Book of abstracts : 16th annual congress of the European College of Sport Science 9780956890306

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16th Annual Congress of the ECSS

New horizons from a world heritage city 6th - 9th July 2011 Liverpool UK

Book of Abstracts www.ecss-congress.eu/2011

th

16 annual Congress of the

EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF SPORT SCIENCE 6-9 July Liverpool 2011 – United Kingdom

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Edited by: N. Tim Cable, Keith George

Hosted by: Liverpool John Moores University Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences

ISBN 978-09568903-0-6

European College of Sport Science: Book of Abstracts of the 16th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science – 6-9 July 2011 Liverpool – United Kingdom. Edited by N. Tim Cable, Keith Georg ISBN 978-09568903-0-6 Copyright by European College of Sport Science

Conception & DTP: SporTools GmbH – Data management in sports Cover: Oriel Studios Digital Ltd Corrections: Patera, N., Tsianaka, G., Tsolakidis, K. Printed by ORIEL, Liverpool

Paul-Niessen-Str. 12, 50969 Cologne, Germany www.SporTools.de

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Organisation Congress President –

Tim Cable (GBR)

ECSS Executive Board – – – – – –

Hans Hoppeler (CH), President Albert Gollhofer (GER), Past President Sigmund Loland (NOR), President Elect Romain Meesusen (BEL), Exchanges and Affiliations Marco Narici (GBR), Finances and Partners Gisela Sjøgaard, (DEN), Journal and Media Relations

ECSS Scientific Board – – – – – – –

Anton Wagenmarkers (GBR), Chair Peter Bärtsch (GER) Jan Cabri (PRT) Flemming Dela (DNK) Paavo Komi (FIN) Erich Müller (AUT) Gertrud Pfister (DNK)

ECSS Scientific Committee – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Natalia Balague (ESP) Daniela Caporossi (ITA) Nenad Dikic (SR) Joan Duda (GBR) Michael Grey (GBR) Daniel Green (GBR) Steve Harridge (GBR) Werner Helsen (BEL) Asker Jeukendrup (GBR) Luc van Loon (NED) Mike McNamee (GBR) Hermann Schwameder (GER) Mark Williams (GBR)

Local Scientific Committee – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

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Greg Atkinson (GBR) Simon Bennett (GBR) Jatin Burniston (GBR) Tim Cable (GBR) Graeme Close (GBR) Barry Drust (GBR) Geena Ellison (GBR) Keith George (GBR) Danny Green (GBR) Adrian Lees (GBR) Mark Nesti (GBR) Dave Richardson (GBR) Gareth Stratton (GBR) Greg Whyte (GBR) Mark Williams (GBR)

16 ANNUAL CONGRESS OF THE EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF SPORT SCIENCE H

Additional reviewers – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Gabor Barton (GBR) Alan Batterham (GBR) Karen Birch (GBR) Ellen Dawson (GBR) John Dickinson (GBR) Dominic Doran (GBR) Ben Edwards (GBR) Martin Eubank (GBR) Stuart Fairclough (GBR) Paul Ford (GBR) Warren Gregson (GBR) Dave Harriss (GBR) Malcolm Hawken (GBR) Spencer Hayes (GBR) Nicky Hopkins (GBR) Zoe Knowles (GBR) Helen Jones (GBR) Mark Lake (GBR) Martin Littlewood (GBR) James Morton (GBR) Becky Murphy (GBR) Colin Robertson (GBR) Mark Robinson (GBR) Clare Stapleton (GBR) Mark Scott (GBR) Rob Shave (GBR) Dick Thijssen (GBR) Vicky Tolfrey (GBR) Jos Vanrenterghem (GBR) Karen Williams (GBR)

Organizing Committee – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Jatin Burniston (GBR) Tim Cable (GBR) Anne Doherty (GBR) Sheila Geary (GBR) Keith George (GBR) Denise Glinister (GBR) Adrian Lees (GBR) Rachel Martyn (GBR) Zoe Miveld (GBR) Dave Richardson (GBR) Dave Rutt (GBR) Jane Townend (GBR) Greg Whyte (GBR)

– – – –

Thomas Delaveaux (GER) Elias Tsolakidis (GRE) Tobias Vogt (GER) Sarah Köster (GER)

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Welcome We are delighted, on behalf of the European College of Sport Science and the Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES) at Liverpool John Moores University, to welcome you to Liverpool for the 16th Annual Congress of the ECSS. The Congress theme of “New Horizons from a World Heritage City” provides a platform for our internationally renowned Plenary and Invited Speakers to stimulate and promote new research directions in our core Sport Science disciplines. These sessions will be supported, as ever, by the Young Investigator Awards of which we have the largest ever submission of 211 presenters. We are also particularly proud to have attracted 1756 abstracts, which will bring energy, academic rigour and debate to the 74 oral sessions and 120 poster sessions across the 4 days of the Congress. This volume of submitted work reflects the importance of our discipline to the societies in which we live and to the continued development of the College. A particular highlight of the Congress this year will be the presentation of the Tom Reilly Memorial Lecture, by Professor George Brooks, entitled “Three Decades of Research on Lactate Metabolism; A conversation with Tom Reilly”. The programme has been designed to inspire debate and academic exchange and we trust that you will leave the Congress sufficiently challenged and energised to build new horizons for the future. We are very excited to welcome you to our City of Liverpool, which is well known for its friendliness and fun. We trust that you will take time to network and socialise with friends and colleagues in the many restaurants and bars in the Albert Dock and City Centre that are all within walking distance of the Conference. In addition, we hope you will have time to explore the many cultural opportunities that range from world famous art galleries, to gothic architecture, to theatre, musical and sporting heritage. On behalf of RISES and the ECSS we thank you for travelling to Liverpool and your continued commitment to ECSS. We trust that you will have a fruitful and pleasant visit to the North West of England. Best wishes Tim Cable

