Brazil and the Brazilians 071031146X, 9780710311467, 9781315862729

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■

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emperor of brjü” x

3,

B r a z il AND

th e

B r a z il ia n s

BY

R ev. James F le t c h e r a n d

R e v . D . P. K idder

K e g an Fau l Lo n d o n • N e w Y o r k • B ahrain

Originally published in 2005 by Kegan Paul Limited.

This edition first published in 2010 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, N Y 10016

Routledge is an imprint o f the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © Kegan Paul 2005

All rights reserved. No part o f this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 10: 071031146X ISBN 13: 9780710311467 P u b lish e r’ s N o te

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality o f this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. The publisher has made every effort to contact original copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

PREFACE TO

W and

it h in

EIGHTH

EDITION.

the last fifteen months two n ew editions

seven th )

exhausted.

THE

o f “ B r a z il

W h ile

and

the

B r a z il ia n s ”

(the sixth have been

translations o f portions have been made in

various •languages, and while an author in E n gland has almost w holly “ made up ”

a general book on Brazil from

this work,

nothing has shown a more flattering appreciation o f it than the offer o f Professor Laboulaye — the firm friend o f A m erica — to write an introduction for a French translation o f “ B r a z il the

and

B r a z i l i a n s .”

Since the publication of the Sixth Edition (to the Preface of which the reader is referred) several very important events have occurred in Brazil, which the authors have thought best to men­ tion in this place, although they have noted them in the proper chapters. The

O p e n in g o f

th e

A m a z o n , which occurred on* the 7th o f S e p te m '

ber, 1867, and by which the Great River is free to the flags o f all nations from the Atlantic to Peru, and t h e th e

C oast

T rad e

A b r o g a tio n

of

th e

M o n o p o ly

of

from the A m azon to the Rio Grande do Sul (see page

5 8 9 ), whereby four thousand miles o f Brazilian sea-coast are open to the vessels o f every country, cannot fail not only to develop the resources o f Brazil, but these measures

will prove a great benefit to the bordering

Am erican Republics and to the maritime nations o f the earth.

Hispano-

T he open­

ing o f the A m azon is the most significant indication that the leaven of old narrow, monopolistic Portuguese conservatism has at last worked out.

Por­

tugal would not allow Hum boldt to enter the Am azon valley in Brazil.

The

result o f the new policy is beyond the most sanguine expectation.

The exports

and imports o f Para for October and November, 186 7, were double those o f 1866.

This is but the beginning.

Soon it will be found that it is cheaper for

all Bolivia, Peru, Equador, and New Grenada east of the Andes to receiv e

iv

P reface

to

the

E ig h t h

E d it io n .

their goods from, and to export their India-rubber, cinchona, &c., &c., to the United

States and

Europe

via

the great water highway

which

dis­

charges into the Atlantic, than by the long, circuitous route o f Cape Horn, or the Trans-Isthmian route o f Panama. after to be navigated by steamers. is as large as the whole valley United

The Purus and the M adeira are here­ T he valley o f the A m azon in Brazil

area o f the U nited

o f the

Am azon,

in

and

States east o f Colorado, while the out

o f Brazil, is equal to all the

States east o f California, Oregon, and W ashington

Territory ; and

yet the population is not equal to the single city o f Rio de Janeiro, or the combined inhabitants o f Boston and Chicago.

It is estimated that a larger

population can be sustained in the valley o f the A m azon than elsewhere on the globe; but it will never be peopled until there is as complete freedom for emigrants, and as entire absence o f red-tapeism in Brazil as exist in the United States. The

S y ste m

of

E m ig r a tio n

is improving.

In

1866 there were mis­

takes on the part o f the agents for Brazil at N ew Y ork . careful enough.

T hey were not

T hey accepted any one and every one that applied for

passage under the liberal offers (which still hold good) o f the Brazilian gov­ ernment, and there were mistakes on the part o f many well-meaning, almost penniless adventurers from our cities and from our own South, who sup­ posed that there was a royal road to prosperity in the tropics without labor, and that slavery was a permanent institution in Brazil.

But, notwithstand­

ing the croakers who have returned, many Southerners have succeeded and are succeeding in Brazil. S l a v e r y has decreased with great rapidity during 1 8 6 6 - 6 7 , and the best

estimates make the present number o f slaves

1 ,400,000, — a reduction

the mild process o f law and custom of 1,600,000 since 1853.

by

The Emperor

took the initiative at the last session o f Parliament, and invoked legislation upon this most important subject.

