Biopsychology 9780134203690, 1292158476, 9781292158471, 1931931941, 0134203690

Table of contents :
Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Brief Contents......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 17
About the Authors......Page 23
1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience: What Is Biopsychology, Anyway?......Page 26
Clinical Implications......Page 28
How Is Biopsychology Related to the Other Disciplines of Neuroscience?......Page 29
Human and Nonhuman Subjects......Page 30
Experiments......Page 31
Pure and Applied Research......Page 33
What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology?......Page 34
The Case of Mr. R., the Brain-damaged Student Who Switched to Architecture......Page 35
Cognitive Neuroscience......Page 36
Comparative Psychology......Page 37
Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Work Together?......Page 38
Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain?......Page 39
Case 1: José and the Bull......Page 41
Case 2: Becky, Moniz, and the Prefrontal Lobotomy......Page 42
Themes Revisited......Page 43
Key Terms......Page 44
2 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience: Thinking About the Biology of Behavior......Page 45
Is It Physiological, or Is It Psychological?......Page 46
Physiological-or-Psychological Thinking Runs into Difficulty......Page 47
Case of the Chimps with Mirrors......Page 48
The Case of the Thinking Student......Page 49
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution......Page 50
Social Dominance......Page 51
Course of Human Evolution......Page 52
Evolution of Mammals......Page 53
Emergence of Humankind......Page 54
Thinking about Human Evolution......Page 55
Evolution of the Human Brain......Page 57
Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Mate Bonding......Page 58
Monogamy......Page 59
Thinking About Evolutionary Psychology......Page 60
Reproduction and Recombination......Page 61
Structure and Replication......Page 62
Genetic Code and Gene Expression......Page 64
Human Genome Project......Page 65
Modern Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics......Page 66
Selective Breeding of “Maze-Bright” and “Maze-Dull” Rats......Page 69
Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder......Page 70
Development of Birdsong......Page 71
Genetics of Human Psychological Differences......Page 72
Heritability Estimates: Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart......Page 73
Twin Studies of Epigenetic Effects......Page 74
Themes Revisited......Page 75
Key Terms......Page 76
3 Anatomy of the Nervous System: Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System......Page 77
Divisions of the Nervous System......Page 78
Meninges......Page 79
Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 80
Blood–brain Barrier......Page 81
Neuron Cell Membrane......Page 82
Classes of Neurons......Page 83
Glia: The Forgotten Cells......Page 85
Golgi Stain......Page 87
Electron Microscopy......Page 88
Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System......Page 89
Five Major Divisions of the Brain......Page 91
Metencephalon......Page 92
Mesencephalon......Page 93
Diencephalon......Page 94
Cerebral Cortex......Page 95
Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia......Page 97
Key Terms......Page 101
4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission: How Neurons Send and Receive Signals......Page 102
The Lizard, a Case of Parkinson’s Disease......Page 103
Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential......Page 104
Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials......Page 105
Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation of Action Potentials......Page 106
Refractory Periods......Page 109
Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials......Page 110
Conduction in Myelinated Axons......Page 111
Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals Among Neurons......Page 112
Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules......Page 113
Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter Molecules......Page 115
Glia, Gap Junctions, and Synaptic Transmission......Page 117
Overview of the Neurotransmitter Classes......Page 119
Monoamine Neurotransmitters......Page 120
Neuropeptides......Page 121
Wrinkles and Darts: Discovery of Receptor Subtypes.......Page 122
Pleasure and Pain: Discovery of Endogenous Opioids......Page 124
Tremors and Mental Illness: Discovery of Antischizophrenic Drugs......Page 125
Key Terms......Page 126
5 The Research Methods of Biopsychology: Understanding What Biopsychologists Do......Page 127
X-Ray-Based Techniques......Page 129
Computed Tomography......Page 130
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 131
Functional MRI......Page 132
Transcranial Stimulation......Page 133
Scalp Electroencephalography......Page 134
Eye Movement......Page 136
Stereotaxic Surgery......Page 137
Reversible Lesions......Page 138
Extracellular Unit Recording......Page 139
Pharmacological Research Methods......Page 140
Immunocytochemistry......Page 141
In Situ Hybridization......Page 142
Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow......Page 143
Part Two Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology......Page 145
The Customized-Test-Battery Approach......Page 146
Memory......Page 147
Memory......Page 148
Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience......Page 149
Mean Difference Images......Page 150
Open-Field Test......Page 151
Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms......Page 152
Morris Water Maze......Page 153
Conditioned Defensive Burying......Page 154
Key Terms......Page 155
6 The Visual System: How We See......Page 157
The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions and the Astronomer......Page 159
