Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic War: The Original Text with a Literal Interlinear Translation and Explanatory Notes

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STUDENTS

INTERLINEAR

CAESAR’S

TRANSLATIONS

COMMENTARIES ON

THE

GALLIC

WAR

The Original Text with a Literal Interlinear "Translatton and Explanatory Notes

BY

FREDERICK

TRANSLATION "6

FIFTH

AVENUE

HOLLAND

PUBLISHING

DEWEY,

COMPANY, Nrw

A. B.

Inc. York

CirY

TRANSLATION

COPYRIGHT,

1916

COPYRIGHT,

1918

PUBLISHING

PRINTED

IN

COMPANY,

THE

U. S. A.

INC.

INTRODUCTION

Since Caesar is the first Roman author studied by beginners in Latin, a translation of his work should be practical and helpful for both teacher and student. Such a translation, especially an interlinear, must not be so smooth and polished in English style and diction as to escape the true Latin meaning of word and

phrase,

or

so slavishly literal and exact that the real meaning is clouded by the

abuse of English idiom.

'

Owing to the style and nature of Caesar's work, it is impossible to produce an elegant, polished English rendering, and at the same time indicate the full force and meaning of the original. The Commentaries of Caesar are camp notes, hastily composed, and sent to Rome annually, merely as military reports. The author never considered them a classical production and for that reason never carefully revised and polished them as did Cicero his famous orations. As Caesar, in early life, devoutly studied and practiced versification, with the secret hope of becoming a famous poet, his writings

are occasionally enlivened

with

poetic

terms

and

expres-

sions. Álthough his epigrams and lyrics have disappeared, his military notes, hastily written, have become immortal. The poetic element in the Commentaries appearing in many vivid and original uses of words, calls for especial attention in a translation. These Commentaries, little valued as a literary work by the author, were soon

adopted

as a text by ancient Roman

teachers,

and ever since

have been found indispensable in classical instruction because of their artistic perfection. We have endeavored to indicate these natural touches by following Caesar as closely as possible.

The elements of Caesar’s work which render it so suitable as a means of instruction also make it the most difficult to translate into good English. The Commentaries, being mere camp notes, arc written with a conciseness, force and teeming thought in a climactic progress, which the English idiom can with difficulty reproduce from the brevity of the Latin. . Caesar's command of climax, his fluency, his poetic use of words, together with his philosophic outlook, cause a strictly literal translation to be very inadequate. The frequent use of indirect discourse is also an added difficulty for the translator. If the rendering of such passages is too free, the translation as a reproduction of the Latin thought and a clue to the Latin construction, will be most misleading to the student. For practical use a translation must be transparent and behind it the original language must be visible. In certain passages where Caesar desires to represent rapid action, he has used a vivid and condensed form of construction, even for Latin. A smooth and easy rendering would fail to reproduce the life and vitality of Caesar's thought. He will suddenly use a word in a bright and original mauner, even as we might expect from the pen of a poet, and unless the feeling and force of the passage is rendered as well as the bare thought, an important element of Caesar’s style is entirely lost. Caesar possessed such a command of both the essential and secondary meanings of Latin terms that his brief and cursory notes shine with these gems of thought. —^The natural Latin order of though: and expression, a style somewhat inverted to the English thinking mind, of course is found in Caesar in all its Roman complexity. Beside Caesar has inverted forms of expression, peculiarly his own. T'ranslators therefore have found it impracticable to preserve the Latin order of the original and the student after the use of the interlinear must reconstruct his own translation and by comparison with the usual text book, will be able to appreciate the power and beauty of the Latin language, which must in a large degrec escape cven the most carcful translation, as a result of the artificial English order of the Latin words.

Owing

to the prevalence

of these difficulties throughout the

Commentaries of Caesar and the inadequacy of the usual methods of translation, a new system has been adopted in the production of this interlinear. In the reproduction of the Latin words into English it has been the endeavor to render the Latin terms as literally and exactly as possible, consistent with good English idiom. To remedy the crudeness of passages which have been impossible to render exactly into our idiom in an interlinear translation and which would become too wordy beneath the Latin, explanatory notes have been added in many instances providing a freer translation. Notes of this nature are an innovation in an interlinear and taken together with the parallel translation will afford both a free and an exactly literal rendering. In this manner the full meaning, the original and poetic feeling, the strength and rapidity, the artistic completeness of Caesar's style, by comparison of the renderings, can be obtained. In order to modify exact renderings so that a more pleasing English idiom may be produced, not too far removed from the Latin sense, brackets have been used about these synonymous terms and expressions. In translating, if desired, these bracketed portions may be substituted for the more exact renderings which immediately precede. It has been the endeavor in every instance not to use in brackets any forms which would mislead the student concerning the essential meanings of the Latin text. Words and expressions which may be entirely omitted or those which niay be supplied bodily to suit more nearly the English phraseology, and which are not synonymous, have been inserted in parentheses. Such parenthetical portions may be used or omitted as the student's judgment may decide in order to obtain the best English rendering. n the preparation of this work the standard Latin school text as regards punctuation and orthography in so far as possible has been followed.

