An Expatriate Community in Tunis 1648-1885: St George's Protestant Cemetery and its Inscriptions 9781407302225, 9781407333069

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Cardiff Studies in Archaeology BAR  S1811  2008   PRINGLE  

An Expatriate Community in Tunis, 1648-1885

AN EXPATRIATE COMMUNITY IN TUNIS, 1648-1885

St George’s Protestant Cemetery and its Inscriptions

Denys Pringle

BAR International Series 1811 B A R

2008

Cardiff Studies in Archaeology

An Expatriate Community in Tunis 1648-1885 St George’s Protestant Cemetery and its Inscriptions

Denys Pringle

BAR International Series 1811 2008

ISBN 9781407302225 paperback ISBN 9781407333069 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407302225 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

BAR

PUBLISHING

Plate 1. Plan of St George’s cemetery, Tunis, made by Louis Ferrière, British vice-consul, in 1853 (courtesy of the British Embassy, Tunis)

i

ii

CONTENTS List of Plates

iv

List of Figures

vi

List of Tables

vii

Abbreviations

viii

Preface

ix

Introduction

1

Discussion

7

Origins and professions of the deceased

7

The form and decoration of the tombs

11

The language and style of the texts

13

Information on mortality

15

Catalogue

17

Documentary appendix

143

Epigraphic appendix

149

Family trees

151

Tables

157

Unpublished sources

166

Bibliography

167

Index

171

iii

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PLATES Plan of St George’s cemetery, Tunis, made by Louis Ferrière, British viceconsul, in 1853 (courtesy of the British Embassy, Tunis) St George’s church, Tunis, from the N St George’s church, Tunis, from the W St George’s cemetery, Tunis, looking E with Church House behind

frontispiece

18

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Tombstones of Samuel Webbe (1648, no. 1) and William Haines (1649, no. 2) Tombstone of Samuel Webbe (1648, no. 1) Tombstone of William Haines (1649, no. 2) Tombstone of Thomas Campion (1661, no. 3) Tombstone of Barnabas Holdin (1661, no. 4) Tombstone of Richard Lear (1663, no. 5) Tombstone of Dominico Portugese (1667, no. 6) Tombstone of Henry Veasy (1668, no. 8) Tombstone of William Hull (1673, no. 9) Tombstone of Roslif Andresen (1675, no. 10) Tombstone of Theophilus Barrington (1679, no. 11) Tombstone of André Serré (1690, no. 12) Tombstone of John Goddard (1711, no. 13): bottom of stone Tombstone of Henri Serré (1714, no. 15) Tombstone of Thomas Lawrence (1717, no. 16) Tombstone of Elizabeth Lawrence (1732, no. 18) Tombstone of Anna Maria Rönling (1745, no. 20) Tombstone of Richard Lawrence (1750, no. 21) Tombstone of Francis [E]treca or [E]rtega (1756, no. 24) Tombstone of Jacob Rönling (1758, no. 25) Tombstone of Ludolf Hammeken (1759, no. 26) Tombstone of Ludolf Hammeken (1759, no. 26 bis) Tombstone of George Robert Gordon (1759, no. 27) Tombstone of Iacob Hansen (1762, no. 28) Tombstone of Andreas Hertmann (1763, no. 29) Tombstone of Olof Rönling (1764, no. 30) Tombstone of Charles Gordon (1765, no. 31) Tombstone of Maria Bengdts Rönling (1766, no. 32) Tombstone of Ionas Rönling (1768, no. 33) Tombstone of Maria Swenson (1770, no. 34) Tombstone of Maria Elizabeth Swenson (1770, no. 35) Tombstone of Margaret Gordon (1776, no. 36) Tombstone of James Traill (1787, no. 37) Tombstone of James Dodge (1806, no. 39)

39

Tomb of Charles Tulin (1808, no. 40)

68

1 2 3 4 5

4 4 5

19 20 20 22 23 24 26 28 29 31 33 33 25 36 28 41 42 44 46 48 49 51 52 53 55 56 57 59 60 62 63 65 67

iv

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69

42

Tombstone of Gulielma Josepha Gierlew, née de Holsten (1812, no. 41): front Tombstone of Gulielma Josepha Gierlew, née de Holsten (1812, no. 41): back Tombstone of Frederick Christian de Holsten (1816, no. 42): front

43

Tombstone of Frederick Christian de Holsten (1816, no. 42): back

72

44

Tombstone of Angelina Capriata (1825, no. 45)

75

45

Tombstone of Margaret Capriata, née Gordon (1831, no. 49)

78

46

Inscribed tomb column of Charles Tulin (1832, no. 50)

80

47

Tombstone of John Gibson (1833, no. 51)

80

48

Inscribed tomb column of Matilda Tulin (1835, no. 53)

82

49

Tombstone of Edward de Berner (1837, no. 56)

85

50 51

Tombstone of Henry Emanuel London (1840, no. 58) Tombstone of John Knapp Gibson (1843, no. 59)

86 87

52

Tombstone of Jacques Henri Chapelié (1844, no. 60)

89

53

Tombstone of Samuel Harris Heap (1856, no. 61)

91

54

Tombstone of Susan Angelina Matilda Ferrière (1848, no. 63)

92

55

Cenotaph of John Howard Payne (1852, erected 1885, no. 66)

96

56

Tombstone of Samuel Davis Heap (1853, no. 67)

99

57

Tombstone of Louis Antoine Chapelié (1854, no. 68)

100

58

Tombstone of the Revd E.A. Page (1856, no. 71)

103

59

Tombstone of Margaret Heap (1857, no. 72)

104

60

Tombstone of Marie Thérèse Léonie Chapelié (1866, no. 76)

108

61

Tombstone of Jules Émile Pulcherie Maurel (1866, no. 77)

110

62

Tombstone of Christine Thérèse Léonie Chapelié (1868, no. 79)

112

63

Tombstone of Wilke Iacobs Wilkens (1870, no. 81)

113

64

115

66 67 68 69 70

Tombstone of Frederick Green (1872) and George Harry Green (1874, no. 85) Tombstone of Marie Jeanne Ribet (1872) and Richard Henry Ribet (1873, no. 86): top part Tombstone of Robert Antoine Édouard Chapelié (1873, no. 88) Tombstone of Sarah Anne Sleightholme (1873, no. 89) Tomb of Frank Ritchie (1873, no. 90) Tombstone of George Herbert Davies (1874, no. 91) Tombstone of Gwynne Harris Heap (1874, no. 93)

120 121 122 123 126

71

Tombstone of Constantin Frohnauer (1875, no. 95)

128

72

Tombstone of Marie Thérèse Chapelié (1879, no. 102)

133

73

Tombstone of Louisa Deodate Inversin (1885, no. 111)

140

74

Tombs of Helene Flad née Hoss (1902, no. 113) and Elizabeth Hoss (1906, no. 114) Tombstone of Mathieu Maximilien Prosper De Lesseps (1832), in the former garden of the Pères Blancs, Carthage

142

40

41

65

75

69

72

117

150

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FIGURES

1

Family tree of the Rönling family

152

2

Family tree of the Gibson family

152

3

Family tree of the Reade family

152

4

Family tree of the Gordon and Tulin families

153

5

Family tree of the Heap family

154

6

Family tree of the Chapelié family

154

7

Family tree of the Delasson and Cornu families

155

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TABLES

1 2

Summary of information on the gravestones Burials recorded in the Church Registers (1860–85) for which there are no surviving gravestones

158 162

3

Numbers of interments compared by nationality and date

164

4

Age at death for males and females, compared by date

165

5

Month of death (males and females combined)

165

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ABBREVIATIONS BE CMJ

British Embassy, Tunis: archives Church Mission to the Jews (formerly the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews)

EMC Register

English Mission Church in Tunis [Register of services 1860–1898]

LBSCR

London Brighton and South Coast Railway

PRO

Public Record Office, London

StG

St George’s Church, Tunis: archives

TGM

Tunis, La Goulette and La Marsa Railway

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PREFACE

The Anglican church of St George stands just outside the former Carthage Gate of the old Medina, or walled city, of Tunis, on a piece of land that was granted to the English consul in the mid seventeenth century for the burial of Protestants of English and other nationalities. The cemetery was in use until 1885 and following its closure the church was built on part of the site in 1899–1901. I first became interested in the cemetery and its inscriptions in 1975, during the five and a half months that I spent in Tunis working on a doctoral thesis on Byzantine Africa. By the time that I left, through the kindness of the then Anglican pastor, the Revd Derek Easton, and his wife, Alice, I was able to transcribe all the surviving inscriptions from 1648 to 1800. Although I published an account of one of them, the epitaph of Theophilus Barrington, in 1977, the project made little headway over the next 30 years, as my career took me to East Jerusalem, Washington DC, Edinburgh and finally Cardiff. When my thoughts turned again to publishing the inscriptions, I was encouraged by the late Greville FreemanGrenville and Stephen Day, former British Ambassador and chairman of the British Tunisian Society, to return to Tunis to transcribe the remaining tombstones. This I finally accomplished in April 2007, with the kind assistance of the pastor, the Revd Gerald Brulotte, and of the British Ambassador, Alan Goulty. A number of other people have assisted me in various ways with this project over the years. They include: Sonia Anderson, for advice on documenatry sources on seventeenth-century English merchants in the Mediterranean; the late Professor John Bromley; Anne Ellis; Professor Ragnhild Hatton for advice on sources of information concerning the Scandinavians buried in Tunis; Professor Paul Harvey; Patricia Phillips and Professor John Hines for translating the Scandinavian and German texts; and my late cousin, Leonard Barrington Simeon, for help with the history of the Barrington family. Thanks are also due to Jessica Horsley for copy-editing and Ian Dennis for typesetting. The family trees were drawn by Howard Mason.

R.D.P. Cardiff, 11 April 2008

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INTRODUCTION



Tradition maintains that the Protestant graveyard which lies outside Bab Carthagena in Tunis was established on a plot of land given by Hammūda Pasha Bey (1631–59) to the British consul Thomas Campion around 1645 (Flad 1902; Darmon 1930: 133). Unfortunately no contemporary record of the gift survives; and, although Campion was himself buried in the graveyard in 1661 (no. 3), he had only been appointed consul in 1655. The consul in 1645 would have been William Woodhouse (Macleod 1928; Fisher 1957: 307–8), who would also have been in post when the earliest dated interment, that of Samuel Webbe, was made in October 1648 (no. 1). Twelve tombstones survive from the seventeenth century. Most of them record English dead, though they also include a Frenchman, a Dane and a Portuguese. The first record of an English consul in Tunis occurs in 1585, when John Tipton was nominated to the position (Day and Day 1991: 16). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the regulation of the foreign communities living in Tunis, including their members’ freedom to practise the Christian religion and the rules regarding the ransoming of Christian slaves, was enshrined in the Capitulations, or commercial treaties made between the Bey and foreign powers, notably with France in 1605, 1665, 1672, 1685, 1710, and 1720 (Smida 2001: 55-8, 173-95) and with Britain in 1662, 1699, and 1716 (Day and Day 1991: 10, 17; Smida 2001: 138; for the text of the treaty of 1716, see Morgan 1730: unnumbered end pages). The national consuls were in effect the leaders of their respective communities and under the terms of the Capitulations were granted extensive powers over them, including rights of jurisdiction. Although the consuls were at first elected from amongst the merchants, from 1649 onwards British consuls abroad became public servants appointed by and answerable to the government (Platt 1971: 5–10). In 1672, the consulage duty levied by the consul in Tunis from British merchants doing business there was estimated at £500, compared with £300 in Marseilles, £400 in Livorno, £750 in Smyrna and £1,000 each in Cadiz and Lisbon (Barbour 1928: 564 n.44). The cemetery remained in use, under the administration of the British consul (and later consulgeneral), throughout the eighteenth century and most of the nineteenth. The earliest reference to its dedication to St George, the patron saint of England who is also revered by Greeks and Muslims, is in an agreement of 10 July 1804, made between the consuls of Britain, the United States, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands to divide between them the cost of repairing its boundary wall. The wall’s condition was posing such a danger to passers-by that the Bey had threatened to appropriate the ground if it was not taken down and rebuilt. A copy of the agreement bearing the seals of the five consulates is preserved in the archive of the British Embassy in Tunis (see Documentary Appendix, doc. 1). Despite the works that were carried out in 1804, forty years later the cemetery walls were again in need of attention. Towards the end of 1847, a meeting of British Protestants residing in Tunis was convened by the Revd Davis, who had been sent to Tunis by a committee appointed by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland for the conversion of the Jews. The two main concerns of the meeting were the establishment of a Protestant church in Tunis and the state of repair of the walls surrounding St George’s cemetery. As a result of the meeting, requests appear to have been made to the consuls of the Protestant countries established in Tunis to provide further funds for repairing the cemetery. The request to the British consul-general, Sir Thomas Reade, was duly passed to the Foreign Office in London. On 24 February 1848, the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, replied asking for further information, including details of the cemetery’s ownership, when it was first established, where it was located, who was responsible for its maintenance, and what the likely cost of repairs would be. He also requested a plan (Documentary Appendix, doc. 2).

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis Reade replied to Palmerston’s requests on 10 April 1848. He explained that the burial ground was a small square plot of land enclosed by a wall lying in the suburbs immediately outside the town of Tunis. Although no record of its initial granting survived, its dedication to St George and the dates on its earliest inscriptions suggested that it had been granted by the local government for the burial of English Protestants dying in Tunis more than a century earlier. When Reade had first arrived in Tunis in 1826 (see no. 64), he found the burial ground in the care of the British consulate. The cost of maintaining it was met by including in the tariff paid to the consulate by visiting merchant vessels an additional levy of 5 piastres, payable on their first visit. The cemetery was cared for by the Greek priest; and when no Protestant clergy were available he also officiated at the funerals in it. More recently, however, a new tariff had been introduced, with the result that, although the Greek priest was continuing in his work, there was no longer any money to pay him and the condition of the cemetery had deteriorated. Reade assumed that the particular concern of the meeting organized by Revd Davis had been for the boundary wall, which was in danger of falling (see Documentary Appendix, doc. 3). The Revd Davis’s ambitions for a church appear to have been somewhat compromised when his missionary activities resulted in him coming to blows with certain unnamed local religious leaders and arousing the displeasure of the authorities. The attempt of his sponsor, the Church of Scotland, to obtain British consular protection for him, despite his not being a British subject, drew from the Foreign Secretary a homily to the effect that His Lordship could not help remarking that if christian Missionaries are to succeed in making converts in unchristian countries, it is only by mildness & meekness & by christian charity & benevolence added to perseverance, that they can hope to make their efforts successful, & that manual violence against the ministers of other Religions, & personal animosity against the Political officers of the Govt whose protection they seek to obtain, are not the means by which their Religious efforts can be rendered successful. (BE: Extract from despatch from Palmerston to the Church of Scotland, 9 Dec. 1848; cf. Rawlinson 2001: 25) Although local Protestants had to wait almost another three decades for a church of their own, some work does appear to have been done on the cemetery wall. A plan of the graveyard made by Louis Ferrière, British vice-consul, in 1853, shows 80 graves in all, to which another three have subsequently been added in pencil (pl. 1). They include 29 ‘English’, 7 French, 12 Swedish, 6 Danish, 3 American, and 26 unattributed. Seven of the English were consuls, compared with 4 of the Swedes, 2 of the Danes and 2 of the Americans. The plan indicates that the ground level inside the cemetery was by then some 7 feet (2.14 m) higher than the street level outside on the north-west and south-west. This was probably more the result of the lowering of the ground outside to create a level street than of the raising of the ground within the cemetery, though it is not impossible that some levelling up also occurred. The north-west wall itself, facing the street leading to Bab Carthagena (now Rue des Protestants) is described as ‘Good wall 17 Feet [5.18 m] high from the outside – and 10 Feet [3.05 m] inside – rebuilt in 1848’. That on the south-west, facing Candack Street (now Rue Mongi Slim), is described in similar terms, albeit being ‘about 18 Feet [5.49 m] high from the outside – 11 Feet [3.35 m] high inside.’ On the south-east, however, the wall bordering a Moorish house was ‘made of mud and earth, about 8 Feet high, and in very bad condition.’ The wall on the north bordering a ‘Moorish Fondouk and Stable Yard’ on the site now occupied by Church House is described as ‘7 Feet [5.18 m] high and in rather bad condition’, while the rest of the boundary on that side consisted simply of the walls of adjoining houses. A note added to the bottom of the plan records that the ground was consecrated by the bishop of Gibraltar on 9 May 1852 (BE: Plan; Rawlinson 2001: 8). A proposed commercial treaty with Tunis drafted by the British consul-general, Sir Richard Wood, in 1872 and revised in 1875 includes an article to the effect that the English cemetery of St George would be protected and respected ‘as before’ (Archives du Gouvernement Tunisien (Dar el-Bey), archives historiques de la Tunisie, antérieures à 1881, Grande-Bretagne, carton 224, dossier 405, art. 6: cited in Soumille and Peyras 1993: 68–9). In the 1880s, the cemetery was being cared for by a custodian, who also seems to have been responsible for burials. A permit made out in Italian on 15 November 1882 by the German consulate on behalf of the Swiss, Johann Jacob, allowing him to inter his dead son in St George’s cemetery, 

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Introduction is countersigned by the cemetery’s custodian, Domenico Forinovi, with a note recording that the burial took place at 10 a.m. the following day. The document was evidently written in Italian for the benefit of the custodian, rather than the recipient (see Documentary Appendix, doc. 4; Table 2, no. 136). An Anglican church dedicated to St Augustine was finally established in 1877 by the London Society for the Promotion of Christianity amongst the Jews. It was a small iron building sited on the west side of Rue d’Espagne near the fish market west of the Sea Gate (Bab el-Bahr), on land obtained by the British consul-general, Sir Richard Wood, who was himself Roman Catholic (Rawlinson 2001: 11–15; Baedeker 1908: plan 20.5d). In 1882, however, Cardinal Lavigerie, the Roman Catholic archbishop of Algiers, purchased a plot of land outside Bab el-Khadra, near the Belvedere gardens, in which to form a new cemetery for Roman Catholics in place of the old one of St Antony, which was not only almost full and being encroached upon by the expanding city but was also required as the site for a planned new Catholic cathedral. In 1885, the Catholic church sold its new cemetery to the municipality, which took the opportunity to forbid any further burials within the built-up area of the city and to require that all future burials should take place in its own cemetery, for which service it exacted an appropriate fee (Soumille 1971: 130–47). This effectively put an end to further burials in St George’s cemetery, which by then was surrounded by buildings. Instead, Protestants were directed to make use of the new Evangelical section within the municipal cemetery for Europeans outside Bab el-Khadra (Soumille 1971: 146, 166–8; Rawlinson 2001: 17–18). Apart from two interments made (quite possibly illegally) in 1902 and 1906 respectively, the last burial in St George’s cemetery took place on 3 August 1885 (no. 112); the first Protestant burial to be recorded in the new cemetery was that of Sophia Eckhardt, daughter of the German consul-general, on 16 March 1886 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 10, no. 77). The new municipal regulations provoked a reaction from some of the older-established Protestant families in Tunis, whose relatives were buried in St George’s. A memorandum written by the banker Alfred Chapelié to the British government in November 1890 complained that it infringed the right to free burial in a permanent individual grave that had been enjoyed by British subjects and members of the Protestant community in Tunis for two and a half centuries. Chapelié also pointed out that the existing cemetery was only one-third full and that the municipality were charging exorbitant rates for burials in the new cemetery and burying those who could not afford them in a common grave rather than in individual plots. In the past the upkeep of St George’s cemetery had been delegated by the British consul to members of the local community and for the last sixty years he and before him Mr (Gustav Adolf) Tulin, the Swedish consulgeneral, had been entrusted with this charge. The cost had been met by an annual subvention of £5 from the British Government, supplemented by occasional donations from other consulates and the community themselves. Chapelié therefore proposed that he and other members of the Protestant community should now purchase a plot of land for a new cemetery in a location that would be acceptable to the municipality on grounds of hygiene and that it should be managed by the British government in the same way that the old cemetery had been (see Documenatry Appendix, doc. 5). Chapelié’s suggestion does not appear to have received much support from the British government. On 4 May 1885, HM Commissioners of Works had authorized a £5 contribution towards the maintenance of St George’s cemetery (BE); but questions were probably already being raised about the long-term viability of maintaining a cemetery that was no longer in active use. On 28 March 1891, the consul-general, Mr Robert Drummond Hay, wrote to inform the bishop of Gibraltar that the annual £5 contribution had been withdrawn, since burials were now being performed elsewhere in the city. Management of the cemetery had been passed to a committee of the British community in Tunis, which had let part of the site to a flower gardener in order to provide some income that could be used for the the upkeep of the walls and graves. At the same time Drummond Hay wrote in similar terms to Lord Salisbury, the foreign secretary, adding further details of the new arrangements. The transfer of responsibility to the new committee of St Augustine’s church had taken place at the consulate on 25 March. The committee itself consisted of a delegate of the bishop of Gibraltar (ex officio), the chaplain (ex officio) and a member of the British community (BE: consular correspondance). Before agreeing to take on the responsibilty for managing the cemetery, the committee requested that it should first be put into a secure state. To this end HM Treasury agreed to the sum of £20 being made available, equivalent to £5 for four years (BE: consular correspondance, 1 April 1891, 30 April 1891, 14 May 

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 2. St George’s church, Tunis, from the N

Plate 3. St George’s church, Tunis, from the W 

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Introduction

Plate 4. St George’s cemetery, Tunis, looking E with Church House behind 1891). On 4 December 1894, Drummond Hay, with the authorization of the Foreign Secretary, appointed three trustees, the Hon. Terence Bourke of Bizerta, E.A. Perkins (see no. 99) and J.L. Smith, to manage St Augustine’s church and St George’s cemetery. In accordance with the terms of the trust they subsequently sold St Augustine’s and its site and used the proceeds along with additional new donations to build a new church on the site of the cemetery (BE: Deed of Trust, 4 Dec. 1894; StG: copy of Trust Deed, 3 June 1971, incorporating that of 15 April 1924). The new Anglican church, dedicated to St George, was built on part of the old cemetery in 1899–1901 (pls. 2–3). Its design, by J.E. Baldaull, was based on that of the existing Anglican church at Patras, in the Pelponnese. Those tombstones that lay in the way of the new building were moved and arranged around the boundary walls (Rawlinson 2001: 15–21) (pl. 4). Around that time a catalogue of the tombstones was made; although sometimes inexact, this records a number of stones that have since disappeared and readings for some that are now no longer evident (StG: ‘Exact Copy’, c.1900). In the winter of 1960–61, the boundary wall on the side adjoining Rue des Protestants was found to be seriously damaged at the base on account of rain and the action of the municipality in lowering the level of the pavement. The estimate cost of repairs was put at 31 dinars (BE: Trust minutes, 24 Jan. 1961). In 1975 many of the tombstones were still to be found arranged around the walls of the cemetery, some of the earliest being on the south, to the right of the entrance. Since then, however, the deterioration of the condition of the walls on the east and south and the resulting demolition of an adjacent building on the south has led to the stones in those areas being removed and reset elsewhere, including against the south wall of the church. A number of them were damaged in this process, to the extent that some that had been readable in 1975 are now barely legible. The texts given in the Catalogue below are based on the transcriptions made in 1975 and 2007, with lacunae restored where possible from the copies made c.1900. In addition to those memorialized by tomb inscriptions, a further 35 interments are recorded in the church registers, which begin in 1860 (see Table 2 below).



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6

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DISCUSSION The history of the European community in Tunis has been the focus of much scholarly attention since the late 1950s. Naturally enough, research has tended to concentrate on the mid to late nineteenth century, in particular on the years leading up to the creation of the French Protectorate in 1881, when not only was the size of the European community rapidly increasing as a result of immigration from Malta, Italy and France, but Tunis itself also became the centre of a political and diplomatic contest between France, Britain and Italy over the fate of this small part of the decaying Ottoman Empire. If the European population of Tunis in earlier centuries has failed to attract as much attention from historians, this is partly to be explained by the more limited part that foreigners played in the life of the kingdom before the nineteenth century, except of course as slaves. One other practical reason, however, is the comparative lack of documentation surviving from earlier centuries. In this context, the value of tombstones as a source for historical and sociological research, long recognized by classical historians, is considerably increased. The group of tombstones surviving in St George’s cemetery from the 1640s until its closure in 1885 constitutes one such significant resource. It is made more precious still by the fact that the earliest tombs from the corresponding Roman Catholic cemetery of St Antony, which were transferred from their original site to the Bab el-Khadra cemetery in 1882–5 to make way for the new Roman Catholic cathedral, date only from the 1840s (Soumille 1971: 148–54), though the cemetery itself is first mentioned in 1608 (Ladjili 1974: 250). As far as other British cemeteries in Ottoman lands are concerned, one of comparable date, enclosed within the Greek Orthodox cemetery attached to the church of St Lazarus in Larnaca, Cyprus, contains seven tombs of English merchants dating between 1692 and 1720 and four of consuls and their family members between 1739 and 1847 (Jeffery 1918: 172–80). Another British cemetery containing graves of consuls also survives in Livorno (Leghorn) (Cullum and Gery 1906). The Protestant cemetery in Tripoli, Libya, established by the British consul-general Hanmer Warrington in 1830–31, and that in Malaga, founded by the British consul William Mark in 1830, have also been the subject of recent studies (Thorn 2006; Wright 2007; Grice-Hutchinson n.d.). Origins and Professions of the Deceased



The earliest tombstones in St George’s cemetery are those marking the graves of English seamen, merchants and consuls. Those dating from before 1714 include the tombs of the English merchants Samuel Webbe (1626/7–48: no. 1), William Haines (d. 1649: no. 2) and probably Henry Veasy (d. 1668: no. 8) and Theophilus Barrington (1656/7–79: no. 11), the sea captains Barnabas Holdin (d. 1661: no. 4) and William Hull (d. 1673: no. 9), the consuls Thomas Campion (d. 1661: no. 3) and John Goddard (1699–1711: no. 13), and the consul’s chancellor Richard Lear (d. 1663: no. 5). Other British residents who died during this period include two refugees from the short-lived colony of Tangiers (1662–79): Betty Kiff (1675/6–1756: no. 23) and Francis Erteca or Ertega (1670/1–1756: no. 24). Among the non-British residents of the same period are the Portuguese Dominico Portugese (d. 1667: no. 6), the Swedish surgeon Iohannes de Wert (1641/2–68: no. 7), and the Dane Rosslif Andresen (d. 1675: no. 10). French Protestant merchants from the region of Languedoc and Marseilles were also active in the North African trade; and after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and the resumption of state persecution of non-Catholics in 1685, some merchant families, finding it impossible to remain to France, established themselves in Tunis, where they came under the protection of the British consul. One such was probably the Séré or Sérré family, which had been engaged in trade between Marseilles and Tunis since the

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 1630s (Plantet 1893: i, 229 n.1). André Sérré, a native of Mérindol near Avignon, died in the British consul’s house in 1690 (no. 12), while Henri Sérré from Marseilles died in Tunis in 1714 (no. 15). Another Huguenot family, the Chapeliés, was also established in Tunis at this time (Soumille and Peyras 1993: 61–2), though the first of them recorded as being buried in St George’s cemetery was Louis Antoine Chapelié (1790-1854: no. 68). As well as Mérindol, other French and Italian placenames famous in Protestant history that are mentioned in the inscriptions include Aymaras (Jean J. Constanin, 1861–84: no. 107) and St.-Affrique (Jean Fuzier, 1776/7–1823: no. 43). During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the cemetery continued to be the final resting place of the consular staff of Britain and of other Protestant nations who died in Tunis. Those buried there include the British consuls Thomas Thomson (no. 17), Richard Lawerence (1668-1759: no 21) and Charles Gordon (d. 1765: no. 31), the British consuls-general James Traill (1721/2–87: no. 37) and Col. Sir Thomas Reade (1782/3–1849: no. 64), the British vice-consul William Crowe (1819–54: no. 69), the Swedish consul Olof Rönling (1681–1764: no. 30), the Swedish consuls-general Charles Tulin (1747/8–1806: no. 40) and Charles Tulin Jnr. (1789/90–1832: no. 50), the Swedish consul’s chancellor, Andreas Hertmann (d. 1763: no. 29), the US chargé d’affaires James Dodge (1771/2–1806: no. 39), the US consuls-general John Howard Payne (1791–1852: no. 66) and Samuel Davies Heap (1781–1853: no. 67), and the Danish consul-general Edward de Berner (1803–37: no. 56). It is perhaps significant that the seventeenth-century burials include no women. From the early seventeenth century onwards, however, foreign merchants and consular staff established in Tunis were more often accompanied by a wife and other family members. The consul Richard Lawrence (1668–1759: no. 21), for example, was accompanied by his brother Thomas (1686/7–1717: no. 16) and sister Elizabeth (1672/3–1732: no. 18). The Swedish consul, Olof Rönling (1681–1764: no. 30), was buried alongside his wife, Maria Bengdts (1691–1866: no. 32), and children Jacob (1716–58: no. 25), Anna Maria (1727–45: no. 20) and Jonas (1730/1–68: no. 33) (see Fig. 1). Other members of consular families interred in the cemetery include: Maria Louise Henriette Hölck (b. & d. 1806: no. 38), infant daughter of the Danish consul-general, Carl Christian Hölck; Gulielma Josepha Gierlew, née de Holsten (1791–1812: no. 41), wife of the Danish consul-general, Anders Christian Gierlew, and her brother Frederick Christian de Holsten (1782/3–1816: no. 42); and Henry Theophilus Alexander Crowe (1824-5, no. 44), infant son of the British vice-consul, George W. Crowe. The family of the British vice-consul, John Gibson (1779/80–1833: no. 51), is represented by his wife Elizabeth Knapp Gibson (1781/2–1855: no. 70), and children Élise Anne (1808–58: no. 73), John Knapp (1810–43: no. 59) and Anne (d. 1820–50: no. 65) (see Fig. 2). Élise Anne Gibson married the Dutch consulgeneral, H. Nÿssen, who was himself one of a line of members of the Nÿssen (of Nijssen) family, originally from Brabant, who represented their nation in that capacity from 1757 onwards (Dunant 1858: 229; Ganiage 1955: 398 n.28; Slot and Koster 2007: 50). The family of Gibson’s superior, the British consul-general Col. Sir Thomas Reade (1782/3–1849: no. 64), is represented by his infant daughter Agnes (1830–31: no. 48) (Fig. 3). His son, Thomas Reade, was born in La Marsa in 1829 and was himself consul-general between 1879 and 1885 (Ganiage 1968: 597–8; Marsden 1971: 70, 77, 82-6, pl. 2). Mary Reade, the wife of the British vice-consul W. Kirby Green and mother of Mary Agnes Margaret Green (1870-71: no. 84), was probably Thomas Reade’s daughter. Dynasties of consuls and intermarriage between consular families was not restricted to the Nÿssens, Gibsons and Reades. Of the daughters of the British consul Charles Gordon (d. 1765: no. 31) and his wife Margaret (1735/6–76: no. 36), Susan (1753/4–1836: no. 55) married the Swedish consul-general, Charles Tulin (1747/8–1808: no. 40), Margaret (1756/7–1831: no. 49) married the Venetian consul in Durazzo, Giuseppe Capriata, and was the mother of Angelina Capriata (1781–1825: no. 45), and Matilda married the French diplomat and sometime consul in Algiers, Alexandre Allois Herculais (Plantet 1893: iii, 319; cf. 1889: ii, 441–3, 450–53, 455–60, 588, 590) (see Fig. 4). Susan Gordon Tulin’s son, Charles Tulin (1789/90–1832: no. 50), was in his turn Swedish consul-general, as was his son, Gustav Adolf Tulin, and his son Charles (b. 1837), who in 1868 took the name Tulin de la Tunisie and in 1870 became consul for the united Germany (Ganiage 1955: 398 n.17; 1968: 604). Susan Gordon Tulin’s daughter Margaret (1791–1857: no. 72), on the other hand, married the US consul-general, Samuel Davis Heap (1781–1853: no. 67) (Fig. 5). Their son, Gwynne Harris Heap, father of Gwynne Harris Heap Jnr. (1867–84: no. 93) and Samuel Harris Heap (b. & 

