Applied Materials Technologies

Citation preview

Applied Materials Technologies

Edited by Dr. Amjad Ali Muhammad Saleem Dr. Ramji Kalidoss Dr. Sandip A. Kale Dr. Kishor B. Kale Dr. Sunday Olayinka Oyedepo Dr. Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan

Applied Materials Technologies

Special topic volume with invited peer-reviewed papers only

Edited by

Dr. Amjad Ali, Muhammad Saleem, Dr. Ramji Kalidoss, Dr. Sandip A. Kale, Dr. Kishor B. Kale, Dr. Sunday Olayinka Oyedepo and Dr. Muhammad Idham Darussalam Mardjan

Copyright  2022 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher. Trans Tech Publications Ltd Seestrasse 24c CH-8806 Baech Switzerland https://www.scientific.net

Volume 928 of Key Engineering Materials ISSN print 1013-9826 ISSN web 1662-9795

Full text available online at https://www.scientific.net

Distributed worldwide by Trans Tech Publications Ltd Seestrasse 24c CH-8806 Baech Switzerland Phone: +41 (44) 922 10 22 e-mail: [email protected]

Preface This publication introduces the reader to the results of research and engineering developments in materials science and technologies. The corrosion resistance of diesel engine components was analysed using biodiesel and structural aluminium alloy. Particular attention is paid to research on developing nanomaterials and nanotechnologies for application in mechanical engineering, chemical production and industrial waste processing. Two separate chapters are devoted to these problems. The book also discusses the features of the production of bioplastic fertilisers and the features of monitoring the state of chicken meat during storage. Separate chapters are devoted to functional materials and studying the properties of materials and structures used in photovoltaics and optoelectronics. The presented book will be useful to engineers and researchers from the technical and technological areas mentioned above.

Table of Contents Preface

Chapter 1: Corrosion Behaviour and Corrosion Protection of Structural Metals Assessment of Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Copper Components of Diesel Engines in Waste Oil Biodiesel Environment O.D. Samuel, S.T. Amosun, G. Dwivedi, S.U. Idi, H.I. Owamah, C.N. Nwaokocha, T. Jeyaseelan and C.C. Enweremadu Fatigue Life Estimation of 7020 Aluminum Alloy Subjected to Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solution P. Kumar

3 17

Chapter 2: Nanotechnology for Environmental Applications A Green Synthesized SnO2 Photo-Catalyst for Effective Degradation of Biomedical Industrial Waste T. Nayak, N. Simon, J. Alsadi, R.M. Hernandez, C.K. Dixit and V. Malik A Simple Approach of CQDs@MoS2 Nanosheets for Turn-On Fluorescence Sensor for Detection of Pb2+ Ions A. Singh, R. Rathinam, A.K. Yadav, R. Vasudevan, I. Kulandhaisamy, M. Purushotham and P.Y. Patil Architecture Fibrous Meso-Porous Silica Spheres as Enhanced Adsorbent for Effective Capturing for CO2 Gas J. Alsadi, V. Tripathi, L.S. Amaral, E. Potrich, S.H. Hasham, P.Y. Patil and E.M. Omoniyi Colorimetric Detection of Deltamethrin Pesticide from Biological Samples Based on the Peroxidase-Mimc Catalytic Activity on MnO2/SnO2 J.K. Pandey, A.K. Yadav, M. Purushotham, N.I. Gour, G.G. Gurnule and K.R. Yadav TiO2-Cu2O Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dye Pollutants from Aqueous Industrial Waste Solutions T. Nayak, K. Kulathuraan, K. Pakiyaraj, E. Potrich, L.S. Amaral, C.K. Dixit and D.S. Patil