Congress President

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Table of Contents ORGANISATION ....................................................................................................................................... 3  WELCOME................................................................................................................................................ 5  TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................7  WEDNESDAY, JULY 6TH, 2011 ................................................................................................................. 15  15:00 - 16:30................................................................................................................................................................................... 15  IS-PM01 Sports Nutrition Symposium (sponsored by GSK) ..................................................................................................................................... 15  IS-PM02 Eccentric Training and Exercise in Sport .................................................................................................................................................... 16  IS-PM03 Cardiovascular Imaging in Sport Science: What does the future hold? ................................................................................................. 17  OP-BN05 Fatigue ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18  OP-PM04 Health ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20  OP-PM08 VO2max and O2 Kinetics ........................................................................................................................................................................ 22  OP-PM12 Training and Testing: Team Sports ......................................................................................................................................................... 25  OP-PM52 Science and Soccer .................................................................................................................................................................................. 26  OP-SH01 Sociology and Philosophy ......................................................................................................................................................................... 28  OP-SH02 Sport Psychology 1 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30  17:00 - 18:15 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 32  PS-PL01 NEW HORIZONS: For the Challenge of Reducing Sedentary Activity in Humans ................................................................................... 32 

THURSDAY, JULY 7TH, 2011 ................................................................................................................... 34  08:30 - 10:00 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 34  IS-PM04 The Biological Significance of Exercise and Heat Shock Proteins .......................................................................................................... 34  IS-BN02 Control of Gait and Posture: Science and Rehabilitation ........................................................................................................................ 35  IS-SH03 Gender and Physical Education................................................................................................................................................................. 36  IS-SH04 Talent Identification in Sport ........................................................................................................................................................................37  OP-PM01 Vascular Adaptation................................................................................................................................................................................. 38  OP-BN03 Tendons/Stiffness ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 40  OP-PM06 Protein Synthesis ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 43  OP-PM13 Training and Testing: Cycling .................................................................................................................................................................. 45  OP-PM10 Heat and Dehydration.............................................................................................................................................................................. 46  OP-SH03 Physical Activity and Movement Skills ..................................................................................................................................................... 48  10:15 - 11:45..................................................................................................................................................................................... 51  OP-SH05 Health and Paediatric Psychology ........................................................................................................................................................... 51  OP-PM11 Training and Testing.................................................................................................................................................................................. 53  OP-PM41 Muscle: Physiology ................................................................................................................................................................................... 55  OP-PM48 Physiology: Thermoregulation .................................................................................................................................................................57  OP-PM31 Physical Activity: Adapted ........................................................................................................................................................................ 59  OP-PM02 Lipid Metabolism....................................................................................................................................................................................... 61  OP-BN01 Motor Learning 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 64 

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IS-PM14 Exercise Prescription in Transplant Patients ............................................................................................................................................. 66  IS-SH02 Morals and Ethics in Applied Sports Psychology ......................................................................................................................................67  IS-PM05 DEBATE: To Screen or Not To Screen That is the Question: Europe Vs. USA (Sponsored by Philips) ....................................................67  12:00 - 13:15 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 68  PS-PL02 NEW HORIZONS: In the Role of Exercise in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease ........................................................................ 68  14:00 - 15:00 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 69  PP-BN01 Sports Biomechanics 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 69  PP-BN02 Cognitive Performance ..............................................................................................................................................................................74  PP-BN03 Biomechanics and Injury ...........................................................................................................................................................................78  PP-BN04 Motor Learning 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 83  PP-SH06 Physical Education 1 ...................................................................................................................................................................................87  PP-SH07 Sociology of Physical Activity ..................................................................................................................................................................... 92  PP-SH08 Personality, Motivation, Coherence ......................................................................................................................................................... 92  PP-SH09 Coaches, Officials and Supporters........................................................................................................................................................... 96  PP-SH10 Sports Psychology 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 100  PP-SH11 Computer Application in Sports ................................................................................................................................................................ 104  PP-PM01 Sports Nutrition: Supplements 1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 107  PP-PM02 Vascular/Heart Rate/Control ................................................................................................................................................................... 112  PP-PM03 Oxidative Stress......................................................................................................................................................................................... 117  PP-PM04 Exercise and Health in Special Populations 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 121  PP-PM05 Sports Physiology and Testing ................................................................................................................................................................ 126  PP-PM06 Environmental Challenge........................................................................................................................................................................ 130  PP-PM13 Soccer 2 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 135  PP-PM20 Molecular Biology .................................................................................................................................................................................... 139  PP-PM21 Adaptive Physical Activity ......................................................................................................................................................................... 143  PP-PM22 Physical Activity Promotion and Assessment........................................................................................................................................ 148  15:00 - 16:00 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 153  PP-PM23 Biochemistry 1 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 153  PP-PM24 Cardiovascular Health 1 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 156  PP-PM25 Muscle Function ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 161  PP-PM26 Fatigue and Exercise Testing .................................................................................................................................................................. 165  PP-PM27 Exercise and Health in Special Populations 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 170  PP-PM28 Soccer 3 .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 174  PP-PM29 Children and Ageing ............................................................................................................................................................................... 179  PP-PM30 Sports Medicine: Spine and Shoulder.................................................................................................................................................... 183  PP-PM31 Basketball/Team Sports ........................................................................................................................................................................... 187  PP-PM32 Reproductive Hormones .......................................................................................................................................................................... 191  PP-PM33 Thermoregulation .................................................................................................................................................................................... 196  PP-PM34 Social Aspects of Health and Physical Activity ...................................................................................................................................... 198  PP-PM35 Anthropometry 1 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 202  PP-PM36 Physiology: Immunology 2..................................................................................................................................................................... 206  PP-PM37 Resistance Training.................................................................................................................................................................................. 210  PP-PM38 Children and Physical Activity 1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 215  PP-SH12 Sports Psychology 2 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 218 

