Athenian Settlements of the Fourth Century B.C. 9004099913, 9789004099913

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ATHENIAN SETTLEMENTS OF THE FOURTH CENTURY B.C.

BY

JACK CARGILL

E.J. BRILL LEIDEN · NEW YORK · KÖLN 19'J5

The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication

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Cargill, Jack. Athenian settlements of the fourth century B.C. / by Jack Cargill. p. cm. - (Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava. Supplementum, ISSN 0169-8958 ; 145) lncludes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9004099913 2. Greeks~olonization-History. 1. Greece--Colonies-History. 1. Title. II. Series. DF251.C37 1995 325' .338-dc20 95-7098 CIP

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme [Mnemosyne / Supplementum] Mnemosyne : bibliotheca classica Batava. Supplementum. Leiden ; New York; Köln : Brill. Früher Schriftenreihe Reihe Supplementum zu: Mnemosyne

145. Cargill, Jack: Athenian settlements of the fourth century b.c. - 1995 Cargill, Jack: Athenian settlements of the fourth century b.c. / by Jack Cargill. - Leiden ; New York ; Köln : Brill, 1995 (Mnemosyne : Supplementum; ISBN 9o--04--0999 l-3

ISSN ISBN

145)

0 169-8958 90 04 09991 3

© Copyright1995 by EJ. Brill, Leiden,'flzeNether/,ands

All rightsreseroed. No part efthispublicationmay be reproduced, trans/,ated, storedin means,electronic, a retrievalsystem,or transmittedin a1!JI form or by a1!JI mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,withoutprior written permission .from thepublisher. Authorizationto photocopyitemsfor internalorpersonal use is grantedby EJ. Brill providedthat theappropriate fies arepaid directryto The Copyright ClearanceCenter,222 RosewoodDrive, Suite 910 DanversMA 01923, USA. Feesare subjectto change. PRINfED

IN THE NETHERLANDS

For the Cargills of the Arnerican Southwest, especially Polly, Jerry, Judy, and Debbie - always there, always loyal, always helpful

CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements ................................................. IX Epigraphical Symbols and Other Conventions .... ...... ...... ......... XII Maps Showing Fourth Century Settlements ............................. XVI Introduction ........................................................................ ......... XIX Chapter 1. Chronology of Events Relating to the Fourth Century Athenian Settlements 1.1. Summary Background on Pre-Fourth Century Settlements ........... ................. ...... ................................... 1 1.2. The Thraikian Chersonesos in the Early Fourth Century ........................................................................... 9 1.3. Lemnos, Imbros, and Skyros to the Makedonian Conquest... ........ ............ ....... ............ ................. ....... ....... 12 1.4. Salamis from Aigospotamoi through the Lamian War................................................................................. 15 1.5. Klerouchs on Samos, ca. 365-322 B.C. ....................... 17 1.6. Poteidaia, Athens, and Philip ....................................... 22 1.7. The Chersonesos, 360s and After................................ 23 1.8. The Adriatic Apoikiaof 325/ 4 ...................................... 31 1.9. Expulsions and Relocations of 322-321 B.C. .............. 34 1.9a. NOTE ON SOURCES: ATHENS, SAMOS, AND THE EXILES DECREE .................................... 40 1.10. Islands of Independent Athenians ................................ 42 Chapter 2.1. 2.2. 2.3.

2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2. 7. 2.8. 2.9.

2. Personnel of the Fourth Century Athenian Settlements Athenians as a Group ................................................... 59 Non-Athenians, Considered Collectively ..................... 66 Individuals, Considered Statistically ............................. 77 Table 1. Basic Categories in Database .................... 79 Table 2. Possible 4C Residents ................................ 80 Table 3. Possible Late Residents .............................. 81 Individuals: Adriatic, Unknown and Uncertain Locations, Poteidaia, Chersonesos.... ........ .................... 85 Individuals: Lemnos .................................................... ... 92 Individuals: Imbros ........................................................ 99 Individuals: Skyros ........ ........................... ...................... 106 Individuals: Samos ......................................................... 109 Individuals: Salamis....................................................... 119

VIII

Chapter ments 3 .1. 3.2. 3.3.