27

33 39 45 53

Chapter 3: Nanotechnology in Machinery and Chemical Production Study on Cu Based Organic Linkers for Effective Emission Control over Diesel Engine Effuluents R.M.A. Ismail, E.A. Enemose, M. Al-Jamal, I. Trrad, H. Al-Mattarneh, V. Tripathi and P.Y. Patil Waste Food Cans Waste Bamboo Wood Based AA8079/SS304/Bamboo Wood Ash Hybrid Nanocomposite for Food Packaging T. Sathish, S.D. Kumar, M. Ravichandran, V. Mohanavel, S.S. Kumar, S. Rajkumar and R. Subbiah Impact of Carbon Nanotubes on the AC Breakdown of Mineral Oil with the Presence of Polyvinylpyrrolidone N.F. binti Roslan, M.T. Ishak, N.S. Mohd Abdul Rahman, M.F. Md Din and F.R. Hashim

61

69 79

Chapter 4: Materials and Technologies for Agricultural and Food Production Synthesis Bioplastic Fertilizer of Carboxymethyl Cellulose/N-P-K/Zeolite Using Twin-Screw Extruder as a Model Slow-Release S. Wahyuni, S. Suyanta, B.B. Sedayu, W. Nafisyah and I. Kartini

89

b

Applied Materials Technologies

The Effect of Polyurethane Multilayer Coating on Nitrogen Release from Controlled Release Fertilizer A.R. Wicaksono, Y. Kusumastuti and J. Widada Kinetics Study of Chicken Breast Meat (Pectoralis major) Color Changes Measured Using the TCS 3200 Color Sensor during Storage at Room Temperature P.W. Nastiti, N. Bintoro, J.N.W. Karyadi and S. Rahayoe

95 103

Chapter 5: Functional and Special Materials Synthesis and Dielectric Characterization of Nd Doped SrTiO3 Ceramics for Energy Storage Applications C.V.M. Hunize, M.A. Joseph and K.P. Murali Vibration Control of Functionally Graded Panels using Parallel Resonators A. Sahu, S. Kumar, N. Bhavyashree and A. Roy Finite Element Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Smart Functionally Graded Beam M. Kumar and S.K. Sarangi

113 119 127

Chapter 6: Materials for Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics Preparation Structural and Optical Analysis of Tungsten Sulphide (WS2) Thin Film by DCSputtering M.F. Ali Mehdi, S.S. Hussain and S. Riaz Green Up-Conversion Luminescence in Yb/Er Co-Doped AlN Thin Film by RF Magnetron Sputtering S.S. Hussain, M. Khan, G.A. Nowsherwan, M.S. Munir, S. Riaz, S.M. Hussain and S. Naseem Photoluminescence Study of Silver Nanoparticles Decorated on Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) by Spectroflourometer M.S. Munir, A.A. Khan, M. Khan, G.A. Nowsherwan, S.S. Hussain, S. Riaz, M.A. Raza and S. Naseem Diamond-Like Carbon Film Deposited via Electrochemical Route for Antireflection Applications in Photovoltaic A. Shabbir, Z. Khan, A. Ali, W. Qasim, N. Ahmad, Z. Hussain and H. Pervaiz Development of 2nd Generation Thin Film Photovoltaics Based on CZTS Absorber Layer and ZnS Window Layer M. Tufail, S.S.A. Shah, Z. Khan and M.B. Ihsan Optimizing the Morphology, Structure and Optoelectronic Properties of Aluminum Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Developed via Wet Chemical Synthesis M.M. Ur Rehman, Z. Khan, M. Ahmad, A. Ali and S. Aslam Highly Transparent N-Type TiO2 Coatings for Self-Cleaning Glass Application M. Rabeel, R. Khan, U. Ali, S. Javed and M.A. Akram DFT Calculations Using Quantum ESPRESSO for Optical and Electronic Properties of Si Crystal M.H. Bashir, M. Sohail, S.M. Ul Hassan and T. Nawaz Light Absorbance of Natural Dye Extracted from Local Plants for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell S. Yonphan, V. Seithtanabutara and T. Wongwuttanasatian