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PP-SH13 Psychology: Mental Skills ......................................................................................................................................................................... 223  PP-BN06 Biomechanics of Running and Kicking.................................................................................................................................................. 227  PP-BN07 Sports Biomechanics 2............................................................................................................................................................................ 230  16:15 - 17:45 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 235  OP-SH04 Anticipation, Skill and Identity ................................................................................................................................................................ 235  OP-PM50 Physiology: Reproductive Hormones ................................................................................................................................................... 237  IS-PM06 Novel Quantitative Approaches to Combat Doping ............................................................................................................................. 239  OP-BN02 Sports Biomechanics 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 240  OP-PM03 Brain and Exercise ................................................................................................................................................................................. 242  OP-PM05 Exercise: Signalling ................................................................................................................................................................................ 244  OP-PM32 Physical Activity and Health 1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 246  OP-PM14 Training and Testing: Soccer.................................................................................................................................................................. 248  OP-PM07 Nutrition: Carbohydrate ......................................................................................................................................................................... 250  OP-PM09 Cardiac Physiology ................................................................................................................................................................................ 252  18:00 - 19:30 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 254  OP-BN04 Balance and Stability 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 254  OP-PM15 Training and Testing: High Intensity Training ....................................................................................................................................... 257  OP-PM28 Stress Damage Inflammation 1 ............................................................................................................................................................ 259  OP-PM36 Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 260  OP-PM40 Sports Anthropometry............................................................................................................................................................................ 263  OP-PM49 Physiology: Environmental and Circadian ........................................................................................................................................... 265  IS-SH05 A National Initiative to Fund Prevention Research ................................................................................................................................. 267  IS-PM07 Clinical Sports Nutrition ............................................................................................................................................................................ 269  IS-BN04 Real Time Monitoring of Sports Performance ........................................................................................................................................ 269  OP-PM51 Physiology: Methods ............................................................................................................................................................................... 271 

FRIDAY, JULY 8TH, 2011 ....................................................................................................................... 274  08:30 - 10:00 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 274  IS-PM08 JSPFSM Exchange Symposium: Health benefits of physical activity - Brain and metabolic perspectives ...................................... 274  IS-BN05 Neuroscience of imitation and observational learning......................................................................................................................... 275  IS-SH06 Migration and Ethnicity in Physical Activity and Sport .............................................................................................................................277  OP-BN09 Vibration and Injury .................................................................................................................................................................................277  OP-PM16 Training and Testing: Individual Sports................................................................................................................................................. 279  OP-PM24 Nutrition: Protein...................................................................................................................................................................................... 281  OP-PM33 Physical Activity and Health 2 ............................................................................................................................................................... 284  OP-PM46 Physiology: Respiratory / Hypoxia........................................................................................................................................................ 286  OP-SH06 Statistics and Coaching .......................................................................................................................................................................... 288  OP-SH08 Sport Psychology 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 291  10:15 - 11:45...................................................................................................................................................................................293  OP-PM42 Muscle: Damage and Recovery ........................................................................................................................................................... 293  OP-PM25 Nutrition: Supplementation ................................................................................................................................................................... 295  OP-PM17 Training and Testing: Performance Testing .......................................................................................................................................... 297  OP-PM19 Cardiovascular: Stem Cells .................................................................................................................................................................... 299 

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OP-BN11 EMG ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 301  OP-BN12 Balance and Stability 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................... 303  OP-BN06 Motor Learning 2 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 305  IS-SH07 Novel Modalities for Increasing Adherence to PA in Children: Exergaming ....................................................................................... 307  IS-BN06 Intrinsic high and low running capacity: Models for health and disease ........................................................................................... 308  IS-PM09 Exercise and Energy Balance in Cancer Risk and Treatment .............................................................................................................. 309  12:00 - 13:15 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 310  PS-PL03 NEW HORIZONS: For (Para)Olympism in 2012 and Beyond ................................................................................................................... 310  14:00 - 15:00 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 311  PP-TH01 Cycling Physiology ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 311  PP-SH14 Physical Education 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 315  PP-SH15 Sport Statistics: Performance Analysis.................................................................................................................................................... 320  PP-BN08 Motor Learning 2 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 325  PP-BN09 Coaching: Monitoring and Preparation for Sport ................................................................................................................................. 329  PP-BN10 Biomechanics: Balance and Coordination ............................................................................................................................................ 333  PP-BN11 Biomechanics: Lower Limb/Foot ............................................................................................................................................................. 337  PP-PM39 Training and Testing: Sports Performance 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 340  PP-PM40 Sports Nutrition: Supplements 3 ............................................................................................................................................................ 345  PP-PM41 Biochemistry 2 ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 347  PP-PM42 Genetics .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 351  PP-PM43 Training and Testing: Maximal Exercise 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 355  PP-PM44 Physiology: Cardiac Structure and Function ......................................................................................................................................... 359  PP-PM45 Physiology: Repeat Sprints ..................................................................................................................................................................... 363  PP-PM46 Physiology: Muscle Physiology 1 ........................................................................................................................................................... 367  PP-PM47 Physiology: Exercise Training 1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 370  PP-PM48 Rehabilitation 1 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 373  PP-PM49 Children and Physical Activity 2 ............................................................................................................................................................. 378  PP-PM50 Training and Testing: Jumping Performance ....................................................................................................................................... 382  PP-PM51 Body Composition ................................................................................................................................................................................... 387  15:00 - 16:00 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 389  PP-PM52 Biochemistry 3......................................................................................................................................................................................... 389  PP-PM53 Sports Nutrition: Supplements 4 ............................................................................................................................................................ 392  PP-PM54 Physiology: Signalling and Gene Testing ............................................................................................................................................. 396  PP-PM55 Rehabilitation 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 400  PP-PM56 Soccer 4 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 404  PP-PM57 Training and Testing: Maximal Exercise 2............................................................................................................................................ 408  PP-PM58 Training and Testing: Sports Performance 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 412  PP-PM59 Children and Physical Activity 3 .............................................................................................................................................................. 415  PP-PM60 Physiology: Muscle Physiology 2 ........................................................................................................................................................... 419  PP-PM61 Physiology: Power ................................................................................................................................................................................... 423  PP-PM62 Physiology: Exercise Training 2 ............................................................................................................................................................. 428  PP-PM63 Physiology: Vascular ............................................................................................................................................................................... 431  PP-PM64 Physiology: Altitude and Hypoxia 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 436  PP-PM65 Physiology: Jumping Performance ....................................................................................................................................................... 438 