THE COMMENTARIES OF CAIUS

JULIUS ON

THE

GALLIC

WAR

FIRST Caesar, Gaul,

in

recounting

first describes

Helvetians

and

the

Gaul

then

of one

1. Omnis! Gallía All

quarum

Belgse the

who

divisa

in

tres

divided

into

three

aliam another

nostrá,

Galli.

in ours,

Gauts.

se

lingua,

themselves

in language,

dividit

Garonne

divides

Marne

fortissimi

omnYíum of

longissimé Provincle of the

Al

all

& from

horum,

called

hi

différunt differ

(and)

. Flumen

inlaws.

The river

Aquitanis, the

Agquitani,

Belge

Belgz.

cultu

atque and

inter between

The

Belgze

propteréa quód

the cultivation

third,

appellantur

ab

because

[Provence];

the

are

Belgis. the

tertiam,

Aquitani;

from

these,

;

Province

à from

one

these

Gallos Gauls

unam

parts:

legibus.

ininstitutions,

Seine

in. the

partes:

themselves

Omnes

et Sequána and

the bravest farthest

of

the

waged against

Aquitani; the

— institutis,

Garumna

he

battles

ipsorum

language

Celtze,

Matrona

which

the Germans.

inhabit;

(the)

war

is

Celte,

the

against

linguá in

the

tells of two

incólunt;

Belga

qui (those)

of

then

est

Gaul

of wnich

BOOK

events itself,

CAESAR

sunt — &re

absunt

(that) they are distant

— humanitate humanity

[refinement]

que

mercatores

minímé

and

merchants

least

ssepe often

)

The Commentaries of Cesar.

comméant resort

que

ad

&os,

atque

important

to

them,

and

import

pertinent

ad

anímos

tend

to

minds

wliich

Sunt their minds].

They

incólunt

go before

quod

Germanis,

qui

to ihe Germans,

who

cum

quibus

gérunt

with

whom

they carry on

de

qua

from

which

precedunt

also

caussáà

reliquos

[excel]

cum

Germanis

with

the Germans

preelfis

quum

aut

prohibent

battles

when

either

they prohibit [bar]

aut

borders,

or

ipsi they

finibus

[themselves]

eorum.*?

the borders

of them

Gallos

it has been said

the Gauls

flumíne

Rhodáno;

the river

Rhonc;

virtute ;

Gauls

in valor;

féré,

quotidianis

almost,

in daily

. éos

suls

them

from their own

gérunt

bellum

in

carry on

war

in

pars

eorum,

quam

One

part

of them,

which

obtinere,

cápit

to hold, [possess]

initium

takes

continetur

beginning

flumine

it is bounded

Garonne,

Oceáno,

finibus

Belgarum;

etiam

by the borders

of the Belgz;

also

flumen to]

Helvetiis ;* the

oriuntar

Belgae

thec

ad

inferiorem

tlley

to

the

spectant thev look

in

lower

partem

the North

à

reaches

from

and

North].

— Gailiíe;

borders

of

fluminis of the

Gaul;

Rheni;

river

Rhine;

et

orientem

solem.

and

the

flumine the

[the

finibus

part

pertinet

et

Sequani

scvenstars

farthest

Septentriones

unto [towards]

Aquitanía Aquitania

the

extremis

from

pertinent rcach

the

Septentriones.

to

ab

risc

attingit it touches

Sequánis

from

ad

it inclines

Belge

à

Rhine

vergit

Helvetii:

The

Rhenum?

the river

à from

Garumni,

by the river

by the ocean,

[reaches

Helvetii

Una

[thcir].

dictum-est

the

Gallos

the remaining

they contend

finibus,

Helvetii

causc

contendunt

because

(io enfecble

the Rhine,

continually :

quóque

effeminandos. to be effeminated

nearest

continenter:

war

(things)

Rhenum,

beyond

bellum

éa, thosc

proximi

are

trans

dwell

BOOK 1

river

rising

. Garumná Garonne

sun.

ad to

BOOK

1

On

Pyrenzos the

Pyrenees

que

est

which

montes,

et

éóam

and

that

Hispaniam,

spectat

Spain,

it looks

to

Solis

et

of tlie sun

2.