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Discussion d. 1845: no. 61), was in his turn US consul-general. Their daughter Margaret Heap, however, married her cousin, the Swedish consul-general, Gustav Adolf Tulin, and was the mother of Charles Tulin de la Tunisie and of Richard Alexander Heap Tulin (1843–7: no. 63). Their youngest daughter, Susan Angelina Matilda Heap (1828–48: no. 63), married Charles Ferrière, who was doubtless a relative of the British vice-consul, Louis Ferrière. People identified as seaman or merchants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries include the mariners John Archer of Scarborough (1707–34: no. 19), Christopher Keen (1723/4–54: no. 22), Captain Jacob Hansen (d. 1762: no. 28), Wilke Iacobs Wilkens, captain of the Dutch steamship Rhône (1813–70: no. 81), John Alma of the American yacht Enchantress (1842–71: no. 83), William Richards of Plymouth (Table 2, no. 120), George W. Hamilton, steward of the yacht Castalia (d. 1880: no. 105), and the French merchant Jean Fuzier (1776/7–1823: no. 43). Members of the above-mentioned French merchant family of Chapelié who are buried in the cemetery include Jacques Henri (1762–1844: no. 60), his son, Louis Antoine (1790– 1854: no. 68), and Louis Antoine’s wife, Marie Thérèse (1795–1879: no. 102) (Fig. 6). Their son, the banker Louis Henri Alfred (1828–1908), and his American wife, Sarah Elizabeth Houston (1837–1928), both died after the closure of the cemetery and were therefore buried in the cemetery at Bab el-Khadra (Soumille and Peyras 1993: 61–2). Three of their children, however, died and were buried in St George’s before 1885: Marie Thérèse Léonie (1863–6: no. 76), Robert Antoine Édouard (1866–73: no. 88) and Christine Thérèse Léonie (1867–8: no. 79). In the nineteenth century people of other professions joined the expatriate community in Tunis as the foreign powers jostled for influence and economic advantage in the regency. They included such people as: Amand Bineau (1788/9–1833: no. 52), the Bey’s director of gunpowder and saltpetre, whose wife, Angélique Caroline Hilaire Glöerfelt (1807/8–36: no. 54) and infant daughter, Clemence (1827–8: no. 46), are buried in the cemetery; George Davies, engineer to the Bey in La Goulette, whose son George Herbert Davies (1865–74: no. 91), is interred at St George’s; William Fletcher, master of the Bey’s Arsenal at La Goulette (1827–76: no. 98); and John Edmund Lancaster Barker, inspector of lighthouses, father of Arthur Gordon Barker (1871–84: no. 108). In 1872, the British-owned Tunis Railways Company opened the first railway line in Tunisia from Tunis to La Goulette, followed soon after by one from Tunis to the Bardo. Various railway personnel were brought out to operate the lines. At least three of these came from Brighton, which significantly perhaps was where the Locomotive and Carriage Department of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) was located. They included: John Ellis Green, head engine driver, whose children, Frederick (b. & d. 1872: no. 85) and George Harry (1866–74: no. 85), are buried in the cemetery; John Phillips, carpenter (1844/5–72: no. 118); Albert Baker, engine driver, who was killed in a railway accident (1839/40–72: no. 119); and William Harris, plate-layer (1826–78: no. 125) (for details see no. 85). A connection with the LBSCR may also perhaps explain the presence of the Channel Islander from Jersey, Matthew Le Gallais, ‘station master at Tunis’, three of whose children are buried in the cemetery (d. 1874–7: no. 92). Another engine driver, however, Henry Howard Haylock (1847–78: no. 101), was a native of Norfolk. His wife, Marietta Accardi, whom he married in 1873, was the daughter of an engineer; and his wife’s sister married a railway clerk, Thomas Peter Vardon, also from Jersey (see no. 101 and Table 2: nos. 122 & 132). The rival French Batignolles Railway Company opened a line from Tunis to Béja in 1876, in addition to the one that it operated between Bône (Hippo) and Guelma in Algeria. Among its employees who were associated with the Anglican church and cemetery were: the engineer, Lucien Jules Bignens, who in 1880 married the daughter of the company’s superintendent of works and whose infant son, Henri Lucien (1881–2), was buried at St George’s (no. 97); the cashier Albert Hubert, whose daughter was baptized in 1882; and Johann Jacob, whose infant son was buried in 1882 (see no. 97 and Table 2, no. 136). The Italian railway contractor, Giuseppe Gianinotti (or Zainnotti), whose two daughters Angelina Emma and Louise Emma were buried in 1879 and 1882 respectively (no. 104), may perhaps have been associated with the sale of the British Tunis–La Goulette–La Marsa railway (T.G.M.) to the Rubattino Company of Genoa in 1880. Another profession that came to be more closely associated with the cemetery during the nineteenth century was that of minister of the Anglican Church. The London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews established a mission in Tunis before 1832 (Dunant 1858: 233). Although proselytism amongst Muslims was strictly forbidden in the Ottoman empire, a more lenient attitude was apparently 

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis taken towards attempts to make converts from amongst the Jewish population. Henry Emanuel London (1798–1840) worked in this capacity, as well as ministering to the expatriate Protestant community until his death (no. 58). In the late 1840s, the Revd Davis was sponsored in a similar mission by the Church of Scotland, with the lamentable consequences alluded to above. London’s successor was the Revd E.A. Page (1816/7–56), who arrived in Tunis in 1853 but died there of cholera in 1856 (no. 71). He was replaced in 1860 by the Revd William Fenner (1831–74), who served the church there until his death from diphtheria in 1874 (no. 94), during which time he also lost two of his children, Elizabeth Laura (1861–2: no. 74) and Augustina Alice (1865–74: no. 74). Other missionaries associated with St Augustine’s Anglican church and the mission school included Polycarp Nevis, a convert from the Church of Rome, who spent the last four years of his life selling Bibles in Tunis (1823/4–68, no. 78), and Hermann Friedlander, father of Louis Ernest Friedlander (1868–70: no. 80). The last two graves in the cemetery are those of Helene Flad (1866– 1902: no. 113), wife of the Revd Cameron J.W. Flad, and her sister Elizabeth Hoss (1873–1906: no. 114). In many cases the professional reasons for a person’s presence in Tunis are not recorded. Some apparently died there while travelling to or from other parts of the globe. Such people include Henry Stanhope Freeman, governor of Lagos (1836–65, no. 75), and Ivy Clement Smith (1879–80: no. 106), daughter of Clement MacLely Smith MD, formerly of the Bengal army. The European doctors in Tunis listed by Henri Dunant in 1856 included D.P. Heap, the son of the US consul-general, Samuel Davis Heap (1781–1853: no. 67), who was himself a doctor (Dunant 1858: 229–30). The cemetery also contains the grave of the Swedish doctor, Iohan Egnell (1811–75, no. 96), and that of the homeopath, William Crabb, (1829–77: no. 124). We also find buried there the Swiss confectioner, François Louis Chambery (1834–80: no. 131), and, following the French military occupation of 1882, the canteen lady to the 4th Regiment of Zouaves, Claire Adélaide Roquemaure-Muraire, née Auguet (1842/3–84: no. 109). Of the 160 people interred in the cemetery or recorded in the church’s Register of Burials whose nationality or place of origin is known, 67 were British or from the British Isles (including the Channel Islands), 30 were French, 14 Swedish, 10 Danish, 11 Swiss, 9 American, 8 Italian, and 3 German; there were also two each from Norway and Greece and one each from Portugal, Holland, Montenegro and Jamaica (see Table 3). Considered over time, although the number of Britons predominates in all periods, their proportion of the total falls from just over 50% in the period before 1800 to just under 40% in the nineteenth century. The proportion of Scandinavians dying in Tunis also declines from just over 40% of the total before 1800, to 22% in the period 1800-59, and 1.2% in 1860–85. The proportion of US citizens, who are unrepresented before 1800, also declines after 1860, although the number of US deaths per year remained about the same. The numbers of French deaths, on the other hand, increases from just under 5% before 1800, to just under 20% in 1800–59, and 25% in 1860–85. This progression is also mirrored to some extent by Italians and Swiss, so that in the period 1860–85 interments of French, Italians and Swiss account for 47% of the total. Although numbers of deaths cannot be translated directly into population figures – and in any case the population of Protestants was tiny compared, for example, to that of Roman Catholics – the trends in the mortality figures do seem to reflect some significant changes that affected the Protestant community in Tunis in the nineteenth century. Before 1800, it had consisted mostly of merchants and consuls and their families. By the later nineteenth century, however, consular officials were more likely to retire from their posts than to die in office (and two of the British consul-generals of the period, Sir Edward Beynes (1849– 55) and Sir Richard Wood (1855–79), as well as the members of the Nÿssen family who acted as consulsgeneral for the Netherlands were in any case Roman Catholics). At the same time the European population of Tunis was expanding and becoming more diverse. This no doubt would account for the swing observed in the numbers of those buried at St George’s in the nineteenth century away from Scandinavians (and to some extent British) and towards French, Swiss, and Italians. Among the latter some, like the Chapeliés, were long-established Huguenot merchant families. Others, however, were newcomers from Switzerland and the adjoining parts of Piedmont and Savoy. The numbers of Roman Catholic church members were also swelled in this period by the immigration of large numbers of poor people from Malta and southern Italy. In 1856, there were 7,000 Maltese in the regency, compared with 4,000 Italians, 250 Greeks, and 50–60 French families; and by 1870, the number of Italians had overtaken the Maltese (Ganiage 1968: 41). Although the figures for Maltese 10

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Discussion and Sicilians are likely to be inflated on account of their lower life expectancy and higher birth rates and rates of infant mortality (cf. Ganiage 1957), the deaths of Catholics recorded in Tunis and La Goulette in 1856 generally seem to reflect the population sizes of the different nationalities: 118 Maltese (51.5%), 91 Italians (39.7%), 14 French (6.1%), 3 Austrians, 1 Spaniard, 1 Briton and 1 Prussian (Dunant 1858: 233). The European immigrants whom we find interred at St George’s, however, are less likely to have been poor people escaping hunger from over-population at home; they would have been more similar in socioeconomic terms to the Catholic middle-class professionals, whose numbers are subsumed within these figures. The Form and Decoration of the Tombs The fifteen earliest gravestones in the cemetery conform to a type that does not reccur after 1714. Indeed, the tomb of Henri Sérré (1714: no. 15), which represents the final one in the series, was executed only three years before that of Thomas Lawrence (1717: no. 16), whose tombstone is of white Italian marble, a material which thereafter became more and more common until it finally replaced limestone altogether towards the end of the eighteenth century. Similarly, Thomas Lawrence’s epitaph is written in English, whereas all the previous ones, except for that of Roslif Andresen (1675: no. 10), which is in German, were in Latin. It is clear that these early tombstones were the products of local workshops. The porous tufaceous limestone or (in the case of no. 15) pink marble from which they were carved both occur locally. The stones are all of roughly the same dimensions (c.0.45–0.60 × 1.80–1.90 × 0.13–0.16 m). On the earliest ones (1648–67: nos. 1–4 and 6) the lettering is in relief capitals. Incised lettering first appears in 1663 (no. 5), and becomes the norm after 1668 (no. 7). The incised letters are sometimes in italics, sometimes capitals, or a mixture of both. In one case (no. 15) it is in wobbly copperplate, and in another (1679: no. 11) it is inlaid with lead held in place by drilled mortices. Decoration is minimal on most of the early stones. The majority have a drafted border (c.6 cm wide and 1 cm deep) and on the later ones this is sometimes enhanced with carved decoration (e.g. nos. 11 and 13–15). Two stones (nos. 8 and 10) have a circular depression in the centre, possibly intended, as on local Muslim tombs, as a drinking place for birds when the stone was laid horizontally (Baraudin 1893: 254–5). On no. 8 the depression is surrounded by a geometrical design. In contrast, the more elaborate decoration of the tomb of Theophilus Barrington (1679: no. 11) – the carving of which finds parallels in contemporary Muslim work such as the sundial in the Zaytuna mosque in Tunis – as well as its lead inlaid lettering and the high-flown style of its Latin inscription no doubt reflect the higher social standing of the dead man. A somewhat later example of this vernacular style of gravestone is that of Jacob Hansen, which is carved to represent a mihrāb, with a horseshoe arch filled with acanthus ornament (1762: no. 28). Most of the graves of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were marked by a recumbent slab (or ledger) of white marble bearing an inscription. Sometimes they are set on a low base, but in most cases they are not. Usually they have a plain rectangular form, with the edges either plain, bevelled or enhanced by a moulding. Decoration, where it exists, is normally subdued, consisting of no more than a standard religious motif or symbols relating to death. The decoration may be incised or carved in low or high relief. The Rönling family tombstones (1745–68: nos. 20, 25, 30 and 32–3), however, are somewhat exceptional in having borders decorated with a florid band of rococo relief carving incorporating crossed long bones, plants and drapes. The tombstone of Andreas Hertmann (1763: no. 29), chancellor in the Swedish consulate, appears to represent a cruder copy of the same type, made from limestone rather than marble and with heavier decoration. In some cases the plain rectangular form of the slab is modified by chamfereing off the corners, in one case producing a shape resembling a shield (1776: no. 36). Some other slabs, however, are carved with a more architectural form, for example with a rounded top (1872–4: no. 85; 1873: no. 89) or in the form of a classical Attic stele (1875: no. 91; cf. Burgess 1963: 122); these may perhaps have been intended to be displayed as wall tablets, attached to the cemetery wall. Freestanding headstones are rare. Among the freestanding tombs, however, may be noted the pair of stele in the Roman classical style erected for Gulielma Gierlew, née de Holsten, and her brother Frederick Christian (1812–16: nos. 41-2). The former burial enclosure of the Tulin family contained a chest tomb in 11

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis the form of a classical arca – though with vertical sides – marking the grave of Charles Tulin (1808: no. 40) (cf. Burgess 1963: 133, pl. 14). A rather similar example, marking the grave of Michelina Schembri (1831– 45), was transferred from the Roman Catholic cemetery of St Antony to that of Bab el-Khadra around 1885 (Soumille 1971: 153–4, pl. 5). The Tulin enclosure also features two columns supporting urns (cf. Burgess 1963: 177–8), raised in memory of Charles Tulin (1832: no. 50) and Matilda Tulin (1835: no. 53) respectively, which flank the ledger tomb of their mother, Susan Gordon Tulin (no. 55). Somewhat later in date is the small broken column (cf. Burgess 1963: 177) recalling the unfulfilled potential of Ernest R. Ronalds, whose life was cut short when he was aged only five (1871: no. 82). The broken column motif, however, was not restricted to children’s graves, for a larger example displaying the family arms also marked the grave of Frau Fanny von Bary (1815–92), mother of the German consul-general and widow of the chancellor of the king of Bavaria, that stood in the Protestant section of the Bab el-Khadra cemetery (Soumille 1971: 67, pl. 9). The former grave of John Howard Payne (no. 66), on the other hand, is marked by a cenotaph, erected when his body was removed to the US in 1885. Only three kerbed graves remain. That of Anna E. Perkins, née Barker, was associated with a standing inscribed cross (1876: no. 99), while that of Frank Ritchie had a low iron fence and a headstone (1873: no. 90). The kerb around the grave of Edward A.L. Holden is itself inscribed (1885: no. 110). From the beginning of the eighteenth century to the middle of the nineteenth, the lettering on the tombs is invariably in capitals, of uniform or mixed heights. Occasionally it is inlaid with lead (e.g. 1750: no. 21; 1856: no. 71). From the 1840s onward, however, there occur a few examples with a mixture of letter forms, sizes and weights, reflecting the innovations in typography and signwriting that were a characteristic of the early Victorian era (Burgess 1963: 214–16, fig. 63, pl. 31). It may perhaps be significant that the first two such are the tombs of Americans, those of Samuel H. Heap (1845: no. 61) and Gwynne H. Heap (1874: no. 93). Roman lettering begins to appear in 1848 (no. 63) and Gothic or black-letter and copper-plate in 1850 (no. 65). Despite a certain amount of variation in subsequent letter types, capitals predominate, normally of the sans serif or block letter type (cf. Burgess 1963: 216). Personal or family coats of arms are displayed on the tombs of Theophilus Barrington (1679: no. 11), Richard Lawrence (1750: no. 21), Ludolf Hammeken (1759: no. 26), James Traill (1787: no. 37), Frederick Christian de Holsten (1816: no. 42), and Edward de Berner (1837: no. 56). The tombstone of Olof Rönling, on the other hand, displays his monogram in a cartouche supported by a lion (1764: no. 30). The British royal coat of arms is shown on the tombstone of the vice-consul John Gibson (1833: no. 51), and the arms of the United States on the tombs of the chargé d’affaires James Dodge (1806: no. 39), and consulsgeneral John H. Payne (1852: no. 66) and Samuel D. Heap (1853: no. 67). Various symbols associated with mortality and the passage of time are found on the tombs, either individually, in combinations, or as part of a more general decorative scheme. The skull and cross-bones (cf. Burgess 1963: 171–2) occurs on the tombs of Maria Swenson (1770: no. 34) and Maria B. Rönling (1766: no. 32), and cross-bones alone on that of Jonas Rönling (1768: no. 33). Cross-bones are used with flowers as part of a border design on the tombs of Maria B. Rönling (1766: no. 32), Olof Rönling (1764: no. 30) and – albeit more crudely – Andreas Hertmann (1763: no. 29). Similar borders but with draped cloth instead of flowers are found on the tombs of Jacob Rönling (1758: no. 25) and Anna M. Rönling (1745: no. 20). The hour-glass appears on the tombs of Anna M. Rönling (1745: no. 20) and with wings on those of Jacob Rönling (1758: no 25) and Jacques H. Chapelié (1844: no. 60) (cf. Burgess 1963: 168, fig. 60). A flaming lamp, shaped like a gravy-boat (cf. Burgess 1963: 175), is shown on the tombs of Anna M. Rönling (1745: no. 20) and Jacob Rönling (1758: no 25). Urns (cf. Burgess 1986: 175) top the columns over the graves of Charles Tulin (1832: no. 50) and Matilda Tulin (1835: no. 53); draped urns also later decorated the corners of the ironwork railings enclosing the grave of Frank Ritchie (1873: no. 90). Blooming flowers in a vase are depicted on the tombstones of Maria E. Swenson (1770: no. 35) and Margaret Gordon (1776: no. 36) and a pair of crossed palm-branches, a symbol of victory over death (Burgess 1963: 181), that of Ludolf Hammeken (1759: no. 26 bis). In the nineteenth century, other symbols appeared. The cross and other symbols of the Passion rarely featured on memorials of the Georgian era in England, because they were too closely associated with Roman Catholicism. A more neutral imagery was found in the symbolism, albeit pagan in origin, of the classical past (Burgess 1963: 187–9). A plain Latin cross, however, is shown on the tombs of Jane Maziere 12

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Discussion (1830: no. 47), Jules E.P. Maurel (1866: no. 77), Wilke J. Wilkens (1870: no. 81), George W. Hamilton (1880: no. 105), Arthur G.S. Barker (1884: no. 108), and Louisa D. Inversin (1885: no. 111). Sprigs of roses decorate the tomb of Angelina Capriata (1825: no. 45). Rosettes also appear, one in each corner, on the gravestones of the two sisters, Margaret Capriata, née Gordon (1831: no. 49) and Susan Gordon Tulin (1836: no. 55), on the stele of Gulielma Gierlew, née de Holsten and her brother Frederick C. de Holsten (1812–16: nos. 41–2), and on the tombstone of Italo C.A. Bellinzoni (1877: no. 100). A pair of crossed burning torches, a symbol of continuing life (Burgess 1963: 184), are depicted on the tombs of John Knapp Gibson (1843: no. 59) and Jules E.P. Maurel (1866: no. 77), and the same motif but with the torches inverted, implying death (Burgess 1963: 184), on those of Jacques H. Chapelié (1844: no. 60), Louis A. Chapelié (1854: no. 68), Marie Thérèse Chapelié (1879: no. 102), and Jean Jacques Constanin (1884: no. 107). Wreaths of flowers or leaves, implying either death or victory, are also found (cf. Burgess 1963: 179–80). A wreath of laurels is shown on the tombs of Gulielma Gierlew, née de Holsten (1812: no. 41), Marie Thérèse L. Chapelié (1866: no. 76), Christine T.L. Chapelié (1868: no. 79), Ivy C. Smith (1880: no. 106), and a wreath of oak and laurel on that of George H. Davies (1874: no. 91). Wreaths or garlands of flowers appear on the tombs of Frederick and George H. Green (1872–4: no. 85), Robert A.E. Chapelié (1873: no. 88), and Sarah A. Sleightholme (1873: no. 89), and one composed half of flowers and half of laurels on that of Louisa D. Inversin (1885: no. 111). Another late nineteenth-century motif is a pair of clasping hands, signifying love or friendship, such as appears on the tomb of the mother and son, Marie J. Ribet and Richard H. Ribet (1872–3: no. 86), and on that of William Fletcher (1876: no. 98), who died ‘deeply lamented by his widow, children and a large circle of friends’; while on the tomb set up by the grieving parents of George H. Davies (1874: no. 91) they are enclosed in a wreath of oak and laurel. An anchor, signifying hope (Hebrews 6.19; Burgess 1963: 189–90), appropriately marks the tomb of the seaman Wilke J. Wilkens (1870: no. 81), and a masonic compass and set square that of the engineer Henry H. Haylock (1878: no. 101). A pair of wings, representing an angel or disembodied spirit, is shown on the tomb of Arthur G.S. Barker (1884: no. 108). The Language and Style of the Texts With the exception of one tombstone, which is uninscribed (no. 14), and another which has a text in German (Rosslif Andresen: no. 10), all of the fifteen tombstones dating up to 1714 are inscribed in Latin. Thereafter the texts are more often in the vernacular, though Latin was still used on the series of tombs of the Swedish consul-general, Olof Rönling, and his family (d.1745-68: nos. 20, 25, 30 and 32–3), the Swedish consular chancellor Andreas Hertmann (d. 1763: no. 29), the two de Holstens (d. 1812-16: nos. 41–2), Henry Crowe (d. 1825: no. 44), and Edward de Berner (d. 1837: no. 56). The choice of vernacular language did not necessarily correspond to the nationality of the deceased, but was more likely conditioned by the language most commonly spoken by family members, in particular those who commissioned the tomb. Thus the tombs of the Swedish consul-general, Charles Tulin (d. 1808: no. 40) and his children, Charles (d. 1832: no. 50), Margaret (d. 1857: no. 72) and Matilda (d. 1835: no. 53), are in English, presumably because his wife, Susan Gordon (d. 1838: no. 55), was English and all of them except Margaret died before her. Margaret herself was married to the US consul-general, Samuel Davis Heap (d. 1853: no. 67); and, although he predeceased her, her own children would presumably also have been English speakers. Margaret’s grandson, Richard Alexander Heap Tulin (d. 1847: no. 62), however, has an inscription in Swedish. The epitaph of Élise Anne Nÿssen (d. 1858: no. 73), the daughter of the British vice-consul, John Gibson, and wife of the Dutch consulgeneral, H. Nÿssen, was in French, presumably because the Nÿssens, from Brabant, were French-speaking. It is also perhaps significant that the Piedmontese families of Ribet (d. 1872–3: no. 86) and Constantin (d. 1884: no. 107) and the Italian Gianinotti (d. 1879–81: no. 104) appear to have been Francophone. Apart from Latin, English, German, Swedish and French, the languages represented include Danish (nos. 26, 28, 34-5 and 37), Dutch (no. 81), and Italian (no. 87). The epitaph of Constantin Frohnauer (d. 1875: no. 95), on the other hand, is in German and is written in the form of a code. The content of the epitaphs is generally similar to what one would expect to find on post-Reformation tombstones in England in the same periods (Burgess 1963: 219–41). The texts of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries are relatively simple, giving little more information than the subject’s name, origin, 13

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis profession, date of death, and sometimes age. Religious sentiments are restrained: the subject is described as having simply ‘died’ or ‘departed this life’, though John Goddard (d. 1711: no. 13) ‘completed his mortal Christian and left it for a better one’. A classical allusion to the famed ill-will of the Carthaginians, however, is found in the more elaborate epitaph of Theophilus Barrington (d. 1679: no. 11). From the mid eighteenth century, we find in the Rönling family tomb inscriptions (d. 1745–68: nos. 20, 25, 30 and 32–3) the somewhat overblown style of language, which by then was common in the Protestant countries of the north, praising beyond measure the deceased’s qualities, including their moral probity, their piety and duty towards their family and friends, their good works for the poor and needy, and the affection in which they were held by all. This is not, of course, to imply that the individuals concerned did not necessarily merit such recognition. As with the form and decoration of such tombs (and in this case the language, which is Latin), however, the format of the Rönling texts is derived from classical Roman models, beginning with an invocation to the Supreme God (Deo Optimo Maximo) and ending with the name(s) of those who set up the memorial. Apart from a reference to the Holy Gospels (no. 20, line 20) and an oblique allusion to the Light of the World (no. 32, line 5), there is little about them that is overtly Christian. Their tone is classical and at times – with their references to the Fates and the Elysian fields – even pagan. Although in English and ending with allusions to final judgement and everlasting life, the tombs of Margaret Gordon (d. 1776: no. 36) and James Traill (d. 1787: no. 37) belong to the same tradition. Traill’s epitaph also contains some lines of verse (lines 23–6), as do those of James Dodge (d. 1806: no. 39) and Charles Tulin (d. 1808: no. 40). Tulin’s epitaph also introduces another common element of such texts, albeit still without any overtly Christian references, the subject’s resigned and in this case happy acceptance of death. Later texts written in the same style include the Latin ones of Gulielma Gierlew, née de Holsten (d. 1812: no. 41), her brother Frederick de Holsten (d. 1816: no. 42), and Henry Crowe (d. 1824: no. 44), as well as the English ones of Angelina Capriata (d. 1825: no. 45) and Susan Gordon Tulin (d. 1836: no. 55). From the 1830s onwards there was a move away from the somewhat neutral classical tone of the eighteenth-century tomb inscriptions towards texts that were more explicitly Christian and evangelical in character. The change no doubt reflected similar developments that were already under way in England before 1800 (Burgess 1963: 228–9). In Tunis, however, the transition though delayed was quite sudden and may possibly have been connected with the arrival of the first English mission around 1832. As remarked above, crosses begin to appear on tombstones in the cemetery from 1830 onwards. The epitaph on the tomb of Margaret Capriata, née Gordon (d. November 1831: no. 49), also makes specific reference to her faith in Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour. Similar evangelical sentiments are expressed on the tombs of John Gibson (d. 1833: no. 51), Matilda Tulin (d. 1835: no. 53) and others later in the century. Another feature of nineteenth-century sepulchral texts in England is the addition of biblical quotations. The first such in Tunis is on the tomb of the infant Ferdinand Ewald (d. 1839: no. 57), which has the appropriate text from Matthew 19.14: ‘Suffer the little children to come unto me and forbid them not. For of such is the kingdom of God’. The same quotation is found on three other graves of children (nos. 76 and 84–5), while another has the alternative version of the same passage from Luke 18.16 (no. 108). Biblical quotations, which also occur in the service of burial in the Book of Common Prayer, include Job 1.21 (‘The Lord gave and the Lord hath taken away …’ : nos. 79 and 100), Job 19.25 (‘I know that my Redeemer liveth …’ : no. 63), and Revelation 14.13 (‘Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord …’ : no. 71). Another text, which is also used in the service of Holy Communion, is Matthew 11.28 (‘Come unto me all ye that labour …’ : no. 70). Other quotations from the Old Testament include: Isaiah 52.7 (‘How beautiful upon the mountain …’ : no. 58, quoted in Hebrew), Psalm 17.16 (‘I will behold thy presence in righteousness …’: no. 113), Psalm 23.4 (‘Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death …’ : no. 114), Psalm 62.1 (‘Mon âme se repose en Dieu …’ : no. 60), Psalm 116.15 (‘La mort des bien-aimés de l’Eternel est precieuse devant ses yeux’: no. 88), Psalm 128.1 (‘Bien heureux ceux qui ont vécu dans les voies de l’Eternel’: no. 102), Proverbs 10.7 (‘La mémoire du Juste sera en Benediction’: no. 68); and from the New Testament: Matthew 5.3 or 5.10 (or possibly 5.8: ‘Theirs is the kingdom of God’), Matthew 5.8 (‘Blessed are the pure in heart …’ : no. 110), Luke 14.15 (‘Heureux celui qui mangera du pain dans le royaume de Dieu’: no. 107), John 11.35 (‘Jesus wept’: no. 72), 1 Thessalonians 4.14 (‘For if we believe that Jesus died …’ : no. 94), and Hebrews 11.4 (‘He being dead yet speaketh’: no. 93).

