researc researh into  ch intomateria materil alburied  archi­ buriedin in our  our archi-

ves". Since Since t hat date ves". date  inform that ation h nono inform been  forthco forthcoming, ation hasas been ming, 

and inin the the ligh recent  events, and would  light t ofof recent seem wise  to conclude  events , it it would seem

wise to conclude that that if  if and and  when when aa detaile detailed reportt  is mad d repor is made, e,  that  that some  some of  of the the 

anticipated ated  "found anticip "foundations" ations"  will will lea d  directly lead directly  or  indirecctly or indire tly  to to 

the CIA..  the CIA

The INTER The  NATIO INTERN NALL PRESS ATIONA INSTITTE  PRESS  INSTITU UTE hasproclai proclaim has  edthat  that  . med  it is  extremely interested  in  Asian  journals,  "particularly  those  published  in  Asian languages,  to give  advice  and  trainin g  to  editorial and  management  staff".  Its  actions^  in  Asia  in  the  past decade  prove that  this had  been  no more  idle  wish.  But,  a strange feature  of  this  and  the  CIA­inspired  Interna tional  organization,  is  that they  all  exclude  China  from  Asia  . 

it is extremely interested in Asian ls, "particularly those published in Asian languages, to journa give advice and training to

editorial and management staff'. Its actions in Asia in the past decade prove that this had been no more idle wish. But,

a strange feature of this and the CIA-inspired "International organization, is that they all exclude China from "Asia"

127 127 

firmly­based report AA firmly-based report tells tells that that prior prior toto 1959, a  1959, a young young 

rightist journ rightist alist  in  journalist Colombo,  Ceylon, in Colombo, Ceylon,  who  had  very who had very  close close 

connections  with connections with the the then  Prime Minist then Prime er, was Minister, was also  very much also very much 

at at home centrally-loc home inin the the  ated centrally­loca ted US US sound-film sound­film equipment equipment 

concern concern  named "West named "Westrex": rex" :  a a  place  place that  that many many  knowing knowing  CeyCey­

lonese considered lonese consid the CIAheadquarters  ered  the CIA  headquarterfor  s forCeylon.  Ceylon. In  In 1959 1959 

and the fall  and the fall ofof the the  right­leaning, right-leaning   pro­American , pro-America   Government,  n Governmen t,

which  itit isis said which said the the CIA CIA  diligently supported, diligently supported,  the the  post post  of  of

"Director For Asia" "Director Fo of theof INTERNATIO r  Asia"  the  INTERNATIONA NAL PRESS INSTITUTE L  PRESS  INSTITUTE  was offered  was to and  offered to was accepted  and was acceptedby  by this same you this same young ng  journalist,  journalist, Tarzie Tarzie  Vitachi. Vitachi. 

Mr.  Vitachi  Mr. made his  Vitachi made headquarters sin  his headquarter in London,  London, but  he  but he spent much  time in  Asia,  locating young  journalists to  whom  he could  he could give give  "advice". "advice". Because Because events events in  oil­rich Indonesia in oil-rich Indonesia  after 1958  were not  exactly in accordance  with the desires of  the  Rockefeller's oil concerns,  Rockefeller's oil concerns,the  theUS  US State  State Department, Department,  the CIA,  the CIA, or with  Mr. Vitachi, the  IPI  concentrated  much  of  its  Asian  energies energies in  in this this area. area. 

spent much time in Asia, locating young journalists to whom

after 1958 were not exactly in accordance with the desires of the

or with Mr. Vitachi, the IP concentrated much of its Asian

One  such such  iPI One IPI discovery discovery was was Mochtar Mochtar  Lubis, Lubis,  Tokyo Tokyo  Corresponden Correspondentt for  ANTARA,  the Indonesia for ANTARA, n  Government  the Indonesian News  Government News Asency,  who who was in  the  time  of  Agency, the  Korean  was in Japan in  Japan in1950 at  1950 at the time of the Korean war.  This was  a  time of  great patriotism  among  the  American  community in community in  Japan and  Japan andit was also  it was alsoa  aperiod  periodof of strong  strong anti­ antiCommunism.  What editorial  viewpoint  Mr.  Lubis  held  at  that time  that time isis unknown  unknown but  but itit isis known  that the known that the top Indon top Indonesian esian  strongman,  General  strongman, General Abdul  Haris  Nasution, Abdul Haris Nasution,  wished wished  to to send send  Indonesian tro ops  to fight  Indonesian alongside  the troops the US forces to fight alongside against  the the  US forces  against Koreans. Koreans.  InIn 1958,  when the CIA 1958, when   was trying  the CIA was trying toto overthrow  overthrow President President  Sukarno,  Lubis  was  in  Djakarta,  writing  editorials  for  the  "Indonesian Raya, Raya", and and his "Indonesian his views at th at  time  were  so views at that so  much much  time were on  the  side  of  the  "Free  World"  that  another  Rockefeller  organization, , the  organization the "Magsaysay A "Magsaysay Award ward  Committee"  Committee" of  of Manila,  Manila, gave him  gave hima prize  a prizefor  for"Asian  "AsianJournalism"  Journalism"in in the  amount  the amount of  of $ 10,000.  In this same  year  of 1958,  this paper  was  suppressed 

war. This was a time of great patriotism among the American Communism. What editorial viewpoint Mr. Lubis held at

Sukarno, Lubis was in Djakarta, writing editorials for the on the side of the "Free World" that another Rockefeller

$ 10,000. In this same year of 1958, this paper was suppressed

128 128 

oror under placed inin prison journalist was house  under house and prison  was placed  young journalist  the young and the too onerous  was not  This latter  Mr. Lubis, arrest. This seems, for Mr. Lubis,  onerous itit seems, for  not too latter was arrest.

journalist"  "great  journalist" called  a  press  called a "great World" press "Free  World" the  "Free (whom  the (whom Con­ IPR  Conan IPR attend an to attend and permitted  to was permitted critic") was "fearless  critic") and  "fearless

was "honoured".  "honoured" naturally, he  he was 1961, where  where naturally, Israel in  in Israel in 1961, ference  in ference was  Djakarta" was In Djakarta" "Twilight In book  "Twilight 1964 Mr. InIn 1964  Lubis' book Mr. Lubis'

anti­ strongly  antiwas strongly it was although  it and  although York  and New  York in New published  in  published

unlike injured, unlike  was not injured, "fearless" Mr. Lubiss was not  in tone, the  "fearless" Mr. Lubi Sukarno in tone, the Sukarno to who were soon to  were  soon supporters who  Sukarno's supporters many of so President  Sukarno's of President so many 

thousands.  of thousands. in hundreds of  be slaughtered  slaughtered in hundreds  be that  events  that bloody events the bloody after the days after few days but a  a few 1965, but InIn 1965,  followed  the  "September  30th  Incident"  in  Indonesia,  Mr.  Vitachi "Asian Director" of the  INTERNATIONAL  PRESS  INSTITUTE,  what knew what  who knew  with those people who  those  people conferringg with  in Djakarta, was Djakarta, conferrin was in  of the the  One of  to happen. happen.  One going  to  was  going what  was and  what happened  and had had happened "Free of a a "Free  restorationof  the restoration  was  the  ought was "press chief" sought this "press chief" s things things this World"  press  in  Indonesia.  But  a  few  months  later  Mr.  Mochtar  Lubis  was invited  to  Manila  by  the  "Magsaysay  Award Committee" to  be given  a  special award  of $25,000  to  rightwing  (A rightwing establishment of  the  establishment in the newspaper.(A  him  in his newspaper.  aid  ofhis  aid him board  executive board of the the executive  a member of  who was was a member  publisher, who  Manila Manila publisher, machinery  printing  other  press and  rotary  of  the IPI  donated a 

followed the "September 30th Incident" in Indonesia, Mr. Vitachi "Asian Director* of the INTERNATIONAL PRESS INSTITUTE,

World" press in Indonesia. But a few months later Mr. Mochtar Lubis was invited to Manila by the "Magsaysay

Award Committee" to be given a special award of $25,000 to

of the ipI donated a rotary press and other printing machinery Mr. Lubis.) to Lubis.)  to Mr. 

the  1957 by  by the in 1957 established  in  award" was  was established The "Magsaysay  "Magsaysay award" The

commemorate  who sought to  commemorate York, who sought to of New York, Brotherss of New  Rockefeller Rockefeller Brother by  guidance ?)  under CIA  ?) by rit" (killing Huks  CIA guidance the "Magsaysay spi (killing Huks under "Magsaysay spirit" the

that stipulated that  was stipulated  $500,000. ItIt was of $500,000.  donation of an initial initial donation  making making an  "Asians"  to  annually  "Asians" given  to to be  annually were  given be to $10,000 each  were prizes of  of $10,000 each prizes Manila, so  Located  in  it".  Located so in Manila, who best typified  the Magsaysay "spirit. best typified the Magsaysay "spir who

would seem York, it would  seem  in New CENTRE York, it  in  New  ROCKEFBLLER from thethe  far ROCKEFELLER  CENTRE  far from 

Kurosawa, might  the prize­winners,  of the might that some  as Akira Kurosawa, such as Akira  prize-winners, such  some of that

fortune. their good fortune.  base oftheir good  petroleum base of  the petroleum  of the unaware of  been unaware have been  have Mr. that aMr.  Manilathat a  fromManila  reportedfrom  October 12, 1966,  Ap reported  On October 12, 1966, AP  On

sending  API,  was  the API, representative of  the local  was sending Charles Green,  of the local representative Green, the Charles the  repair  to  Djakarta  to  the men  repair and  to parts  Djakarta to men printing­machine  and parts printing-machine 129 129 

Green  .  . Mr.  Mr. Green rolling startrolling couldstart  is  paper c paperould  the Lubis thatthe Lub sothat  pressess so  presse ital"  l" ian cap capita ndonessian already the Indone y  inin the I Vitach was alread i i was  Tarzie Vitach that "Tarzie said that said also  also ATION  IATION ASSOCI S  ASSOC S EDITOR EDITOR AND  AND ERS  HERS PUBLISH PUBLIS "THE JA JAPANPAN  that  "THE and that and

ese se  Japan Japane two  send two will send IPI  will The  ipI projec. t. The the project in the  ingin  ting  assist isis assis

ta next next  week."  to Djakarta s to  experts expert

per­ seems  to  to per  oily film oily film  seems rlier  noted  that an been ea notedthat an earlier has been ItIt has  and    and

culture andculture media and  mass  media Asia's mass of Asia's aspectss of  o  many  many aspect meate sso meate

founda­eller  founda Rockeffeller the various s Rocke g  from  from the  am  flowin flowing the stre stream that the that

nds  foundation fu tion funds d/or  l CIA founda d  with an parallel CIA  orparalle em  to blen with and tions se to blend seem tions sly  usly of  these  previou

One of these previo ives. One  r  similar objectves.  similar  objecti seekingg  to cove to cover seekin s" estabestab­ Houses"  ational l House "Intern of the chain hain  of  "Internationa ned isis the c not mentioned  not mentio and  o  Chicag ley,  Berkeley, Chicago and Tokyo,, Berke Standard Oil  in Tokyo grantsin  lished b rd Oil grants  byy  Standa lished here  atmosp friendlyy atmos phere making purpos g  aa friendl the purpo see  ofof makin York, f New York, foror the New

ions  Champ nge  grants pions cultural­excha nts of  grants. . Cham recipients ting recipie l-exchange of cultura visiting forfor visi le le  valuab valuab a a  serve serve  they they  at  that state th hostels" state mic  hostels "acadeemic these  "acad ofof these that    charge that critics  r,  while  travelleer, while critics charge the travell e at  to the  costto  purposse low cost  atlow  purpo er Asiaticss toget togethher    all  to keep all Asiatic tend  keep States  to ited  tend the Un United States the thre in the threee in  the easily  more  be  easily can  ey  more be here th can ors—w they professsors--where and  profes udents both st ts  and studen both easy  for  for ghettoes"  "cultu make it it easy these  es" make  That  ral ghetto ed.  "cultural  observ these That observed. an  Americ only  meet  only American se  to  Japaneese stly  Japan to meet rs—mo travelle ostly Asiatic  travell ers-m Asiatic the  by  d  en  infecte have be whom have infected by the es, ,so  been ic circl academ of whom many of  so many  circles mic acade

CIA. CIA. 

the  can't the "Whycan't  are:"Why  asked re:  singly asked a ng  increas increaingly  ons bei being Questiions Quest

the  ement  leave  management leave the Oil manag tandardd  Oil eller­Standar Rockef the Rocke feller-S CIA an andd the CIA t ?"  though t?" of free  though fraid  free of  they a " "Are "Are they afraid alone ?" rs alone ? world's scholars  s  schola world' the  g  part  of the exposin part of  ing after  II had  had written, , expos s later, Months later,  after Month

rs and  "editors and sixty"edito Asia,sixty  in inAsia,  ontrol  ol press-contr of press­c web of  ng  web  foregoiing forego

ber  1,  Septem on Septe Manila on 1, mber ies met countries ers" fro met  inin Manila publish fromm 1515 countr hers" publis ASIA  n OFOF ASIA, TION  DaTIO FOUNDA FOUn a  "PRESS  eded a "PrEss launch

lyly launch formal and formal 1967 1967 and

office  all  office regiona ration ". AA region l  cooper coopeation". regionaal mote  ote region to "pro "prom (PFA) to (PFA) Seoul  for Seoul nce  voted  voted for  conference Singapore and ore and  a a confere nned  for Singap d for  was pla planne was the  wealthy, 

that  the wealthy, ant  that signific was signifi 1968.  ItIt  cant 15­17,  April 15-17 on April was , 1968. on the  of the officia lof  r high official forme high  n, -a former m  Ceylon Ceylo,—a  her, fro from  publisher,

t publis rightist rightis

press  "Asian"" press new"Asian the new  forgingg  the  in  forgin role  in key  role d  aa key ayed IPI—playe IPI-pl

130 130 

organ. organ,  AP AP reported: reported: "The "The new new organization organization  will will  take take  over over 

the role  the played by role played by the the  IPI'S  eight­year old  ipr's eight-year Asian  old Asian programme  programme

with the with the ipi IPI  in in  an an  advisory  advisory capacity."  capacity." Observers  Observers assumed  assumed that the that the fiscal  fiscal relationship relationship with with IPI  IPI and and  itsits  secret sponsors secret sponsors  would also  would also continue. continue. 

131 131 

The Screen  Golden  Screen The  Golden is still  deepstill aa deep­ US films  films is CIA in US theCIA in  the role ofthe  Although  the role of  Although

secret, itit has been  dark secret, US the US  the past the  in the past  that for long in  known that for long  has been known  dark Air Force  to filmNavy and  helpfulto film­ veryhelpful  Army, Navy beenvery  have been  Force have  and Air Army,

making everything from films;; making everything from  of war war films  production of  their production makers in  their makers  in

line to savages available,  ships to to ships providing the story line  soldiers,  to savages available, providing the story  soldiers, the Pentagon's met approval.  Pentagon's  approval. met the  role in a recognised "WINNING  in "WINNING recognised role  Hollywood's has a  output has Hollywood's output

OFFENSIVE",  according  WARIDEOLOGICAL IDEOLOGICAL  OFFENSIVE", THE COLD  WAR.  THE  COLD the accordingtO to the  e, studying  of the impact of  US Congressional committe of a  words of Congressional committee, studying the impact  a US words in January  January report issued  issued in official  report an official abroad.  InIn an  films abroad. Hollywood films  Hollywood

revealed  based  Britain, results were  surveys madein inBritain,  1964, results uponsurveys made  basedupon  were revealed 1964, learn  to  which had sought  Germany,  West  and  Italy  France,  learn to sought had which France, Italy and West Germany,

result of as aresult of  or worse the US better liked the US  whether worse as a  better or  movie­goers liked  whether  movie-goers

with  comparison  with in comparison US films  rated  US they rated how  they American films,  films in films, how American

that Hollytheir own  thoughtthat Holly­ theythought  extentthey  to whatextent  movies andto what  own movies and  their

the truth  life. wood told  American life.  about American  truth about  told the wood

world's the world's  American films were surveys showed that were the  The that American films  The surveys showed  cent  per cent an 86  own films  gave their  The British  most popular.  86 per films an their own British gave popular. The most

their  West Germany  and  US films  rating  and rated their Germany rated  cent. West per cent.  84 per  US films 84  rating 41 per  cent. per cent.  58 per  output at  own output the American films 41 and the American films  cent and  percent  at 58 own

best  products  best own film  their own Italians rated  the  Italians of the cent  of film products rated their per cent 7474 per 

only West  the  only France was  per cent.  67 per got 67 Hollywood  got and  Hollywood West was the cent. France and Frenchmen  The Frenchmen that showed  opposite result. The  anopposite result.  European land  showed an  land that European rating,  cent  rating, per  cent 74  per rated  their  witha a 74 bestwith  own films best  theirown films  rated

Italian ffilms Italian ilms  next  nextwith  witha a 45 per c 45 per cent, ent,  and  and US films US films   third third with with 

26 per per cent .  The 26 The polls, polls, ta cent. ken  by  taken by private  private public o pinion  polling public opinion polling 

concern concernss in  in each of  each ofthe thre the three e  countrie countries, revea s, reveale led dthat  that American  n

films films  were the  "most  were the "most enjoyab enjoyable" of all. le" of a ll. That this s was That thi becaus was  e  because of of the the weal wealth th  and  and high  high standa standarrd d  of living of living  in in the the United United S States tates 

and  the the carefre and carefreee  attitude attitude  of of the the citizen citizens personif s  person ied—an ified--a d  nd admired—on  admired --on the the scre screen en  was not was not   mention mentioned,  ed, althoug although h obvio obvious us. . Many m Many ovie­goe movie-g rs  compla oers complained of  ined of the gang the gangste ster film r films, s,  the  the killings  killings

and  the the brut ality  depicted and while ot brutality hers vo iced  opposit depicted,,  while others voiced opposition  to the 

ion to the simple  black  simple black and  moralityy  tales and white  white moralit tales  endles endlesslsly y  told  the  told in  in the Westernns, s,  by by make ­believe Wester make-b elieve  cowboy lgarity,  cowboys. s. Sex, vu Sex, vulgarit m  y, and "fil and "film

Propaga Propag nda" for anda" the Am for  the erican  America way were n way were  also also denoun denounced. ced. 

Many deplore deplored Many d  the the supe rficiality superfi the film  ciality  ofof the stories,  film stories yet  , yet

the sum  the sumtotal of  total ofthe  the surveys surveys  was tha Hollywood's fil was thatt  Hollywo ms  were od's films were 

good in  s, ergo,  ted  States good States w in the mas the mass, as good .  Althoug ergo, the Uni the United was good. Although h these po lls  were  June an these polls were taken  d  July July  1962, 1962,  surpris taken in  surprisiingly, in June ngly,  and

there there  is  is no  no referenc referene  ce made  made in  in either either  comme comment  nt or or catego category ry,, 

continuing high toto the  the continu ing high  proport s  in in Hollywo proportion  Hollywood's  ion of  of war film war films od's

output. Obviou Obvious ly, this  output. was cut  from the sly, the Con this was gression cut from al  Report, Congre ssional Report, 

for it isis imposs for it  to imagin impossiible ble to  e  that imagine that the the West ns, West Germa German s,  for for 

examplee, ,  would  ignore tthe he  brash  exampl wouldtotally  totally ignore n  Gl's  brashyoung  young America American Gl's

forever  being  forever beingmilitary nd  winning military  heroes a heroes and winning World  almost  WorldWar  WarII II almost single­handed.  the  many many qu single-h otations anded. Of  irate British Of the British  and and  quotatio ns  from  from irate

French  viewers French viewers on  on other  aspects  of  other aspects Hollywood film of Hollywo s,  there od films, there  is is  nothing quoted  nothing Films". Althoug quoted about  about"War  Althoug "War Films". h these  polls  were were  h these polls

taken taken  when when  the the  popularity ity of of US US Pres Preside ident  nt John John Kenned Kennedy y was was 

still atat a  high lev el, the the world world had had not not forg still otten  a high that the level, the sam forgotte n that samee  smiling  young young P resident smiling   had  authoriz Preside ed  nt had authorized the the inva sion  invasio n of Cuba of Cuba,, 

not many many m not onths  before. before.  months

ItIt was was Preside ntt Kenned Presiden Kennedyy who had  origina who had llyly escalat original edd  escalate

the  war war  in  the Vietnam in Vietna from  the the  adviso m  from advisorry y  role role  of of the the  800 800  US US  troops  when  Preside troops when Presidennt t  Eisenh Eisenhoower wer  was  the  White White H was inin the ouse  House

at the the end end of of 1960 1960  to  the  30,000 a  afew    later.  atHollywo While  tomade fr the 30,000 fewmonths months later. throu  While od had  long  iends fo Hollywood had long made friends r  the  United S tates  for the United States throughout  the worl d,  this  ghout the world, alter  this light­he light-hearted  artedpopular populaity  rity dwindle dwindled d after

133 133 

President Johnson launched  launchedthe US  the USattack  attack upon  upon North  North Vietnam President Johnson  Vietnam  in February February  1965. 1965.  As As previous previous  pages pages  have have  indicated, indicated,  the the  in newest  "popularity  polls"  taken taken  throughout throughout  the the  world world  are are  newest popularity polls"

"top secret", indicating the US  US popularity "top secret",  indicating the  popularity  has has  now now changed changed 

into its opposite,—unpopularity.  into its opposite, -unpopularity. hint  this  sobering  reality reality  seen seen  is is US US press press  AA hint ofof this sobering reports  from from  Hollywood, Hollywood,  late  March, 1967, 1967,  which which  ask: ask:  reports late in  in March,

"Is there any significance in  in the  the fact  fact that  that there  there have  have been "Is there  any significance  been  no no  major American war movieswith  with top­flight  top-flight casts basedon  on the  the major American  war movies  casts based  current war in patriotic fervour that accompanicurrent war  in Vietnam?...The Vietnam?...The patriotic fervour that accompani­ ed and World is absent couned  World World  War War  II and  World War War IIII is  absent across across the the coun­

try, a a  major factor  Hollywood's attitude  towards a  Vietnam  try, major factor inin Hollywood's attitude towards a Vietnam product...If Hollywood Hollywood isis any  barometer  of  attitudes,  product...If any barometer of popular  popular attitudes,

then war in Vietnam does not wring a sympathetic response then the the war  in Vietnam  does not  wring a sympathetic  response  from public at large". from the the public at  large".  The only film that fit into  into this of ultraThe only film  that might might fit  this  category category  of  ultra­ patriotic,  against­the­grain  pro­Vietnam  war  propaganda,  patriotic, against-the-grain pro-Vietnam war propaganda, is  is one beingmade  madeby  bya a producer  producer known  known for one  being  for  his his conservativeconservative­ rightist views,  "GREEN  BeReTS". BERETS".  There  have  rightist views, and  andthe film  the film is  is "gReEn There have

been vaguerumours  rumoursthat  thatthe  theCIA  CIA either had  either hador  orwould "put  would "put up  up been  vague  help bring  this film  to the screen,  aa bundle"  bundle" toto help bring this film to the screen,but  butthat is  that islittle  little more than  On this  level  there has even  more than gossip.  gossip. On this level there has evenbeen  beentalk  talk that  that such mysterious mysterious money  such money was advanced  was advancedto bring  to bringabout  about the filming  the filming of on the  the River  River Kwai"  Kwai' of the the particular particular version version  of of the the  "Bridge "Bridge on  order to  erase the  inin order to erase the image of  image of "cruel Japan" when  "cruel Japan" when Washington  Washington decided  it  decided it wanted  wantedJapan as  Japan asiis Eastern  its Easternbastion.  bastion.The  Thereality  reality of  of

the "Kwai" "Kwai"  bridge­building by by the the Japanese Japanese  Imperial  the bridge-building Imperial Army,  Army, using prisoners­of­war  using prisoners-of-waras forced  as forcedlabour,  labour, was unlike Hollywood's  was unlike Hollywood's

film. Thousands Thousands died died  or  pows  were were  film. or were  weremurdered,  murdered,and  andall  all pows

almost death.AsAs  almost  starved starved  to to death.  recently  February  20, 1967,  recently asas  February 20, 1967,

participant of of the  barbarous construction  aa participant the barbarous constructionproject,  project,an  an Austra­ Austra-

lian, Colonel Colonel J.J. M.  Williams,  wrote  the  ASAHI Newspaper Newspaper  lian, M. Williams, wrote toto the AsAHI Tokyo, from from Malaysia, Malaysia,  protesting protesting at  prettification  of  inin Tokyo, at the  the prettification of the film.  recalling the the terrible  days, he  things were  the film. InIn  recalling terrible days, he said  said that  that things were

"considerably different"  movie  and and  that that  the the  "considerably different" than  than shown in  shown in the  the movie

prisoners  were  or cooperative cooperative as  shown.  prisoners werenot "compliant"  not "compliant" or as shown. 134 134 

itit is  is beca because use  som eone some one at somme  at so e plac e  sudd place suddenly

decided enly deci ded  on on 

an untru untrue-toan e­to­life v ersioion life vers n  of  of histo history  of  the the p ry of eriodd  1941 perio 1941  to  1945,  to 1945 , boldlly y  proc bold proclaim ing  laim ingthat  that Japa n  was  Japan wasnot  not crue cruel l durin g  Wor duri World  ng ld War II, II,  War and h er  arm and armiies es  did  her butcher  did not  not butc way  thro her its  throu its way ghou ugh outt  Southeast Sou thea  stAsia Asia .  .Tod Today,  ay, in in  Sing Singapo aporre e  and and Hon Hon gkon gko g,  ng,

moun mou ting ddem nting eman ands ds  are b are eing bein  gmad mad e  upon e upon   Japa Japa n to  n topay  pay

"blo "bloo od  d ans who civilians  who  were were 

debt debtss" the "  to to th families o e  fami lies of f  the the thou thousand sands of  s of civili

slaughtere slaug htered d by  by Japa Japanese nese troo ps an troop d  whos s and whose e bone bones are s are  now  now bein being g  disco discovere vered d.. 

Some  Japanese Som e Japa nese film­ film-make makrs, ers,unab see  Was Washing unable to hington's le to  see ton s  true  role, role, and and acce accepting pting  the true the Pen Pent agon   expe expedien dient  abso lutio tago n t absolutionn  for such such mass for ingly   have masacres sacr, es,seem  com e  to  seem belie ingly ve  have come to believethat  the  that the bad  thing things nev bad er  rhapp s neve .  . Once happened ened n film Once agai s—no t  t nove agai n films ls—a --no re  nove ls -are revellling ling  in  reve inthe  the w the cult  cult of  arrio of the and once warr once agai ior,r, and movies ies  are again n mov are  begin ning gto  beg innin to cond the  Japa condition Japanese ition  the le  for  nese  peop armiies people es  and and  for arm

war.  Two Tworetir  retired ed US US d iplom war. withlong  long  experience  in  Asia,  diplo matsats, , with experience in Asia, former  Amb

former Ambassad assaor dorWill Sebaald, ld,  one William  one­-tim iam J.J.  Seb timee  polit political ical  advis er to  adviser toGene Genral  McA eralDou rthur Douglas  glas McArthur  during the  occnpatio pat.on  the occu n of  Jap Japaan, n,  and  ofDepa andC. C. Nels Nelson onSpin the Stat Spinks, ks, form State formerly  erly ofof  the e  during 

rtment,  Departm ent,state arism statd edrecen recetly  not  dea ntlythat  deadd  in  that milit militaris m  isis  not in

Japa n::  Japan

ecen yearss  the  "In"In rrece ntt  year thereviv on  pictu revival of pictures al of  moti res  exto motion extollling ling  the v irtuees s  of  the virtu ofthe  the warr leavees warrior  s  no  ior leav doubt  that even no doub even  the t that the 

psychological impact of defeat and a foreign military occupation have not significantly altered this aspect of

psychological  impact  of  defeat  and  a  foreign  military  occupation  have not  significantly  alter ed  this  aspect  of  the Japanese character". 

the Japanese character"

It would be a real CIA triumph if they did bring

It  would  be  a  real  CIA  triumph  if  they  did  bring  "River  Kwai" or  "Green  Beret" to  the  screen­and  s  cre  y  for  this  would  be  in  the  now  well­esta blished  tradition  of  having scholars  prepare  a  completely  "objective  wo  k  tro  material  provided  by  the  CIA  and  in  acc,ardance  with  CIA  pre­determined  conclusions  i.e.  we  need  aP  there_  in  Asia,  a  "democratic  partner in  the " Free  fore  Japan is  a  "democratic  partner  . 

"River Kwai" or "Green Beret to the screen- and secretlyfor this would be in the well-established tradition of having scholars prepare anow com pletely "objective" work, from mat eria l prov ided by the CIA and in accordance with CIA pre-determined conclusio n as an ally in Asia, a "democratic partnsneri.e.inwethenee"Fred Japa e World"; therefore Japan is a "democratic partner' 135 135 

AA much subtle conditioning isis that of Walt much more more subtle conditioning  that of  Walt Disney Disney  in so-called"True­Life  True-Life Adventures". It isis doubtful in his his so­called  Adventures".  It  doubtful  that that  the CIA  paid anything  towards  the  production  of of these these films,  the CIA paid anything towards the production films,

for for they they are are the the products products  of of one one of of the the most most successful successful  American  businessmen businessmen  in in the  post­war  era,  Walt  Disney. Disney.  American the post-war era, Walt Because  of  people  have have  Because ofthese films  these filmshundreds  hundredsof ofmillions  millions of  of people

been thatwarfare  warfareis isthe law  the lawof oflife.  life.And been  CONVINCED CONVINCED  that  And  in in  this warfare, warfare,  the the  strongest strongest  will  and  should should  win. win.  Through Through  this will and the use  animals  assembled assembled  in a  which they they are are  the use of  of animals in asituation  situation in  in which encouraged,  pitted  against  each  and  prevented prevented  from from  encouraged, pitted against each other  other and avoiding conflict, conflict, these "true" films  have been been  created. created.  Based Based  avoiding these "true" films have

upon this perverted Darwinism,the  the"patriot"  "patriot" "Disney,  Disney, was upon  this  perverted  Darwinism,  was  able to PROvE by "nature's law"  "nature's law" that United States able to  PROVE  by  that the the United  States  should should  dominate world because was strongest  strongest since  since it  it secured dominate  the the world  because it it was  secured  the atom atom  bomb. bomb.  Through Through  pitting pitting seals, seals,  tigers, tigers,  lions, lions,  ants, ants,  the snakes,  birds,  death",  snakes, birds, and even  and evenspiders  spidersin  ina a "struggle to  "struggle to the  the death"

Walt Disney fooled of millions of people and made  made it  it Walt Disney  fooled hundreds hundreds of  millions of  people and 

easy them to accept domination. This was only easy  for for  them to  accept American American domination.  This was only  "God's survival of the fittest. "God's law"-the law"—the survival of  the fittest.  The use of films  of films to  to subtly the minds  minds of The use  subtly  corrupt corrupt  the  of  millions millions  has  been been  often  March, Senator Senator  J. William  has oftennoted.  noted. Recently, in  Recently, in March, J. William Fulbright, Fulbright,  Chairman Chairman  of of  the the US US Senate Senate  Foreign Foreign  Relations Relations  Committee,  assailed  This  Committee, assaileda aUS  US Defence  DefenceDepartment film.  Department film. This war propaganda propaganda  "documentary"  being  distributed distributed  throughout throughout  war "documentary" being the United United States, States,  entitled entitled  "Why  Vietnam?"  "explained" "explained"  the "Why Vietnam?" why the  United States  8,000  miles miles  why the United States became  becameinvolved  involvedin a  in a war  war 8,000

from its ownshores.  shores.Senator  SenatorFulbright  Fulbrightcalled  calledit it"pure  "pure profrom its own  pro­ paganda" in that  that it  it sought depict the who were paganda" in  sought to to depict  the Vietnamese Vietnamese who  were  defending  their  defending theirhome and  home andagainst  againstthe  theattacks  attacksof  ofthe  the United  United

States, asthe  the"aggressors".  "aggressors".The film  The film portrayed  portrayedHitler  Hitler and States, as  and  Mussolini as aggressors had failed "check" until  until Mussolini as aggressors  the the US US had  failed  to to"check"  too late,  but  this this time  learned  from from these these  too late, but time in  in Vietnam,  Vietnam, having  having learned

past  errors, errors,  the the  United United  States States  had had  gone gone  to to war  Vietnam.  past war in  in Vietnam.

"Uncle" Ho Ho  was equated  monster  Hitler!  "Uncle" ChiChi Minh  Minh was equatedwith  with the  the monster Hitler!

136 136 

relation to the  previously­cited  tampering tampering  with  inIn relation history  to the previously-cited with history

theme, of great theme,  it significance that the  it seems seems of  that the pentagon great significance  chose pentagon chose 

the  Korean War  the Korean Waras an example  as an exampleof ofwar  the  warin inAsia,  Asia,and  andnot  not the

Pacific war  States  fought fought against Pacific against Japan.  warin inwhich  whichthe  the United  United States Japan.

Here was  Here wasa aHitler, a  Hitler, aMussolini but  Mussolini but no Tojo.  no Tojo.

In "educational film" Chi Minh was said to  to be In this this "educational film"   Ho Ho Chi  Minh  was said  be  "planning a reign "planning  a  reign  of of  terror terror  in in South South  Vietnam Vietnam  in in which which 

children alike will be  be victims". children  and and  adults adults alike will  was said victims".  Nothing Nothing  was said 

the actual  ofof the actualalmost friendly  almost friendly"terror" of  "terror" of US napalming  US napalmingof  men,  of men,

women andchildren of  children ofNorth and  North and South Vietnam: the  South Vietnam: the chemical women and  chemical 

defoliation of foodcrops and  defoliation  of food  crops andthe  theinhuman  inhumanshelling of  shelling of interior  interior villages  from  villages American  battleships  from American battleshipslying offshore,  lying offshore,killing  killing all  all

life life indiscriminately. indiscriminately.  The Vietnamese had The Vietnamese  had  learned learned  to to defend defend  themselves against  themselves againstthe attack  the attackof  ofUS  USplanes but  planes but were  helpless in  were helpless in

the faceof  of the deadly  the deadly cannonfire.  the face  cannonfire. Hollywood  cannot Hollywood cannot stomach  stomachthis  this as  as story  story material, material,  but but  this is  Disney  and this is what  what Disney and  the  Pentagon  proclaim  the Pentagon as  immutable proclaim as immutable 

law.  laW.

History History is is Arranged Arranged  While film­makers  creating  "natural  While laws"  that film-makers were  that  were creating "natural laws"

justify  the  other American American agencies, justify the US  agencies,  USrole  rolein  in world  world affairs,  affairs, other ostensibly  private,  assumed  ostensibly private,were  werearranging  arranginghistory so  history so that  that it  it assumed

the proper  agencies  was  the propercourse.  previously­ course. One of  One of these  these agencies wasthe  the previously-

mentioned mentioned "INTERNATIONAL "INTERNATIONAL RESCUE RESCUE  MISSION" MISSION". 