[West]

Wav.

mountains,

ad

is [next]

the Gallic

the

füit

Orgetorix

partem

— Oceáni,

part

of the

inter

Ocean,

occasum

between the

going down

— Septentriones.

and

Orgetórix

3

North.

longé

was

.

nobilissimus

by far

the

most

et ditissimus

noble

and

the

richest

dpud

Helvetíos.

Is,

Marco

Messalà

et

Marco

among

the

He,

Marcus

Messala

and

Marcus

Pisone

Helvetii.

consulibus,

Piso (being)

consuls,

inductus

cupiditate

induced

by desire

fecit conjurationem reigning]

made

the

ut

state

cum

all

were

hoc

esse

forces:

to be

subj.)

faciliüós,

every

quód

by

the

the

widest

[very

qui

divídit

which

divides

ex

altérà

on

the

qui

est is

tertíà, third

the

side,

river

of the

inter between

by

lake

Rhodáno, Rhone,

potiri

in

to gain

valor,

id (to)

(to) them

— continentur ex$ from[on]

uná

parte,

one

side,

flumine

very deep

river

agrum

à

land

from

monte

high

Gis

this

altissimo

very

since

virtute,

and

Helvetian

borders

quum

very easy,

atque

the

finlbus

own

are contained in [hemmed in]

place;

altissimo by

lacu

(side),

flumine by

parte,

other

which

Helvetii

Helvetfum the

persuaded

Persuait

lóci ;

nature

wide]

all

. Helvetii the

persuasit

their

He persuaded

natura

side

latissímo py

omnibus

Gaul.

more easily, because

et süis

from

[of

and

perfacile,

Gallíe.

of all

out

[that it was]

(to)

totius

undique

nobility;

de

go

coplis:

(imp.

the empire

bythis

should

excelling

imperio

on

they

their

prestarent they

of the

exirent

— that

omnibus

with

nobilitatis;

a conspiracy

civitati, (to)

regni, ofthe kingdom,

Rheno, Rhine,

Germanis: the

Germans:

Juri,

mountain

Jura, [St. Cloude]

Sequinos

et

Helvetios;

the Sequani

and

the

Helvetii;

(on

the)

Lemano, Lemanus

qui which

et [the

lake

Geneva],

and

dividit nostram provincíam divides

our

province

4

The

[Provence]

his by

these

ab

Helvetils.

Fiebat

the Helvetii.

It was made

rebus,

ut

et

that

both

laté

et and

were

L

war

able

finitímis.

De' From

cupídi

bellandi of warring

.

afficiebantur X were

8

arbitrabantur multitudine

3.

which

narrow

atque and

patebant passüum

[extending]

in

(of) paces

rebus,

et

permoti

things,

and

excited

éa, those

setting out;

numérum

[the greatest possible]

et carrorum ; [cattle]

and

ut

copía

frumenti

that

asupply

ofcorn

itinére

;

on

the way

[march];

confirmare .

to confirm

-

proximis

civitatibus.

the nearest

states.

sátis enough

pacem

as

suppetéret might be at hand

et amicitíam cum

peace

and

. Duxerunt They

quàm

to make

sowings,

in

number

facér&

of wagons;

sementes,

to be

[the expedition]

maximum

jumentorum

(things)

proficiscendum ;

to

the greatest

esse

auctoritate by the authority

to prepare

ad

X were pertaining

.

a hundred

comparare

they determined

"P

centum

length,

width.

constituerunt

the greatest

and

latitudinem.

his

of beasts of burden

et

two hundred

longitudinem,

into [in]

pertinerent (imp.subj.)

maximas

ducenta

was lying open

by these

as

for

belli

Adducti

quàm

pro

of war

in

coémére

fines, borders,

gloríà

into [in]

to buy up

time

angustos

to have

But

theglory

of Orgetorix,

que

Autem

distress.

for

milla

Orgetorigis,

dolore.

great

pro

thousand

Induced

men

et

qui

eighty

with

cause

and

which

et octoginta

quà caussà homines which

of men

of bravery;

and

to bring on

hominum

fortitudinis;

forty

inferre

easily

habere

themselves

multitude

quadraginta

less

facilé

magno

affected

se

they were deeming

. ([it happened]

roving

less

(on) neighbors.

desirous

BOOK 1

vagarentur (imp.sub.) minus they were

possent (imp.sub.) minus

bellum

the

of Cesar.

from things,

widely

[wage]

Commentaries

friendship

— with

.