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PP-PM66 Diet and Health ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 442  PP-PM67 Cardiovascular Health 2 ........................................................................................................................................................................ 445  PP-BN12 Biomechanics: Kinematics ...................................................................................................................................................................... 449  PP-BN13 Biomechanics: Electrical Stimulation/EMG ............................................................................................................................................ 454  PP-BN14 Motor Learning 3...................................................................................................................................................................................... 458  PP-SH16 Skill and Cognition .................................................................................................................................................................................... 462  16:15 - 17:45 ................................................................................................................................................................................. 465  IS-PM10 Cellular and Molecular Responses to High Intensity Training .............................................................................................................. 465  IS-SH08 Identity, Culture, Performance and Professional Sport .......................................................................................................................... 466  OP-BN08 Biomechanics in Children and Women................................................................................................................................................ 467  OP-PM20 Cardiovascular: Blood Pressure and Flow .......................................................................................................................................... 469  IS-BN01 Motor Control - From Basics to Applications ........................................................................................................................................... 471  OP-PM29 Stress, Damage, Inflammation 2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 473  OP-PM34 Physical Activity and Health 3 ............................................................................................................................................................... 475  OP-PM37 Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation 2 ...................................................................................................................................................477  OP-PM43 Muscle and Strength Training ............................................................................................................................................................... 479  OP-PM47 Physiology: Brain and Central Fatigue .................................................................................................................................................. 481  18:00 - 19:30 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 484  OP-PM44 Muscle Activity 1 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 484  OP-SH09 Sport Management ................................................................................................................................................................................ 486  OP-SH07 Athlete and Coach Psychology .............................................................................................................................................................. 488  OP-PM38 Vibration.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 490  OP-PM35 Physical Activity Ageing ......................................................................................................................................................................... 493  OP-PM26 Molecular 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 495  OP-PM21 Cardiovascular: Disease ........................................................................................................................................................................ 497  OP-PM18 Training and Testing: Performance....................................................................................................................................................... 499  IS-BN07 Soccer Footwear and Surface: Performance and Injury ......................................................................................................................... 501  IS-PM11 ACSM Exchange symposium: Sports Specialization in Children, When Do We Start? ........................................................................ 502 

SATURDAY, JULY 9TH, 2011 ................................................................................................................. 504  08:30 - 10:00 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 504  IS-PM12 Respiratory Limitations to Exercise .......................................................................................................................................................... 504  IS-PM13 Optimising Recovery in Sports (sponsored by Nestle) ........................................................................................................................... 505  IS-BN08 Neuro-muscluar system and tendons across the lifespan .................................................................................................................. 506  IS-BN09 Evidence-based Sports Physiotherapy ................................................................................................................................................... 507  IS-SH09 Football as an Agent of Social Change ................................................................................................................................................... 508  IS-SH10 Education, Policy and Provider Networks for Physical Activity ............................................................................................................... 509  OP-BN07 Sports Biomechanics 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................ 510  OP-PM22 Cardiovascular: Cardiovascular Training ............................................................................................................................................. 512  OP-PM27 Molecular 2 .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 514  OP-PM53 Muscle Physiology .................................................................................................................................................................................. 516  10:15 - 11:45................................................................................................................................................................................... 517  IS-BN03 Musculoskeletal Modelling for Assessing Loading and Risk of Injury .................................................................................................. 517 

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OP-PM30 Stress, Damage, Inflammation 3 ........................................................................................................................................................... 519  OP-PM39 Balance .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 521  OP-PM45 Muscle Activity 2 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 523  OP-PM23 Cardiovascular: Heart Rate Dynamics ................................................................................................................................................. 526  OP-BN10 Biomechanics Methods .......................................................................................................................................................................... 528  IS-SH11 Emotion in Sport .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 530  IS-BN10 Biomechanics of Non-steady state Locomotion ...................................................................................................................................... 531  IS-PM15 Stem Cells and Tissue Regeneration in Muscle Physiology and Disease ........................................................................................... 533  IS-SH01 Managing Talent in Professional Sport .................................................................................................................................................... 534  12:00 - 13:15 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 535  PS-PL04 NEW HORIZONS: In the Integration of Science and Football (Dedicated to Prof. Tom Reilly) ............................................................. 535  14:00 - 15:00 ................................................................................................................................................................................ 535  PP-SH17 Physical Activity & Health in Special Populations .................................................................................................................................. 535  PP-SH18 Sociology of Sport ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 539  PP-SH19 Sports Management 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 543  PP-TH02 Altitude Hypoxia 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 545  PP-BN15 Performance and Coaching Analysis .................................................................................................................................................... 548  PP-BN16 Sports Biomechanics 3 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 551  PP-BN17 Biomechanics: Muscle Properties .......................................................................................................................................................... 555  PP-PM68 Sports Nutrition: Supplements 5 ............................................................................................................................................................ 559  PP-PM69 Physiology: Inflammation/Redox .......................................................................................................................................................... 563  PP-PM70 Training and Testing: Lactate/Anaerobic ............................................................................................................................................. 567  PP-PM71 Soccer 5 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 571  PP-PM72 Swimming Related Activity ..................................................................................................................................................................... 575  PP-PM73 Artistic and Martial Sports ...................................................................................................................................................................... 578  PP-PM74 Physiology: High Intensity Training ........................................................................................................................................................ 582  PP-PM75 Physiology: Acute Exercise Response ................................................................................................................................................... 585  PP-PM76 Sports Medicine: Injury ........................................................................................................................................................................... 589  PP-PM77 Anthropometry 2 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 593  PP-PM78 Exercise in Disease and Ageing ............................................................................................................................................................ 597  PP-PM79 Sports Nutrition: CHO ............................................................................................................................................................................... 601  PP-PM80 Physical Activity and Interventions ........................................................................................................................................................ 606  15:00 - 16:00 ............................................................................................................................................................................... 609  PP-SH01 Physical Education: Movement Skills ...................................................................................................................................................... 609  PP-SH02 Exercise Psychology ................................................................................................................................................................................. 613  PP-SH03 Notational and Performance Analysis ................................................................................................................................................... 615  PP-SH04 Doping ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 618  PP-SH05 Sports Management 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 620  PP-PM07 Physiology: Immunology 1...................................................................................................................................................................... 622  PP-PM08 Training and Testing: Strength and Flexibility....................................................................................................................................... 624  PP-PM09 Training and Testing: Methods ............................................................................................................................................................. 628  PP-PM10 Soccer 1 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 631  PP-PM11 Physiology: Cardiovascular ..................................................................................................................................................................... 635  PP-PM12 Vibration Training .................................................................................................................................................................................... 638 