This  organization organization  was  founded  in  This the 1930's, 1930's,  when, was founded when,  in the

apparently  in  American intelligence apparently intelligence  in close  close connection  connection with  withAmerican

agencies, it  itplayed a  agencies, played arole in  role in "rescuing" some  Germans  from "rescuing" some Germans from  Hitler's realm. After 1945 it turned  it turned to aiding any  Hitler's realm.  to aiding anyand  After 1945  and all  all key key  people to "flee communism". people to "flee commun The long-time head of this "Rescue ism". The long­time h ead  of this ' Rescue 

Mission" was was  Leo Leo  Cherne, Cherne,  and and in in 1954 1954 his his assistant,  "Joseph  Mission" assistant, "Joseph Buttinger",  an an  ex-Social-Democra ex­Social­Democrat  from  who,  in in  the the  Buttinger", t fromAustria,  Austria, who, 1930's  fought fought  the the Communists,  under his  own  name, Gustav  1930° Communists, under his own name, Gustav

Richter.  When When Hitler Hitler  Richter. seized  Austria he fled  seized Austria then  he fled toto Paris and  Paris and then

On the United on  to to the  United  States. States.  137 137 

July  n  July throne in us throne i precarious  his precario n  his  placed on was  placed o Diem  was When Diem When pen­ and hap happengon  and be in Sai in Saigon to be happenedd to  ne, happene eo Cher Cherne, tourist L Leo 1945, tourist 1945,

g surveyin rveying  weeks su a half half  weeks and a  two and spend two  to spend positionn  to a positio in  a to be  in ed ed to be 60  60 mately  imately Approxi Approx lities.  alities. potentia potenti his  his all in all  h  Diem  Diemin  Dinh Ngo Din Ngo to ger"  er" to  "Butting alist"Buttin t ex-Socilist  tant  ex­Socia his assistan e sent  senthis assis er Chern Cherne later days lat days on on  promoti promoti les  ide sales ­wide sa State-w the State be the wass toto be  what wa initiatete what to initia Saigon Saigon to Diem. of .  of Diem request t of  Saigon, , at the  n  Saigon of arrival iin after his at the reques ys  after Four da his  arrival days Four Diem.  upon  called  ger"  , "Buttin Diem. the CIA upon ale of  "Colonel"l" Lansd Lansdale of the CIA, "Buttinger" called "Colone ret,  but  in but in  CIA secret, classified dCIA sec still a classifie ey  talked  about is  still a  What th talked about is they What ger"  "Buttin saigon,   in  nths tha three mo he spent in saigon, "Buttinger" wing  thatt  he spent the follo months g three followin the as  me  lasting  lasting as Diem, so some with Diem, conversations  ationswith  lengthy  convers y  lengthy had man many had having  lived  er",  having lived inin  ly  "Butting Seeminggly "Buttinger", hours.  Seemin six hours. as six long  as long all  CIA  ot  shared  m,  a afaculty n ch  like Die sharedby by all CIA oke Fren Paris, sp faculty not like Diem, French spoke Paris, met  "Buttinger"  e,  ger" met Lansdal e  of  guidancce of Lansdale, "Buttin the  guidan Under  the agents. . Under agents

time crucial time  thiscrucial  atthis  officialsat  policeofficials  nce andpolice  intelligence and  op  intellige Diem's Diem's ttop

for ration  camps  camps for  r vast  concentration vast concent made for were  being  plans  were being made fo when plans when

to vote vote  who wanted nted  to  unists" who wa "Communists"  ds of"Comm of thousan thousands of  those tens of  those  tens Chi  Minh.  Minh. for Ho  Ho Chi for 1954,  er  1954, Decembber US in  returned in Decem uttinger the US When "B d toto the  er*" returne "Butting When he carried carried  and he  ion and  instruct tion 

t mmunist instruc anti-Communis much anti­Co had given iven  much  he he had g

to tive" to  "alternative"  an "alterna sm" asan  "Diemism" as  beliefin in"Diemi hima a belief  away  with  with him  away

spending  Saigon,  g , spendin Lansdale  in Saigon stayed in  le stayed  cy  in  democraacy Vietnam.  . Lansda inVietnam democr his  regime,  Diem's  ng  organizi dollars,  his , of    regime ed  millions uncountted millions of dollars, organizing Diem's elimination  uncoun nging  camps  and arra tion  camps for the elimination ngfor the  cocentra police,  and arrangi ation cocentr police, rivals.  rivals. his  of his of instantly was  instantl er" was Buttinger" in y in  States, ""Butting United  States, the  United in  the Back in Back when  e  his offic in  was  fact  in  fact was in his office when n,  in Spellma Cardinall Speilm with Cardina an, touch with touch y  and  made  the  Kenneddy and made the Joseph  Kenne ed  Joseph telephon prelate  telepho the  prelate ned the icity yexpert,  ents to  Oram. arrangem Harold Oram.  expert,Harold  the publicit hirethe publ tohire  ments arrange

many  met many ger" met "Buttinger" an, n,  "Buttin Spellma all  Spellm Cardina Throug Throughh  Cardin the  HERALD 

the HERALentlD-y the editorsERofandNYasTIMES, SenatorLIFE,s and prominentE, TIME, , subsequ t resul a And REPORT TRIBUN

prominent Senators  and  the  editors of  Ny  TIMES,  TRIBUNE,  TIME,  LIEE, and  REPORTER  and as  a  result,  subsequently 

138

these these  publications  publicationsgave  gavespace  space to  to praise praise  Diem Diem as as aa people's people's 

As the US ramParTS magazine noted in July,

champion. champion.  As  the  US  RAMPARTS  magazine  noted  in  July, 

1965 in a well documented study on THE VIETNAM LOBBY:

1965 in  a  well documented  study on  THE  VIETNAM  LOBBY: 

"The new premier  premier from  "The new  from his first  his first day office (July day in in office  1954) (July 1954) 

began  to to  crush began crush  all all opposition opposition and and concentrate concentrate power power 

with a small, with a  small,  nepotistic nepotistic group... Force was group...Force w the only  only way as  the  way  he could ready  ready his people  his people for  he could  for the democratic alternative. the  democratic alternative.  His authoritarian  tactics were  tactics werenot  His authoritarian not widely  widely reported in  reported in the the  American  press untill  American press untilleight  from  eight years later,  years later, when  whenhe fell  he fell from

favour." favour." 

"Buttinger" "Buttinger" bega began n  to lay  to lay the foundation  the foundationof  of the  the *Vietnam "Vietnam 

lobby" as soon  lobby" as soonas he  to New  as hereturned  returned to NewYork  Saigon  and York from  and  from Saigon

one  of  calls  was  one of his first  his first calls his  co-worker, co­worker,  Harold was on  Harold  Oram, on his Oram,  public relation's c public relation's chief hief  of  of the  the mysterious  mysterious "International  "International Rescue Rescue 

Committee".  Late Late in  1954,  Oram Committee". Oram arranged arranged  through through  a  in 1954, friend  a friend the  Washington Washington  office of  inin the office ofthe  theCatholic  Catholic Relief  Agency,  for  Relief Agency, for "Buttinger" "Buttinger" to me to meet et  Cardinal Spellm Cardinal Spellman. an.  (It (It was was on on December December 

2,2, 1954  1954 that  that the US  the US Senate  Senate voted  censure Senator voted toto censure Senator Joseph Joseph  McCarthy  for  abuse and  McCarthy Senate  not  for for his  his abuse for his his  andinsults to  insults to the  the Senate--not

destruction ofthe liberties  the libertiesof ofthe  destruction  of  theAmerican  Americanpeople.  people. In In  1954 1954 

the  US US  Communist Communist  Party the Party  was was  out-lawed out­lawed  and and  the the security security 

clearance  of  ho  had  headed  US clearance US  of J. J.Robert  Robert Oppenheimer—w Oppenheimer--who had headed

atomic research--was withdrawn.) atomic research— was  withdrawn.) 

This was was  the the  prevalent prevalent atmosphere atmosphere of  This anti­Communism of anti-Communis m 

when the ex-Socialist uttinger"  "Buttinger"called  calledupon  when  the ex­Socialist "B upon Cardinal  Cardinal SpelSpel­

lman  to seek  Iman to seeksupport  supportfor forDiem's cause.  Diem's cause.And  And this was  this was the  the visit  visit

that to lead  leadto  that  was tothe  the Cardinal's call  was  to  Cardinal's call upon  upon leading leading  Catholic, Catholic, 

Joseph  Kennedy—the  Joseph Kennedy--thefather of  father offuture President  future Presidentand  andthe  the hiring  hiring Harold  Oram--a Oram—a  "former "former promoter promoter  of ofof Harold of leftist leftist causes" at causes" at 

as  democracy's democracy s  $$ 3,000 a  3,000 amonth  monthto glamorize  to glamorize Ngo  Ngo Dinh Diem  Dinh Diem as

saviour in Vietnam.  Vietnam. saviour in 

the  fall fall  of of 1955 1955 Oram, Oram, "Buttinger" "Buttinger"  etc. etc. formally formally  InIn the launched  C.I.A.'s  launched C.I.A.'s"American  "American Friends  Friendsof of Vietnam" but  Vietnam" but prior  prior that  time time  much much  work work  went went  into into the the assemblage assemblage  o  toto that of the 139 139 

aspiring leftists,, aspirin renegad g  collecti dee leftists strange ionon ofof renega "friend e  collect s",s", aa strang "friend e­ OSS­for rethe  of  OSS-fo the chief  of and a  chief s  a ive  generalls and nservat vative genera ans, co conser politicins, politicia erican  n merica Irish­Am of irish-A aura of was an  an aura Over  it it allall was the CIA CIA.. Over of the runner of runner

Cathol cism.  Catholiicism.

Kenned F. Kenne John  F. Senatorr  John dy,y,  was Senato ans was politici the politici Among the ans Among up  against  any "nego­

spoken  up against any "negoalready spoken 1953 ha April  who, in hadd already 1953 in  April who,

the  on  the listed  on s"  listed "Friends" Other  "Friend .  Other m. Vietnam in Vietna peace  in  tiated" peace tiated"

Max  leftist,  Max former  leftist, were former letterhe Vietnam eadad were "Friend m" " letterh dss  ofof Vietna "Frien become e  to  becom slated  to latter  slated the  ,  latter the nger Jr. Jr., Schlesiinger Arthur Schles and Arthur Lerner and Lerner

y.  Kenned F. Kenne dy. John  F. nt  John Preside ent future Presid the future to the Assistant  nt to special l Assista specia Birch  with Birch entified  dwith  later identifie Lee,later id en nLee,  J. Bracke listedJ. Brack alsolisted  as also  was There w There

Generals;  an Genera American ative  Americ ls; ed  conserv Society causes  conservative two noted andtwo not causesand  Society latter a the  n,  Donova "Wild B O'Dani Billill" Donovan, the latter ic a  Mike"  "Iron Mike" and "Wild iel,el, and  O'Dan "Iron Strateg ic of Strateg Office  of the  Office of the tion  attorne chief of  former corpora attorney, y, chief  corporation former anotherr  boss of  of anothe former boss and  former CIA and the CIA ner of  of the  fore-runner s, fore­run Services,  Service

i chief  in OSS  chief formerl lyy OSS Dulles,  , former Allen  Dulles attorney,  y, Allen tion  attorne corpora ation corpor of  n 

head  60,  head 1954­19 and inin 1954-1 960, II and ar  II ring  World W land du World War Switzerrland during Switze

of

the CIA.  the  CIA.

of Friends  the list of  onthe list  ntedon  was  represe represented  man  an was Sepellm Cardinall Sepell Cardina

Catholi the  Catho of the cial  of licc  top offi tt, a a top Hartnett, official Magr.  Hartne Vietnam by Magr. m  by  ofof Vietna NEW  st  NEw mmuni nist anti­Co ommu the  anti-C for  the writers  for Two writers .  Two Agencyy. Relief  Agenc Relief s  friends (The o  listed a friends..  (The  were als rk  listed as also New Yo were e of  York magazin New of LEADER R magazine LEADE by  ed  by subsidizzed r  revealed been subsidi having been  NEW  LEADER reveale das ashaving  was later LEADE  Rwas late NEW OBBY.)  CHINA L LOBBY.)  Kai­shek's  k's CHINA ChiangKai-she Chiang

was  fortune,  tobaccoo  fortune the  tobacc of the , was heir of Duke,  heir Biddle  Duke, Angier  Biddle Angier ntt  assistan The assista .  The

AM. VIETNAM OF  VIETN DS  OF FRIENDS FRIEN thethe  memberr ofof  also aa membe also t account  Oram's  accoun and Oram's aM  and  VIETNAM OF  VIETN DS  OF FRIENDS the  FRIEN of the r  of treasureer treasur

on  adviser  on an adviser become an  was to become He was to  bert  Jonas.  Jonas. He  was Gilbert executiv ivee  was Gil execut father father  1956 1956  In In  1960. in 1960.  in  staff staff  ign   campa mpaign ntial presidential ca dy's y's  preside Kenne Kenned presi­ the presiseek the  to seek  inedto  determned  y and  his son  determi Kenneddy andhis son Joseph P.  P. Kenne Joseph

election 1960  electio n..  y  in  n  F.  the 1960 in the  Kennedy F. Kenned dential nomina for John tionfor Joh nomination  dential sche­ the scheblocked  the  Diem  blocked nh  Diem Ngo Dinh President ntNgo Di hen  Preside when 1956 w was 1956 ItIt was  tra­ concen his  traed  concen  and fill his filled Vietnam and  in  m electionn in Vietna ion  electio unificattion duled  unifica duled

One  cratic One "Democratic  d his"Demo opposed his  nts who who  oppose dissidents camps w withith disside tion camps tion . 

LEADER NEW  zed  R. s eulogied LEADE Rule" a Man  the NEW byby the  as eulogiz Rule" Man

140 140 

Shining  brightly brightly  from from such such  high-price Shining high­priced publicity,  d  publicity,

"President " Diem was brought "President" to the United  Diem was  brought  to the Unit States in  in 1957  1957 in  in ed States 

President Ei senhower's  e, addresse President d  a a joint  Eisenhowe session  r's private plan private plane, addressed joint session

of Congress like  like some of Congress world  statesman some world statesman aand thenleft for  left for New nd then  New  York City and York City  and aa breakfast breakfast  with with Cardinal Cardinal Spellman Spellman. . Diem Diem  was was  welcomed welcomed  by the  by theMayor of  Mayor of New  New York as  York as the  the man  man "to  "to

whom whom freed freedom om  is the very  is the verybreath  breath of life  of lifeitself."  itself." At  At aa  dinner dinner  sponsored sponsored byby  thethe  INTERNATI INTERNATIO ONAL NAL  RESCUE RESCUE COMMITTE COMMITTEE Eand  and the  the

AMERICAN F RIENDS  AMERICAN OF VIETNAM FRIENDS ,  Angier  OF VIETNAM, Biddle  Angier presented  BiddleDuke  Duke presented Diem with  Diem with an an award  award for for "inspired "inspired leadership leadership i inn the  the cause cause  of  of

the free world." the free  world." (Angier (Angier Biddle Biddle Duke to be Duke was was to  be named named  by by 

President K President ennedy  to  Kennedy to serve as  serve asChief of  Chief ofprotocol  protocol in  the  state state  in the

Departmen Departmen t from 1961 t from 1961  to  to 1965.) 1965.) 

President JJohnson, President ohnson, wh o had  who had visited  visited Saigon  Saigon and  and Diem Diem in  in the the spring o spring off 1961  1961 when when he  he was was  Vice Vice President, President,  indicated indicated  his  his historical prescience historical prescience,  , by  by calling  calling "President  "PresidentNgo  Ngo Dinh  Diem,  Dinh Diem, the "Winston Churchill the "Winst of Asia"   on Churchi ll of Asia".

InIn 1961 Ha 1961 Harold rold Oram's firm Oram's publicity publicity fir m separated separated  from from  the the 

praise p r a i s e  of of Ngo Din Ngo Dinh h Diem's  Diem's cause.  cause. In January  In January 1961,  1961, John  John F.  F. Kennedy be Kennedy came presid became ent of  president of the United  the United States. States.  On On November November 

Ngo  Dinh Dinh Diem Diem was was deposed deposed  by  group  of  1,1, 1963,  1963, Ngo US­ by a a group of USsupported V iet General s, and a few  hours  later, was  supported Viet Generals, and a few hours later, murdered.  was murdered. On this occ On this occasion asion  the  American  Friend the American Friend  of of Vietnam's Vietnam's executive executive  committee sent sent a cong ratulatory  committee cable to the Generals fo a congratula tory cable to the  Generals forr their  their

successful successful  coup.  coup.

141 141 

The The  CIA CIA Kingdom Kingdom of of South South Vietnam Vietnam  Walter  Lippman, Lippraan,  the the  venerable venerable  US US journalist, journalist, asked asked  Walter

last dared to  to ask last July July (1966): (1966): "Has "Has President President Johnson Johnson  ever ever dared  ask  himself why, why, ifif he  fact, the  saviour  of  the World's World's peace peace  himself he isis in  in fact, the saviour of the and  freedom, freedom,  there there is  and isno great  no greatpower  powerthat  that stands with  stands withhim".  him".

The answer to query seems to have given by  by an  an The answer  to this this query  seems to  have been been given  American DeTROIT News in  in American  newspaper newspaper  cartoonist cartoonist  for for the the  DETROIT  News 

March caption showing "SOME PEOPLE March 1967: 1967: The The  caption  showing  "SOME  PEOPLE HAVE HAVE  PET PET 

CANARIES—MB,  OCTOPUS".  The  many­tentacled  CANARIESME,i  IKEEP  KEEPAN AN OCTOPUS". The many-tentacled

monster  depicted, depicted, was  monster wasof  of course,  course,the  the CIA.  CIA.

In this this wry  humour we we see  the  In wry humour seea ahint  hint of  of the  the concern  concern for  for the secret US agency which is  is aa thousand-fold secret  US  agency  which  thousand­fold  more more  powerful powerful  than actithan Hitler's Hitler's Gestapo Gestapo and and which which combines combines  the the separate separate  acti­ vities Goebbel's propaganda  propagandamill  milland—Madison  and--Madison Ave—and  Ave--and vities of of Goebbel's  PR  skills skills  from from  20th 20th century century  America. America.  CIA  power  to to  PR CIA isis power

act act  with with  the the  most most  skilful skilful  world world talents talents  for for  public public  manimani­ pulation. pulation.  One doesnot  not have to  have tobe  beeither  eithera a student of household One does  student  of  household  pets  or or  natural natural  history history  to to  know know that that there there isis  considerable  pets considerable difference  between  difference betweena  acanary and  canary andan octopus.  an octopus.In Inthe  the case  case of  of

the  latter, latter,  the the relationship relationship  can can  become become  too  intimate  and and  the too intimate sometimes fatal.  activities—and  they they  sometimes fatal. The revelations  The revelationsof ofCIA  CIA activities--and are reputedly reputedly  only  are only a fraction  a fractionof ofthe  theblack  blackbook  bookof of terror—are  terror--are the cause of  the  the cause ofthe great outcry  the great outeryagainst  againstCentral  CentralIntelligence  Intelligencein in the

United States.  1964  Ross  and  Wise's great  book, ThE THE  ININ­ United States. InIn 1964 Ross and Wise's great book,

VISIBLE  GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT  was  published  VISIBLE was publishedthrowing a  throwing a powerful search­ powerful search-

light light on on some some  of of the the nefarious nefarious  actions actions  which which they they saw saw  as as  threatening  democratic democratic rights  in the  United States, States, even even more more  threatening rights in the United than the "enemy" than they they  menaced menaced  the  "enemy".  The CIA's CIA's "planting" "planting" of of its its kind kind ofof  propaganda  in in  The propaganda magazines  and  newspapers  that circulated  in  the United  States,  magazines and newspapers that circulated in the United States, and and  its its secret secret  "buying" "buying" ofof professional professional brains brains  and and  skills skills  to to  write the sort  of  special pleading  sought  by  the  CIA­Pentagon,  write the sort of special pleading sought by the CIA-Pentagon, which later appeared  appearedin in books  books or  or "studies" which later  "studies" that that also also reach reach  American readers; these realities frightened  frightened students  studentsof  of the American readers;  these  realities  the  American political scene. Senator Fulbright touched upon American  political  scene.  Senator  Fulbright  touched  upon  one aspect of  of the CIA  the CIA when askedin July  in July 1966  1966 of the role one aspect  when he he asked  of the  role  the CIA  "domestic affairs"  and  in  particular,  in  "elec­ ofof the CIA inin "domestic affairs" and in particular, in "elections of  unions".  The CIA  admitted  nothing,  but  by  February  1967,  it  was  being being  openly  candidate"  1967, it was openly stated  stated that  that the  the "CIA  "CIA candidate" had union election United States. had won won aa labour labour  union  election inin the the United  States. 

tions of unions". The CIA admitted nothing, but by February

(Looking back back  to to the  1964,  which  marked  a  great  (Looking the year  year 1964, which marked a great turning point point  history,  some  observers have stated  turning inin  USUS  history, some observers have stated that  that

Air officer Barry  Barry Goldwater  Goldwaterwas  wasthe  the "CIA  "CIA candidate" Air Force Force officer  candidate" 

for presidency in and that for the the presidency  in that that year year and  that although although  he he  was was  defeadefea­ ted, the CIA­military  achieved the same  the victory  ted, the CIA-military achieved the same results  results with  with the victory

President Johnson,  for he, he, somehow, adopted  ofof President Johnson, for somehow, adoptedthe  the"tough"  "tough'

policies advocated  by Goldwater).  policies advocated by Goldwater). Such rumours as this float inin Air that has been well poisonSuch  rumours as  this float  Air that  has been  well poison­ ed by by the the CIA.  Governments in  Iran, Guatemala,  ed CIA. ToTo overthrow  overthrow Governments in Iran, Guatemala,

South Korea, Korea, South  Vietnam by by CIA-backed CIA­backed armed  coups,  or  South South Vietnam armed coups, or

toto seek  seek to topple friendly  to topple friendly regimes  regimesas asin  in Indonesia,  Indonesia, Burma,  Burma, or  or Cambodia etc. etc. may  have been  the average average  Cambodia may have been unpleasant  unpleasant news  news to  to the American,  but  was something something  far far  away away  and  American, but itit was and difficult  difficult to  to understand.  But  "election tampering" tampering" as as in  Laos, was was  in in  the the  understand. But "election in Laos, American tradition and American tradition  and understandable. understandable.  period from  1954 to  1962 the  United States States spent  InIn the  the period from 1954 to 1962 the United spent nearly a  half  billion  dollars in  the  tiny  kingdom of  Laos;  much  nearly a half billion dollars in the tiny kingdom of Laos; much of  it  under  CIA  dispensation,  trying  to  establish  a  rightist 

of it under CIA dispensation, trying to establish a rightist

143 143 

regime  under  regime under General  GeneralPhoumi  PhoumiNosovan.  Nosovan.In In 1960  1960 the  the CIA  CIA stuffed ballot ballot boxes boxes with  stuffed fake ballots  with fake ballots and  and secured  securedthe  the"election"  "election" Phoumi Nosovan. Nosovan. The ofof Phoumi The man  who  stood stood  by by  Phoumi's man who Phoumi's  side side 

and  directed and directed  Laotian Laotian  affairs affairs  was  was a a former former  OSS OSS  operator, operator, 

Jask  Hazey, Hazey,  the  Jask By  the "chief­of­station "chief-of-statio" n"man  manfor forthe  theCIA.  CIA. By

1962, affairs  1962, affairsin inLaos  disaster for  Laoswere  werein insuch  the  sucha astate  state of of disaster for the

United United States that Hazey States that  wasordered  Hazey  was  orderedout  outof  of the  the country and country and 

sent to  sent to nearby  nearbyBangkok,  Bangkok,Thailand  Thailandand  thereafter  the and shortly  shortly thereafter the 

CIA programme programme was  reversed  by  CIA was reversed byPresident  PresidentKennedy  Kennedy and  and the  the US announced its US announced  willingness toto accept its willingness  accept "NEUTRALITY" for Laos.  "NEUTRALITY" for  Laos. (Years after  the  events, events,  the the  ny NY TiMeS TIMES  described described  these these  events: events:  (Years after the

"In  1960, CIA  agents in  Laos disguised  "In 1960, CIA agents advisers"  in Laos disguisedas as"military  "military advisers" stuffed  ballot stuffed ballot boxes boxes and and engineered engineered  local local uprisings uprisings to  to help help a  a

hand­picked  strongman, strongman,  General Phoumi  hand-picked General PhoumiNosovan  Nosovanset  setup  up aa 

pro­American  Government pro-American Government  that that  was was  desired desired  by by  President President 

Eisenhower  and and Secretary  Eisenhower Secretaryof State  of StateJohn Foster  John FosterDulles".)  Dulles".) Up to  the  present, the  Up in the to the the  present, theformal coup  formal coupd'etat  d'etatis is not  not in

American American tradition tradition and as  and as the Pentagon increasingly  the Pentagon  increasingly takes takes over  over the main role of assuring the main  a "properly role of  assuring a "prop functioning"" US erly functioning economy, US economy, 

public protest  at the  military increases public increases  although protest at although  the power  powerof the  of the military

the flood  the of gradually flood of gradually  cheapening dolla cheapening rs  tends to  dollars tends to mute  the  mute the

opposition. But But among schol astic and  other circles not opposition. soothed  among scholastic and other circles not soothed

with flow  war  money—includin with flow ofof easy  easy war money--including g the man­in­the­s treet—  the man-in-the-stre et-

there conviction the there isis conviction  take-over" a substitute forr  the  "military "military take­o ver" as as a substitute fo

elections, is some how  undemocratic.  elections, is somehow undemocratic.It is  It isagainst  againstthis  this politi­ political  awakening awakening  that  cal certain  events events  in  that certain South Vietnam Vietnam should  in South should be considered, considered,  particularly be particularly  who  whois  the  Government is the Government  and  how  and how

this was achieved. this was  achieved.  The steps that  The steps that lead  lead to  to this awareness  this awarenessled  innumera­ led past  past innumera-

ble coups  ble coupsin in Latin  LatinAmerica,  America,Africa  Africa and  and Asia,  over  the Asia, and  the  and over bones  of  un­numbered  dead  bones and  the  of un-numbered itself,  was was  the dead the  and theCIA  CIA itself, prime  educator educator  of  prime the  American American  people--as of the people—as  well well  as as  the the  world.  world. 144 144 

South  m  South moved fro Diem, moved go  Dinh  from to 1954, N Dinh Diem, From 1950 1954, Ngo 1950  to From

student  American  student young  American met  a  a young he met where  he  Japan,  where to  Japan, Vietnam  to Vietnam

became  ent became (This stud States.  (This student ted  him  who direc United States. to the United  him to the  directed who   later  to be 

which was later to be University  which was t  Michigan  StateUniversity professor aat Michigan State  aa professor

of training of  the training  MSU forthe  ted  to  toMSU for  acts direc directed at  CIA contr CIA contracts awarded ffat awarded Bishop,    a Catholic brother,  and  Diem  Bishop, police.)  ret  Catholic Diem's sec secret police.) Diem and brother, a Diem's ip of  of sponsorshhip the sponsors with the  1950 and with  in 1950 and  ates  in  States United St to the  the United went to went F.  John  F. Senator  John from  Senator support  from much support and much Spellman  and Cardinal  Spellman Cardinal was  he  hat  contacts t was excellent contacts that he was to  make such  excellent  Kennedy, he  to make such he was Kennedy, of Exile" ment-inile"  of  the "Govern ent­in­Ex was the  he was  "Governm that he  almost assured  that  almost  assured

then  Diem  then exist. Diem notexist.    not  which did atewhich did tate  a nation-st Vietnam, tnam,  a nation­s South South Vie

ns  preparations e  preparatio Conferencce Geneva  Conferen while the  the Geneva went toto Europe and while Europe  and  went ing  on  from fringes, from  thefringes,  onthe  were being was skulking 1954,he hewas skulk made in1954,  being  made in  were touch ries,  in  constant  touch 

c Monaste Monasteries, in constant in Catholic France to  Belgium,in Catholi to Belgium,  France

leave  to  leave was  given  he  was CIA, unti word to American  CIA, the word  with the  given the  untill he the American with

for Saigon.  for Saigon.

u in "Indo in "Indo  hu ienbienph of Dienbienp tress of D fortress French for the French fall  ofof the  the fall With the  With

to  wanted  to had  wanted Radford  had Admiral Radford Staff  Admiral of Staff USS Chief Chief of China" China"—U

of MendesMendes­ the election election  of  time--and  the  this time—and China atthis  atom bomb  China at  atom  bomb

thin  30  30 peace within pledged to bring aboutt peace wi to  bring abou Premier  pledged French  Premier France as  as French France

Genbesigned att  Gen­ would besigned a agreementt would  that an  an agreemen emed  certain  certain that days, it se it seemed days,

colonial  French colonial the French  between  the  war between the war  endingthe  erland  ndending  eva, Switz Switzerla eva, inh.  Ho Chi Minh. forces and by Ho Chi M ledby  thoseled  and  those  forces

all  the Frence withdrawa and Frence  withdraw d  the  reached an was reached When point was this  point When  this

France  to  from  France   air  rushed byby was  rushed to go  Dinh  air from assured, NNgo Diem was Dinh Diem  assured, the  Geneva  sabotage the Geneva -toto sabotage weapon— secret weaponCIA's secret he  CIA's Saigon—tthe Saigon--

nt. t.  Agreeme Agreemen Geneva  the Geneva and the Vietnam and North Vietnam or North South or  was no South  There There  was no 

of summerof  the summer  bythe  heldby  beheld  wouldbe  electionswould  at  elections  pledged ththat accord accord  pledged

80  ged  that  that 80 acknowleddged er  acknowle Eisenhower t Eisenhow President  even Presiden 1956—and even 1956-and

for1  Ho Ho  vote for wouldvote  in Vietnam Vietnam  would  of the people  in  the  people percent percent  of  to  was  to It was ent. It  Government.  ist" Governm nist" "commun his "commu and his Minh and Chi  Minh Chi

e  were tricks wer CIA tricks eloped dCIA  develope newly dev some  newly that some is decision decision  that this counter th counter Vietnam.  in Vietnam. focused focused  in 

145 145 

at  President ENT, states th GOVERNMMENT, President  states that , THE  The book VISIBLE GOVERN ININVISIBLE book, THE The n Foster  Dulles  prior  to 

Eisenhow State John Foster Dulles prior to Secretary of ofState Joh and Secretary werer and  Eisenho role  impressed the role with the  been  so  ed  with  ce  had  so impress Conferennce va  Confere had been the Gene Geneva the haps  Hukbala the  smashing Lansdale g  the Hukbalahaps   Edward Lansdal in smashin e"" in  "Colonel l Edward ofot "Colone cted   key figure was "the   where he CIA-directed pines,  in CIA­dire the Philip Philippines, where he was "the key figure  in  inin the

ess"  " his "succ "success of his Because  of ay." Because Magsaysay."  off Magsays support o in support n  in  operation operatio to  ton  Washing to  ed  to Washington to summonned was  summo Lansdale Manila,  le  was Lansda -inin Manila, Foster  John  Foster also John and and also chief chief  CIA  to CIA method  to his method explain explain  his from  mandate  from ng  with  the meeti from the rged from with a a mandate "He eme meeting Dulles. "He emerged Dulles. the  throw  the and  throw Vietnam  and leader  in  in Vietnam popular  leader to find  Dulles  to find aa popular Dulles

him."  behind  him." ment (CIA)  behind ent  (CIA) Governm Invisible Govern the Invisible support of  the support  of

phu  Dienbienphu of  Dienbien fall of the fall  afterthe  justafter  Saigonjust  Lansdalee arrived  arrivedin inSaigon  Lansdal known.  yet known. he came  is not yet  whether  he Paris, is not  but whether from Paris,  Diemfrom  withDiem  camewith  but up  set  had  7 he  set up had by July  he 7 and  6  July by on June 2 and   in saigon ded in saigon on June 26 Diem lan landed Diem

him  le  saw saw  him ment. Lansdale Agent  Lansda ded ent.  Agent Governm his ed Govern CIA­guid his CIA-gui

his  bolsteringg  his for bolsterin plans for  e plans  elaborate ut  elaborat out working o daily  working "almost daily "almost

July  signed on nts were  on  July Agreeme Geneva Agreem were signed the Geneva ents When the regime." When regime." Diem 

se  Diem Vietname ese "South" Vietnam imitation,  , "South" fake,  imitation this  fake, 1954,  this 21, 1954, 21,

days".  14  days". for 14 office for  "in office  been"in  ent hadbeen  Government had  Governm

and  Vietnam  and bring Vietnam serveto to bring  mayserve  nto  hisory  hisory may  glimpse iinto AA glimpse

move­ the  movewas  the 1941,  itit was er  focus.  Southeast  focus. InIn 1941, into better Asiainto bett stAsia  Southea colony  of  ch  colony then­Fren of the  then-Fr ench Japanese of  Japane into the ment  of troops into  se  troops  ment that  that events  of  events of chain  chain the  the started  started which  which ina"  ina' Indo­Ch "French Indo-Ch French Vietname ess  war the  the Vietnam During t thehe war ar.  During Pacific W War. bout  the  the Pacific brought a about brought

those  and  those Japanesee  and the Japanes against  the fought  against under Ho Minh, fought Chi Minh,  Ho  Chi  under Japanese with the Japanes rated  e..  Hanoi wh ted withthe Saigon an collabora whoo collabo French in andd  Hanoi in  Saigon French forces,  Minh's  Chi  Ho  to  aid  gave  t  Roosevelelt gave aid to Ho Chi Minh's forces, President US Preside nt  Roosev US t  Presidennt of  Preside attitude of The attitude  ed  the  Minh. The  VietMinh.  which  were call theViet  were called which and  French  ated  that  Dutch, French and t  was often US, Dutch,  thatUS,  Roosevellt openly stated was often  openly st Rooseve and  empires  and their  h  relinquis all  should  empires sms  their h imperiali relinquis British  all British imperialisms should es,  Philippin the  in  US  The  es, nies.  Philippin edom  to  grant fre their colonies. The US in the to their colo freedom grant

and  Burma  and d  Burma India an and the  British  a,  the in India Indonesiia, British in  in Indones Dutch in the Dutch the na.  Indo­Chiina. h  in  in Indo-Ch the Frenc French the

new  the new 1945, the April 1945, lt  in  Rooseveelt of Roosev death  of the death Upon the April in Upon as  of Japann  as bombing  of' Japa atom bombing President Truman  authorized  the  atom 

President Truman authorized the

the  launching  to the  g of of the prelude  to the  prelude the fiery launchin and the fiery  War and  Cold War  theCold  the

146 146 

rn their retu™  cher tocolo ittedss thethe Fren perm an Trum ire. Emp rican Ame By  ny.  ^fn,  toorlTIndo form ny. By colo er osse re­p form to  the na  ess ­Chi to re-poss ps to hina'ed S troops to  "Ind0 o-C troo their ch in Fren in  theian r  ve  aid  chKore to gi Fren the  tates aid to toefore to give the  es four Stat ruary e ruar United the Unit 0the  195 y 195 Febwa,  ths b   months before the Korean ese­ nam Viet -four mon eseNST T the Viet nam AGAI INS war AGA   n n Diem 19544 whe , , 195 Diem ate  andduly whe hat ddate n tthat July et^een dbbetw n­an ^abeg and an-War had  US  the  on  chai the US had on, tial" iden Saig in Saig Pres ircolo char in  the " l"  ench d  in  ntia placeed side "Pre the in plac was sm  niali   sm. d Fr niali to ai colo on  ch billi ted $ ributed cont 2.5 billion to aid Fren $ 2.5  tribu con ch  Fren the  Fre nch ton  the Washing fiedaid  notiied  tonto notif er  1954 hing emb Sept Was 4,, US i In Sep _  In 195 ber tem t  direc to  its  ct give ded d to give its aid dire to  ntennde the USue inte thatthe  regim saigonn ld that  mee  m in sa.go regi at  US  The  US at plan.  . The wou tingplan existing  theexis wou ld disc ontinuethe  and  it  discontin lem and it wou Diem ld  ops  's tro ld Diem wou f  ps ing o troo s ' train ing of Diem the trainohn  ame that  the  the s stated edthat time stat e time sam the the  er  (Lat l.  anie O'D en. J. John O'Daniel. (Later the Lt. Gen unde ion f ofLt. G dicton o jurisdicti the  juris err the und IA­front  organ,"The A Amemeririccan an ch  t0 retu

TrUman  PermiUed  thC  Ffen

and 

"The n, orga ont r -f A CI e h t d hea o t was l e ani D O' e sam ed.) tion Friends of Vietnam, previously men same O Daniel  was tohead  theG mentioned.)  Friends of  Vietnam",  previously 

and  anss  and Ame ericrican by Am ten by writ ten was writ tion n'" was tutio Con nstistitu m's "Co Dies and es,  forc lary  tabu cons es, lice­ forc ry 's po bula Diem f  nsta   the training o Diem's police-co

  p....  ,^'Cm s

of the trainingcont Fillipions and racted MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERCIAthe to sted

ipion ed  MICHIGAN  STATE  UNIVBR­ was entrusted  to  the  CIA­contract   who  would  "live  is was  to be  a force  of  50,000  men of mer of  summer  the sum In the  . ect".  In  protect" wou ld ldprot they wou gers  they villagers the villa ng the  amo among  in  h  nort the  to    withdrawn  1955 as  the Viet  Minh  forces  were nt—Ho Chi  Minh  trusted  eme Agre a  enev accordance with  the G be held ld be  held  tion s wou would  elections the elec cted d the  expeecte nd  exp ers aand ld pow powers wor the orld  the w ing—Diem's  US­paid  forces  which  he  was  certain  of  winn   accompanied  by  political  moved  into  villages.  They  were partment  of  Information  spies  and  informers  in  the  "De t  organ  mounted  a  wild  and  Youth".  This  semi­terroris while  praising  Diem  in  radio,  campaign of  "anti­Communism,"  from  tricks s from the trick allthe  with   all  ralli with andralli es es nersand  baners  ters,bann posers,  leafl ets,  post leaflets, experience.  'Colonel"  Lansdale's  advertising 

was entru

"five SITY. This was to be a force of 50,000 men who would

e withdrawn to the north in 1955 as the Viet Minh forces wereme nt--Ho Chi Minh trusted accordance with the Geneva Agre

forces - Diem's US-paid ain of winningacc which he was cert ges. They were ompanied by political

moved into villa Information spies and informers in the "Department ofunt mo ed a wild and Youth". This semi-terrorist organsing campaign of "anti-Communism," while prai Diem in radio, "Colonel" Lansdale's advertising experience.

n" paign",  n  Cam Campaig iatio ation unc unci Den unistt Den omm ommunis ti-C ti­C "An the «An er the Und Under ­ism m..  Diem m-is to  erted ed  to Die

conv vert weree  con ts wer mmunis unists  "Comm s  of  of "Co sandds thousan thou were  converts  erts were in    which h conv s  were held in whic were held ass smee tings meeting pulsory m Compuls ory mas Com ese nam ese  Viet h nam Nort Viet the th  on Nor ple the  trample  on  and tram Ho and  se Ho  to "cur d to "c urse com pelled  compelle 000  100, ,000 100 that  that ed  claimed ade claim brig ade rere brig tortu this tortu   of this head d of The  hea flag"..  The flag

147 147 

"Communists"  had had  pledged pledged  their  to President President  Diem Diem  "Communists" their loyalty  loyalty to

and Communist influence  influence built up  built up in  in the nine and that that the the Communist  the  previous previous nine 

years had been  been"entirely  "entirely destroyed".  destroyed". The Diem regime years had  The Diem  regime  then then  admitted that that between between  15,000  admitted 15,000and 16,000  and 16,000"dangerous"  "dangerous" indivi­ individuals were were  being held  prison  camps, camps,  named  duals being heldin  in the  the prison named "Re­Educa­ "Re-Educa-

tion for Communists" tion Centres Centres for  Communists".  Robert Scigliano, Scigliano, who who  was a a  member  AMERICAN  Robert was member ofof  thethe  AMERICAN ADVISORY  GROUP  in  in South  1957 to  1959,  wrote  ADVISORY GROUP SouthVietnam  Vietnam from  from 1957 to 1959, wrote

that all student that "The "The Government Government  manipulates manipulates  all  student  activities activities  (even) election  is iscomplete  the  (even) electionof of officers...There  officers... There completecontrol  controlof  of the press..."  press... As for for the the elections elections of of 1956, 1956, pledged pledged  in in the the Geneva Geneva  As Convention  and  which  the  US  agreed  not  to  violate,  they  were never  Lippman, well  journalist  were neverheld.  held. Walter  Walter Lippman, well known  known US  US journalist explained  why: why:  explained

Convention and which the US agreed not to violate, they

"The United United States States Government Government encouraged encouraged  the  Diem  "The the Diem

Government in Saigon  Saigonto refuse  to refuseto hold  to holdthe  the elections  elections of  of Government in  1956,  almost almost  certainly  the practical practical reason reason  they they  1956, certainly for  for the

would Communists" would have have been been  won won by by the the Communists".  "Colonel" Lansdale Lansdale  of  the  CIA, CIA, spent spent  nine nine  years years  in in  "Colonel" of the South  Vietnam, Vietnam,  attempting attempting  to  "convert", bribe, bribe, brainwash brainwash  South to "convert",

and manipulate the population  the populationso that  so thatit it would "support"  would "support" Ngo and manipulate  Ngo  Dinh Dinh Diem's Diem's  regime. regime. 