-

two

years

biennium

led [thought]

sibi

ad

éas

for themselves

for

those

10

res things

BOOK

1

On

conficiendas ; in [for]

éóas

tertium

annum. year.

things

legationem

5

— lege

they established

the third

res

those

War.

confirmant

to be accomplished;

upon

the Gallic

profectionem

by law

(their) departure

Orgetórix!!

deligitur

ad

is chosen

for

Orgetorix

conficiendas.

Is

suscepit

to be accomplished.

He

undertook

sibi to himself

ad

civitates.

In

éo

itinére

an embassy

to

the states.

In

this

journey

Castíco,

fillo

Catamantaledis,

^ Seqáno,

son

of Catamantaledes,

a Sequanian,

the father

Sequiinis

multos

-

(to)

Casticus,

cujus

obtinuérat

of whom

had

annos,

et

years,

and

à by

.

regnum

held

. in

the kingdom

appellatus-érat

in

Senatu,

ut

occuparet

that

he should occupy

ofthe

civitate,

quod

piter

anté

state,

which

(his) father

before

persuadet he persuades

JEdüo

Divitiáci,

qui

éo

who

inthis

had

time

— was

holding

civitate,

ac

érat

maxímé

his

state,

and

was

especially

que

dat gives

ut

Próbat He proves

illis

perficére

. in

l. to him.

— esse to be [that it was]

obtenturus

Helvetii

esse to be [that it was]

possent were able

factu

very easy

to be done

because

about to hold [obtain]

the Helvetians

perfacile propteréa

attempted,

(thing);

marriage

was state:

acceptable

matrimonium

into [in]

esset (imp.subj.) civitatis :

acceptus

the same

conata,

to effect(the things)

sovereignty

idem;

daughter

tothem

fratri the brother

heshould attempt

filiam

his

and

J conaretur

that

süam

que

tempóre obtinebat principatum

süà

and

in

held:

Dumnorix,

in

plebi,

in

habudrat:

in

to the common people,

people

kingdom

Dumnorigi,

(to) the /Eduan

of Divitiacus,

popüli

regnum

Ssüà

2

many

Roman

the

his own

item

páter!

Romani

friend

the Senate,

likewise

persuades

the Sequani

amicus

had been called

persuadet he

| quód (that)

ipse (he) himself

imperium

süz

the empire

of his

non

dubíum

quin

not

doubtful

but that

(imp.subj.)

plurímum most

[most powerful]

totius ofall

6

The

Gallíz ;

confirmat,

Gaul;

Commentaries

of Cesar.

13

he confirms [assures],

regna

illis

the kingdoms

Adducti

süis

forthem

. hàc

Induced

fidem

et

faith

about to secure

and

oath;

occupato

siüo with

dant

exercitu. his

army.

inter

they give

se

between

— jusjurandum ; et

themselves

regno

and

the kingdom

[government]

per

tres

potentissimos

ac

firmissimos

by

three

most powerful

and

most steadfast

being occupied

sperant*

peoples,

himself

que

speech,

and

popülos,

conciliaturum

stores

oratione,

by this

.

se

copfíis

. with his

BOOK I

sese

they hope

posse

themselves

. potiri

to be able

totius

to possess

(of)all

Galliz. Gaul.

4.

Ut

£a

When

this

indicfum,

res

süis

moribus

a disclosure, by their

customs

caussam [plead]

enuntiata-est

thing [action]

ex

(his) cause

séqui

igni.

Die

On the day

Orgetórix

threugh

coégerunt

Orgetorigem

dicére

they forced

Orgetorix

tosay

vincülis.

Oportebat

bonds.

It must

. milha

together

obaratos, debt bondsmen.

(of)

men

eódem to the same

of whom

per

éos,

eripüit

by

these,

he rescued

judictum;

et? and

habebat having

clientes

his

clients

numérum: number;

ne-dicéret that

he

civitas,

incitata

the state,

excited

conaretur

(imp. subj.)

rem,

was endeavoring

and

a great

When

thing,

que

magnum

se himself

trial;

siios

Quum

this

ad to [about]

the

causam. c(am

cause,

to

the

cause.

the

ad

all

he was

caussee, [pleading]

family, [clan]

. omnes place

quorum

he be burnt

familiam,

his

hominum

thousand

conduxit

süam

all

cremaretur

dictionis of saying

omnem

punishment

(viz:) that

appointed

collected

— poenam

be

ut

condemned,

. constitutà

coégit

Orgetorix

heled

the Helvetii

damnatum,

with fire.

ten

per

to

from [in]

to [should] follow (him)

décem

Helvetlis

was declared

might

not

plead

ob on account of

exéqui

süum

jus

toexecute

its

right

BOOK

1

On the Gallic

War.