Pupil and Lens......Page 160
Eye Position and Binocular Disparity......Page 161
Structure of the Retina......Page 163
Cone and Rod Vision......Page 164
Spectral Sensitivity......Page 166
Eye Movement......Page 167
Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals......Page 168
Retina-Geniculate-Striate System......Page 169
The M and P Channels......Page 170
Lateral Inhibition and Contrast Enhancement......Page 171
Receptive Fields: Neurons of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System......Page 173
Complex Cortical Cells......Page 175
The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited......Page 176
Component and Opponent Processing......Page 177
Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory......Page 179
Three Different Classes of Visual Cortex......Page 181
The Case of the Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Disappear......Page 182
Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Visual Cortex......Page 183
Dorsal and Ventral Streams......Page 184
The Case of D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects She Did Not Consciously See......Page 185
Prosopagnosia......Page 186
Can Prosopagnosics Perceive Faces in the Absence of Conscious Awareness?......Page 187
Conclusion......Page 188
Key Terms......Page 189
7 Mechanisms of Perception: Hearing, Touch, Smell, Taste, and Attention: How You Know the World......Page 190
Hierarchical Organization......Page 192
Summary Model of Sensory System Organization......Page 193
Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound......Page 194
The Ear......Page 195
Subcortical Mechanisms of Sound Localization......Page 197
Two Streams of Auditory Cortex......Page 198
Auditory Cortex Damage......Page 199
Deafness in Humans......Page 200
Cutaneous Receptors......Page 201
Two Major Somatosensory Pathways......Page 202
Cortical Areas of Somatosensation......Page 203
Effects of Damage to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex......Page 205
Rubber-Hand Illusion......Page 206
The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain......Page 207
Descending Pain Control......Page 208
Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste......Page 209
Olfactory System......Page 210
Gustatory System......Page 212
Broad Tuning Versus Narrow Tuning......Page 213
Characteristics of Selective Attention......Page 214
Neural Mechanisms of Attention......Page 215
Key Terms......Page 217
8 The Sensorimotor System: How You Move......Page 219
The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized......Page 221
General Model of Sensorimotor System Function......Page 222
Posterior Parietal Association Cortex......Page 223
The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned in Circles......Page 224
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex......Page 225
Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex......Page 226
Mirror Neurons......Page 227
Conventional View of Primary Motor Cortex Function......Page 228
Current View of Primary Motor Cortex Function......Page 229
Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia......Page 230
Basal Ganglia......Page 231
Ventromedial Corticospinal Tract and Ventromedial Cortico-brainstem-spinal Tract......Page 232
Comparison of the Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways......Page 233
Muscles......Page 235
Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles......Page 236
Stretch Reflex......Page 237
Reciprocal Innervation......Page 238
Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex......Page 239
Sensory Information That Controls Central Sensorimotor Programs Is Not Necessarily Conscious......Page 241
Practice Can Create Central Sensorimotor Programs......Page 242
Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning......Page 243
Key Terms......Page 244
9 Development of the Nervous System: From Fertilized Egg to You......Page 246
The Case of Genie......Page 247
Induction of the Neural Plate......Page 248
Migration......Page 249
Axon Growth......Page 251
Synapse Formation......Page 253
Neuron Death......Page 254
Postnatal Cerebral Development in Human Infants......Page 255
Development of the Prefrontal Cortex......Page 256
Competitive Nature of Experience and Neurodevelopment: Ocular Dominance Columns......Page 257
Effects of Experience on Topographic Sensory Cortex Maps......Page 258
Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals......Page 259
Effects of Experience on the Reorganization of the Adult Cortex......Page 261
The Case of Alex: Are You Ready to Rock?......Page 262
ASD Savants......Page 263
The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: Uneven Abilities......Page 264
Themes Revisited......Page 265
Key Terms......Page 266
10 Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity: Can the Brain Recover from Damage?......Page 267
The Ironic Case of Professor P.......Page 268
Brain Tumors......Page 269
Cerebrovascular Disorders: Strokes......Page 270
Cerebral Ischemia......Page 271
Closed-Head Injuries......Page 272
Viral Infections......Page 273
Genetic Factors......Page 274
Epilepsy......Page 275
Generalized Seizures......Page 276
Parkinson’s Disease......Page 277
Huntington’s Disease......Page 278
Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 279
Kindling Model of Epilepsy......Page 282
The Cases of the Frozen Addicts......Page 283
Neural Regeneration......Page 284
Neural Reorganization......Page 286
Cortical Reorganization Following Damage in Laboratory Animals......Page 287
Recovery of Function after CNS Damage......Page 288
Neuroplasticity and the Treatment of CNS Damage......Page 289
The Case of Roberto Garcia d’Orta: The Lizard Gets an Autotransplant......Page 290
Treating Strokes......Page 291