Indicating a  degree of  on  November November  1,  1963,  Indicating a degree of his failure,  his failure, on 1, 1963,

Ngo was deposed coup and was Ngo Dinh Dinh Diem Diem  was  deposed in in aa military military coup  and he he was 

soon assassinated  officers  soon assassinatedby bya group  a groupof South  of SouthVietnam  Vietnam military  military officers who had  the US US  who had been  beengiven  givena a"go­ahead"  "go-ahead"for  for the  the coup  coup by  by the

Embassy on orders "do not abort" Embassy on  orders  "do not  abort" from from President President Kannedy. Kannedy. 

With the the end  the Diem Diem regime, regime,  "Colonel" "Colonel" Lansdale Lansdale  With end ofof the

departed  from from  Saigon, Saigon, although  the other  departed although certainly  certainlymany  many of  of the other

150 CIA  agents remained.  150 CIA agents remained.

148 148 

period between between November November 1963 1963 and  February 1965  InIn the  the period and February 1965 there were  a  series  of  coups  and  changes  of  leadership  in  Saigon  as  them  trained trained  Saigon asvarious  variousyouug  young"Generals"—many  "Generals"-many of  of them the United United States, States,  seized seized  power power  in  bloody  or or bloodless bloodless  inin the in bloody coups.  What What each each  sought sought  was  of  standing standing  coups. wasthe  the opportunity  opportunity of closest to  American Ambassador Ambassador and  being in  the strategic  closest to the  the American and being in the strategic

there were a series of coups and changes of leadership in

position for  (In 1960 1960 US  aid distri­ position for the disposition  the dispositionof  ofUS  US aid.  aid. (In US aid distri-

buted  in South  per  capita capita compared compared  buted in SouthVietnam  Vietnam totalled  totalled SI3.7  $13.7 per

with §1.9  Of this this period,  political  analyst analyst  with $1.9 for India.)  for India.) Of period,the  the AP  ap political

William William  L. L.  Ryan Ryan asked: asked: 

"What government inin Saigon  Saigon represents what or  or whom? "What government  represents  what  whom ?  IsIs there  there indeed, sufficient  indeed, sufficient support  support from any source  source for  for a from any  a  Saigon  government  Saigon governmentwhich can  which canjustify  justifythe  the American  American claim  claim

that the  US forces are  that the US forces arethere  thereat the  at the request of  request ofthe  the ruling  ruling

authority? if thethe  Americans are there at the request authority ? And And if  Americans are  there at  the request 

the current  Govern­ ofof the current Government,  Government,how  howlong will  long will that  that Govern-

ment  last  how  valid valid is is its its request request  that that the the  United United  ment last and  and how

States defend it from  it from the ?" States defend  the  communist communist  threat threat ?"  The truth  was,  none none of  the military  leaders  had "support  The truth was, of the military leaders had "support from  any any  source" other  interval,  from source" otherthan  thanAmerican  Americanand  andin in this  this interval,

the US  were involved  sobering  aftermath aftermath  of  the assasassas­ the US were involved in  in the  the sobering of the

sination of  President  Kennedy,  and  the the  1964 1964  election election  contest contest  sination of President Kennedy, and

between former Vice and Senator between  former  Vice  President President  Johnson Johnson  and  Senator  Barry Barry  Goldwater,  which which  gave President  Novem­ Goldwater, gave PresidentJohnson  Johnsona avictory in  victory in Novem-

ber 1964. ber 1964.  "THE ARMED ARMED  FORCES  COUNCIL",  the shifting  "THE FORCES COUNCIL", the shiftingholding  holding com­ company of the younggenerals  generalsproclaimed  proclaimedthat "On  that "On October pany of  the young  October  27, 27,  1964", they  and  sincerely sincerely  turned turned over over power power  to  1964", they had "honestly  had "honestly and to the civilians... civilians...the  HIGH NATIONAL NATIONAL  COUNCIL COUNCIL  (but)  was  the the hIGH (but) power  power was

being abused  on  being abusedby  by counter­revolutionary  counter-revolutionaryelements"  elements" so  sothat  that on December 20,  December 20,the ARMED  the ArMEDFORCES  FOrceSCOUNCIL  cOUNcILdissolved  dissolvedthe  the High  High

National Council, THE  ARMED  FORCE FORCE  COUNCIL,  National Council, THE ARMED COUNCIL,then  then"ordered"  "ordered"

the "NATIONALLEGISLATIVE  LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL" to serve as thetransitio­ transitiothe "NATIONAL  COUNCIL"  to serve as the 

nal legislature" until the "ARMED COUNCIL"could "set  could "set nal legislature"  until  the  "ARMED FORCES FORCES  COUNCIL"  149 149 

1964,  time,  end of  of 1964, thethe end institutions".  atic  institut democrratic ions". AtAt thisthis time, upup democ area  of the area of  centof ofthe  tcong  percent  the Vie imately80 80per  approxmately  heldapproxi gheld  Vietcon the area,  e  the sam n  area, people i same the million  in the 14  people of   and  million 14 Vietnam the South  Vietnam and of South g  territory. 

were in  Vietcong territory. in Vietcon millionon were 1010 milli

in death in  to death  herselfto  a school burned herself  irl  burned schoolggirl On 27, a  Januaryy  27, On Januar

of Tran ent  of Tran  governm the govern ment against  t the l  protest  agains politica l protest as  aa politica saigon  as saigon and  rally  nt  rally and anti­Governme vernment held  an  sts held an anti-Go Buddhi 4000 Buddh ists Huong..  4000 Huong ed  described TIMES  describ NY TIMES the NY in the Reston  in James  Reston .  James arrested. weree  arrested 800 800 wer

and  Saigon and prevalent ntin in Saigon  ismprevale neutralsm  feelingof ofneutrali espread read  feeling  the wid widesp the ­ ly recog general also  It is  recog1965.  lly y  y  in  ons earl its envir February 1965. It is also genera in Februar s early environ its ese ese  Vietnam Vietnam South South  the the  in in  chaos chaos  the  that the capital  that the  capital in  the nized nized  in that the andthat  the  collaps eand  political  l collapse leadingto toa  apolitica ment was as  leading  Govern Government w ruary  ry 7, 7, On Februa HAD  TO  emphasis) is)On Feb TREND  HAD SED."(My (Myut emphas REVERED."  TOBE BEREVERS TRIND North upon North  attackupon  the all-outair airattack  t Johnson  ordered  the all­o

Presidennt Johnson ordered Preside

Vietnam m..  Vietna L"  S COUNC COUNCIIL" D FORCE   FORCES  "ARME "ARMED thethe  1965 17,17,  1965  ry y  OnOn Februa Februar

ent with with  n  Huy  government Dr. Pha civilian  governm ORDERED ED forma  acivilian Quat rm  HuyQuat fo Dr. Phan ORDER nder  commander former comma old  former year  old 42  year with 42 and with  Premie rand  as Premier f as  himself  himsel   Nguyen   General Major  Van n region,  the  Mekong from the Delta region, Major General Nguye Van  Mekong  Delta  from

and TEE"  and  COMMITTTEE SHIP  COMMI RSHIP   LEADER NAL LEADE "NATIOTIONAL thethe "NA n of of  hairman chairma Thieu, c Thieu,

the  said the aP said  Premie, r. AP  serve as Deputy  Premier as  Deputy to serve Defencee  Ministe Minister r to  Defenc announ­was announ . ItIt was

itary.  the military pawn"of ofthe mil t apawn"  most a  was "almos Premierr  was "al Premie "end  to  "end was  to ment  was nment Govern Gover the  the of  major of good  major a good that  a ced ced  that

lism." neutra sm."  neutrali

peace  large peace held  aa large priests  held sts  priests ists Buddhi and  Buddh ntss  and Student Stude

h  w Sout South the "new ately the "ne immediately  and immedi uary  26 and  ry 26  on Febr Februa tration  on stration demons demon

Thieu,  Van Thieu, Nguye n Van  an"  Major  Generl al Nguyen Major Genera Vietnam strongman" m  strongm Vietna vements for  peace"  the "mo s of  sponsorrs "movements for peace" of the announced  the sponso that all the  ced that all  announ

that  d  that reporteed d..  Other s  report agencie ies news agenc had Other  news arrested been  arreste had  been

tide of rising tide of  therising  bythe  nment t officials disturbed edby  "Goverrnmen were disturb officials""  were  "Gove fear  they    war and the  g  of endin r  fear it it pinion  in favou public oopinion in favour of ending the war and they public

" longer."  much longer. check much  be  held  in check  not  be held in  could not could

16,  E,  March  ­TRIBUN HERALD March 16, UNE, Deepe inin  D-TRIB Beverly Deepe thethe NYNY HERAL Beverly Saigon  in  d  surface d in Saigon movement  had  surface

"peace  movement had that a  rote  that a "peace 1965, w wrote 1965,

spiied",  unist-inspired' "Communist­in named "Comm ernmen officially y named  mentt  officiall the Gov which the Govern which

150 150 

for a ling ain a petitioentn cal ted mo circula.. this ent had "These-mofirevem ed obt has vem without condition.

a  ted a  petition  calling for  The  movement  had  circula ed  tain ..this  movement  has ob cease­fire  without  condition. st  s­many  of  them  the  mo the  signatures  of  471  person »  y  ciet ­so igh se h   of  Vietname respected  upper­crust layer

cea most any of them the 471 persons--m the signatureser-cof rus respected upp t layer of Vietnamese high-societytar."y cre war Nacetionab'souSet the ited aryss, Un Febru At theU Thenand oft told en fer con Ge w the"  knet" opelein pe can rintrutVieneh  itTraltnaoum.ldSHereesai'tod:  tlm*ifa prethe eri Am T tt fi lf c flict being settled by negotia con it wo  to tuldthehe dagrdigigneenifiifietoedd the truhonth and forces erican  Americ es... " ""  an forc wit awall  of of Am hdrawa withdr tion and to rt t of   pa n  the of coup o   cou par ted the on attemp p an atte wass  an ted re wa mp there 20 the Mayy 20 On Ma On an­" vili "ci   the t  ous an to  vili   "ci ght the sou y  faction,  who  sought to oust

.£ 

srs rs  S

o ination attempt 33 plotters faction, wh one militaentry. Fol assterassArnett explained that the ingAPthe low nm ver Go Pe s d nm' ent had not been foiled. anver ed Go estthe werelitaarr in ry" "mi go the reinOns ofe isgovsteernppmeingnt.doTwwno y won't let Ca "The militar et. the bintwo Generals rearepowinerfu al Nguyen the of l but the mo is retaining his post ,ofMaDejorputGeyner mier and Pre Van D ThieuM ilian

one  militar mpt 33 nlo  i    assassination  atte aUemP'33 Plotters  Government.  Following  thePeter  a  "  were  arrested  and  AP's  Peter  Arnett  explained  that  the  k  ;i;.  ,, .    not  been foiled.  ary  in the Government  had Two  the reins  of government.  ^  "The military  won't let  go  ^  ^    ^ General  are  in  ^  Maj°r General  P °f  thG  tW°'  Van  ™e0re  °    hiSP°St  of  Deputy  Premier  and "1'™8    lian civi his    and ier  Quat  jn  Defence  .Mtmster...Prem b.t  more  ^  Go  ernment  have  Qot  om  r0n  n s  want  to  give  it."  (O Vietnam s  military  leader   he  ent nm ver Go s"  "hi ed  uffl May 25  when Dr.  Quat  resh in­ uyen  Van Thieu.  AP expla retained  Major  General  Ng an  the  Cabinet  is  taken  as  ed  "Tlueu's  retention  in  ng  stro its  p  kee to  y  wants  indication  that  the  militar .)  ent nm ver Go   the n  influence i nd"  accurately  stated,  the  "tre As James  Reston  had  so    tnam Vie ong  the  people  of  South  wards  making  peace  am   ng fury reversed  it  was  with  appalli e  J  had  to  be  reversed"  and  ™  on February  7,  1965. 

  I his civ ter... PremieerbitQumoatreanaudtho Defence Minis rity than ent have not on Governm

it." want to give nm litary leadersfled Vietnam's miDr. ent, he ver Go " huf "his May 25, when Quatal res exp Thieu,takAPen aslainanNguyenCaVan MajorretGeenner retainediew tion in the binet is its strong ed "Th 's y.)wants to keep itar mil the t tha tion ica ind ent nm ver influence in the Go

, the "trend" so accuratelyplestaof ted As James Repeastocen had uth Vietnafurym peo hSoapp king andamrevongersthe towards marev ed it was wit alling ed" ers be to d "ha on February 7, 1965.

, particularly inh l" Ky, won accld laim "Air Vice-Mars, ha glistere" En akFosom spe cou he e aus bec les circ ce For Air US figh rce Air am etn and he led a squdron of 24on*Vi No bombers on its initial air raid rth Vietnam on February 8,

won  acclaim,  particularly  in  Vice'Marsbal"  Ky»  US  a'^f  English  because  he  couJd  speak  some  i T06  CirClCS'  and  hter­  fig ce" For   Air   .^udr°D  of  24  "Vietnam boL  ry 8,  rua Feb n  m o tna Vie s on  its initial  air raid on  North 

151 151 

1965,  "clos 1965 , "clos demi ee toto thethe  dem zone ilitarlitari izedzed  zone ... ...wit with h cov coveer pro r provvided ided 

Unite byby Unit State edd Stat Air Forc Force ess  Air e air craft aircr "Firs aft."." "Firs t outof   of hi t out plane hiss plan e,,  Gen. Ky, dres Gen.  Ky, dresssed ed  in  blackk fligh in aa  blac t  t suit suit  and fligh and  a a  pale pale  viole violet t scarff,, was was  mob mobb ed  by scar by hund hundreds reds of of  new bed news men  and  phot photo gra­sme n and ogra pher The s."  Com "The man   Com dermand in-C er­in hief ­Chie then posed Phers." f  then  posed

with the   with  the  pilotss for for  a  souv pilot enir  photo a souv enir beforre phot e inv ogragraph ph  befo them  insid inside invititing  e  ing them

for aa victo for victory ry  part party ."  This This Chie Stat y." e sent Chief f ofof  State   sent aa lette letterr  to to 

Commander Brig

. Gen. Nguyen Cao Ky and askedd  him him to to conv aske convey ey toto  thethe AirAir F Com mand Forcorce  e Com and  his  man derer and his

­Air  For Forcce e  Commander  Brig.  Gen.  Nguyen  Cao  "Air Ky  and 

fellow pilots fello congratul w  pilot s his  his warm warm  cong ratulation ations sfor  for their  their valia valiant nt feat  feat of of

arm s." arms . 

On  the the follo follow On ing day, day, atat  wing press   confe a a pres rence s conf Gene eren ral  ce,, Gen eral

Cao Ky said

: "As far as I am concerned, yesterday was the biggest and happ st day in my life when I ordered the VNAF to cross the 17thiepara llel..." A correspondent from a Hanoi daily asked if the Commun ists could make air attacks on our Kv  said: 

"As far  as I am  concerned,  yesterday  was  the  biggest and  happiest  day in  my  life  when   I ordered  the  VNAF  to cross  the 17th  parallel..."  A  correspon dent  from  a  Hanoi  daily asked  if the  Communists could  make  air  attacks on  our  bases in retaliation.  The  C­in­G  replied:  r 

bases in retaliation. The C-in-G replied: "We   are  sure  that the We the  are Nort sure h  Vietn that ames Nort h Vietn ame see aut authhorit oritieies d s doo  not have have  enou enough  not mean s  to  bom gh b b our  mea ns base to bom s. s. Our  our base Our Air  Air Force manyy  times Forc e isis man times  stron stronger  ger than than  their Neverthel theirs.  rtheless, s. Neve ess, 

the air air pow powe the the inte inter err  ofof the natio nal l Com Commun rnat iona munist  bloc,,  ist bloc

particularly Red China, may be able to reach South

particularly  Red  China,  may  be  able  to  reach  South  Vietnam. am.  Everyone  is  aware,  however,  Vietn that  our  air  defence  has  been ensured  by  the  air fo rces  of  the  United  States...  (all  quotes  from  the  official  South  Vietnam  military  Junta  news  magazine  VIET NAM  FIGHTS  AND AND BUI BUIL LDS DS— -3 3 & 7 & 7 196  1965 5)) 

Everyone is aware, how

ever, that our air defence has been ensured by the air force s of the United

States... (all quotes from the official South Vietnam

military Junta news magazine VIETNAM FIGHTS

1965,, new InIn Ju Julyly 1965 new  decis decisions  were  being

ions were being take taken n in  in Was Washing hing­ton. Amb Amb assad ton. Gene ral  Maxw assa doror Gen ell T aylorr  was eral Maxwell was bein being Taylo replaced ced  g  repla

enry  byby H Hen ge.  ry Cabo Cabott Lod Lodg e.Spea Speking akin of  g ofthe  theViet Cong, 

Viet Cong, (Nationa ional l Liber ation Libe ratio Fron n  Fron t),t), thethe  WALL WAL  STRE L STR BT  JOUR BBT JOUNAL  RNasaid:  "in L said: "in sho rt,  shor t, they  are  (Nat

winning  they are winn ing the  the war. The NY war." " The NY TiM es, hint TIME

S,  hinti ing the ng  at at th e  fatefu fatef ull deci decission ions s being being  made made  in  in Was Washington,  ton, warn warned  edof "t of "the he 

dangers  dang ers again st  whic against which h the U S  mus the US mustt guar guard d as it  as it startss  dow down n 

152 152 

and increasinglyperilous  perilouspath  pathin  in Asia."  Asia." Walter and increasingly  Walter Lippman Lippraan on on  July July  22nd 22nd  recited recited  the the fateful fateful steps had brought steps that that had  US brought the the US  to its present position: to its  present  position: 

«the "the air strikes  air strikes were tried  were tried out  out as a  as a relatively relatively  cheap cheap  and and 

easy  way  easy way of compensating  of compensatingfor and  for and covering up  covering up the the defeat  defeat

of of the army. In the South South  Vietnam Vietnam  army.  In the the past past six six months months  the thethe  Saigon army hashas  the  plight become plight ofof  Saigon  army  become worse worse  and today today its reserves  are used  troops are deserting  and its reserves are used up, its  up, its troops are deserting

inin masses.  masses. The The villages  villages from  from which which  it  it could could draw  draw new new  recruits are  recruits are in Viet  in Viet Cong Cong hands,  hands, communication  communicationwith  with the the  » few centresthat it still  that it still holds few centres  are substantially cut... holds are substantially  cut..." 

On July 28 On July  President Johnson 28 President  said, regarding Johnson said,  US forces in  regarding US forces  in

Vietnam:  "We "We are  Vietnam: are there to  there tostay", and "we  stay", and "wewill  what  we will do  we  do what

need to do. US intentions were need  to do". US intentions w made very ere made  clear by very clear  by Ambassador Ambassador  Lodge, on on the the day day  before in  session of Lodge, of the the US Senate  before in a a closed  closed session US Senate

Foreign Relations Comm Foreign Relations Committee. ittee.  Lodge Lodge said "the forces said "the forces of  the US  of the US

would remain  would remain in  Government  there in South Vietnam,  South Vietnam, even  there  even if  if the  the Government

requested theirwithdrawal."  requested their  withdrawal." In  August  1965, US  Ambassador  to to Saigon  In August 1965, Cabot  US Ambassador Saigon Henry  Henry Cabot

Lodge, brought  ale  of ofthe CIA.  Lodge, this  broughtback "Colonel" Lansd back "Colonel' Lansdale the CIA. By  By this time the  Saigon  Government Government  had  time the Saigon been  again again  re-shuffled re­shuffled  and had been and 

the playboy,"Air  the purple-shirted purple­shirted  playboy,  "Air Vice-Marshal' Vice­Marshal''  Nguyen Nguyen  Cao Cao 

been  given  Through the  KyKy had  hazards  had been giventhe title  the titleof "Premier".  of "Premier". Through the hazards travel, it  revealed on  September  17,  an  American,  ofof air  air travel, it was  was revealed on September 17, an American, Mr. Jerry  Rose, "a special  Air Force  Mr. Jerry Rose, "a specialadviser  adviserto toPrime  Prime Minister  Minister Air Force Marshal Nguyen  Marshal NguyenCao Ky" had  Cao Ky" had been  been killed.  killed.

Behind  Prime Prime  Minister Minister  Ky Ky was was  the the  real real  power power  in  the  Behind in the Saigon  military  "Major General,  Nguyen  Van  Thieu,  Saigon militaryclique,  clique, "Major General, Nguyen Van Thieu,

the chairman of the "National the chairman of the "Na LEADERSHIP COMMITTEE". tional LEADERSHIP COM MITTEE ".  Behind  Behind

the  boyish boyish  "Major  General  Nguyen Nguyen  Van Van Thieu,  were  similar similar  the "Major General Thieu, were

US advisers  US advisersheaded  headedby byColonel"  Deputy  Colonel"Lansdale!  Lansdale!The  The US  US Deputy Ambassador Ambassador  in  in Saigon  Saigon in  in 1965, 1965, V. Alexis V.  Alexis  Johnson Johnson (now (now US US  Ambassador  in  said in  September 1965,  the Nguyen  Ambassador in Tokyo)  Tokyo) said in September 1965, "the Nguyen

Cao  Ky Ky  regime regime  in  its collective collective leadership leadership  was Cao was  gaining gaining  in in  in its

popularity and  racy.  popularity and was  was tending towards democ tending towards democracy."

153 153 

up  summed d up seemed summe philosop phyhy seemed   Thieu's  philoso General l Thieu's Major Genera Major t t

mmunis Anti-Communis People'ss Anti­Co Asian People' to the "Asian sent to the " he sent  s he tings  greeting the gree inin the

Com­ said: "The "The ComHe said:  1965. He  ber1965.  Septemer  in Septemb meetin gin  League League  meeting

revealed d  mask an andd reveale their mask away their thrown away have  thrown Chinesee  have munist  Chines munist

brutal  through  brutal ion  through dominattion world domina tion  to attain termina to attain  world their de ination determ their he sm" m" he  t defeati   defeatis force." g "agains   "against warnin later, warning days later,  days  few  force."  AA few said: certainly will  people  our  spirit  able  spirit our people will certainly  indomit "With indomi said:  "With table th."  th and  the North." andthe Nor munists the South in the Sou the Com both in  defeat the nists,,  both  Commu defeat of the  the  "spirit  the al  that  "spirit of will reve that the pages  will g pages reveal following The followin The ts",  mmunis unists"  the "Co "Comm the  against against directed directed was not    not was Vietnam  of  Vietnam of people" people" young  the young of  the rule  of the  rule opposed ably  oppos indomit was  to the ed  to  itably indom itit was been  that had s  that  had been

n invader invaders America rican  the Ame and the Saigon  and in Saigon s  in Genera Generalls

. Vietnam.  into Vietnam "invited"" into  "invited

154 154 

"Pacification"­Refugees "Pacification"-Refu gees  and  and Terror  Terror "There doubt that American intervention "There isis nono  doubt  that  American  intervention saved saved  the Saigon Government from the Saigon  Government from  probable collapse in  in 1964 probable  collapse  1964  and and 

1965," 1965,"  said said  Robert Robert  Stephens from Saigon Stephens  from  in "The Saigon  in  "The  OBSERVER",  London  OBSERVER, And  this Londonon  this  dispatch, on March  dispatch,  March 11,1967.  11, 1967. And

like so so many like many  from from  the the  war war  zone, zone,  spoke spoke  of  "the Saigon of the Saigon 

Government", because Government", because  in  the period period referred in the referred  to to there there were were 

almost aa dozen dozen different different regimes, almost regimes,  none none having having  legality legality  and and  existing only because existing only  the"strongman" was  "strongman" wascurrently in  because the  currently in favour favour 

with Embassy in in  Saigon. with the TheThe  the US OBseRVER US  Embassy  conSaigon.  OBSERVER  report report con­ tinues: "the tinues: "the  question  question is whether  is whether AMERICAN AMERICAN  INTERVENTION CAN INTERVENTION CAN  REALLY REALLY CHANGE CHANGE THE THE BASIC BASIC MILITARY MILITARY AND POLITICAL AND  POLITICAL BALANCE BALANCE 

IN WAY THAT THE IN SUCH SUCH AA  SAIGON WAY  GOVERNMENT THAT  THE  IS ABLE SAIGON  GOVERNMENT  IS  ABLE  TO TO 

STAND STAND  ON ON  ITS ITS  OWN OWN  FEET and dispense  dispense with  FEET  and  with the expedithe  large large expedi­

tionary force." force."  tionary (emphasis added.)  (emphasis Stated crudely added.) Stated crudely and  and simply,  simply,

the  question question  was, was,  "COULD  the THE  US US  MILITARY MILITARY FORCE "COULD THE FORCE 

THE PEOPLE TO CHANGETHEIR THINK­ THEIR THINKTHE VIETNAMESE VIETNAMESE PEOPL E  TO CHANGE 

ING AND BE TO ACCEPT ING  AND  BE WILLING WILLING TO  ACCEPT LEADERS LEADERS DESIRED DESIRED  BY BY THE THE UNITED UNITED STATES STATES WHO WHO WERE WERE COMMITTED COMMITTED  TO TO AMERICAN AMERICAN POLICIES? POLICIES?  James Reston, Reston, writing writing inin  mid­September  in in  1965, 1965,  told told  James mid-September

the  camps  which  ofof the camps South  which Vietnamese forces  thethe  South Vietnamese had set set up up  forces had

for Viet Viet Cong Cong prisoners  and their their kidnapped  families.  He He said:  for prisoners and kidnapped families. said: "Not even  a  coward would "Not would  even a coward leave  leave ranks  thethe Communist  Communist ranks

refuge in in the the pig­pens  the South South Vietnamese toto take  take refuge Vietnamese have have  pig-pens the

has been the provided  for  them. This This  has  been left left primarily primarily to to the  provided for them.

Vietnamese themselvesand  andthey  theyare  are treating  treating their priVietnamese  themselves  their  pri­ soners with that  that degree of brutality that  brutality that only a  only a civil  civil war soners with  degree  of  war  seems  to to produce. produce.  Their Their attitude  towards the  defectors  seems attitude towards the defectors by what what  they they  do do to  their  own  Lately  isis illustrated  illustrated by to their own men.  men. Lately they  have have  been been  tattooing  the  chests chests  of  their  men men  they tattooing on  on the of their

"Satcong" _"Kill Viet  Viet Cong". "Satcong"—"Kill  Cong".  This This isis supposed supposed  to to 

boost same discourage boost  their their morale morale  and and  at at the the  same time time  discourage  them from defectingto the  to theother  otherside."  side." This them from defecting  This technique technique  seemed to be the handiwork Chiang Kai-shek's "Psychoseemed  to be  the handiwork  Chiang  Kai­shek's  "Psycho­

logical logical  Warfare Warfare  Teams" Teams"  which which  had had  been been  sent sent  from from  Taiwan aid the US cause in Vietnam.)  Vietnam.) Taiwan to to aid  the US cause in  1965 the the "pacification" "pacification"  work work  was was  carried carried  out out  by by  InIn 1965

"Political "Political Action Action Teams" Teams" that that were were neither neither  more more  nor nor less less  than was terrorize and than murder murder squads. squads.  Their Their task task  was simply simply toto terrorize  and  eradicate Viet Cong by  Cong byforce.  force. With  With the of US Ambaseradicate Viet  the change change of  US Ambas­ sadors in  1965,  the the new  envoy, Henry  Cabot  sadors in Saigon  Saigonin August  in August 1965, new envoy, Henry Cabot Lodge,  brought brought  with with  him him the the promise promise ofof more more money money and and  Lodge,

more men to the pacification more men  to achieve achieve the  pacification and and he he was was accompanied accompanied 

by by the the CIA's CIA's expert expert  in in winning winning nations nations and and influencing influencing  people,  "Colonel" "Colonel" Edward Edward Lansdale, Lansdale, returning returning to  Saigon  to  people, to Saigon to

finish finish  the the  job. job.  ItIt was was against against the the recent recent  crudities crudities  that that  "Colonel" "Colonel"  Lansdale out all skills. The Lansdale  brought brought  out  all  his his sales-promotional sales­promotional  skills.  The  barbarisms of  Chiang Kai­shek's  men, such such as as tattooing,  were  barbarisms of Chiang Kai-shek's men, tattooing, were dispensed  with with and  in its  place, the  guidance,  dispensed and in its place, the US under  US under CIA  CIA guidance, set about about creating a "New  set creating a "NewLife" captive "Free World."  Life" captive "Free World."

The new US of The new  US  plan plan  had had the the merit merit of of aa computer-sort computer­sort of  cleverness. cleverness.  The to be the  troops troops  of of the the "Saigon "Saigon  Government Government"  were were  to  be 

relieved of almost all fighting with  with armed relieved  of  almost all fighting  armed  enemy--the enemy—the  forces forces 

the National  Liberation Front—and  the carrying carrying  of of the the war  ofof the National Liberation Front--and the war

south of  the 17th  parallel  was  the US  south of the 17th parallel wasto tobe be left to  left to the US military  military.

The American American  troops, troops,  numbering  more—if  The numberingone  onemillion  million or  or more_-if

required—with their their "overwhelming" "overwhelming"  machanized equipment, equipment,  required--with machanized 156 156 

new weapons, weapons,  helicopters, helicopters, chemicals  "non­lethal" gases, new gases,  chemicals and  and "non-lethal" were  to to seize seize an an area, area, "search "search  out out and  the "Viet "Viet Cong  were and kill"  kill" the Cong

enemy" and and then then scoop scoop up  the women,  children and enemy" and old  men  up the women, children old men into giant into giant  helicopters and helicopters and fly  fly them them away away toto  concentration  concentration

camps  named named  "New  camps "New Life  Life Centres".  The  US Centres". The US  Army Army  would would 

then advancing then be be the the  advancing shield shield behind behind which which the the South South  VietViet­

namese  "pacification"  squads  could could  do namese do  their their work "pacification" squads work of of bringbring­

ing ing about  about political political conversions. conversions. 

The armour The outer was outer  the US armour  was the  US Army the area Army protecting protecting the  area 

of of the the "refugee forces. "refugee camps" camps" from second from the the NLF NLF  forces. The The  second  line military protection line ofof  military  thethe  strangely-named protection for for  strangely­named  "New "New  Life Hamlets" was provided by the troops Life  Hamlets"  was  provided  by  the  troops  of of the the "Saigon "Saigon 

Government". Government".  Within Within these these  two two lethal lethal rings rings were were  the the  "Revolutionary  "Revolutionary Development teams", Development teams", (so-named (so­named  by "Colonel"  by "Colonel" Lansdale, the the former  San Francisco  Lansdale, advertising expert.)  former San These  Francisco advertising expert.) These

"Rev-Dev" "Rev­Dev" teams teams are of are composed composed  of of  US-trained US­trained  "cadres" "cadres"  of 

59 each one  one having  having specific 59 South South Vietnameseskill. The Vietnamese—each  specific  skill.  The 

operation South operation on Vietnamese on the the  side South  was Vietnamese  headed up side  by aa  was headed  up by 

"Minister Revolutionary "Minister ofof  Revolutionary  Development" Development" (as (as pacification is pacification is  currently currently  named) named)  and and  he he  is is aa Mao-General Mao­General  in in the the "Saigon "Saigon  Army".  On On the the  Army". American side, side, the American the operation operation  had had  its its 

official in the official head "US Deputy head in  the "US  Deputy  Ambassador". Ambassador".  Real Real  authority authority  though, as the  press in  though, as the press in Saigon  Saigonwell  wellknew, rested  knew, restedwith "Colonel'  with "Colonel'

Lansdale the CIA expert Lansdale the CIA  expert on on counter-revolution. counter­revolution. 