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Discussion Sentimental religious verses or snatches of hymns appear on the tombs of John Howard Payne (d. 1852: no. 66), Margaret Capriata (d. 1831: no. 49), Charles Tulin (d. 1832: no. 50), Matilda Tulin (d. 1835: no. 53), the Fenner children (d. 1862–74: no. 74), the Ribet children (d. 1872–3, no. 86), Sarah A. Sleightholme (d. 1873: no. 89), and George H. Davies (d. 1874: no. 91). In most of the later nineteenth-century texts the salvation of the deceased is assumed, either implicitly or explicitly. Two texts, however, those relating to Jules E.P. Maurel (d. 1866: no. 77) and to Angelina Emma and Louise Emma Gianinotti (d. 1878–81: no. 104), betray a more Catholic approach by asking for prayers for the departed. The same practice is also encountered on some of the Roman Catholic tombs at the Bab el-Khadra cemetery (Soumille 1971: 154) and on the tombstone of the French consul-general, Mathieu Maximilien Prosper De Lesseps (1774–1832), on the Byrsa hill in Carthage (see Epigraphic Appendix below). Information on Mortality The size of the data sample relating to the Protestant community is unfortunately too small to allow any sort of analysis such as has been made for the Roman Catholic community in the nineteenth century on the basis of parish records (Ganiage 1957). It is possible, however, to extract some data to compare with the larger Catholic sample. Table 4 sets out the ages at death of males and females respectively in three general periods: the 1640s–1799, 1800–1860, and 1860–1885. In the last of these periods, the data are combined with information from the Church Register and Register of Burials, both of which start in 1860. In the first period the distribution is remarkably even, though the sample is small. Apart from the longevity of some members of the community, one feature that stands out is the relatively small number of infant deaths: only one, the son of the British consul in 1759 (no. 27). The principal reason for this seems to be that there were few births. In the seventeenth century, the community appears to have been almost exclusively male, the first female burial being recorded in 1732. Although more female family members are recorded in the eighteenth century, none of the people interred before 1799, apart from the one already mentioned, is recorded as having been born in Tunis. In the period 1800–59, there is a notable increase in the number of infant deaths and this trend persists in 1860–85. It is of course impossible to calculate the rate of infant mortality without also knowing the numbers of births and of surviving children. The richer data available from the Roman Catholic parishes between 1840 and 1900 suggest that among the poorer Italian and Maltese communities 35.3% of children died before reaching the age of five and 39.1% before reaching ten, while among the better-off merchant families 20% died under five and 26.9% under ten (Ganiage 1957: 191–6). The implication, that most of those children who survived to five would also survive beyond ten, also appears to hold true for the Protestant data, despite the relatively high number of deaths of males aged 5–10 between 1860 and 1885. The very small number of deaths in the nineteenth century between the ages of ten and twenty may perhaps have been due to families sending children home for schooling. In this period most of the deaths for males and females over ten occurred between the ages of twenty and fifty, with the peak being between thirty and forty. Causes of death are known in only a few cases. Death by accident is recorded for Ludolf Hammeken (1759: no. 26), John Alma (1871: no. 83), and Albert Baker (1872: no. 119), while John Knapp Gibson (1843: no. 59) was killed by thieves. Andreas Hertmann (1763: no. 29) and Jonas Rönling (1768: no. 33) died from illness, but in neither case is the nature of the sickness identified. The Revd Fenner (1874: no. 94) and Arthur Barker (1884: no. 108), however, are recorded as having died from diphtheria, the Revd Page from cholera (1856: no. 71), John Phillips from smallpox (1872: no. 118), and Patrick Stewart from sunstroke (1885: no. 149). Recorded epidemics in Tunis include plague in 1675–8 (Plantet 1893: i, 298), December 1690–June 1691 (Plantet 1893: i, 432, 436, 447), and 1818–20 (Buonocore 1974), cholera in 1836, June–August 1850, August–September 1856 and June–August 1867, typhus in March–September 1868, and smallpox in 1848– 9 (Ganiage 1957: 174–6, 193–6). The only death that can be connected with certainty with any of these outbreaks, however, is that of the Revd Page from cholera on 1 September 1856 (no. 71). On the other hand, typhus, dysentry and smallpox were endemic, though by the nineteenth century the more privileged consular and merchant families could protect themselves by moving outside the cramped European quarter

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of the old city to the healthier environs of La Marsa or Le Kram. During epidemics, quarantines would also be enforced, as happened in the adjoining British and Swedish consulates during the plague of 1820 (Buonocore 1974: 17–18). Some idea of the possible incidence of mortality caused by communicable diseases may be obtained by considering the months of the year in which deaths occurred (Table 5). In 1818–20, most deaths from plague occurred during the winter months and relatively few once the weather became hotter (Buonocore 1974: 6–11). This would also have been the pattern for colds and flu viruses. Typhus and cholera, however, tended to strike in the summer. In the period of the 1640s–1799, the figures from the Protestant cemetery show two clusters, one in winter (October–February) and one in summer (April–July), with few deaths occurring in March, August or September. The pattern is broadly similar in the period 1800–59, with the trough of fewer deaths perhaps extending to April and May. After 1860, the same pattern is just discernible, though by then the principal peak in mortality was in June. Anyone visiting the city would therefore have been well advised to choose to do so in one of the safer months of the year.

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CATALOGUE

In this catalogue the texts are arranged in chronological order according to the date of death and numbered consecutively. The following conventions are used in editing them: [ ] ( ) ‹ › { } a

letters missing due to damage or defacement letters missing due to deliberate contraction or omission letters accidentally omitted letters accidentally included uncertain reading

In editing the texts no attempt has been made to imitate the letter types or fonts appearing on the tombstones. As a rule the texts are edited throughout in roman. Capitals are used, however, to indicate letters on the stone that are distinguished either by capitals (in the case of texts presented in upper and lower case) or by size (in the case of texts presented in large and small capitals). In the case of texts presented in letters of uniform size and type, capitals have been introduced into the editions as appropriate to facilitate comprehension. The dimensions of the stones are given as follows: width × length × thickness. 1. Samuel [W]ebbe (1626/7–48) Tufaceous limestone (0.59 × 1.75 × 0.16 m), with a drafted margin, 6 cm wide and 1 cm deep (pls. 5–6). The lettering is in capitals, carved in relief.

Samuel [W]ebbe mercator anglicu[s obiit sexto die octobris anno domini mdcxlvii aetatis suae xxi

5 6

Samuel [W]ebbe, English merchant, died 6 October ad 1648, aged 21. The name Webbe seems to have been clearly decipherable c.1900. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 47; Rawlinson 2001: 5; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 61.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 5. Tombstones of Samuel Webbe (1648, no. 1) and William Haines (1649, no. 2)

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Catalogue

Plate 6. Tombstone of Samuel Webbe (1648, no. 1)

2. William Haines (d. 1649) Tufaceous limestone (0.62 × 1.80 × 0.14 m), with a drafted margin, 6 cm wide and 1 cm deep (pls. 5 and 7). The lettering is in capitals (but with the Is dotted), carved in relief (letter heights 3.6–3.8cm). Overbar over MRI in line 1.

in memoriam m(agist)ri Gulielmi Haines mercatoris anglici. qui obiit Tunisiis xix die novembris mdcxlix

5 6

In memory of Mr William Haines, English merchant, who died in Tunis, 19 November 1649. Tunisiis may alternatively have been intended to mean ‘amongst the Tunisians’, since the correct form for ‘in Tunis’ would be Tunete. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 89; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 55, 61.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 7. Tombstone of William Haines (1649, no. 2)

Plate 8. Tombstone of Thomas Campion (1661, no. 3)

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Catalogue 3. Thomas Campion (d. 1661) Tufaceous limestone (0.57 × 1.83 × 0.143 m) (pl. 8). The lettering is in capitals, carved in relief (letter heights 2.9 cm).

depositum consulis Campion obiit primo Octobris mdclxi The grave of Consul Campion. He died 1 October 1661.

Thomas Campion acted as English consul during the absence of Thomas Browne, from 1655 to 1658 (Fisher 1957: 308). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 221; Day and Day 1991: 15; Rawlinson 2001: 5; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 63. 4. Barnabas Holdin (d. 1661) Tufaceous limestone (0.61 × 1.88 × 0.135 m), with a drafted margin, 7 cm wide and 1 cm deep (pl. 9). The lettering is capitals carved in relief (height 5–5.5 cm), with the Is dotted.



hic iacet Barnabas Holdin dux navis Amititiæ obiit in porta Utica x]xiii decemb ri]s Ano. Do. mdclxi

5 7

Here lies Barnabas Holdin, captain of the ship Amity (or Friendship). He died in the port of Utica, 23 December ad 1661. A ship named the Amitie, of London, was among the prizes taken by the English privateer William Graves of Tunis between 1605 and 1610 (Bak 2006: 112). The records of the High Court of the Admiralty also mention the Amity of St-Valéry as a prize vessel around 1708-12, though it is perhaps doubtful whether this could have been the same ship (PRO: HCA 32/50(1) & 74; Bromley 1987: 491 n.90). The spelling of the name Amititia (line 4), instead of the more correct Amicitia, however, would appear to support the idea that Holdin’s ship was indeed named Amity (or Amitié), rather than Friendship. The ancient Phoenician city of Utica (line 5), located near the mouth of the River Mejerda (Bagradas), was a rival of Carthage and sided with Rome in the Third Punic War. Its site was finally abandoned only in the seventh century ad, perhaps just before the conquest of North Africa by the Muslim Arabs (cf. Lézine 1970: 33). The phrase in porta Utica could possibly refer to the quarter of Tunis that lay inside the city gate facing Utica (Bab Souika or Bab Carthagena), although in that case one would expect the text to read in porta Uticae. It seems more probable, however, that the reference is to the port (portus) of Utica rather than the gate and that the text should have read in portu Uticae. In the early seventeenth century Utica was sometimes identified with Bizerta (Gramaye 1634: 347). However, the site of the ancient city was still known and much closer to it lay Porto Farina (Ghar el-Meleh), a fortified maritime base and Andalusian settlement that was established at the mouth of the River Mejerda beside the lake of Utica by the corsair Usta Murad between 1638 and 1640, in an attempt to prevent Christian powers making use of the anchorage (Lézine

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 1970: 33 n.39). The result of this was that in 1654 a squadron of the English Republican Navy, commanded by Admiral Blake, entered the lake and defeated there the forces of Hammūda Bey of Tunis (Guide Bleu 1971: 210). It was probably at Porto Farina therefore that Barnabas Holdin died. By the nineteenth century, the port had silted up (Dunant 1858: 108). The English merchant Edward Holden, who is mentioned in French consular correspondance as being established in Algiers in 1732 (Plantet 1889: ii, 162; Fisher 1957: 294, 302 n.3), might perhaps have been a member of the same family. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 19; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 53 n.5, 55, 59.

Plate 9. Tombstone of Barnabas Holdin (1661, no. 4)

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Catalogue

Plate 10. Tombstone of Richard Lear (1663, no. 5) 5. Richard Lear (d. 1663) Tufaceous limestone (0.49 × 1.81 × 0.13 m), with a drafted margin, 6 cm wide and 1 cm deep (pl. 10). The lettering is roman with initial capitals (initials 4 cm high, other letters 3 cm).

Hic iacet Richardus Lear Anglus, suæ Nationis Consulis Cancellarius, qui obiit xxiii Aprilis Anno Domini MDCLXIII

5 7

Here lies Richard Lear, Englishman, chancellor of his nation’s consul, who died 23 April ad 1663. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 209; Rawlinson 2001: 5; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 63.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 11. Tombstone of Dominico Portugese (1667, no. 6) 6. Dominico Portugese (d. 1667) Tufaceous limestone (0.46 × 1.72 × 0.14 m), with a drafted margin, 6 cm wide and 1 cm deep (pl. 11). The lettering is carved in capitals in relief within a sunken panel measuring 0.31 × 0.19 m (letter heights c.4.5 cm). The upper surface of the stone is scoured by pick marks, which have also damaged the inscription; the damage, however, does not appear to have been deliberate and may perhaps have been caused while the stone lay just below the ground surface in an area being cleared or cultivated.

Dominico Portugese obiit 7 gwi AD 1667 Dominico Portugese. He died (7 June?) ad 1667.

The reading of the date is uncertain. It could perhaps be 7 guni or giuni (for junii). The deceased was presumably of Portuguese descent and evidently Protestant. Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 55.

7. Iohannes de Wert (1641/2–1668) Tufaceous limestone (0.57 × 1.90 × 0.17m), with a drafted margin, 5.0–5.5 cm wide and 1 cm deep. The lettering is in capitals (heights 4.5–6 cm). memento mori hic iacet sepul 24

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Catalogue





tus Iohannes de Wert nati one suecus = Stockholmi natus chirurgi arte quam vita flelicior obiit xxi apr : An : D 1668 : ætatis suæ xxvi

5

10 12

Remember death! Here lies buried Iohannes de Wert, Swedish by nationality, born in Stockholm, more fortunate in the art of a surgeon than in life. He died on 21 April ad 1668, aged 26. Though Swedish by nationality, Iohannes de Wert’s Low German name suggests that he had a Hanseatic background. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 129; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 59.

8. Henry Veasy (d. 1668) Limestone (0.55 × 1.64 × 0.14 m) (pl. 12). The lettering is in capitals (heights 8.8 cm in line 1, c.5 cm thereafter). Below the inscription, in the centre of the stone is a geometrical design representing an eightpointed star set in a rectangle (36 × 40 cm) and containing a circular depression (diam. 10.5 cm) at its centre.

M(emento) M(ori) hic · iacet × Henricus × Veasy obiit xxviii aug(usti) A×D 1668 Remember death! Here lies Henry Veasy. He died on 28 August ad 1668.

The circular depression was probably intended as a drinking bowl for birds, such as François-René de Chateaubriand claimed to have observed on a Moorish tomb in a cemetery outside Bab Carthagena in 1807 (Houguenague 1971: 236). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 203.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 12. Tombstone of Henry Veasy (1668, no. 8)

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Catalogue 9. William Hull (d. 1673) Tufaceous limestone (0.56 × 1.90 × 0.15 m), with a drafted margin 6 cm wide and 1 cm deep (pl. 13). Sloping italic script (height c.5 cm).

Gulielmi Hull Ducis Navis Mercury Hic requiescit pulvis qui ex hac vita migravit 22 die Iulij Anno Verbi incarnati 1673

5 7

Here lie the remains of William Hull, captain of the ship Mercury, who departed this life on 22 July in the year of the Word made Flesh 1673. A French warship called Le Mercure was recorded at La Goulette, the port of Tunis, on 25/26 August 1685 (Plantet 1893: i, 363); although of 60 guns, it was refitted at Brest and leased for trading purposes around 1710 (Bromley 1987: 203, 204). Another ship, the Mercurius, bound for Rotterdam with a cargo of Bordeaux wine, was attacked by a Flushing kaper under French colours in 1707 (Bromley 1987: 421 n.39). But neither of these seems very likely to have been William Hull’s ship. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 225; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 59.

10. Rosslif Andresen (d. 1675) Tufaceous limestone (0.46 × 1.95 × 0.15 m), with a drafted margin 6–6.5 cm wide and 1 cm deep (pl. 14). Between the sixth and seventh lines of the inscription there is a circular depression, 13 cm in diameter and 3 cm deep, which was most probably intended as a drinking place for birds (see no. 8). The text is written in rather crude capitals.

Hir ruhe(n) in Gott Ros slif Andre sen von Copenhagē(n) ‹ge›storb(en) 1675 * den 24 fe[b rvary~

5

8

May Rosslif Andresen of Copenhagen rest here in God; died 1675 on 24 February. There appears to be a case of haplography involving the letters ge between lines 5 and 6. Although the cause of death of the deceased is not stated, it may be noted that the plague in Tunis between 1675 and 1678 is reported to have carried off 400,000 souls within the space of six months (Plantet 1893: i, 298). Reference: Soumille and Peyras 1993: 52 n.4.

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Plate 13. Tombstone of William Hull (1673, no. 9)

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Catalogue

Plate 14. Tombstone of Roslif Andresen (1675, no. 10)

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 11. Theophilus Barrington (1657/8–79) Tufaceous limestone (0.46 × 1.81 × 0.09 m), with a quadruple-stepped border, 8–9.5 cm wide and 3.5 cm deep, decorated with a pattern of carved interlacing S’s and with twisted-cord decoration around the edge (pl. 15). The raised part of the stone (0.27 × 1.65 m) contains two panels (0.25 × 0.33 m) filled with chip-carved floral designs, above and below the inscription. Immediately below the inscription is a representation of the Barrington arms: argent, three chevronels gules, a label of three points azure (Burke and Burke 1844: 43–4). The lettering is in large and small capitals interspersed with some letters in roman or italic script (heights 3.5–4.2 cm for the larger letters, 2.2–2.5 cm for the smaller). The incisions for the letters and coat-of-arms are inlaid with lead, held in place by a series of drilled mortices. Theophilus Barringtonus Goberto Pabenli Essexiæ In Anglia Equiti Aurato Septimo Loco Natus Parcarum Hic in ipso Iuventutis Flore Inv Idiam Expertus Anti quissimun Punicæ Argumentun Nupe rrime Confirmavit Diem Clausi(t) · x id(us) Augusti Extremum Ætat(is) · An(no) · xxi a(nno) Virg˜(ineae) Partus · mdclxxix

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Theophilus Barrington, born the seventh child to his father, Sir Gobert, Knight, of Essex in England, here in the very flower of his youth experienced the ill-will of the Fates and provided the latest confirmation of that of the Carthaginians, which was proved so long ago. He ended his final day on 10 August, in the 21st year of his age, in the year of the Virgin Birth 1679. Some small errors in the text include Pabenli for Parenti (line 2), and Antiquissimun … Argumentun for Antiquissimum … Argumentum (lines 7–9). In line 11, the date was first inscribed as iv id(us), but was changed to x id(us) by suppressing the i and extending the v into an x before the holes were drilled to take the lead inlay. An alternative suggestion made by Soumille and Peyras (1993: 60) that the elongated x represents a conjoined v and a, hence v a(nte) id(us), is unconvincing, since the alleged a has no cross-bar. Theophilus Barrington was the youngest son of a youngest son in a line of distinguished Essex landowners, who were renowned for their staunch Parliamentary sympathies. Sir Thomas Barrington, Bart. (c.1585–1644), Theophilus’s grandfather, was in his time MP for Newtown (Isle of Wight), the county of Essex, and Colchester, before finally being elected for Chelmsford in the Long Parliament of 1640 (Keeler 1954: 97–9; Nuttall 1966; Kyle 2004). In January 1642, he was appointed to the Parliamentary ‘committee for Algiers’, concerned with the ransoming of British captives held in Algiers (Matar 2005: 68–9). Less is known of Theophilus’s father, Sir Gobert Barrington (d. 1695), since it was his elder brother, Sir John, who inherited the baronetcy and the tradition of Parliamentary service. Sir Gobert’s first wife was Lucy Wiseman, the daughter of Sir William Wiseman of Thorrells Hall in Essex (Lownes 1884: 39). She bore him eleven children, six sons and five daughters, of whom Theophilus was the seventh child and the youngest of the sons. Theophilus was probably born at Tofts, the family home in Little Baddow, Essex. It was doubtless through his family connections that he came to Tunis. His brother Francis, Sir Gobert’s second son, was a merchant engaged in the profitable trade with North Africa and is known to have resided in Tunis between 1681 and 1692 (Lownes 1884: 39). Although his earliest letter written from Tunis is dated 6 July 1681 (PRO: FO 335/12/2), the house of Francis Baker, the consul, and Francis Barrington in Tunis is mentioned in a

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Catalogue

Plate 15. Tombstone of Theophilus Barrington (1679, no. 11) 31

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis letter written by Giovanni-Battista Mortola to Thomas Goodwyn from Genoa on 31 August 1680 (PRO: FO 335/2/1). The existence of his younger brother’s tomb suggests that Francis may well have already been living there in 1679 and have been responsible for commissioning it. The John Barrington who was in command of a ship bound for Alexandria that struck and foundered off the Lanthorn in February 1690 (HMC, 75 Downshire i, 340–1) also appears to have been a relative. In June 1691 he was bound from Livorno to Smyrna in command of a small vessel called the Tunizene (HMC, 75 Downshire i, 373), the same ship (spelt variously Tuniserone, Tuniseene) on which Francis Baker and Francis Barrington had sailed in 1683 (PRO: FO 335/3/8-9). Although the writer of his epitaph attributes Theophilus’s death to the fabled ill-will or deceit of the Carthaginians, a likelier cause of death is perhaps the plague epidemic that ravaged Tunis between 1675 and 1678 (see no. 10 above). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 205; Pringle 1977; Rawlinson 2001: 5–6; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 55–6, 59–61; Stubbings 1977.

12. André Sé[r]ré (d. 1690) Tufaceous limestone (0.53 × 1.79 × 0.135 m), with a double-stepped border, 8 cm wide (pl. 16). The lettering consists of crude large and small capitals, deeply incised (5–5.5 cm and 3–3.75 cm).





His iacet An dreas filius Andreæ Se[r]re Merindoliæ Obiit in domo Consulis An gliæ in Tun nis die deci mo Ianuarii Anno Dom ini mdcxc

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Here lies André, son of André Sé[r]ré of Mérindol. He died in the house of the consul of England, in Tunis, on 10 January ad 1690. The Sérré family was engaged in trade between Marseilles and Tunis from the 1630s onwards (Plantet 1893: i, 229 n.1). Another member of this family, Henri Sérré, died in Tunis in 1714 and was also buried in the Protestant cemetery (no. 15). Mérindol is a town in the Vaucluse lying 41 km south-east of Avignon in the valley of the Durance. It occupies an important place in the history of Protestantism in France. In 1545, the town was a rallying point of the Vaudois of the Luberon against an army sent by the parliament of Arles, backed by King François I, either to massacre them or to round them up for work in the galleys based in Marseilles. By the time that the army got to Mérindol, however, the menfolk had fled to the mountains. Those women who remained in the church were therefore raped and the town of some 200 houses was destroyed. Subsequently the population returned and Mérindol remained until the Revolution a centre of Protestantism, despite being a fief of the Roman Catholic archbishopric of Marseilles (Guide Bleu 1971: 51, 222; http://depenne. club.fr./texte/vaudois.html). In the seventeenth century, French Protestants in Tunis came under the protection of the English consul (Plantet 1893: i, 535, 537). There is therefore nothing unusual about André Sérré dying in the English

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Catalogue consul’s house. The cause of his death might again have been the plague, which is recorded in Tunis from December 1690 until at least June 1691 (Plantet 1893: i, 432, 436, 447). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 153.

Plate 16. Tombstone of André Serré (1690, no. 12)

Plate 17. Tombstone of John Goddard (1711, no. 13): bottom of stone) 33

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 13. John Goddard (1669–1711) Tufaceous limestone (0.54 × 1.92 × 0.13 m), with a drafted margin. 7.5 cm wide with twisted-cord decoration around the edge (pl. 17). A scalloped rose (15 cm diam.) decorates the foot of the stone. The lettering is a mixture of large and small capitals and roman, varying in height from 2.75–5.5 cm for the larger letters to 2–4 cm for the smaller ones; the letter heights decrease towards the bottom of the stone.



Hic Iacit Ill(ustri)s(sim)i dom(i)ni Ioan(n)is Goddard Britano(niae) Consulis Qui Vitâ Suâ Mortali Christian(a) Peraetâ ad Meliorum Abi(i)t Die 9 Iuli(i) 1711 Anno[s] 42 Mens(es) 4 [D]i(e)sq(ue) 2 natus

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Here lies (the body) of the distinguished lord, John Goddard, consul of Britain, who completed his mortal Christian life and left it for a better one on 9 July 1711, having lived 42 years, 4 months and 2 days. Infelicities in the Latin text include: iacit for iacet (line 1); and peraeta for peracta (lines 4–6). The subject of iacet is missing. John Goddard is mentioned as English agent and consul general in Tunis between c.1697 and c.1699 (List of F.O. Records, viii, 119). Fisher gives his dates as consul as 1700–?1711 and states that he died in office (1957: 308). The latter date appears to be confirmed by the epitaph, though the date on the stone has now become very indistict on account of weathering. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 41; Rawlinson 2001: 9; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 63.

14. Uninscribed Tufaceous limestone (0.50 × 1.72 × 0.13 m) with twisted-cord decoration around the edge. Although uninscribed, this stone is typologically similar to that of John Goddard (no. 13) and may therefore be assumed to date from the same period.

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Catalogue

Plate 18. Tombstone of Henri Serré (1714, no. 15)

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 15. Henri Sérré (d. 1714) Pinkish marble, somewhat coarse in appearance on account of weathering (0.48 × 1.84 × 0.095 m), with a rounded drafted margin (5.5 cm wide and 3 cm deep), decorated with a chip-carved zigzag pattern (pl. 18). There is a six-petalled rosette above the inscription. The lettering is in wobbly copper-plate (height c.4 cm) with roman-style initial capitals (height 6–7 cm).



Hic Iacet Henricus Serre diurbe Massilie qui obijt Die 23 Lulij Anno Domini 1714

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Here lies Henri Sérré from the town of Marseilles, who died on 23 July ad 1714. A merchant from Marseilles named Séré is recorded trading with Tunis from 1633 onwards (Plantet 1893: i, 229 n.1). Quite possibly Henri Sérré was from the same family (see also no. 12 above). A number of French Protestants are mentioned in French consular correspondance between 1695 and 1698 as being under the protection of the English consul and intriguing against French Catholic mercantile interests. The names include Gaspard Bourguet (Languedoc), Simon Merlet (Marseilles), Maurice Boyer (Marseilles), Jean-Battiste Vitalis (Marseilles), Jérémie and Claude Bagnet, and Jacques Roux (Plantet 1893: i, 535, 537, 577). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 155; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 53 n.5, 55.

Plate 19. Tombstone of Thomas Lawrence (1717, no. 16) 36

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Catalogue 16. Thomas Lawrence (1686/7–1717) White marble (1.20 × 1.74 × >0.15 m) (pl. 19). The lettering consists of large and small capitals. Here lyeth the body of Captain Thomas Lawrence Brother to Richard Lawrence Esar Agent and Consull General For his Britanick Maiesty In this City and Kingdom Who departed this life the 9th day of Iuly Anno Domini 1717 NS In the 31st Year of his age.

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In line 3 the stone carver has evidently mistakenly inserted a capital a for q in Esqr. The letters ‘NS’ (line 8) stand for ‘New Style’, in other words the Gregorian as opposed to the Julian Calendar, which was adopted throughout British dominions in March 1751. Its use here suggests that the English community in Tunis followed their French counterparts in using the New Style before Chesterfield’s Act reformed the calendar in England (24 Geo. II, c.23; Cheney 1945: 10–11). Thomas Lawrence’s sister Elizabeth (d. 1732: no. 18) and brother Richard (d. 1750: no. 21) were buried in the same cemetery. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 71; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 59.

17. Thomas Thomson (1700s) White marble (0.92 × 1.87 × 0.225 m). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 6.6 cm and 4.7 cm). Here lyeth the body of Thomas Thomson, esqr: The style of the lettering and the use of white marble for the slab both suggest an eighteenth-century date. A certain Thomas Thomson was appointed English consul in Algiers by the Dey from 1712 to 1713 and was followed by Samuel Thomson from 1713 until 1720 (Fisher 1957: 305). It is uncertain whether or not he may also have been consul in Tunis. Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 219.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 18. Elizabeth Lawrence (1672/3–1732) White marble (0.90 × 1.86 × >0.15 m) (pl. 20). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 4.5 cm and 3.5 cm).





Here Lyeth the body of ELIZABETH LAWRENCE Sister to Richard Lawrence esqr: Agent and Consul general for his Britanick Maiesty in this cyty and kingdom of Tunis who departed this life the 8/19 day of iune anno domini 1732 in the 60th Year of her age

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Richard Lawrence died 18 years later at the age of 82 (no. 21), while another brother, Thomas, had died earlier in 1717 (no. 16). In line 7, the date of death is given in both the Old and New Styles respectively (see no. 16 above). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 65.

Plate 20. Tombstone of Elizabeth Lawrence (1732, no. 18)

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Catalogue 19. John Archer (1707–34) White marble (0.85 × 1.87 × 0.19 m) with the upper corners chamfered off. The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 5.4 cm and c.4 cm). H Here lyeth the boddy of Îohn Archer, Son of Thomas Archer, Of Scarborw in Yorkshire Mariner, who was born the 22d: of Ianuary in the Year of our Lord 1707 and departed this Life the 22d: of Iuly 1734 . in the 27. year of his age.

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The significance of the H in line 1 is obscure. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 211; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 59.

20. Anna Maria Rönling (1727–45) White grey-blotched marble (1.00 × 2.16 × 0.08 m) (pl. 21). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 4.2 cm and 2 cm, except line 23 where they are 5.3 cm and 3.4 cm). The text is bordered by lowrelief rococo carving representing bones and draped cloth, with an hour-glass below and a flaming lamp above. D(eo). O(ptimo). M(aximo). Hic Jacet Anna Maria Ronling Olai Ronling Holmensis S(u)æ. R(egalissim)æ. M(aiestati)s. Sueciæ in Tunetana Republica Consulis, et Mariæ Ronling Alingsahsiensis Filia. Londini Orta ii.do Aprilis MDCCXXVII Istius Pietas propemodum exæquo certabat cum suavitate ingenii, et integerrima vita, et conversatione diligentissima in rebus agendis ad omnium virtutum genera inflammata enituit, præsertim misericordia in pauperes, quam inter cæteras animi dotes a Parentibus hauserat. Sed sicut Terrae, sic Cœlo cara optimam partem electura, dum instantem sibi mortem præsentiret officia obsequentis Filiæ in Parentes suos peregit, et post auditionem Sacrorum Evangeliorum efflavit animam XXI Septembris. MDCCXLV Ætatis suae XVIII supra Menses V. dies XIX Soli Deo Gratia

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis To the greatest and supreme God. Here lies Anna Maria Rönling, daughter of Olaf Rönling of Stockholm, consul of his most royal Swedish majesty in the Tunisian state, and of Maria Rönling of Alingsås. She was born in London on 2 April 1727. Her piety contended in almost equal measure with a sweetness of temperament, a most pure life and the most scrupulous conduct in the discharge of her duties. She shone forth radiantly before the virtuousness of all, above all in her compassion towards the poor, which, along with other qualities of the spirit, she had derived from her parents. But the dear one, being about to choose the best part between heaven and earth, as long as she sensed death to be approaching her, performed the obligations of a dutiful daughter towards her parents and, after listening to the Holy Gospels, expired on 21 September 1745, aged 18 years, 5 months and 19 days. To God alone be thanks. D(eo). O(ptimo). M(aximo) is a common abbreviation in classical Roman inscriptions. The following grammatical lapses may be noted: exæquo for (ex)æque (line 8); virtutum genera inflammata for virtutem genere inflammato (line 12); evangeliorum for evangelorum (line 20); soli for solum or solo (line 23). Anna Maria Rönling’s parents, Olof and Maria Bengdts (nos. 30 & 32), as well as her brothers Jacob (no. 25) and Jonas (no. 33), are also buried here. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 195; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 55, 56, 67.

21. Richard Lawrence (1668–1750) White marble (0.93 × 1.96 × 0.08 m), with a moulded border and a coat of arms carved below the inscription (pl. 22). The lettering is large and small capitals (heights 6.8–8.2 cm and 4.6–5 cm). The letters, coats of arms and border decoration were formerly inlaid with lead, only some of which still remains.