Treating Phantom Limbs......Page 292
The Ironic Case of Professor P.: Recovery......Page 293
Key Terms......Page 294
11 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia: How Your Brain Stores Information......Page 296
The Case of H.M., the Man Who Changed the Study of Memory......Page 298
Incomplete-Pictures Test......Page 299
Three Major Scientific Contributions of H.M.’s Case......Page 300
Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia......Page 301
The Case of the Clever Neuropsychologist: Spotting Episodic Memory Deficits......Page 302
The Case of R.B., Product of a Bungled Operation......Page 303
The Up-Your-Nose Case of N.A.......Page 304
Posttraumatic Amnesia......Page 305
Hippocampus and Consolidation......Page 306
Reconsolidation......Page 307
Monkey Version of the Delayed Non-Matching-to-Sample Test......Page 308
Rat Version of the Delayed Non-Matching-to-Sample Test......Page 309
Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition Deficits Resulting from Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy......Page 311
Radial Arm Maze Test......Page 313
Comparative Studies of the Hippocampus and Spatial Memory......Page 314
Jennifer Aniston Neurons: Concept Cells......Page 315
Where Are Memories Stored?......Page 316
Inferotemporal Cortex......Page 317
Cerebellum and Striatum......Page 318
Long-Term Potentiation......Page 319
Induction of LTP: Learning......Page 321
Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall......Page 322
Infantile Amnesia......Page 323
The Case of R.M., the Biopsychologist Who Remembered H.M.......Page 324
Key Terms......Page 325
12 Hunger, Eating, and Health: Why Do Many People Eat Too Much?......Page 327
Energy Storage in the Body......Page 329
Three Phases of Energy Metabolism......Page 330
Set-Point Assumption......Page 331
Problems with Set-Point Theories of Hunger and Eating......Page 333
Learned Taste Preferences and Aversions......Page 334
Pavlovian Conditioning of Hunger......Page 335
Sensory-Specific Satiety......Page 336
VMH Satiety Center......Page 338
Reinterpretation of the Effects of VMH and LH Lesions......Page 339
Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety......Page 340
Hunger and Satiety Peptides......Page 341
Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Case of Miss A.......Page 342
Set Points and Health......Page 343
Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control......Page 344
Obesity: Why Is There an Epidemic?......Page 347
Genetic and Epigenetic Factors......Page 348
Leptin and the Regulation of Body Fat......Page 349
Leptin as a Treatment for Human Obesity......Page 350
Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa......Page 351
Bulimia Nervosa......Page 352
Anorexia and Positive Incentives......Page 353
The Case of the Student with Anorexia......Page 354
Key Terms......Page 355
13 Hormones and Sex: What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa?......Page 356
Glands......Page 358
Sex Steroids......Page 359
Control of the Pituitary......Page 360
Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones......Page 361
Regulation by Hormonal Signals......Page 362
Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body......Page 363
Internal Reproductive Ducts......Page 364
Puberty: Hormones and Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics......Page 365
Sex Differences in the Brain......Page 366
Aromatization Hypothesis......Page 367
Sex Differences in the Brain: The Modern Perspective......Page 368
Development of Sex Differences in the Behavior of Humans......Page 369
Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development......Page 370
The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy......Page 371
The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis......Page 372
Male Sexual Behavior and Testosterone......Page 373
Female Sexual Behavior and Gonadal Hormones......Page 374
Anabolic Steroid Abuse......Page 375
Hypothalamus and Sexual Activity......Page 377
Amygdala and Sexual Activity......Page 378
Sexual Orientation and Genes......Page 379
Is There a Difference in the Brains of Gay Persons and Heterosexuals?......Page 380
Independence of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity......Page 381
Themes Revisited......Page 382
Key Terms......Page 383
14 Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms: How Much Do You Need to Sleep?......Page 384
The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn’t Sleep......Page 386
Three Stages of Sleep EEG......Page 387
REM Sleep and Dreaming......Page 388
Interpretation of Dreams......Page 389
Comparative Analysis of Sleep......Page 390
Interpretation of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation: the Stress Problem......Page 391
Experimental Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans......Page 392
REM-Sleep Deprivation......Page 394
Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep......Page 395
Free-Running Circadian Sleep–Wake Cycles......Page 397
A Circadian Clock in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei......Page 398
Neural Mechanisms of Entrainment......Page 399
Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep......Page 400
Reticular Formation and Sleep......Page 401
Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei......Page 402
Antihypnotic Drugs......Page 404
Melatonin......Page 405
Mr. B., the Case of Iatrogenic Insomnia......Page 406
Hypersomnia......Page 407
The Case of the Sleeper Who Ran Over Tackle......Page 408
Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep......Page 409
Effects of Shorter Sleep Times on Health......Page 410
The Case of the Author Who Reduced His Sleep......Page 411
Key Terms......Page 412
