Beginning Chinese Reader: Supplementary Materials (Revised Edition)—Part One: Structural Points and Word Studies 9780824887940

Citation preview

Beginning Chinese Reader Supplementary Materials

PALI LANGUAGE TEXTS: CHINESE Social Science Research Institute University of Hawaii John DeFrancis Editor

Beginning Chinese Reader Supplementary Materials Revised

Edition

PART ONE

Structural Points and Word Studies

Pauline Chang, James Landers, and Margaret Spencer

University of Hawaii Press

Honolulu

© 1978 by Far Eastern Publications © 1987 by Pauline Chang and James Landers All rights reserved ISBN 0-8248-1115-1 Manufactured in the United States of America

Dedicateci to Margaret Spencer

Preface The three authors of this Workbook have collectively accumulated several dozen years of experience in teaching Beginning Chinese.

Even

before I joined them at the University of Hawaii, they had already initiated the process of recording student difficulties and preparing material to aid in overcoming the problems. Some of their findings have been incorporated in successive revisions of the textbook.

In many cases, however, the problems

still remain, partly because my handling of them may not be sufficiently clear for some students, partly because even with a more refined handling there is still need for further practice concentrated on specific points of continuing difficulty.

This need is met by the present Workbook as a

practical aid based on actual classroom experience in dealing with student difficulties. Margaret Spencer originally conceived the idea of preparing this Workbook, determined its format, and initiated the actual writing. After her tragic and premature death in 1972, her closest associate, Pauline Chang, carried the project through to completion in collaboration with Professor James Landers. Professor Spencer was utterly devoted to the teaching of this book and it is appropriate that this book be devoted to her. John DeFrancis

vi i

Preface to Revised Edition Like the first edition of Beginning Chinese Reader:

Supplementary

Materials, this revised edition is intended to be used in conjunction with Beginning Chinese Reader Parts I & II which were written by Dr. John DeFrancis and published by Yale University Press.

Lesson

numbers in Supplementary Materials correspond directly to lesson numbers in DeFrancis' Beginning Chinese Reader. treatment was deemed unnecessary were omitted.

Lessons for which Thus, Lesson 4 is

the first lesson in Supplementary Materials and should be taken up when the student reaches Lesson 4 in Beginning Chinese Reader. Though few substantive changes have been made, numerous minor problems which have been obvious to the users of Supplementary Materials since its initial publication by Far Eastern Publications of Yale University in 1978 have been addressed.

Most of the problems

encountered were some of the explanations in Part One which were too vague, misleading or incomplete.

It is hoped that these problems

have all been handled successfully in the present edition.

Changes

in Part Two were mostly of a technical nature. It should be pointed out that, in general, language not only constantly evolves, but also varies from individual to individual and region to region. everything.

No two native speakers will always agree on

Chinese is no exception.

What the authors have done

here is to try to follow a generally accepted standard.

Users of

Supplementary Materials must be constantly aware that there are exceptions to almost every rule and that the rules in Supplementary Materials are valid only to the level reached by the students.

ix

The authors wish to thank all of their colleagues whose comments and suggestions pointed out both attributes and shortcomings of the first edition.

Among these, Ms. Hsun-Huei Chang, Ms. Shu-fen

Fujitani, Ms. Julia Kwan, and Mr. Kenneth Liu have been especially helpful.

Special thanks also must go to Ms. Evelyn Nakanishi for

typing and to Ms. Hsun-Huei Chang for calligraphy.

Additionally, the

authors are deeply indebted to Mr. John Montenaro and Far Eastern Publications for allowing the University of Hawaii Press to publish this revised edition.

Finally, we are very grateful to Dr. John

DeFrancis for his continuing support. Honolulu, Hawaii July 1986

Pauline Chang James Landers

x

Beginning Chinese Reader Supplementary Materials Part One: Structural Points and Word Studies Lesson 4 Structural Point I:

Stative Verbs (SV)

Although stative verbs are often meaning-equivalents of English adjectives, they do not pattern like adjectives. such as

and ^

(gao,tall) are called verbs because they

share some characteristics with other verbs. may be negated with

Words

(bu).

(See BCR-5).

For example, they Stative verbs are

almost always intensified with adverbs such as jj ^ u n l e s s a comparison is being made.

Structural Point II:

Fixed Adverbs (AD)

Adverbs such as J^Jj and ^ p

are called fixed because their

position in the sentence is not movable.

They never come at the

end of the sentence or before a nominal expression (noun).

If

both occur in the same sentence, they follow a fixed order:

tufa

i

BCR S u p p l e m e n t a r y M a t e r i a l s

2

S t r u c t u r a l Point I I I : A.

Questions with P a r t i c l e s

The a d d i t i o n of Ot^ t o a s e n t e n c e w i t h a s i m u l t a n e o u s

s l i g h t r a i s i n g of t h e p i t c h l e v e l of t h e v o i c e t h r o u g h o u t e n t i r e sentence indicates a question.

The word o r d e r of

q u e s t i o n i s t h e same a s t h a t of i t s m a t c h i n g B.

the the

statement.

The q u e s t i o n p a r t i c l e C"ij^ i s n o t a g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n p a r -

t i c l e as i s

.

I t i s used to r e f e r back t o a c e r t a i n p a r t

of t h e p r e c e d i n g s e n t e n c e and q u e s t i o n t h a t p a r t o r t o a c o n t i n u a t i o n of

action.

indicate

BCR Supplementary Materials: Structural Point I:

3

Lesson 5

Word Order

Word order in Chinese is very important. position of the negative difference in meaning,

For instance, the

in relation to the adverb entails a i.e.

"not all" " n o n e > neither one'

"Not all of them are Chinese."

2)

k

1 "Mrtrifl "None n-f of tliom thèm ic is PViinocö Chinese.1 '

" n o t very" "very u n — "

(strongly negative)

"He is not very well/good." 4, NOTE:

"He is very sick/bad." almost never directly precedes the adverb ^ p

t

BCR Supplementary Materials: Lesson 8 Structural Point I: A.

The Stative Verbs

The stative verbs ^

main verb of a sentence,

Mitki.

"I have many books."

?

y

and 'J>

andjJ/* may both function as the

e.g.

(lit. My books are many.)

s^y

2) ^ W-J "I have quite a few books."

(lit. My books are not few.)

The word order in the above examples represents the most common way to express the idea of "being much/many" ^ "few"

in Chinese.

or

It is possible to use word order closer

to the English equivalents, but in that case there are two points to keep in mind:

B.

may come before a noun to modify it

Neither tyfc nor

unless they are themselves modified.

Such modifiers before

tyjl normally include ^jj^or other intensifiers and normally precedes

.