139 145

153 163 177 183 191 199 207

CHAPTER 1: Corrosion Behaviour and Corrosion Protection of Structural Metals

Key Engineering Materials ISSN: 1662-9795, Vol. 928, pp 3-16 doi:10.4028/p-5x2fzw © 2022 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland

Submitted: 2021-07-26 Revised: 2022-05-09 Accepted: 2022-05-13 Online: 2022-08-16

Assessment of Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Copper Components of Diesel Engines in Waste Oil Biodiesel Environment SAMUEL Olusegun David1,8,a*, AMOSUN Semiu T.2,b, DWIVEDI Gaurav3,c, IDI Stanley Ufuoma4,d, OWAMAH, Hilary I.5,e , NWAOKOCHA Collins N.6,f, JEYASEELAN Thangaraja7,g, ENWEREMADU Christopher C. 8,h* 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, P.M.B.1221, Delta State, Nigeria

2

Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Federal University, Otuoke, P.M.B. 126 Bayelsa State, Nigeria 3

Energy Centre, MANIT Bhopal 462003, India 4

Petroleum Training Institute, Nigeria

5

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Delta State University, Oleh Campus, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria 6

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye 7

Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 014, India

8

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Private Bag X6, Florida, 1709, South Africa a

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], d [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], g

[email protected], [email protected]

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]; [email protected] Keywords: Corrosion, Hardness, Tensile strength, Correlation, Modelling

Abstract. Copper is used in diesel engine injectors and bearings, among other places.The corrosion and mechanical characteristics of these components when they are exposed to biodiesel are still lacking acceptable information. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of data on the corrosion and mechanical qualities of these components when exposed to alternative fuels such as biodiesel. In this study, waste-oil-derived biodiesel (WBB100) was blended with diesel fuel (WBB0) in the following proportions: B100:B0–10, 20, and 40 (WBB10, WBB20, and WBB40). ASTM standards were used to determine the blends' characteristics. Copper corrosion was investigated in a biodiesel environment using a stationary immersion method. Corrosion and surface morphology differences between the corroded and unexposed copper coupons were evaluated. After 960 hours of exposure, it was discovered that copper exposed to B0 (0.147 mpy) corroded less than copper exposed to B100 (0.4601 mpy). WBB10, WBB20, WBB40, and WBB100 had Brinell hardness values of 204.319, 221.666, 245.711, 267.021, and 293.303 N/mm2, respectively, while their tensile strengths were 694.69, 753.64, 835.42, and 907.87 MPa. As a result, it can be determined that the WBB10 blend is a better substitute for WBB0 in terms of biodiesel properties and corrosion features. Introduction Depletion of fossil-fuel reserves and its skyrocketing costs have spurred scientists and stakeholders to seek renewable energy sources in the present millennium [1-3]. Biodiesel is one of these widely accepted renewable alternatives. As a cleaner fuel, biodiesel is mostly produced through the transesterification process. The transformation of oily material with methanol (ME) in the presence of the appropriate catalyst is required for this process [3,4]. Due to its increased cetane number, high lubricity, low sulfur content, and higher flash point, biodiesel has become more