Here lyeth the Body of RICHArD LAWRENCE Esqr late HIS BRITANNICK MAIESTIES Agent and Consul General in this City and Kingdom of Tunis, Born near Truro in the County of Cornwall the 29 October 1668 and departed this Life the 27 Iune 1750 in the 82 Year of his Age having served three British SOVEREIGNS as Consul in Tunis during the space of 38 Years

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Sir Richard Lawrence was appointed consul in Tunis in 1711 and died in office in 1750, having served under three British monarchs: Anne, George I and George II (Fisher 1957: 291–2, 308). In May 1716 he caused grave offence to the French by purchasing the cargo of a French barque that had been captured by a corsair, contrary to the terms of France’s treaty with the Bey, and taken to Porto Farina; as a result the French consul forbade French merchants to have any dealings with him, including the bakery and the washer women in the French funduq who did his laundry (Plantet 1893: ii, 95). In 1737, however, it was the French consul Gautier who intervened with the Bey to prevent Lawrence being expelled at the instigation of the Swedes and Dutch (Plantet 1893: ii, 299, 304, 308, cf. 319).

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Catalogue Lawrence’s sister Elizabeth (d. 1732) and brother Thomas (d. 1717) are also buried in Tunis (see nos. 16 and 18). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 201; Rawlinson 2001: 9; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 58 n.8, 63.

Plate 21. Tombstone of Anna Maria Rönling (1745, no. 20)

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 22. Tombstone of Richard Lawrence (1750, no. 21) 42

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Catalogue 22. Christopher Keen (1723/4–54) Linestone (0.50 × 1.69 × 0.17 m) with triple-stepped border and rounded edges. The lettering is in neat capitals, lightly incised.



Here lieth the Body of Christo pher Keen mari ner who depar ted this life the 21st of January 1754 aged 30 Years

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References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 131; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 59.

23. Bet[t]y Kiff (1675/6–1756) Soft fine-grained limestone (0.48 × 1.40 × 0.15 m). The lettering is in neat capitals, lightly incised (heights 3.5–4.5 cm and 2.5–3 cm). Here lyes the Bodyof Bet[t]y Kiff Born in T]angier in the King dom of Maroco aged eigh ty years departed this [l]i[f]e the 25 [J]uly 1756

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As the deceased died in 1756 at the age of 80, she would have been born in 1675 or 1676, when Tangiers was in British hands. Although it had been a Portuguese possession from 1471 until 1581 and was again from 1643, Tangiers came under British control in 1662 as part of the dowry of Charles II’s queen, Catherine of Braganza. This gift, however, proved to be far more trouble than it was worth and the commercial value of the port never made up for the cost of maintaining a garrison there. After being blockaded by Mulay Isma’īl and attacked in 1679, the British garrison, starved of support by Parliament in London, finally evacuated the town in 1684, destroying the harbour works as they did so (see Rowth 1910; Smithers 2003; Matar 2005: 133-65). Betty Kiff and the Franci[s E]rteca, who is recorded in the next epitaph (no. 24), may well have been evacuated at that time. Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 141.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 24. Franci[s E]rteca or [E]rtega (1670/1–1756) Soft fine-grained limestone (0.455 × 1.40 × 0.14 m) (pl. 23). The lettering is in neat large and small capitals, now rather faint in places.



Here Lyes the Bodyof Francis[ E]rtecoa born in tangier in the kin gdom of the [e]mperor of Maroco aged eigh ty five years depar ted this life the 20 of october o:s 1756

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In line 2, the size of the lacuna suggests enough space for two letters, or more likely a space and the initial letter of a surname. After the c of the second name there appears to be a subscript o. However, a manuscript list of the names on the inscriptions in the church archives dating from the end of the nineteenth century or the beginning of the twentieth, gives the name as Frank Ertega; it is possible therefore that what appears as co may in fact have been g. In line 8, o:s refers to the Old Style of dating (see no. 16 above). Like Betty Kiff (no. 23), Francis Erteca would have been born in Tangiers during the time when it was a British colony.

Plate 23. Tombstone of Francis [E]treca or [E]rtega (1756, no. 24)

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Catalogue 25. Jacob Rönling (1716–58) White marble (0.98 × 1.10 × 0.09 m) with a relief-carved border decoration of bones, draped cloth, and flowers, with a winged hour-glass below and a flaming lamp above (pl. 24). A floral design is incised below the text. The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights in lines 2–11 and 13–16: 4 and 2.6 cm; in line 12: 7 and 6 cm; in line 17: 5.5 and 4.5 cm). D(eo) . O(ptimo) . M(aximo) . Hospes quisque pius legis hoc in Marmore quantum sint occulta Dei fata tremenda stup(r)e Hic iacet en Pietas Florenti Ætate sepulta hic morum Integritas hic scelerisque Timor Hic Tunetis Amor charum solamen Egenis Suecorumque Decus heu IACOBE iaces Ingemuere Arabes Turcæ lacrimantur Hebræi Dispari(li)tas cultus non nocet ulla Piis Campos Interea Elysios IACOBE pererra Ossibus et castis sis rogo Terra(m) levis IACOBO RONLING SUECO Hoc Marmor Mæsti Parentes posuerunt Obiit XXIV Kalend(as) Mart(ias) Anno MDCCLVIII Vixit Annos XLI Mens(ibus) IV . Dieb(us) XIII Soli Deo Gloria

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To the Greatest and Supreme God. O dutiful vistitor, whoever you may be, you read on this marble tablet how the dreadful things ordained by Fate may be shamefully hidden from God. Here in the bloom of life lies buried piety, here blamelessness of character, here fear of wickedness, here love of Tunis, loving comfort towards the destitute and the model of virtue of the Swedes. Alas! O Jacob, you lie fallen. The Arabs (and) Turks lamented, the Jews are shedding tears. No difference in religious observance affects the pious. Meanwhile, O Jacob, wander through the Elysian fields! And may your bones remain uncorrupted and may you raise up the earth with your funeral pile! To Jacob Rönling, his mourning parents set up this marble stone. He died on 24 March in the year 1758. He lived 41 years, 4 months, and 13 days. Glory be to God alone. The translation assumes the following emendations to the Latin text: pio … quanto for pius … quantum (line 2); in for en, and florente for florenti (line 4); carum for charum (line 6); disparilitas for disparitas (line 9); solum for solo or soli (line 17). An issue concerning gender arises in line 8, since Arabes could refer to Arab men or women or both, and Hebraei could be Jewish men, women or both, but Turcae means Turkish women. As women play a leading role in the audible mourning at Arab and Turkish funerals, the line could indeed have been meant to say: ‘The Arab (and) Turkish women lamented, the Jews are shedding tears.’ Another perhaps more likely possibility, however, is that the line was never intended to be gender-specific at all and was intended to read: Ingemuere Arabes Turcique lacrimantur Hebraei (The Arabs and Turks lamented, the Jews are shedding tears). The alteration of Turcae to Turcique would certainly make better grammatical sense. Jacob Rönling was the son of Olof (no. 30) and Maria Bengdts Rönling (no. 32), and the brother of Anna Maria (no. 20) and Jonas (no. 33). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 187; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 55, 56, 67.

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Plate 24. Tombstone of Jacob Rönling (1758, no. 25)

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Catalogue 26. Ludolf Hammeken (1696–1759) White marble (1.02 × 2.22 × 0.09 m), with a moulded border 10cm wide, and a coat of arms below the inscription (pl. 25). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 5.2–6.6 cm and 4.0–5.5 cm). G A N Her lieger Legemet, af Ludolf Hammeken Hans Kongl: Maiestets, till Dannemarck og Norge. &&& Commerce Raad, og Consul udi Tunis sampt Plenipotentiarius för Freden med Algier, Tunis, og Tripoli. Fod d(en): 4 No(vem)b(e)r : 1696 udi Bergen, i Norge hues För ældre var Iohan(nes) Hammeken og Margarita Hammerken, fod Oldenburg haver vaeret i Tienesten siden d(en): 8 Febr(uary): 1745. till d(en) 1 May 1759 at han adskiltes med dene Verden efter at haver levet: 62 Aar 5 Māneder og 27 Dager L V G

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Here lies the body of Ludolf Hammeken, His Royal Majesty’s, of Denmark and Norway, etc., commercial representative and consul in Tunis, also plenipotentiary for peace with Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli. Born 4 November 1696 in Bergen, Norway. His parents were Johannes Hammeken and Margarita Hammeken, née Oldenburg. (He) has been in service since 8 February 1746, until 1 May 1759. He parted company with this world after having lived 62 years, 5 months and 27 days. God be praised. In line 1, the two verticals of the N are intersected by a small E and O respectively. The meaning of GAN, however, remains obscure. LVG line 17), on the other hand, may be expanded to Lovet vær Gud. Errors include hues for huis (whose) in line 10 and haver for have in line 15. The course of Ludolf Hammeken’s diplomatic mission to Tunis and Tripoli may be traced through French consular correspondance of the period. He arrived in Tunis from Algiers with an escort of two Danish warships in November 1751. On 8 December he negotiated a treaty with the Bey, the terms of which included the payment of 30,000 zecchini to the Bey and 10,000 to Sidi Mamat and the supply of the timber and artillery necessary for constructing and fitting out four chébeks (sloops) of 18–20 guns. From Tunis, Hammeken proceeded immediately to Tripoli, whence he returned the following April, having concluded a similar treaty there with the Pasha. This included the payment of 26,000 zecchini to the Pasha, his son and his principal officers, and the redemption of twelve Danish captives for a further payment of 2,500 zecchini (Plantet 1893: ii, 430–31, 439, 440–41). Hammeken is mentioned again in Tunis in April 1753 (Plantet 1893: ii, 458, cf. 511). His death there in May 1759 is described in the Roman Catholic parish register as accidental. The same source also records his burial in St George’s cemetery, ‘without the accompaniment of the [Catholic] priest’, as well as those of his son Peter, who predeceased him, his daughter Francesca, who died after him, and three Protestant Danish slaves (Ladjili 1974: 251). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 87.

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Plate 25. Tombstone of Ludolf Hammeken (1759, no. 26) 48

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Plate 26. Tombstone of Ludolf Hammeken (1759, no. 26 bis) 49

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 26 bis. Ludolf (Ludovic) Hammeken (1696–1759) White grey-veined marble slab (0.83 × 1.79 m) (pl. 26). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 3 and 2.1 cm). Between lines 10 and 11 are incised a pair of palm fronds, crossed and tied.



Her Giemmes Støvet af Ludovic Hammeken Fordum Koncelic Dansk General Consul udi Kongeriget Tunis Han varen Retskaffen Mand oc Fader Fredvære med Hans Aske

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Denne Steener Lactaffen Dansk Som Hædrar Hans Minde

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Here rests the dust of Ludolf Ludovic Hammeken, formerly Royal Danish Consul-General in the kingdom of Tunis. He was an honourable husband and father. Peace be with his remains. This stone was placed by a Dane who honours his memory. It remains uncertain why there should have been two tombstones for Ludolf Hammeken and none apparently for his children. Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 29.

27. George Robert Gordon (b. & d. 1759) White crystalline marble (0.59 × 0.68 × 0.15 m), with hollow-chamfered edges (pl. 27). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 5.6 cm and 3.6 cm). George Robert Gordon born on Monday the 19 day of March 1759 & died the 3d day of May Follouing

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George Robert Gordon was the son of Charles Gordon, British consul (no. 31), and his wife Margaret (no. 36). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 45.

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Plate 27. Tombstone of George Robert Gordon (1759, no. 27) 28. Iacob Hansen (d. 1762) Limestone (0.64 × 1.00 × 0.155 m) (pl. 28). The face of the stone is carved to represent a mihrāb, or prayer niche indicating the direction for Muslim prayer (see below). The upper part of the horseshoe arch of the niche is filled with acanthus ornament, while the inscription occupies the rectangular panel below. The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 5-6cm and 3.5-4cm).



Her Liger Capitan Iacob Hansen Fra Arend Al Som dode &=2de Ianuari 1762. Huis Fader huar Hans Iacobsen

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Here lies Captain Jacob Hansen, from Arendal, who died 2 January 1762. His father was Hans Jacobsen. In line 7, huar is an error for var (was). Arendal is a town and port in southern Norway. The mihrāb panel on this stone represents a common design found in Tunisian architecture of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and represented either in marble or in glazed tiles (Jones 1978: 5-6). Similar designs are also found on prayer mats, on which they have a more obvious religious significance. As is the case with many of those found in architectural contexts, however, it is probable that the function of the panel on this Christian gravestone purely decorative. Most likely it was carved locally to a standard design. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 27; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 59. 51

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Plate 28. Tombstone of Iacob Hansen (1762, no. 28) 29. Andreas Hertmann (d. 1763) Friable limestone (0.90 × 1.78 × 0.18 m), with a border of flowers and crossed bones carved in relief in a manner resembling those of nos. 30 and 32 (pl. 29). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 5–5.7 cm and 3.5–4.5 cm).



D(eo) . O(ptimo) . M(aximo) Hic Iacit Andreas Hertman n]us Natus Holmiæ Qui{s} per p]lurimos Annos Commorauit In Domo Consulari(s) Tuneti Mercii Vacav(i)t Cancellari(us) (a)eque Exercuit Post Haec Per Biennium Infirmitate Cruciatus Reddidit Animam Creatori

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Die XI Iunii Anno MDCCLXIII Soror Eius Ulrica Hertman Lapidem Hunc Erigere Fecit

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To the Greatest and Supreme God. Here lies Andreas Hertmann, born in Stockholm, who resided for a great many years in the house of the consul in Tunis. He devoted his time to commerce and worked equally as chancellor. After this, having been afflicted for two years by bad health, he rendered back his soul to the Creator on the 11th day of June in the year 1763. His sister, Ulrica Hertmann, had this stone erected. The following lapses may be noted: iacit for iacet (line 2); mercii for merci (line 6). In line 3, an attempt to repair a mistake in the final word makes it appear as qiuis or qiwis. Hertmann’s name suggests that his family was of German origin, despite his place of birth being in Sweden. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 215; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 53 n.5, 55.

Plate 29. Tombstone of Andreas Hertmann (1763, no. 29) 53

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 30. Olof Rönling (1681–1764) White grey-veined marble (1.01 × 1.98 × 0.10 m), with carved border decoration of bones and climbing roses (pl. 30). A monogram in a cartouche supported by a lion is carved in relief in a circle below the inscription. The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights in lines 1–4: 6.5 cm and 4.6 cm; lines 5–12: 4.4 cm and 3 cm; lines 13–16: 5.5 cm and 4 cm). D(eo) . O(ptimo) . M(aximo) Hic Jacet D(omi)ñus Olof Rönling, Primus Sa.æ Reg(alissim).æ Majestatis Sueciæ Apud Regnum Tunetanum Consul, Ad Quod Anno MDCCXXXVIII Accesserat, v. Idus Decembris A(nn)o, MDCLXXXI Holmiæ Natus, Ætatis Plenus, Moribis Probus, Ingenio Fertilis, Publica, Privataque Negotia Peregregie Functus. De Suis Et Alienis Optime Meritus, Annis LXXXIII Expletis, Reparatæ Salutis XXV Februarii A(nn)o MDCCLXIV Com(m)uni Facto Extinctus. Ad Perennem Tanti Parentis Memoriam, Hoc Filialis Obsequii Et Amoris Monumentum D(omi)ñus Jonas Rönling Ejusdem Filius Erigere Fecit.

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To the Greatest and Supreme God. Here lies Lord Olof Rönling, the first consul of His Most Royal Swedish Majesty in the Tunisian Kingdom, into which (office) he entered in 1738, having been born in Stockholm on 9 December 1681. Ripe with age, honourable in character, and fertile in imagination, he discharged his public and private affairs in a most outstanding way. Deserving the best of his own people and of strangers, with 83 years completed, just after news of his return to health had been made generally known on 25 February 1764, he died. To the unfailing memory of so great a father, Lord Jonas Rönling, his son, has caused to be erected this monument of filial obedience and love. In line 3, saæ is evidently a mistake for suæ. Olof Rönling was the father of Anna Maria Rönling (d. 1745: no. 20) and probably of Jacob Rönling (d. 1758: no. 25). Olof’s wife, Maria Bengdts Rönling, died in Tunis in 1766 (no. 32), and his son Jonas, who set up this tombstone, in 1768 (no. 33). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 85; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 57, 58 n.8, 67.

31. Charles Gordon (d. 1765) White marble (1.02 × 0.40 × 0.06 m) (pl. 31). The lettering is in large and small capitals (height line 1: 3.5 cm and 2.6 cm; lines 2–3: 2.8 cm and 1.7 cm). Charles Gordon British Consul Died 1765 Charles Gordon arrived at La Goulette on board a British frigate on 11 January 1751 to replace Richard Lawrence, the British consul who had died the previous year (Plantet 1893: ii, 435, cf. 583; see no. 21). 54

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Plate 30. Tombstone of Olof Rönling (1764, no. 30) Gordon’s infant son, George Robert (d. 1759) and his wife Margaret (d. 1776) also also buried in Tunis (nos. 27 and 36), as are his daughters Margaret Capriata (no. 49) and Susan Gordon Tulin (no. 55). Another daughter, Matilda, was married in Tunis on 2 January 1797 to Alexandre Allois Herculais, French envoy extraordinary to the Muslim powers of North Africa (Plantet 1893: iii, 319; cf. 1889: ii, 441–3, 450–53, 455–60, 588, 590). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 43; Rawlinson 2001: 9; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 63. 55

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Plate 31. Tombstone of Charles Gordon (1765, no. 31) 32. Maria Bengdts Rönling (1691–1766) White marble (1.00 × 2.22 × 0.06 m) (pl. 32). The border is deorated with long bones intertwined with roses, and below the inscription is incised a scull-and-crossbones. The lettering is in large and small capitals (height lines 1, 2 and 8: 6.5 cm and 4.6 cm; lines 3–7, 9–14: 4.6 cm and 3 cm). In line 3, the Ns are reversed. D(eo) O(ptimo) M(aximo) Iacent Hic Ossa Nobilis Mulieris Mariæ Bengdts Ronling Quæ Quarto Idus Augusti A(nn)o: mdcxci Huius Mundi Lucem Adepta. xxiii. Kalendas Ianuarii A(nn)o: mdcclxvi Sempiterna Deo Dante Conseccutura Pariter Clausit Ionas Rönling Obseq̃(uio)S(i)s̃(si)m(u)s: Filius, Amatissimæ Matri Extrema Qua Par Est Pietate Munia Persulvens Cum Fletu Et Lacrimis Lapidem Hunc Eternæ Memoriæ Monumentum Erigi Fecit

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To the Greatest and Supreme God. Here lie the bones of the noble lady Maria Bengdts Rönling, who received the light of this world on 4 (or 10) August 1691. On 23 January 1766, as God gave (her) the eternal (light) that is to follow, she closed (her life). To a dearly loved mother, Ionas Rönling, a most loyal son, with utmost piety as befitting, discharging his duties with lamentation and tears, had this stone erected as a monument of perpetual remembrance. In line 7, for conseccutura read consecutura; and in line 12 persolvens for persulvens. In line 4, IV Id. Aug. should strictly be 10 August. XXIII Kal. Ian. (line 6), however, does not exist in the Roman calendar and seems to mean simply 23 January. By this token it appears more consistent to take IV Id. Aug. to represent 4 August and to interpret Id. and Kal. as no more than embellishments whose function was simply to stress

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Catalogue whether the date fell in the first or second half of the month in question. Maria Bengdts Rönling was the wife of Olof Rönling (no. 30) and mother of Jacob (no. 25), Anna Maria (no. 20) and Jonas (no. 33). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 15; Rawlinson 2001: 9; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 56, 57, 67.

Plate 32. Tombstone of Maria Bengdts Rönling (1766, no. 32) 57

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 33. Ionas Rönling (1730/1–68) White marble (1.00 × 1.95 × 0.13 m) (pl. 33). The scheme of relief decoration includes a scroll and crossed bones incised below the inscription and a relief-carved border of scallops and thick foliage. The lettering is in large and small capitals. D(eo) O(ptimo) M(aximo) Do(mi)ñus Ionas Rönling Suecus, Filius, Ac, Unicus Superstes Ill(ustrissi)mi : Do(mi)ñi : Olof Rönling, Olim Pro Sueciæ Rege Tuneti Consulis Emeritissimi, Hic Iacet. Londini Ortus, Et A Parentibus Tunetum Ductus Post Diuturnam Infirmitatem, Ætatis Suæ, A(nn)o : XXXVII : Die V : Maij : A(nn)o : MDCCLXVIII Et Vitæ Et Prosapiæ, Finem Dedit. Quod Infortunium Valde Plorans, Do(mi)ña Catharina Ferrari Rönling Eius Uxor, In Grati Animi Argumentum, Lapidem Hunc Apponere Curavit

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To the Greatest and Supreme God. Here lies the Swede, Lord Ionas Rönling, son and sole surviving heir of the most illustrious Sir Olof Rönling, former long-serving consul to Tunis for the King of Sweden. Born in London and brought to Tunis by his parents, after a long illness, in the 37th year of his age, on 5 May 1768, he gave an end both to his life and and to his lineage. Deeply lamenting the which misfortune, his wife, Lady Catharina Ferrari Rönling, made provision for this stone to be laid as testimony to his dear soul. In line 8, for Tunetum read Tunetem. Ionas Rönling was the son of Olof Rönling (d. 1764: no. 30) and Maria Bengdts Rönling (d. 1766: no. 32), and the brother of Anna Maria (d. 1745: no 20) and Iacob (d. 1758: no. 25). The Ferrari family, from which his wife evidently came, was a noble Genoese family whose interest in Levantine trade may be traced back to the Middle Ages. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 207; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 55, 57, 67.

34. Maria Swenson (1735/6–70) White grey-veined marble (0.91 × 1.92 × 0.09 m), with a skull-and-crossbones incised below the inscription (pl. 34). The lettering is in large and small capitals (height lines 1 and 7: 5.5 cm; lines 2–6: 4.5 cm and 3.8 cm).



G . A . N Her Liger Legemet af Maria Swenson Som adsriltes med denne Verden d(en): xxi Iunius 1770 efter

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at have levet xxxiv aar L . V . G.

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Here lies the body of Maria Swenson, who parted company with this world on 21 June 1770, after having lived 34 years. Praise be to God. The verticals of the N in line 1 are intersected respectively by E and O (see the notes to no. 26 for the explanation of GAN and LVG). In line 4, adsriltes for adskiltes. Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 39.

Plate 33. Tombstone of Ionas Rönling (1768, no. 33) 59

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Plate 34. Tombstone of Maria Swenson (1770, no. 34) 60

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Catalogue 35. Maria Elizabeth Swenson (1763–70) White marble (0.39 × 0.98 × 0.10 m), with a bowl of flowers carved in low relief below the inscription (pl. 35). Neat large and small captals (heights 4 and 2.6 cm).



Her Liger Legemet af maria elizabeth Swenson fod d(en) : xxx october 1763 og adsriltes med denne werden d(en) : xiv november 1770

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Here lies the body of Maria Elizabeth Swenson, born on 30 October 1763 and departed this world on 14 November 1770. In line 4, adsriltes for adskiltes. Maria Elizabeth was presumably the daughter of Maria Swenson, who predeceased her by only 5 months (no. 34). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 59.

36. Margaret Gordon (1735/6–76) White marble stone shaped roughly like a shield (0.93 × 1.70 × 0.055 m), with a vase of roses carved below the inscription (pl. 36). The lettering is in neat large and small capitals (heights 3.8 and 2.5 cm). The lower part of the stone has now been broken off. In this mansion of rest Is deposited all that is mortal [of] Mrs. MARGARET GORDON (wife of charles gordon esqr.) who closed a well spent life the 6th. of april A.D. 1776 Æ(tatis) 40 years a person who for undissembled piety and the nicest discharge of the coniugal, maternal and social duties had not a superior. Imitate reader these admirable characters and eternal felicity, will be thy unfading reward.

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Margaret Gordon was the wife of the former British consul, Charles Gordon (d. 1765: see no. 31), and the mother of Susan Gordon Tulin (d. 1836: no. 55), Margaret Capriata (d. 1831: no. 49) and George Robert Gordon (d. 1759: no. 27). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 49; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 63.

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Plate 35. Tombstone of Maria Elizabeth Swenson (1770, no. 35)

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Plate 36. Tombstone of Margaret Gordon (1776, no. 36) 63

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 37. James Traill (1721–87) White grey-veined marble (1.12 × 2.09 m) with a coat of arms above the inscription (pl. 37). The lettering is in large and small capitals (height lines 1–2, 4–8 and 10–31: 3 and 1.8 cm; line 3: 6.5 and 5.7 cm; line 9: 5.8 and 4.2 cm). In this Mansion of Rest Lies deposited All that was Mortal of Iames Traill Esqre who departed this Life the vii of October A.D. mdcclxxxvii Æ(tatis) lxv He had the Honor of serving faithfully His Britannick Majesty as Agent and Consul General in this Kingdom of Tunis, Twenty two Years. Gentle Reader This Marble which covers and guards from Insults, the remains of a Person who was invested with the vain Honors of an Earthly potentate, is not placed simply for thy attention as such; Thy notice is claimed from a consideration much Superior. To Contemplate the extensive merits of a Man Endowed with every Sentiment of Virtue. Undissembled and Exemplary in His piety to the Supreme Being. Patiently resigned to His Fate; Benevolent to His fellow Creatures, with a just Esteem for the Worship of every perswasion; just in His discernment of proper objects of Charity; A most tender Husband; Affectionate Father; Sincere Friend and Generous Master; Ever Constant to Act the hospitable part, the Expansion of His feeling heart drew down upon him the Blessing of Heaven. His life at once was bid to Cease Finishd among His Weeping Family in peace Now reader wish His Shade Eternal rest And be the same for this is to be blessed. Learn then this Important Lesson; That we are no more than probationers in this transitory Stage of Life, Our Duty is to look forward to a Future State of existence for a permanent respite from Trouble, and for an Unfailing reward; Justice and Mercy being the unerring Attributes, Of the Almighty.

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The monarch whom James Traill served for 22 years was George III, though whether he would have appreciated being described as an earthly potentate distributing vain honours (lines 11–12) may perhaps be doubted. Traill’s apparently ambivalent attitude towards his Hanoverian master may possibly be explained by his Scottish family background. The Protestant Justine Traile, wife of the Frenchman Louis Caillé, whose daughter Thérèse Caillé was baptized in the Roman Catholic chapel of St Louis in the French funduq on 8 April 1785, was no doubt Traill’s daughter (Ladjili 1974: 272, 275). Papers relating to Traill’s period as consul-general may be found in the Public Record Office in London (FO 77/1- (1770-)). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fols. 5–7; Rawlinson 2001: 9; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 63.

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Plate 37. Tombstone of James Traill (1787, no. 37) 65

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 38. Maria Louise Henriette Holck (6–17 January 1806) Grey marble slab with darker grey veining (1.05 × 2.05 m, and c.8 cm thick). The lettering is in capitals, uniformly 3 cm high. Her under dette marmor huiler Maria Louise Henriette Holck tòd den 6 Ianuari aar 1806 dòd den 17 Ianuari samme aar. De faa dage du levede var til dinne forceldres glaede og bedròvede dem verdin dód huil rolig og Modtag denne sidste erindring af en kiaerlig fader og enom moder Somere Carl Christian Holck Capitain udi den Kongelige Danske soé„ etat og Dansk General Consul udi Kongeriget Tunis og Frue Bolette Henriette Margarette Holck tòd Lund.

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Here beneath this marble rests Maria Louise Henriette Holck, born 6 January 1806, dead 17 January the same year. The few days you lived were a joy to your parents and a grief to them was your death. Rest peaceful and receive the final memorial of a loving father and a tender mother: Commander [?] Carl Christian Holck, Captain in the Royal Danish Navy and Danish Consul-General in the Kingdom of Tunis, and Mrs Bolette Henriette Margarette Holck, née Lund. The following errors may be noted: tòd for fød or föd in lines 4 and 23; dòd for död in line 6; forceldres for foraeldres in line 9; verdin for var din in line 11; enom for en øm in line 16; somere for sø-mestre? (sea master) in line 17; soé„ etat for sø-etat (navy) in line 19. Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 35.

39. James Dodge (1771/2–1806) White grey-veined marble slab (1.09 × 2.12 × 0.06 m), with a small chamfer on the edge (pl. 38). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 5.4 and 3.2 cm). At the head of the stone the United States’ arms are carved in relief. In memory of Iames Dodge Esq. Chargé d’affaires of the U. States of

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America Who departed . this life October, 22nd. 1806 . Aged 34 Years In Commemoration of his Virtues and talents this stone is plac”d Here by his Country

a Wit’s a Feather and a chief’s a rod an honest man’s the noblest work of God

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The words Chargé d’affaires (line 2) are underlined, perhaps representing a literal copying by the stone carver of what was intended to be represented in italics. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 25; Rawlinson 2001: 10; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 64.

Plate 38. Tombstone of James Dodge (1806, no. 39) 67

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Plate 39. Tomb of Charles Tulin (1808, no. 40) 40. Charles Tulin (1747/8–1808) The text is carved on the north side of a stone chest tomb, made up of slabs of marble, with a low-pitched covering and large acrotiria at the corners, standing on lion’s feet on a raised marble base (pl. 39). The size of the inscribed panel is 133.4 by 0.665 m. The lettering is a mixture of large and small capitals (height lines 1–2: 2.3 and 1.9 cm; line 3 onwards: 2.8 and 1.7 cm). To the Memory of Charles Tulin Esqr Consul Genl of His Swedish Majesty in the Regency of Tunis, who died on the 8th: of Octr: 1808 Aged 60 Years



Unmarked by Troubles of the great and vain Here sleeps in death now free from every pain He who those beauties of a spotless mind Faith and good works most happily combin’d; A tender Father un--dissembling Friend,

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Ever obliging cautious to offend, Within whose breast kind pity stood confess’d, Ready to ease and succour the distress’d Who play’d, as Reader thou shouldst do, his part With inward peace and rectitude of heart And happ’ly free from censure smiled at death Resigning thus with joy his latest breath

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In line 10, dissembling has been changed to undissembling by inserting un- above the line and an arrow and dash before the word. In line 14, E in reader has been corrected from C, producing a letter shaped Є. Charles Tulin married Susan Gordon (no. 55), the daughter of the British consul, Charles Gordon (d. 1765: n. 31), and his wife Margaret (d. 1886: no. 36). Two of his children, Charles (d. 1832: no. 50) and Matilda (d. 1835: no. 53) are buried near by. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 217; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 65.