7

armis,

que

magistratus

cogérent

by arms,

and

the magistrates

were

(imp.

subj.)

eolleeting

multitudinem hominum ex agris, Orgetórix mortüus-est ; a multitude

of men

néque' suspicio nor

suspicion

ipse

àAbest,

ut

absent,

as

conscivérit (perf.

himself

5.

is

outof

the fields,

death

post

mortem

Nevertheless

after

the death

facére

id,

quod

endeavor

to do

this,

whieh

exéant they may go out

se

they burn

Ubi

jam

arbitrati-sunt

When

now

they deemed

towns,

omne

up

ad to

ad

cum

dangers

— dómo

tobring

from home

months.

et

sibi

^ süis

plan,

eaeh

molita

cibaria provisions

et and that

oppidis

Tulingis, (to) the Tulingi,

usi having adopted

que

towns

proficiscantur

tríum of [for] three

uti

neighbors,

they should depart

to

| quemque

ground

their

ad

ready

jibent

(initímis,

consilio,

more

they order

Rauracis,

eodem

of a return

paratiores

(to)the Rauraei,

the same

érant they were

reditionis

the hope

subeunda :

(their)

exustis,

spe

that,

essent

persuade

sedificia ;

quod

they might be

for himself

vicos viliages

. buildings;

except (that) which

ut,

Latobrigi,

having been burnt up,

private

preater

se;

Persuadent They

privata

remaining

themselves;

— Latobrigis, (to) the

in number,

to be undergone:

afferre mensíum.

nuinéro,

twelve

reliqua

sublata, periciila

duodécim

the

being taken away,

all

incendunt they set fire to

the eorn,

with

omnia

rem, thing,

frumentum,

portaturi

home

J éam [for] this

to [about]

all

about to carry

dómum

ut that

borders.

four hundred,

comburunt

constituérant, they had determined,

finibus.

quadringentos,

to [about]

the Helvetii

their

their

ad

Helvetli

of him

siüis

süa opplda,

all

. ejus

suieide].

&

to have been prepared

omnia

[committed

from

paratos-esse

themselves

but that

sibi.

to himself

Nihllominüs

quin

think,

subj.) mortem

determined

died;

Helvetli arbitrantur, the Helvetii

conantur

and

Orgetorix

vicis

and

unà — together

villages

cum

eis:

with

them:

8

TÀhe Commentaries 1

.

queP

adsciseunt

and

they vote

sIbi, et

— receptos

in

received

incoluérant

tran

had dwelt

ACro:

Noricum the Norican

Erant

omnino

dio

in all

two

possent

exire

they might be able

narrow

Juram

et

Jura

and

vix

high]

mountain

quibus

roads,

by which

que and

unum

able

[could]

provinciam,

inter

difficult

between

Rhodánum,

by [in]

prohibere;

altérum

(to) prohibit;

quód

inter

because

(that)

between

Allobrógum, Allobroges,

qui

nuper lately

flüit,

que

is

flows,

and

this

est

Geneva

is

que

proximum

and

nearest

to the

oppldo

pons

pertinet

town

a bridge

ve either

reaches

easily

. per

other

nostram

through

our

expeditius;

and

more

unimpeded;

of the

been reduced

nonnullis in some

et

Helvetii

and

to

lócis

transitur

places

town

is passed

Allobrógum of the Allobroges

Helvetiorum;

bordes

ad

to peace [subdued]

oppidum

farthest

of the

, Helvetios. the

to persuade

ex

Helvetii: - 4

J persuasuros about

facile

few

Helvetiorum

finibus l-

perpauci very

borders

extremum the

[a very

pacati-érant,

Rhodánus

Genava

single

fines

had

the Rhone

vüdo.

singüli

which

atque

easy

the

who

by ford.

the

facilius

propteréa

Mount

the highest

ut sothat

more

| montem

altissImus

but [moreover]

overhanging ,

much

through

qua

Rhone,

multo

province,

per

one

difficile,

impendebat,

possent

roads

and

could be led; was

itineribus

et

river

mons

sese

itinéra,

— ducerentur; autem

scarcely

themselves

the Rhine

land,

from home;

flumen the

wagons

-

. Rhenum

agium,

dómo;

to go forth

angustum

the Sequani

ofthe

as allies

Noreia.