D r. A . M . Perdigaö Malheiro, an eminent

advocate at R io, has published a most important and convincing pamphlet on this question, entitled A escravidaö no Brazil (Slavery in Brazil). D ir e c t

ta x a tio n

for the first time in Brazil has been brought about by

the exigencies o f the Paraguayan war, — a conflict which has done more to give Brazil a national feeling than any event since 1822. T h e P a r a g u a y a n W a r . — The history and the aims o f this contest, now

waging, have been more persistently misrepresented than those o f any other war o f modern times, with the single exception of the misrepresentation in E ngland o f the late internal struggle in the United States.

From November, 1864 (the

beginning o f the w ar), to Novem ber, 1865, the various battles and victories were impartially described in the English journals, from which source other countries, not South American, have derived their information.

B a t in the

autumn o f 1865 the Brazilian government applied in London for a loan o f £ 4 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 .

Such was the competition for this loan, and such the confidence

o f English financiers in Brazil, that £ 30,0 0 0,0 0 0 were subscribed. o f course, immediately went above par.

From

T he loan,

that time to this “ opera­

to rs” at Buenos Ayres and M ontevideo, one thousand miles from the seat o f war, had a motive in sending rumors and partial statements detrimental to the allies by the English steamer to Lisbon, whence

their correspond­

P reface

to

E ig h t h

the

y

E d it io n .

ence would be telegraphed to London ; and the result would be the depres­ sion

o f the

Brazilian

loan for

a few

days,

then

when

the

“ rise”

took

place the “ operators ” and their friends could profit by their former trans­ action-

In regard to the contest, Brazil had no other alternative than war

with L opez, who is as truly a despotic dictator as Francia was. o f the war is impartially set forth on page 353.

T he origin

T he present position of the

allies is very much that o f the armies o f the United States at the end o f 1864, when Sherman made his famous “ march to the sea ” and Grant was before Richmond.

Brazil in 1867 sent an army to the north o f Paraguay

and retook all the fortified ports seized by Paraguay in 1 8 6 4 ; and the allied land

and naval forces

were closing upon

at the beginning of 1868, after varied

Ilum aita,

the last stronghold

fortress far more inapproachable than

o f the

Sebastopol.

experience,

Paraguayans, — a

1868 will doublless see

a complete resolution o f a struggle whose end is the liberation o f Brazilian citizens treaty

and

the

reopening

(which

Paraguay had

obligations) o f the great natural highway

guaranteed

by solemn

to the sea for the four

nations o f Eastern South America. B r a z i l i a n C o f f e e . — Brazil has also had her peaceful triumphs.

In the

great Exposition held at Paris in 186 7 Brazil attracted much attention by the display of her material resources. ber o f prizes.

She succeeded in obtaining a num­

T o the uninitiated it may seem strange that from

all the

countries — Arabia, Java, Ceylon, V enezuela, the W e s t Indies, and Central A m erica — contesting for the production of the best coffee, Brazil bore away the palm.

But it has long been known to dealers that coffee does not de­

pend upon where it grows, but upon the length the tree and upon the manner o f its curing. western

States became

acquainted

o f time it remains

upon

T he Southern and the South­

with coffee

imported from R io de Ja­

neiro fifty years ago, at a time when Brazilians did not know how to cure coffee ; but the taste o f the South and W e st has alone kept up the demand for the green, poorly cured coffee known in commerce as “ R io.” zilians themselves

T he Bra­

never use a R io,” and although three fourths o f all the

coffee imported into the United

States

come from Brazil, yet much

is sold as M ocha and Java, or under any other name than English, Americans, and Germans

make the

“ R io.”

poorest drink from

o f it The

coffee in

the world, while the Latin nations, who never boil their coffee, make the best beverage.

F or the history and culture o f coffee see pages 449, 451.

C o t t o n can be grown in any portion o f the Empire of Brazil.

In qual­

ity it ranks far above our “ uplands,” and in the Liverpool market the best Brazilian cottons stand next — though at a distance — to the “ Sea-Island.” Pernambuco is the chief port for exportation.

There are no great cotton

plantations, but the most of its culture is carried on by small farmers and by

free negroes and

half-breeds.