15 Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain’s Reward Circuits: Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure......Page 414
Case of the Drugged High School Teachers......Page 415
Mechanisms of Drug Action......Page 416
Drug Withdrawal Effects and Physical Dependence......Page 417
Drug Addiction: What Is It?......Page 418
Contingent Drug Tolerance......Page 419
Conditioned Drug Tolerance......Page 420
Five Commonly Used Drugs......Page 421
Alcohol......Page 422
Marijuana......Page 424
Cocaine and Other Stimulants......Page 426
The Opioids: Heroin and Morphine......Page 427
Interpreting Studies of the Health Hazards of Drugs......Page 429
Comparison of the Hazards of Tobacco, Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin......Page 430
Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive Perspectives of Addiction......Page 431
Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System......Page 432
Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction......Page 433
Current Approaches to the Mechanisms of Addiction......Page 434
Initial Drug Taking......Page 435
Habitual Drug Taking......Page 436
Drug Craving and Addiction Relapse......Page 437
The Case of Sigmund Freud......Page 438
Key Terms......Page 439
16 Lateralization, Language, and the Split Brain: The Left Brain and Right Brain......Page 441
Sodium Amytal Test......Page 444
Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization......Page 445
Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers and Sperry......Page 446
Commissurotomy in Human’s with Epilepsy......Page 448
Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain Patients Can Function Independently......Page 449
Doing Two Things at Once......Page 450
The Z Lens......Page 451
Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current Perspective......Page 452
Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function......Page 453
Superior Musical Ability of the Right Hemisphere......Page 454
What Is Lateralized—Broad Clusters of Abilities or Individual Cognitive Processes?......Page 455
Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain......Page 456
Analytic–Synthetic Theory......Page 457
What Are the Survival Advantages of Cerebral Lateralization?......Page 458
Motor Theory of Speech Perception......Page 459
Gestural Language......Page 460
Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model......Page 461
The Wernicke-Geschwind Model......Page 462
Effects of Cortical Damage and Brain Stimulation on Language Abilities......Page 463
Evidence from Functional Neuroimaging Studies......Page 464
Evidence from Studies of Electrical Stimulation of the Cortex......Page 465
Cognitive Neuroscience of Language......Page 467
Bavelier’s fMRI Study of Reading......Page 468
Damasio’s Pet Study of Naming......Page 469
Developmental Dyslexia and Culture......Page 470
Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep and Surface Dyslexia......Page 471
Key Terms......Page 472
17 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health: Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion......Page 474
The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage......Page 475
Darwin’s Theory of the Evolution of Emotion......Page 476
Sham Rage......Page 477
Klüver-Bucy Syndrome......Page 478
Polygraphy......Page 479
Facial Feedback Hypothesis......Page 480
Voluntary Control of Facial Expression......Page 481
Fear, Defense, and Aggression......Page 482
Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors......Page 483
Aggression and Testosterone......Page 484
Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus......Page 485
Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning......Page 486
Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion......Page 487
Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion......Page 488
Neural Mechanisms of Human Emotion: Current Perspectives......Page 489
The Stress Response......Page 490
Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers......Page 491
Adaptive Immune System......Page 492
What Effect Does Stress Have on Immune Function: Disruptive or Beneficial?......Page 493
Does Stress Affect Susceptibility to Infectious Disease?......Page 494
Early Experience of Stress......Page 495
The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper......Page 496
Key Terms......Page 497
18 Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders: The Brain Unhinged......Page 498
Schizophrenia: The Case of Lena......Page 500
Causal Factors in Schizophrenia......Page 501
Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia......Page 502
Atypical Antipsychotics......Page 504
Schizophrenia and Brain Structure Changes......Page 505
Defining Depressive Disorders......Page 506
Causal Factors in Major Depressive Disorder......Page 507
Atypical Antidepressants......Page 508
Brain Differences in Depression......Page 509
Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression......Page 510
Conclusion......Page 511
The Case of S.B. Revisited: The Biopsychology Student with Bipolar Disorder......Page 512
Mood Stabilizers......Page 513
Anxiety Disorders......Page 514
Etiology of Anxiety Disorders......Page 515
Animal Models of Anxiety Disorders......Page 516
The Case of R.G.—Barking Like a Dog......Page 517
What Is Tourette’s Disorder?......Page 518
The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist with Tourette’s Disorder......Page 519
Phase 1: Screening for Safety.......Page 520
Length of Time Required......Page 521
Effectiveness of Clinical Trials......Page 522
Conclusion of the Case of S.B.: The Biopsychology Student Who Took Control......Page 523
Key Terms......Page 524
Appendixes......Page 525
Glossary......Page 529
References......Page 550
Credits......Page 593
Name Index......Page 595
Subject Index......Page 608