There were

be

in into

es

Noreiam.

had beseiged

would

themse,

who

oppugnárant

carri

to

socios

qui

had passed over

Sequünos

.

se

the Boii,

— transiérant

6.

ad

BOOK I

Boios,

tothemselves,

and

of Cesar.

Helvetii.

that

Existimabant M

M

19

They were thinking

Allobrogibus,(dat.) the

&o

from

Allobroges,

quód because

BOOK

I

On

the Gallic

War.

viderentur (imp. subj.) nondum they

were

seeming

Romanum the

popülum;

vel

people;

or

Roman

ut

not

paterentur

that

they

should

Omnibus

suffer

rebus

All

diennt

diem,

they say [appoint]

a day,

ad

ripam

at

the

diem

of the

Aulo

Gabinio

Aulus

Gabinius

Quum

contendit

borders,

profectionem,

for

(their)

díe

omnes

day

departure,

conveniant

all

Is

dies

This

day

may

before

Piso,

been

told

pótest,

et

he can,

and

Galliam ad

arrives

at

province

(to furnish)

numérum

militum

number

ulteriore Gailíà).

ad Genavam, Geneva,

certiores more certain [told]

civitatis

cut

greatest

Ubi

de

adventu

of

the

érat

omnino

legion

was

in all

ambassadors

of him,

ad

éum;

to

him;

qui

bridge,

érat

which

— was

Helvetii facti-sunt

the

ejus,

arrival

[the greatest

legio

pontem,

legatos (as)

maximum

(one

as

He orders

as

When

*

Impérat

Geneva.

the

down.

2

Genavam.

He

rescindi. to be

and

itineribus? quàm Y

quam

orders

et

the city,

?

— Jübet

Gaul).

our

by journeys

(una

of soldiers

— M

Gaul

pervénit

nostram

through

— urbe,

from P

provincise

per

ab

to depart

fartlier

greatest

iter a journey

— proficisci

ulteriorem

Casári,

to Caesar (that),

to make

L

maximis

farther

fifth

consuls.

into

toti

the

Pisone,

hastens

— in

(to) the whole

assemble

éórat ante quintum was

facére

.

rushes

state

fines.

their

Lucius

had

he .

of the

stios

Lucio

maturat

province,

at

per

consulibus.

provinclam,

in

by violence,

— Aprilis;

conari

in

vi,

force

— ad

which

to[they would]endeavor

possible]

to

— of April [27th March];

(being)

this

éos them

towards

id nuntiatum-esset (pl.perf.subj.)

When

in

mind

through

prepared

Rhone.

of the Kaleuds

7.

ire to go

quà

kalendarum

day

éos

on

animo

good

coacturos about

. Rhodáni.

bank

witli

them

being

bóno

yet

comparatis

things

9

Helvetii

mittunt they

were

made

nobilissimos

sent

cujus of which

the

noblest

legationis embassy

10

The Commentaries of Cesar.

BOOK 1

Nummeius et Verudoctius obtinebant principem lócum: Numeius

and

qui

Verodoctius

dicérent

wlio

should

— esse

say

ullo

holding

the chief

sIbi

to be

sine intended)

were

in anfmo,

to theimnselves

in

maleficio

facáre

damage

to make

,without any

place:

mind (that they

— Yter a

per

journey

through

provincíam, propterda quód haberent (imp.subj.)nullum the

province, .

because

aliüd

-

oller

journey

Iter :

id

voluntate

to

this

by

the

.

2

Cæsar,g"

of him.

Cassium

consülem

Cassius

the

sub

pulsum driven

jügum,

under

the

existimabat did

[routed]

putabat

yoke,

(it)

homines

he think

being

et missum

Helvetii,

to

be

per

provincíam the province

spatium

posset

aspace[period]

might

he had

dum while

might

si

quid

8.

(mp.subj.) wishing

cum

soldiers,

(to the

ad deliberandum ; [time]

to

deliberate;

reverterentur

thing

let

them

ad

return

at

Aprilis.

ides

of April.