( y - ) "I have many books." 2)

% & >y

&

"I have quite a few books."

Lesson 8 C.

5 Ordinarily, if a stative verb before a noun is modified,

is obligatory between the stative verb and the noun.

•43-A.

WT

i.e.

4 M 3 - J 1 A .

However, with the stative verbs ^

and ^

, jj^J is optional.

i.e.

1)

2)

I ^ M I . "I have many books."

"I have quite a few Chinese books."

Structural Point II fe'tfj has many functions in addition to the use between a stative verb and a noun,

jfy does not have any meaning in it-

self, but is used to mark various kinds of grammatical relationships.

In some constructions

is obligatory.

{ i s

As mentioned above,

optional;

in others, it

fj^J is obligatory when a

stative verb modifying a noun is itself modified: but

^ ¡ y & i f t

1

!

is obligatory when a physical object is described as belonging to someone.

If

is not used then the sentence

becomes a Topic-Comment construction.

If a specifier-measure

word construction is included fa^j becomes optional.

BCR Supplementary Materials

6

»

"my Chinese book"

X;

2)

"that 'Chinese book of mine"

It is also obligatory when a noun is described in terms of money value. i)

"a five-dollar book"

OR

"five dollars' worth of books"

"a five-dollar book" NOTE:

1) is ambiguous.

Transposing the measure word as in 2)

removes the ambiguity. Further uses of faj] will be discussed as other constructions in which it occurs are introduced in the Reader.

Word Study I tjz

and ^

H^J

are not interchangeable.

are books manufactured in China.

Lesson 8

are books printed in the Chinese language. 1)

2)

3)

À i "books in English"

«

"books from England"

£ M

^ "American books/books from America"

There is no such term as

8

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Lesson 9

Word Study I: ^ ^

may be either the main verb (MV) of a sentence or it

may function as an auxiliary verb (AV).

As the MV, it is nor-

mally used with the designation of a language to indicate "mastery" of that language.

» te * + x , - t M N ^ . As an AV,

3)

also indicates "mastery" of a skill.

^finism.

Word Study II:

^ ^

The fixed adverbs (FA) jfyj and ^ ^ pattern as the FA ^jjS. the end of a sentence.

follow the same general

They never come before a noun or at If they co-occur with the adverb

i comes first.

2

>

Mi*^.

,

Lesson 9 If

9 is included in 1) above, the word order is as follows:

In addition to meaning "only," as in 3), as an intensifier before

can also be used

, which then carries the meaning of

"precisely," though it is often untranslatable.

In English,

this meaning would most generally be expressed through stress.

J

\ k s H f \ .

Word Study III

-¿j • - •

She^s Mrs. Gao.

-¿j ^

' ' * "fe Tfv

When ^¡Jj occurs before the verb in two or more clauses, it is the equivalent of the English construction "both...and..." Remember that

l

always comes before a regular verb, auxiliary

verb or adverb, and never before a noun.

Ab&fi^

BX.it.

When a negative is added to the above sentences, it is the equivalent of the English construction "neither...nor..."

3)

X

10

BCR Supplementary Materials

Word Study IV: The number

t^ ,

-H-

"two, a couple" is generally used before a

measure word (MW), instead of

.

However, in combination with numbers above ten,

is always

used.

Jl^

is also used if a MW referring to money is omitted:

«

- f c ^ - . )

Before the MW

Word Study V

, either

or

may be used.

"Jkßk

The question word

--¿tr/^ comes in the sentence where the

answer to the question is expected to occur.

Lesson 9

1)

11

M&fc ? A A

Word Study VI: The modifier s i s * :

^

need not be added to 5C. & -^C or to

to specify Literary Chinese or Vernacular Chinese.

It is understood that they are already Chinese. no such thing as

Also, there is

12

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Word Study I:

^

>

and

Lesson 10

may be translated as "to study", but they are

not interchangeable.

*f§p originally had the meaning of learn-

ing something by imitation.

on the other hand, was to

read aloud.

Now,

is used for academic or formal study,

whereas

is used for learning a skill or something which

will become part of the individual.

/J^X is always followed by a specific object, such as ,

^^ ,

lowed by ^

3

, etc.

. When

^^

is also frequently fol-

is modified to make it more specific,

the modifier is always placed between the verb object

, i.e.

^j7

-^t ^

^ ^

.

and the

(Most V-0 combinations

are modified in this manner.) i,

"He only studies English and not Chinese."

2)

^ J g - ^ M . "I don't want to study."

3)

4

&

&

t X

#

?

"Would you like to study Chinese (books)?"

Op

is followed by a specific skill, or a specific course

of study, or by the question word J^r lowed by ^

. It is never fol-

. V^p* may be followed by a verb-object (V-0),

Lesson 10 but 4)

13

may not. i t t - f - M ? "What do you want to study?"

"I want to learn to speak English." 6,

I i u - f "Would you like to study English literature?"

may be followed by the designation of the place where studying takes place.

is not used in this way.

7, "He is studying at the university. 8,

i k & t ' f . t ' f "He is studying in high school."

Word Study II:

^

^ ^

to" while

h

i

)

f

As auxiliary verbs (AV), (do something)."

)

11

andj|gL both mean "to want to

But /jf^ may often be translated as "would like

is closer to the idea of intending to do some-

thing . i)

+ "I would like very much to study Chinese."

14

2)

BCR Supplementary Materials

a

^ ^ S r ^

X .

"I am going to study Japanese." NOTE:

may be preceded by ^ ^

, but J ^

may not.

may take a verb phrase or a noun phrase as its wit'1

object. intention while

a v

© r b phrase as object expresses

with a noun phrase (NP) as its object

expresses a desire to acquire NP. 3,

"What would you like to buy?"

"I would like to buy a Chinese book." 5,

«

! "What novel would you like to have?"

AiM&tiL^ilLiL.

"I would like to have a Chinese novel."

Word Study III ti S e n e r a * l y indicates innate or physical ability to do something, while thing.

However, both ^ ^ and

be able to." ably;

indicates the knowledge of how to do somemay be translated as "can,

In some situations, they may be used interchange-

in others, only one or the other is used,

(cf. Supplementary Materials:

Lesson 9, Word Study I)

Lesson 10

1)

ft) Ii)* f A*.

"He can speak Chinese but he can't read Chinese books.1 2)

"He doesn't have any money; he can't study at the University."

16

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Structural Point I:

t b

Lesson 11

Construction

The co-verb t b is used in making explicit comparisons. The main verb after t t is usually a stative verb. 1)

"This one is better than that one."

2, "Mr. Zhang is taller than Mrs. Zhang." 3)

i t ^ ^ S ^ t t ^ - ^ . "(As for) your writing characters, you write better than I."