CONTENTS

3. lnstitutions of the Fourth Century Athenian Settle-

Sources and Limitations ............................................... . What Were Fourth Century Settlements Called? ...... . Officers Sent from Athens ........................................... . 3.4. Archons ......................................................................... .. 3.5. Other Magistrates and Officers ................................... . 3.6. Resolutions of Boule and Demos....................................... 3. 7. Calendars, Meetings, Boards, Subdivisions, . . Func t1onar1es................................................................ .. 3.8. Subject Matters of Public Resolutions ........................ . 3.9. Trials? ............................................................................ . 3.10. Resolutions of Bodies Other than Boule and Demos..... 3.11. Coinage ......................................................................... . 3.12. Horoi ................................................................................... 3.13. Other Economic and Cultic Evidence ........................ .

134 135 138 145 152

157 165

174 179 181 185 187 192

Appendix A: Epigraphical Observations .... ......................... .... .. 203 Attic and Salaminian Texts ................................................... 205 Extra-Attic Texts ..................................................................... 227 Appendix B: Persons Certainly or Possibly Associated with Athenian Settlements of the Fourth Century B.C ............... Alphabetical List of Entries ....................................................

247 258

Bibliography and Abbreviations ....... ......... ....... .................. ... ..... 442 Index of Soure es Cited..... ............. ...................... ..... ................... 463 Photographs Illustrating Some lnscriptions Discussed ... Plates 1-10

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The production of this study has taken far longer than I ant1c1pated. The project seemed much smaller when I began concentrating on it during some months as a Senior Associate Member at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens in the spring of 1985, a stay made possible by a semester of Faculty Academic Study Program (FASP) leave from Rutgers University. Another such FASP leave, although without the overseas travel opportunity, came in spring of 1989, and yet another in fall of 1993. Several small grants to help with my research expenses have been given to me by the Rutgers Research Council and by my own History Department. Teaching most semesters (spring 1994 was a helpful exception) has otherwise restricted my involvement with this project largely to the summers, although serving as Acting Chair of the Rutgers Classics Department in spring of 1986 gained me the ongoing use of a University-owned computer and printer, with appropriate software provided. Continuously since the very inception of the project (we were both in Athens in spring of 1985), I have benefitted from the knowledge and unstinting helpfulness of Malcolm B. Wallace of the University of Toronto, former editor of Phoenix,whose many contributions include his careful reading of hundreds of pages of typescript in 1991 and again in 1993. I have adopted many of his suggestions. Wallace's involvement in a similar manner with Thomas J. Figueira's complementary 1991 study has made his comments on my own work doubly valuable. Although I have disagreed with Wallace at various points, sometimes so indicating in my text or notes, my debt to him is by far the largest owed to anyone in connection with this study, and it is acknowledged with utmost gratitude. Second only to Wallace in the thanks I owe him is a onetime member of my dissertation committee, Ronald S. Stroud of the University of California at Berkeley, co-editor for Attic inscriptions of the indispensable SupplementumEpigraphicumGraecum.Stroud took on the burden of reading the 1991 typescript, and his numerous comments and corrections were similarly helpful and just as greatly appreciated - although again I have differed on points here and there. At a late stage in my work, I was very materially assisted by John S. Traill, Wallace's colleague at the University of Toronto and director of the ATHEN/ANS prosopography project, Toronto's designedly complete database of all attested "Persons of