One  of of the the first  One requirements  of first requirements of the the CIA-advertising CIA­advertising 

expert  Lansdale, Lansdale,  upon  expert Vietnam  was uponhis  was  to hisreturn  to  return to  to Vietnam

counterchange  the  change labels  on  the labels the old on the old packages. packages. The The  counter­

revolutionary "pacificat revolutionary ion" scheme  "pacification" became  the "Revolutionary  scheme became the "Revolutionary

Development  Programme" Programme"  and Development and the the refugee refugee concentration concentration 

camps werenamed  camps were  namedthe "New  the "NewLife  LifeHamlets  Hamlets". .  In In true true Madison Madison  Avenue fashion,  contentless forms  were perpetuated. perpetuated.  Avenue fashion, contentless forms were

Peter Armett, of AP, writing in March 1967, 18 months after this new programme began, wrote from Saigon of the

Peter  Armett,  of  AP,  writing in  March  1967, 18  months  after  this  new  programme  began,  wrote  trom  Saigon of  the  thousands of "Revolutionary thousands of  Teams" that "Revolutionary Development were Development Teams  that were 

157 157 

being  trained trained  to being to work  hey are being work inin the the village  village hamlets.  hamlets.TThey are  being 

trained trained to enter a vill to enter a village, age, take a census,  take a census, befriend the  befriend the villagers, do  villagers, do

small small  jobs jobs  of of  rebuilding rebuilding  and and  recruit recruit  a a  local local guard. guard.  These These 

"Rev­Dev" teams "Rev-Dev' teams were were supposed supposed  to to  stay stay about about six six months months  inin each each hamlet hamlet and and toto leave leave it it "pacified"  "pacified" before before moving moving on on 

problems ofof  pacification are toto another.  another. ButBut "the  are enormous  "the problems pacification enormous'' 

said said Arnett: Arnett: 

"Many  ofof the the  teams are are frightened "Many frightened toto spend spend  the teams the 

night inin the the  hamlets they they work work in. in. Provincial night Provincial officials  hamlets officials

are often often corrupt... corrupt...Security  the  hamlets hamlets  is is aa major major  are Security of  of the problem, and and the  whole of  problem, the  Vietnamese armed the whole of the Vietnamese armed forces forces 

isis being  being trained trained  to  to handle handle this problem  this problemin in1967".  1967". "The  "The

Americans  hope  Americans hope that  (this)  $80,000,000 that (this) $80,000,000  plan  (can  be plan (can be 

built) into into aa workable built) workable  one. one.  They They  hope hope  it it does does  not not 

suffer fate of  suffer the ofthe four  the fourthat  the fate  that preceded  precededit. it. All All failed.") failed.")  Of an an estimated estimated 15,000,000 15,000,000  people Of people  in in South South  Vietnam, Vietnam,  Arnett stated that the  that the official Arnett stated  official  estimate is that estimate  is  million are that  *8 "8 million  are  considered under  considered underGovernment  Governmentcontrol.  control. Keyes Keyes Beech, Beech, longtime  longtime authority  on on Asia, Asia, with with the the chICagO CHICAGO DAILY DAILY NEWS, NEWS,  writing authority writing  from Saigon  from Saigon on  on April  April 3,3, 1967,  said that that ofof the 1967, said the 14,000 14,000 hamlets  hamlets Vietnam "about  inin south  south Vietnam 4,000 are  "about 4,000 considered secure" are considered secure". 

What sort of What sort  is indicated of "control" "control" is  byby  Robert indicated  Stephens, Robert Stephens,  of the the London London OBSERVER, OBSERVER,  writing  of writingat atthe  from  the same  same time,  time, from Saigon,  he he said said that  where "big "big  American  offensive sweeps  Saigon, that where American offensive sweeps

have  been been  carried have carried  out" out" inin the the  "pacification programme", "pacification programme",  the  US the US forces forces  return return  to to their their base, base, after, after, in in some some cases cases 

"leaving the country aa virtual  "leaving the country  virtual desert prevent desert toto  re-occupaprevent its its re­occupa­

tion tion  by by  the the  Viet Viet  Cong." Cong."  He "It isis aa picture He  added: added:  "It  picture  of of  a a  savage and  savage and inconclusive war  inconclusive war of  massive destruction, of massive destruction, of  of millions  millions of of refugees refugees  and and  displaced displaced  persons, and inadequate persons,  and  inadequate  hospitals hospitals  full to overflowing of civilian full to  overflowing  with with  thousands thousands  of  civilian  casualties casualties  from from 

American South Vietnam bombing  Vietnam bombing and  American and and South  and shelling shelling  as as well well as as 

from Communist attacks... from Communist atta In seems cks...In  seems  scarcely be realized scarcely  to to be  that realized  that  the bombing  of the the bombing of the South South is  for  heavier and is for and probably  heavier causes  probably causes 158 158 

north".  the  north* bombing  "in  "in the US bombing the US  casualties"  than  than the  far more  more casualties" far

NY  NATION,  NY quoted  Saigon,  newsman  NATION, thethe  byby  quoted waswas  in in Saigon, (A(A USUS newsman was  States  United  the  that  saying  as  1966,  December  1966, as saying that the United States was inin December air

in which American air  the American Wipee  out" which the out" in  engaged "Operation Wip in "Operation engaged  in

in South  villages in Cong villages South were razing  ground forces  and ground all Viet Cong razingall Viet  forces were and

Vietnam.) Vietnam.) 

the  in  the TIMES,  in YORK  NEW  TIMES, YoRK writing  NEw thethe  Mohr, writing in in  Charles  Mohr, Charles

every  "Almost every said:  "Almost Vietnam said: South Vietnam from South 1966, from of 1966, autumn  of autumn

crowded with victims  Vietnam isis crowded  civilian victims with civilian hospital provincial in Vietnam  tal in provincial hospi

in the the  officials in  and other other officials doctors and  American American doctors Some  the war. ofof the  war. Some power and  American air  victims  majority are  the  say the field say and air power American ofof  are victims majority field

artillery." Vietnamese  artillery."  South Vietnamese South

massive  this massive out this carrying  out States carrying United States the United is the Why  is Why

Maxwell  General  Maxwell the South Vietnamese 1966­67?  General in 1966-67? attack Vietnamese  in on the South  attack on

as  served  as he served where he where Saigon  Saigon from  from home  home enroute  enroute Taylor,  D. Taylor, D.

September 8,  on  spoke on and  Tokyo and in Tokyo stopped  in 8, Ambassador,  stopped September spoke Ambassador,

Japanese  and  1966. American and his American asked  his Japanese Taylor asked General  Taylor 1966.  General

Because se  Vietnam? inin  States Vietnam? Becau United States  was United  the  was the audience: "Why  audience:  "Why

asked  and asked 1954 and  in 1954 States States in  United  the United turned toto the  Diem turned  "President "President Diem programme  military  programme "The  military "The added:  Taylor added: General Taylor  for help."  help." General for

of Government  of  the Government which the behind which security behind security give  important toto give isis important  welfare and  health, welfare educational, health, and carry  can carry Vietnam can educational, thethe  outout  Vietnam support­ and  ing  supportand we are encourag which  encouraging are we programme  which agricultural  programme agricultural advice and ing funds."  and  funds." with advice  ing with

diplomatic  from  diplomatic translated  from when translated meant,  when this  meant, What this What State had  The United  had was : The United State reporting, was: straight reporting, into straight language  into language

a Government ofof a  name thethe  in in  Vietnam Government  South name  laid Vietnam  South  claim toto  laid claim in­ Diem gave  When  Diem". When gave in"President Diem". Diem that ofof  created, that "President itit created,

settlement with  negotiate settlement  with might negotiate a a  might  he  dication that he 1963 that in 1963 dication  in

military other military  succession ofother    and  anda a succession of  assassinated was assassinated he was Hanoi, he  Hanoi, of the  the area south  control the they would  the that they pledged that area south of officers, pledged would control officers, under  Now,  under Now, policies.  its  policies. its US and  of  and US behalf  of on  parallel on behalf 17th parallel 17th setting about  States was  about was setting Thieu­Ky,  regime ofof  United States the regime thethe United  Thieu-Ky, the

vilViet Cong Cong  vil­ the Viet  all the destroying all Vietnam by by destroying  South Vietnam  pacifying pacifying South

captur­ driving away or  away or capturtheir crops,  lages and  and after killing,,  driving crops, and after killing and their lages

159 159 

and  kidnapped  and were  kidnapped children  were and  children the women  women and men; the the men; ing the ing

Villages" es".  to the "Freedom "Freedom Villag helicopter  to the  taken by  helicopter away  by taken away

a shield was to provide provide a shield  US "defence forces role of the  forces was to  The the US "defence" The role of  almost  while  population,  almost while Vietnamese  south  the  population, surround  to surround the south Vietnamese to kill all and out hunt to out and  kill all  was usedto hunt  weapon  was used  known scientific scientific weapon every every known  they  that they assumption  that the  assumption age on  military age of  military on the boys)  of (and boys) men  (and men

"Viet Cong". secret "Viet Cong".  or secret  open  or be open might be  might

that of was that of  shield was  Americanshield  the American  withinthe  second shield The   within  The second shield

controlled Vietnamese Army paid and controlled  the South  hired, trained, paid and  Army,,  hired, trained,  South Vietnamese the

officers as personified  as  personified its ranking and with ranking officers  with its  United States by States and  the United  by the

States.  United States. the  United subservient  to  completely  subservient Thieu­Ky, completely to the by Thieu-Ky, by

"New the "New  guardthe  was to guard  army was to  Saigon mercenary mercenary  army  this Saigon The task  task ofof this  The velopment  ised  "revolutionary de "revolutionary development where the US­dev the US-devised Life Centres"  Centres" where Life shield, was  inner  or  third,  The  out.  carried  was shield, programme" was  inner or third, The out. carried was programme" velopment"  "revolutionary development" in "revolutionary de experts in  the CIA­trained  CIA-trained experts of the that of  that

people of the and hearts the people  win the hearts of  it was minds and  the minds whose to win  was  to task it  whose  task

forced "freedom" "freedom' .  they forced upon whom  whom they upon

"New these "New  38 ofthese  there are now38 of  Quang Nam In province  there are now  Nam  province In Quang 

ed  far away  territory, and Cong territory, and  the Viet Cong  Life" camps locat from the Viet  far away from  camps located Life"

The CIA-trained CIA­trained  1967. The  for 1967.  planned for  are planned camps  are such camps 39 more such 39 more have  gramme  have programme development" pro development" "revolutionary  the "revolutionary of  the cadres  of cadres and  committees  and administrative  committees village administrative had from village people  from the people had the make  and make ances and  their grievances discuss their griev to discuss told to beentold  have been  people have the the people 

Nam is Quang Nam is  presentative.  Quang  "Government" representative. to the  "Government" re suggestions suggestions to the

800,000,  population of  northern province the five  one of  of 800,000, with aa population provincess  with  five northern of the one these, 50,000 are  Nang. Of  packed  into Da  200,000 are  whom 200,000 50,000 are Of these, into Da Nang. are packed ofof whom

areas whose  all surrounding  areas andall  homesand  refugees from  villages,homes  whosevillages,  from surrounding refugees alties  een  consumed—mostl by napalm. "Casualties possession have b consumed--mostly yby napalm. "Casu have been possession

REUTER  dispatch of  says aa REUTER March high" says are  high" dispatch of March  civilians  are among  civilians among

to "win the battle to "win  front", where re  the battle  ation front", whe from the "pacification 1967, from the "pacific 5, 5, 1967, 

stage."  entering a crucial Viet Cong  a crucial  stage." the  Viet from  the back  from Cong isis entering the people  people back the programme  is a  this pacification  is a charge of  Vietnamese in  pacification programme The Vietnamese of this in charge The

Vietnam  CIA­school of  the CIA-school graduate of  old graduate 31­year  old Dr. Chi, a  of Vietnam of the Chi, a 31-year Dr. State University.  experts, Michigan University. Michigan  State experts,

160 160 

The siz The size of e of  the "refug fugee" pro the  "re

blem ee proble —main ainl m-m victtim lyy thethe vic imss  of  of the US US sco scorch the rcheded­ear earth p roggra ram th me pro   in in S mm outth h  Vie e Vietna Sou tnam  is  stag ger m is sta gge r-­ ing .  Of  ing. Of a a to pop totatal  ula tionest l pop  estima ula imated tion ted at at 15 15 mil million lion,, 8  mil lion   are 8 mil   lion are clai med  claime d to  be  und to be under er  the the con contro troll  ofof the the US

US  and and its "allies its  "all ies "..  this tot al,  OfOf this it is   admitte tota ittedd by l, it is by the adm thesis  usion s onFe   Feb rua ry 2 3  bru ary 23, that  "mre oretha  tha "mo  Soth uth n n 1,01,001,01,800800Sou Vie Vitnaetnamemes se.e...b .. ecame  war  refuthat

gees bechtyame war refugee s  in the the24  24 mo mo nth s  inare Julyy 1,  nth 196 s AF 4.  TE Eig R Jul   per 1,  cen 196 t  4. of  Eig them hty per cen t of the m  wom en  and  chi are wo childre ldren". me   "Ab n "About and out 500 500,75 ,7500  we n". werre e  livi ng  in  living in tempor porary ary she lters tem s  as as o f Jun she Junee 3 lter 0, 1966... At of At lea leasstt  hal 30, ha ff  of of tthe hem m  hav e be en  have been inin refu refugee gee cam camps ps for for  mo than n morere  tha month n nininee  mo nths  .  s". Thiss sta stag Thi ggegering tota total l  US­cau ofof US-ca   hom usedsedhom eleeles rth  ssnsne esss^aand destitu des titution tion  isis bbutut ring the   beginn the inning beg . . ItIt i ing s cla clai is med   as of March ime d ,967 7 that abo about 196 ut  half of the the tota tota l  po l pop ulpuatilat on e is under Saigon's control but onlyhal20f  of  pe r cen t of the are a. Yet the napalm sco rch i n g of the ear th, the che mi c al spr ayi ng ofly crops and the "pacify cify " and sn "pa inging" and snaatch popula tchingingof of pop ulation tionss has has on begun. un.  only jusjustt  beg Are the these Are se wo words rds too toostro   stro ng? The Thesam ng?   samee M ustS " s "rerefufuggeeee""  report ort sta states tes:' Re Ref rep uge es  are  ma de  fug "wh ees en  are they maatin are  forc de "wh forced  enof thebaty  tle are to  desert ed ert the too  theiir  homes des es a s  the the  acc accel r hom eler as g ti de  e rati n swe g ti eps d e  tnt of bat tl e swe eps i n to new  region new ions" o s" orr  "by "by  ch chooicicee  "..  "Leafle afletsts s "Le he air, scacattttererdd fro  rad radio  broadc fromm tthe adcasts air, circling io bro asts,,  circ ling   appea ling plaplanesnesapp   by l ealing by lououddspspeeakakeersrs­a ll  pro mis e th --al e pe l pro opl mis e the peo plee  security  sec y and and  hel help.. p..."  AFTER 

1966... 

a 

that 

"Refugees, while a burden, are equally an asset" is boldly adm

"Refugees,  while  a  burden ,  are  equally  an  asset"  is  boldly  admitted  in  the concl usion. 

itted in the conclusion.

In the face of the US military's kidnapping of half the

In the  face of  the US  military's  kidnapping  of half  the  South Vietnamese  population , it seems  both tragic and  alm ost  unworthy of  note, the charge  made  by a  US  pubhcat,on  issu ed  in  Saigon on  "Viet Cong ter ror;'.  "Viet  Cong  'e™"»s h ^ fa e  killed  11,967  civilians  and   kidnapped  another  ,  past  NINE  YEARS."  (The  US  Command  in Saigon  claim  th  it killed  50,000  Vietnamese  forces fighting  in Vietnam  past one  year.)  "Many village s  today  are  virtually  epopu  a  ted of  their natural  leaders,"  said  this US  government stud y­

South Vietnamese population, it seems both tragic and almost

unworthy of not rge made by a US publication issued in Saigon on "Vie,ettheCocha ng ". "Viet Cong terrorists have kipasl ed 11,967 civilians andterkiror d nap rgon40,988 in the t NINE YEARS." (The US Commpedandanoin the Sai t it killed 50,000 Vietnamese forces fighting in Vietnaclamimsin tha past one year.) "Many villages today are virtually depoputhe lated of their natural leader

s," said this US government study-

161 161 

probably  CIA.  (The  "natural' "natural" leaders leaders  obviously obviously  are are  the the  probably CIA. (The hereditary  landlords  of ofthe  hereditary landlordswho  whoare  arebitter  bitterenemies  enemies the"Viet  Viet

Cong's" land reform laws. The land reform Cong's" land  reform laws.  The land  reform promised promised  by by  the the  Saigon  "Governments" "Governments"  for  over  aa decade, decade,  has has  still  not  bebe­ Saigon for over still not

come a reality.)  reality.) come a  Who kill: "hamlet Who  do do  the the  Viet Viet  Cong Cong  terrorists terrorists  kill:  "hamlet  and and  village  chiefs, chiefs,  Government Government  pacification pacification  cadres, cadres,  and  national  village and national

policemen etc". Who do the  the American kill: "every policemen etc".  Who do  American  terrorists terrorists  kill:  "every 

night in the middle of you can thud of night in  the middle  of Saigon Saigon  you  can  hear hear  the the thud  of bombs bombs  and see the flares as American planes go over to attack places and see  the flares  as  American planes  go  over  to  attack  places  only 15 toto 20 miles from the capital." from only 15  20 miles  from the  capital." (both (both quotations quotations from  mid-March 1967 newspapers.) mid­March 1967  newspapers.) 

162 162 

Prep Preparing aring the the Elec Electtorat orate e 

"Colo "Colonel" nel" Lans dale Lansd ale  of of the the CIA retur CIA  neded toto Sai return Saigo n in gon  in  September  Septe mber 1965  1965 and and  in in the the interv interv eningtwent ening  twentyy mont month hs,s, with with  all the power all 500,000 the powe 00  US US troop r  ofof 500,0 troops for th s,-,—ex bar an excecept  pt for thee bar andd 

brothe broth owners—th ell owne rs -thee "winn "winning" ing"  ofof  the V the Vietn ietnam ames ese  e living  south south 

the 17 parall ofof the remotte, 17thth parall e,  ifif even even cconje el,el, see seemmed  onjeccturab turablle. ed remo e. 

The The n newew­ric rich h  on  on blood bloody y mon mone ey,  y, wheth whether in  er

in the the un unifo iform rm  ofof thethe "Saig "Saig Gove onon Gove rnmen rnme nt" t" or  or inin thethe si dress of silklk dress of prost prostiitute tute  seemeed d  the  seem the"dem "democrati ocratc icbase" base  "upon  upon which "democrat which  aa  "dem ocratiic" c  facade  was  being being  erect facad erecteed e was d  in  this land land of of the the  in this black-mark ­market, et,  black wheree, ,  seem seemingly,  wher everything  ingly, every be  boug bough thing could could  be exceppt t  the the  htt  exce Vietn amesee Vietnames   peopl peope. le. In  spite of In spite of the the legio legion s of of CIA-t CIA­traine ns rained d-­ and­paid aid police police of  and-p many  variet varieties, of many ies, a  USIS  February  a USIS reportt  on Febru on  ary repor this q uestio n,  shed shedss  some  this ques tion, the  great great  relian somelight  reliance  light upon  upon the on  ce on force force..  newly   libera "If"If thethe newl area  y libera does not not have tedted area have suffic does sufficient ient  policeunits,   units.   Regio nal  police Force s troo Regio ps,  nal Forces troops, oror Pop ular  Forces s  Popu lar Force outposts, sts,  or  if  Revolutionary  Devel outpo

or ifthe  opme Revo nt cad lution res  have  ary  to tra Devein lopme ntarm  cadre s have not ye had the oppor not tunity yett had oppo and arm rtunit y the pe to train ople  and the peop le they can can defen defend d their their home homes, s,  then then  the soso  they the Viet Viet Cong Cong  filter back back  filter into  into thethe areaarea asas soon soon a vacate as s it it isw vacat edd byby the main force force gover main governmen nment t and  and allied  allied troops .  troops." "A"A libera libera tedted ar areaea does does n notot alway alwayss stay stay li berate libera ted"d" remin reminds ds 

the same the sa me  repor report.  t,

Americans in South Vietnam according  accordingto  to top  top AP Americans  in  South  Vietnam  AP  newsmen and wondered newsmen  are are  worried worried  about about  this this sobering sobering fact fact and  wondered 

US troops "can  eventually  leave leave  Vietnam."  well  known known  ifif US troops "can eventually Vietnam." ItIt is  is well

that the the Viet Viet Cong Cong appeal: appeal: "Vietnamese "Vietnamese  soldiers,  die  that soldiers, why  why die

for die" had a for the the Saigon Saigon government? government?  Let Let the the Americans Americans die"  had a 

powerful  impact. impact.  ItIt is  this  reason that that the  US high high com­ powerful is forfor  this reason the US command  in in Saigon, Saigon, according according  these  same sources,  had been been  mand toto  these same sources, had "reluctant to  give the  Vietnamese Army  the  benefits benefits  of of modern modern  "reluctant to give the Vietnamese Army the weaponry, mainly  because  of fear  weaponry, mainly because of fear that such  that such equipment  equipmentwill fall  will fall into Viet  Cong hands."  (In this regard, the issuance  into Viet Cong hands." (In this regard, the issuance of  of the latest  the latest

model model  rifles rifles  to to the the South South Korean Korean  troops troops  in in South South Vietnam Vietnam  in to these in early early 1967 1967 indicates indicates  the the tougher tougher  role role assigned assigned  to  these 

Asian One of Asian  mercenaries. mercenaries.  One  of  the the top top generals generals  of of  the the South South  Vietnamese  army,  the  Vietnamese army,Lt.  Lt.Gen.  Gen.Cao  CaoVan  Van Vien,  Vien, chief  chief of  of the Joint General  Staff, was was  quoted  TIMES in in December December  Joint General Staff, quoted by by  thethe  NYNY  TIMES 1966 as saying  we'll ever  be as  good as as the (South)  1966 as saying "I wonder  "I wonder ifif we'll ever be as good the (South)

Koreans: it seems impossible.") Koreans: it  seems  impossible.")  While the South used some ®f  some of the dirtiest  the dirtiest While the  South Koreans Koreans  were were used  fighting  and and  cruelest cruelest  action,  the  fighting action,the  thelowly  lowly foot  foot soldier  soldier of  of the Saigon government's army  army was  wasnot  notfully  fully trusted  trusted by  by the Ameri­ the AmeriSaigon government's  cans,  was was  ill-armed ill­armed  and and  assigned assigned  the  guarding  the the  cans, the task  task of  of guarding South  Vietnamese Vietnamese  people  the  American American  "military "military  South peoplewithin  within the shield".  But  the  Saigon  high  command,  presided  over  by by  shield'. But the Saigon high command, presided over the Thieu­Ky  junta, came  ever closer  the Americans Americans  and and  the Thieu-Ky junta, came ever closer to  to the their programme  of pacification. pacification.  their programme of General Nguyen  was often  quoted  as  having  General NguyenVan Thieu,  Van Thieu, was often quoted as having deplored  the  custom  of of  "chicken-stealing", "chicken­stealing",  said said to to be  widely  deplored the custom be widely

practised soldiers. Troops the practised  by by  the the South South Vietnamese Vietnamese  soldiers.  Troops  in in the  field might might bebe  executed for  stealing from  the people,  he said.  field executed for stealing from the people, he said. On March March 11, 11,1967  British newsman newsman  Robert Robert Stephens Stephens  repor­ On 1967 British repor-

ted from from Saigon: Saigon:  The "The  official talk talk  building  democracy  ted official of of  building democracy around  the present  Government  of  Generals is  matched  around the present Government of Generals is matchedby  by the  the weary  skeptisism skeptisism  about about the the past  records of of Vietnamese Vietnamese  war­ weary past records warlords and and the the  widespread corruption corruption ofof government,..."  (US  lords widespread government,.. " (US Congressman  Clement  Zablocki  had  officially  reported  Congressman Clement Zablocki had officially reported in  in 164 164 

Janu ary 196 Jan uary 1966   thatther 6 that   there   was  e was evidevid encence  thatcon e that   cons idera side rablble a id  e aid fund fundss ha hadd bee been n  stol stoleen n inin So Souuth  th Viet Viet nam nam.. He said He s aid ther there e wer  were e  indicatio indic ationns  thatprev s that   prev iousSou ious   Sou Viet thth Viet namGov nam   Gov ernment ernm ent lead leaders ers  had

left office "up to their arm-pits in gold."

had left  office "up to their  arm­pits  in  gold." 

ItIt was was but but  fourday four   days   later s late  on Mar r on Mar chch 15, 15,  1967

1967,, that that the the  presss rep pres repoorte fromSaig rtedd from  Saigon on that that two two  more   high mor ­rank e high ing S -ran outh king Sou th  Viet namese Viet nam ese offic offic ers were ers were arre

arrested or were under investiga Lt. Gen. Nguyen Huu Co, Vice-Prition me

sted  or were  under  investigation  for  cor for corrrup uptition on.  . Lt.  Gen.  Nguyen  Huu  Co,  Vice­Prime  Minister  and  Minister of  Defence,  one  of  the  "richest  men in  the  country"  was  barred  from retu rning  from Taiwan,  where  he had  gone on  a  "good­will  visit "  because  he  and  his wife  were  under  investigation for  corruptio n  In  addition, General  Co's  whole  staff  was  arrested  and  held  for  investigation.  Simultaneously, it  was revealed  that   the Chief  of  the Resources  Section  of  the General  Staff, had  been   arresting  for  offering a  brib bribee inin re relalatio tionn toto a a sale sale of of scra scrap ironn. . p iro

Minister and Minister of Defence,

of the "richest men in the country" was barred from retuone rning from Taiwan, where he had gon

e on a "good-will visit

" because he and his wife were under investigation for corrupti In addition, General Co's whole staff was arrested and on held for investigation. Simultaneously, it was revealed f of the Resources Section of the General Staff, hadthatbeethen Chie arresting for offering a On Dec Dec ember er 17, On 17, 196 1966 emb TIME 6  thethe NYNY TIM ES-S­man Apple man  R.W le  R.W. . App from  Saig Jr.Jr. w wrotrote  on  e from Saigon rega regardin rdingg the   Man Manila ila conf conferen the erence he ld  in  ce held in midOcto ­October  sayng miding t hat " ber sayi prot ectin g the that "pro  paci tecti fication  ng the teams--th paci s­this  ficat ion team is job assi isis th assig thee ne ned  neww job to S outh  Viet gne Vietnam d nam''s Ar to Sou th my  at  the the  rece recennt s Arm t  y at Manila ila con conf Man eren ce."  The fere The  nce problem ." lem  see seenn by  prob the  top top  US by US  and the and  "alled" ied"  plan "alli ners was plan was  sim ners simp le:  "the "the  war  cann ple:

war cannotot bebe  won won  unti  until the Viet VietCon   Con g  guer the rilla s are   root g gue ed  out  of rrilla of the s are the 11,0 root 11,000 ed 0  rura out ™ l hamlets lets of of Sou South ham th V ietna m."  thehe USUS Arm Viet nam y y prot ." AsAs t Arm ecte d  the prote cted the  South th Viet Vietnam nam Arm Arm y,  Sou these  "Sagon igonGov   Gov ernm y, thes ent  e troo "Sai pww   ernm ent troo pshamwere givenn the the take take of of "s wee ping give  met meth odic ally  around  "swe epin the ham g lets  hod icall y arou nd the lets where re they they (the whe  CIA CIA-trai (the ­trai ned cadr cadres) ned es) are are  work working, ing, help e pin g  them ing the p toto w winin the peaeasants'  confidence..." This task was ra 

sants' confidence..." This  task  was give nTo  to the given the  Viet Viet namese nam ese s oldi sold ers beca iers because use tthey hey were were of  of the the s amee  "lang sam language uage, ,

cult ure and cultu ." re an d  race race." 

The Saigon government forces as of August 31, 1967 consisted of 603,000 troo ps, divided as follows: regular army

The  Saigon  government  forces as   of  August  31,  196  consisted of  603,000 troops,  divid ed as  follows:  regj  ^  290,000; regional  forces  144,000;   popular forces  140'°  '  force  13,000;  navy  16,000.  In  addition  there  were  4,000  national  policemen,  20,000  poor ly  armed  combat  y 

290,000 es ,000; popular forces 140,000; air force 13,0; regi00;onalnavforc y 16,0144 00. In add ition there were 54,000

national policemen, 20,000 poorly armed "combat youth",

165 165 

organized  into  mercenaries  organized 32,000  "paramilitary  and 32,000 civilian into civilian  "paramilitary mercenaries and

and  paid  (This last  defence groups."  for paid for  trained and group hired, trained  last group hired,  groups." (This defence

smartly­ It also had  aa smartlyalso  had States.") It  United States.")  theUnited  bythe  DIRECTLY DIRECTLY  by 

who through through  Army Corps) who  WAC (Women's Army Corps)  photogenic WAC (Women's  garbed, garbed, photogenic 

unwary  the  unwary convinced  the pictures,  convinced other  pictures, and  other the medium  of TV and medium of TV  the democratic", and "modern truly was democratic".  and  Vietnam South Vietnam  was truly  "modern  that that South 

of the the  officers of  plan, the the officers this Rostow-Lansdale-CIA Rostow­Lansdale­CIA  plan,  Under Under this  experts oftheir "senior experts of their  lectured by"senior  army were Vietnamese army  were lectured by  South South Vietnamese  University ?) and the  and  the Michigan State University ?)  of Michigan State  country (graduates own (graduates of  own country 

sympathy,  gain  sympathy, "howto to gain topicsas as"how  topics  such such  on on STATES UNITED  STATES  UNITED December  the people"...(NY Times confidence and support  people"….. (NY Times,,  December of the and support of  confidence As the  the added.) As Army"-emphasis added.)  Saigon'sArmy"—emphasis  "ReshapingSaigon's  1966  "Reshaping  1966

Vietnam  the South  perimeter,  the outer  perimeter, circled  on  US forces  South Vietnam the outer on the  forces circled US

wearing  formation, wearing combat  formation, American  combat battalions, marching  in American marching in  battalions,

their in their  and pay in  and with American weapons and pay  American weapons American uniforms and with  American uniforms were expected  terminology, were using US doctrines  expected pockets and  and terminology, US doctrines and  and using pockets

59. areas where the 59­ where  the patrolling in the the areas  in "aggressive patrolling in  engage in "aggressive  to to engage  the hamlets". in the  workin  teams are atwork  hamlets".  man pacification  teams are at  man pacification

they  Government  troops,  guarded  the  troops, they US Army  As the  the Government Army guarded the US As the  in the peoplein  Vietnamesepeople  South Vietnamese  the South  guard  the  to guard supposed  to  were  supposed were

of exit of  the exit  andthe  of strangers influx of  strangers  and  the influx  prevent  the  hamlets--to hamlets—to  prevent Vietnamese safe a of doctrine CIA the Vietnamese  safe  deserters--while a  of  doctrine  CIA  the  deserters—while 

nation  of  of ‡ nation this §  mindsof of this  the minds  implanted  in  in the  was  implanted "culture" was "culture"

captives. captives.  DEVELOPMENT'S  INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT'S FOR FOR  AGENCY AGENCY  the USUS  Under Under the 

educate two million planned to programme" "counter-insurgency to educate two million  ramme" planned  "counter­insurgency prog

hundred  South Vietnamese  1967, five hundred endof of 1967, five  theend  students bythe  Vietnamese students by  South

to States to  United States  to theUnited  takento the  beentaken  hadbeen  Vietnamese teachers had  Vietnamese  teachers to South in 1966 late in  returned  to South  training and late  they  returned special training and  1966  they receive receive special  graded  of graded different titles titles of 37 different  that 37 funds also saw saw that Vietnam. AID funds also  Vietnam. AID

villages"  textbooks  were ready  "freedom villages" elementary  textbooks the "freedom  for the  were readyfor  elementary copies  6,200,000  copies Philippines) 6,200,000 the philippines) in the (probably  in printed (probably and printed and

regulate  To regulate of 1957. To  the endof 1957.  bythe end  to comeby  moreto come  8,000,000 more  with with 8,000,000

behind  system,  behind educational system, "free"  new "free" this  new of this contents  of the contents educational the ATERIALS  NATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS M INSTRUCTIONS MATERIALS NATIONAL its three layers of "armou three layers of "armour", ar", a  its

166 166 

SER SERVVICE ICE  was  wasestab estalishe blish d ed with with   AID AID   fund funds—a s--and  nd with with  Ame American rican

 

advi advisers sers.. 

The NY The NY TIME TIMES S quot quoted ed th thee com comman mander der o off aa So Soututh V h Vietn ietna mese ame se  divis division ion a ass sayi saying: ng: t the he new new plan planmea  meant  nt "tha "thatt the the A Ame meri rica cans ns   have hav e lost lost  faith

faith  in  US,  eve in US, evenn  thou though ghit it is  our 

is our own own  cou coun try." ntry ."  This latte This latte r r view viewsee   seem meded ope open n  toto cha chall lleng enge e. . The The  NY NY  TIM TIME ESS  con conttinu inueed: d:  In In rece recent nt  yea yearrs, s,  man y of many  of  the the  "rec "recruits " hav ruits"  e  have "been dr

agoo "been drag into the oonned  the  rank ed into and  hen ranks s and hencce e  are  are poor motiipooly  ­ rly mot

vated" vate d" and and  "no "noamo   amo unt of unt of PX PX  sup supp plielies  s will will  mak mak ee sold soldi ers  iers fight  if  fight if they  do 

they do notnot belie belie   the righ veve in Tigh in the tness  of  their tnes fed  far far less less amp amp fed, pped   and  lyly equequi ippe   expo d and mormore disea e exp se, , osesed t d too dise ase "bu t mo st  guer "but most guerrillarillas app s  appe   conv inced earar toto be  that that thei be con their vinc   caus ed r cau see  isis a  a just just  one one.. ..."  s of their  cau caus e."  se." Mr.  App Mr. App TIMESS  conc lele ofof NYNY tIME conclude ludes: s:  the the enem enemyy sol dier  is po orly  soldier is poorly 99

Would ld this this new new plan Wou plan suc succ Manyy inm Saig Saigon ceeeed? on  and d?  Man and  elsew else here whe re felt felt  that that it it wou would ld no not.t. Ame Ame rican rican s who who did s did not not s purn spur n  the A meri can herit heritage, the Ame age, rem rican reme mbeered red  Linc oln's emb   imm immorta ortall  wor Linc oln' ds:  s word s: "Of the the peo peop le,  By By the the peo "Of peopple le  and  For  ple, and  and felt  Forthe  thepeop peo le ple" and felt that  the  Ros Rosttow that the ow doc docttrine rine  of of "f or  "for thethe peo peop long  as plele as as  the  as long money ey la sts" mon was a a  poor poor  and lasts and fore­ "  was doom ed  subs substitut fore-doo med titutee. .

the

167 167 

rld"  World" Free eWo lot-Fre Ballot­ ree  Bal e-Free oicce­F Chhoi eeee C "Fr "Fr were the e  the  nam  wer South  Vietnam th Viet le of peopple of  Sou arded  d peo e­guarde triple-gu the tripl AsAs the

edom m  "freedo their r  "fre n" in  in thei atioon" ree  educati e educ d "Fre approve roved "F US­app pients of ts of  USrecipien reci tate of S e  Stat Assistant Secretary  of

villa  P. B iamP. Will USS Assistant Secretary dy,y, U ges "',, Mr Bunund villages iam Mr.. Will

told 1967 an told an  1967,,  hop January aryrs th AIRin S inJanu AFFIRS  IFICAFFA ASIAN  PACFIC  EASTT  ASIA AND  PACI N AND forfor BAS e of  e  of e  offe hop Asia the ast  rs y...E offe oda Asia t : "T ciscoo: "Today... Eas Francisc an  Fran e  in S ience audienc in San aud   own   their in  own r ng  thei lopi in deve ing s  tion stable na ons develop ral  heritages".  le nati gion on  of of stab min beco ngg  aa reregi omi bec cultu and  cult ural heritages". onall  and nationa theirr  stro ng nati strong  rdin   acco ngg toto thei wayacc ordi way Rusk,  Dean  k, Statee Dea n Rus y of  etarry Secrreta of Stat US Sec time late shor laterr US  a sho Anda rtt time And ­Viet Viet in  in n  take n had  take es  had tates ed S Stat

ed Unit d" t thehe Unit  stand" firmstan "firm the " of the kee of  spok spo Docct­tmann Do "Truuma the"Tr with the  ce  cewith rdan rdan acco

wass in in acco thiss wa thatt thi said tha and  said nam and nam

peoples to work out their desfree ist "ass to ged pled h whic " rine tiny in their own way"

that while it has Foregoing pages have plainly indicated med iums to seek

r propaganda king out "their been the role of theworUSIld Athatandallothe ons were wor nty-year to convince the the role nati for the twethe devethe of " it wasthe "Truman docCIA own desoftiny " to see trine period the life of ordance with US acc in e ons" wer nati e "fre in with ents lopm y" stin "de

A  SUM ANILSUM MITMIT CONFERENcE in s  take   deci MANILA Thedeci the the M n atn at  sionsions take The the "free" South October 1966 assigned the role to be playthedVibyetnam ng g was bein was  bei

d Soubeing defeated. It was periowas durithngViethetnam pswor troo Vi"paetnam and cified"

i.  It  was  that much 

known that his was long-range programme and that much

blood blood must flow  before must flow before it it  isis accom accompl ished. (Secreta plished.  (Secretarry of State y  of  State  Dean  Rusk Rusk told Dean told British British  newsmen newsmen  on on Februar Februaryy  1, 1, 1967  1967 "we  "we are maki ng  headway are making , but  headway, butthe  the typical g uerrilla  problem typical guerrilla problem is  is still  still

there--th atat isis a  a mean there—th mean and and  difficult difficult kind to deal kind of with".) of thing thing to  deal with ".)  It It was  was earlier, in the  HONOLU earlier, in LUU conFEre the HONOLUL ncE CONFEREN February CE in in Februa ry 

1966,  that 1966, that "Ai "Air r Force Force M arshal"  Marsha l" KyKy was was  summone summo nedd and and in­ in-

formed of f the formed o other requirem the other ents   requirem beforere he cou ents befo he couldld hope t hope too become become 

"an elected "an elec ted  Presiden President" of  t of South Vietnam South  . This Vietnam. was the   This was  neces-­ the neces sity of  changing sity of changin image of g  the  the image the "mili of  the tary  "military regime" i regime" nto one o into one off 

"freely  elected  parliame aa "freely ntary and elected   constitut parliame ntary ional dem and constitut ocracy".  ional democra cy".