Exceptions include such auxiliary verbs as >w^or a

plus a

V-0 following CV 4)

"He is better at studying than I."

5,

te^iLM&'kA^. "He wants to go to college even more than I."

When a sentence with fct. is negated, the ^ T goes before

ttj »

and not before the SV.

)J«

fix

It cannot be overemphasized that the stative verb after the coverb t b

is never modified by ^ fc, ,

, or any other

Lesson 11 general intensifier!

Instead, there is a special set of inten

sifiers which go with the SV after t t . and

^

These are ^r)

(yidiar) , which come after the SV.

9) -It it # $ éft > .

"He is a lot taller than I."

10)

tett^äj-

"He is a little taller than I." and

12)

jjj^come before the SV.

ttiéijt^]. "He is even taller than I."

Structural Point II: ^Tj structions.

i) A

"some" is used in two different types of conIn the first, it may precede a noun:

fQtQA.X't+

"Some Chinese people do not know how to write Chinese characters."

« /fr tfJ 4 ffl A / i l t ® H i t t i n g . "Some foreigners speak Chinese very well."

BCR Supplementary Materials

18

Secondly, the total topic may be stated first, with a ...

^J

construction following to express a cer-

tain part of the totality.

3)

Il A il + iM ik,-MtfHi ètj m3!"Among foreigners speaking Chinese, some speak it well and some do not speak it well."

41

Atttf!}. "Of these 10 books, some are mine and some are his."

Word Study I

may be a V-0 as in 1) below, or a SV, as in 2)

below.

"How much money does he have?

He has only $1.20."

Lesson 11

2,

03

«Jv-JIMIL^!

"Miss Tian is very rich.

20

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Structural Point 1: (3 lAl

fa

•••

^

' *', S

^

may be omitted when it is understood. ^

Cfl

4

first clause is introduced by should include

Lesson 13 *' * t j L ''' If the

, the second clause and

and/orj|^\

J"

are moveable in relation to the subject of the c l a u s e . i s

a

fixed adverb which occurs immediately before the verb complex. The order of the adverbs is fixed:

the clause with

always comes before the one with jp-fJ*

or J ^ j .

2

> ®faA*L$LMM:, Xlif.

Structural Point II: ^

clude either p g .

with

is never used.

j^fp

28

BCR Supplementary Materials

00 Word Study III

A - A .

Although "everybody,"

and ^ ^

ma

y both be translated as

refers to a more specific group and often

includes the speaker. all people.

J\_J\_

,

J ^

is more general and refers to

Both are generally followed by y^fp •

^¡^

generally refers to a specific person or group, not including the speaker, and is similar to the English "somebody else" or "everybody else."

i)

A.

S)

Word Study IV comes after the noun or pronoun which is being excluded.

When

yji. ^ ^

comes in the first clause,

Lesson 14

29

frequently used in the second clause.

»

At

Study V

3

( j | L ) 7f> s

adverb f / ^ .

a

• •• %jii

•• •

l m o s t always followed by the fixed

^

• •• } y ^

•• •

in a sentence,

describes certain circumstances or limitations.

15

$

)

4 iL %13.

Word Study VI "fe. is head of household, such as parents of students.

30

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Word Study I

^

J ^

>

In speaking of money

^

^

Lesson 15

^ J

^ }. ^

^ ^

j^j may be used

interchangeably to mean "to have on hand, to have at hand." other cases, only ^ ^ |hand(s)."

¡Jjj^

is used in this meaning, while

is used in the more literal meaning "to have in one's When the expression is used in this sense,

may be replaced by

^ ^

«

4)

In

(jiJ^*

or

^ 4

% 4rM I Ah 4

Word Study II may be used as a place word meaning "corner" as in the following sentences:

Lesson 15

»

31

jut faux,

32

BCR Supplementary Materials: Lesson 16

Word Study I ¿fj^ ^ ^

is

a

moveable adverb.

valents are "recently" and "lately."

The closest English equiHowever, note that

should be said about someone else but not about one's self. Only when a number and the measure /fe^ (ci) are added after the verb may

A

4)

apply to the speaker.

i

i

A

t

i

i

u

M

U

m

fci

Word Study II

^ A - ,

a

fter

a

"9"

jL

person's name or title or after a pronoun

indicates that the person himself is being referred to. means "native of (a given place)."

Lesson 16

33

2) Ats A «

. ^L^A-tL ^ 3 • A . A . ,

3

Note the use of

^

t

in the last two sentences,

^

always refers to a preceeding statement and draws an inference from the statement.

The closest English equivalents are "it is

obvious that..." or "it is apparent that..."

W

°rd Study III 7

'u^'»

Jtf

^ (J^) t ie

*

g

tj*

g e n e r a l way to express "to have in

one's mind or heart; to think that."

@

^j2

is

restricted to situations in which (a) one is indicating strong affection towards a person or thing; (b) if modified with s (zui, the most) or a similar adverb, one is making a value judgement about someone or something; (c) one is indicating that the matter mentioned momentarily occupies the speaker's mind to

34

BCR Supplementary Materials

the exclusion of everything else.

»

af, ^

Structural Point I When

—

—

* ...

tf

"

* ^ ^

± ?

— t

is used to indicate

that two actions occur simultaneously, it is never used with stative verbs.

It occurs immediately before the verb.

» te • - 4 & % *. " 4 %

"A ^

Lesson 16

35

Structural Point II Isili

ft

e: Lt er a

' ^

stative verb or a verb-

object construction.

As a stative verb it cannot be used with

inanimate subjects.

As a verb-object it is usually followed by

another verb-object and the general meaning expressing special capacity or financial ability to handle something.

As a verb-

object it may be split by modifiers.

*

4)

%, iff

%

tib

d

36

BCR Supplementary Materials:

W o r d S t u d

^

Lesson 17

1

Both

Q—^yjf^

and

Jj^

time" and they are interchangeable.

mean "the first After

>—

is optional;

after J^J it is obligatory.

When number "two" or a higher number is used they are no longer interchangeable and each has its own distinct meaning. "the

£irst

two

times"

y f e ^ "the second time" NOTE: after ^

is always used after jjj^ whereas

i s always used

.) "the first three times" ~

vr

..the third time"

3)

41

*

Lesson 17

37

7)

Word Study II

—•

With the use of

... —• ^ ^

* ' "

j^s^

purpose or reason is

expressed or implied.

«

te^^-LOii,

Word Study III Jjj^

flj^

IU

^

is used as a verb in the meaning "to understand

clearly" and as a stative verb in the meaning "be clearly understandable."

38

BCR Supplementary Materials

Word .