Plate 40. Tombstone of Gulielma Josepha Gierlew, née de Holsten (1812, no. 41): front

Plate 41. Tombstone of Gulielma Josepha Gierlew, née de Holsten (1812, no. 41): back

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 41. Gulielma Josepha Gierlew, née de Holsten (1789?–1812) Monument in the form of a classical Roman tombstone (pls. 40–41), consisting of a stele of rectangular cross-section (c.0.67 × c.0.4 m) with the text inscribed on the north face (0.673 × 0.814 m) and a wreath carved on the south. The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 2.5 and 1.5 cm, except for the first line which is 3 cm). H(ic). S(ita). E(st) Gulielma . Iosepha . de . Holsten . Conjux . Ander(s): Christ(iani): Gierlew . Consul(is). Regis . Danor(um): apud . Tunet(em): General(is): Nata. Hafniæ. D(iem). XIII. Mart(ii) . A(nno). C(hristi). MDCCIXC Obiit Tunes D(iem). VI. Iun(ii): A(nno).C(hristi). MDCCCXII . Anima Castissima, Suavissima, Piissima Corporis Pulchritudine, Ingenii Amænitate, Animi Candidore. Sine æmula Talis. Maritum Unice Dilectum. Summa Mortalibus Felicitate Amore. Cumulavit, Viva Erepta Infando Moerore Afflixit. Pater orb(a)e Infantis, Vitam ille Miseram Sufferre voluit. Tanti Amoris Virtutis et Felicitatis Moeste . Pieque memor. Sit illi Terra Peregrina Levis; Cineri Fratris Amantissimi Mixta

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Here is buried Gulielma Josepha de Holsten, wife of Anders Christian Gierlew, consul-general of the King of the Danes in Tunis. Born in Copenhagen on 13 March 1789 [?]. Died in Tunis on 6 June 1812. With her most chaste, pleasant and dutiful spirit, the beauty of her physical appearance, her charming disposition and her purity of mind, she was without equal. When alive, this most excellent woman covered her uniquely cherished husband with human love and happiness: being snatched away she struck (him) down with a most horrible sorrow. He, father of a motherless child, was prepared to endure a wretched life, remembering mournfully and dutifully so much love, virtue and happiness. May the foreign soil be unburdensome to her, mixed with the ashes of her very loving brother. Small errors in spelling include candidore for candore (line 9), moerore for maerore (line 14), orbe for orbae (line 15), and moeste for maeste (line 18). The final two lines suggest that the tomb was erected after the death of the deceased’s brother in 1816 (see no. 42). Very likely, the two tombs were set up at the same time. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 91; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 55, 57, 66.

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Catalogue 42. Frederick Christian de Holsten (1782/3–1816) Monument in the form of a classical Roman tombstone (pls. 42–3), consisting of a stele of rectangular cross-section (c.0.7 × c.0.4 m) with the text inscribed on the north face (0.69 × 0.785 m) and the deceased’s coat-of-arms carved on the south. The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 2.6 and 1.5 cm, except for the first and last lines which are 3 and 2 cm).



D(is). M(anibus). Federici Christiani de Holsten Classis Regis Danor(um): Centurionis. Ordinis Danebrog(ensis). Equit(is): aurati. Cruce Argent(ea): Eiusdem ordin(is): ornati. Vixit Annos XXXIII Hafniæ Nat(us): Tunes mort(uus): D(iem). XXXI . Octobris A.C. MDCCCXVI. Iuvenis ille Morum suavitate, Animi Fortitudine Ingenii solertia. Regi Patrie Commilit(i)onibus Amicis Bello et Pace æque probatus. In Africam profectus. Dilect(ae): Sororis Cineres. Moerentem Affinem. orbam Nepotem Pie Visitans. Proematura Morte Sororis in Sepulcrum, Adhuc apertum Velut Detrusus. Spem Principis Patriæ. Amicorum irritam Princeps Patria Amici lugent. Affini Amico, Civi Optimo Moestus Posuit And(e)r(s): Christ(ian): Gierlew

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To the departed spirit of Frederick Christian de Holsten, centurion of the fleet of the king of the Danes, knight of the Order of the Daneborg, decorated with the silver cross of the same order. He lived 33 years. Born in Copenhagen, he died in Tunis on 31 October 1816. For his pleasantness of character, strength of mind, and resourcefulness of intellect, that young man was held in esteem equally in war and peace by king, country, comrades in arms and friends. He set out to Africa, dutifully visiting the ashes of his beloved sister, his grieving brother-in-law and orphaned niece, and was likewise cast down by his sister’s premature death into her still open grave. The unfulfilled hope of king, country and friends, king, country and friends lament. To his brother-in-law, friend and best of fellow countrymen, Anders Christian Gierlew, mourning, placed (this stone). Small errors of spelling include commilitonibus for commilitionibus (line 12), moerentem for maerentem (line 15), proematura for praematura (line 17), and moestus for maestus (line 22). The tomb of Frederick Christian’s sister Gulielma Josepha, wife of the Danish consul-general, Anders Christian Gierlew, stands near by (no. 41). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 97; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 55, 57, 66.

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Plate 42. Tombstone of Frederick Christian de Plate 43. Tombstone of Frederick Christian de Holsten (1816, no. 42): front Holsten (1816, no. 42): back 43. Jean Fuzier (1776/7–1823) White grey-veined marble slab (1.02 × 1.94 m, 3 cm thick) with top corners cut off diagonally. The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (3.7 cm in lines 1–2, 4.0 cm in lines 3–8). Ici repose Jean Fuzier négociant français a Tunis agè dè 46 ans nè a St Afrique decedè le 27 may 1823 Il fut aimè

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Here lies Jean Fuzier, French merchant in Tunis, aged 46 years. Born at St.-Affrique. Died on 27 May 1823. He was loved.

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Catalogue The use of acute and grave accents is somewhat random. St.-Affrique lies in the valley of the Sorgues, a tributary of the Tarn, some 60 km east of Albi and 75 km north-north-west of Béziers. A Calvinist stronghold, it was successfully defended by the Protestants in 1628 (Baedeker 1914: 285). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 51; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 61.

44. Henry Theophilus Alexander Crowe (1824–5) White grey-veined marble slab (0.9 × 1.38 m). The lettering is in capitals (height lines 1 and 5: 3.9 cm; lines 2–4 and 6–14: 3.0 cm). Jn memoriam carissimi filii Henrici Theophili_Alexandri Jnfantis dulcissimi, Georgius W. Crowe proco(n)s(ul). Britannicus, conjuxque sua Narcissa moerentes. virit mens(es). xiii. d(ies). xiii. matris deliciæ, spes et solatium patris, gratus omnibus ob(iit). xxiii Junii mdcccxxv.

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In memory of a most dear son, Henry Theophilus Alexander, the sweetest child, George W. Crowe, British vice-consul, and his wife Narcissa in grief (have erected this monument). He lived 13 months and 13 days. The delight of his mother, the hope and consolation of his father, beloved by all, he died on 23 June 1825. A line appears to have been accidentally omitted after line 8. In lines 1 and 4 the initial Is have the form of Js. In line 3 the first two names have been run together, while a low dash separates them from the third. Grammatical errors include virit for vixit (line 9) and deliciæ for delicia (line 10). An English vice-consul named Crow is mentioned as Thomas Read’s subordinate in Tunis in 1827 (Plantet 1893: iii, 631 n.1). William Crowe (1819–54) (no. 69), vice-consul at Susa, may perhaps have been an elder brother of Henry, who followed in his father’s footsteps. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 37; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 57, 58 n.7.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 45. Angelina Capriata (1781–1825) White grey-vained marble slab (0.93 × 1.89 m) (pl. 44). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 2.5 and 3.8 cm), and is set within a two-line border with three floral sprigs, apparently roses, at the top and bottom.



here rests. Angelina. Daughter of Joseph Capriata Esquire formerly Consul General of the Venitian Republic in Albania, and of Margaret Gordon, his Wife, born in Venice, 22d. Novr. 1781. Who to a most affectionate disposition and singular gentleness, of deportment, uniting the most estimable qualities of the heart and mind, exemplary in the discharge of all religious and social duties, pious without austerity, virtuous without affectation modest unpretending, benevolent juste and charitable Was beloved in her life and deeply lamented in her death. Jn humble resignation to the Divine Will She departed this Life at Tunis 10. Decemr. 1825, leaving her widow’d, & childless mother in deepest affliction, to pay this imperfect tribute to her memory

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In line 19, juste for just. In line 28, imperfect is actually written impersect, no doubt on account of the stone mason mistaking the f for a long s. It appears that at the time of her death Angelina Capriata was living in Tunis with her widowed mother, Margaret (no. 49), and maternal aunt, Susan (no. 55), the widow of the former Swedish consul-general, Charles Tulin (d. 1806: no. 39). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 23.

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Plate 44. Tombstone of Angelina Capriata (1825, no. 45) 75

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 46. Clemence Bineau (1827–8) White grey-veined marble slab (0.516 × 0.974 × 0.038 m). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (line 1: 3.8 cm; lines 2–5: 2.6 cm). Clemence Bineau Née le 1.er juin 1827. Décédée le 18 juillet 1828. Elle vecut trop peu pour le bonheur de ses parens

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Clemence Bineau. Born on 1 June 1827. Died on 18 July 1828. She lived too little for the happiness of her parents. Clemence Bineau’s parents were presumably Amand (d. 1833: no. 52) and Angélique Caroline Hilaire Bineau (d. 1836: no. 54). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 119; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 62.

47. Jane Maziere (1829–30) This text is known only from the copy made c.1900. A cross is incised above and below the text. Here Lieth the Body of Jane daughter of Bartho Maziere and Susanna his wife born 24th May 1829 died 4th September 1830.

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Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 177.

48. Agnes Reade (1830–31) White grey-veined marble slab (0.60 × 1.095 × c.0.03 m). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (line 1: 3.2 cm; lines 2–6: 2.1 cm). Agnes the daughter of Sir Thomas and Lady Reade Born 6th. October 1830. Died 24. October 1831.

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Col. Sir Thomas Reade was British consul-general from 1826 until his death in 1849 (no. 64). His son Thomas, Agnes’s brother (born 1829), was consul-general from 1879 until 1885 (Ganiage 1968: 597–8; Marsden 1971: 70, 77, 82–6, pl. 2). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 31; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 64.

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Catalogue 49. Margaret Capriata, née Gordon (1756/7–1831) White grey-veined marble slab (0.93 × 1.89 m), with a rosette carved in relief at each corner (pl. 45). The lettering is in large and small capitals (height line 1: 3.6 and 2.6 cm; line 2: 2.1 cm; lines 3–15: 3 and 2.2 cm). Sacred to the Memory of Margaret Capriata Widow of Mr. Joseph Capriata Venetian Consul at Durazzo Deceased the 12th 9bẽr 1831 Aged 74 Years Calm in affliction tranquil amidst cares, Meekly she passed along this vale of tears, By faith inspired she looked beyond the grave, She knew her Lord all powerful to save, From christ alone She Sought and found relief, He bore her sorrows and he soothed her grief. She is at rest! May we when death is nigh, Like her on Jesus fix our sinking Eye!!!

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Errors in the incised text include sare for save (line 11) and alond for alone (line 12). 9bẽr (line 6) is evidently an abbreviation for November (or less probably September). It seems likely that Margaret Capriata had moved to Tunis with her daughter Angelina (d. 1825: no. 45) after the death of her husband to be near her sister, Susan Tulin (d. 1836: no. 55) and her family. Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 13.

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Plate 45. Tombstone of Margaret Capriata, née Gordon (1831, no. 49) 78

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Catalogue 50. Charles Tulin (1789/90–1832) The monument covering this tomb comprises a column surmounted by a capital and urn, standing on a plain plinth (pl. 46). The letters consist of large and small capitals, those on the column having heights of 2.8 and 2.2 cm and those on the plinth 2.7 and 1.9 cm. On the column: Sacred to the Memory of Charles Tulin Knight of the Royal Order of Wasa and Consul General of his Majesty The King of Sweden and Norway Deceased the 7th June 1832 Aged 42 Years

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On the plinth: A valued brother and a faithful son, Beneath this marble rests his honoured head, Though soon, yet well, his earthly race was run, So hope is sure, though sad the tears we shed. Out tears are sad, – for with his parting breath, This life s’ affections seemed to pass away Out hope is sure – for he has conquered death, His dust is here, his soul in perfect day!!

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The mistake life s’affections (line 15) might suggest that the stone carver was more used to working in French than English. The description of the deceased in line 10 as ‘valued brother and faithful son’ evidently alludes to his sister Matilda (no. 53) and mother Susan Gordon (no. 55), both of whom were still alive and living in Tunis. Charles’s father, Charles Tulin (d. 1806: no. 39), had also been Swedish consul-general. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 83; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 65.

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Plate 46. Inscribed tomb column of Charles Tulin (1832, no. 50)

Plate 47. Tombstone of John Gibson (1833, no. 51)

51. John Gibson (1779/80–1833) While grey-veined marble slab (0.72 × 1.45 m, 2.5 cm thick) (pl. 47). The royal arms of the United Kingdom are incised above the inscription. The lettering is in large and small capitals (height lines 1–5: 5 and 3.5 cm; lines 6–11: 5 and 2.3 cm). Sacred to the memory of John Gibson Esqre H B M Vice Consul Tunis Who departed this life aged fifty three in the month of January AD 1833 leaving a widow and eight children to deplore his loss he was a kind husband and indulgent parent and a true believer in his redeemer

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Catalogue John Gibson’s wife, Elizabeth Knapp Gibson (no. 70), his son, John Knapp Gibson (no. 59), and his daughters, Anne (no. 65) and Élise Anne (no. 73), were also buried in Tunis. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 93: Day and Day 1991: 15; Rawlindon 2001: 9-10; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 63.

52. Amand Bineau (1788/9–1833) White grey-veined marble slab, somewhat eroded (0.83 × 1.62 m). The lettering is in capitals (height 2.8 cm, except lines 2 and 6 which are 3.8 cm, with S.A. in line 6 being 5.1 cm). Ci git Amand Bineau, directeur des poudres & saltpêtres de S(on).A(ltesse). le Pacha Bey. décédé le 22 fevrier 1833 agé de 44 ans

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Here lies Amand Bineau, director of the powders and saltpetres of His Highness the Pasha Bey, died on 22 February 1833 aged 44 years. Amand Bineau’s wife Angélique (d. 1836: no. 54) and daughter Clemence (d. 1828: no. 46) are also buried in the cemetery. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 57; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 62.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 53. Matilda Tulin (1799/1800-1835) The monument comprises a column surmounted by a capital and urn, standing on a plain plinth, identical to that of Charles Tulin Jnr. (no. 50). The lettering is in large and small capitals (pl. 48). The letters on the column are 2.8 and 2.2 cm high, while those on the plinth are 2.5 and 1.8 cm in lines 1–3, and 2.7 and 1.9 cm thereafter.

On the column: Sacred to the Memory of Matilda Tulin Daughter of Charles Tulin Sens Esqr Swedish Consul at Tunis Deceased the 23d of February 1835 Aged 35 years





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On the plinth: Sincere and generous, pure, devout, and mild, A tender sister, and a faithful child, In life beloved, in death deplored by all, Her sainted spirit, at her Master’s call, Resigned her friends on earth, and now is gond To her best friend Gods’ own Immortal son! Oh blest exchange! She dwells with christ above She rests in an Eternity of Love!!!

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Mistakes include gond for gone (line 12) and Gods’ for God’s (line 13). Matilda Tulin was the daughter of Charles Tulin Snr. (d. 1806: no. 39) and Susan Gordon (d. 1836: no. 55), and the sister of Charles Tulin Jnr. (d. 1832: no. 50) and Margaret (d. 1857: no. 72). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 99; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 65-6.

Plate 48. Inscribed tomb column of Matilda Tulin (1835, no. 53) 82

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Catalogue 54. Angélique Caroline Hilaire Bineau, née Glöerfelt (1807/8–36) White grey-veined marble slab (0.73 × 1.525 × c.0.025 m). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights line 1: 3.1 cm; line 2: 4.5 and 3.5 cm; lines 3 and 6: 5 and 4 cm; lines 4–5 and 7–13: 3 cm). ci git Angelique Caroline Hilaire Glöerfelt, veuve de Amand Bineau. décédée a tunis le 31 juillet 1836, agée de 28 ans

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Here lies Angelique Caroline Hilaire Glöerfelt, widow of Amand Bineau, who died in Tunis on 31 July 1836, aged 28 years. The a in line 8 was probably a secondary insertion. Angélique’s husband Amand (d. 1833: no. 52) and daughter Clemence (d. 1828: no. 46) are also buried in the cemetery. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 147; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 62.

55. Susan Gordon Tulin (1753/4–1836) Recumbent white grey-veined marble slab (0.97 × 1.93 m, 5.7 cm thick), flanked by the columns erected in memory of two of the deceased’s children (nos. 50 and 53). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights lines 1–7: 3.8 and 2.9m; line 8 onwards: 2.9 and 2.1 cm). A rosette is carved in low relief in each corner.



Susan Gordon Tulin Widow of Charles Tulin Sweedish Consul General of the Regency of Tunis Departed this Life, _ Nov:r 20th. 1836 Aged 82. Here rests one, whose life was spent in illustrating the noblest virtues of the mind and the sweetest dispositions of the heart. Ihose who knew her, found in her a fervent and a sincere friend; whilst her honourable name,

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis spread far and wide amongst the numerous people, who were witnesses of the kindness and devotedness of her actions. Her days, though tranquil and happy in the midst of her beloved family, and friends, were sometimes overshadowed with the severest afflictions, but only served to develop the grandest of her feelings __ A calm and implicit resignation to the will of God __ to whose mercy, manifested in the death and sufferings of her saviour, she trustred the immortal happiness of her spirit ___

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Susan Gordon Tulin was the daughter of the British consul, Charles Gordon (d. 1765: no. 31), and his wife Margaret (d. 1776: no. 36). She married the Swedish consul-general, Charles Tulin (d. 1806: no. 40), and was the mother of Charles Tulin Jnr, who also became consul-general (d. 1832: no. 50), Margaret Heap, wife of the US consul-general (d. 1857: no. 72), and Matilda (d. 1835: no. 53). Her siblings Margaret (d. 1831: no. 49) and George Robert (d. 1759: no. 27) are buried in the cemetery. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 81; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 58 n.8, 65.

56. Edward de Berner (1803–37) White grey-veined marble slab (0.99 × 1.76 m, 2.5 cm thick) (pl. 49). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 3 and 2.3 cm). Above the text a coat of arms is carved in low relief, and the whole is enclosed within an incised rectangular border. Hic Jacet Eduardus De Berner Regis Danorum In Regno Tunetano Consul Generalis Natus Helsingoræ X Kal(endas) Jun(ias) A(nno) MDCCCIII Morte Præmatura Raptus Est Tune(te) Nonis Sept(embribus) A(nno) MDCCCXXXVII

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Here lies Edward de Berner, Consul-General of the King of the Danes in the Kingdom of Tunis. Born at Helsingor, 23 May 1803, he was carried away by an untimely death in Tunis on 5 September 1837. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 21; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 57.

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Catalogue

Plate 49. Tombstone of Edward de Berner (1837, no. 56) 57. Ferdinand William Ewald (1837–9) White grey-veined marble slab (0.754 × 1.192 m). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (lines 1 and 3–4: 2 cm; line 2: 2.7 cm; lines 5–6: 1.4 cm). Sacred to the memory of Ferdinand William Ewald Born on the eleventh of August 1837. Died on the Eleventh of June 1839. Suffer the little children to come unto me and forbid them not. For of such is the kingdom of God.

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Lines 5–6 are a quotation from Matthew 19.14. Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 113. 85

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 58. Henry Emanuel London (1798–1840) White grey-veined marble slab (1.02 × 1.65 m) (pl. 50). The lettering is in large and small capitals (height lines 1–2: 5 and 3.6 cm; line 3: 5.7 and 4.1 cm; lines 4–6: 4.4 and 3 cm; line 7: 5.7 and 4 cm; lines 8–9: 5.3 and 3.7 cm; line 12: 4.7 and 3 cm; lines 13–14: 5.5 and 3.8 cm). Sacred to the Memory of Henry Emanuel London Missionary of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst The Iews Born 25 Iuly 1798 Died 28 December 1840 [2 lines in Hebrew: How beautiful upon the mountain are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings] Isaiah c.lii.v.7 Erected by his widow Frederica London

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References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 199; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 62–3.

Plate 50. Tombstone of Henry Emanuel London (1840, no. 58) 86

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Plate 51. Tombstone of John Knapp Gibson (1843, no. 59) 87

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 59. John Knapp Gibson (1810–43) White grey-veined slab (overall 0.76 × 1.51 m, 2.5 cm thick), with wave-moulded edge (3cm wide) (pl. 51). The lettering is in large and small capitals (height lines 1 and 3–6: 4.2 and 3 cm; line 2: 3 cm; lines 7–10: 4 and 3 cm; lines 11–15: 1.8 cm). At the top of the stone are incised a pair of crossed burning torches. Sacred to the memory of John Knapp Gibson eldest son of the above born at ross in the county of hereford june 4th a d 1810 He died in the prime of life at marsa in the month of march a d 1843 from wounds received while defending himself against a gang of thieves who attacked his house and left a mother and seven brothers and sisters to lament his loss he was an affectionate son a kind brother and a good christian

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John Knapp Gibson was the son of John Gibson, the British vice-consul (d. 1833: no. 51), and his wife Elizabeth Knapp (d. 1855: no. 70). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 11; Day and Day 1991: 15; Rawlinson 2001: 9–10; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 63.

60. Jacques Henri Chapelié (1762–1844) White grey-veined marble slab (overall 1.01 × 2.04 m, 4.4 cm thick), quarter roll on the border (3 cm wide) (pl. 52). The lettering is in capitals of uniform heights (lines 1–4 and 6–9: 3 cm; line 5: 3.8 cm). Above the inscription is incised an hourglass with wings, and below it a pair of inverted crossed flaming torches. Mon âme se repose en Dieu Ma delivrance est de Lui Jci reposent les restes mortels de Jacques Henri Chapeliè nè à Marseille le 14 juillet 1762 mort à Tunis le 26 octobre 1844 Il fut toute sa vie utile à ses parens et à ses amis

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My soul rests in God: my deliverance is from Him [cf. Psalm 62.1]. Here lie the mortal remains of Jacques Henri Chapelié, born in Marseilles on 14 July 1762, died in Tunis on 26 October 1844. He was throughout his life of service to his relatives and friends.

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Catalogue Jacques Henri Chapelié was evidently a relative – father or uncle perhaps – of Louis Antoine Chapelié (1790–1854: no. 68). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 73; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 58 n.8, 61.

Plate 52. Tombstone of Jacques Henri Chapelié (1844, no. 60) 89

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 61. Samuel Harris Heap (b. and d. 1845) White grey-veined marble slab (0.69 × 1.00 m, 3 cm thick) (pl. 53). The lettering is in a mixture of styles, weights and heights. Sacred to the memory of Samuel, Harris, Heap Infant son of Harris and Evelina Heap Born January 3 Died February 13 1845 He is not here but risen: __

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The commas in line 3 appear to have been inserted later to separate the names. Samuel Harris Heap’s parents, Harris and Evelina, may be identified with Gwynne Harris Heap Snr, US consul-general in Tunis and Constantinople, and his wife Evelina Cora Heap, whose daughter Emma married Clément Aubert in Tunis on 24 October 1878 (StG: EMC Register). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 181; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 65.

62. Richard Alexander Heap Tulin (1843–7) White grey-veined marble slab (0.724 × 1.246 m, 2.8 cm thick), with the left-hand lower corner broken off. The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (1.9 cm). Helgad minnet af Richard Alexander Heap Tulin Son af Gustav Adolf och Margareta Tulin

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Fodd den 2 December 1843 Dod den 27 November 1847 Sadana hora guds rike till

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The sacred memorial of Richard Alexander Heap Tulin, son of Gustav Adolf and Margareta Tulin. Born 2 December 1843. Died 27 November 1847. ‘Theirs is the kingdom of God.’ The final line appears to be a reference to Matthew 5.3 or 5.10, though the King James and other versions of the New Testament, including the Greek, have ‘kingdom of heaven’. The writer may perhaps have confused this verse with Mathew 5.8: ‘Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God’ (cf. no. 110). Richard Alexander Heap Tulin’s father, Gustav Adolf Tulin, was the Swedish consul-general (Ganiage 1955: 398 n.17; 1968: 604), and his mother, Margaret Heap, was the daughter of the US consul-general, Samuel Davies Heap (d. 1853: no. 67), and his wife Margaret Tulin (d. 1857: no. 72). His elder brother, Charles (b. 1837), assisted his father as vice-consul, succeeding him as consul for Sweden and Prussia in 1865. He changed his name to Tulin de la Tunisie in 1868, and in 1870 became consul in Tunis for the newly united Germany (Ganiage 1955: 398 n.17; 1968: 604). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 101. 90

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Catalogue

Plate 53. Tombstone of Samuel Harris Heap (1856, no. 61)

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Plate 54. Tombstone of Susan Angelina Matilda Ferrière (1848, no. 63)

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Catalogue 63. Susan Angelina Matilda Ferrière (née Heap) (1828–48) White grey-veined slab (overall 1.02 × 2.04 m, c.7 cm thick) with a quarter roll on the border (3 cm wide) (pl. 54). Except for Job (line 3) and Esqre (line 7), which are in roman, the lettering is in capitals of uniform heights (lines 1–3, 5 and 7–9: 2.2 cm; line 4: 3.3 cm; line 6: 3.5 cm; lines 10–17 and 19–24: 1.5 cm; line 18: 3 cm). I know that my Redeemer liveth, and that he shall stand at the latter day upon the Earth. _____ Job c. xix .v. xxv Here lie the remains of Susan Angelina Matilda wife of Charles Ferriere Esqre: and youngest daughter of S.D. Heap, U: S: Consul and Margaret Heap She was a dutiful daughter, an affectionate sister, a loving and tender wife, an amiable and constant friend, and above all, a true child of God.

She gently departed this life, in the faith of her Redeemer, on the 19th of January 1848, aged 19 years and 6 months, leaving a devotedly attached husband, an infant son and a numerous circle of relations to mourn their loss.

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“Weep not for me”

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Susan Angelina Matilda Ferrière’s parents are both buried in the cemetery (nos. 67 and 72). Her husband Charles Ferrière may have been a relative of Louis Ferrière, who was British vice-consul in 1853 (BE: Plan; cf. Dunant 1858: 227). Referenced: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 175; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 65.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 64. Col. Sir Thomas Reade (1782/3–1849) The original stone has disappeared and been replaced by a copy, set in the church porch in 1957. The copy reads: In memory of Colonel Sir Thomas Reade, Kt, Companion of the order of the Bath Knight of the Neapolitan Order of Ferdinand and Merit of Francis I of the Two Sicilies, and of the Greek Order of the Saviour, who died the 29th of June 1849, aged 66, Having held for 23 years the office of Britannic Agent and Consul General in this Regency Nobly employing in the cause of humanity his personal influence with Hamat Pasha Bey, He prevailed upon His Highness to abolish slavery and give freedom to every slave in his dominions. Copied from the original memorial and erected here by public subscription in 1957 with the help of contribitions from his descendants and from the anti-slavery society.

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The reading of the original text made c.1900 is identical with the exception of having throughout his dominions instead of in in line 13. The line divisions are also different; but it should be noted that the ‘Exact Copy’ is rarely exact in that respect. Reade became consul-general in April 1825, having previously served under the governor of St Helena, Hudson Lowe. Christian slavery had already been abolished in Tunisia in May 1816, but under the influence of Reade and the French consul, Ahmad Bey (1837–55) extended similar freedom to the black African slaves between 1841 and 1846 (Dunant 1858: 158; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 64). In April 1828, Reade also interceded with the Bey to demand the release of three Greek children, who had been captured, forcibly converted to Islam and sold as slaves to the captain of the schooner Mabrouk (Ladjili 1974: 257, no. 129). Lord R. Grosvenor describes staying with Reade at his villa in La Marsa from 19 to 23 April 1830, while accompanying Commodore Sir Thomas Staines on the frigate HMS Isis from Malta to Gibraltar (Grosvenor 1830: 38–63). Henri Dunant remarks on Reade’s collection of Punic antiquities and Arabic manuscripts (1858: 228–9). Thomas Reade’s infant daughter Agnes died in Tunis in 1831 (no. 48). He was succeeded as consulgeneral by Sir Edward Beynes, and following Beynes’s death in 1855 by Sir Richard Wood (Ganiage 1955: 399; 1968: 606: Day and Day 1991: 21–3). His son, Thomas Reade, born in La Marsa in 1829, acted as private secretary or vice-consul to his father between 1847 and 1849. After service in Tangiers, the Crimea, Cairo and Smyrna, he himself became consul-general in Tunis on Sir Richard Wood’s retirement in April 1879. He retired from the post in 1885 (Ganiage 1968: 597–8; Marsden 1971: 70, 77, 82–6, pl. 2). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 33: Rawlinson 2001: 10; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 63–4.

65. Anne Szczepanowski, née Gibson (1820–50) Marie Szczepanowski (1847–9) White grey-veined slab (overall 0.76 × 152.4 m, 3 cm thick), with a wave moulding on the border (3 cm wide). The lettering of line 1 is in Gothic script (heights 3.8 and 3 cm) and that of line 19 in copperplate.

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Catalogue The remainder of the text is in capital lettering of uniform height (lines 2, 4–5, 7–12: 2 cm; lines 3 and 6: 2.4 cm; lines 13–18: 2.2 cm). Sacred to the memory of Anne Szczepanowski the beloved daughter of John and Elizabeth Gibson 5 widow of Colonel Szczepanowski She was born at Boulogne sur Mer in France on the 11 day of August 1820 and died after a protracted illness on the 10 day of December 1850 10 aged 30 years She was loved and lamented Also of Marie Szczepanowski daughter of the above Born the 17th June 1847 Died the 9 November 184[9 aged 2 years 5 months

Whose remains lie by the side of her gra[ve

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Anne Gibson was the daughter of the British vice-consul, John Gibson (1779/80–1833: no. 51), and his wife Elizabeth Knapp (d. 1855: no. 70). Her siblings included Élise Anne (d. 1858: no. 73), the wife of the Dutch consul-general, and John Knapp Gibson (d. 1843: no. 59). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 105.

66. John Howard Payne (1791–1852) Cenotaph in the form of a limestone plinth on a moulded base supporting a carving in marble representing a lyre and an open book of music (pl. 55).

East Face: In memory of John Howard Payne Author of Home Sweet Home Born June 9. 1791 Died April 9 1852 Erected A.D. 1885

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Plate 55. Cenotaph of John Howard Payne (1852, erected 1885, no. 66) 96

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North Face, below an American eagle: Died at the American Consulate in Tunis Aged 60 years and 10 months



West Face: In the tomb beneath this stone the poets remains lay buried for thirty years. On January 5 1883 they were disinterred and taken away to his native land where they received honored and final burial in the city of Washington June 9 1883.