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PP-PM14 Physiology: Performance in Sport .......................................................................................................................................................... 642  PP-PM15 Physiology: Bone and Muscle ................................................................................................................................................................ 646  PP-PM16 Physiology: Respiratory ............................................................................................................................................................................ 651  PP-PM17 Physiology: Circadian/Precooling .......................................................................................................................................................... 654  PP-PM18 Physical Activity: Methods ....................................................................................................................................................................... 658  PP-PM19 Sports Nutrition: Supplements 2............................................................................................................................................................. 662  PP-BN05 Biomechanics: Methodologies .............................................................................................................................................................. 666 

AUTHORS INDEX .................................................................................................................................. 672 

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Wednesday, July 6th, 2011 15:00 - 16:30 Invited symposia IS-PM01 Sports Nutrition Symposium (sponsored by GSK) BEFORE: NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN PRE-EXERCISE NUTRITION WALLIS, G. GLAXOSMITHKLINE For many years athletes have been recommended to follow a diet that provides sufficient energy and is relatively high in carbohydrate in order to meet the demands of training and competition. The emphasis on carbohydrate reflects its critical role as the major fuel source for exercise. Nonetheless, in the context of training, scientists have started to explore roles for carbohydrate beyond simply meeting energy and fuel requirements. Specifically, carbohydrate availability has been manipulated during training as a means to enhance training adaptation. By using diet and exercise interventions to either reduce or increase carbohydrate availability during training it has been possible to induce favourable metabolic adaptations in previously well-trained individuals. It will however be important to understand the long-term consequences for performance (and health) if such practices are to be recommended to competitive sports participants. In terms of competition, it is important that interventions can be shown to be truly beneficial for real-world performance. Recently, we completed a large-scale study to establish the extent to which selected anthropometric and nutritional factors influence field-based marathon running performance. Using multivariate statistical methods it was identified that in addition to gender, body size and training, pre-race carbohydrate intake can significantly and independently influence marathon running performance. Therefore, recent developments are revealing potential additional benefits of manipulating dietary carbohydrate to enhance training adaptations along with providing new perspectives into the real value of pre-competition carbohydrate intake.

CARBOHYDRATE FEEDING DURING EXERCISE - NEW GUIDELINES BASED ON THE LATEST RESEARCH JEUKENDRUP, A. UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM Carbohydrate feeding during exercise has been shown to enhance endurance performance. During exercise of 2 hours or more, the delivery of carbohydrates to the muscle is a crucial step and appears to be limited by intestinal absorption. This can, at least partly, be overcome by making use of multiple transportable carbohydrates (for example glucose and fructose). Ingestion of these carbohydrates may result in higher intestinal absorption rates, has been shown to result in higher exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates and better endurance performance. Multiple transportable carbohydrates can also help fluid absorption and have the potential to reduce gastrointestinal discomfort. In addition it seems possible to increase the absorptive capacity of the intestine by adapting to a high carbohydrate diet. During shorter higher intensity exercise of approximately 1 h duration carbohydrate also aopears to improve performance but does this through a completely different mechanisms. Even a mouth rinse with a carbohydrate solution can improve performance suggesting central rather then metabolic effects of carbohydrate. The optimal carbohydrate feeding strategy depends on the duration and intensity of exercise. The current knowledge allows for more detailed guidelines to enhance the delivery of carbohydrates and ultimately improve endurance performance. This presentation will present a series of new guidelines for carbohydrate intake during endurance exercise.

AFTER: HOW CAN PROTEIN HELP MUSCLE RECOVERY? VAN LOON, L. MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTRE Intact protein, protein hydrolysates, and free amino acids are popular ingredients in contemporary sports nutrition, and are suggested to augment post-exercise recovery. Co-ingestion of protein and/or amino acids with carbohydrate can accelerate muscle glycogen repletion during recovery from exhaustive exercise. However, such an effect is only observed when suboptimal amounts of carbohydrate (1.2 g/kg/h) it may be more practical to stimulate skeletal muscle glucose uptake by co-ingesting an insulinotropic amino acid/protein mixture. Furthermore, protein and/or amino acid ingestion stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis, inhibits protein breakdown and, as such, stimulates muscle protein accretion during and after resistance or endurance type exercise. This has been suggested to lead to a greater skeletal muscle adaptive response to each successive exercise bout, resulting in more effective muscle reconditioning. Despite limited evidence, some basic guidelines can be defined regarding the preferred type and amount of dietary protein and the timing of protein ingestion to allow optimal post-exercise muscle reconditioning. So far, whey protein seems most effective in stimulating muscle protein synthesis during acute post-exercise recovery. This is likely attributed to its rapid digestion and absorption kinetics as well as its specific amino acid composition. Ingestion of approximately 20 g protein during and/or immediately after exercise is sufficient to maximize post-exercise muscle protein synthesis rates. Co-ingestion of a large amount of carbohydrate or additional free leucine is not warranted to further augment post-exercise muscle protein synthesis when ample protein is already ingested. Future research should focus on the relevance of the acute anabolic response following exercise to optimize the skeletal muscle adaptive response to more prolonged exercise training.