X

PREFACE

Ancient Athens" (PAA), which remains unfinished at this writing. Traill, with the help of his computer expert, Philippa M. Wallace Matheson (Mac Wallace's sister), has generously and at the cost of much personal trouble supplied me with PAA numbers for many persons listed in my prosopographical Appendix B. A third Toronto connection is with Cameron Paquette, who drew the maps exactly to my specifications. Rodney Troch, my department's computer consultant during a critical period of this work, endured much frustration in converting my prosopographical database of possible settlers' names into word-processable form, to make my typing of Appendix B somewhat less arduous. Numerous academic friends and colleagues have helped in numerous ways at various stages of the project, and their assistance is acknowledged at appropriate points in my text and notes. Most significant in connection with my epigraphical Appendix A was Diane Harris, who undertook to visit the Myrina Museum on Lemnos for me in 1989, when I was unable to get there myself. Colleagues who have provided me with pre-publication typescripts of works in progress (some of which have reached print by now) include Glenn R. Bugh,John H. Qack) Kroll, Michael Wörrle, and Sara Aleshire. My department's chair during six of the years of this project, Rudolph Bell, was instrumental in helping me find some of the above-mentioned small research grants, and was generally encouraging to me while I was doing this work. Other Rutgers colleagues, notably Traian Stoianovich and Stephen Reinert, have helped me with specific details and more general encouragement, as have colleagues at other institutions, foremost among them Diana Delia. Julian Deahl, senior editor at EJ. Brill, is especially to be thanked for seeing merit in a study of such size and complexity. Production editor Pim Rietbroek has shown outstanding patience and promptness in working with me at the proof stage. Anonymous readers of my 1993 typescript, both for Brill and for a departmental promotion packet, have corrected errors and provided useful suggestions, many of which I have adopted. I regret that I misled one such reader by my habit of showing the "history" of scholarly conjectures: When I say something like "A, citing B, suggests ... ", it is not to be assumed that I have not consulted B; I am merely telling the reader where A apparently got the idea or the information. Every work listed in my Bibliography has been consulted directly, unless (as in the case of a few passages of Greek from authors whose works are preserved only in fragments) I explicitly say that I rely on someone else's quotation of it.

PREFACE

XI

Non-academic friends, most especially Michael McGrorty, have helped me stay with this project when exhaustion threatened to become burnout. My debt, and my gratitude, to my family are clear enough from the dedication. Unfortunately, this project both preceded and outlasted my second marriage. Nevertheless, I rejoice in its issue, my radiant Elena, her middle-aged father's belated and beloved firstborn. Jack Cargill Rutgers University August 1994

EPIGRAPHICAL

SYMBOLS AND OTHER CONVENTIONS

The following epigraphical symbols are employed in my notes and appendixes:

[ ]

Surface area completely lost; letters within are editorial restorations Definite number of lost letters (one per dot); no restora[...] tion suggested [-- -] Uncertain number of lost letters (number of hyphens irrelevant) Letters within complete abbreviated words (demotics, ( ) technical terms, e.g., are often abbreviated) < > Letters within supply unintended omissions or correct erroneously cut letters of mason Letters within exist on the stone, but should be deleted Surface area has been erased; letters within are editorial restorations Enough of this letter is visible to make it the on{ypossible a, ß reading Extant traces are compatible with this letter (which is the most likely one), but also with other(s) a, fi Letter seen by earlier editor(s); surface now lost Letter space left blank by mason (one v per blank space) V vacat Remainder (or all) of line left blank by mason End/beginning of inscribed line (if quote is long enough to warrant showing line breaks, and not copied lineby-line) Beginning of line whose number is divisible by five II

TRANSLITERATION

AND RELATED MATTERS

The Latinizing of Greek terms and names, it seems to me, has outlived its usefulness. lt is sustained at the present time only through scholarly conventionality and inertia. Since it is also to some extent under attack (at last!), the consequence, for many studentg, and many readers, is confusion. lt would be better to get on with the necessary change, eliminate the Latinate spelling entirely, and consistently represent Greek letters by their current English equivalents. That is not to say that one should never Anglicizethe

CONVENTIONS

XIII

Greek. Writing "Athens" with the English plural ending "-s" instead of the Greek plural alpha-iotatransliterated into "-ai" seems entirely defensible, as does the simple English shortening of a name such as Philipposto "Philip". But why Latinize? Why "Macedonia" with a "c" that tends to be pronounced like an "s", rather than "Makedon(ia)" with a "k" that must necessarily look and sound more like the original with its kappa? Transitional periods are always awkward, and productive of inconsistencies. Nowadays, every book about the ancient Greeks includes the author's statement about whether and to what extent Greek terms and names within it will be directly transliterated and/ or Latinized. I too have to some extent yielded to tradition on source citations (thus "Thuc." and "Plut." still appear, not "Thouk." and "Plout.", etc.). But this is mere conventionality, nothing more admirable than that. In most cases, I directly transliterate Greek names, toponyms, and technical terms (sometimes Anglicizing endings), rather than Latinizing them. I make exceptions from the general pattern when I am pretty sure the reader would not otherwise understand (retaining "Aegean", for example, rather than Aigaion, for the name of the sea long dominated by the Athenian navy), and others when I believe clarity is increased (as in reserving "