An

article in the N ew

York

Evening

Post, entitled “ Small Farms for Cotton Culture ” in our own country, called forth a communication from Mr. Ilitch, o f the house o f Henry, Forster, & Co. o f Pernambuco, in which he describes the Brazilian plan o f little farms cul­ tivated by from one to six persons. ton culture in the United States. by the

This has an important bearing on cot­ M r. Hitch shows how the demand caused

“ cotton famine ” brought forth the supply to such an extent that

vi

P reface

to

the

E ig h t h

E d it io n .

Pernambuco in five years increased her cotton

exportation tenfold.

See

page 525.

GuaranA. — A t the French Exposition o f 1867 a brown chocolate-colored substance figured under the head o f the medicines from Brazil.

This brown

material might at first sight have been taken for chocolate cast in the form o f serpents, diminutive turtles, tapirs, &c.

It was, however, a remedy which

has been used for centuries in Brazil and Bolivia, and which has lately be­ come one o f the most fashionable antifebrile remedies in Paris.

Guarand is

the indigenous name o f this new contribution to civilized Pharmacy.

T he

junior author has often partaken o f it on the A m a z o n ; and as many have recently inquired concerning the Guarand, a short notice o f it may be inter­ esting.

D r. Cotting o f Roxbury, Mass., gives a brief account o f it in the

Boston M edical and Surgical Journal for February 7, 1867, pages 20, 21. the west bank o f the river Tapajos

On

(excepting the Madeira, the longest

southern affluent o f the A m azon ) lives a tribe o f Indians called the Mauhés or Maués, who prepare from the seeds o f a small climbing plant (the Paullinia sorbiUs) the Guarand. coffee-berries, and

two

T he plant bears berries somewhat larger than

in a capsule, not unlike the coffee.

These

are

roasted, ground, mixed with a little water, made into various shapes, and dried to hardness in an oven.

Grated and dissolved in water or lemonade,

it is highly esteemed as a refreshing and stimulating drink.

It is much

used by the inhabitants o f M atto Grosso and other interior provinces, and sometimes, it is said, to such an excess as to produce great tremulousness. is also much used as a remedy in diarrhoea and intermittent fever.

It

D r. James

C. W h ite o f Boston, who has analyzed the Guarand, has given the public his analysis in a very interesting paper.

T he authors cannot close this Preface without recording an event which may seem personal to them, but which is also one o f sadness to all those who love

Brazil in the things that are far beyond her material development.

Am ongst the devoted men who have gone from the United States to “ the land o f the Southern Cross,” none have been more zealous, wise, and suc­ cessful in “ winning souls ” than Rev. A .

G . Simonton o f Rio de Janeiro.

H e founded the Presbyterian mission at Rio de Janeiro in 1859. lished

the Imprensa

H e estab­

Evangelica, a religious journal o f the most excellent

character, and thus, in addition to his constant labors in the pulpit, he did much to furnish Brazil with an Evangelical literature.

A

few days before

his death, when in apparent health, he wrote to the junior author a most cheering letter, stating that during 1867 the fruits o f the missions (the Am eri­ can Presbyterian) with which he was connected were no less than 112 con­ versions, 82 o f whom made their profession “ before men,” and the remainder were soon to follow their example. Decem ber, 1867.

H e died in San Paulo on the 9th of

The individual dies, but the Church lives, and his labors

will still bring forth fruit to be gathered by the earnest harvesters, his coad­ jutors, now laboring in the same field. N e w b u r y p o r t , M a ss., M arch, 1868.

PR E FA C E TO TH E S IX T H EDITION.

T

he

favorable reception which five editions o f this work have

had in the United States, England, and Brazil, indicates a growing interest in the largest and most stable country of South America. It may be that the illustrations accompanying the Preface to the first edition are not so appropriate to-day as they were ten years ago, but there is still too much ignorance o f Brazil in Europe and North America.

The present edition will give some idea of the

material and moral progress of Brazil during the last decade. W hile several new volumes on some particular portion o f the country have been written since 1857, no other work in our lan­ guage has given a general view of Brazil and the Brazilians.

As

much of the political and social life of the Empire centres at Rio de Janeiro, the history and descriptions of the state o f affairs at the capital are, to a great extent, those o f the whole country.

It is for

this reason that the reader is detained longer in the city where the Monarch resides and the Parliament holds its sessions. Since 1857, one of the authors (J . C. F .) has visited Brazil in four different years, passing much time at Rio de Janeiro; sojourn­ ing on plantations, and observing the phases o f Brazilian slavery; making extensive journeys along the sea-coast, and penetrating the interior.