' J

"pj^j i s

*

' / ' — •

use£

l

as

a

ìL^ r

r > — -

'

y

verb with the meaning "to state

clearly, frankly" or "to state (very) explicitly." p^jjj^

is used as a verb meaning "to explain," and as a

noun in the meaning "explanation."

It is also used to mean

"make something clear" in the sense that it is made clear by explanation.

mi.

Word Study V The use of

^

Q Q

mean

i - n 2 "date" is

restricted to written materials and to mentioning the date on which an event took place.

» ^/M^-Sf-JJ 9? The equivalent of the English question "what is the date today?'

Lesson 17

39

Word Study VI

J'j is used in expressions related to both time and

distance.

»

\t i ^ t t ± , & 3 ^ I j - - i f - , ^ t j i y

2)

Structural Point I is a fixed adverb meaning "again (in the past)" when it is used alone before the verb. repeated action. as .J^L or

It is also used to stress a

When it is combined with such auxiliary verbs

it indicates future anticipated or desired action.

(zuotian)

Jfl^ • • * J J ^ •• *

m

& y be used in the same way as J^J^ . . . j^fj is more emphatic than J^j * - - J^j

.

40

BCR Supplementary Materials

BCR Supplementary Materials: Word Study I A.

Lesson 19

41

'A.

j m a y

have different meanings depending on the

combinations in which it is used. crossing a road.

means "to happen to pass (a place)

on the way to (some other place)." /

)

refers to

^J

is similar in meaning to —

m

e

a

n

" c a r s (people) passing by."

A^rA^-^ AM ( 3)

tYnJ

yMUjt . B.

As a verb suffix indicating experience,

negated only with verb which is negated.

«> ^

¿i$L$J f

may be

. With verbs of motion, it is the co-

42

BCR Supplementary Materials

C.

As a resultative ending _^|^indicates ability or in-

ability to surpass someone in a given activity.

D.

^^

may have the literal meaning "to not exceed,

merely" when directly preceding a number/measure phrase.

"

M

M

I

^ ^

may also be used as a sentence modifier meaning

"however." 12)

3

Lesson 19

w>

43

& # iL-ifi A, ^ ft & $ Ah.

Word Study II

j^j

yj \ j^J

may be used in a literal sense of "not use."

1'J

» Alh ±

*> yhL-A

^/fl -f £'] 3 . ^ Ut -Hb ^

3) ^ ^ /f| $ A . "I don't use servants."

It may also be used as a verb modifier in the sense of "there is no need to" and is quite similar to

A 1 , it "I don't need to employ people."

» ^

3 1^/03!

(bu bi) .

3.

44

BCR Supplementary Materials

Word Study III ^Jj -—

^Jj may be used in the same pattern as ^ S e e Supplementary Materials:

'

,

Lesson 17)

» MLi-kJn

Word Study IV

^/t^J^V, 8 e n e r a l l y used in the negative and may combine

with either

rec

or

verb and may be split with the negative or

'^ ^

/^s f

l u i r e s ij^7_after the

'or

may be followed by

used with "Cj ,

,

" n e v e r does" and implies one still

•

does not do the action stated.

" n e v e r did"

without the aforementioned implication.

If

use

d in the positive sense, the verb is general-

ly preceeded by J f ^ or

•

Lesson 19

45 5)

45

^i^iftJUiMMI^ (y^-A A ^ ( cKT) f %fa.(

-IlL^v- '

•

a11 may be translated as

"afterward, afterwards" but they may not always be used interchangeably. may refer only to past events.

»

3.

fa

Both

V^

and

may refer to both past

events

and anticipated events.

2) 4b h ij 3 a

»A t k M i

+$

« ^jLi'J 3 b ^ , « U l t o J tiS) i 3.

46

BCR Supplementary Materials

4)

ifc®). 5

>

,

va

tiL&kt%

Only

V)/N -^Ji^

ing pattern.

(¿i)

Hi.

may be used or may be understood in the follow(See BC Lesson 13, p. 187, notes 3 and 11)

« $ è 3 % 6'X 4 j O , t t l M ^ ' ^ i S , . Word Study VI

0

^fiSykJ) -Ì-JÌ 0 ^ T

has two meanin s

g-

The answer to this question may be either:

^ A ( JL) ^ — "f 2)

A "

A

^

Structural Point

. (day of the month)

(special day)

1

is moveable.

It may come at the beginning of the

sentence in the topic position, at the end of the sentence as the comment, or it may come before the verb phrase.

Lesson 19

47

Structural Point II

-J^-

^ ^ to

ifn0t for

A. %* A- "

ke

''

NOTE:

is moveable

in

abbreviated form of

^^ ^

first clause generally requires T^L.

an

in the

the second clause.

relation to the subject.

If the first clause is negative, the second one is not,

and vice-versa. •

The second clause often ends in sentence final

Structural Point III The Chinese equivalent of the English relative clause is followed by the relative marker

.

48

BCR Supplementary Materials

"The book (which/that) he wants to buy is there." NOTE:

the English equivalent of the relative clause may some-

times omit the relative marker, but

is never omitted in

Mandarin.

^ M i K « ^ f X.%. 2)

-tilti "That person who can speak Chinese has a lot of Chinese books." or

i^.

"That person who has a lot of Chinese books can speak Chinese." If there is a specifier in the combined sentence, it is moveable although it usually directly precedes the noun it modifies.

49

Lesson 19

4)

ÄffißnQ^A&Jt&jL*.

!

or

-z J

m

one of the original sentences becomes optional in the

combined sentence.

Also, if there is a number/measure, a speci-

fier is added.

ttifi.

50

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Word Study I

f^]

and ^ ^

Lesson 20

^J

may both mean "to leave" but only

may be followed by the person(s) or place in question.

Word Study II

^^

Adding the suffix y ^ to a verb changes it into a noun with the general meaning

"the way of (doing something).11

i)

Word Study III

vj/N -¿jj^ a

event

designation of time or a specific

which may be optionally preceeded by

^^

designates the whole period of time between the time when the event mentioned occurred and the present.

is con-

cerned only with the time immediately following the event.

Lesson 20

51

^ OOjl®

f m/otyfl

"Many Chinese have been using vernacular speech ever since the May Fourth Movement."

2) i w

4k $ f MX^fB G

li X 3. "Many Chinese began to use vernacular speech after the May Fourth Movement."

word

, /t

***iv

I both grammatically and in meaning is different f r o m ^ ^

. Whenyfcf-j'

is preceeded by yjsj" the

combination is no longer a verb or a noun, but a stative verb with the meaning of "is knowledgeable in...," and is almost always in the structure

"ij^j . . . ^ ^

^ ^

BCR Supplementary Materials

52

2) 3>

i l i f i f f l i r t

BCR Supplementary Materials: Word Study I

v ^

J ^

53

Lesson 21 ^Jv

With a noun phrase, either for") or

may be used.