4

Applied Materials Technologies

desirable than fossil fuels. It does, however, have several disadvantages, including a decreased heating content and incompatibility with automobile components owing to corrosion [5]. Corrosiveness of ferrous metals in contact with biodiesel was shown to cause tremendous damage by Krisnamurthy et al. [6]. Biodiesel has been shown to have a higher corrosion rate than diesel when exposed to automobile parts for a lengthy period of time [7-10]. Metals exposed to biodiesel are deteriorated by the fatty acid arrangement, the residual ME amount of biodiesel, humidity, and the environment [11-13]. Numerous investigations on the corrosion of various automobile components exposed to biodiesels derived from sunflower oil, palm oil, Pongamia pinnata oil, and Jatropha oil have been published [5, 14-16]. However, it appears that few investigations have been undertaken on the effect of various biodiesel fuels on the mechanical properties of metals. The mechanical and corrosion mechanisms of brass in biodiesel blends were investigated by Samuel and Gulum [5].The authors emphasized that the study could serve as a guide for stakeholders in the prevention of undesirable corrosion of brass exposed to a diesel-biodiesel blend. Despite a dearth of data on the mechanical properties of corroded metals subjected to biodiesel, similar experiments are being conducted in different media [17-23].Abdulrahaman et al. [24], for example, investigated the mechanical properties of coated mild steel exposed to an acidic environment. Additionally, Garbatov et al. [20] investigated the durability of damaged steel exposed to high temperatures. Corrosion of metals in alternative fuels has been explained by Chandran et al [25].They discovered that biodiesel fuel interacts with vehicle parts because of its conductivity and oxygenation. Corrosion tests for copper exposed to waste oil-based biodiesel blends with diesel fuel have been lacking in the literature. It's also important to note that significant fuel features such as copper corrosion indicators and empirical correlations between copper corrosion and biodiesel fraction have yet to be extensively examined in these fuel blends after stationary immersion assessment. As a result, provide information to biodiesel industry stakeholders. Copper corrosion in biodiesel and its diesel blends was researched, as well as the major features of biodiesel/diesel blends before and after copper degradation, empirical correlations for important mechanical properties of copper, and morphologies of copper coupons. Methodology Materials and Techniques. Corrosion studies were carried out on WBB100 and B0 in the volume ratios of 10%, 20%, and 40%. Following ASTM standards, the thermophysical properties of the fuel types were analyzed. Equipment and fuel characteristics have been described elsewhere [5]. In order to accurately measure WOB's fatty acid methyl ester content, gas chromatography was used [26]. The corrosion experiment was carried out on a copper specimen with the dimensions shown in Table 1. For 30 minutes, a copper coupon was cleaned, refined, and submerged in acetone. For this experiment, the coupon was weighed and placed in an environment of 55 ° C [27-26]. The result is consistent with that of Aquino et al. [28], who evaluated metal gradation at an ambient temperature of 55 °C. ASTM G1 [27] specifies the technique to be followed. At intervals of 240 hours, the coupon's corrosion rate (CR) was measured in the spectrum of fuels. It is consistent with the works of Adetunji et al [29] and Compère et al [30]. The CR was calculated as mentioned before [16,28] and as suggested in Eq (1). CR =

534 × WLO ρCu × ACu × Tex

(1)

Key Engineering Materials Vol. 928

5

Table 1. Dimension of copper coupon for corrosion testing Components

Dimension (mm)

Length

29

Breadth

24

Thickness

2

Hole drilled on the coupon 3.3 The Brinell hardness number (BHN) of deteriorated copper exposed to diesel/biodiesel blends was determined using a hardness testing machine (Excel B34H, England) in accordance with ASTM standard E10-17 (2017). The BHN assessment was performed on three separate runs of experiments, and the percent BHN was calculated using the average result calculated using Eq (2). BHNAE2 − BHNBE1 %∆BHN = 100 × | | BHNBE1

(2)

The tensile strength (TES, MPa) of the corroded coupons was determined using Eq. (3), and the percent variation was evaluated using Eq (4). TES =

34 BHN 10

TESAE2 − TESBE1 %∆TES = 100 × | | TESBE1

(3) (4)