In 1862 he ascended the Amazon to the verge of Peru,

— more than two thousand miles up the most marvellous river in the world.

vüi

P reface

to

the

S ix t h

E d it io n .

It was the intention o f the authors to publish a new edition in 1864 ; but unexpected duties, both in that and the following years, called the junior colleague to Brazil, and prevented the de­ sired end.

The advantages of later information will, it is hoped,

more than compensate for the delay. The experience o f the authors in Brazil extends over a long period, and they have endeavored conscientiously and impartially to give their views of the country and its people. no motives to do otherwise.

They have had

W hile they have not spared what

they deemed faults, whether in religion, slavery, or other matters (see concluding chapter), they have not withheld praise when due, and it has not been from intention if they have failed to bring out the good points of the Brazilians.

T o foreign merchants in Brazil,

unsuccessful in business, or to travellers hastening through the country, ignorant o f the Portuguese and French languages, and never associating with the inhabitants, the descriptions of those who have resided long in the Empire, or have travelled extensively through it, seem overwrought.

One must always bear in mind

the origin of the Brazilians, their newness among the nations of the earth, and the fact that the only true mode of comparing Brazil is not to measure her progress with the United States, England, or France, but with the countries of America whose inhabitants are o f the Latin race. T o have detailed with only an ordinary degree o f minuteness the changes and progress o f Brazil for the last ten years, would require a large volume.

A s it is, there have been, by emendations

and additions, and by notes and appendices, nearly one hundred pages of new matter printed in this edition, while the ordinary text has in many cases been changed and increased.

Everything, so

far as possible, is brought up to date (1 8 6 6 ), by notes at the end of the appropriate chapter.

In some cases letters and itinerary are

retained, irrespective of date, because they illustrate manners and

P reface

to

the

S ix t h

customs that remain in statu quo.

ix

E d it io n .

W hen greater space was need­

ed, the subject is more fully set forth in the Appendix. regard to the present

P

a r a g u a y a n

W

Thus, in

(about whose merits

ar

there has been as much ignorance * in both the United States and England as there was in Europe concerning the late Rebellion in North A m erica), the reader will find a brief history of its origin and progress on page 852. B

S

r a z il ia n

la v e r y

is treated in Chap. V I I I., and the most

recent information concerning it is given on page 189. E

m ig r a t io n

B

to

r a z il

has of late attracted much attention,

especially in the South of the United States, since 1865.

Infor­

mation under this head can be found on page 333, and in the con­ cluding chapter, in the Speech o f Paula Souza, page 592. Intimately connected with this subject is that of the D

is a b il it ie s

of

P

rotestants

R

e l ig io u s

; and no portion of this work is so

indicative o f great moral progress as the Speech of Sr. Furquim d’Almeida (page 595), and the article in Appendix I. For important

M

The

R

M

in e r a l

e t e o r o l o g ic a l ic h e s

T

ables

,

see Appendix K .

of Brazil are known to be considerable.

Diamond and gold mines have been the chief sources o f mineral wealth, but hitherto there has been a deficiency of useful minerals. The desideratum has at length been supplied.

Coal discoveries

have been made in various sea-coast provinces, but the most im­ portant in this respect was made by Mr. Nathaniel Plant (from the British Museum) in Rio Grande do Sul. o f this rich coal mine see Appendix H .

For a full account

In the same Appendix it

will be seen that the new gold mines of Sr. Tasso, in Northern * In four different issues o f the journals o f N ew Y o rk and Boston, in A u g u st, 1866, it was stated that the A llie s were at “ the last extrem ity,” and that the Paraguayans were ju st about to annihilate them.

U p to this time (October, 1 866), the

Paraguayans, in the four great battles, counting from that o f Riachuelo, 1865, have not won a single victory.

T h e par o f gold at R io is 26c?. to the mil reis ; the average

in 1865 - 66 was 2 3 ^d., which does not look like an “ extrem ity.”

X

P reface

to

the

S ix t h

E d it io n .

Brazil, demonstrate that the precious metal is by no means con­ fined to the region of S. Joäo del Rei. The leading B r a z il ia n J o u r n a l s at the capital are noticed on pages 252, 253.