Cwhen it means "except ma

The phrase using

come at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

v^

y

^fjs

may not come at the end of a sentence.

„

bkt^^A^

3)

fiLk^^AAfi*r^

With a verb phrase, only

J^ ^^

may be used.

(See Beginning Chinese, Lesson 19, p. 333 for an explanation of the pattern:

Word

stud

x11

chule.. .yiwai

, i i ,

Although both ^ ^ only

and

•••

i i

^ ,

•)

fA

may be translated as "to ask,"

refers specifically to asking a question. means "to ask" in the sense of requesting or inviting

someone to do something.

BCR Supplementary Materials

54

2)

3)

»4 & MA

AW M l - k and

^ij ^ ^

are

^.

formulas.

used to preface an inquiry, meaning "May I ask...?"

" j^J

means "to give greetings to (someone)."

4)

it fA, # t

Word Study III ^

fc^

^

% tA //f Ik ?

^

pfj

may be a stative verb meaning "to be learned,

to have a great deal of knowledge" or it may be a verb-object.

1) 2)

Wodr stuJr IV

It

(PW)

means "to write down." means "to write on (some surface)."

^ ^

55

Lesson 21

x,

Word Study V: tjj^

^

t^" ,

P J \

» A

^

i

L

^

is almost always equivalent to the English

"dialogue" and rarely can be used for "conversation."

^^

is almost always equivalent to the English "conversation" and rarely can be used for "dialogue."

56

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Word stud 1

y

3>

^

23 A

In sentences expressing purpose and

Lesson 22

^

,

J^j

j^j jjfcj may sometimes be used interchangeably.

I) ML & 3 &&

T

However, remember that purpose, as opposed to but may refer to cause.

(CHLil-SfL, A t ^ flf) i % • « a jfe 4 & - & A J L

©

is frequently followed by J^--

plus verb to express the purpose or cause.

(ft ^

plus verb or

^

p^X^i")

Lesson 22

57

W ° r d StUd^ 11

^

A . ,

^

^

In the meaning "originally" J ^ j ) ^ ma

used interchangeably.

Y

a

anc

*

l s 0 be used to express

astonishment or a sudden realization that one has had a wrong assumption about something all along.

«

f i'J

I S J ^

IS) ^ - # ,

M

t )

3.

Word Study III Although

has the meaning of "long ago," just

how "long ago" is very flexible.

It may be 5 minutes ago or many

centuries ago depending on the context and emphasis.

58

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Word Study I

Lesson 23

^ n^y be used as a main verb or as a co-verb in the

w

meaning "to go through (one place) on the way to (another place), via" or it may be used as a noun in the construction VCO)

^

meaning "the unfolding of events" of an experience.

i) ^i'itSJi.-f-iiLi&S/^. +0

.

« M ^ & - & d £ t X ^J 41*1. Word Study II _ |ination.

refers specifically to passing a qualifying exam-

It may be a resultative verb:

^ ^

— ^

In referring to the results of an ordinary exam,

tii

.

^ ^

are used

-

^ ^

•

Lesson 23

59

f^O. «

fa

Word Study III

^K iK k

- f t

means

"to

tr

* ^

?

y (something) and see how it

works "^jfj

"say it and see how it comes out" "write it and see how it comes out" after other reduplicated verbs has the similar meaning:

13

v

U

l

.

25

Word Study IV

J^J means "to use (someone or something) on a trial

basis."

BCR Supplementary Materials

ills\7frk,

¡K If) 3 -A It, 4 fr il

BCR Supplementary Materials: Word Study I yJT ijb v

J\\ IjL x f

Lesson 25 f ^

is the negative of (

« ^

61

x

)

*/L

^ ^

?

Word Study II ^yj^L. is a noun meaning "necessity" and is mostly used with the verb ^ ^

.

It frequently comes at the end of a V(0)

clause and is connected to it with

» A 4 iüA ii/lH

Word Study III B

°th

^

•

^

i j L ^ f i - t f

,

M - i "ft

and

may be used

to introduce sentences.

* Ht However, only sentence:

^ ^

use
jfc —f % -—•

ity of..."

'yZ can only be used to mean "the majorjji j f j

and

^

J^

^

can be

used to mean either "the majority of..." or "most likely."

i) Af jLti

Word Study V The noun

¿lili: 3 .

^J ^

"actual strength" and the stative verb

are not used

referring to individuals but

only to organizations or nations.

2

> % ^ m IMF«^ f A.

BCR Supplementary Materials : Word s t u d

y1

M

-

Lesson 26

• ,

63 A .

j^ij "other" must be followed by ^ ^ J before all nouns except

, in which case ^ ^ J

is optional.

4 -A A,

«

Word Study II

^ %1 %

-jjj^-ft,

f

-ft

In the sense "it would be best to do (so-and-so)" is moveable.

(See BCR-19)

and

^

only as the comment in a topic-comment sentence. ^

functions The use of

means that only if the action of the topic is car-

ried out can good results be expected.

Wor-LStud;- III

J ^ f c a

tion

. . . •—

l s o used in the comparison construc-

(yiyang) . Yiyang is optional unless it

is followed by a stative verb.

(See also Beginning Chinese,

BCR Supplementary Materials

64

Lesson 17, pp. 292 - 293, notes 2,3,5)

- ¿ M l £

%

"to

be

*

j*

lackin

- A T % . g

a

little," "to be not

quite sufficient," "to be not quite right" may be the main verb of a sentence or it may function as an adverb with the meaning "almost, but not quite." 3) > 5 t *

*

45

1.

^ ^^

X

L

is prefixed to time words or place words to refer

specifically to a previously mentioned time or place, excluding the "here" and "now." that Thus,

^ ^

differs from

is a prefix with the meaning of "self" or "own." Pfo i becomes an idiom meaning "local."

in

65

Lesson 26

i)

jY-^-Ai

*> J. m f\ f M / M ^ t O i A 3. ^ 't A. ^ . Mi.

66

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Structural Point I ^ ^ maybe."

M l ^

, ^

Lesson 27

)

is a moveable adverb when it means "perhaps,

The words modified may vary according to the position of

the moveable adverb, i)

^j*

an
3 H , A J&, 3

3. Word Study II ^

^A-J

^ "materialize" ("become manifest") refers only to

such things as plans or ideals.