Interca Meanwhile

with

any

milites, the

.

diem a day

However

he replied,

v

se? sumpturum

idus

given,

respondit,

assemble,

ambassadors) himself about to take

the

damage:

convenirent,

ordered,

vellent

and

tointervene,

9t

ware

data, being

intercedére,

be able

imperavérat,

ihey

liberty

ab injuria et maleficio: Támen

about to refrain [would refrain] from injury

if

facultate

mind,

through

whom

nor

animo,

unfriendly

itinéris

quos

néque

granted;

a journey

ut

sent

concedendum;

faciundi

that

and

and

the

of making

temperaturos

que

slain,

ab Helvetiis,

not

with

held

by

inimico

men

tenebat he

occisum,

cousul

non

considered

*

because

Lucius

ejus

to themselves

quód

Caesar,

Luclum

of him

sibi

itmaybelawful

in memory, the army

.

licéat

that

memoria, exercitum

10

*«

ejus.

will

having

ut

toask,

facére do

they were

21

rogare,"

[road]:

"

(tlhat)

se himself

84 — with

legione, this

legion,

que

militibus

and

with the soldiers

quam which

— qui who

habebat he

was

convenérant had

assembled

having

ex from

he

provinee,

the

sexdécim

pédum,

(of) sixteen

feet,

que

. fosam

and

flows

qui

into the

dividit

which

décem?

tlie borders

and

quó

should

Ubi

thousand

garrisons,

legatis, négat?

quam

himself,

et

exemplo . example

dáre

(himself)

subj.)facére to

spe, hope,

alii,

ratibus rafts

Helvetii The 26

ships

being made,

others

— vádis by fords

érat, was,

oftheriver

subj.) perrumpére, to break througzh

que

.

]:

conati having endeavored

repulsi repulsed

84

east down

junctis, :

-

alii

noctu,

(pres.

— dejecti

Helvetii

being joined, -

by night,

toany;

they attempt

the least

srepíüs

ulli;

the province

conentur

mintíma altitudo fluminis

more often

provincíam

through if

— factis,

depth

Romani of the Roman

si

navibus .

him;

prohibiturum,

v

others [some],

per

éum;

to

about to prohibit,

violence.

w*

-

Iter a journey

vim.

make

returned

and

posse

cum — with

reverterunt ad

eustom

if

unwilling.

appointed

the

to be able to give shows

had

more

people,

et ostendit

(being)

constituérat he

legati

by

si

easily,

invito.

the ambassadors

popüli,

and

se

wlieh

— se

denies

castella; the redoubts;

more

himself

eaine,

et

work

facilfüs,

to prevent

venit,

and

opére

communit

to pass over,

day

Fo — Tlhis

(he) fortifies

transire,

the ambassadors,

tlie Helvetii,

prohibere

be able

dies

that

. Helvetiis,

(of) paces.

prasidia,

endeavor

éa

When

Jura,

millía(pl.) pasáum.

conarentur they

he

ab froin

he posts

he might

Lemanus,

Mount

of tlie Sequani

posset

that

to

disponit

completed,

Lemanno,

lake

Sequanorum

nine [nineteen]

perfecto, being

the

ad montem Juram,

Rlione,

et nóvem

ten

ldcu

from

Rhodánum,

river

fines

divides

&

a trench

qui inflüit in flumen whieh

height

into [in]

a wall

constructs

altitudinem

in

murum

perducit

provinclá,

11

War.

On the Gallic

BOOK I

from

this

. compluribus w

and

a great many "AE

Rhodáni,

qua®

of the Rhone,

where

nonnunquam sometimes

si if

.2

interdiu, in daytime,

Ppossent (imp. they were able

munitione

(sing.)

by the fortifications

12

The Commentaries of Cesar.

opéris,

et

of the work,

concursu

and

militum,

they desisted

9. Una

vía

One

quá, ire

Sequános invitis,

(being) unwilling,

of

relinquebatur ; was

potérant

angustias.

Quum When

persuadere

not

to persuade

possent (imp.

süà

sponte,

by their own

accord,

legatos

ad

Dumnorigem

they send

ambassadors

to

Dumnorix

ut,

¢&o he (being)

deprecatore,

Sequánis.

Dumnórix

the Sequani.

Dumnorix

grat was

potérat

Sequinos

gratià

et

by service

and < 12

‘e

friendly

to the

matrimonium

filiam

marriage

the daughter

9

. duxérat

because

he had

— Orgetorigis s

largitione, (by) iavishness,

quód?

Helvetii,

of Orgetorix

éà

civitate; state;

.

cupiditate

regni,

induced

by a desire

ofthe kingdom,

things;

et

volebat

habere

quamplurimas

was wishing

tohave

asmany as possible

obstrictas

states

bound

suscipit

'

ut that

ryem.

patiantur

fines, borders,

que and

süo

beneficio

by his

the thing,

they may

studebat he was eager

and

civitates

heundertakes

into

that

adductus rebus;

in

led

ex

et?

for new

et and .

from

and

nóvis

à from

most [had very great in-

the Sequani

Helveitrtis,

this

plurimum

was able

with .

amicus

— hoc

they might obtain

ápud fluence]