Presidentt Johnso Presiden Johnson n  presided presided  over over both both  these meeting these meetings, s,  which  which

were were essentia essentiallly "briefing ly  aa "briefi " byby the  the US ng"  of what US of  what policy policy would would 

prevail in prevail Vietnam in  Vietnam It  was decid . . It was decideded inin Washin Washinggton  that Sout ton that Southh 

Vietnam Vietnam  should should  have have  aa constitu constitut tion, ion, for for the the previou previous  s one, one,  written b written byy American Americasns and F and Fillipinos illipinos, , disappea  disappea red on No red on Novemb vember 1 er 1  1963 withh the 1963 wit w  and  and murder the overthro overthrow murder oof Ngo Dinh f  "Preside "President" nt" Ngo  Dinh 

Diem. Diem.  Shortly i Shortly was  it t was announce announc d that  ed that there wou there wouldld bebe an  election  an election in  August or  September  1966,  for the  purpose of  setting  up a  South South  Vietnam ese"Constit "Constiuent  Vietnamese  tuentAssembl Assemb ly".On  OnApril  April 28, y".  28,  from Washington, "Old Saigon  hands" in  the State  and Defence  Department  predicted  that  there would  be  "a big  turnout" of 

in August or September 1966, for the purpose of setting up a

from Washington, "Old Saigon hands" in the State and Defence

Department predicted that there would be "a big turnout" of voters. voters. 

The The basis basis ofof the un-nam the  un­name edd but official but  official prophec prophecy y...five ...five 

months BeForE BEFORE  the  election...seems months ..seems  indicated indicated in  the election. parts of  in other  other parts of

the same  report: the same report: 

"The Pe ntagon  "The source acknowl Pentago acknowle n source dges that edges that  'pacificat 'pacification' in­ ion' included  political political educati educatio cluded n,  socializ socializaation tion  and and counter counter­on,

subversio programm es  run subvers run by  ionn  program cadres  trained trained  in mes in camps  by cadres camps

financed  by by Centr financed (NANA­North Centralal Intellig North  Intelligeence  nceAgency" Agency". . (NANA-

America Americann Newspa Newspap per er  Alliance, Alliance,E.J.  E.J. Michelso Michelson.) n ) 

"The ful "The l involvement of  full involvem ent of the the US US  and the and the total  total cost cost being being 

met by by this this coun met outlined  countrytry will  will bebe outlined coming weeks", weeks", ssaid inin thethe coming aid  the same the "The  same report.  overt  report. "The overt rule rule  of of  the the CIA  this project project  CIA inin this 169 169 

secretly ly  Cubans secret member ofof Cubans the member far more than the involves natives than more natives involves far 

addition,  In addition, ".  In invasion". Pigs invasion of  Pigs Bay of ill­fated Bay the ill-fated for the trained trained  for

hastily T (AID) washastily  DEVELOPMEN  (AID) was  L  DEVELOPMENT AGENCY INTERNATIONAAL the FOR INTERNATION AGENCY FOR the 

alreadythat already—  andthat  USand  theUS  cialists  throughout  throughoutthe  recruiting spe specialists recruiting VietSouth Viet­ had been to South  sent to been  sent service foreign officers had  April--60 service officers foreign  April—60 

TV film documentaryTV film  made a  adocumentary  G  made  nam. BROADCASTINING COLOMBIA BROADCAST nam. COLOMBIA "voting" "voting"  which which  in in  ,  Vietnam, South South Vietnam in in    mock election a mock election showing a  showing to seize make  and  make ze  and a "Communistt attempt attempt to sei and a "Communis demonstrated was ated and  was demonstr the  of the mention  of  (No mention thwarted".  (No was  thwarted". box was ballot box the ballot with the  off off with with it!)  making off  it!) and    with off making South Vietnam and seizing of  Vietnam seizing of South cadres  20,000 cadres there were  eady there were 20,000 mid­April, alr already this date,  On this date, mid-April, On equipped for  and  trained and equipped for being trained  werebeing  selected  by the  CIA who were  by theCIA who  selected

policing  election  policing ote'  and  and election ersion,  'get­out­the­v "counter­subvversion, 'get-out-the-vote' "counter-sub

should  report and date  should the  date and  the (This report  among  other tasks."  (This work, other  tasks." work, among

noted.)  be carefully  carefully noted.) be

the US US  about  the  Saigon about from Saigon story from UPI story in aa UPI 1966, in  July 1966, InIn July 

revealed  that  was revealed that Vietnam, itit was South Vietnam, "psychologica warfare" inin South  all warfare"  "psychologic cloth,    cloth, were dropping dropping oes"  were s" Air Command Commandoe Fifth  Air e's  Fifth Force's the "Air Forc "Air the

people the people  on the toys on  and toys clothing and  en's  clothing children's thread, childr and thread, needles needles and 

propaganda  the propaganda of the part of  large part a large "Although a  Vietnam. "Although of South  South Vietnam.  of

North Cong and North  the Viet Cong and  at the Viet  directed at  the South is  South is directed in the programme in programme r­ at bolsterimed at bolste programmes aimed on programmes a is spenton  tiMEis spent  MORE  TIME  Vietnamese, moRE Vietnamese,

Deve­ revolutionary Devethe revolutionary and the  nt  and Government the Governme support of  the the support of ing ing the booklets  and  booklets trucks, poster posterss  and Films, war  war trucks, Programme.  Films, lopment Programme. lopment

as of  government" the government"  ofthe  are used to ge people the ideas across to the people the ide used to gett across to the are

explained). s not  not explained).  "bolstered" as was being"bolstered" a governmentwas being  (WHICH government  (WHICH

was  Assemblymenn  was Constituent Assemblyme 117 Constituent the 117  of the election  of The The election

advance  in advance month in  one month  andone  September  11,  1967 and  set for  11,1967  finally set for September finally urging streets urging  Saigon streets  on the Saigon  appeared ed  on the  date, soundd trucks trucks appear ofof this this date, soun

es;  religious bodi bodies; four main  12, the  main religious On July  the four July 12, the people  to vote. On people to vote.  the sects  Dai  sects Dai Hao and Cao  and Cao Hoa Hao the Hoa  Catholics and  the  the Buddhists Buddhists,,  Catholics and the The  elections.  The boycott  the  the elections. d  that  would boycott they would  had announce that they  announced had RELIGIONS  ALL  OF ALL RELIGIONS OF CITIZENS  CITIZENS "GROUP  OFOF  "GROUP made by  by thethe  was made decision was  decision

from these these  of leadersfrom  composedof leaders  "  composed  ORGANIZATIOSNS" POLITICAL  ORGANIZATION AND AND POLITICAL

groups.  four four groups. 170 170 

From Saigo From on August August 26, Saigonn on 26, UP UPI reports reports speculated speculated  upon upon 

the possible  effectivenes the possible effectivenesss of the Bud of the Buddhist boycott. dhist boycot t.  While acknowWhile ackno w­

ledging Buddhist ledging that that the population the  Buddhist  population was and 88  was between between 77 and  million inin  South  million Vietnam,  South some  Vietnam, "sources" maintained some maintained  that "sources" that 

"the "the numbe number r of  of their hard-corere followers their hard­co followers range   range as low as low  as 10,000 as 10,000 

to 20,000." 20,000."  (How (How  many  to "hard­core"supporters many "hard-core"   supporters th ere  were were  there

for US-Thieu-K for the the US­Thie y-policy  was u­Ky­policy was not not estimated.) estimated.) 

Under the terms Under the  of thethe ballot  terms of  ballot proposal, the the  proposal,  CONSTITUE CONSTITUENT NT 

ASSEMBL ASSEMBLY  Y wouldhave  havesix  would  six months  monthsto  to draw  draw up up  the the  new new 

constitution constitutio n..  Noting Noting that  that "the "the  constitution constitutio n  isis supposed supposed  to to 

be the  be first step  the first step towards towards a  a democratic  democratic government" governmen t" and  that  and that

itit must must bebe  "submitte "submitted  d toto thethe  military governme military  government  nt for for 

approval.",UPI   UPI said: said:  "Some  sources say, approval.", say, the the deputies deputies  may "Some may  sources

QUICKLY  NAME QUICKLY NAME  A A  DRAFTING DRAFTING  COMMITTEE  COMMITTEE and  andtry  tryto  to Come  come up up 

with with the the constitution constitution well well BeFore BEFORE the the  deadline. deadline.  This This  would would  have sPEEDING have the up the the effect next effect ofof  step..." (emphasis SPEEDING  up  the  next step..."   (emphasis  added.) added.) 

Prior to the election, "hunger-striking" Buddhist monks

Prior  to the election,  "hunger­striking"  Buddhist  monks  and  nuns protested  to  US  Ambassador  Henry  Cabot  Lodge  "for alleged  cooperation  with the  government of  Prime Minister  Cao  Ky in  setting  up  Sunday's  elections  for  the  constituent  assembly." " At  the  same  time  they  opposed  the  statement  assembly. made by  Ky, on  his  36th  birth day  that he  might  become  a  candidate  for  President.  Throughout  South  Vietnam  there  was  widespread  protest against  the  elections. 

and nuns protested to US Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge

"for alleged cooperation with the government of Prime Minister Cao Ky in setting up Sunday's elections for the constituent At the same time they opposed the statement

made by Ky, on his 36th birth day that he might become a

candidate for President. Throughout South Vietnam there was widespread protest against the elections.

Later onon  September 9, 9, four four steel-helme steel­helmetted ed  soldiers soldiers  went went  Later September red and and yellow yellow  banner banner  and  carried  it  away, while red while  one one  soldier soldier  and carried it away,

DAM PAGODA upup toto thethe gate of  PAGODA  and  gate of thethe TUTU DAM down  a  huge  and tore  tore down a huge

stood  with with  carbine carbine  bald bald  menacingl menacingly.y. stood   A A spokesma spokesman n for  the  for the

senior  Buddhist Buddhist  Monk Monk  in in  Hue, Hue,  explained explained  the  the  senior the reason  reasond  for  for the Buddhist ele ction  protests.  they were were oppose Buddhist election protests. HeHe said  to  the  said they opposed to "the United States States protecting protecting  and and  helping helping  the the Ky Ky governmen g ernnun t in  United in Also plans for  the election  plans for the electionagainst  of  the the people." Mso  againstthe thewill  will of they denounced denounced the the "US ass istance  given given to  the Ky  they go\  "US assistance to the Ky governmen t ov

171 171 

inin taking Tri Quang from Hue taking Tri  to Saigon."(Thich Quang from  Hue to Saigon."  (Thich Tri Tri Quang, Quang,  was in the anti-Government hunger was in  the 49th strike.) 49th day day of of his his anti­Government  hunger strike.)  In what what appeared  In be pure, pure, pro-election appeared to  pro­election  propaganda, to be propaganda, 

itit was announced  was announced that  that the  the 530  530 candidates for  candidates for the 117 seats in the 117  seats in 

the Constituent  Assembly,  were  the professors,  civil  Constituent Assembly, were "University  "University professors, civil

servants,  member  councils,  lawyers, lawyers,  doctors, doctors,  servants, memberof of local  local councils,

pharmacists,  industrialists, industrialists, businessmen, businessmen,  former former  landowners, landowners,  pharmacists, workers, students  workers, students etc."  etc."

The police  and Army Army will The police and will try  try toto safeguard  the security of  safeguard the security of the approximately approximately five  million  voters, voters,  said  Vice­Air  Marshal the Marshal  five million said Vice-Air General  Nguyen Nguyen  Cao Ky  General while National Cao Ky while National  Leadership Leadership  Council Council  Chairman General  Nguyen  Van  Thieu, the strongest  Chairman General Nguyen strongman  Van Thieu, the strongest strongman

ofof all  all thethe 48 Generals  48 Generals onon  thethe " "ARMED FORCES ARMED  FORCES COUNCIL COUNCIL", gave an ",  gave an 

election statement to the people: "The election  "The election will election statement  estato the people:  will lead lead to to esta­

blishment of the basis for future and to providing blishment of  the basis for  future democracy democracy and  to providing 

the Governmentwith  with the basis  the Government  the basisof ofconstitutionality".  constitutionality". The Viet The Viet  Cong called  to the  Cong election, saying it  called for opposition  for opposition to was "aimed  the election, saying it was "aimed at legalizing  the military regime  and creating  at legalizing the a foothold  for the  military regime and creating a foothold for the

expansion of the war" expansion of  the war". 

Not mentioned  Not among the  mentioned among occupations of the  the occupations office­seekers  of the office-seekers who would  help bring  who would help "future" democracy bring about  about "future" democracy were were 64  64 mili­ military candidates candidates for the  Assembly, nor  the  elec­ tary for the Assembly, nor the fact  the fact that in  that in the election of  tion only 40 of only 40 would  would give give the  Generals more  the Generals more than a  than a two­thirds  two-thirds the 117 seats.  ofof the Additionally, not 117 seats. Additionally, not only  were all all opposition opposition  only were

candidates banned  candidates bannedfrom nomination,  from nomination, all "neutralists" were  also  all "neutralists" were also

disqualified.  Noting Noting  this  MAINICHI, aa leading disqualified. leading Japanese  news­ this MAINICHI, Japanese newspaper dryly dryly commented : "It is im paper commented: "It is impossible, possible,  therefore, therefore, to  expect  to expect

that bold and frank discussions conducted on  on the that bold  quesand frank  discussions  will will be be conducted  the ques­ tion of "peace or war" which is the basic problem for tion  of "peace  or  war"  which is  the basic  problem for  South South  Vietnam' Vietnam".  ASSOCIATED  PRESS ,  from Saigon  on the eve  ASSOCIATED PRESS, from Saigon on the eveof ofthe election  the election

stated: About  stated: the only thing certain  About the only thing certain inin advance advance is that the  is that the assemassem­

bly will be strongly non­com munist, since all 530 candid bly will be strongly non-communist, ates were  since all 530 candidates were 172 172 

scree screened  ned in ad in adva vanc nce e  by  by the the m milita ilitary ry gove goverrnme nmennt. t,  AP AP also also s said aid 

that that cand candidate idatess were were maki making  ng little  little or or  no no critic critic ism ism o off the the go gove vern­ rn-

men mentt  and and that that the cam the  paig camp n was aign  was "lack "lacklustr e"" and lustre and  "pub "public lic  enth usias enthu m  has siasm been has  not not  been  mark marked". ed".  "The "TheGove  Govrnme ernmnt has ent  mobi has m lised obilis ed its its psyc psych holog ologi ical

cal w warfa arfare re 

and i nformation and ationcadre inform  cadres,  the army army s, the the  polic , , the polic  even  the e e and and even the ci vil  civil serva servants nts to to ro rouse use the the p popu opula lation tion  byby  poste poste rs,rs,  song songs s and  and  spee speec ches

hes  radio, , mee onon th meeti thee radio ngs and and sem semi tings nars" .  Soun inars d  truck ". Sound truck ss blar blariing  ng

mus musiicc and and grea great t  flat-b flat­bed ed truck truck ss with with  'Roc 'Rock k  and  and Roll'

Roll' band band

ss  drovee thro the  stree drov streets att throuugh  emptpting gh the ing  to  ts attem create 'it's­f to crea un­to te an  an 'it's-fun-to­-

vote'atmo vote'   atmo sphe sphe re.re.  TheThe  AFROAFRO ­ASIA -ASIA N N  NEWS NEW   SERVIICB S SERV CE  of  Saigon of Saigo n 

whichh mad made whic this repo repor e this rt,t, add that the addeed d that the  gover nmen gove had  also rnme also  ntt had

urged the p ress  to urge to he d  the press blicis helplp pu the elect publi electi cisee the on and and even  offered  ion

even offered extra extra ratio rations of ns of  scarc scare new ce news sprin print t.  ."All  "All to  to no av no avail ail. . The The  peopeo­ ple woul ple w d not ould  not b bee rous rouse ed" d". 

The p eople were indiff The peop indiff le  were erent, , it it wa erent expla ined,beca was s expla   becau se the ined, use theyy  fearedd the feare the inten intensifica sification tion o off the the w warar follow follow ing  ing the el the ectio elect ion,n, an andd 

that  that thethe p purpurpos  election osee ofof the ion was was but the elect but toto leg the e xistin legalalize  ize the exist ingg  military  rule unde milita unde ry rule differ ent la r r a  a different label bel.  The f ate ofof the . The the oppo fate opponent nents s   youngg gen ofof the the youn not e geneerals  ncou rals did  rage  anyo did not enco ne no urage w  to ex anyo cercis ne now to exercisee  the h astily the announce hasti unced  ly  anno "sight"t" ofof  d "sigh free s peech free .  The The r spee uthle ch. re  ruthl essss repression ion ofof  press all all  NATINATIO ONALNAL  LIBELIBERATION

RATION FRO   FRONT  spoke the e yes of of the the p opula the eyes therewas  was no no relati popu relati lace,ce, there onshipip be the  onsh betwtween een  the "ARMED ED FORC FORCES  COUN "ARM NT spokesma smann  and and  criticalal Bu critic Budd ddhis histt leade leaders wa rs was s too too  fresh fresh  for an for any y  false  falsehope hopes. s. In  In ES COUCIL NCIL" and ocracy and  the A " and dem demo

cracy and the Amer meric an­sty le  ican-s tyle election-s ion­stunts tunts did  nothi elect ng  to  initia te  did confi noth dencee. ing .  The to The  man initia manii-­ te confi denc pulat ions of of the the e lecto pulat ions the e limin elect ation oralral lis lists,ts, the popular lar figur elimi S ^e natio n  ofof popu ndida tes  by  invok asas ca ing te cand chnic idates by invoking techn al  or or politi politi cal  reaso ical n  and t he  cal reason and the placing ng of  governme rnment placi nt cand candidate of gove idatess on  the li sts in  spite on   of  the the el lists in spite of the ec­ election l aws,  inclu ding  aivin tion g ofof paym laws paym , inclu ent o ding f the the le thethe w gal  waiv depo ing sit  ent of legal deposit made whole affair  odiou mad e  the  the whol u e 

e affair odious.  s.

The circus atmosphere of the election could not be en-

The circus  atmosphere of  the  election  coul dnotbe  en­ joyed  by  the  people, for  in addition  to being   always within  the  sound  and  sight  of  war,  they daily  faced   ^OF  More  important  was  the fact  that  Gene ral  Ky  s  MINISTRY  O 

joyed by the people, for in addition to being always within the sound and sight of war, they daily faced the risingJprices. More important was the fact that General Ky's MINISTRY OF

173 173 

INFORM INFORMATION  ATION issued issued a a "reques   "reques to alleditors  t" t" editorsnot  to all  notto print  to print any­ any-

thing thing in in  their their papers papers about about th thee boycott boycott of of the the elec election tions an s announ noun­ced  by  ced by the  leaders  of the leaders of  the the bUddhi BUDDHIS TS,  catholic CATHOLICS  StS, and the  s and HOA  the HoA

HAO  and and  CAO HAO CAO  DAI  DAI sects.  sects. They  They were  were also  asked  not  also asked not to print  to print

photogrraphs photog aphs of  of Tri  Tri Quang Quang, , the the  Buddh Buddhis t  monk,  ist monk, in  in his  his third third 

month off fasting month o fasting.. 

Even  photog Even photogrraphs aphs  of of  the the represe represen tative  of  ntative the WOrLD of the WORLD  BUDDHIS T SANGH BUDDHIST A,  A, the Ven SANGH erable  le the Venerab Pimbura   Suranth Pimbura Surantha Thero   from  a

Thero from

Ceylon,,  visiting visiting the the sUPRE Ceylon SUPREME MB  BONZE    Tinh  BONZEin inVietnam Vietnam Tinh IChiet,  Khiet,

were cen sored,  were censore d,and  andhad  hadto to be  be chiselled chiselled  off  ix  at  the last  off the matr the matrix at the last

minute by minute by aa numbe numberr ofof newspa newspap pers. ers. 

Japan's MAINIC Japan's MAINICHHI, I,  editoria editoria lly  llynoted  notedthat  thatboth  both leftists  leftists and and 

neutralis neutralists were ts were  exclude excluded d  as cand as candida idates a tes and nd said  said the elect the election ion  was was  reminisc reminis ent  of  cent the  Tojo-Im of the Tojo­Imperial perial Rule Rule  Assistan Assista ce Associa nce Association  tion election election  of of  1942 1942 in  in Japan.  Japan. They They  told told  the the  tale tale of of the the Japa Japane nese  se who boa who sted  that his  boasted that hiscountry country  was  was truly  modern  becaus truly modern becausee  they they 

could could learn learn the the results results  of of an  an election election  on on  the the same same da dayy  itit was was  held. held  To this aa certain To this  certain South South  Americ Americaan n  replied replied  that  that in  in his his  country,, they  knew the country the resu lts  a  they knew month BeFore BEFORE  they  results a month they were  were held.  held. Using  such  criteria,,  the Using such criteria the  military military regime regime  in in  Saigon Saigon  was was  the the 

most "truly " of all.  all. most "tr uly modern modern" of 

When When  Genera Generall  Westm Westmooreland reland, , the US  the US Suprem Supreme e ComCom­

mander mander in in South South Vietnam Vietnamwas   was asked asked on on'August 'August  14, 1966 14, 1966, ,  if if he he 

could could "estima "estimate te what  what percent percenta age ge of  of the the coun country try  will will be be able able  to  to

take par take partt inin the the elect election ion  and  andwhat  what part  part the  the military military  would  would play play  inin carry carrying ing out out the  the election election  and and  the the mac hinery  machinery of  of it?  He repli it? He replied: ed: 

«I am aa militar military "I am  manand  andthis is  y  man  this is a a political politica l question questio n. HowHow­

ever, we do feel  that the ever, we  do election  has feel that has high the  election prospecct t  of  being  high  prospe of being

succes succsesssful." ful." 

Simulta Simultanneousl eously  ywith  withthe  the great great  headlin headlines  esin  in the  the "free  "free

world"  world" press an press nouncin announ g  the  cing the victory  victory in  Saigon, , other in Saigon other  smaller smaller 

and less and less con conspic spicuous uouslyly­place placed d  items  itemswere  weretroublin troubling g footnotes.  s.

"The fir "The voting fi firstst voting gures announ figures announc ed by  ced the gove by the rnment  governm ent included 

padded  returns padded returns from  from various  variouslocal  local authorit authorities."  ies.""One "One elderly elderly  174 174 

woman five ballots." woman  brought brought  in onee has in five  an election ballots." "Unless "Unless on has an  election 

registratio n  card card  showing showing  that registrati that  one on one  has has  voted, voted,  one  be  one will  will be unable to  unable to obtain rati obtain rations ons  of offood,  food, clothing  clothingand  and fuel  fuel and  and will  will

be be unable  unable to to obtain obtain trav travelel permits permits  to to go go  to to outlaying outlaying areas." areas." 

"Candidat "Candidates were compelled es were co to stand  mpelled  to  stand together on together on "joint lists",   "joint  lists", 

each each  responsib responsible  le for  for the the  other's "anti-Com other's "an munism." ti­Commu nism."  "Mem"Mem­

bers of  the armed armed  forces, bers forces,  policeme of the policemenn  and and  civil civil officials officials  were were 

mobilized mobilizedby the Saigon Governme   by  the Saigon   Government nt toto persuade thee people persuade th to people to  vote.")  vote.") these ques AllAll  these tions are f questions rom  are from "Free Wor "Free Worldld newspap newspapeers."  rs."

AP, AP, on on Septemb September er  12 said: "The  12 said:  "The method method  of of counting counting raises raises  questions about the size  the sizeof  questions  about  of the  the turnout turnout  and of and  the the  number number  of 

valid ballots valid ballots cas castt  by by  the the  voters." voters."  ItIt appeared appeared  that that  provincia provincial l

and local local officials, officials, under and under governme governmen pressure  to to produce ntt pressure produce 

favourable returns,  had favourab had  padded le  returns, padded  the the totals totals  somewhat somewha t....." 

Diplomat sources "Diplomaic tic  sources said said the the total total vote ed  by vote announc announced by  the the 

South Vietname South Vie se Governme Government  tnamese  nt was  was realistic,  realistic, although  although it  it may may 

have have been been  inflated in  some inflated in some provinces provinces.."" 

Presiden t Johnson President  "hailed Johnson "h the election ailed"  the  election victory. RADIO victory,  RADIO  HANOI said more HANOI  said  than  aa million more than soldiers million  and soldiers  police had been and  police had  been  mobilized to mobilized to "round  "round up up the  the vote". vote". AA  Moscow Moscow  TAss TASS commenta commenta­-

tor tor said said  that that the the world world  knew knew  that that the the  majority majority  of of  the the  population populationlived   lived inin  thethe rural  rural areas areas  controlled controlled  byby thethe NATIONA NATIONAL  L

LIBERATIONN  FRONT LIBERATIO .  The  FRONT. TheNY  ,  a  liberal dail NYPOST POST, a liberal daily, y,  called the  called the elec­ elec-

tions a "fr are no real  no real choices aud".  "There tions a "fraud". "There are in this  this balloting. choices  in  balloting.  Men who favour Men who  course favour aa "neutralist are "neutralist  as  rendering course arebranded   branded as rendering 

aid and comfort  comfort to the  to the enemy aid and  and ruled inelig ruled ineligible to run..."  enemy  and  run..." ible  to 

The Unitedd States  The Unite States has sanctione has sanctio ned d this this policy... These policy...Th ese  contests contests 

are essenti are ally  restricted  essentially restricted to  those who to those have accepted who  have accepted  General General  Ky's infall Ky's ibility.  infallibility They have . They totalitarian have  totalitaria order."  n  order." Presidenti Presiden al Assistan tial Assistant t  Walt  Walt Rostow Rostow  told told the the  press press  that that 

the United States the United   States "is  "is satisfied." satisfied." NATIONAL   NATIONAL  LEADERS LEADERSHIP HIP COUNCIL   COUNCIL 

Chairman "General Nguyen Va Chairman Thieu, said "General  Nguyen  the election election re Vann Thieu, sult  said the result

was "the g reatest victory" was victory" e "the greatest ver won won by by the the free  ever Vietnamese.  free Vietnames e." What had had happened happened iin n  the the electio What n ?  117 117 Consti tutional  election? Constituti onal Assemblym en  were  "elected" with Assemblymen were "elected" with the the respons ibility  responsib ility of drafting of drafting 

175 175 

shield it  it was constitution.  Behind Behind  this aa constitution. this  "democratic" "democratic" shield  was hoped hoped  that allies that the the "traditional" thethe  United "traditional"  States--including allies ofof  United States—includin g 

Japan—would lend  their aid in the impendi ng "democratic" anti­ Japan--would lend their aid in the impending "democratic" anti-

Communist Communist regime regime  in in  Saigon. Saigon.  TheThe  LONDON LONDON OBSERVBR  OBSERveRsaid that  said that

the the current  current plans plans proposed proposed "to  "to stabilize stabilize the  the Saigon Saigon  government government  on aa more on more democratic democratic constitutional constitutional  basis basis  and and  extend extend  its  its

authority authority into  into the the four­fifth of  four-fifth of the the country country  which which  it at  it at present present 

does not control."  control." (March docs not  11, 1967) (March 11, 1967) 

When CONSTITUENT When the meton  on September  the  September 27,  CONSTITUENT  ASSEMBLY 27, ASSEMBLY  met 

their inaugural inaugural meeting,the inin their meeting,the  members members  were  were "hailed"  by  "hailed" by

"Premier" (Lt. Gen. Vice-Air "Premier" (Lt. Gen. Vi Marshal) Nguyen  ce­Air  Marshal)  Nguyen Cao Ky,  Cao Ky, who who  told them the 11 election"proved  told them  "provedthe  the South  the September South Viet­ September  11 election  Viet-

namese  people namese people were  weredetermined to  determined tofight  Communism."  fight Communism."

Some western  Some western newspapers, in  newspapers, incommenting on  commenting onthe millions  the millions

stated: "But not represented represented  by  Assembly stated: "But  not bythe  the newly "elected"  newly "elected"Assembly

ifif the framers of the new constitution are to exclude opponents the framers of  the new  constitution are  to exclude  opponents 

of the  present  government government  who  of the present not  necessarily necessarily  for  the  who are  are not for the Viet Cong, Cong, then then  how how valid valid isis this this  election of of aa constituent  Viet election constituent

assembly ?" (YOMIURI assembly ?"  (YOMIURI SHIMBUN SHIMBUN  September  September13,  13, 1966.)  1966.)

The new  constitution,  patterned patterned  largely largely  after  South  The new constitution, after the  the South

Korean model,  Korean model,where  wherea amilitary  junta  under military junta under  General General  Chung Chung  Hee Park,  also under  the urging  of the  United States, underwe Hee Park, also under the nt  urging of the United States, underwent an operation  an operation that  produced  a new  that produced a new constitution, a  constitution, a two  party  two party

system,  an an  "independent "independent  judiciary", judiciary",  and system, and  the the  selfself­ proclaimed "General" became thecivilian  proclaimed  "General"  civilian"Mr.  "Mr. President." became  the  President."  The one political  political party The one  that had party  that  had  power power  to to rule rule  was was  estabestab­ lished the General-Commande lished  by r-President's by  the  General­Commander­President's  own  own secret secret  police called  police called the South  the SouthKorean  KoreanCIA, under  CIA, underthe control  the controlof  of his  his brother-in-law, brother­in­law. 

The Korean model The Korean  model  had had  proven proven  viable viable  for for several several years, years, 

backed by ample US financial support and with backed by  ample US financial  use support and  with the the ruthless ruthless use 

ofof a  a cruel secret and open  cruel secret  and open police system  police systemthe spirit  the spirit of  of the  the people people 

was repressed.  was repressed. Power, because  Power, becauseof ofthe  Consti­ theSouth  South Korean  Korean Consti-

tution, rested tution, rested  with with  the the  President. President.  Under  Under the  the terms terms  of  of the the  176 176 

new new Sout South h  Vietn Vietnames amesee  const consitutio titution; n; "the  "the Prem Premiier er  and and  the the  Cabinet Cabin et will will  bebe ap appo point inted ed and and d isban disba ded  by  nded by the  the Presi Presiddent'. ent".  ASSOCCIATE IATEDD ASSO  PRESS   repor PRES ted ca S report ed lmly  calmlyfrom  fromSaigon 

Saigon on De cem­on Decem ber 15, 15, 1966 1966 "Ky's "Ky's Jun ber ely to  retain Juntata lik retain contr likely ol"  to in  spite  control" in spite of of the el the ection electi onss and and  the "C the "Con onsti tution stituti on".". "T he on "The onlyly possi possib le  threa threatt  ble somesourc toto un  sources unseseat  at Ky,Ky, some es say, say, i from  llow Gene Generrals" iss from als  .  hishis fe fellow "TheSaig  Saigon "The on  regim regime  bankrrolled e isis bank olled  and and  back backeed d  milita militarily  by  rily by Wash ingto n.  Amer Washington. American ican  officia officials  ls gogo toto gre greatat lengt length hss to a to avoid void  the im press ion th the impre they a re pul ssion ling  thatat they political st are pullin rings" g any  any politic al string s".. 

"Pres "Presidential  ial Race Race  is is Start Starti ing", ng", said said dispa dispatches tches  from from  Saigo Saig onn app earing appearing   in  inthe  theworld A ccord   press  world ing pressin in Febru Febrary.  uary. According 

  new const const itutio,n, the toto the the new   Presid ential  candidates must  be at  itution the Presi denti

al candidates must be at least 35 35  years years  old, old, and and this least this " old Ky Ky ap "3535 ye yearar old appepears ars  toto hav havee 

won h won point in  hisis point this respe in this respecct t  for for many many were were iin n  favou favourr of of 40** 40". 

"Ky' "Ky' s s cha channces. ces....are  .are poor. poor...the  not too ..the count too enthu counry try is is not enthusiast siastic ic 

aboutt  him" Gene abou him".. Gene ralral K Kyy "ha would "hass said said  he  not ru he woul n,  thoug though  d  not run, h his entou entourage rage has has neve his neverrthele thelesss, s,  been  told  to  prepa been re  for th told e  to prepa re for the campaign" aign". "Amo "Amo ng th camp e  milita ry, th e  most  ng the military, the most obvio obvio usus can canddidate idates s are General Nguy n  Thieu ,  ,prese Nguyen Va nt Ch en Van ief  of  Thieu state, prese and  nt Chie f of state,  and General  Gene ral Nguy Nguyen enCao K Cao y,  Ky, prese present ntPrime ter.  Prim e Minis Both  Minister. Both are are  are General 

know knownn to have to ha toldd  their ve tol their follow followers to  get ers to get  ready ready". ". 