B r a z il ia n

L it e r a t u r e

and literary Brazilians

(pages 586, 589) will interest many Anglo-Saxon readers. W hile frequent mention.is made o f the ability and accomplish­ ments o f the E m p e r o r D om P ed r o II., Chapter X I I I . is espe­ cially devoted to that monarch. On pages 1 8 3 -1 8 5 , some account is given o f S t a t e s m e n and P o l it ic a l P a r t ie s .

In 1865, P r o fes so r A

g a s s iz ,

the well-known savant, accom­

panied by an American scientific corps, visited Brazil at the invi­ tation of the Emperor.

The Professor made extensive and most

interesting explorations, an account of which is soon to be given to the world.

His investigations in the Amazon region have excited

a great interest amongst men o f science.

Major Coutinho, a Bra­

zilian officer o f engineers, at the command o f the Emperor, ac­ companied Professor Agassiz in his explorations of the Amazon, and afterward published at Rio, both in Portuguese and English, some account o f the wonderful fauna discovered by Professor Agassiz in Northern Brazil.

The English version o f a portion of

these letters will be found in Appendix J. For P o p u l a t io n , C o m m e r c ia l T a b l e s , W u res,

e ig h t s

and

M

eas­

and other statistics, see Appendices E, F, and G .

Within a few years several works on the Brazilian Empire have appeared in England, France, Germany, and Brazil. Amongst these may be mentioned Bates’s “ Naturalist on the Amazons,” a charm­ ing book, and the best yet published on that wonderful region.

The

Deux Années au B résil of Biard is, aside from its fine illustrations, the most worthless book ever published on any country. The author seems not to have had one serious reflection.

Halfeld’s “ Survey

of the River San Francisco ” is a magnificent elephant folio, pub-

P reface

to

the

S ix t h

xi

E d it io n .

lislied at Rio de Janeiro, of which Sir Roderick Murchison said (before the Royal Geographical Society), “ A n y country might be proud o f such a work.”

It cannot be purchased, but a number of

copies have been sent by the Brazilian government to the libraries of the United States and Europe.

The articles of M. Elisé

Reclus, published in the Revue des Deux Mondes, in 1862, show their author to be an earnest friend of liberty, and, also, that they were written after a very brief visit to Brazil.

The conclusions

are somewhat hasty, especially when based on M. Biard’s book, and Dr. A v é Lallemant’s interesting but partial Reise durch sud Brasilien, Leipsic, 1859.

Quite a number of German works have

appeared concerning the u colonization ” of Germans in Brazil (which was in many cases a shameless piece of jobbery ), and the writers are not disposed to look upon anything in Brazil with the least degree o f allowance.

Mr. Thomas W oodbine H inchliff’s

u South American Sketches ”

(Longmans, London, 1863) is a

very pleasing and accurate book.

Sr. Pereira da Silva is now

writing a complete history of Brazil, in the Portuguese language. Sr. Aguiar (o f San Paulo), in a pamphlet entitled 0 Brazil e os Brazileiros, has given some very caustic sketches of his country­ men.

Sr. Soares, o f Rio Grande do Sul, has furnished us with an

important statistical work on the resources o f Brazil.

Sr. M. M.

Lisboa has, in his Romances Historicos, opened a literary mine, in which it would be well if more Brazilian writers would delve.

Sr.

A . C. Tavares Bastos, in his Cartas do Solitario (Letters of the H erm it), has given the Brazilian public a most important volume on the various political, economical, and moral questions that so deeply concern the well-being of the Empire.

A very excel­

lent book on the resources of Brazil was published, in 1863, by the Baron of Penedo (Brazilian Minister to England), apropos to the contribution of Brazil to the Great Exposition of London, in 1862.

xii

P reface

to

the

S ix t h

E d it io n .

The thanks of the authors are due, for corrections and contribu­ tions in preparing this edition, to Mr. Robert William Garrett o f Rio de Janeiro ; to Mr. Brambier of Parà ; to His Excellency Sr. d’ Azambuja, Brazilian Minister to the United States ; to the Chevalier d’Aguiar, Brazilian Consul-General at New York ; and to Professors Gumere and Cope, of Haverford College, near Phila­ delphia.

T o the late John S. Gillmer o f Bahia the authors were

under many obligations. O c t o b e r , 1866.

'V ' r%'I( fA\ /IfIf/k'(j, I ' Ô /,< p f ^ 1^ [ < ÿ:

PREFACE. T

to

he

popular notion o f Brazil is,

a certain

extent, delineated in

the accom panying side-illustrations. M igh ty rivers •v

and virgin

forests,

palm-trees and jaguars, anacondas and

alligators,

h ow lin g

m onkeys

and scream ing parrots, diam ond-m ining, revolutions, and earthquakes, are the com ­ ponent parts o f the picture form ed in the m in d ’s eye.