11

J

78

BCR Supplementary Materials

Word Study III

^ a

jjj^ is

^ ^

^

}

a

com

bination "to offer suggestions.1

V-0 combination meaning "to make a de-

cision.1

» 2

if 4, -ñ- ¿ti m xt-

>

3) s

tf

JÍ-

/O >

Word Study IV L^i j^iv.

{jj a

*s0

a

-esultative verb.

It means

"to distinguish (between two things)", "to come up with a realization or an observation (regarding some matter)."

Lesson 31

2,

79

a?

Word Study V may be used as the main verb, may be suffixed to another verb, may modify nouns, or may be a time word. meaning "deceased"

3

In the

always follows

i,

3 .

"He already passed by."

"There are many cars passing by."

"Mr. Wang's parents already passed away." "He does not like to discuss things in his past with others." s, "In the past he did not like to read."

Word Study VI

viA

ft follows a set period or set amount and defines

BCR Supplementary Materials

80 a limit.

» ^ufe. & - 4- "Xrtji^i'j > Hi,

'IU.

Word Study VII

^A ^

,

,

^

h a s the meaning of "having no alternative but to mean

(do something)." is best if one (does something)."

^

in£

"best" or "it implies that only

if a certain action is carried out can good results be expected. (See also:

Lesson 26, Word Study II)

« ftiÄ 3 4)

Lesson 31

81

Word Study VIII is most frequently split by the object between

1}

^

and

ii %

i. x

p^j

.

ut\

& iikk.. a resu

ltative-

It means

"able to tell/say."

51

c

-M^^ik^AJQ, >.

Word Study IX it)

^ "t0

f i g u r e out

> devise."

may be split by the object in the same manner as in

L 1)

above.

and ¿A

BCR Supplementary Materials

82

2>

Structural Point I ij^ or object.

It means "even."

optional, either i)

2 >

usec

i^iy^^p

[

^ i «

i A.

*

t0

stress to the subject

Although

may sometimes be

is required.

a i l V^f

& + ®I .

O 7

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Lesson 32

Word Study I J^Q

is idiomatic in usage and is comparable to the

English "not bad at all."

Normally, "not mistaken" or "right"

would be expressed by

»

+ a 4, %

'

fiJkftM.

J^PQ is suffixed to the main verb as a post-verb meaning "to mistakenly (do something)."

As with any other V-post-verb

combination, it may take an object. 45

s

> l&lltu

3 ^ ? Ml a ver

b-object meaning "to make a mistake."

84

BCR Supplementary Materials

Word Study II

w 1r i/tr

^/jp

is most frequently used in the pattern: N^

N^

N2

has to be a person or animal or something anthropomorphized.

» ik^mrt

Word Study III J^L^

fa

it $ Vf %

^ ^J

— " s t r a i g h t " or

.

is a verb phrase meaning "to t a k e . . . a s . . I t

should not be confused with or

J ^

"simple."

Followed by

it becomes an emphatic negative.

^ ^ it, # 3, ^ f S j X ^ )

]% .

refers to either time or place and can mean "straight towards" or "consistently, always."

Lesson 32

w rd

°

85

111

-if - i >

&

can be either "to assume a responsibility" or "to make a decision."

The less frequently used

"to make a decision" is more restricted in meaning and often is not interchangeable with /j^ip

.

86

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Word stud

y1

Lesson 33

& may be used as a stative verb to mean "well

known" or "notorious," and as a V-0 to mean "establish a reputation" or "become famous."

J^j

"famous" or "to have repu-

tation" is sometimes not interchangeable with

« thrift'^ii Word Study II jfc ^

jj^

j .

¿jiik -k

"work together."

A time and/or place should be

expressed in the sentence and normally the co-verb

is used.

1)

111

/pq

4 ,

#

/fi

"borrow" should 1) have the co-verb

tern: ^ ^

A

tern: /^ji-

A

/j-gj"

"borrow from A," "borrow A's,"

struction with ^ ¡ ^ J

o r

or after

the pat-

2) have 3) use the •

in the patcon-

Lesson 33

87

I3-

may also be attached to A-?T with the meaning "lend." I fcj

The direct ect object may either directly follow /j^g*

or

placed between /^"g" and v^x"* 41

» J&tf

'J/?

61

? ^^

"borrow (to use)" must be followed either by the

direct object or a time expression.

^ it 4 fh i 8 ' i l ^ 4 . , 4\; n Hk ft ft A ? 7)

^

Word Study IV — p

V>J\ is used for "below, less than (a fixed rank or

number or amount)."

BCR Supplementary Materials

88

ft*".

Vj\

is used for "above, more than (a fixed rank,

number or amount)."

"AX ) .

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Lesson 34

89

Structural Point I When

is used,

J ^ j ^ . , * J^jj J j ^

or

and/or J^j ,

must be present in the second clause.

may modify either the subject or the verb.

If

It

is

directly before the subject, the verbs in both clauses must agree.

If

is directly before the verb in the first

clause, the subjects of both clauses must be the same.

il, 3)

%, JL sC A

1b

.

^

# & & & i ^ i M > ^ JL4LA 5)

# ^ a? i i A ^ t i

AJb-^.^j

90

BCR Supplementary Materials

Structural Point II jfw

^Jfi^

.jjfe Jjj^

is almost always "to listen."

M m

%^

vj "to listen" without the addition of I/Oj

H A-J

is "hear."

or a similar post-

verb gives no indication as to what was being listened to or listened for was actually heard.

The addition of

J^j

indicates the success, or lack of success, of the action of listening, namely "hear."

Thus, as the action itself is completed,

(in question form with

yfj^^^ ,

may be omitted to

indicate abruptness) or ^ ^ J must accompany same reason,

j^j is always negated by

J? , •

For the

•

Jfjo"' ffi t may also be used as a resultative verb form. ^^

means "to listen and be able to hear," while

''•^F* hear."

i

literall

y " t 0 l i s t e n but still be unable to

(See Beginning Chinese, Lesson 14, p. 217, note 6)

The same explanation is applicable to ^jj" and Moreover, the object of -JJ"]^..

must be a sound -- not some-

thing tangible such as a tape recording.

11

J&iitf'M^TitfL

it

Ij.

3

? 4>JL

Lesson 34

91

Hjfcji^iiiiJtiMrtLJt X ful i Cnever -11 h) » -foUL^^W ° "I •

T

*">rd Study I means "outside of class, extra-curricular."

It may be used to modify another noun with ^¡^J (optional) marking the modification.

Word Study II usec

*

^dressing elderly people and

carries an implication of respect.

It can be used in second or

third person, but not in first person.

or ^¿»N

(nin) or

92

BCR Supplementary Materials

may also be attached to

1)

A . A .

JM? -ki ^ ? ?

2)

Word Study III JAuD

"s-4PP.