/Edüum, the /Eduam,

impetrarent

intercessor,

not

able

fis (dat.) them

. non

able

they were

mittunt

ihat,

left;

they were

the defiles.

non

weapons

-

the Sequani

Sequánis

on account

subj.)

endeavor.

the Sequani

propter

togo

conatu.

from this

through

telis

and

— hoc

per

way

by which

et

by the charge

destiterunt

of the soldiers,

BOOK 1

Itáque

tohimself.

et

impétrat

à

and

obtains

from

Helvetios

suffer

sibi.

favor

the

ire

Helvetii

üti

dent

effects

that

they may

give

— Sequünis, the Sequani,

per

to go

perfícit

Therefore

through

siios their

obsides

inter

hostages

between

sese;

Sequáni

ne

prohibdant

themselves;

the Sequani

lest

they may prohibit

|that they may

BOOK I

On the Gallic

War.

Helvetios not prohibit]

ut

itinére ;

the IIelvetii

transéant

that

they

10.

may

pass

the Helvetii

sine

maleficio

et

injuria.

damage

and

injury.

Nuntiatur Helvetiis

Helvetii,

from the journey;

without

Cesüri,

esse

in

animo,

to Czesar,

to be [it is]

in

the mind,

It is announced

to [of] the Helvetii

13

facére

iter

per

agrum

to make

the journey

through

the land

Sequanorum

et

Aduorum

in

of the Sequani

and

of the /Edui

into

Santónum,

qui

absunt

non

of the Santones,

who

are distant

not

finibus

"Tolosatíum,

the borders of the Tolosates,

Siid

est

in

provincii.

state

is

in

the provinee.

— futurum

he understood

cum

magno

pericülo

great

danger

(it)

about to belit would

provincia,

ut

of the province,

homines,

haberet

that

inimicos

men,

from

civitas

with

warlike

à

far

quae

fisret (imp.subj.) intelligebat

bellicosos

longe

whieh

If this should be[were]done

be]

fines the borders

it should liave

Romani

enemies

. popüli,

of the Roman

people,

finitimos

lócis

patentibus

et

maxime

neighbors

to places

open

and

espeeially

frumentariis. abounding

Ob

in corn.

Titum

. On

Labienum

Titus

lieutenant

caussas eauses

é

fortification

legiones ;

et

legions;

and

he

hiemabant were

wintering

iter

leads

que and

into

ibi

conscribit

düas

there

helevies

two

ex

hibernis

from

winter quarters

circum around

Aquileiam ;

tres, the three,

et?

Aquileia;

and

érat

proximum

in

ulteriorem

was

nearest

into

farther

(way) the journey

in

hastens

journeys

— educit

whieh

contendit

itineribus

by great

praefecit he appointed

munitioni quam

tothis

(he) himself

magnis

Italy

whieh

óas these

ipse

made:

Italiam

qua

of

legatum

Labienus

fecérat: he had

account

qua by whieh

Galllam Gaul

per

Alpes,

contendit

ire

cum

his

through

the Alps,

he hastens

to go

with

these

14

The Commentaries of Cesar.

quinque

legionibus.

five

Ibi

legions.

There

BOOK I

Centrones

et

Graioceli,

the Centrones

and

the Graioceli,

et

Caturiges,

superioribus

]lócis

occupatis

and

the Caturiges,

the higher

places

having been occupied

conantur

prohibere

exercitum

itinére.

His

to check

the army

on the journey.

These

endeavor

pulsis having

been

compluribus repulsed

preeliis,

in several

battles,

Ocslo,

quod

est

Ocelum,

which

is the extreme(town)

in into

extremum

fines

Vocontiorum of the Vocontii

septimo ducit

die;

inde

in

day;

thence

into

fines

Allobrógum ;

the borders

of the Allobroges;

Allobrogibus

in into

primi

extra

the first without

11. . Helvet Helvetii The

through

the

Segusiavi.

trans

Rhodánum.

the province

beyond

the Rhone.

transduxérant ransduxéran

already

had

led over

süas üas

cop copias

their

forces

angustías

et

fines

Sequanorum

et

the defiles

and

borders

of the Sequani

and

pervenérant

in

had come

fines

into

populabantur possent (imp. .

subj.) non ab

his, these,

auxilium; aid;

. se

omni

meritos esse

ita

de

Romano

SO

of

the Roman

deserved

conspectu

nostri

in sight

of our .

debuérint (perf. subj.)

.

ad to

tempóre

inall

time

popiilo, people,

exercItüs, army, .

non

vastari,

not

to be laid waste

31

and

ambassadors

"themselves

/to) have

que

legatos

send