"Thie "Thieuu seem seems sto  to have  have a a bette betterr  chan chancce. e.  But But  Thieu Thieu is a  is a

cautio us an cauti ous g man andd calc He w calcuulatin lating man..  He willill ifif (1)(1) he he  isis cer certatain  in of  winni   that t of winningng so spend so that ing of thehe spen   millio ns is  ding worthwhile of millions is worth while, , and (2) (2)  and assure hehe is  is assur edd ofof Am  backing,  Amererican ican backi which inclu ng, which includdes  es

financcial finan ial  supp suppo ortrt for the ca for the mpai camp gn."  aign. "

Amon the civilia civilia Amo ngg the nn can canddidate idates  for  the  presidency 

that  s for the presidency that Saigo obserrvers vers  felt  Saig onn  obse had  aa chan chanc felt had e  were were  three three  name ce names s, all  all "know "know nn to  have  to have the favou favour r of  the the A of the meric Amer ans. " icans (One aa grad . "(One uate  gradu ate Harv ofof Harv ard.) Thre Three ard.)  other"civil  "civiians" e other lians"were   were form forme Gener err Gene a s  rals, one oof f  whom whom was  one was traine the Unite trained d inin the Unitedd State States  and and  resid resideed s d  there for  ten  years;  but  he  was  consi there

deredd  "too  for tenone years Amer ;these  but heforme ican " .  cons idere "tooconsi Ame rican Although ugh one Altho ofof these Generals formwas rals was err Gene was cons aere  idered aa 

"nationalist" and was "suspected of holding neutralist feelings" "nationalist" and was "suspected  of  holding neu

tralist  feelings 

177 177 

and another was  wasthe "symbol of  the "symbol ofthe  theRevolution",  Revolution", who led  who led the and another  the  General's coup against"President Ngo  "President Ngo DinhDiem",  Diem",(he  (heis is in  in General's coup against  Dinh  exile these have exile  in in Bangkok.) Bangkok.) the the experts experts  feel feel that that these  have  remote remote  chances  of of becoming becoming the first  chances the first"President".  "President". (As in  the  South South  Korean Korean  model, model,  the the  new new  constitution constitution  (As in the

decreed  that ley  in the the junta  must  remove remove their  decreed that ley military figures  military figures in junta must their

uniforms and become  become"civilians"  "civilians" before up uniforms and  before  they they  could could  head head  up  the or must the new new regime. regime.  They They  must must be be "demobilized "demobilized or  must  take take 

leave leave  without without  salary" salary"  before before  becoming becoming  "Mr. "Mr. President". President".  The US attitude towards its South Vietnam was The US  attitude towards  its South  Vietnam  military military allies allies was  most solicitous, as revealed in a usis bulletin  Usis bulletin of most solicitous, as  revealed  in a  of January January 1967: 1967:  "Extra governmental support is outlined military personnel "Extra governmental  support is  outlined for for military  personnel  and their their dependents. dependents.  This This large, large, chronically chronically underpaid underpaid  and segment  of of Vietnamese  segment Vietnamese society  society has long suffered  has long suffered the  the burdens of  burdens of

war and instability".  instability" war and 

One  month month later, later,  The THE  TIMEs TIMES  of  One of London  London reported  reported from  from

Saigon were afoot to expedite  to expedite the  the election and Saigon  that that plans plans were afoot  election  date date and  "military and and  political  embarassments,  by, by,  say, say,  toto eliminate  eliminate "military political embarassments,

early autumn" in anticipation of  of peace talkswith  with the  the North.  North. early autumn"  in anticipation  peace talks  The Buddhists "refuse still  "refuse still to  to lend The Buddhists  lend  interest interest  to to the the emerging emerging 

political life of the new Constituent political life of  the new  Constituent  Assembly" Assembly"  said said  the the TImes TIMES 

which understandablein inthat  that a  a portion which  seemed seemed  understandable  portion  of of the the  new new  constitution specificallyaimed  aimedat atthem.  them. Under  Under the  the sloconstitution  was was  specifically  slo­ gan of  'get the the churches out  politics and politics  gan of 'get churches out of  of politics and politics out of  out of the  the

churches the new  newlaw  law stated  stated "political  "political activities will be churches'  the  activities  will  be 

prohibited of religious prohibited  at at headquarters headquarters  of  religious  organizations" organizations"  and and  "clergymen willnot  notbe  beallowed  allowedto toengage  engagein inpolitics".  politics". The "clergymen will  The  attitude Catholics in world seemed at variance attitude towards towards Catholics in  world politics politics seemed at  variance 

with treatment accorded to Buddhists. with the the treatment  accorded  to Buddhists.  The degree of Washington's  Washington's haste revealed by ' by "AP which The degree of  haste revealed  AP  which  reported from Saigon by Promulgating the Constitution on  Constitution on reported from  Saigon  that that by  Promulgating the  April I and  setting the the  Presidential  election on  September 1,  April I and setting Presidential election on September 1, the Council" "had the "Armed "Armed Forces Forces Council"  "had moved moved  up up  constitutional constitutional 

time table more than a a month".  month". The time table  more  than  The "ceremony "ceremony was  note­ was note178 178 

worthy worthy by by the scarcit the sca y of rcity  of military military leaders leaders in unif in uniform orm. . Chief Chief  of  of

State State Nguye n  Van Nguyen Thieu Van Th ieu  and and  Premie Premier r Nguye Cao Ky  Nguyenn  Cao  Ky were were 

in civilia civilian garb, Ky in Ky  wore aa light n  garb, light blue blue suit wore suit and and white white 

shoes" shoes". 

The The Americ Americans  ans were  were pressing pressin gforewar forward d with  with their their  plan plan 

"to for "to forcece a  a decisio decisionn on on Nor North th Vietna Vietnam m'" said said  thethe timEs, TIMES, while while 

"THRO "THROWING WINGUP PROT   UP THE ECTIV THE  E SCRE PROTE CTIVE EN   SCREE N ROUN ROUND D  VIETN E FORC VIETNAMES ES AMESE  FORCE SELVE S  THEM THEMS ELVESS  PROV PROVIIDING DING  AN AN 

INNER INNERSCRE EN FOR  FOR THOSE  SCREEN  THOSE  ENGA ENGAGED  GEDIN  IN WHAT WHAT  IS IS  TERM "REVO LUTIO TERMED NARY ED "RE DEVE VOLU LOPM TIONARY  DEVELOPMEN ENT". T".  (March (March 

6,6, 1967 1967))  And And just just inin time time so so  the  the "new "new Parliam Parliament ent" and and a  new  a new

"civilia n"n" Presid "civilia ent Preside nt  will will be be able "face able toto  the Confe "face  the  rence Confere nce  Table Table"".. 

True to True script, three to  the  three weeks the script, weeks  later later from from Washi Washin gton,  ngton, AP  report reporteed d  that  AP Authorrities that "US  ities  do "US Autho do  not not want want  to to see see  high high 

military   officers militar running y officer againstt  each s  runnin each  other.. g  agains other....Ky Ky  and and  Thieu Thieu 

have in dicated they  will will not have not run indicat run aga ed  they inst t each  agains eachother". other".  But  But "the  "the

United States States G United overnm ent  is takin Govern ment hands­ooff is takingg  a a handsff  policy  regard­policy regard "US ing the OPPOSE the  impend RIGGING ing elec tions  ing in  Saigon, impen   ding elections in Saigon. "us OPPOSESS RIGGIN G 

ININ VIETNA VIETNAM MESE ESE  ELECTI ELECTIO ONS." NS." 

But inin  But spite  spite ofof  thethe effo effortsrts  at  secrecy at secrec ,  the  y, the WASHIN WASH GTON­ INgTO n-

MERRYY-GO-R ­GO­ROUND  per  MERR column   of ofApril 4, OUNDnewspa newsp was  able aper able to  column April 4,  was to quote f rom the the not quote es  taken a from notes taken att  the  March  20-22 the Guam  20­22  ConfeGuam March Confe­ rence.  ItIt repor rence. that the reporteted    d that the Thieumilitaryjunta   junta approv Ky military approve edd  Thieu­Ky 

the dra the draftft constit constitution ution one one day day  before before t he mid-Pa mid­Pacific the cific meetin meeting g  and on on  Guam  they  handed  a copy  of  the  "red­bo and

Guam unds  docu­ they handeond awho sai copy d:  of the"I look "red-bo undsjust  document"  ment Preside to to  Presid entnt John Johnsson  who said: ed at  "I looked at it it just asas 

proudly as Ilooked at Linda, my"cons first baby. ing titutio"n"Mean he had

proudly  as  I looked  at  Linda,  my first  baby."  Meanin g  clearly  that  this  was  the first  "constitution  he  had  fathere fathered? d? 

clearly that this was the first

The Pr The esident Presid ial  "electio ential "elections"  ns of of Septem September ber 1967, 1967,  held held  in in  the  immed immediate  vicinity   of  Saigon ,  in  which  the Tlueu  iate and  Ky vicinity Ky  of Saigo n, in which Thieu and became nt  and  becam e the  Vice  Presid the Preside President Presideent nt  raised even greate and Vice greater  r

cries of "fraud" then the earlier CIA "election" for for  the the  raised 

even 

cries  of  "fraud"  then  the  earlier  CIA  "election 

179 179 

opposition  screened  opposition the screened even  the Vietnam,  even In South  South Vietnam, Assembly.  In Assembly.

etc.,  community,  etc., Buddhist community, the Buddhist  students,the  nd  the  thestudents,  , and candidates, a candidates

many  States, many United States, the United In the "rigged". In elections  "rigged".  the  elections called called  the

the  said  the Kennedy, said ding  Senator  Robert Kennedy,  leaders inclu Senator Robert  political leaders including political

elections dishonest.  were  dishonest. elections were hnson  appoin­ President Jo appoincriticism, President Johnson barrage of  Under the  of criticism, the barrage Under Saigon  to visit  to  and to  d  politicians  politicians to visit Saigonand  group of  ted a  educators and of educators an a group ted who  men  who three men The three  elections.  The the elections. of the honesty  of the honesty to the attest attest  to the  said  the spokesmen, , said the  spokesmen oup and  were the certifying gr and were  group headed the  the certifying headed

efficient,  "reasonably ly  efficient, were  "reasonab elections  were Presidential l elections Vietnam  Presidentia Vietnam

Prof.  were:  Prof. honest." They They  were: reasonablyhonest."  and reasonably  free and  reasonably reasonably  free 

INSTITUTE    AFFAIRS INSTITUTE nt AFFAIRS GOVERNMENT GOVERNME of the  the  Scammon of Scammon Richard M.M.  Richard

the  of the Haizberg,  Director  Director of  Donald  Harzberg, Prof.  Donald ;  Prof. Washingtonn; inin Washingto

and University and  at RutgersUniversity  POLITICS at  Rutgers  POLITICS  OF OF INSTITUTE BAGLETON EAGLETON  INSTITUTE 

WNN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY..  of GEORGETO of  GEORGETOW Penniman Penniman  Prof. Howard  Prof. Howard

is said NT  AFFAIRS INSTITUTE  is said  GOVERNME AFFAIRS  INSTITUTE Scammon's Mr. GOVERNMENT Scammon's  Mr.  OF  DEPARTMENT from  $286,000 from NTSS  OF received $286,000 DEPARTME have received thethe  toto have

staff of the staff of  onthe  wason  Mr. Penniman an  was  DEFENCE. ANDDEFENCE .  Mr. Pennim STATE STATE  AND  the  of  the Chief  of Deputy  Chief served  as  then served as Deputy (1948­49), then CIA (1948-49), the cIa the

,  when  Dr. whenDr.  DEPARTMENTNT, STATE  DEPARTME Staff, STATE Research  Staff, External Research External succeeded  the latter  nd succeeded the latter was Chief, a M. Kirkpatr Chief, and Evon M. was Kirkpatrickick  Evon

executive  Dr. Kirkpatrick an executive Kirkpatrick  isis an as (1953­55).  .Dr.  Chief  (1953-55) as  Chief

N  ASSOCIATION SCIENCE ASSOCIATIO SCIENCE POLITICAL  POLITICAL AMERICAN  AMERICAN of thethe  Director of  Director

S AND OPERATION ofof  POLICY  AND POLICY OPERATIONS  the Executive and Director  tive Director and isis the Execu

received  which  received .  D.  Washington .  of  of RESEARCH,  INC C., which . D.C.,  Washington , INC. RESEARCH s

Scammon's  Mr. Scammon' and 1965. 1965.  Mr. 1963, 1964, 1964,  and  grants inin 1963,  CIA CIA grants 

in estate in  realestate  thereal  owns the  INSTITUTE owns  AFFAIRS INSTITUTE    AFFAIRS  GOVERNME GOVERNMENTNT

has ASSOCIATIONN  has  ASSOCIATIO SCIENCE  SCIENCE POLITICAL  POLITICAL AMERICAN  AMERICAN which  thethe  which Penniman  and  cammon,  Penniman Professors S and headquarterss and  its headquarter Scammon, and Professors its

rted ted  CIA­suppor the CIA-suppo for the work  for all done done  work have all  Herzberg, Herzberg,  have  RESEARCH  INC.  POLICY  RESEARCH INC. OPERATIONS  AND  AND POLICY OPERATIONS

180 180 

The "Master PlannerThe "Master  Planner­  Dr. Dr. Rostow" Rostow"  The preceding preceding  pages pages  have  steps  taken  by  The have detailed  detailed the  the steps taken by Washington have these historic Washington toto have these  historic personages personages  arranged arranged  upon upon 

the out forfor  new and unusual "demothe Saigon Saigon stage stage and and trying trying out  new  and  unusual "demo­

cratic roles". Step by step the facts have been detailed that led cratic roles".  Step by  step the  facts have  been detailed  that led 

from long ago when"Colonel" Lansdale  "Colonel' Lansdaleof of the  the CIA  CIA returned from long  ago  when  returned 

Saigon inin  September 1965, 1965, accompanied accompanied  by by Ambassador Ambassador  toto Saigon September

Lodge. yetyet  these steps were and 3RD Lodge. And And  these steps  were but but the the 2ND 2ND and  3RD  Acts. Acts.  ACT has been  beensaved  savedto  to last:  last: ACT ONE ONE  has  Act One Act One 

The following chronology seems irrefutable: The following  chronology seems  irrefutable:  Before President Johnson the all-out air attack  air attack Before President  Johnson unleashed unleashed  the all­out  upon North North Vietnam Vietnam  February  American  upon onon  February 7,7, 1965,  1965, aa secret  secret American

victory win in been devised.  devised. The  The princivictory plan plan to to win  in Vietnam Vietnam  had had  been  princi­ pal strategist strategist  ofof this this  scheme  was was  the the  long-time long­time  CIA  anti­ pal scheme CIA antiCommunist—Counter—Insurgency  W. Rostow, Rostow,  Communist--CounterInsurgency expert  expertWalt  Walt W.

the adviser to  to President the present present Presidential Presidential  adviser  President  Johnson. Johnson.  For For  seventeen his life to  to perfecting this coun­ counseventeen  years years  Rostow Rostow  devoted devoted his life  perfecting this  ter­revolutionary  strategy. strategy.  When When  it  itemized  itit appears appears  ter-revolutionary it isis itemized

amazingly simple: amazingly simple: 

First unleash the full of modern First  unleash the  full fury fury of  modern war--holding war—holding back back  only nuclear  weapons—upon the the people  North Vietnam  while  only nuclear weapons--upon people in  in North Vietnam while

simultaneously  announcing announcing  that  US is  prepared  to to negotiate negotiate  simultaneously that US is prepared "peace" in  any place  any time. time.  What What does does the  US wish  "peace" in any place atat any the US wish to  to

have the north agree to in order to be granted peace from the have the  north to to agree  to in  order to be granted  peace  from  the  perspective of unending terror: the  the recognition  recognitionof  of a  a "South perspective  of  unending  terror:  "South  Vietnam" an entity at thetime of  time ofor  or in Vietnam" an  entity  never never  visualized visualized  at the  in  the the 

"Geneva "Geneva Agreement" Agreement".  Why was was the  attack launched  early  in in 1965 1965  against against  the the  Why the attack launched early

north? the National Liberation Front forces represennorth? Because Because the  National Liberation  Front forces  represen­ ting both both communists communists and and non-communists, non­communists,  had had thoroughly thoroughly  ting

defeated the rag­tag  rag-tag of  of young US paid  paid "generals"  "generals" in defeated  the  young US  in Saigon Saigon  who fighting among for the right  the right to control  to control US who were were fighting  among  themselves themselves for  US  aid and  whose  US­paid  instead,  aid and whose US-paidsoldiers would  soldiers wouldnot fight  not fight but  but instead,

were deserting in  in the of thousands. were deserting  the tens tens of  thousands. 

This was a situation  a situation in  in which  which the of the southern This was  the people people of  the southern  section of  Vietnam  were  carrying  out  their  own  revolution  section of Vietnam were carrying out their own revolution against the seriesof of US­imposed  US-imposedregimes.  regimes.In  In many it against  the series  many  ways ways it 

was of what  what had  hadhappened  happenedin inChina  Chinafrom  from 1945 to was reminiscent reminiscent of  1945 to  1949-a period event that had studied for 1949—a  period and and an an event  that Walt Walt Rostow Rostow had  studied  for 

the CIA and for which he had many secret reports.  secret reports. The the CIA and for  which he  had  made made  many  The  Rostow formula,  drafted  to counter  United  Rostow formula, drafted to counterthe  the"loss" to  "loss" to the  the United

States sufferedat Geneva  at Genevawas to  was tocircumvent  circumventor defeat  or defeatany  any and States suffered  and  all other  attempts at genuine  all other attempts at genuine revolution.  revolution. On March March 15,  1965—about five  weeks  after after  the the bombs bombs  On 15, 1965-about five weeks began  to  on  North North Vietnam Vietnam  Walt Walt W. W.  Rostow, then then  began to fall  fall on Rostow, "Counsellor and chairman of the Policy Planning Council of "Counsellor  and chairman  of  the  Policy  Planning  Council  of 

the US State Department" made his first major  major revelation  revelation of  of the US  State Department"  made  his first  the plan  for the the "American Empire" and  Ameri­ the plan for "American Empire" and to  to assure  assure the  the American Century", appropriately  in Freiburg,  This  can Century, appropriately in Freiburg, West  West Germany.  Germany. This lengthy, detailed, detailed, yet yet deliberately  obscure report  entitled  lengthy, deliberately obscure report was  was entitled "The Role  the Emerging Nations in  Politics" although  "The Role ofof the Emerging Nations in World  World Politics" although

even superficial study indicated that  indicated that it  it might even aa superficial study  might  have have been been more more  accurately  named,  the United United States States  (Free (Free  World) World)  accurately named, "How  "How the

Shall Role to the Emerging Nations" Shall Assign Assign aa Role  to the  Emerging  Nations".  Regarding  Asia,  was  very very  specific specific  although although  similar similar  Regarding Asia, he  he was

details for Latin  Latin America  Americaand  and Africa: details were were catalogued catalogued for  Africa:  182 182 

"Meanwhile  East efforts go  forward  to to create create  "Meanwhile in in  thethe Far  Far East efforts go forward Asian Development  Bank and  with respect respect to to security  anan Asian Development Bank and with security arrangements, an  elaborate set  and multilateral  arrangements, an elaborate set of bilateral  of bilateral and multilateral

ties exist exist  between  Asian  powers.  These These  ties between Asian andand non­Asian  non-Asian powers.

have been been formed  HOC to to meet  sequence  of  security  have formed aDAD hOC meet aa sequence of security problems as  they  arose arose in  problems as they in the postwar  the postwaryears.  years. WE MAY  WE MAY

SEE IN THE YEARS AHEAD THE EMERGENCE SEE IN  THE YEARS  AHEAD THE  EMERGENCE OF OF  NEW IN THE NEW GROUPINGS? GROUPINGS?  NOTABLY NOTABLY IN  THE FACE FACE  OF OF  THE THE CHINESE CHINESE COMMUNIST COMMUNIST NUCLEAR NUCLEAR  CAPABICAPABI­ LITY". (my emphasis.) LITY".  (my  emphasis.)  This plan plan was was much  more fully  elaborated inin  Japan when when  This much more fully elaborated Japan Rostow spoke  on April April 23,  the 28th, 1965.  Although  Rostow spoke on 23, 2424 and on  and on the 28th, 1965. Although

the published  material was was  voluminous,  some ofof  the essential  the published material voluminous, some the essential

details concealed. details were were concealed. 

Japan's role in heading up the  up the "new  "new grouping" in Asia Japan's role  in heading  grouping" in  Asia  required first that treaty uniting the North Pacific area must required first  that the the treaty  uniting the  North Pacific area  must  be ratified.  (For  the period  1965­66 and and until until mid-1967, mid­1967,  be ratified. (For the period ofof 1965-66

South Koreahad  hada a large  largearmy—4th  army--4th largest  largestin  in the South  Korea  the  worldworld—  which could could fight  Vietnam, and  Japan,  temporarily temporarily  was was still  which fight inin Vietnam, and Japan, still prevented from  immediate involvement  until the  Japanese No­ prevented from immediate involvement until the Japanese No-

War constitution was abolished or War constitution  was abolished  or  revised.) revised.)  Meanwhile Meanwhile  Japan Japan  was  to to push push  ahead ahead  with  2nd,  3rd, 3rd,  4th, 4th,  5th, 5th,  etc. etc.  was with its  its 1st,  Ist, 2nd,

that when "Defence plans"* so "Defence plans"  so that  when Hanoi Hanoi was was either either destroyed, destroyed, 

"legal constitutional Government'

or and the  the "legal  constitutional  Government"  or surrendered surrendered  and 

was created  South  Vietnam, Vietnam,  Japan Japan  could could  take take  was created in Saigon,  in Saigon, in  in South

over the leadership ofthe "new grouping...in  the "new grouping...inthe  the face  face of  of the over the  leadership of  the  Chinese capability", Chinese  Communist.. Communist...capability".  Japan, with  the window-trimming window­trimming of  Australian and and New New  Japan, with the of Australian

Zealand support,  forced by by Washington, Washington, would would be be the de facto  Zealand support, forced the de facto

leader of  this new  grouping  because because  it  was  the the strongest strongest and  leader of this new grouping it was and most "Free World"  World" nation new groupmost powerful powerful "Free  nation inin Asia. Asia. The The new  group­ ing's orientation was obvious:it it would  would be  be "in  "in the ing's political political orientation  was obvious:  the  face of Chinese Communist existence. (The question of face  of  Chinese  Communist"  existence.  (The  question  of 

"nuclear ability"  determine, US US opposition opposition  to to China,  "nuclear ability" diddid not  not determine, China, this began began  prior prior to to 1949,  when  pro-American pro­American Chiang Chiang Kai­shek  this 1949, when Kai-shek

183 183 

roster of was driven from  the  mainland.  The roster  of American American GeneGene­ was driven from the mainland.The

rals who who sought sought  to to bomb bomb  China's China's  industrial industrial  potential potential  into into  rals nothingness, began  with  McArthur,  and  since  has  picked  up  nothingness, began with McArthur, and since has picked up many  other  advocates,—most  of  them  before  it  was  ever  many other advocates,- most of them before it was ever thought possible possible that China would  be able  secret  thought that China would be able to master  to master the  the secret energy.)  IfIf this this  ominous plan plan isis toto  ofof atomic  atomic energy.) ominous bebe successful  successful will depend depend  principally principally  in in  the the months months  ahead ahead  upon upon  the the  will actions  of  the Japanese Japanese  people  people  of  actions of the peopleand  andupon  upon the  the people of

Vietnam. Vietnam.  Other and  seldom  revealed facts  to prove  the  accuracy  of 

Other and seldom revealed facts to prove the accuracy of the analysis, is  seen in in the the following:  INSIDE  WASHINGTON  the analysis, is seen following: inin  thethe  INSIDE WASHINGTON

column  of of  Robert Robert  S. S.  Allen Allen and and Paul Paul Scott, Scott, published published  on on  column

September 20, 20, 1965,  some  September 1965, ALMOST TWO YEARS AGOare revealed  are revealed sume ALMOST TWO  YEARS  AGO 

the details of  Johnson  Administration's Administration's master  ofof the details of "the  "the Johnson master plan  plan to  to "bring the  Vietnam  conflict conflict  from from  the the  battlefield battlefield to to the the negotia­ "bring the Vietnam negotia-

essential isis the  the "replacing of existing ting table."  "replacing of  existing  military military  ting table."AnAn essential 

"consisting of rule"  with with a a  "civilian  government"..."consisting  of  an an  rule" "civilian government'

'indirectly' elected national and aa cabinet."  cabinet." indirectly' elected  national Assembly, Assembly, aa premier premier and  "TAGGED TO PLAY A KEY ROLE IN  IN THIS "TAGGED TO  PLAY  A  KEY  ROLE  THIS  INTRICATE INTRICATE  BACK-STAGE IS EDWARD BACK­STAGE  STRATEGY STRATEGY  IS  EDWARD  LANSDALE... LANSDALE...  NOW FOR THE  THE ANNOUNCED NOW BACK BACK  IN IN SAIGON SAIGON  FOR  ANNOUNCED  PURPUR­

POSE OF HEADINGA ASPECIAL  SPECIALTEAM  TEAM OF  OF US  US ADVISPOSE OF HEADING  ADVIS­ ERS CENTRAL RURAL CONSTRUCTION ERS  TO TO THE THE  CENTRAL  RURAL  CONSTRUCTION  COUNCIL." "peace plan isis shrouded COUNCIL." The The "peace plan  shrouded inin closely-guardclosely­guard­ ed (Massachusetts of ed  secrecy" secrecy"  "the "the one-time one­time  MIT MIT  (Massachusetts  Institute Institute  of  Technology) Professor... Walt  Walt Rostow...whose Technology)  economics economics  Professor...  Rostow...whose  enigmatic comments are meaningless  meaningless except  except to  to those with some enigmatic comments are  those with  some  awareness of oftheir  in  awareness theirtrue  trueimport",  import", explained  explainedthe  the US  US role  role in

Vietnam: to  help the  people "get settled  help  Vietnam: to help the people "get settledand  andstarted",  started",to to help

the Government"and  andthird  third "to  "to the  "officials "officials  start...a start...a  modern modern  Government" 

keep on North  North Vietnam".  Vietnam". This keep  the the  pressure pressure  on  This "US-backed "US­backed 

civilian Government...will Government...will  (then)...negotiate  ceasefire...  civilian (then)... negotiate aa ceasefire... "A  major  phase  of of  the the  plan"  said  Allen Allen &  Scott,  "is  "A major phase plan" said & Scott, "is

the RBFUGEE the  REFUGEE  PROBLEM, PROBLEM,  UNDER UNDER  WHICH WHICH HUNDREDS HUNDREDS  OF OF PEASANTS PEASANTS 

AND ARE TO  TO BB AND REHABILITATED" AND VILLAGERS VILLAGERS  ARE  BE  "RE-LOCATED "RE­LOCATED  AND  REHABILITATED".  General Lansdale  be  incharge. incharge.  General Lansdale will  will be

184 184 

"Ge ner "Ge neralal L Lan sda ans le  spe dale ntt  nine spen nine yea years

rs  in  in Sou South  th Vie Vietna m..  tnam ckst ksta age  geforc forc e e in  in keeping  the  late  President  Ngo   Dinh  Diem  in  office.  Soon Soo n af afte ter  r Diem  m was was  ass assaass ssinina ated ted   in in a  a mili military tary  cou coup,  p, Lansda Lan sdale  leretu returned rne dto  to the the  US US.... ..W hileile Wh   offic official iallyly   an  an Air  Air Force officer,  much of  his  career  was spent  in  the Central  Inte Intellige lligence nce  Age Agency ." ncy." 

Fro Fromm 1 195 954 4 to  to 196 19633 he he  was was a  a powerfu erful ba l bac

keeping the late President Ngo Dinh Diem in offi

ce.

Force officer, much of his career was spent in the Cen tral

In the face of this "Johnson Master Plan" publicised

In the  face of  this  "Johnson  Mas ter  Plan"  publicised in  September  1965,  with  its  stag e  props  of  "civilians"  and  "elections" and  "refugees",  it  is  appropriate  to  consider  the  words of  Secretary  of  State  Dea n  Rusk  (February 1,  1967)  desiign gneed d toto   obs des "Th ity:  stt imp obscure "Thee mo cur ereal mos rea lity: importa ortant nt  pol poliitica tical l development  this past  year  has  been  the election  of  the  Consti­ tuent  Assembly  to draft a  con stitution...This  was  begun  on  the  initiative of  the  present mili tary  directory  in  January  ot  1966...We were encouraged by the  numbers of  those who turned  out outto  to elec electt aa co connsti stitutuen entt as asssem embly. bly." "

September 1965, with its stage props of «civilians" andin

"elections" and "refuge

es", it is appropriate to consider the words of Secretary of Sta te Dean Rusk (February 1, 1967)

development this past year has been the election of the Constituent Assembly to draft a constitution... This was begun on

the initiative of the present military directory in January of 1966.. We were encouraged by the numbers of those who turned IfIf worwordsds m anything,  these sa meean an  any

thing, these sayy  that the  Ros Rostow tow­CIA that  the -CIA  plan cal led  for the the cre plan crea call tion ed   of of "ref for "refuge ugees es sso atio o  that n  t they   cou ld  tha the y could bebe  "re­loc loca "reateted" d"..  DoDoeess this thisexp   explain lain wh why  the the villa villages y ges  of of  Sou ou th Vietna tnam  are  bein being  Vie systtem m are emaatic tically  g sys cind eriz ed  ally with cind   nap eriz alm ed with napalm. ? Is Is this why whythe   the  peo this ple ofof  Sou th  peo Vie ple tnam   are bei Sou bein th Vie tna m are ngg rourounndededd  „p­ up,heent -the  entire ire pop pop ula ula tion tion ­in. --in o  to trip ly-g uar ded concentration camps ps  wh whe they  will  be  conver cam erere  the anti anti-Co ­Comm mmunis unists? ts? 

y will be convertedted­-"re"rehhabab,lilita..atetedd "_­inintoto 

IfIf so so,  Wa ltlt  W.  Rostow  of  the  CIA CIA,  will  be  list listed  in  II so, Wa , will wan W. Rostow of the Tose in nh  Goebe bbels,  ed hihist storyory's's an and a  annnals als som  somepl eplaace  ce abo above  ve Dr. Dr.  Jos Jose ephp  Goebbels, and a peerr of pee of Hei Heinrich h H imm Him mle ler.  r.

^   s r t s   ted in Saigon in the last days of prepari Would

"master   plan", pre d this .his CIA sters for halfwom the Wo rld sucC.Acee  d?rs The answer seeparmsedalrbyeadma y indica:

ng the new constitution, wh en a fort hri g ht pro pos al wa s ma de that "land reform" should

be pledged as an item of basi ent t poli basc ic Gov Governm ernmen policy,  cy, but, but, 

should be^ledge^hsTotem of 

185 185 

broadened d  was  broadene reached,  the issue  the issue was not be  be reached, could not "agreemen ntt could  as "agreeme as

with property"..  citizenswith  endowingcitizens  of endowing  conceptof  eral  concept  the general toto the gen

reform".  and  reform" to future land preface  to future l to be "a  be "a preface was to This was This

the National National  underthe  s  under  the regions in the region and  in  Vietnam tnam  and InIn North North Vie out. t.  carried carried ou been been  has has  reform reform  land land  control, control,  Front Front  n   Liberatio Liberation

evaded by  d  by about and and evade talked about  been talked  it has been  1967  it has  1954  until From until 1967 From 1954 ents. nts.  Governme of Saigon's Saigon's Governm all all of 

plan  dale  plan CIA­Lansdale the CIA-Lans earlier,  the Philippine the Philippin As inin the ess  earlier, As

reform  land reform to permit land  refused to permit  s refused  landownerrs wealthyy landowne the wealth for the failed for  failed control control  who who  farmers farmers  rich rich  the   always the is always andit it is  ce and  take place to to take pla industria­ es.  But  will industriawe will  But WE  al societies. nts in inAgricultur Agriculturual societi Governmeents Governm

planners.  clever planners. the clever say the  lands" say  loped  lands"  veloped under­deve these  under-de lize these lize

o markets?"" TTo  richest markets? own richest your own destroy your will that not destroy "But that not "But will 

the  Toynbee, , the Arnold  Toynbee gives  no  n  gives but Arnold Washingto answer but  this Washing no answer  ton this said  policy, said dictions in US policy,  tions in  US  ware  of  the contradic of the contra historian a aware British historian British under under  re­united  be  re-united would  be Vietnam  would that Vietnam 1966that  er1966  ber  Septemb inin Septem

Chi Minh." Ho Chi Minh ."  Presiden President t Ho 

186 186 

Tou Toug ghh New New  (CIA (CIA)) Voic Voice e  It It  was in in  was  Marc h 1966 Marc h 1966  when when  McG McGe eorge orge Bund Bundy y,, Spec Specia iall  Assis Assistant tant f for or Natio National nal Secu Secur rity ity Affair Affair s, s, for  for both both K Kenn enned edyy and and 

Johns on, le John the  White son, White Hous leftft  the House, e, and and beca becam the  Direc Director of  mee  the tor of

the FORD FORD FOUN the FOUNDATIO DaTION, N,that a that  a"Toug "Tough New h New  Voice  in  Johnson's in Johns on's  Ear" Ear" that that ofof Walt W.W. Rosto Walt  w,w, move Rosto movedd up fromm his up fro his post in  the post in the 

state state Depa Departmen rtment t to fill to fill  this this o open penin ing. g.  Antho Anthony ny Howa Howard, rd, in  in the the  LONDON  LOND ONOBSER OBSEVER  RVER descri bed ibed descr this this prom otion  prom otion for forthe  the"volu "volubble,  le, impa impatient. tient... .intell intellectua ectual..."  l..." "Cert ainly,,  since since  Dr. "Cer Dr. Rost tainly Rosto w's  arriv arrivaal, l,  not not  just ow's just  the the  policy but the polic the whol y  but whole   attitu de  e attitude publi public adopt ed  by clyly adop by  the the  ted Administra nistration Admi tion seem seemss  to  have  chan to have chang ed.  ged.

entire y  Gone  entire ly are the the to nes ofof  are cautio tones n:  in the cauti ir  on: place isis a  in their headyy air  place o  a head air of optimism, ism, exten extending  all  the way optim way to to proph prophecies ecies  on  ding all an  the on an outrig Amerrican ican  victor outri ghtht  Ame Vietnam. am.  The victoy ry in in Vietn The  milita military ry  Gone

solution, on, w hich used used to to off icially soluti ruled  out, which out, isis now  open openly officia   lly ruled now ly as the  US  objec tive.  So,  talked too, a of as the US objective. So, too, arere comp compariso arison nss  with Korea Korea and  even  Greece­both, incidently,  chapt with and ers  even Gree ce--both, incidently, chapters inin  Dr.  talked of 

Rosto Dr. Rosto w's ow w's ownn expe exper ience rienc e"". 

Acknowled Presid Ackno h­on wledgiging t ng thathat Presi dentent Jo Johns on ;Tem "remaains  ins...ananxio xiousus 

to end the war the OBSERVER concluded: "The difference today is that he is rapidly putting himself into a position where he may no longer be able to command events but may have to to  end  the  war"  the  OBSERVER  concluded.  T  that he  is rapith, putting  hhnself  .  he may  no longer  be able  to command ^  eve 

submitit to to bei commande andedd  by  subm beingng comm by them  them"

indicating own experience", experience", indicating  Greece-Korea-"Dr. Rostow's own  Greece­Korea­"Dr.  Rostow's

professor the "Cold War", the CIA CIA professor  days ofthe "Cold War", the  early days of  from the that the early  that from 

It communism.It  defeatcommunism.  way todefeat  some certainway to  seeking  some certain  been seeking has been  has the  1946,  the September  1946, in Greece, in September that in  Greece,  in appropriate that  seems seems  appropriate  to have saidto  was said  have  referendumwas  a referendum  when  a  began  when Truman Doctrine began Truman Doctrine forces  Republican  forces the Republican which  the Monarchists,  which pro­US  Monarchists, the  pro-US been  the been

won by "un-democratic "un­democratic  been won by  said had andsaid  had  been  challengedand  loudly loudly challenged  in agent  in  top CIA agent the top CIA  wasthe  Richardson was  H. Richardson  (John  H. methods". methods".  (John

the  on  to  he moved  won, he was won, to the moved on Greece  and  "victory" was the "victory"  after the  and after  Greece

to Saigon "victory"• moved that "victory"  after that  andafter  in  Saigon  in Philippines on  to  moved  on Philippines  and  Vietnam.) Vietnam.) 