IS-PM02 Eccentric Training and Exercise in Sport

Invited symposia IS-PM02 Eccentric Training and Exercise in Sport STRUCTURAL AND MOLECULAR DAMAGE WITH ECCENTRIC EXERCISE RAASTAD, T., PAULSEN, G., OWE, S.G., LAURITZEN, F., HALLEN, J. NORWEGIAN SCHOOL OF SPORT SCIENCES Eccentric exercise has been used as a model to study exercise induced muscle damage for more than four decades (1). Generally, the higher potential for tension development combined with tension at long sarcomere lengths make muscle structures more susceptible for mechanical tearing during eccentric actions than during concentric muscle actions. The degree of damage induced by different eccentric exercise protocols varies with the tension developed, range of motion, exercise volume, speed of elongation and the training status of the muscle. The etiology of eccentric exercise induced muscle damage is not fully understood, but it is believed that the initial step is a mechanical tearing of myofibrillar, cytoskeletal and membrane structures. The initial structural damage can thereafter activate proteases like the calpain system and other protein degradation systems (2). Furthermore, in cases of severe damage an inflammatory response with accumulation of leukocytes is initiated and develops the following days (3). The degree of damage might vary from only minor myofibrillar disruptions to severe cell damage causing segmental fiber necrosis (2, 4). Consequently, the recovery of muscle function may vary from a couple of days to several weeks depending on the degree of damage induced by the exercise protocol (2, 4). At the ultrastructural level myofibrillar disruptions are observed as disorganization of myofilaments and loss of Z-disks (2, 4). A close relation between reduction in force-generating capacity and number of fibers with myofibrillar disruptions, especially the days after exercise, indicates that the structural disruptions directly affects the force-generating capacity of the muscle. After moderate myofibrillar disruptions it seems like sarcomere structure and muscle function can be regained within a week, however, if segmental necrosis takes place, the regeneration process may take more than 1-2 months (2, 4). The remodeling process after moderate myofibrillar disruptions involves exchange of myofilaments and intermediate filaments (5), whereas the remodeling process after segmental necrosis involves leukocyte accumulation and later regeneration of fiber segments through satellite cell fusion into connecting myotubes (6). Serial addition of new sarcomeres has been indicated as part of the remodeling process and suggested as one possible mechanism behind the repeated bout effect observed after the first bout of eccentric exercise. A heat shock protein response is also a part of the remodeling process and may also contribute to strengthen myofibrillar structures after the first bout (7). 1 Friden et al. Experientia 37 (5):506-507, 1981. 2 Raastad et al. Med Sci.Sports Exerc. 42 (1):8695, 2010. 3 Paulsen et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 42 (1):75-85, 2010. 4 Lauritzen et al. J Appl Physiol 107 (6):1923-1934, 2009. 5 Yu et al. Histochem.Cell Biol. 119 (5):383-393, 2003. 6 Paulsen et al. Scand J Med Sci Sports 20 (1):e195-e207, 2010. 7 Paulsen et al. J Appl Physiol 107 (2):570-582, 2009.

ECCENTRIC EXERCISE TRAINING IN ELITE SKIING VOGT, M. UNIVERSITY OF BERN Introduction: Competitive alpine skiing is very different compared to recreational skiing and other sports. Heart rate and blood lactate measurements during competition show that physical demand during these 45 to 120 seconds tasks is maximal and that the values can even exceed the maximal values measured during appropriate lab performance testing. Moreover, the load on skeletal muscles during competitive alpine skiing is very high. Compared to other competitive sports, muscle recruitment pattern during alpine skiing is special and characterized by a preponderance of eccentric over concentric activity. Methods: In the course of the optimization of training methods which account for high demands on energy turnover and strength during elite alpine skiing, we constructed an eccentric ergometer. The device is software controlled, can deliver a maximum of 5’000 W of power during cyclic exercise, uses a biofeedback system to adjust training loads and allows for quantitative assessment of required vs. applied power (coordination). We have used the eccentric ergometer in various training settings with patients as well as with junior and elite alpine skiers and selected other athletes. In addition to conventional strength training, elite alpine skiers trained on the eccentric ergometer ones or twice per week during their summer preparation period. A typical training session consisted of four 4- to 5-minutes intervals. Results: The summary of selected results from different training groups indicate that maximal isometric strength, jump heights and performance in counter movement jumps can further be increased in elite skiers within six to eight weeks of eccentric exercise training. Without getting muscle soreness elite slalom skiers were able to increase their eccentric training load by over 100% within only 5 exercise sessions. Athletes were able to massively improve coordination of eccentric force development. For slalom skiers we have some indication that the quality of eccentric force development is best in those athletes with the best world rank position. Discussion: Our results indicate that cyclic eccentric exercise further improves maximal and explosive strength and the quality of (eccentric) force development in junior and elite alpine skiers. The mode of muscle action during alpine skiing requires high power generating and stabilizing leg and trunk muscles as well as well developed coordination for eccentric muscle activity. Cyclic eccentric training therefore appears to be a supporting approach to optimize performance and prevent injury in elite alpine skiing. REFERENCES Berg HE, Eiken O. Muscle control in elite alpine skiing. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 31(7):1065-7, 1999. Gross M, Luethy F, Kroell J, Mueller E, Hoppeler H, Vogt M, Effects of Eccentric Cycle Ergometry in Alpine Skiers, Int J Sports Med 31, 2010. Vogt M, Däpp Ch, Blatter J, Weisskopf R, Sutter G, Hoppeler H. Training zur Optimierung der Dosierung exzentrischer Muskelaktivität. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin 51(4), 2003.