An SEM was used to examine the morphology of the copper before and after it was degraded by various fuel types. When Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) equipment is not available, Karimi and Taherzadeh [31-32] recommend using the SEM to show lignocellulose morphologies of degraded metals and comprehensive compositional differences. Discussion of Results Thermophysical properties of the biodiesel. Fig. 1 and Table 2 show WBB100's fatty acid and thermophysical characteristics, respectively.There were 85.0 and 15.39 wt.% of total saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content, respectively, in Fig. 1. In biodiesel fuels, higher levels of saturated fatty acids have been linked to lower NOx emissions and higher cetane numbers, according to research by Benjumea et al. [33] and Milano et al. [34]. It is depicted in Fig. 5 that the corrosion rates of copper in WBB-diesel blends differ significantly from those of other biodiesel blends (Fig. 2-4). Table 2 shows that WBB's density fits within the recommended range of EN14214, yet it is higher than diesel fuel's density. The density of the fuel has an influence on the heating value, and the WBB's high density compensates for its low energy content [35]. This enables biodiesel to be as effective as diesel fuel in internal combustion engines [36]. The first-degree equation produced when modeling the correlation between the density of WBB-diesel blends and their biodiesel content (x) demonstrates the correlation's adequacy, as indicated by the high R2 of 0.9971. (see Fig. 2). Baroutian et al. [36] and Enweremadu [37] reported comparable relationships. Viscosity is a critical property of WBB100 because it affects fuel atomization in the injector pump, which affects flow [39-40].The kinematic viscosity (KV) of WBB100 (5.13 mm2/s) is within the ASTM specification range (1.9-6.0 mm2/s), but is anticipated to be greater than that of WBB0

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Applied Materials Technologies

500 400 300 200 100 0

Lignoceric

Erucic

Behenic

Arachidonic

Arachidic

Linolenic

Linoleic

Oleic

Stearic

Margaric

Palmitoleic

Palmitic

Myristic

Capric

Lauric

Total saturated =85 Total unsaturated =15.39

Caprylic

Composition X0.1 (%)

(4.72 mm2/s).When WBB is increased from 10% to 40%, the viscosity values increase from 4.8 to 5.1 mm2/s, but remain within the normal range (1.9–6.0 mm2/s), as indicated in Table 2. The quadratic equation(−0.00009𝑥 2 + 0.0139𝑥 − 4.6761 ) used to determine the correlation between kinematic viscosity and biodiesel content has a coefficient of determination of 0.964. (See Fig. 2). By mixing WBB with diesel or alcohol, the high KV that is detrimental to fuel atomization can be reduced [39-42]. Figs. 3 and 4 show the relationships between various biodiesel properties, including cloud point (CLP), pour point (POP), flash point (FLP), and sulfur content (SUC). There are two distinct aspects of WBB's cold flow properties: POP and CLP. Fuel hoses become clogged, resulting in a lack of fuel in diesel engines, which causes the engine to start [43]. As a result, various mixes of biodiesel and diesel have been suggested. Diesel fuel POP and CLP values of 15°C and 9°C, respectively, are presented in Fig. 3. WBB's POP and CLP values are greater. CLP and POP readings decreased as a result of the decrease in biodiesel. Lower blends, as compared to pure WOB, may be more widely used in the cold zone because of the decrease in cold flow qualities. The R2 values of 0.9952 and 0.9956 were close to unity, therefore the quadratic equations for CLP (−0.0006𝑥 2 + 0.1763𝑥 − 8.7669) and POP (−0.0023𝑥 2 + 0.013𝑥 − 1.445 ) adequately described the fluctuations in the cloud point and pour point with biodiesel content. WBB's FLP and SUC values are higher than diesel fuel's.The greater the FLP number, the more easily the biodiesel may be transported and stored. With an increase in biodiesel percentage, the FLP progressed, but the SUC declined with an increase in biodiesel content, as shown in figure 4. WBB's FLP and SUC values are higher than diesel fuel's. Preventing combustion chamber degradation and reducing environmental dangers is possible because of the lower SUC of the WBB [44]. Bamgboye and Oniya [45] with Mattos et al. [46] have found similar results in the literature.

Fatty acid Fig. 1. Fatyy acid composition Table 2. Fuel properties of WBB Property Density, 15 °C Kinematic viscosity, 40 °C Cloud point Pour point Flash point Sulphur content Acid value

Unit kg/m3 mm2/s °

C C ° C mg/kg mg KOH/g °

Present study 883.63 5.1282

ASTM D6751

EN 14214

B0

1.9-6.0

860-900 3.5-5.0

861.3 4.7162

7.3 2.86 144 0.0071 0.297