Jj-®^ is a verb-object combination which also may be jl y

used as a stative verb. implies submissiveness.

means "to be obedient" and It is most often used when speaking of

children.

»

t.

A modifier may be inserted between the verb and the object.

2 >

iiji^^MlAli-^iil

BCR Supplementary Materials:

w rd stud 1

°

^

Sj^

Lesson 35

jfc ,

^

"good many, great many" may or may not be used

with a measure word.

It is not always interchangeable with

"quite a few," which always requires a measure word. also has the connotation of a smaller amount than

At word

11

% %

is prefixed to a word for a part of the anatomy, or

to "self" to be used in an adverbial function to mean "with one's own ..." or "personally."

i) ^ i & i & n ^ t / H ^ .

93

94

BCR Supplementary Materials

Word Study III

'Jf

pjz J ^

"youth" (person) may be either a noun or an adjective.

^

may be added to

/r^

are

and ^rj"

and

adjectives only. and becomes "middle-

aged person(s)" and "elderly people," respectively.

l U i fi $ kAsi

"How is it that he did not come?

j .

Because he was ill."

4, 4iL OJt J x, fafk il & k.^ "A ? "As young as this, how can he attend college?"

"Please tell me, how do you do this? that way -- both are okay."

Do it this way or

98

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Lesson 38

Word Study I has two basic meanings which can be translated variously, depending upon the context: firstly, it can mean "not share" when used with an indirect object and followed by the post-verb with

Remember, when the it is the

, construction is used

that is negated.

Secondly, it can

mean "not make distinctions" which can be translated as "regardless, not distinguish, not discriminate" or something else in the same vein, depending upon context.

>> jtLk'l^.^&titMK. 2 > 3, JQ'Jl^ & ffl ¿t 3)

K,

Word Study II

¿i!,^

) ^^ two meanings.

ji

as ab veis ais divided int

°' °

°

First, to make a share, or part of a whole in or-

99

Lesson 38 der to do something with it, it is usually translated as "set aside" or "allot."

The second meaning is "to make distinctions,

distinguish, discriminate."

«

if!Af i

Word Study III ^

^

J^J " t0

se

Parate»

to

split," may also be

used as an adverb.

» j, n

^ #N ^ ^

Ä 6f) A

BCR Supplementary Materials

100

«

\ k \ 1 \

Word Study IV ^^

»

«

-E, 4SI A . -3" - A

-i;.

"to distinguish clearly," "obviously."

m

^ £ $ # & ^

J^'j

Hfl

ßjjj

Aw ithsfi.

Word Study V

^

j

a

^

OL

JjlJ "difference," "to make a distinction," "separate-

ly or individually" may be used as noun, verb, or adverb.

» ß,^ ü4-si v L 7 k A

Lesson 38

101

2) ¿yg} jftf% & iMp m 4- ^ #if^J ? % ^'J ^ ^ j Word Study VI ^>

tw0

basic

usa

ges-

First, it may be an

idiomatic expression asking "how about...," "how is..."

Second-

ly, it may be an adverb asking "in what way is one to..."

«fak 3 ili

«

Mr M il

^ t f l H O & M i l ,

61

, $ 3 d ^ £ vt

C 0. & 5'J H £ # ,

7

1 (titdJt1.

102

BCR Supplementary Materials:

w 1 st d 1

°" " r

3 , 3 ^Mf ma

"may not

V

y

suffixed to a verb ( V

"cannot

V

," or "must hot

stronger than the auxiliary verb

^

>k &

fa

"have no recourse but to

sv

tfj 3 # $

) to mean V

«

SV

."

SV

It is

.

y

ver

^ meaning "cannot but

V ," or "must

V ."

'sv $ ^

interchangeable modifiers meaning "extremely very

."

1't

an auxiliar

V

Lesson 39

^ J

^

SV

" or "very,

is more frequently used.

^ 3T-3 . ^ g ^ M ^ t f ^

3

3.

Lesson 39

103

J^^

may be used as a stative verb itself with

the meaning "wonderful" or "outstanding."

^ h m ^

& 3 , £ 3

if

may also be used as a stative verb with the

meaning "...really something."

It sometimes implies an impend-

ing disaster which the speaker may not know how to handle.

io

'

fJj % tij tjLA^L h &&

£

3.

— 3, - i t i i l j f c tf

i?

3.

111

3.

frequently i f . & • fr - t l - f i ^ be used interchangeably in the meaning "no wonder..." or "it is

obvious that..."

Literally, J^Jf^

blame.. .for..." ,

t m e a n s

means "it is hard to "do/can not blame... for..."

means "may not blame.. .for. .."

BCR Supplementary Materials

104

»

if)

, |t)i

>

tf)

& 4b.

# 'ti A J ^

2

tf.dfr.

J ^ I M * ^ .

45

J

>

5

«

*T

f ^

3

il^. ^

>

f

t

L

.

Word Study III n

when preceding the verb, means "before long ..."

^

*

X

"L4k

).

When immediately following the verb, it means "shortly after V ."

^ ß J j M ^ ä Ü / t } .

BCR Supplementary Materials:

W

o

r

d

Lesson 40

105

1

/ ^ w -^j^J " t 0

man

^ - ^ e s t ( a n outward show of one's feelings"

when used with a stative verb is normally followed by sv

M

m e n

•

^

may be omitted.

jjjfj

is

A l l o w e d by ^

ta

t0

...SV,

When used with other verbs,

means "to show (one's talent or ability)." words which ^ ^

^

' ce

as

• A. d

an

The

object are usually limited

jlrf •

(rtii^r). 3) «

W j & ^ t i s as

"what one shows."

f L ^ t

a noun

6)

use

. * ,

d to mean "what one reveals" or

The stative verbs which may be used with this

are rather limited too. 5)

is

65

106

BCR Supplementary Materials

functions as a stative verb with the meaning "outstanding."

Word

*** "

A ^ / t i i k as a noun

an

i d e a which one wishes to promote,

therefore the meaning "proposal."

Jf-

Only people can have

functions like a stative verb.

It may mean

"has ideas," "be decisive," or "have opinions."

«

AwUjM^MjtjJMJLSk.

4)

Word Study III is a general term used for one who takes over the

Lesson 40

107

responsibilities of someone else, acts in his absence, or acts on his behalf. tive." functions.

an

/j-^

'iXj

"agent"

or

"representa-

simply a "representative" for certain

Both may also be used as verbs.

-ik•

5)

fefLW^zfurtA.

Structural Point I

^- %-jj ,

object in the meaning "to visit." take an object. 1)

^

,

•^ -^rf

a11 must take an

may ox may not

108

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Lesson 41

Word stud 1

y ^ i^f

y/j \

may be followed by two or more options, a

question word used in the indefinite, or an expression of degree.