ECCENTRIC EXERCISE TRAINING AS A NOVEL REHABILITATION MODALITY MARCUS, R.L., DIBBLE L.E., LASTAYO, P.C. UNIVERSITY OF UTAH Overcoming muscular impairments is often one of the primary objectives of rehabilitation following injury or disease. More specifically, the recovery of muscle size, strength, power and mobility are critical goals of rehabilitation. At the very least, rehabilitation professionals seek to minimize these muscle impairments in those where deterioration is inevitable. While eccentric training models have historically been employed to induce muscle damage or improve sport performance, chronic exposure to eccentric muscle contraction is increasingly being employed to overcome muscle impairments in patient populations. Because much greater force (2 to 3 times greater) can be produced eccentrically than either isometrically or concentrically, eccentric training has the capability of “overloading” muscle to a greater extent and enhancing muscle mass, strength and power than concentric exercise. Importantly, these benefits of eccentric training are

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16 ANNUAL CONGRESS OF THE EUROPEAN COLLEGE OF SPORT SCIENCE TH

Wednesday, July 6th, 2011

15:00 - 16:30

achievable with a minimal energetic/exertion cost, making eccentric training ideally suited for patients who are often exercise-intolerant. Our research has focused on the application of eccentric exercise training in adults who suffer from muscle loss and its clinical consequences, including those: recovering from total knee arthroplasty and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; living with diabetes, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis; survivors of stroke and cancer; and those who are frail and at high fall risk. This symposium will present data from our laboratory and from the literature that illustrates both the application and impact of eccentric training to mitigate loss of muscle, muscle fatty infiltration and the functional sequelae adversely affecting needy populations, in a rehabilitation setting. References: LaStayo PC, Ewy GA, Pierotti DD, Johns RK, Lindstedt S. (2003) J of Gerontology 58A, 419-424 LaStayo PC, Woolf JM, Lewek MD, Snyder-Mackler L, Reich T, Lindstedt SL. (2003) JOSPT 33, 557-571. Dibble LE, Hale T, Marcus RL, Droge J, Gerber JP, LaStayo PC (2006) Movement Disorders 21, 1444-1452. Gerber JP, Marcus RL, Dibble LE, LaStayo PC (2009) Sports Health 1, 31-38. Marcus RL, Smith S, Morrell G, Addison O, Dibble LE, Wahoff-Stice D, LaStayo PC. (2008) Phys Ther 88, 1345-1354. LaStayo PC, Meier W, Marcus RL, Mizner R, Dibble L, Peters C. (2009) Clin Orthop Relat Res 467, 1493-1500. Mueller M, Breil FA, Vogt M, Steiner R, Lippuner K, Klosner S, Hoppeler H, Dapp C. (2009) Eur J Appl Physiol 107, 145-53. Marcus RL, Addison O, Kidde JP, Dibble LE, LaStayo PC. (2010) J Nutr Health Aging 14, 362-366. LaStayo PC, Larsen S, Smith S, Dibble L, Marcus RL. (2010) J of Geri Phys Ther, 33, 135-140. Marcus R, Yoshida Y, Meier W, Peters CL, LaStayo PC. (2011) Arthritis, in press. LaStayo P, Marcus R, Dibble L, Smith S, Beck S. BMC Geri, 11, 5. Mueller M, Breil FA, Lurman G, Klossner S, Fluck M, Billeter R, Dapp C, Hoppeler H. (2011) Gerontology (online).

Invited symposia IS-PM03 Cardiovascular Imaging in Sport Science: What does the future hold? EXERCISE AS VASCULAR MEDICINE: ULTRASOUND INSIGHTS IN EXERCISE AND HEALTH GREEN, D. LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY In this symposium I will briefly present a history of the study of the circulation, from Harvey’s proofs, through the era of plethysmography, to sophisticated contemporary imaging approaches. Conceptually, I will develop an argument that much of the beneficial impact of exercise, in terms of cardiovascular (CV) risk, may relate to direct haemodynamic effects of episodic exercise bouts on the vasculature rather than modulation of traditional CV risk factors, as has been previously thought. Evidence will be presented which illustrates the impact of forces such as vascular shear stress and transmural wall pressure on adaptations in the function and structure of the arterial tree, at conduit, resistance and microvascular levels. The possibility of both anti- and pro-atherosclerotic effects of exercise will be raised. New studies, which follow on from the seminal work of Folkow pertaining to the vascular implications of the Law of LaPlace, will also be presented. The concept that exercise training regimes might be devised around optimising haemodynamic signals will be explored. Finally, I will present some ideas about the future directions of in vivo human vascular research, particularly the way in which new technological advances may lead our future understanding of the integrative responses to exercise and adaptations to physical activity and exercise training.

CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN ATHLETES SCHARHAG, J. UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is considered as the most exact diagnostic tool to examine the heart non-invasively, and allows detailed analyses of cardiac structures and functions in physiological and pathophysiological altered hearts. Therefore, CMR is considered as the non-invasive gold standard to examine the heart. On the other hand, compared to echocardiography, CMR is more time consuming and expensive, and therefore, less data are available in athletes than for echocardiography. Nevertheless, within the last decade a considerable number of CMR studies has been performed by different scientific groups and examined the heart in athletes. Due to different techniques and different study populations, which usually are small, in some aspects different results have lead to different interpretations of cardiac adaptations in the athlete’s heart. Whereas adaptive changes in the athlete’s left ventricle have been described more or less uniform in endurance athletes presenting an eccentric hypertrophy, only little data are available for strength trained athletes. Based on an own study, anabolic free strength trained athletes only presented a very moderate eccentric, but not concentric, left ventricular hypertrophy when related to the lean body mass and compared to sedentary controls matched for body dimensions. For right ventricular changes in athletes, still only a little number of studies exists. In endurance athletes most study groups report a harmonic eccentric hypertrophy of the left and the right ventricle. Nevertheless, some reports on right ventricular pathologies detected in endurance athletes, which are thought to be induced by repetitive excessive endurance exercise over years, warrant further (multi-centre) studies with higher numbers of athletes and similar CMR techniques to examine this possible maladaptation in the future. Another advantage of CMR is its high sensitivity to detect cardiac abnormalities and pathologies. By the use of special CMR sequences and contrast media, acute myocardial oedema during and chronic scars after myocarditis or myocardial infarction can be detected. In addition, mild maladaptive changes or pathologies can be detected earlier by CMR than by echocardiography, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (especially in the apical region), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) or left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC). Furthermore, it may be possible in the future to allow a better risk stratification for adverse cardiac events or sudden cardiac death in athletes if the above mentioned pathologies are examined systematically in athletes by cMRI. The lecture will give an overview on the present results of CMR studies in athletes and perspectives on future studies.

STRAIN AND TORSION MECHANICS BY ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY DURING ACUTE EXERCISE AND IN RESPONSE TO ENDURANCE TRAINING. OBERT, P. UNIVERSITY OF AVIGNON During the cardiac cycle, the myocardium deforms in longitudinal (L), circumferential (C) and radial (R) planes. As a result of obliquely orientated fibers, the left ventricle (LV) twists along its longitudinal axis during systole and rapidly untwists during early diastole. The latter (consequence of both active relaxation and elastic recoil) promotes LV “suction” and filling by increasing intraventricular (base to apex)

LIVERPOOL/ UNITED KINGOM, 6-9 JULY 2011

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OP-BN05 Fatigue and atrio-ventricular gradients. Evaluation of myocardial deformation and torsion by echocardiography (speckle tracking imaging, STI) has been validated against MRI. STI provides sensitive indexes of myocardial relaxation and contractility, relatively independent of loading conditions. Notomi first demonstrated in the transition from rest to exercise an increase in LV torsion (LVT) and untwist rate during early diastole. During a triangular exercise, we reported that L strain rapidly plateaued while LVT and C strain gradually increased. Both studies underlined the key role of untwisting in LV filling. No L strain changes were documented in response to handgrip stress (Stefani et al 2007), demonstrating that certain conditions (eg hemodynamic load, β-adrenergic stimulus,..) have to be fulfilled. Based on conventional echo, previous studies reported « supernormal » LV function in endurance athletes. Whether strain and torsional mechanics change in response to endurance training remains poorly understood. Recent data (Nottin et al. 2008) demonstrated at rest similar LV L, C and R strain/strain rate but reduced LVT in competitive cyclists compared to sedentary controls. Similar results regarding LV torsional dynamics have been obtained by Zocalo et al (2007) in professional soccer players. These results were related to the pronounced resting bradycardia (and probably lower sympathetic drive) and might be indicative of « supernormal functional reserve » in the training state. Very recent findings from our group (unpublished data) have confirmed this hypothesis, as greater LVT reserve (enhanced apical rotations) during effort was demonstrated in trained cyclists. Normal resting LV L, C and R strain/strain rate have also been established in endurance athletes (Teske et al 2010, Galderisi et al 2010). Of note, different strain and torsional profiles at rest have been documented by others. Compared to sedentary controls, Richand et al (2007) reported similar C and R but reduced L strain in soccer players while Simsek et al (2010) demonstrated greater L strain in highly-trained aerobic/anaerobic athletes. Galderisi et al (2010) showed similar LVT in top-level rowers and controls, despite significant bradycardia in the athletes. Finally, recent findings from Weiner et al (2010) highlighted enhanced twist (improved apical rotation)/untwist rate in recreational rowers after an endurance training program. Differences in training state (quantity, quality, and length), methods (STI vs TDI-derived strain, cross-sectional vs longitudinal) might explain these controversial data and further studies will be required.

Oral presentations OP-BN05 Fatigue INTERPOLATED TWITCH TECHNIQUE: INTERESTING TECHNIQUE DURING FATIGUE EXERCISE? MATKOWSKI, B.1, PLACE, N.2, LEPERS, R.1, WESTERBLAD, H.3, MARTIN, A.1 1: UNIVERSITÉ DE BOURGOGNE (DIJON, FRANCE), 2: UNIVERSITÉ DE GENÈVE (GENÈVE, SWITZERLAND), 3: KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET (STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN) Introduction Muscle fatigue results from an intense and/or prolonged exercise and progressively leads to a reduction in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force (Gandevia, 2001). This reduction in MVC force is transient and can be assigned to central and/or peripheral mechanisms. To assess the amount of central fatigue, the interpolated twitch technique (ITT) is commonly used. However, the validity of this technique is discussed in the literature (e.g. Horstman, 2009; Enoka, 2009) and recently Place et al. (2008) demonstrated with mouse intact single fibres that the ITT takes into account peripheral properties of fatigue. The present study was designed to assess the effect of fatigue on the interpolated twitch amplitude applied on repeated tetanic stimulation induced by electromyostimulation (EMS) in human quadriceps muscle. Methods Experiments were performed on 9 healthy men. Twitch was evoked on (superimposed twitch) and after (potentiated twitch) each of the 15 repeated tetanic stimulations (6s on - 6s off), performed in isometric condition with a knee angle of 90°. The intensity used for the EMS-induced contractions was set to 20% of MVC and kept constant for the 15 contractions. MVC have been performed before and after the EMS-induced contractions. Twitches amplitudes (superimposed and potentiated ones) and EMS-induced torque were recorded. Results The repeated tetanic contractions induced by EMS resulted in a decreased of MVC torque (-14.1 ± 6.9%; P