Doctrine" "Truman Doctrine"  the "Truman  decadesof ofthe  the two decades  Spanning Spanning  the two  the  CIA  the  elections with  CIA the the rigged  of  with tale  elections continuing  rigged of was a  tale continuing a was and  Laos  France to  Italy,  Greece to  and From  corrupter  From Greece to Italy, France to Laos great  corrupter great policy  Washington's  policy was Washington's elsewhere—it  was Vietnam—and  elsewhere--it South South  Vietnam--and the  reserving  always  while  possible,  if  the ballet,  by  reserving win  to  always while possible, if to win by ballet, "American of name the in "win" to bullets, "American  use to of  "right" the name  "right" to  use  bullets,  to  "win" in  the world world  cry of "save the  of  "save warning cry  the warning Defence. Under Under the National National Defence".  took over andtook  in and  States movedin  United States moved  over  Communism" the from the United  from Communism"  the  perfect  alias for  almost  perfect alias for the became an  an almost the"Free World", which  "Free World", which bécame the

Empire. American American Empire.  the  deception,  the latest deception, its latest to its conception  to first conception its first From its From the two candid snapshotof of the  ascandid snapshot  two  might be following considered  as  be  considered following might  size  the  for  size the for responsibility  the  of  responsibility the much  of bear  much must  bear who  must men  who men present  shaping  present plays—in shaping played—and  plays--in the CIA  role that  and role CIA played--and that the and to did much W. Rostow much  to  Walt W.  While Walt  Rostow  did  history. While  future history.  and and  future 

of "counter-insur"counter­insur­ programme of  the programme  basis the theoritical basis provide provide  aa theoritical

stands atat President late days Johnson's  these President Johnson's gency", days stands  these late  (and inin  gency", (and the founding  urges an  of and urges fathers of  elbow and founding fathers  line) the tougher line)  even tougher  an even  elbow Dulles.  and  Dulles. Forrestal  and were Forrestal were CIA  the CIA the

and  Defence  and of Defence Secretary  of  former Secretary Forrestal,  former  B. Forrestal, James  B.  James

RED  &  DILLON,  RED of DILLON, firm of banking  firm great  banking & ex­president  of  the great of the  ex-president

the Rockefeller's with the  relationwith  intimaterelation  Rockefeller's  which hadintimate  COMPANY, COMPANY,  which had  adviser adviser  closest closest  Truman's President  Truman's  of President one of was one oil empire, was oil empire, 188 188 

with with inin the the cabin cabinet et in in the the perio d 1945 period -1947   1945­1 947  when when  the

the  coldcold­

war initiat war was was in ed.. InIn  itiated those those days days when when  the the  Sovie Soviett  Union Union  was was 

prostr ate, w prostr ate, withith 2525 mi llion  dead a million nd her dead her in and dustri es and indus and econo economy tries my  destro yed, , Forre destr Forrestal  oyed saw  this this  as stal saw as  aa golde golden oppor tunity n  oppo and  rtunit y  and

urged that the urged  that  the  US US shou ld "face should "face up the up toto  Russ the  ians Russia

ns  now" now"..  nt of  the CIA in 1947 and 1947 a nd  itit was was not not long long after after that that the the sign sign  of of his his crack crack­ -up up  was was  manif manifest. est.  Discr Discre eetly shelte etly sh red  in  eltered in aa resth restho ome me in in  Florid Florida, a,  one one  night he night he ran ran sc reami screa ng out ming out in intoto the dark s the  dark treets  street shoutiing: s shout ng: "T he  "The Red Army Army is  Red is after  afterme."  Not long long after, me." Not after, he he jump jumpe   a a  edd from from hospi hospital tal windo killed  himse window w and and  killed lf. himself. 

Forre insiste d  on Forrestal stal in lishm sisted ent of the CIA in on the the estab establ ishme

Allen  Dulle,s, who Allen Dulles   was a  who was teache a teach Englishh in  err of  of Englis Japan when in Japan when 

young, , and  young later w and later wasas aa corp corpooratio rationn attorn attorn eyey forfor  STAND STAN ARD  OIL DARD OIL 

in law firm  where in the the la w firm his broth where his br er John  John Foster other  Foster Dulles was

  Dulles  was  the the 

head, was was chief chief of head, of the the OS Berne, Swit OSSS in  in Berne d  in  , Switzzerlan erland in World World  War  War

I I and  and IIII and and head edd the    heade the CIA from CIA f rom 1953 1953 tto o  1961 the perio 1961, , the  periodd in

which which itit becam became the real e  the re "Invisible  al  "Invis ible Gove rnme Gover nmennt' t". 

  in 

ItIt was   Forrestal was Forre stal w ho  did did most who most  to to cre ate  the "c creat

e the "com ommu nist t munis mena menace" ce" that that becam becamee the trous the single singlemons   monst "enem rous drago dragon n "enemy y" for the the CIA. for CIA.  It  was  It was Allen  Allen Dulle Dulle s  who s s who et abo set aboutut creat creatin the  ingg the monolithic mono lithic CIA CIA struc struct ure that ture that was was inten intend ed  to ded to confr confro

ontnt the the  "Com "Communi stt  consp munis iracy  onon every conspiracy" every  funct ional functi onal level level  and and  with with  great greateer r  funds funds  and and  ultraultra­c cons onspir pirato atoria rial l  techn techniques.  iques. With With 

unlimited ited se cret t dollarss  the unlim secre the CIA CIA  quietl penetr quietl ated o yy pene boughht trated t  orr boug way into into  itsits way leader ship  thethe leade of  Ameri rship of Americancan acad academ ic, stude studen emic, nt,t, 

labourr union union labou newsp aper  and mass , , news mass media pape media organ r and organizatio ization s,  in­ ns, includin g boo k  publis cluding book publishing hing a magaz ines, f or the andnd maga the pu rpose  zines, of usin for g  purpo se of using these  organ organizatio muni these sts" with CIA izations  t  the  nsto figh to fight "comm unists the "com   with^  CIA  ideas.. That That  ideas some ofof  these secre some secret these ­police e  ideas ideas  for t-polic for foreig foreigners ners  spilled spille over and d  over and  infect infecteded Amer Amer icans  icans seemed ofof littl e mome moment  little nt toto the the  maste masters of seemed 

rs of dubio dubious us  statec statecraft.  raft.

The p ower  The the  Amer powe American r of  of the ican  mass mass  media  is 

media is very  very great great-­ controolled lled  by by  the the CI A or contr or not--i not­i n  its  positiv CIA e  and  negati n its ve  posit ive and nega tive aspeccts, ts,  in in  what what  itit pres ents  to pub lic  aspe and  in  what i t  fails  prese to  nts 50  to public andage in what it fails to transm (Ame ricans   over  trans years  mit.it. (Ame of  may recal ricans over 50 years of age may recall l that  that 189 189 

"Bikini" once "Bikini"   meant  once meant lonely and and desolated a a lonely atoll  in desolated  atoll in the the South  South

Seas Seas where  wherethe  the United  United States  States tested  testedatom  atom bombs;  bombs; now  now under under  the the influence influence  of of mass mass  media media  itit means means aa scanty scanty covering covering  for for 

the the private  private parts parts of  of lovely lovely females.) females.) 

The US films, TV shows shows and  news agencies agencies fill  The US films,  TV the eyes  and news fill the eyes

and and minds large minds  of of a a  large proportion the proportion ofof  world's the  world's citizens and citizens and 

endlessly  repeat  endlessly repeatthe  theAmerican  Americanview  viewof of what  what is "truth" an is "truth" andd  "beauty" and "culture". And "beauty" And  and  "culture".   solid foundation thisthis alone is a foundation  alone is a solid upon  which which  the the  CIA CIA  begins begins  its  upon work.  That  it  used  these  its work. That it used these

media for  media for what what it  deems to it deems to be be purposes  purposes ofof high high policy policy seems seems 

now obvious. It is in this latter area, what James Reston of NY TIMES has called the CIA's "social

now obvious.  It  is  in  this  latter  area,  what  James  Reston  of  NY  TIMES  has called  the  CIA's "social  role  that prompted  him 

toto ask:  ask: "Is"Is it necessa it necessary? ry?" "

role" that prompted him

the  InIn the United States United States while while there there has has been been  mounting mounting  demand  "Truth inin  Advertising", demand for  for "Truth   simultaneous Advertising" ly, there  has  , simultaneou sly, there has been  a been a  lowering lowering  of of the the levels levels ofof education, education, journalism journalism and and  statesmans statesmanship hip--includin —including gnational  nationalmorality  morality--du primarily to  due eprimarily  to the  role  and  purpose  of  the  CIA.  (Although  the CIA  tried  unsuccessfully unsuccessfull publication of y  toto stop  stop publication INVISIBLE  of the  the  GOVERNMENTT,,  INVISIBLE GOVERNMEN

the role and purpose of the CIA. (Although the CIA tried

had  far far more  itit apparently  apparently had more success  successwith  with"The  "The China  China Lobby",  Lobby" written by  written Professor Koe by Professor Koen n  UNIVBRSITY  of of  thethe  UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA  and  OFOF CALIFORNIA and

published  by  published MacMiLLAN— by MacMILLaN but  then then immediately -but immediately  withdrawn withdrawn 

from from sale sale under under great  great pressure pressure from from  Washington  Washingtonto  to protect protect the  the crimes Chiang Kai-shek crimes  of of the "China the Chiang K Lobby" in  ai­shek "China  Lobby"  in the USA.)  the USA.) The The CIA was CIA  was born bom with with President President  Truman's Truman's  "loyalty "loyalty  oath" which paved oath" which  paved  the  the way for McCarthyis way for  McCarthyismm. .  And And  the the  CIA CIA  was was  an an  important important partner partner in in generating generating  the the frenzy frenzy affecting affecting  objective objective  scholarship  scholarshipwhich  whichprior  priorto  to the  the Cold  Cold War's War's  origin, origin,  had told told bitter  truths  had about  bitter truths Chiang Kai­s about hek,  Chiang KUOMINTANG Kai-shek, thethe  KUOMINTAN G  and and recent  recent Asian  Asian history.  history.

The The role role of of the the CIA CIA  in in  destroying destroying  thethe  INsTITUTE INSTITUTE  OF OF  PACIFIC PACIFIC  RELATIONS andin  RELATIONS  and  in converting converting the the WORLD WORLD AFFAIRS AFFAIRS  COUNCILS COUNCILS  from centres  from centresof ofstudy  studyinto  into little more  little more than than  adjuncts adjuncts 

the State State  Departmen Department, t, is  ofof the untold, but  surely  it will  is still  still untold, be  but surely it will be

revealed. revealed.  190 190 

CIA's intellectual ctual  of the the CIA's intelle dead harvests many the harvests of  One many dead  the  One ofof 

any, American  few if  been few American if any, there have  since 1945  have been blight  1945 there that since isis that  blight

of the US US  A  critique of the  Asia. A critique inin Asia.  role role  the US  the US books critical ofof  books critical appear  is still  since,  is period since, the period and the Japan, and of Japan, still toto appear occupation  of occupation

scholarship  American  scholarship years  American in in  twenty  years of twenty gap£ap of  print.  TheThe  inin print.

studies  objective studies objective  instead ofof  and instead appalling—and is appallingaffairs is  Asian affairs on on Asian nothing safely  that say  non­books  safely been aa dearth  say nothing has been that there has non-books dearth ofof  there The great  policy.  world  A  great not criticise CI do  The all,  policy. above  world and  CIA and above all, do not criticise Edgar  journalists.  by  been  have  Edgar decades  journalists. past  the  books inin the decades have been by past books

Richard  Gayn, and  and Richard China, Mark  on China, Mark Gayn, Jacoby on and Jacoby Snow, White  White and Snow,

with dealt  with  have  dealt the scholars scholars  have while the  etc.  while Japan etc. Lauterbach on  Japan Lautcrbach  on Tokugawa. Tokugawa. 

hir

191 191 

Dir Di ty  Tr rty Trick icks s  CIA dedes ThThee CIA led—c spopoiiled hem icalally --che ly  --a a  wh mic ­hoole le  shi "P pload of sugar bound from Cu ba to the So vi e t Un i o n. In Oc er 1966, three men are acquitted in Buffalo, New York, fortobtry ing to ''smugg sl

load  of 

"smuggle B-26 bombers to Portugal" and the press said that

le  B­26  bombers  to  Portug al"  and  the press  said  that  smuggle  n  ajd  portugal against  they  were working  for  the CI A  see*.  g  Cuba>  the "rebels"  in  Angola.  (Th e  CIA  used * zo  »  Ind  Indonesia  because both   the  planes and  ex­World  War II  Mots were  in "surplus.")  Bec ause of  the earlier CIA  connec tion  with the  CAT  airline,  headqu artered  in Taiwan  anc1  the  ad ver se  effect  this had  apod the  priv ate­commetcial tasmess,the    thf  nast  few  years  for med  another  airline  cal led  AIR  AMERICAN".  This  outfit  has  been flying  war  equipm ent  into  Laos and  Thailand from  Tai wan  and  also  taking  Par u  S  ^  ^ agents  over  the  mainland  and  dropping  them on  Ch ina   a  Tibet  (In  the period  betwee n  March and  December in  ,  it was  estimated by  a high  intelligence  source  on  Tai wan  that  at least 873  agents had  been  placed on  the mainland  of  China.)  Since the  outbreak of  China 's  "Cultural  Revolution  in  196  ,  one can  imagine that  this tra ffic  in agents  now  amoun ts  to a  small  invasion.  "Uprisings"   in  Tibet and  "Wall posters   in  Peking have been  credited to   the  CIA.  On March  25, it was  announ ced  in Saigon  that an  AIR   AMERICAN"  plane  had  cra shed at  DA NANG  in  South V ietn am   killing  all  the  nine  memb ers  of  an  "Higher  Education  Study 

they were working for the CIA, seeking to aid Portugal against the "rebels" in Angola, (The CIA used-B-26's against Cuba,

and

si a aus eBeboth the planes and ex-World War II pilotsIndweone re in "su, bec rpl u s.") se of the earlier CIA connection with the caT airline, headqucau arte Taiwan and the adverse effect this had upon the private-coredmmin erc iness, the CIA in the past few years formed anotherialairbus line led "AIR AMERICAN. This outfit has been flying war equcal ipm ent into Laos and Thailand from Taiwan and also taking parach t agents over the mainland and dropping them on China utis and Tibet. (In the period between March and December in 1962, it was estimated by a high intelligence source on Taiwan that at least 873 agents had been placed on the mainland of China

Since the outbreak of China's "Cultural Revolution" in .) one can imagine that this traffic in agents now am 1966, ts to a small invasion. "Uprisings" in Tibet and "Wall pooun ste rs" in Peking have been credited to the CIA .

On AMERICAMarch 25, it was announced in Saigon that an "AIR N" plane

had crashed at DA NANG in South Vietnam, killing all the nine me mbers of an "Higher Education Study

group p from grou fromthe   the Unite Unite State dd State s".  Their s". Thei   name r nam s  were withh es were withheld. eld.  On Marc Marchh 31, On 31, 1 967,  it  was a 1967, it was anno nnou nced that the unce the inter inter­ d  that island air  -island  air servi

ce, in service, in  thethe R yuky Ryuk yus,us, form form erlyerly oper opera atedted byby "AIR "AIR  AMER AME ICAN" RICA N" 

was was being beingturne   turne d d ove over the r  the  JAPA JAPA N N  AIR AIR LINE LINES S.. 

Reports rts w ere publi published Repo shed  in New  York on  Marc were

in New York on Marchh 3rd, 3rd, 1 967  1967 that that inin 1963 1963the CIA   the  plott CIA  eded  thethe a plott assa ssina ssass tionn ofof Fide inatio l Cast Fidel  Castro. ro.  On Marc Marc On 967 the hh 26,26, 1 the  1967 repor APAP repo ted  rted a a stat stateemen mentt byby Ca Cammbod ian  bodia n

Prin ce Princ e  and and Chie Stat Chieff ofof  e Siha State nouk   Sihan ouk that the

kill him befo ree the kill  the  end him  befor end oof f  the the yyear ear. .

that  the CIA s to  CIA plan to plans

On March 6, 1967 Stalin's daughter Svetlana visited the

On  March  6,1967  Stalin's daughter  Svetl ana  visited the  US Embassy  in  New  Delhi and  on th e  following  day flew  to  Rome  on  a  specially  chartered  plane.  She was  accompanied  by  CIA  agent  Robert  F. Rayle,  listed  as  Second Secretary  of  the  US  Embassy.  The  cost  of  the plane  charter  was $  2000  which  was  paid  by  Rayle.  She  had b een  granted a  US Visa,  but while but w hile she she was was enro ute enro too Rom ute t e,e, orde Rom rs s from order from Was hing   Wash tonn  ingto advised  the  "defector"  be deflected  to Sw itzerland instead  of  coming  to  the  USA.  Svetlana  then went   on to  Switzerland,  accompanied  by  the  same  CIA  agent,  arriving  in Geneva  on  the 11th the 1 1th. .

US Embassy in New Delhi and on the following day flew to Rome on a specially chartered plane. She was accompanied

by CIA agent Robert F. Rayle, listed as Second Secretary of

the US Embassy. The cost of the plane charter was

which was paid by Rayle. She had been granted a US$ 2000 Visa,

advised the "defector" be deflected

Switzerland instead of coming to the USA. Svetlana then towen t on to Switzerland, accompanied by the same CIA agent, arriv ing in Geneva on

In India's Parliament, to the accusation that the CIA interfered in the recent general election. Foreign Affairshad ster Mohamed Currim Chagla said that the GovernmentMini would investigate the actistorm of protest arose and the charges ranged from "kidnaappi ng" of Svetlana by the CIA

In  India's  Parliament,  a  storm  of  prote st  arose and  the  charges  ranged  from  "kidnapping"  of  Svetlana  by  the CI  to  the  accusation  that  the  CIA had  interfered  in  the  recen  general election.  Foreign  Affairs  Mini ster  Mohamed  Cu  Chagla  said  that  the  Government  woul d  investigate the acti­ vities  of  the  CIA:  "If  any country  has tried  to sen  mon  to  our  country  for  political  purposes,  we  will  catam y  action,"  and  that  he w a s   g l a d  to see  the " concern  S10W  Parliament  that  "Indian  political,  cultu ral  and  other  institu­ tions might  be subverted  by foreign  mone y. 

vities of the CIA: "If any try has tried to send money to our country for politicalcoun purposes, we will certainly take

action," and that he was glad tions might be subverted by foreign money." Rep orts Repo r  of "hordes" of CIA agents in India, working wiwitht

to see the "concern" shown by Parliament that "Indian political, cultural and other institu-

h the Indian right-wing political parties and subsidizing thei publiecatiofothe ns, had long been known; including the charge thatr som   the  Ii  their  public  that  some 

Indian funds (not foreign) received from

193 193 

tfyo sale, sa|c of, ,US­grains, in  counterpart  funds, funds,  were were  the the  real real  the of US, grains, in counterpart /;

request ofof  President Johnson sparse  of of the; ,the subversion. subversion.  The The  request  President Johnson  sourse

I^Iafch ,196^ to  inin March 1966 to s?t  setup  up an American  an American"Foundation" in  "Foundation" in India,  India,

"just like the Ford and Rockefeller foundations" was recalled, "just like the  Ford and  Rockefeller foundations"  was recalled,  with of $$  300 million from of with the the  sum sum of  300  million  from proceeds proceeds  of of  the the  sale sale of 

US wheat. wheat.  This This request request  was was  declined declined  by by  the the Indian  Prime  Us' Indian Prime

US Millister 'storm of  of protest. Minister after after aa storm  protest. Former Former  US Ambassador Ambassador  HehryJ. Taylor stated that of thethe 700  700 Americans employed at Hebfy J. Taylor slated  that of  Americans employed at 

the Embassy  100 were  State  Department Department  the Embassy in  in New  New Delhi, only  Delhi, only 100 were State

people; "the hordes  he said.  people; "the hordes are CIA"  are CIA" he said.

ods CIA also worked the ;>.!) bIn !  heighbouring'Afghanistan nsighbyuilhg Afghanistan  the the CIA also  worked  but but the 

method  was Whs  adifferent.  1950's,  the the  method different.Starting  Startingin in the  the late  late 1950's,

CIA from the  the Afghan in the CIA began began  to to 'fecruit tecruit  from  Afghan  students students  in  the  United States, States;  seeking seeking  to  enroll them them as  agents through through the the  United to enroll as agents

"PRiENDS THEMIDDLE  MIDDLEEAST",  EAST",the  theASIA  Asia "FOUNDATION"  "FOUnDaTIoN" and  and "TRENDS  OF OF  TAB  others, to serve Central  Intelligence when  they  returned returned  home. home.  others, to serve Central Intelligence when they Students? Were toldthat  thatif if they they would Students  Were  told  they  cooperated cooperated  they  would  be be  given  money,nal money,  1  a'US visa;  Those  given US visa,and  andhelp in  help intheir  their education.  education. Those

who refused to become CIA spies with deporwho refused to'  become CIA  spies  were were  threatened threatened  with  depor­

tation! magazinerevealed  revealedthese  thesefacts in  facts inits April  its April tation. RAMPARTS RAMPARTS  magazine  issue,  saying saying  that  "CIA trained trained and and indoctrinated indoctrinated several several  issue, that "CIA

officials  now now  working, working  in  the Afghan Afghan  Government, Government,  "one "one  oficials. in the

of,thcm  being the  had  of, them being thechairman of  chairman ofthe  theState  StateTreasury.  Treasury. He  He had

b^en  recruited recrqjted  by by  the thc.CIA, when he he  was was a  student  in  the US  :,piA when been, a student in the US B$i , tite  President  of  the  AFGHAN  STUDENTS ASSOCIATION." ASSOCIATION."  andin the President of ither AFGHAn STUDENTS A

Ramparts said:  ,/nl  5luow  n?n  Ramparts said; esvni bluow ,in9n

YOn It' is  is sufficient that the has secretly used 'Jl  It  sufficient  Scandal scdndal  that  the CIA CIA  has secretly  used 

public funds toco­opt and  subvert independent  American  sis public funds'to co-opt and'subvert independent American

yd student organizations. ItIt1bis student "organizations.  ' is  much much more more abominable abominable 

-mi whem lured into this country by when  foreign foreign  students students  are are lured  into this country  by  the the  promise of honesty;nare bribed and corrupted and  corrupted and turned promise of  honesty;  'ate  bribed and  turned  their  ow? societies."  into^&FMH  traitors against their own societies. gnife 210996

grin Good foreignets'4 in some cases, who served the CIA

S"i\"Good  foreigners'*! in  some  cases,  who  served  the CIA  well,  have beeh been'.­granted  citizenship,  thus being rewarded  well, have granted USUS citizenship, thus being rewarded 1 the J opportunity;of  living in  a:truly  "fiee  society",  that  with with the opportunity of living inna truly "free society", that

1940t

helps helps "free "freepeop   peopl leses toto main maint tain ain their their  'free 'free i instit nstitu ution tions' s'  as as in  in

Vietn Vietnam." am." 

On On Marc hh 28, Marc waswas  28, it it  anno unce annou d that nced  that a a Soc Sociaialist  list Diet Diet 

Mem Mem ber Kozo ber KozoInom   Inom ata,  ata, would woul   raise the d raise the ques questi on  of tion of CIA's CIA's  role role i inn Japa Japan n  on on th thatat same same  day day  in  in the the  Diet. Diet. The The semi semi­o -offic fficial ial

 

JAPA JAPANN   TIME state :  TIMES  S stated d: "The "TheGove rnme   Gove ntt  isis expe rnmen cted expec to ted  to 

cautio cautiously usly avoid avoidgiving any   giving clear  any  reply clear  toto the the Socialist reply 

 Socialist queri ess  querie

inin view view of touch of the the to y chara uchy  character off the cter o curre the cu nt CIA  CIA probl rrent  problem."

em." 

When Socia When the listst mem the S ociali berer ask asked memb ed , wheth wheth er "any

er "any  organ c^ganss  ofof the Japanese Gm Goveriffl rnmelSPM nt wereVoo cooppa^g erating with the CIA"

 fMlClX" 

the Fore Foreiign the gn Minis Minister ter said said  "he "he had had no no infor inform ation" matio on this this  n"  on question. *The Chie f Cabi   The  netet  Secr Chief etary   Cabin Secre tary  replie replied: d:  "On "On  no

no  occasion ion ha Sacas hass ourour in investvestig igatingating  CABIN organorgan ET  , the, the  INVES CABIN TIGAT ION  ET, INVESTIGATION,

OFFICE, cO „ collected information with he CIA. That tie ZUO116V

OFFICE,Vco/lected  information  with  the C IA*B^£tug^B^ 

no  JjomT  operation.

nO

The PUBLIC. SAFETY INVES TIGAT i^E srpION. j^ 

AgENCY Director, replied that his agency had no relationship, AGENCY  Director  replied  that  his  agenc y  had  no relationship  with  the  CIA  and  the  NATIONAL  PUBLIC  SAFET Y  COMMISSION  PTiffp

with theii  ClA arfiRZand   sflTs/ thesinon NATI  OJ ONAnoiJBS l PUB POLICE  DEPAR TMENNT POLIC T  had  E DEPA any  relationshiip, p  with t with he  theCIA.  CIA, No  Do (sin ment 212519301 one ionedRTME abou about t thehadany relationsh

itiwd LIC SABB «  Y OUN SSIN . said  that that  neith neithe the  )Police  Agen cyy nor Agenc said thethe  nor  METR OPOL METRO err  the ITAN POLIT AN  99198 1 

 the possi blele EXCHANGEof Ofinform possib information, ation,  nornor if if there therewas ann awar   was a enes aware s that ness  that  the the CIA CIA was funct was fu ionining g nction o n e  menti oned 

EXCHANGE 

TtsrAW onow vitsr /ownvn'i'nl lint  'Japa he ap Japantufoit prova fwithfr ­ o tthe Tfbf f theq G appro overnment; vahdo ment;  theqGovern nor  appar entlyA nor apparently i^s ttteffe anyiq was there any ;uesti oning 're'gar ques tionin dinig the'in g regar wP­'  ding the intel licenc brancsofest ligenc h  of c­t e e rl branch SEIDERE IF^­DEFNCES he'l he'  ENCB­> SELF.TCORC ES,  the  MEOR CES, Ithes seemi seeming  ng) ,,

!v

:

lbiicaliplac hplacee for  such coope logica cooperation rationMore for such .  More  than  panes than oneone h highigh Ja Japan ese*e 

milita ry off decor ated b milita ryloffi Uffitedd State cericer hashas be States beenefr decor ated byy' theo the Unite s  Gov Goveern,  rne nreht)

 fbr '' rheritius br iuS2fe tr  meht vide"  for in  lping 'hunder 'helping tor eritor servi create ce" ­  ^dsh inefie ip,  to creat e &frie ndsh ip.  and  cl close  stand ands ing  betwe oseyun en  the U dersta nding between the Uninited  Statess and J apan.n.' ted State and Wapa

'oreign "'Said",'editorially? Fore ign "Ministepis Mike?

insidora 9ds. H  editorially"Foreign  Minister  "Miki's  TAPAN TIMES JAPAN TIMES . said  eaitoriany.  .hsiRlaea van 1 

state ment that the "activittes carri"and ea d out"colle by thectionCi"r'R iinfor n Japama.n Eupublic relations, 'propagand tion"-arsolegasiButmilar to those being carried out by other counfries here   W  . .hp  activities  carried  oufby°ffie  aXp 'japan 

nisteiasl body Eisaku,to Sat o saigate: d, ththeat heactidivd not intend to sereaBriteranmer-Mi y ospec i n vesti ities ofitherGkAboista,a91s12 bolinU ods 1o tasbi2919 erft i loilsdai b of, 

,«».«a  MinU bd> 10 

«" " 

195

Judgeemen mentsts   on  Judg onthe  theCIA­R CIA-Reform and  the the  Futuree  eform  and

In Washington on March, 29 President

on ordered the CIA to "begin cutting off all subsidies"Johns to the s private educational, student, philanthropic and culturavariou l organizations. He was awaiting a report from a 4-man committee

In Washington  on  March, 29  President  Johnson  ordere d  the  CIA  to  "begin  cutting  off  all  subsidies" to  the  various  private educational,  student,  philanthropic  and cultural  orga­ nizations.  He was awaiting  a  report from  a  4­man  comm ittee  under  Assistant  Secretary  of  State  Katzenback,  to  devise  another  method  or  organization  to achieve  the  same  results.  The  Committee  statement  did  agree  that all  secret  payme nts  should  cease  but  "over­riding  national security  interes ts may  require require an  an excep excepttion" ion". 

under Assistant Secretary of State Katzenback, to devise

another method or organization to achieve the same results. The Committee statement did agree that all secret payments should cease but "over-riding national security interests may A group of about 60 former officers of the NATIONAL

A  group  of  about  60  former  officers  of  the NATIONAL  STUDENT  ASSOCIATION,  long subsidized by  the CIA,  were d

STUDENT ASSOCIATION

,entlongissued subsidibyzed by the CIA, were dissatisfied fied with anothe with  anotherr statem statement  issued  by  Katzenback  Katzen backwhich  which said  said:.  issatis­

"no us eful purpos purposee woul "no useful be serv ed  by deta wouldd be iling gany oth served er  CIA  by detailin any other CIA programme mme o assistance.. .. That nce..." onlynly  progra   That o those the off assista those t had he press press h ad  disdis­

cover covereed d  would would  remai hidden. remainn   hidden .  The The  NSA NSA officia called officials for ls calle d  for 

full  disclos aa full ure ofof  disclo sure secret CIA allall secret CIA pa yment  and urged payme urged  that nt and that a  a Congreession ssionalal   Comm Congr ittee  Comm itteebe beset setup upto  probe  the the  proble problem. to probe m.  They d They eclared declar "Now every ed::  "Now every  one one of  our (A of our merica (Amer n) progra programmes ican) mmes  abroa abroadd  is is suspe suspeccted ted  even even  if if  they they  are are not not con conne nected cted  with  with the the 

CIA". CIA". 

What took What took p lace at at the  place end of  the end March was of March was the the spr eading spread ing 

the "Cred "Credi ofof the bility G ap" inin  ibility what h Gap" ad hereto what heretofore had fore been been o nly  a  only a

disbeli disbelie eff in in the the Pre Presid sident  entof  ofthe Un the United ited  States States,, stated stated  by  by Henry  Henry

L.L. T Trerew whhitt itt of  of  thethe BA BAL LTITIM MOORE  SUN  : 

RE SUN: The Thenew  new cre cred ity gap gap is  dibibilility is "th deg "th ee deg reeof   of  ree refrefu usasal  l byby thethepub  pulic blicto   to a cce pt atat f acc ept ace   valu fac e  e val ue wh at  the what the gov   gov ment says  and ernernme

nt says and  doe does". s". Thi Thi s dibel sbeief lief sin s dis sinc cee ththee  the CI dec eits the , ha CIAA dec nowbee eits, hadd now   been n  spr spread ead  thro through ughout the wo out  the world. rld. 

Walter Lippman wro had a disastrous outcome". enablin

in March that "the CIA has carried on a number of secteretearactlyivit ies which, once they are uncovered, have

Walter  Lippman  wrote early   in  March  that  "the CIA has   carried  on  a  number of  secret activities  which,  onc e they  are  uncovered,  have  had  a  disastrous  outcome".  "In "Inste steaad d  of of  enabling  some  students,  some  scholars,  some  jou rna lists   to  argue the  American  case ab road,  the disclosure  of  the pay ments  to some  has cast  suspicion  on  any  American  who goe s  abroad".  Can  there be  any  doubt, ask ed  Mr. Lippman,  that  the   "block  propaganda, secret  interve has ntions, intrigue and  suborn ation  has  ended  in "a  great  failure?" 

g some studen

e scholars, some journalists to argue the American casets,abrsom oad , the disclosure of the payments to some has cast suspicion on any Can there be any doubt, asked American who goes abroad"

Lippman, that "block propaganda, secret interventions, Mr. intrigue and subornthe ation" ended in "a great failure?"

Thegre  great at sho The shock ck tha thatt spr spread ead aro und the the wo around world  in  February  ry began an whe whenn one onecou beg  corag uraeou geosus U USS mamagazine  RAMPARrld in Februa

gazine RAMPARTS announced its plan to reveal the CIA's corrup tion of all the major US youth organizations. From this point other revelations came out as participants and victims gavone add ed details of the J

TS  announced  its  plan  to reveal the  CIA 's  corruption  of  all  the ma jor  US  youth  organizations.  Fro m  this  point  came out as participants an d  victims  gave added  details  of  tb  CENTRAL  ELL,PENCE  ACENCY  in  Am erican organ,zattons  of  youth,  scholars,  religions,  labour  aud col,eges  ttn 

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY in American organizations of you th, igions, labour and colleges and universities themselschves.olaItrs,warels soo that the CIA sought to use leaders of these organizations nasseeitsnage nts, and in some cases contribut ed l a rge sum s to the org ani z ati being particularly concerned in influencing all affiloianstedbudorgetrels,ated international counter-part organizations. the malignant growth which the US authors Ross &AdWidisteiocalnallelyd, "TH LE GOVERNMENT" eating away at the heart of the AmeriE cINVanISIB pol i ural body was seen to be even larger and more dangerousticaltha-culn thad n feared. The actions of the CIA that so shockebeed the not its ordinary spying activities--its espionag world was "fin""  Jtl^Tafmia.ed or  reiated  international  counter­part organizations .  Additionally, the malignant

  growth  which the  US autho   E N T "  eating  away  R o s s   & Wise  ca.,ed  nnlitical­cultural body  was, seen  to  at the  heart of  the  than had  been  feared.  be even  larger and  more dang eruu  c  au  n A  that so  shocke d  the  world  was  The  actions of  the,  OA ^   ^  ^ coiml  not its  ordinary  spy".,  .  corrupting,  subverting,  and   espionage­bu,  was  the  peoples in  man,  brain­washing of  the major  se n  sudden den  and The sud and  lands,  including  the  Untied =   States  ttseif.  , , |   J   " T H E  I N V I S I B L E   G O VERNM

e and counteresp i o nag e-but wa s the twi s ti n g, cor rup ti n g, sub brain-washing of the major segments of many peoplverestiinng,maandny

lands, including the United States itself.