2)

*

i

i

4)

« * %

$. ^ ¿1 A. •4 $ my m

« # ik^f n^iKti) Word Study II

^

^

A& ^

"if by any chance" literally means "one (chance or time) out of ten thousand," whereas

"by all means"

literally means "ten million (times out of ten million)."

Lesson 41

109

1)

$4

•

2)

M-t $] & 3fc$ &¥] ii&A

3)

i-tA^i

Word Study III

^

'A- .

¿Jl^

"to put into operation" should not be confused with Word Study II)

" t o become manifest." ^ ^ ^JLj

(See Lesson 31,

Primari1y

a

state of being, which

may or may not be the result of the action of

» tàtiéLifr-jL'Z-À'Xrt. « 1* &^ tf 4 il jUk/1A & $ ? « ^ ^ J M ^ i i L Ä f JJL 3

BCR

HO Word Study IV

Supplementary Materials

f ^ j f o ^act

'"^T

an

"established theory" or

"doctrine" which can only come from a recognized authority. ^fi^T "theory" is more general and may be used for an unknown person's "contentions", or may be used synonymously with

J

.

Normally, though, one does not use reference to his own theories.

^

tfj

^

> i

or

^

^

&

>k

£3

or

In such a case, would be

more

acceptable.

i)

^ i® ^ & €'t ^ $ it An k m fa

c

^yj^)

^ Jl^

^4

^-il.

"in theory" or "theoretically" is

also a general term.

3

> ^ # # >£ ) tt^xAM tf, 5"

BCR Supplementary Materials:

111

Lesson 43

Word Study I "to follow," "to accompany" is used in the physical sense when used with action verbs.

It may also be used to

mean "right after" or "immediately following" in sentences expressing time sequence.

m

1)

3) 3ff

.J

^Z^rM

rt

Vkk

KSl&ik

.

3„

¿ML4

Word Study II use
i ^ 5 .

35

j f y ^ PW

AJ

-FT

w-f and

«A A ,

/jjj^

(PW)..." are also interchangeable.

PW

' i A "starting from

114

BCR Supplementary Materials

Word Study II

ij

may mean different things depending primarily on the word which follows it, and secondarily upon the context.

For

example: PUll

^

"just a moment ago"

itl(ffl'J) " j u s t

n0U"

2) / h M ' H i*H V L SL 3 ^ . « 4a # j ( * D £ P i & j,tt>%ù%>- Ì .

( — ) "just as," "as soon as"

5

>

M

(g]lj

^ && 4s A ^^&

"just right"

Lesson 44

6

>

115

3

- ^ j f c j ^

Word Study III t

^ iree basic functions as a post-verb.

most frequently encountered is in the meaning "to begin to In this meaning, ^ ^

2)

4tL m

and

M k j L i f

In the second usage, In this usage, yl^JL^

an

d

The V ."

are normally split by the object.

A

3 .

indicates "upward motion." are usua

^ X either split by the

object or the J^J^j construction is used.

BCR Supplementary Materials

116

. (or

«

t ie m o s t v a

The third common usage of terms of function. VO

*

8 u e i-n

Perhaps it may be explained as viewing the

as an entire process, as opposed to the physical carrying

out of any singular action which is a part of the entire process. Sometimes it can be translated as a gerund in English.

(Note

that not all gerunds in English can be conversely translated in"^

to Chinese as j ^ i J ^ V . one

Sometimes it has the idea of "when

V-0 , it (VO) is..."

%. 1 ttMA iL Jfc

" %4 f

» > + iiHiAMu'* Finally, there are some idiomatic uses of ^ ^

"recall"

. jj^

:

Lesson 44

^ f

117

" s e e m s l i k e > l° o k s l i k e "

10) 11)

•^/LAL^K speaking of"

'

^/UAL^

"mention, bring up,

118

BCR Supplementary Materials:

Lesson 45

Word Study I ^

is similar to English in that it may be used

literally and figuratively to mean "not count," "not including," "not be reckoned as," and "not calculate."

*S

an

idiomatic expression meaning "not

keep one's word."

fo

4)

-g* -a i l 3 # ^ 4 f # ) & r

"or" studx" 4 - A., H i. ^ ^

A., in ya

generally speaking, is used to emphasize the

person in question, as opposed to other persons or things. this sense, person singular.

is usually used in the second and third When used in the first person, it usually de-

monstrates a feeling of humbling oneself, and ^ ^ omitted.

In

is generally

119

Lesson 45

1)

2)

3)

M -k &:

k f \ f A M A .

i U in many cases, i.e. substituted for

•

1) and 2) above, can be

The connotation is only slightly

different. sjjjz^ J t ^

is contrasted with

y ^

in that /^jjj

stresses the person in question, as opposed to a group. that y^jjiJ

cannot be used to indicate that the person in

question is the only one (or "alone"

—

does something different from a group. tions as a noun or a noun modifier. stituted for

Note

^

/jj^J

) that

A\&\

°nly func-

j

can also be sub-

y ! ^ , unless the speaker wants to explicitly

point out a contrast between the individual and the group.

BCR Supplementary Materials

120

4)

«

-fa

tf]

)

, i

L

A

only functions as an adverb.

^ phatic than

-k

^

.

.

^

-

^

A .

It is more em-

Generally, it is used to emphasize

that the person in question is not normally the one expected to do a particular thing. for

H j j j

.

Otherwise

^

¿j

can be substituted

BCR Supplementary Materials: Word Study I

Lesson 46

121

j¿j

y^J \ Jij

is used as a stative verb and is not simply the

negative equivalent of only time that

J&J

JsJ

which is not a stative verb.

The

can be used as a noun to mean "differ-

ence" is in the following sentences (with or without negative): "What differences are there between...?"

A difference."

or

» +

m

UThere

is not

much

Otherwise, "difference" is expressed by

ij^J ffi^ i J j

2)

v

4

1

^'J

^ \

or some other expression.

ßkA

fk

^

n

?

3) (.r

)

4)

&

Word Study II

?

ijj^ ^¿r^v. should be divided into two separate categories.

In one, it is interchangeable with "as regards..."

The second function of

with the meaning jj;^ jfits is as a

122

BCR Supplementary Materials

directional co-verb, and the speaking, as

j||j jfi^S-

«

S)

(as

y follow

ma

Generally

^ n verb)

where-

T F T -7PN- cannot.

^

» 3)

ma

may be omitted.

ft M J f

sxAA. ^

¿lA

& %.

gg 4 ft ^H",

ik

¿tfrk^rt.

BCR Supplementary Materials:

W o r d s t u