It is probably hazarding n o­

thing to say that a very large m ajority o f

~

^

general readers are better acquaint-

v

ed with China and India than with Brazil.

•tV

4f # t t v

IIo w few seem to

be aware that in the distant Southern Hem isphere is a stable constitutional m on­

>:* " ^ r|%>

archy, and a grow in g na­ tion, occu p y in g a territory o f greater area than that o f the U nited States, and that the descendants o f the 3

P reface.

Portuguese hold the same relative position in South A m erica as the descendants o f the English in the northern half o f the N ew W o r ld !

H ow few Protestants are cognizant o f the

fact that in the territory o f Brazil the R eform ed religion was first proclaim ed on the W estern C ontinent! The follow in g work, by tw o whose experience in the B ra­ zilian E m pire embraces a period o f twenty years, endeavors faithfully to portray the history o f the country, and, by a nar­ rative o f incidents connected with travel and residence in the land o f the Southern Cross, to m ake know n the manners, customs, and advancem ent o f the m ost progressive peop le south o f the Equator. W h ile “ Itineraries” relating to journeys o f a few m onths in various portions o f the Em pire have been recently published, no general w ork on B razil has been issued in E urope or A m erica since the “ Sketches” o f the senior author, (D. P. K .,) which was most favorably received in England and the U nited States, but has lon g been out o f print. A lth ou gh the present volum e is the result o f a jo in t effort, the desire for greater uniform ity caused the senior author to place his contributions in the hands o f bis ju n io r colleague, (J. C. F .,) w^ith the perm ission to

use the

person

name o f

singular.

the

form er iti. the third

T he am ount o f matter from each

pen

is,

how ever,

m ore

nearly equal than at first sight w ould appear. T he ed

authors

every

have

im portant

consult­ w ork

in

F rench, German, E nglish, and P ortuguese,

that could

throw

light on the history o f Brazil,

5

P r e fa c e .

and

likew ise

various

read before the

published

m em oirs

and

flourishing “ G eographical

S ociety” at R io de Janeiro.

discourses

and H istorical

F o r statistics they have either

personally exam ined the Im perial and provincial archives, or have quoted directly from Brazilian state papers. F o r im portant services, the authors are happy to ack now ­ ledge their indebtedness to Conselheiro J. F . de Cavalcanti de A lbuquerque, Ilis Brazilian M ajesty’s M inister-Plenipotentiary at W ash in gton , and M. le Chevalier d ’A guiar, Brazilian Consul-General at N ew Y o r k ;

to H on. E x-G overnor K ent, o f

M aine, and Ferdinand Coxe, Esq., o f Philadelphia, both o f w hom held high diplom atic positions at R io de J an eiro; to H on. Ju dge J. U. Petit, form erly Consul in one o f the m ost im ­ portant N orthern provinces o f B razil; to Mrs. L. A . C uddehy, late o f R io de Ja n eiro; and to R ev. H . A . Boardm an, D .D ., o f Philadelphia. Bates,

D r.

T hey also express their obligations to Mr. D.

Thos. R ainey,

and to A . R . E gbert, M .D ., for

valuable contributions to the A p p en d ix.

The numerous illustrations

are, with few exceptions, either from sketches, or

daguerreotype views taken on the spot.

All have been faithfully as well as skil­

fully executed by Messrs. Van Ingen & Snyder, of Philadelphia.

The accompanying

map, prepared by Messrs. J. H. Colton & Co., is one of the most perfect ever pub­ lished of an Empire which has never been surveyed.

In 1855 the junior author

travelled more than three thousand miles in Brazil, making corrections of this map as he journeyed; and his sincere thanks are heartily given to Senhor John Lisboa, of Bahia, who has devoted himself to the geography of his native land. In 1866, J. H. Colton & Co. have published a gigantic map of Brazil, which was a work of years by M r. Rensberg, one of the leading lithographers of Rio de Janeiro.

Messrs. Fleuss, Brothers, publishers of the Semana Illustrada, have

also issued several important maps from their establishment— the Imperial Insti­

tu te Ariistico at Rio.