197

humiliating the instant  instant revelation  revelation that  that the humiliating shock shock  was was  the  the  United United  States,  which which  had  spent  hundreds  of  dollars dollars  States, had spent hundredsof of millions  millions of to the impression that its to sedulously sedulously  create create  the  impression  that  its  cause cause  was was  freedom  and  world",  was was  freedom andthat  thatit it sought  soughtto  to lead  lead the  the "free  "free world",

now to use the CIA  CIA as briber ofof foreign now seen seen  to  use  the  as  aa briber  foreign government government  leaders, a  innumerable  coup coup  leaders, a rigger of  rigger of elections,  elections, an arranger  an arrangerof  of innumerable

d'etats throughout the world in which elected and constitutional  constitutional d'etats throughout  the world  in which elected and  governments  were were overthrown  usually replaced replaced  by by amenable  governments overthrown and  and usually amenable pro­American  military  To millions millions of  people these these  pro-American military juntas.  juntas. To of people actions were  and  the  memory  of  actions were the very  the veryopposite of  opposite of freedom,  freedom, and the memory of many many  Communist Communist  charges charges  against against  Washington's Washington's  intervention intervention 

inin the affairs ofof others were suddenly the affairs  others were  suddenly remembered. remembered.  oabna 

The achievements of aa temporary The CIA's CIA's  achievements seemed seemed  always always of  temporary  nature itsits  ideological converts anti-Communism nature  in in that that  ideological  converts toto  anti­Communism 

were by money. method produced ancient were "converted" "converted" by  money. This This method  produced  the the ancient  problem problem  for for all all those those who who bribe bribe  their their way way  to'successes"; to  ''successes'!.  "How  long does  remain bribed?'ho*Only bribed?"  "Only as  long; as  "How long does thethe agent  agent remain as long as

you pay him". Hitler's Germany and in you continue continue to to pay  him". InIn  Hitler's Germany and  in Prince Prince  Konoye's  Japan, Japan,  the the  "thought "thought police" police" used used  to to torture^  order  Konoye's torture, order death or  the  threat threat of  death,  to convert  death or the of death, to convert Communists into  Communists into,anti­ anti Communists,  but but America,  being a  rich country,  relied upon  Communists, America, being as rich country,I relied upon the power  the power ofof itsits money.  moneyons ,21nogs ali as anoissinsgto gasils 10 znoilcsincgto aril ot arnu? agml  batud  d.d «8bgbud  atogbud anoisesinsg1o oris of amue ogral batud land long nourished  freedom,  it  InIn a  a land long nourishedby  byits  its traditions of  traditions of freedom, it,

was inevitablethat the  that the'dollar"  "dollar"concept  conceptof ofCIA  CIA in trying to  to was inevitable  in frying  create aa Free "Free World" should attract  rightist dictators, military  create World"such should attractscumrightist dictators, military ferrorists and other historical terrorists and  other such  historical scum—the  only kind kind of  tools  'the only of tools

that" could be hired "16°&c T^ecf'to* control  Jpoputatlons  "Control their tliiaPcbulcf"be their  individual individual  populations

ni  0332  jew  vbod Ji­TiJlluo­h.oiiilrja  niiciisrnA 911,10 edl/io mad aril  In  towards the end of creating an affa lanti-communist worla!nova ad  sis od se towards, the end of  creating an  all anti­communist  world­ .baicst  n99d naad  biul  mom bits dub 19g16 trove .bonsol ball natli zuoiagriGb  mill zuoisgnab stom

aww monolithie CIA was based ipor moneyiloit erw  The The monolithic  CIA'was baseddipoti  iboney+^it appealed appealed  toggreed and greed is the one base trait whose eare  whose earescontains the W^Peed aftd  greed  is the one base* trait  contains the 

Wof st aspects '6f selfishnessand  andindividualism ?  individualism",ie,  ie,the opposite ^QtsCa^bfcfS'bif selfishness  the opposite 

ofdfb&tfi' bhticVfial  sothi national (Ametican) international unity,s 1brod (American) oror international  unity, oror fetO^ 

'T  lisati Ibati  zatnl?, botinU b3tinU or) arl) gnibuloni snibubm ,abnsl ,8bnel  therhood.bu arlT 29tsl2 3f

m 

198

ItIt is  is becau becaus see of  of this inhere this inh nt flaw erent fl aw  that that th thee  CIA CIA conce concep ptt 

failed, failed, for for it it  alway always s had   had bu builtilt within within  it it  thethe  reject rejectio ionn of of the the  qualities that qualitie s that  made made Americ America  great.  a great. As As Walter WalterLippm  Lippm anan stated stated  atat the  the end end of  of Februa February ry in in his  his

acid comm ents on "THE acid co CIA  AFFA mment AFFAIIR"...  s  on "TH R" E CIA

"The Ameri "The A cann  way merica way of of life has  plenty life has plenty  of  of faults.  faults. But it But  it 

does n ot prep does are our not prepar e our  whole people for whole  people for con tinual d continu eceptio al decept n,  ion,

and we  had and we had better better make upp our make u toto play our minds play  the minds  game the gam

e 

from the from the  Ameri Americ can an streng strengtth h  and and  not not from from Ameri Americ can an  weakn weakness ess and and  stamp  stamp out  out lying a lying as public s publi c  policy".. 

Lippman Lippm an  conclu concludes:  des: "FOR "FOR  THE THE  (CIA) (CIA)  MEN MEN  WHO WHO  CARR CARRIED OUT IED O THEE OPER UT TH OPE RATION ...WER ATI ON...  E NOT WERE N OT CAPA BLE CAPAB LE 

OF OF ENOU ENOU GH GH  DEVIO DEVIO USNE USNESS SS TO TO DECE DECEI IVE VE EVER EVERY YONE ONE  AND AND ENOU ENOUGH GH TERR TERR ORIS ORISM M  TO SUPP TO  SUPPR RESS ESS  ALL ALL 

DOUB DOUBT.' T." 

It It  is this maze is this  of evil maze o activiti f evil  eses whic whichh promp activiti ted Lippm prompt an ed Lipp man  to add  that the  complaint is  that the  CIA has  been "used  for  much  more than  genuine intelligence  work.  It  has  been  used  as  a  propaganda  agency,  as  a  superior  diplomatic  foreign   service,  as  an  agency  for  clandestine  intervention  in  foreign   countries.  The  breadth  of  the  CIA's  authorised  activiti es  have not  only  generated  the cloud  of suspicion  over  Americ an  action  abroad  but  it  has  spoiled  the  CIA  as  an  intellig ence 

to add that the complaint is that the CIA has been "used for

much more than genuine intelligence work. It has been used

as a propaganda agency, as a superior diplomatic foreign service, as an agency for clandestine interve ntion in foreign countries. The breadth of the CIA's authorised activities have not only generated the cloud of suspicion over American action abroad but it has spoiled the CIA as an intelligence agencyy  here agenc here at home.""  at  home.

US Senator Joseph S. Clark of Pennsylvania recently

US  Senator  Joseph  S.  Clark  of  Pennsylvania  recently   charged  that  the  CIA  and  the FBI  plus the  military­,ndu stna  complex" "are the three  major  threats to  the snccessful surv.va l  of  American  democracy. 

charged that cIA and the FBI plus the "military-industrial complex" "arethe the three major threats to the successful survival

of American democracy."

The relationship of war contracts and big business to

The  relationship  of  war  contracts  and  big  business  to  The  relationsnip  ^ curtai]ment  of  the  whole  question  of  secret  pol 

the whole question of secret police and the curtailment of liberty were sharply noted by Senator Clark. He said the first liberty  were sharply noted  by Senator  Clark.  He said  threat threat:: 

199 199 

*is that military-ind rial complex which General Eisenhower warned ust against, which is evidenced in very high quarters byusour strong support of military

"is  that  military­industrial  com plex  which  General  Eisenhower  warned  us  against,  which  is  evidenced  in  very  high  quarters  by  our  stro ng  support  of  military  regimes  in  various  parts  of  the  world  and  by  the  enormous  impact  which  the  mili tary and  their  industrial  partners  excercise  over  public  opinion  and  on  the  members  of  Congress  and  the  second Senate.  The The  seco nd  danger  is  the  OA...which  I  thin k  in  our  country  has  achieved  a  position  of  power  pret ty close  to the  danger  line  And  third  is...the  FBI  (Fed eral  Bureau  of  Investi­ gation)  and  the  threat  they  pose   to  the  privacy  of  the  individual  citizen  and  the furth er  threat  they  pose  on  anybody  who was  the effrontery   to say  anything unkind  about  J.  Edgar  Hoover."  (Hoover   has been  incharSc°  the  FBI  secret  police  since  its  inception  more  than 45  years ago.) 

regimes in various parts of the world and by the enormous impact which the mili their industrial partners exercise over publictaryopiand nion and on the members of Congress and the Senate.

danger is the CIA...which line. And third is...the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) and the threat they pose to the privacy of the individual citizen and the further threat they pose...on anybody who was the effrontery to say anything unkind about J. Edgar Hoo " (Hoover has been incharge of the For secret policever.sinc e its inception more than 45 years ago.) Some  goodd  ome Som e see  see a a goo that man manyy Am omen n in in that Americ ericans ans  are are  oicin g  siro voicing strongng con cond emn atioon n  of  the  dem nati 's ro of le an the d  hop CIA hope  ' s role hat  and e that thatthis  thisabc   abce ss  has  now,ow  that burs t, th e  pus  ess will  has run  burs unti t, l die the pus   who whole  will run unti l the len  arerea a isis purpurggeded. . Oth Oth ers hav have  note noted  ers it as  pos posi e tive that that whe d it as when itive dent Pre'resiside ial l adv adviiser ser  Wal ntia Rostow Wat it Ros spokke e  on  tow  spo Februar on Feb 23, aat ruary y 23, t  thehe omm UNI VER Eng land SITY ,  and  OF LBE said DS,   "if  Eng we  l a have nd,   the and he  sai d *i f we hav e on  will will  to common to hold hold toge toghther ether and and  withthe getget onon with   the jjob, ob,  the the  itrua ele  in in Viet Vietnam nam  mig stru ggle might ht be be the the l ast grea greatt co nfro ntat last ion  of  conboo fron tatio n of 'he pos posttwa war r era" ,  he he  was was  wild the wildly  heck era led  ", and  ed.  ly That  hec kled and boo ed. Tha t ,1mostst ten ten t housand sand Ame almo American ricanuniv thou  universit ersityy prof prof essors rs an d te ache esso rs  and teac hers rf  high er  of higher lear learn ing  hav have ning recently e  rece denooun unce ntly  den d  the  ced role in  the US  US role in Viet

think in our country has achieved a position of powerI pret ty close to the danger

CIA

UNIVERSITY  OF  LEEDS, 

Vietnam, is another assurance that not all educators have been

nam, is another  assurance that  not  all educators  have been  corrupted  by  the CIA. 

corrupted by the CIA.

Another hopeful sign is indicated in the fact that

Another  hopeful  sigu  is  indicate d  in  the  fact  that  American  satirists,  such  as  Art  Buchwald,  have aimed  their  sharpest  wit  at the  actions  of  the  CIA.  In one  feature filled  with  wry  humour, entitled "Cover S tory"  (February  23,  1967)  he  lists  various  excuse  "cover  stories"  to  explain  away  the  whole CIA  mess.  Buchwald  said : 

American sati with wry humour, entitled "Cover Story" (February 23, 1967)

, such as hwald, have aimed their sharpest wit atrists the actions ofArttheBucCIA . In one feature filled

he lists various excuse "cover stories" to explain away the whole CIA mess. Buchwald said: 200 200 

"O "O nene(co   (co veve r sto r  sto ry)ry) is  tha is t tha wh

ile

t  wh the ileNA  the  TIO NANa TIOL NAST L  STU UDDE ENNT T  ASSSO OCIAT AS IONIO   (N CIAT SASA )  wa N (N s  a  cov ) wa er  s for a  th co e  ve CI r for A,   the the  CI CI A, A  the wa s,  in  CI rea A was, lity in reality , a, aco  co r fo veve r  the r for the FO  FORD  FO

But then,

RD FOUN UNDA DATIO TION.  n.

e considers that the Ford Compan is a major partwhofentheon"m y-industrial complex" and ay former big chief in CIA topilitcoarntr ol

But  then,  when  on e  considers  that  the   Ford  Company  is a  major  part  of  the  "military­industr ial   com plex"  and  a  former  big  chief  in  CIA  top control  is n ow   Pre sident of  the  FORD  FOUNDATION ,  perhaps  Art  Buckw ald  did  not  intend  it  fo r  a  a jok for joke? e? 

nt of the FORD FOUNDATION, perhaps Art BuiscknowawldPrdiesd ide not intend it

ThThee FORD FOUNDATION,, thetheRO  CKEFELLER FOUN and  the CIA-—the  tentac DATION and the les are -th tacles are int intert ertwi wine ned.  It  mi gh t be exexp d. It mi gh t be thathat t asas thetheemo ten peectctee d mo obvio re re obvio A  s usus CIACIarm lopped CIA

FORD  FOUNDATION

ROCKEFELLER  FOUN DATION 

are lopped off   offtha   that t n neeww  ononeses wit with  other h oth er na name mess w wilill l be be thr thrust ust foforrwwaardrd..  arms are 

On

it was announced in Tokyo, that J.V. Pikering, BoMardarchCh9,airma SO STANDARD INC. had visited Prime Minister Sato to nadofviES pan House" was being built in New York City,seathiamcothasttofa "Ja 8 3 million $ of this sum, $ 1 mil ion had already been contribute and that D."cuRo ckef er III. This was to be a centre to dprbyomJoothn ltural exell Japanese buchsinanessgele"adanersd .do(Janapation nsis theweNore.be2 oiing asked frome inRothe world, without any source of supply anl refid Stning nation ckefel ers are in control of most of the world suanppdal rdpetroleum resources.In this relationship there is seen moy reof

On  March  9,  it  wa s  announced  in  To kyo,  that  J.V.  Pikering  Board  Ch airman  of  ESSO  STAND ARD  INC. had  visited   Prbne Minister S ato  to  advise  him  tha t a   "Ja pa n H ou se" being built in  New    was  York City,  a. a eos. o f  3 mdhon  and  tha Of  this sum,  $1 t   million  had already  been contributed  y ^ r>  Rockefeller  III­    This  was  to  be  a  centre  "cultural  exchange P  "  and  donations  we re  being  asked  from  Japanese businesslea ders.  (Japan  in  the  world,  witho ut  any  source  of  sup ply  «­«—  Rockefellers  are  tn  (  coattoltf  ^  ^  |s seen more  petroleum  resource s.  In  tins  than mere "cultural"  exchange.) 

than mere "cultural" exchange.)

The JAPAN SOCIETY in New York, which is a Rockefel er proijteedct, Sthaates bes.en label ed as the genteel Japan "lobby" in the Un DrcloapseerlyCocommnn issiFronomin Setheptetimbmeerof19the47-wviisthit setoveJaralpamen ofmbtheers emprepire of petroleum-(and which recommeecndtededwithathtthethe US sa me bePresalidloenwet Trud tomaremain "in power"), to-wthare fiaprmspoanintdmleneadt ersby the sTANDARD OInLof(anJodhnonFoe-tistmeerpreDusil eds,enftoofrmtheer atroctokErneFBy for l Er FOUNDA

The  rkPXN  soc, OT  in  Ne«VorLw hidtiis gg**   project,  has  been  lab elled  asj^  ^  Jap,n  of  the   United  States.  Fro m  th  1947_with several  me mbers  Draper Commissi on  ­  of  petroleum­(and  closely  connected  wi th  th  ^  pre_war firms  and leaders  which  recommended   tha  ap pointment  by  be  allowed to  rem ain  "in  ^  ^  foJer attorney fo President  Truman  r  of John  os  ^  of  the ROCKEFELLE the STANDARD OIL  (an R  d one­  11  Treaty­and whose  FOUNDATION)  as design er  of  the Japan  201

TION) as designer of the Japan Peace Treaty- and whose

assistant  in  assistant treaty­making in treaty-maki was  aa Rockefeller ng  was Rockefeller.  John  D. . John D. 

Rockefeller IV, IV, attended  college in  Rockefeller attended college The present present  in Japan  Japan in 1960.  in 1960. The Secretary of  State, Dean  Secretary Rusk, was  of State, Dean Rusk, also a  former president was also president of  a former of

the the ROCKEFELLE ROCKEFELLER  R FOUNDATION FOUNDATION  and and  his hispredecessor,  predecessor,Christian  Christian B.  B.

Herter, was m arried into Herter, into ®ne  was married one ofof thethe powerful  original  powerful original STANDARD  STANDARD

OIL OIL  families. families. 

It has It  has  been been  asked: asked:  "Why "Why did  did the rOCKEFELL the ROCKEFELLER  ER FOUNDAFOUNDA­

TION  give  TION give scholarships  scholarshipsto to the  brother of of Tibet's Tibet's forme the brother Dalai  formerr  Dalai

Lama, bringing bringing him Lama, him and and his his  16­year  old  16-year bride to to the United old bride the United 

States?  AA Governmen States? Government­ in­Exile  for for tomorrow t-in-Exile tomorrow  when when China China  is is 

"liberated and "liberated"  once STANDARD and once  STANDARD OIL OIL is ableto sell  to sell'Oil    is able  Oil For For  the the 

Lamps of China?" Lamps of Chi na?" 

has even  ItIt  has been predicted even been predicted  that  the April  that the April 1,1, 1967  wedding  1967 wedding

in in the Memorial Chapel  the Rockefeller Rockefeller  Memorial  Chapel in  in Chicago of John Chicago  of  D. John D. 

Rockefeller  IV, IV,  (the  Japan  expert)  Rockefeller daughter of  (the Senator  Japan expert) toto the  the daughter of Senator

Charles  Percy Percy of  Illinois—touted Charles ed  to to be of Illinois--tout be the  next President President  to to  the next

the United  States  in in 1968,  the United States will move move  the the Rockefeller Rockefeller  dynasty 1968, will dynasty 

the closest itit has  has ever  ever been  been to the centre  to the centre of  the closest  of power in Washingpower  in  Washing­

ton. (The (The  newly­weds  selected ton. selected  Japan  newly-weds Japanas astheir  the  their site  site of  of the

honeymoon honeymoon ffrom will stem rom whence new memories whence will  stem  new  ties.) memories  and and ties.) 

InIn their their desire desire to  to keep keep Japan  Japan the the best  best US US  oil oil customer customer 

and of the and  aa  member member  of  the  "free "free  world", world", there there  is is surely surely  no no 

difference difference between thethe  aims between  of the aims  of ROCKEFELL ER FOUNDATIO the  ROCKEFELLER  N FOUNDATION  and the CIA.  CIA. and the  The US The US oil oil  industry, with industry,   its morality  with its morality ofof holding holding com­ com-

panies panies  in in foreign foreign  lands lands  to to escape escape  taxation taxation and and ships flying ships flying 

strange flags of  strange flags  of non-maritime non­maritime nations  nations such as Liberia in such  as Liberia  in order order 

toto escape mo escape more and to re  taxes employ even taxes and  to employ ev labour, en  cheaper cheaper labou with r,  with  price­fixing and and  price-fixing cartels to  take advantag cartels to take advantagee of  the consumer of the consumer,, and  and

while while talking profiting talking of from of "culture' "culture"  thethe  sale ofof  profiting  endless from  sale  endless  tonnes tonnes  of of  napalm napalm  to to  cook cook  little little children. children.  Also Also having having the the 

"honour" of having "honour" of  invented having  the first invented the  first  "Foundation " " as a  "Foundation as a basic basic 

means  of means of escaping escaping  taxation—all taxation--all  marks marks  of of bad bad citizenship citizenship on on  level, the  oil industry aa national  industry isis an  national oror internation internationaal l level, appro­ the oil an appro-

priate inherit or of of many  priate of the inheritor the CIA's tas many of ks.  CIA's tasks. 202 202 

InIn Janu January ary 1966 1966it was   it  repo was  rted repor from ted f rom Was hing Wash tonn by  ingto by that  insid that e  sourc insid new  sourc e new e,  the HING e, the WAS WASH INGTO N­ME TON RRY­G -MER O­RO RY-G UND  O-ROUND colum columnn tha thatt "A "A CIA anal   CIA  ysissis w analy warn s omin arns  ously omin ouslythat  thatRed  Red China  a

may be may be willin willin g to  g to engage enga ge w ith U with USS in  in aa lan landd war war o onn the the  Asia Asia

nn 

cont inen conti t for nent  noo oth otheer re for n r reas on than ason  than to rate to gene gener ate hatre hatredd agai nst again st  the es." the whit white s."  Seem ingly Seem ingly, to  , to keep keep  Japa Japan n on  the  side on the side  of "t

he w of "the hitess" white " it  it will will  take take more morethan  than  "cult "cultural ural exch exchange ange s"  s" and and  for for real real " "war war 

talk"a a  talk" three three -day ­day  conf confe eren rence ce  has has b been een  conv convened ened   in in Japa Japan n on  on April l 8.  Apri 8. The The  auspi ausp ces  of ices of this this inter inter national natio nal  affa affair ir  isis THE THE  INST INSTIITUT TUTEE  FOR FOR  STRA TEGI CSTUD STRA TEGIC STUD IESwith  withhead IES  head offic office in Lond e  in Lo on..  ndon Thisgath  gathering This ering  will  bringtoge will bring  together ther 19 19 fo reign experts forei rts fr gn  expe om n ine  from

nine coun tries. coun tries.  The The  US,  US, UK,  UK, Fran Fran ce, Can Cana ce, da, Wes ada, Westt  Germ Germany, any,  Swed

en,  India Sweden, Australia India, , Aust ralia  and and Sout Southh Kore Korea. a. The The  exper expe rtsts are are 

draw drawn n  from from  univ ersit unive ies,s, indu rsitie stria indus l and trial  finan and f inanccial ial  circle circles

and  s and from  journ journalism from alism ..  From FromJapa   Japann 21 21 ex perts   will will a expe ttendd. rts .  The The  atten range studi es  will rang will cove ess  ofof th coverr strat thee stud strate gy,  ies forei gn  polic egy, foreign policyy and and 

geog raphi geog Basedd  upon raphcal  upon   preli icalareas prelimina area. s.Base minary ry date date,,  the area the a rea  scruttiniz scru inizeed d  is is  that that conf confr ontin ronti Chin a.  ngg  Chin a. ItIt is is  sugge sugg sted t este hat  d that the cent centr the themee will ralal them will  bebe thethe c reati

creationon ofof Ja nd India Japapan a India  as  n and as nuclear ar powe powers rs to nucle to form formthe   the o anchors ors o outeuter  f the r anch  "fre e wo rld " of the "free world wall that that the the  wall Unite d Sta tes  Unite wishe d State s wish see c reate ess to  to see d.  That That  the  crea ted. the CIA­ Ford ­Rockefel CIA-Ford-Roc kefeller ler co mbin ation   comb contr ibute inatio n contributedd to  this strat strate gy  to this egy

confe conference rence  seem seems mo s most st  prob probaable. ble. 

The  purp ose:  The orld  purp organ ose: ized alon toto se see e thethe w along the li world nes  orga nized g  the lines  Ame rican  corp orati ofof an an American corporationon—-asas vi ior S visuasualiz tan  lizeded byb\ aa sen a  senior Standard

Oil exec execu tive  in in  the drea the  late Oil m was late  1940 1940 's.  utive rece ntly This  dream   was r 's.This ecent ly 

up-dated by the late Henry Luce of TiME, LIFE-FORTUNE magazines

up­d ated  by  the l ate  Henr y Luc e  of  TIME,   LIFE­ FORT UNE  maga ­ zines   who  said  that  a wo rld  gove rnme nt mi ght b ecom e a  ,  .  .  2000   (Mr.   Luce   once   urged   the  Ame rican b y   l h c   year  2000 ,    (Mr^ , ^   ^   f o r   a   c r u s a d e   to  Cent ury  upon   LS  If  this  s h a d o w y   "free   impl ant c apita lism  all ov er t  e  woi ^  ^  t h e   resul t 

who said that a world government might become a fact

by the year 2000,(Mr. Luce once urged the American

Century upon US business leaders, calling for a crusade to

implant capitalism all over the world.) If this shadowy "free worl d" evera plbeca of such an me a reality, certainly it would be the result

as drafted by the CIA-"free elections"

by  the  CIA  "free   elect ions"  

and all. A D  AU "

' 

TUBS..  April April  4, 4, 1967 1967..  Tues

203 203 

Epilogue Epilogue  one or  InIn one more  places or more places in  the foregoing  in the foregoing revelation of  revelation of the the  CIA  among  American  professors, res CIA among American professors, researchers earchers  and and  students, it  students, it has been  has been stated  statedthat "the  that "the power power  bf  money" has m of money" ade  possible has made possible  "the "the Governm Government' ent's dominati s domination on  of  of the nation's sc the nation's scholars". holars".  'That That  "most "most American American universities universities  and and  professors professors  have have  been been  quite quite 

willing toto do  willing "classified" work do "classified" work for  the CIA".  for the CIA". While While this  was  this was generally  true true  in generally in the the period period  prior prior to to 1967,  this latter  1967, inin this year  latter year

there a sharpanti­CIA  there was was a sharp  anti-CIA reaction. reaction. 

In Defence In 1947 1947 the the  Defence Department totalled  $$ 401  Department grants 401 grants totalled

million, with with 25 million, 25 universities universities  receiving receiving  |  & of  of the  (For a  the total.  total. (For a

decade decade  the  the University University  of  of Pennsylvani Pennsylvania' a's s  INSTITUTE  INSTITUTE FOR FOR  COOPERATI RESEARCH COOPERATIVE done VE RESEARC work for the US  the US Army  H  has has done  work for  Army

Chemical Chemical  Corps Corps on CB-chemical on  CB­chemical­b -biological iological weapons weapons (germ (germ 

warfare  etc.) warfare etc.)  This This was was the  only  University the only University  doing doing  secret secret  rere­

search on defoliants and herbicides, devising anti-crop chemicals

search on  defoliants and  herbicides, devising anti­crop chemicals  for Vietnam.) for Vietnam.) 

InIn a  a heroic heroic struggle struggle  joined in  joined in by  by the faculty  the faculty and  and students, students, 

the University University  President, the President,  who  had  sought who had sought  to to  defend defend  these these  lucrative but  ghastly contra cts,  was  lucrative but ghastly cancel  contracts, them  was compelled  compelled to  to cancel them

all. a l l .This   T h i was s  w a sa amajor  m a j o r victory  v i c t o r yfor   f o rhumanitarian  h u m a n i t a r i a n scholarship   s c h o l a r s h i p   and and  research in America.  America. ItIt also  research  in  also sparked what sparked  what became became a a nationnation­ wide campaign wide campaign orga organized nized  byby  thethe  STUDENTS STUDENTS FOR FOR  AA DEMOCRATIC DEMOCRATIC 

SOCITY to "Get the military of SOCIETY  (SDS) (SDS) to "Get Campus' •  the military  of the the Campus".

the  InIn the course ofof  course the  mounti the mount struggle ingng strugg was learne le,, itit was learned d 

that that the the Defenc Defence e  Depart Department ment  spent spent  $$318  318 million  million among among  US US  univer universsities ities  in in  1967 1967  for chh  and for resear researc and  develo pment develop MIT ment.  . MIT 

got $ $  million got ,  Michig 3535  million § 21.6  , Michig million anan  $ 21.6 Stanforrd d  § million $  22 22  , , Stanfo million,, Colum Columbia million bia  $8 15  million,, and and Illinois 15 million IllinoisUniver   Univer sity! 14 sity $ 14.. 

Betwee n $ 25  Between  $ 25and $ 3 and $ 30 million  was for 0  million was for  "secret "secret" " resear ch,,  with  research with

§S 1.5 1.5 million million being being for for  the the soluti solutio onn  ofof speci sepecia all secre secret t "problems" "probl ems"  in in Vietna Vietnam m..  (The (The Vietna Vietnam m  resea research rch  is  con­ is con-

centratted ed  at  centra Maryland,  at Maryla Cincinnnati, nd, Cincin ati,  MIT, MIT, Michig Michig an, Johns Johns  an,

Hopkin and the Hopkinss and  Americ the Am an Univer University.)  erican  sity.)

Columia, bia,  a  group o AtAt Columb f  "ORGAN a group IZED ALUMN ALUMNIi" of "ORGA "  formed  NIZED formed to  to

oppose some o oppose some off the the spe special cial  researc researchh  the univ the univers ersity  was  doing o ity was doing on n 

East Europe East Eu an  matters ropean matters for  for the the Pentag on. Pentago n. 

The Un The Univer iversity sity  of of  Minnes Minnesota  ota had  had an  an Air Air Force Force resear research ch  project that project that wa wass so so secre t  that the secret that the  Presid Presideent nt  of  of the  Universsity the Univer ity 

was ree ofof its was unawa unawar conten ts.s. The its  content editor ofof  thethe stud The ed studen itor  t newsent  news­

paper paper  reveal revealeed the "secret d  the  "secre"—The t"_-Th eAir  Air Force Force  had had  sough sought t to  to develop develo drug which p  aa drug which  would would make make aa  victim victim reveal reveal everyth everything ing  truthfully, lly, afte truthfu having been afterr having been injecte injected After th d.. After studentt publi­ thee studen publi-

city city the the Air force Air  force w was as forced forced to cancel to canc el this contrac this con t. tract. 

At Prin ceton U At Princet niversit on Univer y, 500 500 stu sity, dents f rom  the  studen ts from SDS co the SDS n­ con-

fronted fronted  the the Presid Presideent nt  with with  aa "White "WhitePaper " showin   Paper"   showing g some some 

degree  of  the univer degree univers of the ity's  involve involvement  sity's ment in in war.  was made war. ItIt was made 

known that that nin Princeto known physics  profess professors ninee Princet ors wer onn physics working on  weree  working on such pr such ojects  project s as "Tac as "Tactic tical  Nuclearr  Weapo al Nuclea Weapons and  ns andtheir  their BattleBattle­ field  Utility, Utility","  "Interd field iction ofof  Trucksby "Interd  by Air iction Air at  Night  ,,  and Trucks and  at Night" "Small "Smal   Arms for l Arms for  Counte Count r­Guerr er-Gue illa  Opera rrilla Operatitions". ons".  Also Also  that that  Princetton on  was Prince was deeply deeply involve involvedd in in  Pentago thethe  Penta n­finan gon-fin ced  anced INSTIT UTE F INSTITUTE OR DEFEN DEFEN FOR CE AN ALYSI CE ANALY S­which has b SIS -which ranches has branch es 

eleven other other campu campu ses­Caaltech, ltech,  Case,  onon eleven Stanforrd, d  ses--C Case, MIT,  MIT, Stanfo , Col Columb ia,  Penn St TulTulnne ate,  a ne, Ch.cag u mbi cIII,no a,Califor Michigan Penn State, Chicago, Illinoi* and  s and the Univer Univers nia­allseekin the  seeking sityity of  of Califor nia--all g  solutio solutions for  ns for the PenMichigan 

tagon's military problems of world control. The STUDENTS FOR

tago^ s military  problems of  work, control.  The STENTS  non 

205

AA DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY demandedthat  thatall  allsuch  such ties  ties be severed. DEMOCRATIC  SOCIETY  demanded  be severed.  (Dr. Grayson  Kirk, head  Columbia University University is  an Adviser Adviser  (Dr. Grayson Kirk, head of  of Columbia is an

to the Institute for Defence Analysis.) to the  Institute for Defence  Analysis.)  Cornell University  had  a  million contract  with  the the  Cornell University had a $$1.5  1.5 million contract with military "design a counter-insurgency for military  toto  "design  a  counter­insurgency  programme programme  for 

Thailand," after the publicity, the faculty voted end its  its Thailand," but but after  the publicity,  the faculty  voted to to end  relationship Pentagon. relationship with with the the Pentagon. 

At of the University of California,  of California, the At Berkeley Berkeley campus campus of  the University  the  Academic Senate votedthat "no funds shall  that "no funds shall be  be accepted by the  the Academic Senate voted  accepted  by 

Berkeley campus that requires classified Berkeley campus  that requires  classified research" research".  Throughout 1967  there have been  Throughout 1967 there have been angry demonstrations by  angry demonstrations by students  at  Harvard,  Boston Boston  College, College,  Illinois, Illinois, Minnesota, Minnesota,  students at Harvard,

Wisconsin,  Stanford Stanford  and and  other other universities universities  and and  colleges, colleges,  Wisconsin,

demanding that  Army, Navy Navy and  Marine Corps,  be  demanding that the CIA, the  the CIA, the Army, and Marine Corps, be

ecently prevented from recruiting on any  recruiting on anyuniversity  universitycampus.  campus.RRecently  prevented  from  the Dow  Chemical  Company  in Japan  be  the Dow Chemical Company (its affiliate  (its affiliate in Japan is said  is said to  to be Asahi Chemical) Chemical) the the maker  of Napalm, Napalm, has  also been been  picketed picketed  Asahi maker of has also

and denounced and  and its recruiters  its recruiters surrounded  surrounded when  when they  they appear­ appearand denounced 

ed ed at at universities. universities.  Late inin  1966, the  American  Anthropological Anthropological  Association, Association,  Late 1966, the American urged  by by  its its former  president Ralph Ralph  L. L. Beals,  started a  move  urged former president Beals, started a move to "prevent  the  CIA CIA and and the the Pentagon Pentagon  from from  continuing continuing  to to  to "prevent the exploit the profession." exploit  the  profession."  Moved Moved to to action, action, in in part part by by the the 

"revelations of CIA "revelations  of  CIA  utilization utilization  of of various various  contracts" contracts"  the the 

American  Association Association  of of University University Professors Professors urged urged reconrecon­ American sideration of of all all military military and and similar similar contracts.  sideration contracts. The hatred  American  use of  the cruel, cruel, murder  weapon  The hatred ofof American use of the murder weapon NaPALM 1967, finally burned the conscience NAPALM  in in the the autumn autumn ofof  1967, finally  burned  the conscience  young and and old, old,  UNIVERSITY  TORONTO,  in  ofof young andand  fromfrom  UNIVBRSITY OFOF TORONTO, in Canada, toto the the  SAN  JOSE  STATE  College College in  Canada, SAN JOB STATE in California, monster  California, monster

demonstrations  involving  professors  and  students,  violently violently  demonstrations involving professors and students,

protested Dow CHEMICAL protested  the the  product product ofof thethe  DOW  CHEMICAL COMPANYCOMPANY—  NAPALM—and the the college college  recruiting recruiting  by  NAPALM--and by this  this company.  company. In  In 206 206 

San involving 2,000 shouted "Nazi" and San  Jose, Jose,  a a major major riot riot  involving  2,000  shouted "Nazi" and 

"Fascist" to  who  used tear tear gas gas and  clubs to  break  up  "Fascist" to thethe police  police who used and clubs to break up the protest.  During  and  bloody  melee, a  three­headed  the protest. During thethe giant  giant and bloody melee, a three-headed monster  named  and  "CIA", "CIA", was was burned burned  in in  monster named"Dow",  "Dow", "LBJ"  "LBJ" and

effigy. effigy. 

Even were not from the Even visiting visiting heads heads  of of  state state were  not  immune immune  from  the  student's Prime Eisaku Sato of student's  bitter bitter attack. attack. When When  Prime Minister Minister Eisaku  Sato of  Japan visited COLUMBIA UNIverSITY—intimately  intimately connected with Japan visited  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY connected  with  STANDARD  OIL —in  November  1967,  to to be given  STANDARD OIL--in November 1967, be given an "honorary  an "honorary

degree of a doctor  a doctor of law",  of law", Columbia own degree of  Columbia students students made made  their their own 

citation toto the Japanese Prime  saying in  printed  citation the Japanese Prime Minister  Minister saying in their  their printed

Award: Award :  "On behalf behalf of of the the  students and and  faculty faculty  of of Columbia Columbia  "On students

University... We present the Honorary Degree of MASTER  MASTER University...We present the Honorary  Degree of  OF your great contributions to the great war OF WAR...for WAR...for  your great  contributions to  the great  war  for peace, peace,  prosperity prosperity  and  profits  in  Asia...(and)  your your  for and profits in Asia...(and) maintenance of  Okinawa as  base for  maintenance of Okinawa as the chief  the chief supply  supply base for our  our

American of freedom. Your outspoken supportAmerican warriors warriors of freedom.  Your outspoken support­ especially in your  your recent  recentAsian  Asian tour,  tour, for brave forces especially in  for the the brave forces  for peace peace and stability  Asia—the United United States  for and stabilityin  in Asia--the States Army,  Army, Navy, Air Air Force, Force, Marines, Marines,  and and  CIA...Your CIA...Your  brilliant brilliant  Navy,

maneuver of avoiding maneuver  of  avoiding  arrest arrest  in in the the 1954 1954 shipbuilding shipbuilding 

scandal... (for your)  your cooperation scandal...(for  cooperation  with with the the American American 

Embassy.  Your Your general  your  Embassy. general brilliance in  brilliance in boot­licking for  boot-licking for your

bosses in  Washington and  the Japanese Japanese  industrialists industrialists  bosses in Washington and for  for the

who Asian who are are doing doing  so so nicely nicely off off the the great great war war for for Asian  freedom being  fought by by the  Americans in  Vietnam.  freedom being fought the Americans in Vietnana.

As Minister Sato As the the Prime Prime Minister  Sato departed departed  from from Columbia, Columbia,  protected by by squads  of  police police  and and  armed armed  guards, guards,  the the  students students  protected squads of shouted "fascist", "assassin" and "Sato must  shouted "fascist", "assassin" and "Sato must go".  go"

Based  upon upon  this this  upsurge ofof opposition, opposition, itit now now  seems  Based upsurge seems

clear that that the  American  intellectuals have have shaken shaken off  golden  clear the American intellectuals off golden

CIA and  Pentagon chains and  now  in in motion, motion, see  clearly  who who  CIA and Pentagon chains and now see clearly

isis the  the real enemy. real enemy. 

Mvembir 21,1967  November 21, 1967