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South Face:



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Then be content pure heart Around the base (E-N-W-S): Sure when thy gentle spirit fled To realms beyond the azure dome With outstretched arms God’s angel said Welcome to heaven’s home sweet home.

The American actor and dramatist John Howard Payne left New York for England in 1813. He wrote the libretto for Sir Henry Bishop’s opera Clari (1823), in which the famous tune that Bishop had published two years earlier as a ‘Sicilian air’ was put to Payne’s words of ‘Home Sweet Home’ (Scholes 1964: 62, 274). Returning to the US in 1832, Payne was nominated US consul in Tunis in 1842, but was replaced following a change in administration in 1845. He was reappointed in 1851 and served until his death the following year (Rawlinson 2001: 10; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 64–5). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 69; Day and Day 1991: 15; Rawlinson 2001: 10; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 64–5.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 67. Samuel Davies Heap (1781–1853) White grey-veined slab (overall 0.75 × 1.82 m), with a quarter roll on the border (5 cm wide) (pl. 56). The lettering is a mixture of roman and capitals of varying heights (max. 4.8 cm in line 1 and 4.2 cm for the rest). The text is set below the US coat of arms. Here lie the remains of SAMUEL DAVIES HEAP During 30 Years Consul General in Tunis for the Republic of the United States of AMERICA

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Born at Carlisle in Pennsylvania 8th: October 1781 Died 2d: October 1853 Universally respected Beloved & Lamented

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As John Howard Payne was US consul in 1842–5 and 1851–2 (see no. 66), it would appear that Heap and he alternated functions over a number of years, though it remains uncertain whether Heap’s initial appointment was in 1819, as Soumille and Peyras suggest (1993: 64–5), or in 1821/2, as might be indicated by the expression ‘During 30 Years’ (as opposed to ‘for 30 years’). St George’s cemetery also contains the graves of Samuel Davies Heap’s wife Margaret (d. 1857: no. 72), his daughter Susan Angelina Matilda (d. 1848: no. 63), and his grandchildren Samuel Harris Heap (d. 1845: no. 61), Gwynne Harris Heap Jnr (d. 1874: no. 93), and Richard Alexander Heap Tulin (d. 1847: no. 62). Henri Dunant, who came to Tunis in 1856, also mentions another of Heap’s sons, who like his father practised as a doctor: ‘Mr. D.P. Heap, Américain, fils de l’ancien consul des Etats Unis à Tunis, et neveu du commadore Porter, qui était ministère plénipotentiaire des Etats à Constantinople. M r. Heap suit l’exemple de son père qui était un habile docteur en même temps qu’un gentleman fort instruit, et comme lui il fait servir la science à soulager les pauvres et les malheureux qu’il traite gratuitement’ (1858: 229). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 169; Rawlinson 2001: 10; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 64–5.

68. Louis Antoine Chapelié (1790–1854) White grey-veined slab (1.00 × 2.04 m, 4.4 cm thick), with two lines forming a rectangular border, now set on a low concrete plinth (pl. 57). The upper part of the slab is fractured. The lettering is a mixtue of large and small capitals (height lines 1–3 and 5–9: 3.9 and 3.0 cm; line 4: 5.2 and 4.4 cm). Below the text are incised a pair of inverted crossed burning torches. Le Memoire du Juste sera en Benediciton Jci reposent les restes mortels de Louis Antoine Chapelié né á Marseille le XI Août 1790 Décèdé a Tunis le XVI Août 1854 Jl fut généralement estimé et chéri de sa famille

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Plate 56. Tombstone of Samuel Davis Heap (1853, no. 67) The memory of the just will be blessed [cf. Proverbs 10.7]. Here lie the mortal remains of Louis Antoine Chapelié, born in Marseilles on 11 August 1790, died in Tunis on 16 August 1854. He was universally esteemed and cherished by his family. Louis Antoine Chapelié’s father, Jacques Henri (1762-1844: no. 60), belonged to family of French Huguenots from the Languedoc, resident in Tunis, that had been engaged in the North African trade since before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 (Ganiage 1968: 577–8; Smida 2001: 97). His son, Louis Henri Alfred, gave up trading in corn and oil in favour of banking and brokerage (Ganiage 1955: 393 n.17; 1968: 577–8). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 227; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 61.

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Plate 57. Tombstone of Louis Antoine Chapelié (1854, no. 68) 69. William Crowe (1819–54) This text is known only from the copy made c.1900. to the memory of Wiliam Crowe Esqe British Vice Consul at Susa Born October 23d 1819 He died on the 8th December 1854 Leaving his wife, children, and a Numerous circle of friends To Lament His Premature Death.

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William Crowe was possibly the son of George William Crowe, British vice-consul, whose son Henry Theophilus died in Tunis in 1825 (no. 44). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 185. 100

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Catalogue 70. Elizabeth Knapp Gibson (1781/2–1855) White grey-veined slab (overall 0.76 × 1.51 m, 2.5 cm thick) with wave-moulded edge (3 cm wide). Apart from the first line, which is in Gothic script (heights 5.8 and 4 cm), the lettering is in capitals of uniform height (1.5 cm). Sacred to the memory of Elizabeth Knapp Gibson wife of John Gibson Esqre, H.B.M. vice consul at Tunis She was born at Englefield in the county of Berkshire England Died on the 7th of October 1855 Aged 73. An exemplary wife the most affectionate of mothers a sincere friend charitable and kind. She bore her great and severe trials, amongst which was the loss of sight caused by the murder of her eldest son, with the resignation of a true Christian, defending in simple faith the words of our blessed Redeemer “Come unto me “all ye that labour and are heavy laden “and I will give you rest” Mattw. xi ver: xxviii

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The marriage register of Englefield, Berkshire, records the marriage between John Gibson of Ross in the county of Hereford and Elizabeth Knapp as having been conducted by the rector, the Revd Thomas Knapp, on 6 October 1807. No doubt Thomas Knapp, who was rector of Englefield from 1772 to 1819, was Elizabeth’s father. In addition to her eldest son John (1810–43: no. 59) and daughters Élise Anne (1808–58: no. 73) and Anne (1820–50: no. 65), who were also buried in Tunis, the Register of Baptisms at Englefield records a daughter, Philadelphia, who was born at Ross on 19 April 1814 and baptized there on 28 September. John Gibson’s profession is given at that time as attorney at law. He predeceased Elizabeth in January 1833 and was also buried in Tunis (no. 51). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 95: Day and Day 1991: 15; Rawlinson 2001: 10; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 63.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 71. Revd E.A. Page (1816/7–56) White grey-veined marble slab (0.78 × 1.60 m, 2.5 cm thick) (pl. 58). The lettering is in capitals, with lead inlay (height lines 1–8: 2.5 cm; lines 9–12: 1.8 cm). In memory of the Rev. E.A. Page missionary of the London Society for Promoting Christianity amongst the Jews died Sept r.1st. 1856 aged 39. Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord. They rest from their labours, and their works do follow them.

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Lines 9–12 represent a quotation from Revelation 14.13, which also appears in the burial service in the Book of Common Prayer. The Revd E.A. Page arrived in Tunis in 1853 and was joined in his mission there by H.A. Markheim from Oran, in Algeria. A mission school was opened in 1855, attracting fourteen pupils within the first fortnight. Page died of cholera in 1856 (Gidney 1908: 306). Henri Dunant, himself a Swiss Protestant, records that until Page’s death the Anglican liturgy was celebrated in English in the house of the US consul. An earlier British mission in 1832 had made similar use of the Swedish consul’s residence (1858: 233). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 171; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 62.

72. Margaret Heap (1791–1857) White grey-veined slab (overall 0.74 × 1.81 m) with a quarter roll on the border (4.5 cm wide) (pl. 59). The lettering is in capitals of uniform heights (lines 1–2 and 4–9: 2.5 cm; lines 3 and 10: 4.2 cm). Here rest the remains of Margaret widow of S.D. Heap, late United States Consul for the Regency of Tunis

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Born in Baltimore, Maryland August 16th. 1791. Died December 2nd. 1857 “Jesus wept”

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Line 10 is quoted from John 11.35. Margaret Tulin Heap was the daughter of Charles Tulin, Swedish consul-general (d.1806: no. 40), and

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Catalogue Susan Gordon (d.1836: no. 55), daughter of the British consul Charles Gordon (d. 1765: no. 31). She and her husband, Samuel Davies Heap (d. 1853: no. 67), were the parents of Gwynne Harris Heap, US consulgeneral in Tunis and Constantinople, Margaret Heap, who married her cousin, the Swedish consul-general, Gustav Adolph Tulin, and Susan Angelina Matilda Heap, who is also buried in St George’s cemetery (d. 1828: no. 63). Referenced: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 179; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 65.

Plate 58. Tombstone of the Revd E.A. Page (1856, no. 71) 103

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Plate 59. Tombstone of Margaret Heap (1857, no. 72)

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Catalogue 73. Élise Anne Nÿssen, née Gibson (1808–58) White grey-veined slab (overall 0.75 × 1.51 m, c.2.5 cm thick), with wave-moulded edge (3.8 cm wide). The lettering is in capitals of more or less uniform height (1.5–1.6 cm). Sous ce marbre qui doit perpetuer le souvenir de la douleur de son époux reposent les dépouilles mortelles de Mme Élise Anne Nÿssen épouse chérie de Mr. H. Nÿssen Consul gènèral de S.M. le Roi des Paÿs Bas fille de Mr. John Gibson Vice Consul d’Angleterre et de Mme Élizabeth Gibson nèe a Ross le 5 septembre 1808 dècèdèe à la Marsa le 10 octobre 1858 La cruelle mort n’eut point pitié de son âge et de son noble cœuer Elle l’enleva subitement a l’amour de son époux et a l’affèction de ses parens et de ses amis

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Beneath this marble, which must perpetuate the memory of her husband’s sorrow, lie the mortal remains of Mrs Élise Anne Nÿssen, beloved wife of Mr H. Nÿssen, consul-general of His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, daughter of Mr John Gibson, Vice Consul of England, and of Mrs Elizabeth Gibson, born at Ross on 5 September 1808, died at La Marsa on 10 October 1858. Cruel death took no pity of her age and of her noble heart. It took her suddenly away from the love of her husband and the affection of her relatives and friends. Acute and grave accents are used randomly. Mis-spellings include cœuer for cœur (line 16) and parens for parents (line 19). As both of Élise Anne Nÿssen’s parents were dead (see nos. 51 and 70), parens must refer to surviving relatives. Her known siblings who are buried in Tunis also predeceased her and include John Knapp Gibson (d. 1843: no. 59) and Anne Szczepanowski (d. 1850: no. 65). Members of the Nÿssen (or Nijssen) family, Roman Catholics from Brabant, had held the position of Dutch consul in Tunis since 1757 (Dunant 1858: 229; Ganiage 1955: 398 n.28; Slot and Koster 2007: 50). Sir Ant. Nÿssen, who was consul during the plague of 1818–20, was also agent for Austria and Russia and for the Greek Christians in the Ottoman Empire (Buonocore 1974: 10). It was he who negotiated an agreement with Hammuda Bey (1782–1814) to bring in a team of Dutch engineers to improve the harbour works and fortifications at La Goulette (Smida 2001: 152–3). The team was led by his brother-in-law, Major Joseph Emile Homberg, who was Chateaubriand’s guide in Carthage in 1807 (1811: 490, 526, cf. 720–21; Buonocore 1974: 6–7). The Nÿssen family archives are now in the Archives Nationales in Paris (Slot and Koster 2007: 50). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 9.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 74. Elizabeth Laura Fenner (1861–62) Augustina Alice Fenner (1864/5–74) White grey-veined marble slab (overall 0.6 × 1.31 m) with a rounded edge (1.7 cm wide). The lettering is in capitals of even height (1.9 cm), except for the names of the parents and daughters which are somewhat larger than the rest (height 2.3 cm). In memory of ELIZABETH who died . 30 . Oct . 1862 . aged . 11.½. months and ALICE who died 25 June 1874. aged . 9 . years daughters of Rev. W. FENNER and CECILIA his wife With Jesus they are now at rest and sing redeeming love

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Elizabeth Laura Fenner was born on 11 November 1861, baptized by her father on 13 January 1862 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 1. no. 7), and buried by him on 31 October 1862 (StG: Register of Burials, 1, no. 1). Augustina Alice Fenner was born on 27 July 1865, baptized on 13 September 1865 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 2, no. 15), and buried on the day that she died (aged 8 years, 11 months) by the vice-consul, J.H. Stevens (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 4, no. 27). By this time her father was probably already ill, and he died within a month of her (see no. 94). A sibling, Christina Susanna, was born on 20 November 1868 and baptized by the bishop of Gibraltar on 9 December 1868 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 3, no. 23). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 163.

75. Henry Stanhope Freeman (1836–65) White grey-veined marble slab (0.87 × 1.98 m, 4.2 cm thick), with a quarter roll on the edge (3 cm wide). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height in lines 1 (height 2.8 cm) and 4–7 (2.8 cm), and of differing heights in lines 2 (4.6 and 3.3 cm) and 3 (5.5 and 2.6 cm). In memoriam Henry Stanhope Freeman Governor of Lagos son of Luke Freeman of London Born 8th March 1836 Died 7th April 1865

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H. Stanhope Freeman, ‘Governor & Commander in Chief of the British Colony of Lagos’, was buried on 8 April 1865 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 1, no. 3). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 53; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 59.

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Catalogue 76. Marie Thérèse Léonie Chapelié (1863–6) White grey-veined marble slab (0.50 × 1.00 m) with a raised beaded edge (2.2 cm wide) (pl. 60). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 2.2 and 1.8 cm). Above the inscription a wreath of laurels with bands is carved in relief. Laissez venir a moi les petits enfants et ne les empechez point car le Royaume des cieux est pour ceux qui leur ressemblent Ici repose Marie Thèrèse Lèonie Chapeliè Fille d alfred Chapeliè et de Sarah Houston sa femme Nèe á Tunis le 17 Juillet 1863 Morte le 12 avril 1866.

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‘Let the little children come to me and do not stop them; for the kingdom of heaven is for such as these’ [cf. Matt. 19.14]. Here lies Marie Thérèse Léonie Chapelié, daughter of Alfred Chapelié and of Sarah Houston, his wife. Born in Tunis on 17 July 1863. Died on 12 April 1866. Marie Thérèse Léonie Chapelié was baptized in Tunis on 25 July 1863 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 2, no. 11) and was buried on 13 April 1866 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 1, no. 4). Her parents, the banker and merchant Louis Henri Alfred Chapelié (b. 27 Sept. 1828), son of Louis Antoine and Marie Thérèse Chapelié (nos. 68 and 102), and Sarah Elizabeth Houston (b. 1837) from Delaware, US, had married on 15 September 1861 (StG: EMC Register). They died respectively in 1908 and 1928, and were both buried in the Evangelical section of the Bab el-Khadra cemetery (Soumille and Peyras 1993: 61–2). Among the recorded siblings of Marie Thérèse Léonie are: Robert Antoine Édouard (1866–73) (no. 88), Christine Thérèse Léonie (1867–8) (no. 79), Mathilde Blanche, born 24 September 1869, baptized 13 December 1869, married Thomas Smith 19 November 1888 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 4, no. 26); George Louis, baptized 24 June 1876 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 7, no. 51); and Louis John Alfred, baptized 10 November 1878 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 8, no. 61) (see also fig. 6). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 77; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 62.

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Plate 60. Tombstone of Marie Thérèse Léonie Chapelié (1866, no. 76) 108

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Catalogue 77. Jules Émile Pulcherie Maurel (1825/6-66) White grey-veined marble slab (0.66× 1.485 m, 2.4 cm thick) with a beaded edge, broken in two from top to bottom (pl. 61). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (2.4cm). Above the text is a cross sunken in a rectangular panel, and below it are incised a pair of crossed torches. Ici repose Maurel-Jules-Emile-Pulcherie né à Vernon (Eure) (France) décédé près Zaghouan le 1er juin 1866 à l’âge de 40 ans regretté de sos épouse et de tous ceux qui l’ont connu Priez Dieu pour lui

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Here lies Jules Émile Pulcherie Maurel, born in Vernon (Eure, France), died near Zaghouan on 1 June 1866 at the aged of 40 years, missed by his wife and by those who knew him. Pray God for him! The final line betrays a more Catholic sentiment than the other inscriptions in the cemetery. The register entry for his burial on 8 July indicates that Maurel, rather than Pulcherie, was the family name (StG: Register of Burials, 1, no. 5). The Church Register adds that he was born on 15 October 1826 in Vernon (Eure), the son of Capt. Joseph Maurice Magloire Maurel (1787/8–1847) and Angélique Josephine Lerek (1797/8–1853), both of whom died in the canton of Pau (Basses-Pyrenées) (StG: EMC Register).

78. Polycarp Nevis (1823/4–68) White grey-veined marble slab (0.603× 1.092 m, >6c m thick). The lettering is in large and small capitals (height line 1: 3.5 and 2.5 cm; line 2: 2.7-3 and 1.6 cm; line 3 2.7 and 1.6 cm). Polycarp NEVIS died July 7. 1868 aged 44 Years The record of his burial on 8 July identifies Polycarp Nevis as a convert from Roman Catholicism, born in Gibraltar, who had spent the past four years in Tunis (StG: Register of Burials, 1, no. 6). The Church Register adds that he had spent that time serving the Mission as a seller of Bibles (StG: EMC Register). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 121.

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Plate 61. Tombstone of Jules Émile Pulcherie Maurel (1866, no. 77) 110

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Catalogue 79. Christine Thérèse Léonie Chapelié (1867–8) White grey-veined marble slab (0.50 × 1.00 m, 3.8 cm thick) with a beaded edge (2.2 cm wide) and the top corners cut off at a later date (pl. 62). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (1.8 cm). Above the inscription a wreath of laurels with bands is carved in low relief within a sunken panel (22 × 26 cm). L’eternel l’avait donné et l’eternel l’a ‘oté; le nom de l’eternel soit béni Ici repose Christine Thérèse Léonie Chapelié fille d’Alfred Chapelié et de Sarah Houston sa femme Née le 20 décembre 1867 Décedée le 7 octobre 1868

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The Lord gave and the Lord has taken away: blessed be the name of the Lord [Job 1.21]. Here lies Christine Thérèse Léonie Chapelié, daughter of Alfred Chapelié and of Sarah Houston, his wife. Born on 20 December 1867. Died on 7 October 1868. Christine Thérèse Léonie Chapelié was baptized on 29 January 1868 (StG: Register of Baptisms, 3, no. 21; EMC Register) and was buried on 9 October 1868 (StG: Register of Burials, 1, no. 7; EMC Register). A sister and brother are also buried in Tunis (see no. 76 and fig. 6 for details of these and her parents and other siblings). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 75; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 62.

80. Louis Ernest Friedlander (1868–70) This text is known only from the copy made c.1900. To the Memory of Louis Ernest Friedlander Born in Manchester June 1868 Died in Tunis November 5. 1870

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Louis Ernest Friedlander was buried on 6 November 1870 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 1, no. 8). His parents were evidently the missionary Hermann Friedlander and Julia née Bower, whose other son Albert Hermann was born on 31 March 1871 and baptized on 5 June (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 5, no. 33). They left Tunis in November 1872 (StG: EMC Register). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 117.

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Plate 62. Tombstone of Christine Thérèse Léonie Chapelié (1868, no. 79) 112

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Catalogue 81. Wilke Iacobs Wilkens (1813–70) White grey-veined marble slab (0.594 × 1.16 × c.3 m) (pl. 63). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (2.4 cm). Above the text is incised a plain cross and below it an anchor and cable. Ter Nagedachtenis van Wilke Iacobs Wilkens in Leven Gezagvoerder van het Nederlandsche Stoomship Rhone geboren den 6 September 1813 overleden den 13 December 1870

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In memory of Wilke Iacobs Wilkens, in life commander of the Dutch steamship Rhône. Born 6 September 1813. Departed 13 December 1870. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 191; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 59.

Plate 63. Tombstone of Wilke Iacobs Wilkens (1870, no. 81) 113

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 82. Ernest Walter Ronalds (1865–71) Broken column (70 cm high, diameter 19.5 cm) on a plain plinth. The text on the column is in Gothic lettering (heights 4 and 2 cm). Walter Ronalds April 29th 1871 aged 5 years Written on the plinth are the words:

Not dead but sleepeth.

The baptism of Ernest Walter Ronalds, son of P. Lorrilard Ronalds, was conducted on the day that the child died; the witnesses included the US Consul General, G.H. Heap, and the child’s mother, who is not named (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 4, no. 32). The records of his burial, which took place the same day, give his age as 5¼ (StG: EMC Register) or 5½ (StG: Register of Burials, 2, no. 9). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 17.

83. John Alma (1842–71) White grey-veined marble panel (0.62 × 1.04 × 0.048 m). The lettering is in large and small capitals (height line 1: 3.4 and 2.6 cm; line 2: 2.6 and 1.6 cm; line 3: 2.6 cm; lines 4–5: 1.6 cm). John ALMA Who departed this life May 2d 1871 aged 28 years 8 months 16 days

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The record of his burial on 4 May notes that John Alma was a ‘citizen of New York, born in Russia,’ who ‘died suddenly on 2nd instant from the falling of a spar on board the American yacht “Enchantress” of which he was a seaman’ (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 2, no. 10). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 125; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 59. 84. Mary Agnes Margaret Green (1870–71) White grey-veined marble panel with an incised border (0.482 × 0.996 × 0.034 m). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 3.5 and 2.4 cm). Mary Agnes Margaret Green Born in Tunis 6th January 1870 Died on the 9th July 1871

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Jesus said, suffer 114

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Catalogue little children, and forbid them not. to come unto me: for of such is the kingdom of heaven

10

Lines 6–11 are a quotation from Matthew 19.14. Mary Agnes Margaret Green, daughter of W. Kirby Green, British vice-consul, and Mary Reade, his wife, was baptized on 21 April 1870 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 4, no. 27) and was buried on 10 July 1871 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 2, no. 11). Her mother, Mary Reade, was probably the daughter of Thomas Reade, son of Sir Thomas Reade (British consul-general 1826-49: no. 64), who was born at La Marsa in 1829 and himself served as British consul-general between 1879 and 1885 (Ganiage 1968: 456, 597-8). Agnes Reade (d. 1831: no. 48) would thus have been her aunt (see fig. 3). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 183.

Plate 64. Tombstone of Frederick Green (1872) and George Harry Green (1874, no. 85) 115

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 85. Frederick Green (b. and d. 1872) George Harry Green (1866–74) White grey-veined marble panel with a rounded head and a garland of flowers carved in low relief (0.59 × 0.94 m, 2.2 cm thick) (pl. 64). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (lines 1–19: 1.8 cm; lines 20–23 1.3 cm). In affectionate memory of Frederick Green who died at Goletta the 22nd Sepr 1872 aged 9 months also of George Harry Green who died at Goletta on the 12th June 1874 aged eight years and five months the beloved children of John Ellis Green and Sarah his wife of Brighton Sussex England



Suffer the little children to come unto me and forbid them not for of such is the kingdom of Heaven Matt. (19.14)

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20 22

Frederick Green was buried on 23 September 1872 (StG: Register of Burials, 2, no. 15) and George Harry on 13 June 1874 (StG: Register of Burials, 4, no. 26; EMC Register). The record of the latter’s burial states that he was the son of a head engine driver. The British-owned Tunis Railways Company Ltd, backed initially by the industrialist Edward Pickering, had opened a line from Tunis to La Goulette in August 1872 and another from Tunis to the Bardo in October 1872 (Ganiage 1968: 348–9; cf. Darmon 1969: 16–17; Day and Day 1991: 22–3). Other railway personnel mentioned in the church records include: John Phillips of Brighton, carpenter, ‘brought out by Tunis Railway Compy’, who died on 23 June 1872 aged 27 (Table 2, no. 118); Albert Baker, engine driver, also from Brighton, who was killed on 21 September 1872, when an engine ran off the track and a carriage fell on him (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 2, no. 14) (Table 2, no. 119); and William Harris (b. 1826), plate-layer of the Tunis Railway, who was buried on 16 February 1878 (EMC Register) (Table 2, no. 125). The mention of Brighton as the place of origin of three of these people suggests that they had been recruited from the Locomotive and Carriage Department of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, which was based there (the staff records of the LB&SCR, 1837–1936, may be found at PRO: RAIL 414/600-873). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 137.

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Catalogue

Plate 65. Tombstone of Marie Jeanne Ribet (1872) and Richard Henry Ribet (1873, no. 86): top part 86. Marie Jeanne Ribet (1837–72) Richard Henry Ribet (1870–73) White grey-veined marble slab with quarter roll on the edge and the bottom part now missing (overall 0.80 × >0.66 × c.0.045 m) (pl. 65). The lettering is in capitals of even height (2.3 cm). Above the text is incised the representation of a pair of clasping hands. The text from line 8 onwards is restored on the basis of the copy made c.1900. À la mémoire de Marie Jeanne Ribet épouse chérie mère affectueuse Née le 18 janvier 1837 Morte le 9 décembre 1872 [et de] [Richard Ribet] [fils bien aime] [enleve a l’amour de son pere] [dans la troisieme annee de sa vie] [le 11 avril 1873]

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117

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis [Le mari afflige, le pere desole] [a consacre ce marbre en] [temoignage de sa profonde douleur] [Ils ne sont pas perdus] [mais ils m’ont devance]

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To the memory of Marie Jeanne Ribet, cherished wife, loving mother. Born on 18 January 1837. Died on 9 December 1872. And to Richard Ribet, well-loved son, taken away from the love of his father in the third year of his life on 11 April 1873. The afflicted husband, the desolate father, has consecrated this marble in witness of his profound sorrow. ‘They are not lost, but have gone before me’. ‘They are not lost, but gone before’, was a popular refrain which is found in a number of English hymns published in the Victorian era (e.g. Park, Phelps and Mason 1858: no. 1216; Kennedy 1863: 199, no. 760; Mackay 1867: 495–6). Doubtless there were also French versions. Marie Jeanne Ribet (née Ribet), wife of Paul Ribet, was buried on 10 December 1872 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 2, no. 16). Richard Henri, son of Paul Ribet, a grocer, and Marie Jeanne Ribet, was born on 8 April 1870, baptized on 25 April 1870 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 4, no. 28) and buried on 12 April 1873 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 3, no. 17). Paul Ribet’s nephew, Jean Jacques Constantin (d. 1884: no. 107), was born in Piedmont, near the border with Savoy, suggesting that the Ribets would have been from the same region. A Jean Pierre Ribet was confirmed by the bishop of Gibraltar on 23 March 1879 (StG: EMC Registry). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 159.

87. J. Giovanni Schrepfer (d. 1873) White grey-veined marble slab (0.605 × 1.08 × 3.8 m). The lettering is in capitals of differing heights. J. Giovanni . Schrepfer il 1o giugno 1873 J. Giovanni Schrepfer, 1 June 1873 This burial is not recorded in the Register of Burials, though there is a record of Johann Franz Schrepfer of Kerenzen in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland, who was born in Palermo on 31 March 1835 and died, aged 37, on 15 March 1872 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 2, no. 12). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 127; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 58 n.6.

88. Robert Antoine Édouard Chapelié (1866–73) White grey-veined marble slab (0.61 × 1.30 m, 3.5 cm thick), with a beaded edge (1.6 cm wide) (pl. 66). The lettering is in large and small capitals (heights 2.4 and 1.9 cm, with the C in line 5 being 3.6 cm). Above the inscription a garland of flowers with bands is carved in low relief within a sunken panel with a rounded top (27 × 24 cm).

118

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Catalogue La mort des biens-aimés de l’Eternel est precieuse devant ses yeux Ici reposent les restes mortels de Robert Antoine Édouard Chapelié Fils chéri d’Alfred et de Sarah Chapelié Né à Tunis le 20 Octobre 1866 Mort à la Goulette le 8 Juin 1873 Il etait la joie et l’orgueil de ses parents!!!

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The death of those beloved of the Lord is precious in his sight [Psalm 116.15]. Here lie the mortal remains of Robert Antoine Édouard Chapelié, beloved son of Alfred and Sarah Chapelié, born in Tunis on 20 October 1866, died in La Goulette on 8 June 1873. He was the joy and the pride of his parents!!! Robert Antoine Édouard Chapelié was baptized on Christmas Day 1866 (StG: EMC Registry; Register of Baptisms, 3, no. 20) and buried on 9 June 1873, the Greek priest officiating in the absence of Revd Fenner (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 3, no. 18). Two of his siblings are also buried in the cemetery (for details of these and of his parents and other siblings see no. 76). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 79; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 62.

89. Sarah Ann Sleightholme (1869–73) White grey-veined marble panel with a rounded head and a garland of flowers carved in low relief (0.58 × 0.95 m, 2.2 cm thick) (pl. 67). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (lines 1–7: 1.8 cm; lines 8–11: 1.3 cm). In affectionate remembrance of Sarah Ann Sleightholme the beloved daughter of Joseph and Sarah Ann Sleightholme of Ruswarp Yoskshire who died Goletta, Tunis July 11th 1873 aged 3 years and 8 months She has gone from our cot to a mansion above And our hearts with deep anguish are riven But why should we morn for those that we love When we know they are happy in heaven.

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In line 5, Yoskshire for Yorkshire. In line 6, the first letter of July was originally marked out with an X or Y. In line 10, morn for mourn. Sarah Ann Sleightholme was buried on 12 July 1873 by Mr Stevens, the vice-consul (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 3, no. 19). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 157.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 66. Tombstone of Robert Antoine Édouard Chapelié (1873, no. 88)

120

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Catalogue

Plate 67. Tombstone of Sarah Anne Sleightholme (1873, no. 89)

121

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 68. Tomb of Frank Ritchie (1873, no. 90) 90. Frank Ritchie (1849/50–73) Headstone (0.50 × 0.71 m) to a gated enclosure of wrought-iron on a marble base, with cast-iron draped urns at the corners (pl. 68). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (lines 1 and 3–5: 3.2 cm; line 2: 5.2 cm). In memory of Frank Ritchie The Grove, Belfast, Ireland who died 14th November 1873 aged 23 years

5

The burial service was conducted on 15 November 1873 by Richard Wood, the British consul, the Revd Fenner being prevented by illness from doing so (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 3, no. 20). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 61.