NOTES FOR THOSE GOING TO BRAZIL. The Portuguese language is universally spoken in Brazil. It is not a dialect o f the Spanish, but is a distinct tongue : as Yieyra says, it is the eldest daughter o f the Latin. Portuguese and French are the Court languages. One-sixth o f the population of large cities and towns speak French. Those acquainted with the French, Italian, or Spanish easily acquire the Portuguese. English is taught in all the higher schools; and it is gratifying to the American that at the capital, and in some other important places, the “ Class Readers ” o f George S. Hillard, Esq., (author o f “ Six Months in Italy,” ) are the text-books. While Messrs. Triibner & Co., in London, and the Messrs. Appleton, in New York, have published manuals for learning the Portuguese, it may be o f advantage to state that if an Eng­ lishman or Anglo-American can give to the vowels the Continental sound, learn the contractions, accents, &c., and the peculiarities o f two or three consonants, he will find the Portuguese the easiest o f all foreign tongues. The termination ao is pronounced almost like oun in the English word noun. Words ending in ôes are pronounced as if an n were inserted between the e and the s. Thus, Camöes, English Camoens. Terminations em and irn are very nearly pronounced like eng and ing in English : e.g. Jerusalem is pronounced Jerusalem?. -Z has the force of Sh : thus, one o f the great affluents o f the Amazon, Xingû, is pronounced Shingû. The word Dom, (dominus,) which always precedes the name of the Emperor, is not used indiscrimi­ nately like the Don of the Spanish, but is a title applied by the Portuguese and their descendants only to monarchs, princes, and bishops. One milreis. (a thousand reis,) about fifty-six cents, or two shillings and sixpence English. The Brazilian unit-coin is always represented by the dollar sign after the mil : thus, 5$500 are five mil and five hundred reis,—about three dollars. A conto o f reis is little more than £112. Clothes, of course, should be o f a character adapted to the tropics; but always take some woollen garments, for in the interior, and south o f Bahia, the thermometer often indicates 60° Fahrenheit. It hardly need be added that a dress-coat is indispensable for those going to the palace. All personal effects, like wearing-apparel, are admitted duty free; but the traveller would do well to remember that he should not be overstocked with cigars. There are many drawbacks at the custom-house in favor o f goods belonging to emigrants, as agricultural implements, machinery, &c. &c. (vide page 333 and the concluding chapter o f this work.) As to the P a t e n t L a w s , mode o f obtaining certain privileges for inventions, &c., William Y. Lidgerwood, Esq., (United States Chargé d’Affaires in 1865-66,) can give more information than any other person in Brazil. He resides at Rio de Janeiro. 1 Messrs. Trtibner & Co. (CO Paternoster Row, London) have facilities for furnishing Brazilian and Portuguese books to any parts o f Europe or North America. \Ve are glad that this house is to pub­ lish a new and complete Portuguese and English Dictionary,—a very great desideratum, as all such lexicons now extant are exceedingly antiquated. English and American publications of standard works and light literature are to be obtained o f H. M. Lane & Co., 15 Rua Direita, Rio de Janeiro; and of Guelph de Lailhacar & Co., Rua do Crespo, Pernambuco, and in the city o f San Paulo. Carrington & Co.’s United States & Braziliau Express is a very great convenience which has fol­ lowed the establishment o f the United States and Brazil Mail Steamship Company. Messrs. Carring­ ton & Co. (30 Broadway, New York) charge themselves to deliver parcels and money, or to fill orders in Para, Pernambuco, Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro, and vice versâ. Fales and Duncan, Commission Mer­ chants, 57 Rua Direita, are the agents at Rio de Janeiro. Hotels in Brazil are not equal to those in Europe or the States. At Rio all have high prices, ranging, according to room, from ten shillings English to £1. The Exchange Hotel and Hotel dos Estrangeiros are the best English hotels in the capital.Hoteld’Europa is the best French hotel. Bennett’s, an hour from Rio, is the most comfortable place in Brazil, Bahia, Hotel Furtin is a good restaurant, and convenient to those arriving from sea. At Pernambuco, the Hotel Universel has the same recommendations. The hotels o f Bahia and Pernambuco are small, compared with those o f Rio. The prices of 1855 (pages 295 and 296) are from one-third to one-half higher in 1866,—except at Petropolis, at which place are several good hotels.