122

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Catalogue

Plate 69. Tombstone of George Herbert Davies (1874, no. 91) 123

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 91. George Herbert Davies (1865-74) Headstone in classical style (1.30 m high, 0.68 m wide at base tapering to 0.642 m at the top) (pl. 69). The lettering of lines 1–2 (on the pediment) is in roman, lines 3–8 in capitals (height 1.8 cm), and lines 9–12 in italics. On the base are carved in relief within a rectangular sunken panel a pair of clasping hands set in a wreath composed one half of oak and one half of laurel leaves. In Affectionate Remembrance of George Herbert the second son of George and Susanna Davies who departed this life February 11th 1874 aged eight years and five months Farewell dear child to both our hearts still dear Oft shall we bathe thy memory with a tear Short was thy life; but long will be thy rest God took thee from us for He saw twas best

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10 12

George Herbert Davies was baptized one hour before he died. The church register describes his father as ‘engineer to the Bey’ in La Goulette (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 5, no. 36). He was born on 29 September 1865 and buried on 12 February 1874 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 3, no. 21). George and Susanna Davies’s other children, Alice Susan (b. 6 April 1861) and Henry Louis (b. 1 Nov. 1875), were baptized in Sfax on 23 September 1877 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 8, nos. 57–8). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 197; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 58 n.7.

92. Lilias Jane Legallais (1869–74) Matthew Charles Legallais (1865–74) Ernest Philip Legallais (1868–77) This text is known only from the copy made c.1900. Erected by M. Legallais of Jersey C(hannel). I(slands). to the memory of his beloved children Lilias Jane died 26 March 1874 aged 3 years & 4 months Matthew Charles died 16 April 1874 aged 8 years and 4 months Ernest Philip

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124

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Catalogue died 24th December 1877 aged 9 years and 5 months

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Lilias Jane Le Gallais of Jersey was buried on 27 March 1874 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 3, no. 23), Matthew Charles on 17 April 1874 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 3, no. 24), and Ernest on 26 December 1877 (StG: Register of Burials, 5, no. 38). Ernest’s father, Matthew Le Galais, is described as ‘station master at Tunis’ (EMC Register). Two other children, Sophia and Alice Legallais, were confirmed by the bishop of Gibraltar on 23 March 1879 (EMC Registry). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 135; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 58 n.7.

93. Gwynne Harris Heap (1867–74) White grey-veined marble slab (0.71 × 1.32 m) with a quarter-roll edge (1 cm wide), now much eroded (pl. 70). The lettering is in a mixture of ‘fonts’ of differing sizes, somewhat in the style of a contemporary bill poster. GWYNNE HARRIS HEAP Jr son of G.H. HEAP Consul for the United States at Tunis and JOSEPHINE PRICE his wife BORN at Paris the 20th. of August 1867. DIED at Tunis the 7th. of June 1874 He being dead yet speaketh Safe in the arms of Jesus.

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In line 11 the 7 is now very indistinct and might alternatively be read as 4. The copy made a century ago, however, has 7; and this is given some support by the date of burial, which is recorded as being 8 June 1874 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 4, no. 25). Line 12 is quoted from Hebrews 11.4. Gwynne Harris Heap Jnr was baptized by the bishop of Gibraltar on 9 December 1868 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 3, no. 22). His mother, Josephine Price, was Gwynne Harris Heap Snr’s second wife, the first having been Evelina Cora (see no. 61). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 139.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 70. Tombstone of Gwynne Harris Heap (1874, no. 93) 94. Revd William Fenner (1831–74) White grey-veined marble slab (0.79 × 1.58 m), with a rounded edge (3.2 cm wide). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (1.9cm), apart from the words sacred, memory and W. Fenner (lines 1–3), which are somewhat larger (height 2.3 cm). SACRED to the MEMORY of the Revd. W. FENNER 126

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Catalogue who for upwards of 17 years was a faithful missionery of the London Jews Society this stone has been erected by this society as a mark of esteem for his self denying labors in the cause of his Saviour and with the prayerful hope that his faithful teaching and consistent life may bring forth much fruit by testifying to the power of Christian love which so eminently sustained him in the midst of his peculiarly trying missionary labors amongst the house of Israel.

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Born in London 31 January . 1831. Fell asleep in Jesus at Tunis . 22 . July . 1874. For if we believe that Jesus died and rose again even so them also which sleep in Jesus will God bring with Him

20 23

Lines 20–24 represent a quotation from 1 Thessalonians 4.14, which is repeated in three lines of minuscule Hebrew text written at the bottom left-hand corner of the stone and three of Arabic in the corresponding right-hand corner. The Revd Fenner arrived in Tunis on 16 April 1860 and re-established the mission school, as well as opening one for girls (StG: EMC Register; Gidney 1908: 389-91). He died of diphtheria at midnight between 22 and 23 July 1874 and was buried on 23 July 1874 by J.H. Stevens, acting for the British consul-general (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 4, no. 28). Two of his children are also buried in the cemetery (see no. 74). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 165; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 62.

95. Constantin Frohnauer (1874–5) White grey-veined marble slab (0.40 × 0.59 × 0.035 m) (pl. 71). The inscription is written in a code, which may be deciphered thus: Constantin F(rohnauer) geb(oren). den. 29. Aug. (18)74. gest(orben). 23. Jan. 1875 Constantin Frohnauer, born on 29 August 1874, died on 23 January 1875. Constantin Frohnauer, aged 5 months, the son of Emanuel Frohnauer, was buried on 23 Janaury 1875 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 4, no. 30). A brother, Karl, son of Emanuel and Matilda Frohnauer, was baptized on 30 April 1876 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 7, no. 50) References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 107; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 53 n.5.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 71. Tombstone of Constantin Frohnauer (1875, no. 95) 96. Anders Iohan Egnell (1811–75) Poor quality white grey-veined marble slab with a rounded edge (0.55 × 1.135 × c.0.02 m), now much worn and with the lower left-hand corner broken off. The lettering is in capitals of uniform height. Anders Iohan Egnell Philosophiae Magister och Medicinae Doctor F]od[d i ed]s capell [d]en 14de Aug: 1811

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Catalogue Dod i Tunis den 6[..] Aug: 1875

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Anders Iohan Egnell, Master of Philosophy and Doctor of Medicine. Born in Edscapell on 14 August 1811. Died in Tunis on 6 August 1875. The reading of the missing and indistinct letters, including the final date which might otherwise be read as 1876, is here supplied from the copy made c.1900. Dr André Egnell, a Swede, was buried on 7 August 1875 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 4, no. 31). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 151.

97. Léon Cornu (1858/9–75) Henri Lucien Bignens (1881–2) This text is known only from the copy made c.1900. Ci Git Léon Cornu décedé le 24 7re 1875 age de 16 ans et Henri Lucien Bignens ne a Tunis le 15 Juillet 1881 décedé le 19 Fevrier 1882.

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Here lies Léon Cornu, died on 24 September 1875, aged 16 years, and Henri Lucien Bignens, born in Tunis on 15 July 1881, died on 19 February 1882. Léon Cornu, son of the widowed Mme Cornu of Maison Ierte, Tunis, was buried on 24 September 1875 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 4, no. 32). He was probably the son of Louis Cornu and Elisa Texier, whose daughter Ismérie Françoise Cornu (b. 1850/1) married Henri Alphonse Delasson on 27 April 1871. Léon stood sponsor to their daughter Gabrielle (no. 103) at her baptism on 28 March 1874 (StG: EMC Register). His sisters, Clarisse Adelaide A. and Amélie Marie Louise Cornu, were confirmed by the bishop of Gibraltar on 23 March 1879 (StG: EMC Register) (see Fig. 7). Henry Lucien Bignens, son of Lucien Jules and Céline Marie Louise Bignens, was buried on 19 February 1882 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 7, no. 53). The record of the marriage of Henry Lucien’s parents on 19 June 1880 identifies his father (aged 34) as an engineer of the Batignolles Company and his mother (aged 30) as daughter of the superintendent of works of the same company (StG: EMC Register). The Batignolles Company, established near Paris by Ernest Goüin in 1846 to build railway locomotives, was granted the concession to build and operate a railway line from Tunis to Béja in 1876. In 1875 it had also set up a subsidiary company to open a line between Bône (Hippo) and Guelma in Algeria, but was prevented by Prime Minister Khérédine from linking the two systems together (Ganiage 1968: 382–4, 525–6). Other employees of the French Railway Company mentioned in the church records include the cashier, Albert Hubert, whose daughter Noelie Marthe Albertine Adolphine was baptized in the spring of 1882 (EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 11, no. 82), and Johann Jacob, whose infant son Frederick Theodore Jacob was buried on 16 November 1882 (EMC Register; Register of Burials, 8, no. 57) (Table 2, no. 136). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 67.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 98. William Fletcher (1827–76) White grey-veined marble slab with a rounded edge (0.81 × 1.475 × c.0.02 m). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (lines 1–2 and 4 onwards: 1.8 cm; line 3: 2.3 cm). Above the text a pair of clasping hands are carved in low relief in a sunken oval panel. Here rests the body of William Fletcher Born at Aberlady (County of East Loathian) Scotland on the 23rd of December 1827 Died at Goletta near Tunis on the 6th of May 1876 after 15 years of faithful service to His Highness the Bey; as Master of the Arsenal _ deeply lamented by his widow children and a large circle of friends who to a most affectionate disposition and singular deportment of gentleness uniting the most estimable qualities of the heart and mind pious without austerity virtuous without affectation modest unpretending benevolent just and charitable was beloved in his life and deeply lamented on his death in humble resignation to the divine will

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William Fletcher, engineer of the Arsenal in La Goulette, was buried on 7 May 1876 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 5, no. 33). His widow, Jean, was buried on 14 April 1878 (StG: EMC Register). His son, William Francis Fletcher, married Sebastiana Pero on 4 October 1884 (StG: EMC Register). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 161; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 62.

99. Anna Edith Perkins, née Barker (1848/9–76) This text is known only from the copy made c.1900. It was apparently carved on a stone cross, possibly the broken and much eroded one that now lies on a kerb-marked grave in the cemetery north of the church. Sacred To the Memory of Anna Edith wife of Edmund Arthur Perkins

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Catalogue Who Died December 1876 Aged 27 years

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Edith Perkins, née Barker, was buried on 8 December 1876 by Richard Wood, the consul-general (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 5, no. 34). Her son, Edward John, was baptized on 25 September 1875 (StG: StG: EMC Register); and she was probably aunt to Arthur Gordon Barker (d. 1884: no. 108). Her husband, Edmund Arthur Perkins, subsequently married Esther Adda Williamson. Their offspring included: William Noel, born on 20 October and baptized on 25 December 1883; George, baptized on 18 April 1885; Charles, baptized on 5 May 1888; Ethel Alice, baptized on 9 October 1889; and Evelina Esther, baptized on 25 June 1893 (StG: EMC Register). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 213.

100.

Italo Carl’Alberto Bellinzoni (1871–7)

White grey-veined slab (0.632 × >0.80 m, 2.9 cm thick) with a quarter roll border (2.1 cm wide). The lower half of the stone is missing and its text is supplied here from the copy in the church archives. The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (line 1: 5.5 cm; line 2: 4.5 cm; line 3: 4.5 cm, sloping to the right; lines 4 and 6: 2 cm; line 5: 4.5 cm sloping to the left). An eight-petalled rosette is carved above the text. To The memory of Italo Carl’Alberto only child of Luigi Bellinzoni and [Emma Brook his wife] [Born at Florence Dec 4th 1871] [Died at Tunis Feb 25 . 1877] [The Lord gave and the Lord hath taken] [away. Blessed be the name of the Lord.]

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Italo Carl’Alberto Bellinzoni was buried on 26 February 1877 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 5, no. 36). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 115.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 101. Henry Howard Haylock (1847–78) This text is known only from the copy made c.1900. The masonic symbol of a compass and set square is incised above the text. Henry Howard Haylock at rest November 22nd 1878 aged 31 Erected by his Masonic Brethren of 1717 E.C. Markwell

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The entry recording his burial on 24 November 1878 describes Henry Haylock as an engine driver from Norfolk, born 1847 (StG: StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 6, no. 43). He had married Marietta Accardi, daughter of the late Antonio Accardi, engineer, at the British Consulate in Tunis on 23 August 1873, when he is described as an engineer, aged 26, born in Balsham, the son of John Haylock (StG: EMC Register). Their union produced a daughter, Emily Aurelia, who was born on 26 October 1875 and baptized on 15 April 1876 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 7, no. 49). Marietta Accardi’s sister Eleonora (age 17) married a railway clerk, Thomas Peter Vardon of Jersey, on 30 August 1873, and they had at least three children (StG: EMC Register) (see Table 2, nos. 122 and 132). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 123.

102.

Marie Thérèse Chapelié (1795–1879)

White grey-veined slab (1.01 × 2.01 m, 4.1 cm thick) with two lines forming a rectangular border, now set on a low concrete plinth (pl. 72). The lettering is a mixture of large and small capitals (height lines 1–5 and 7–11: 3.5 and 2.5 cm; line 6: 4.4 and 3.5 cm). Below the text are incised a pair of inverted crossed burning torches. Bien heureux ceux qui ont vécu dans les voies de l’Eternel Ici reposent les restes mortels de Marie Thérèse Chapelié Née à Marseille le 20 Février 1795 Morte a la Goulette le 22 Mai 1879 Sa mémoire est restée en vénération parmi tous ceux qui l’ont connue

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Happy those who have lived in the ways of the Lord [Psalm 128.1]. Here lie the mortal remains of Marie Thérèse Chapelié, born in Marseilles on 20 February 1795, died in La Goulette on 22 May 1879. Her memory has remained in veneration amongst all those who knew her. Marie Thérèse Chapelié was the widow of Louis Antoine Chapelié, who died in 1854 (no. 68). She was the mother of the banker Louis Henri Alfred Chapelié (1828-1908), whose children, Marie Thérèse Léonie (d. 1866: no. 76), Christine Thérèse Léonie (d. 1868: no. 79), and Robert Antoine Édouard (d. 1873: no. 88),

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Catalogue

Plate 72. Tombstone of Marie Thérèse Chapelié (1879, no. 102) are also buried in St George’s cemetery. Marie Thérèse herself was buried on 12 May 1879 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 6, no. 45). References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 229; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 58 n.8, 61.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 103. Gabrielle Amélie Claudine de Lasson (1873–9) White grey-veined marble slab (0.62 × 1.04 × 0.05 m). The lettering is in capitals of mixed heights (line 1: 2.7 cm; line 2: 3.3 and 2.5 cm; line 3: 3.5 and 2.5 cm; lines 4–5: 2.5 and 1.5 cm). ci-git Gabrielle Amélie de Lasson Née le 1er~ Juin 1873 Décédée le 14 Juin 1879.

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Here lies Gabrielle Amélie de Lasson. Born on 1 June 1873. Died on 14 June 1879. Gabrielle Amélie Claudine, the daughter of Henri Alphonse de Lasson and Ismérie Françoise, née Cornu, was baptized on 28 March 1874, the sponsors being Aemelie Cornu and Léon Cornu (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 5, no. 37). Her parents, both Parisians, had been married in the house of the Revd Fenner on 27 April 1870 (StG: EMC Register). She was buried on 14 June 1879 (StG: Register of Burials, 6, no. 46). Siblings include: Charles Édouard Léon Louis, born 5 March 1872, baptized 14 July 1873 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 5, no. 35); Gaston Jean Amédié, baptized 6 June 1880 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 9, no. 69); and Paul Jean Amédié, baptized 5 February 1882 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 11, no. 81 (8 Feb.)) (see Fig. 7). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 143.

104. Angelina Emma Gianinotti (b. and d. 1879) Louise Emma Gianinotti (b. and d. 1881) This text is known only from the copy made c.1900. Ici Repose Angelina Emma Gianinotti Nee a Tunis le 5 Octobre 1879 Decedee le 10 Novembre 1879 Priez pour elle

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Ici repose Louise Emma Gianinotti Nee a Tunis le 20 Avril 1881 Decedee le 10 Juin 1881 Priez pour elle

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Here lies Angelina Emma Gianinotti, born in Tunis on 5 October 1879, died on 10 November 1879. Pray for her. Here lies Louise Emma Gianinotti, born in Tunis on 20 April 1881, died on 10 June 1881. Pray for her. Angelina Emma, daughter of Giuseppe Zainnotti, railway contractor, and Carolina Spella, his wife, was baptized on 5 November 1879 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 9, no. 65). She was buried on 11 November 1879 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 8, no. 47). Somewhat curiously, the church registers contain no reference to Louise Emma.

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Catalogue The presence of an Italian railway contractor in Tunis may perhaps have been connected with the protracted sale of the Tunis–La Goulette–La Marsa railway (T.G.M.) by the Tunis Railway Co. to the Rubattino Company of Genoa, which was finally achieved in July 1880, despite hostile counter-bidding from the French Compagnie Bône-Guelma (Ganiage 1968: 459–70; Darmon 1969: 14–16). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 111.

105. George W. Hamilton (d. 1880) This text is known only from the copy made c.1900. There is a cross above the inscription. George W. Hamilton of yacht “Castalia” died in Tunis 26-1.-1880 Erected by W.R.C.

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The record of his burial identifies George Hamilton as the steward on the yacht Castalia, who died in hospital in Tunis (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 7, no. 49). W.R.C. was perhaps the yacht’s owner. References: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 173; Soumille and Peyras 1993: 58 n.6, 59.

106. Ivy Clement Smith (1879–80) White grey-veined marble slab (0.51 × 1.02 × 0.038 m). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (1.8 cm). Above the text is a laurel wreath set in a sunken panel. In memory of Ivy Clement daughter of Clement M Smith MD (Bengal Army) of Argyll Hall Torquay died on Feby 1st 1880 aged 4 months and a half

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Ivy Clement Smith was baptized on 28 January and was buried on 2 February 1880. Her parents are identified as Clement Maclely Smith, MD, late of the Bengal Army, and Edith Charlé Smith (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 9, no. 66; Register of Burials, 7, no. 50). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 159.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 107. Jean Jacques Constantin (1861–84) White grey-veined marble slab (0.74 × 1.51 × 0.036 m) with a quarter roll border (3 cm wide). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (lines 1: 2.2–2.4 cm; line 2: 3.4 cm; lines 3–10: 2.2 cm). Below the inscription are incised a pair of crossed inverted flaming torches. Ici repose Jean Jacques Constantin né aux Aimar (Italie) le 7 novembre 1861 Enlevé à l’affection de ses parents et de ses amis le 17 avril 1884 dans sa 23e année Heureux celui qui mangera du pain dans le royaume de Dieu Luc xiv/15

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Here lies Jean Jacques Constantin, born in Aymaras (Italy) on 7 November 1861. Taken away from the love of his parents and friends on 17 April 1884 in his 23rd year. ‘Blessed is he that shall eat bread in the kingdom of God’ (Luke 14.15). The first line was originally marked out with different letters but it is hard to tell what they were. The change was disguised by fitting the final text over the earlier letters, with the result that the spacing and letter heights are somewhat uneven. There is an inconsistency between the date of death given on the stone and the date of burial, which is recorded as being 16 April (StG: Register of Burials, 8, no. 63). The fuller notice of burial in the church register identifies Jean Jacques Constantin’s father as Jean Thomas Constanin and his mother as Magdalène née Ribet. He was born in Pomaretto in the department of Pinerolo (Pignerol), province of Turin, and died at the house of his uncle, Paul Ribet on 16 April 1884 (StG: EMC Register). He was therefore a first cousin of Richard Henry Ribet, who is also buried in the cemetery (no. 86). Aymaras, the place of birth indicated on the tombstone, is a village located in the commune of Pomaretto. The valleys of the Pinerolese and Pomaretto itself were closely associated with the Valdensian church. At the time of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, many inhabitants were imprisoned or fled to Switzerland. Carl Albert of Savoy finally granted the Valdesi some measure of civil rights in 1848 (http:// www.comune.pomaretto.to.it, accessed 2/5/07). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 145.

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Catalogue 108. Arthur Gordon S. Barker (1871–84) White grey-veined marble slab (0.825 × 1.468 × 0.065 m) , with a quarter roll border (5 cm wide). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (lines 1 and 3–11: 2.2 cm; line 2: 3.5 cm). Above the text is incised a plain cross and below it a pair of wings. The face of the stone is very heavily weathered, making reading of the text extrememly difficult, though it was apparertly clearer when the ‘Exact Copy’ was made (c.1900). In affectionate remembrance of Arthur Gordon S Barker the beloved and deeply lamented son of John Edmund Lancaster Barker and his wife Maria Teresa Anna Born at Damascus on the 26th July 1871 And died at Tunis on the 2nd June 1884 S Luke xviii 16 Suffer the little children to come unto me and forbid them not for of such is the kingdom of God Arthur Barker died of diptheria in St Charles College, Tunis, on 2 June 1884 and was buried the same day. He is recorded as a resident of La Goulette (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 8, no. 64). In the copy of this text in the church’s archives, made c.1900, the mother’s name is recorded as Maria Teresa Anna Messadaglia. It seems unlikely that the name Messadaglia appeared on the stone as there is insufficient room for it. However, other references in the church registers confirm that Messedaglia was the mother’s maiden name. This and the spelling of her forenames suggest that she was Italian. The same references identify her husband as an inspector of lighthouses; no doubt he was an employee of the British company that had installed the system of lighthouses along the Tunisian coast with the support and encouragement of the consul-general, Sir Richard Wood (Ganiage 1968: 379). Among the siblings of Arthur Gordon Barker are recorded: Ferida Louise Emilie, baptized in Cagliari, Sardinia, on 18 March 1875 (StG: EMC Registry); Charles Edmund, baptized on 24 June 1876 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 7, no. 52); Elizabeth Laura, baptized on 10 November 1878 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 8, no. 62); Lilian Eugenie Julia, baptized on 24 April 1881 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 10, no. 75); Louisa Esther, born on 2 September 1883, baptized on 4 May 1884 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 12, no. 89); Arthur, buried on 2 June 1884 (StG: EMC Register); Mary Zoe, born on 25 September 1886, baptized on 19 June 1887 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 12, no. 96); and William Arthur, baptized on 29 December 1889, buried on 19 March 1891 in La Goulette (StG: EMC Register; Register of Baptisms, 13, no. 100; Register of Burials, 11, no. 85). Arthur Gordon Barker’s mother, Teresa Barker, died on 6 March 1891 and was also buried, the next day, in the Protestant section of the municipal cemetery in La Goulette–Le Kram, which had opened in 1888 (StG: EMC Register; Darmon 1969: 28). It is likely that Anna Edith Perkins, née Barker (d. 1876: no. 99), was an aunt, as E.A. Perkins and his second wife were sponsors at the baptism of Louisa Esther Barker on 4 May 1884 (StG: EMC Register). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 167.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis 109. Claire Adélaide Roquemaure-Muraire, née Auguet (1842/3–84) White grey-veined marble slab (0.97 × 2.00 m), with edge consisting of a wave moulding and quarter roll. The text is enclosed by a double lined border, the inner one with hollow-chamfered angles. The lettering is a mixture of large and small capitals (height lines 1–2: 3.7 and 2.5 cm; lines 3–7: 3.4 and 2.4 cm). Ci-Git: Claire Adélaide Auguet Epouse Henri Roquemaure-Muraire Cantiniére au 4e Régiment de Zouaves Décédée á Tunis le 5 8bre 1884 a l’àge de 41 ans

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Here lies Claire Adélaide Auguet, wife (of) Henri Roquemaure-Muraire, canteen lady to the 4th Regiment of Zouaves. Died in Tunis on 5 October 1884 at the age of 41 years. Claire Adélaide Roquemaure was buried on 6 October 1884 by G. Durmoyer, the French military chaplain (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 9, no. 68). By this date Tunis was a French Protectorate, with French troops stationed on its territory. Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 109.

110. Edward Algernon Loffet Holden (1862–85) The inscription is written around the four sides of the marble edging to a grave plot (overall 1.25 × 2.40 m), in capital letters 8.4 and 4.4 cm high. To the Memory of EDWARD ALGERNON LOFFT, HOLDEN born february 12th 1862, died may 24th 1885; AT TUNIS On the tomb itself is a marble cross inscribed with a text from Matthew 5.8: BLESSED are the pure in heart for they shall see GOD Edward Algernon Loffet Holden, described as a ‘native of England’, was buried on 25 May 1885. He was the son of Revd Dr Hubert Holden and Letitia née Loffet, his wife, and died aged 23 at the Hôtel de Paris (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 9, no. 70). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 63.

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Catalogue 111. Louisa Deodate Inversin (1867-85) White grey-veined marble slab (0.68 × 1.44 × c.0.04 m) with a quarter roll (1.5 cm wide) on the edge (pl. 73). The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (line 1: 4 cm; lines 2–4: 2.4 cm). Above the text is incised a plain cross and below it a wreath, composed half of flowers and half of laurel leaves, with bands. Louisa Deodate Inversin née le 5 juillet, 1867 à Annecy décédée à Tunis le 12 juin 1885

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Louisa Deodate Inversin, born 5 July 1867 in Annecy. Died in Tunis 12 June 1885 Louisa Deodate Inversin of Switzerland was buried on 14 June 1885 (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 9, no. 71). Annecy (Haute-Savoie) was a centre of the Counter Reformation and the seat of the bishop of Geneva from the sixteenth century. It became part of France in 1860. Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 193.

112. Jules César Gatterre (1847–85) White grey-veined marble slab (0.59 × >0.86 × 0.023 m), with the top left-hand corner missing. The lettering is in capitals of uniform height (lines 1 and 3–5: 2.3 cm; line 2: 2.6 cm). Ici r]epose G]atterre Cesar ne a Barisi le 20 avril 1847 decede le 3 août 1885 regrette de sa famille

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Here lies Gatterre César, born in Barisi on 20 April 1847, died on 3 August 1885, mourned by his family. The record of his burial on 4 August 1885 gives the deceased’s name as Jules Caesar Gattérre, and describes him as being ‘from France’ (StG: EMC Register; Register of Burials, 10, no. 74). Reference: StG: ‘Exact Copy’, fol. 133.

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 73. Tombstone of Louisa Deodate Inversin (1885, no. 111) 140

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Catalogue 113. Helene Flad, née Hoss (1866-1902) Irregular grey limestone headstone of a grave enclosure just inside and north of the west gate to the cemetery (pl. 74). The stone formed the west side of the enclosure and has sockets in it for the attachment of other structural elements which have now gone. The inscription is cut in Gothic lettering on a polished inclined face, measuring some 0.55 by 0.58 m. The letter heights are 4.2 and 2.8 cm in lines 1–5, 1.8 and 1.2 cm in lines 6–8, and 2.2 and 1.5 cm in line 9.



Helene Flad geb(oren). Hoss geboren den 30 Mai 1866 in Kornthal Würthemberg entschlafen den 2. Februar 1902 in Tunis

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Ich will schaven dein Antlitz in Gerechtigert, ich will satt werden wenn ich erwache nach deinen Bilde Ps. xvii.15

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Helene Flad, née Hoss, born on 30 May 1866 in Kornthal, Würthemberg, fell asleep on 2 February 1902 in Tunis. ‘I will behold thy presence in righteousness: (and) when I awake up after thy likeness, I shall be satisfied with it’ [Psalm 17.16] A white limestone cross surmounts the headstone and bears the inscription in roman lettering: Amamus (We love). Helene Flad, the wife of the Revd Cameron J.W. Flad, was buried on 4 February 1902, the ceremony being conducted by A. Alcais, the French pastor. The entry made by her husband in the Register of Burials adds: ‘my dear wife, loving companion & fellow worker during 12 years in Tunis’ (StG: Register of Burials, 16, no. 127). The Revd Flad was born in Abyssinia to German and Scottish parents and worked in Tunis from 1888 until 1914, when his German parentage made his continued presence in Tunis problematical. He was largely responsible for selling St Augustine’s church and raised the funds necessary for building St George’s church, the adjacent residence for the pastor (Church House) at 5 Rue des Protestants, and the school buildings at 4 Place de Poitiers (Rawlinson 2001: 18–21, 23). The latter were acquired by the CMJ in 1915 (BE: notarial document, 15 Jan. 1915).

114. Elizabeth Hoss (1873-1906) The stone is similar to that of Helene Flad’s tomb (no. 113) and is placed at the east end of the same tomb enclosure (pl. 74). The lettering is also Gothic (heights lines 1-4: 3.0 and 1.8cm; lines 5-7: 2.0 and 1.2cm). Elizabeth HOSS geb(oren). in Kornthal den 3 Aug. 1873 gest(orben) in Kram bei Tunis den 1 Aug. 1906

Ob ich schon wanderte im finstern Thal furchle ich kein Ungluck denn du bist bei mir Psalm 23 v4

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis Elizabeth Hoss, born in Kornthal on 3 August 1873, died in Le Kram near Tunis on 1 August 1906. ‘Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me’ [Psalm 23.4]. In line 2, the date appears to read 1893. The form of the 9, however, is not the same as that in line 4 and the year should in any case be 1873. Elizabeth Hoss was evidently the sister of Helene Flad (no. 113) and sisterin-law of the Revd Flad, who added the following note to the record of her burial: ‘daughter of Georg & Marie Hoss, born in Kornthal-Würthemberg Aug. 3d 1873, -- since 1897 mistress in Mission-School’ (StG: Register of Burials, 18, no. 138).

Plate 74. Tombs of Helene Flad née Hoss (1902, no. 113) and Elizabeth Hoss (1906, no. 114)

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DOCUMENTARY APPENDIX

Document 1: Agreement of Five Consuls to Repair the Walls of St George’s Burial Ground (10 July 1804) This document is preserved in the archives of the British Embassy, Tunis. The seals of the respective consuls are attached (cf. Rawlinson 2001: 7). We the undersigned do hereby Certify that the Walls of the Burying ground of St George’s (a place allotted for the interment of the Subjects of the different Protestant Nations who may die in this place) having been in so ruinous a condition as to threaten the lives of people passing by, We have by order of His Excellency the Bay of Tunis been obliged to pull them down, who has further declared to us that if the Walls are not rebuilt, he will appropriate the said ground to his own use. Being thus compelled by His Excellency either to abandon the said Burying ground or to rebuild the Walls, We the undersigned Consuls and Charged with the Affairs of our respective Nations, Do hereby agree that the Walls of the said Burying ground of St George’s shall be rebuilt, and do oblidge ourselves to contribute and pay our equal share of the expenses attendant thereon, the Witness whereof We have hereunto set our Hands and Seals of Office. In Tunis this tenth day of July One Thousand eight hundred four.