6

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER

I. P4GI

The Bay of Rio de Janeiro— Historic Reminiscences— First Sight of the Tropics— Entrance to the Harbor— Night-Scenes— Impressions of Beauty and Grandeur— Gardner and Stewart— The Capital of Brazil— Distinction of Rio de Janeiro

CHAPTER Landing— Hotel Pharoux— Novel Sights

13

II.

and Sounds— The Palace Square— Rua

Direita — Exchange — The “ Team’" — Musical Coffee-Carriers— Custom-IIouse— Lessons in Portuguese, and Governor Kent's Opinion of Brazil— Post-Office— Dis­ like of Change— Senhor José Maxwell— Rua do Ouvidor— Shops and FeatherFlowers— The Brazilian Omnibus can be full— Narrow Streets and Police-Regulations— A Suggestion to relieve Broadway, New York — Passeio Publico— Bra­ zilian Politeness— The t( Gondola” — The Brazilian imperturbable— Lack of Hotels — First Night in Rio de Janeiro......................................................................................................

CHAPTER

24

III.

Discovery of South America— Pinzon’s V isit to Brazil— Cabral— Coelho— Americus Vespucius— The Name “ Brazil” — Bay of Rio de Janeiro— Martin Affonso de Souza — Past Glory of Portugal— Coligny’s Huguenot Colony— The Protestant Banner first unfurled in the New W orld — Treachery of Villegagnon — Contest between the Portuguese and the French— Defeat of the Latter— San Sebastian founded— Cruel Intolerance— Reflections........................................................................................................

CHAPTER

4Ä

IV .

Early State of Rio— Attacks of the French— Improvements under the Viceroys— Arrival of the Royal Family of Portugal— Rapid Political Changes— -Departure of Dom John V I .— The Viceroyalty in the Hands of Dorn Pedro— Brazilians dis­ satisfied with the Mother-Country— Declaration of Independence— Acclamation of Dom Pedro as Emperor.......................................................................................................................

CHAPTER

61

Y.

The Andradas— Instructions of the Emperor to the Constituent Assem bly— Dom Pedro I. dissolves the Assembly by Force— Constitution framed by a Special Com­ mission— Considerations of this Document— The Rule of Dorn Pedro I .— Causes of Dissatisfaction— The Emperor abdicates in favor of Dorn Pedro I I ............................... 7

73

8

C ontents.

c h a p t e k

V I. PAGE

The Praia dc Ft quango— The Three-Man Beetle— Splendid Views— The Man who cut down f P iïm -T ree— Moonlight— Rio “ Tigers” — The Bathers— Gloria H ill— Evening S°ene— The Church— Marriage of Christianity and Heathenism— A Ser­ mon in Honor of Our Lady— Festa da Gloria— The Larangeiras— Ascent of the Cercovado— ’i?Le Sugar-Loaf;...........................................................................................................

CHAPTER

86

V II.

Brotherhoods- ITo^p'tal of San Francisco de Paula— The Lazarus and the Rattle­ snake— M isoric'r^ia— Sailors’ Hospital at Jurujuba — Foundling-Hospital — R ecolhimento foT Crphan-Girls— New Misericordia— Asylum for the Insane— José d’Ancbieta, F\ undsr of the Misericordia— Monstrous Legends of the Order— Friar •lohn d’ Almeida,— Churches— Convents........................................................................................

CHAPTER

107

V III.

Illumination of +.ln Ci y --E a r ly to Bed— Police— Gambling and Lotteries— M uni­ cipal Government —Vaccination— Beggars on Horseback— Prisons— Slavery— Bra­ zilian Laws in ff v< r ^f Fieedom— The Mina Hercules— English Slave-Holders— Slavery in Brazil Po^ni^d.................................................................................................................

CHAPTER

124

IX .

Religion— The Corrupt:»' c f vhfc Clorgy— Monsignor Bedini— Toleration among the Brazilians — The Padrs- - I ^ s r v i l s — Consumption of W ax — The Intrudo— Pro­ cessions— Anjinhos— Santa P-isv'ill‘ am\— The Cholera not cured by Processions

CHAPTER

140

X.

The Home-Feeling— Brazilian Housfcj— TLrt ou L^gs— 3rü Lilian Lady's Delight— Her Troubles— The Marketing and Watering— K ill tho

— Boston Apples a td Ice

— Family Recreations— The Boy— The Collegia— ^Jotnivor..-Schools— Highest A ca­ demies of Learning— The Gentleman— Duties oi tin C'ti.'en— Elections— Political Parties— Brazilian Statesmen— Nobility— Ord‘