○

Henry Clark, Charged with His Britannic Majesty’s Affairs

○ [-.] Frumerie ○ H. Nÿssen, Bataafsche Consul Generaal ○ George David,



Charged with the Affairs of the U. States of America

○ Hölck, Dänisch Consul

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis Document 2: Letter from the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmerston, to the British Consul, Sir Thomas Reade (24 February 1848) This document, a copy of an original in London, is preserved in the archives of the British Embassy, Tunis (BE: Copy of consular correspondance, No. 5). The clerk’s initial error in referring to Lord Salisbury rather than Lord Palmerston suggests that the copy was made in or after the period when Salisbury was foreign secretary between 1878 and 1900 (cf. Roberts 1999: 182–241, 393–581, 604–788). Sir, I am directed by Viscount Palmerston to state to you that His Lordship has received your despatch No 12 of the 30th December last, on the subject of the request which had been preferred to you by the British Protestants residing in Tunis to provide funds to restore the Protestant Burial ground in that city; and I am to state to you that before Lord Palmerston can take the subject of your despatch into consideration it is necessary that you should forward to His Lordship, the names and description of the persons who composed the meeting under the Presidency of Mr Davis, whose resolutions you have sent home. I am further directed by Lord Salisbury Palmerston to instruct you to send to His Lordship a detailed statement respecting the before mentioned Burial ground. You will state to whom the Ground belongs. When it was set apart as a Burial Ground. By whom the ground was granted, and by whom purchased. At whose expense it has been maintained. What is the size of the Ground? Where is it situated? And What is the nature and the probable cost of repairs required. You will add to the foregoing information a plan of the ground, and state how near it is to the city of Tunis.

Document 3: Extracts from the reply of the British Consul, Sir Thomas Reade, to the Foreign Secretary, Lord Palmeston (10 April 1848). This document is preserved in the archives of the British Embassy, Tunis (BE: Extracts from Consular correspondance, No. 10). Sir I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your despatch, Consular No 5, dated 24th Feby. last, directing me to forward more extensive information on the subject of the Resolutions taken at the meeting presided over by Mr Davis respecting the Burial Ground and the Building of a Protestant chapel at Tunis. The Burial Ground is a small square surrounded by a wall within the wall suburbs and immediately adjoining the town of Tunis, anciently granted it must be inferred, for that use by the local government. Inclosure No 1 is a sketch of it. No record exists as to the exact time it was so granted; but both its bearing the name of St. George, as well as the inscriptions which are still legible upon the tombs, concur to make it reasonably concluded that it was destined for the use of the English Protestants dying in this place, more than a century ago. On my first arrival here, I found the burial ground under the care of the British Consulate with the ancient tariff, in virtue of which a fee of five piastres was levied on every merchant ship visiting Tunis for the first time, to defray the expenses consequent on the maintenance of the place. The Greek Priest took care of it, and in the absence of other Protestant Missionaries, officiated at all protestant funerals as he did in other ceremonies.

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Docmentary Appendix Since the new tariff was carried into execution, that priest continued his office without any remuneration, but St Georges burial ground being deprived of its revenue, became every day more deteriorated till now the exterior wall which surrounds it menaces to fall into ruin. The reparation of the wall is what must have been meant by the meeting in their appeal to Protestant Governments, for any extravagant embellishment would be the last thing I should recommend.

Document 4: Burial permit for the interment of Frederick Theodor Jacob (15 November 1882). This document is preserved in the archive of St George’s Church, Tunis (inserted loose into ECM Register). The church registers do not give the age of the child, but record his father, Johann Jacob, as Swiss and employed by the French Railway Company in Tunis. His mother was Anna Maria Tobbmann (StG: ECM Register). Si Certifica che il permesso da questo Consolato Generale dato al Sig. Johann Jacob protetto dal Consolato d’Allemagna per l’interro di un suo figlio nel Cimitero Protestante di San Giorgio. Tunisi, 15 Novembre 1882

○



Thos. [-]. Shach. Agente e Console Generale

Io qui sottoscritto dichiaro che l’interro fu eseguito il 16 Novembre 1882 alle ore 10 Antimeritiane Il Custode del Cimitero Domenico Forinovi

Document 5: Memorandum from M. Alfred Chapelié to the British Government, 30 November 1890. This document is preserved in the archives of the British Embassy, Tunis. Note Sur le Cimetière de St Georges Tunis Il y a 250 ans environ, que le Gouvt Tunisien a concédé à titre gracieux au Gouvt Anglais un terrain situé à Tunis près de la porte dite de Carthage pour servir de champ de repos aux protestants que le sort ferait mourir en Tunisie. Le cimetière, depuis cette époque a toujours été affecté à cet usage exclusif; les protestants de toutes nationalités y ont toujours été inhumés gratuitemt , le terrain leur a toujours été donné pour rien et à perpétuité; aucune fosse commune n’y a jamais été établie et les tombes les plus anciennes portent la date de l’année 1643. L’administration de ce lieu de repos a toujours appartenu au Gouvernt Anglais; ses Consuls ont souvent 145

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis délégué un ou plusieurs membres de la communauté protestante de Tunis pour veiller à sa conservation et à l’entretien de ses murs et de ses tombes; c’est ainsi que M Tulin, consul de Suède, et après lui M Chapelié, banquier Français, ont été chargés de ce soin pendant plus de 30 années chacun. Les frais d’entretien et de réparations ont été couvertes au moyen d’une subvention annuelle de 5 liv(res) Sterling accordée par le Gouvt Britannique et par les collectes faites parmi les protestants de Tunis. Le Gouvernt des E.U. d’Amérique y a même contribué à plusieurs reprises. Les inhumations y étaient effectués avec le concours du ministre anglicain, le seul existant à Tunis depuis 1834, puis à défaut par le Pape Grec qui y vint plus tard; elles étaient sans doute présidées avant cette période soit par le consul anglais lui même soit par les chapelains en bâtiments de guerre qui se trouvaient souvent sur la rade de la Goulette. Enfin en 1881 un’aumonier militaire Français, M le Pasteur Durmoyer, établi aujourd’hui à Tunis vint apporter son concours fraternel à ses collègues. Les céremonies d’inhumation y étaient faites gratuitemt comme je l’ai dit plus haut et le terrain concédé pour rien et à perpétuité, de sorte que les protestants qui mouraient à Tunis, à quelle nationalité qu’ils appartenissent, riches ou malheureux, étaient tous, sans distinction, enterrés de la même façon dans un lieu consacré et sûr et avaient la suprême consolation, en quittant la vie, de savoir que leur corps reposerait en paix à l’abri de toute profanation. Cet état de choses dura jusqu’au jour où le clergé Catholique de Tunis qui, jusque là, s’était chargé du service des enterrrements de son culte, ne trouvant plus de convenance matérielle à s’en occuper, crut n’avoir rien de mieux à faire, pour s’en débarrasser, que de proposer à la municipalité Tunisienne de lui céder ce service et cela sans consulter personne. Celle ci alléchée par l’espoir d’une augmentation de revenus et visant à la centralisation de tous les services entre ses mains, accepta avec empressement. Elle prit possession, moyennant certaines compensations (sans nul doute profitables à l’Eglise) des terrains que le Cardinal Lavigérie venait d’acquérir hors de la ville à un prix très modique et inaugura aussitôt un nouveau système qui, dans son idée, devait lui procurer des bénéfices considérables là où ses prédécesseurs n’avaient trouvé que de la perte. A cet effet elle fit établir des fosses communes, chose inconnue jusqu’ici en Tunisie et taxa le terrain pour les concessions perpétuelles à un chiffre si exhorbitant qu’il en est absolument prohibitif. It suffisa de dire que, bien que les champs contigus à ce cimetière ne vaillent pas plus de 10. à 15 centîmes par mètre carré, la municipalité exige des taux de 200. à 3000. piastres par mètre suivant les quantités demandées par les familles, de sorte qu’un carré de huit mètres de côté reviendrait à la somme insensée de 109.450. piastres, le qui éqivaut evidemment à une prohibition absolue de l’établissement de caveaux de famille, chose cependant admise partout. Encouragé par le silence des contribuables, la municipalité sous des prétextes de salubrité publique inderdit toute inhumation autre part que dans le cimetière devenu municipal; elle désaffecta le cimetière protestant ainsi que le Grec et voulut par ce moyen faire converger tous les enterrements dans le sien. Elle tenta d’en faire autant avec les Israëlites, mais ceux ci se révoltèrent; une manifestation très hostile et très sérieuse eut lieu contre cette mesure vexatoire et la municipalité dût abandonner son projet. On permit aux juifs d’aller s’établir où ils le voudraient et de conserver leur administration privée comme par le passé. Quant aux protestants, la municipalité qui les avait privés de toute protection directe, maintient ses prétentions à leur égard et exige qu’ils soient inhumés dans le cimetière municipal au[x] conditions draconiennes indiquées plus haut. Cette prétention inique, avancée dans un but évident de spéculation, constitue une violation flagrante du privilège accordé depuis une si longue pérode au Gouvernemt Britannique en faveur de ses sujets et de ses coreligionnaires étrangers. Le Cimetière de Saint Georges n’est pas au tiers plein et si l’on tient compte du nombre insignifiant d’inhumations qui y ont lieu annuellement, il faudrait encore cent années peut être pour le remplir. Ce serait donc une suprême injustice que de vouloir arracher, dans un but inavouable, à la communauté protestante, un droit qu’elle tient de la sollicitude du Gouvernemt Anglais, dont elle jouit depuis deux siècles et demi et dont la possession est consacré[e] par un si long usage. En somme, et si l’on tenait compte des prétentions de la municipalité, un anglais dénué de ressources, mourant à Tunis et ayant le droit indiscutable d’être inhumé gratuitement dans un tombeau concédé à perpétuité et placé dans un cimetière consacré offrant toutes les garanties de securité, de conservation et d’entretien, se verrait

146

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Docmentary Appendix dépouillé de ce privilège; son corps serait réclamé par la municipalité et jetté dans la fosse commune de son cimetière où il subirait le triste sort de ceux qui y sont placés, et cela parceque personne n’aurait acquitté la taxe énorme et arbitraire qu’elle réclame pour enterrer les corps d’une façon respectable. Il suffit de signaler ce fait à l’attention et à la bienveilleuse sollicitude du Gouvernt Britannique et de son digne représentant pour être assurés d’avance qu’ils n’hésiteront pas à défendre la cause de leurs coreligionnaires de Tunis. Ceux ci croient fermem[ent] qu’en se basant d’ailleurs sur les termes mêmes de la loi Française qui régit ces matières en Tunisie, ils pourront obtenir sans difficulté du Gouv t Tunisien la concession d’un terrain au moins égal en étendue, situé dans un endroit convenable et clos des murs, aux mêmes conditions administratives que celui dont on lui interdit l’usage; c’est à dire que l’administration en sera remise comme par le passé, au représentant de la Grande Bretagne qui l’administrera soit lui même, soit par délégation par les membres de la colonie protestante et aux frais de la communauté en tenant compte, naturellement, de tous les règlements d’hygiène & de police édictés par l’administration Tunisienne à ce sujet. Tunis 30. novembre 1890.

147

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148

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EPIGRAPHIC APPENDIX

Tombstone of Mathieu Maximilien Prosper De Lesseps (1774–1832) The tombstone is preserved in the former garden of the Pères Blancs on the Byrsa hill in Carthage, now part of the Carthage Museum. It is a plain slab of white marble, with lettering carved in capitals of uniform height (pl. 75).





Ici repose la dépouille mortelle de Mathieu Maximilien Prosper Dé Lesseps, consul genéral et chargé d’affaires de France a Tunis, officier de l’ordre royal de la Légion d’Honneur, chevalier des ordres de S Joseph de Toscane et de Danebrog, né a Hambourg le 4 mars 1774 : et décédé a Tunis le 28 décembre 1832. Il vivra toujours dans le coeur de sa veuve et de ses enfans qui pleurent en lui le meilleur des époux et le plus tendre des peres. et dans la mémoire des gens de bien dont il fut le modèle Priez pour le repos de son âme

5

10 13

Here lie the mortal remains of Mathieu Maximilien Prosper Dé Lesseps, consul-general and chargé d’affaires of France in Tunis, officer of the Royal Order of the Legion of Honour, knight of the Orders of St Joseph of Tuscany and of the Danebrog [Danish national flag], born in Hamburg on 4 March 1774, and deceased in Tunis on 28 December 1832. He will live forever in the hearts of his widow and of his children, who mourn in him the best of husbands and the most tender of fathers, and in the memory of upright people, of which he was the model. Pray for the repose of his soul! The text is placed below a coat-of-arms and above the symbol of a serpent biting its own tail, representing eternity (cf. Burgess 1963: 182–3). Mathieu De Lesseps was French consul in Tunis at the time of his death. From 1828 he had been assisted by his son, the engineer Ferdinand De Lesseps, acting as assistant vice-consul; but in 1832 Ferdinand De Lesseps was appointed vice-consul in Alexandria, from which post he was promoted to consul in Cairo, where he subsequently developed his plans for the construction of the Suez Canal. An inscription in the now demolished chapel of St Louis, which was built in the garden of the Pères Blancs between 1841 and 1845, recorded that it was at the request of Ferdinand that Cardinal Lavigerie granted permission for his father’s body to be interred inside it (Guides Bleus 1923: 350). It is uncertain therefore whether the tombstone should be dated to 1832 or c.1841–5.

149

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis

Plate 75. Tombstone of Mathieu Maximilien Prosper De Lesseps (1832), in the former garden of the Pères Blancs, Carthage 150

Tunis Book V2.indb 150

12/06/2008 16:10:37

FAMILY TREES

151

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis .. RONLING m.

Olof [30]

Maria Bengdts [32]

(1681 - 1764)

(1691 - 1766)

Swedish Consul

Jacob [25]

Anna Maria [20] (1727 - 45)

(1716 - 58)

Jonas [33] (1731 - 68)

m.

Catharina Ferrari

1. Family tree of the Rönling family

GIBSON John [51]

m.

(1779/80 - 1833) British Vice-Consul

..

Elise Anne [73] m. H. Nyssen (1801 - 58)

Elizabeth Knapp [70] (1781/2 - 1855)

John Knapp [59]

Dutch CG

Philadelphia

(1810 - 43)

(1814 -

Anne [65] m. Col. Szczepanowski

(1820 - 50)

)

Marie Szczepanowski [65a] (1847 - 9)

2. Family tree of the Gibson family

READE m.

Col. Sir Thomas [63]

Lady Reade

(1782/3 - 1849) British CG (1826 - 49)

Thomas (1829 -

Agnes [48] )

(1830 - 31)

British CG (1879 - 85) ? Richard

? Mary

m.

W. Kirby Green British Vice-Consul

Godfather to [84]

Mary Agnes Margaret Green [84] (1870 - 71)

3. Family tree of the Reade family 152

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Tunis Book V2.indb 153

m.

)

m.

(1860)

)

(1834 -

)

Laura Costa

Venetian Consul in Durazzo

(1862 -

)

(1799/1800 - 1835)

Matilda T. [53]

m.

(1843 - 7)

Hilda

m.

Margaret [36]

(Italian VC at La Calle)

Giovanni Battista Macchiavelli

(1781 - 1825)

Angelina Capriata [45]

(b. & d. 1759)

(1735/6 - 76)

George Robert G.

(5th Jan 1875)

Richard Alexander Heap T. [62]

Florence Josephine

Margaret Heap

4. Family tree of the Gordon and Tulin families

(1861 -

Ida Theresa Marguerita Laura

CG for Sweden & Russia (1865) German Consul (1870)

(1837 -

Charles T. (de la Tunisie)

(c. 1812 - ) Swedish CG

Gustav Adolph T.

?

(1791 - 1857)

(1781 - 1853) US CG

Margaret T. [72] m. Samuel Davis Heap [67]

(1756/7 - 1831)

(1789/90 - 1832) Swedish CG

(1747/8 - 1808) Swedish CG

Margaret G. [49] m. Joseph Capriata

Charles T. [50]

(1753/4 - 1836)

Susan G. [55] m. Charles T. [40]

(d. 1765) British Consul

Charles Gordon [31]

GORDON & TULIN

(1797)

(French diplomat)

Matilda G. [53] m. Alexandre Allois Herculais

Family trees

153

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Tunis Book V2.indb 154

(1878)

Dr. D.P. Heap

(1867 - 8)

(1828 - 1908)

(1837 - 1928)

(1888)

Sarah Elizabeth Houston

(1843 - 7)

(1879 - 1932)

George Louis

Richard Alexander Heap Tulin [62]

(1878 - 1956)

son

Louis John Alfred

(1828 - 48)

Charles Ferriere m. Susan Angelina Matilda H. [63]

Mathilde Blanche m. Thomas Corbett Alexander (1869 - 1928) Oldham Smith

m.

(1861)

(1795 - 1879)

Marie Therese [102]

German Consul (1870)

(1837 - ) CG for Sweden & Russia (1865)

Charles Tulin (de la Tunisie)

Louis Henri Alfred

m.

Christine Therese Leonie [79]

(1790 - 1854)

Louis Antoine [68]

?

(1762 - 1844)

Jacques Henri [60]

(1791 - 1857)

Margaret Tulin [72]

Swedish CG

CHAPELIE

[--------] & Gap

(Son of Pierre Aubert & Josephine Comte)

m.

Gustav Adolph Tulin m. Margaret H.

Emma m. Clement Aubert C. E.

Robert Antoine Edouard [88]

6. Family tree of the Chapelié family

(1863 - 6)

Marie Therese Leonie [76]

(1866 - 73)

(b. & d. 1845)

Samuel Harris H. [61]

5. Family tree of the Heap family

(1867 - 74)

Gwynne Harris Heap [93]

US CG

Josephine Price m.(2) Gwynne Harris H. m.(1) Evelina Cora

(1781 - 1853) US CG

Samuel Davis H. [67]

HEAP An Expatriate Community in Tunis

154

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Tunis Book V2.indb 155

)

)

)

(1873 - 9)

m.

)

Gaston Jean Amedie Delasson (1880 -

?

(1882 -

)

(1858/9 - 75)

Leon Cornu [97]

Paul Jean Amedie Delasson

Clarisse Adelaide A. Cornu

Elisa Texier

m. Jean Mifsud

(1880)

Louis Cornu

Aemelie Marie Louise Cornu

Gabrielle Amelie Claudine Delasson [103]

(1850/1 -

m. Ismerie Francoise Cornu

7. Family tree of the Delasson and Cornu families

(1872 -

Charles Edouard Leon Louis Delasson

(1835/6 -

Henri Alphonse Delasson

Charles Modeste Delasson m. Gabrielle Loddi (?)

DELASSON & CORNU

Family trees

155

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156

Tunis Book V2.indb 156

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TABLES

157

Tunis Book V2.indb 157

12/06/2008 16:10:38

Tunis Book V2.indb 158

John ARCHER

Anna Maria RÖNLING

Richard LAWRENCE

Christopher KEEN

Betty KIFF

Franci[s E]RTECA

Iacob RÖNLING

Ludolf HAMMEKEN

George Robert GORDON

Iacob HANSEN

Andreas HERTMANN

Olof RÖNLING

Charles GORDON

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

John GODDARD

13.

20.

André SÉ[R]RÉ

12.

19.

Theophilus BARRINGTON

11.

Elizabeth LAWRENCE

Rosslif ANDRESEN

10.

18.

William HULL

9.

Thomas THOMSON

Henry VEASY

8.

Thomas LAWRENCE

Iohannes DE WERT

7.

17.

Dominico PORTUGESE

6.

16

Richard LEAR

5.

Henri SÉRRÉ

Barnabas HOLDIN

4.

Anon.

(Thomas) CAMPION

3.

15.

William HAINES

2.

14.

Samuel [W]EBBE

1.

5/9.12. 1681

19.3.1759

4.11.1696

(1716)

(1670/1)

(1675-6)

(1723/4)

29.10.1668

2.4.1727

22.1.1707

(1672/3)

(1686/7)

(7.3.1669)

(1657/8)

(1641/2)

(1626/7)

1765

25.2.1764

11.6.1763

2.1.1762

3.5.1759

1.5.1759

24.3.1758

20.10.1756 os

25.7.1756

21.1.1754

27.6.1750

21.9.1745

22.7.1734

8/19.6.1732

18c.

9.7.1717 ns

23.7.1714

Early 18c.

9.7.1711

10.1.1690

10.8.1679

24.2.1675

22.7.1673

28.10.1668

21.4.1668

7.6.1667

23.4.1663

13/23.12.1661

1.10.1661

19.11.1649

6.10.1648

(82.2)

1.0

62.5

41.4

85

80

30

81.8

18.5

(27.6)

59

30

42.4

21

26

21

Britain

Sweden, b. Stockholm

Sweden, b. Stockholm

Norway, Arendal

(Britain)

Norway, b. Bergen

Sweden

(Britain), b. Tangiers

(Britain), b. Tangiers

(Britain)

Britain, b. near Truro

Sweden, b. London

Britain, Scarborough

Britain

(Britain)

Britain

France, Marseilles

England

France, Mérindol

England, b. Essex

Denmark, b. Copenhagen

(England)

(England)

Sweden, b. Stockholm

Portugal?

England

(England)

(England)

England

England

Note: Information in brackets is deduced from the other information on the stone or derived from other sources. Age No Name Birth Death Origin (y.m)

Table 1: Summary of information on the gravestones

Consul

Consul

Consul’s chancellor

Captain

s. of Consul

Consul of Nor./Den.

(s. of Consul)

Seaman

Consul

d. of Consul

Seaman

s. of Consul

(consul?)

b. of Consul

Consul

Sea captain

Surgeon

Consul’s chancellor

Sea captain

Consul

Merchant

Merchant

Profession

(f. of 27, 49 & 55; h. of 36)

f. of33, (20 & 25; h. of 32)

(s. of 31 & 36, b. of 49 & 55)

(s. of 30 & 32, b. of 20 & 33)

(b. of 16 & 18)

d. of (30 &) 32, (s. of 25 & 33)

s. of 21 (& 16)

b. of (18 &) 21

rel. of 12?

rel. of 15?

Relationships

An Expatriate Community in Tunis

158

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Tunis Book V2.indb 159

Maria SWENSON

Maria Elizabeth SWENSON

Margaret GORDON

James TRAILL Maria Louise Henriette HOLCK James DODGE

Charles TULIN

34.

35.

36.

37.

40.

(10.5.1824)

6.10.1830

(1756/7)

(1799/1800)

(1807/8)

3.1.1845

2.12.1843

Henry Theophilus Alexander CROWE

Angelina CAPRIATA

Clemence BINEAU

Jane MAZIERE

Agnes READE

Margaret CAPRIATA (née GORDON)

Charles TULIN

John GIBSON

Amand BINEAU

Matilda TULIN

Angélique Caroline Hilaire BINEAU (née GLÖERFELT)

Susan GORDON TULIN

Edward DE BERNER

Ferninand William EWALD

Henry Emanuel LONDON

John KNAPP GIBSON

Jacques Henri CHAPELIÉ

Samuel Harris HEAP

Richard Alexander HEAP TULIN

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

14.7.1762

4.6.1810

25.7.1798

11.8.1837

23.5.1803

(1753/4)

(1788/9)

(1779/80)

(1789/90)

24.5.1829

1.6.1827

22.11.1781

(1776/7)

Jean FUZIER

(1782/3)

13.3.1789

(1747/8)

(1771/2)

6.1.1806

(1721/2)

(1735/6)

30.10.1763

(1735/6)

4/10.8. 1691 (1730/1)

43.

42.

41.

39.

Gulielma Josepha GIERLEW (née HOLSTEN) Frederick Christian DE HOLSTEN

Ionas RÖNLING

33.

38.

Maria Bengdts RÖNLING

32.

27.11.1847

13.2.1845

26.10.1844

3.1843

28.12.1840

11.6.1839

5.9.1837

20.11.1836

31.7.1836

23.2.1835

22.2.1833

1.1833

7.6.1832

12.11.1831

24.10.1831

4.9.1830

18.7.1828

10.12.1825

23.6.1825

27.5.1823

31.10.1816

6.6.1812

8.10.1808

22.10.1806

17.1.1806

8.10.1787

6.4.1776

14.11.1770

21.6.1770

5.5.1768

23.1.1766

3.11

0.1.10

82.3

32.9

42.5

1.10

34.3

82

28

35

44

53

42

74

(1.0)

(1.3)

(1.1)

(44)

1.1.13

46

33

(23.2)

60

34

11 days

65

40

(7.0)

34

37

(74.5)

(Sweden)

(US, b. Tunis)

France, b. Marseilles

England, b. Ross, Hereford

(Britain)

(Britain)

Denmark, b. Helsingor

Britain

(France?)

Sweden

(France?)

Britain

Sweden

(Britain)

Britain (b. Tunis)

(b. Tunis)

(France, b. Tunis)

Venice, b. Venice

England (b. Tunis)

France, b. St.-Affrique

Denmark, b. Copenhagen Denmark, b. Copenhagen

Sweden

US

Denmark

Britain

(Britain)

(Sweden)

(Sweden)

Sweden, b. London

Alingsås, Sweden

(gs. of Consul?)

(gs. of Consul?)

s. of Vice-Consul

Missionary

Consul-General

w. of Swedish Consul-General

d. of Consul

Director of Bey’s gunpowder

Vice Consul

Consul-General

d. of Consul-General

s. of Vice-Consul

Merchant

Naval officer (centurio)

w. of Consul-General

Consul-General

Chargé d’Affaires

d. of Consul-General

Agent & Consul-General

w. of Consul

s. of Consul

w. of Consul

(gs. of 67 & 72?)

(gs. of 67 & 72?)

s. of 51 (& 70, b. of 65 & 73)

w. of 39 (d. of 31 & 36, s. of 27 & 49; m. of 50 & 53)

w. of 52 (m. of 46?)

d. of 39 (& 55, s. of 50)

(h. of 54; f. of 46?)

(h. of 70, f. of 59, 65 & 73)

(s. of 39 & 55, b. of 53)

(d. of 31 & 36, s. of 27 & 55, m. of 45)

d. of 64

(d. of 52 & 54?)

d. of 49

(b. of 69?)

b. of 41

s. of 42

(h. of 55, f. of 50 & 53)

w. of 31 (m. of 27, 49 & 55)

(d. of 34?)

(m. of 35?)

s. of 30 (& 32; b. of 20 & 25)

(w. of 30; m. of 20, 25) & 33

Tables

159

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Tunis Book V2.indb 160

5.9.1808

John Howard PAYNE

Samuel Davies HEAP

Louis Antoine CHAPELIÉ

William CROWE

Elizabeth KNAPP GIBSON

Rev. E.A. PAGE

Margaret HEAP

Élise Anne NŸSSEN (née GIBSON)

Elizabeth Laura FENNER

Augustina Alice FENNER

Henry Stanhope FREEMAN

65a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

74a.

75.

1.6.1873 8.6.1873

John ALMA Mary Agnes Margaret GREEN Frederick GREEN

George Harry GREEN

Marie Jeanne RIBET

Richard Henri RIBET

J. Giovanni SCHREPFER

Robert Antoine Édouard CHAPELIÉ

85a.

86.

86a.

87.

88.

85.

84.

20.10.1866

(8.4.1870)

18.1.1837

(1.1866)

(1.1872)

6.1.1870

(17.8.1842)

11.4.1873

9.12.1872

12.6.1874

22.9.1872

9.7.1871

2.5.1871

29.4.1871

13.12.1870

83.

(1865)

6.9.1813

Ernest Walter RONALDS

5.11.1870

7.10.1868

7.6.1868

Wilke Iacobs WILKENS

6.1868

20.12.1867

(1823/4)

1.6.1866

12.4.1866

7.4.1865

25.6.1874

30.10.1862

10.10 1858

2.12.1857

1.9.1856

7.10.1855

8.12.1854

16.8.1854

2.10.1853

9.4.1852

82.

Christine Thérèse Léonie CHAPELIÉ Louis Ernest FRIEDLANDER

Polycarp NEVIS

(15.10.1826)

17.7.1863

8.3.1836

(27.7.1865)

(11.11.1861)

(1816/17)

(1781/2)

23.10.1819

11.8.1790

8.10.1781

9.6.1791

9.11.1849

10.12.1850

29.6.1849

19.1.1848

81.

80.

79.

78.

77.

76.

16.8.1791

Marie SZCZEPANOWSKI

65.

Marie Thérèse Léonie CHAPELIÉ. Jules Émile Pulcherie MAUREL

11.8.1820

Anne SZCZEPANOWSKI (née GIBSON)

17.6.1847

(1782/3)

Col. Sir Thomas READE

64.

7.1828

Susan Angelina Matilda FERRIERE (née HEAP)

63.

(6.7)

3

35.10

8.5

0.9

1.6

28.8

5(.6)

57.3

2.5

0.9

44

(39.7)

2.8

29.1

9

0.11

50.1

66.3

39

73

35.1

64.0

(69.11)

60.10

2.4

(30.4)

66

19.6

(France), b. Tunis

(Switzerland)

(Italy)

(Italy)

Britain (b. La Goulette)

Britain (b. La Goulette)

(Britain, b. Tunis)

(US)

(US)

Holland

Britain, b. Manchester

(France, b. Tunis)

(Gibraltar)

France, b. Vernon, Eure

(France,) b. Tunis

Britain

Britain

Britain, (b. Tunis)

Britain, b. Ross, Hereford

US, b. Baltimore

Britain

Britain, b. Englefield, Berks.

Britain

France, b. Marseilles

US US, b. Carlisle PA

(France?)

Britain, b. Boulogne

Britain

(US)

(s. of banker & merchant)

d. of Vice-Consul

(Seaman)

Seaman

(d. of banker & merchant)

(Missionary assistant)

(d. of banker & merchant)

Governor of Lagos

d. of Missionary

d. of Missionary

w. of Dutch Consul-General

w. of Consul

Missonary

w. of Vice-Consul

Vice-Consul at Susa

(Merchant)

Consul General

d. of Vice-Consul

Consul-General

(gs. of 68 & 102; b. of 76 & 79)

s. of 86; (cousin of 107)

m. of 86a

(b. of 85)

(b. of 85a)

(gd. or ggd. of 64?)

(gd. of 68 & 102; s. of 76 & 88)

(gd. of 68 & 102; s. of 79 & 88)

d. of 94, (s. of 74)

d. of 94, (s. of 74a)

d. of 51 and 70 (s. of 59 & 65)

w. of 67

w. of 51, (m. of 59, 65 & 73)

(b. of 44?)

(h. of 102; gf. of 76, 79 & 88)

(h. of 72; f. of 63)

d. of 65

d. of 51 & 70, (s. of 59 & 73), m. of 65a

f. of 48

d. of 67 & 72

An Expatriate Community in Tunis

160

12/06/2008 16:10:39

Tunis Book V2.indb 161

(1848/9)

4.12.1871

Matthew Charles LEGALLAIS

Ernest Philip LEGALLAIS

Gwynne Harris HEAP Jr

Rev. William FENNER

Constantin FROHNAUER

Anders Iohan EGNELL

Léon CORNU

Henri Lucien BIGNENS

William FLETCHER

Anna Edith PERKINS

Italo Carl’Alberto BELLINZONI

Henry Howard HAYLOCK

Marie Thérèse CHAPELIÉ Gabrielle Amélie DE LASSON Angelina Emma GIANINOTTI Louise Emma GIANINOTTI

George W. HAMILTON

Ivy Clement SMITH

Jean Jacques CONSTANTIN

Arthur Gordon S. BARKER

92a.

92b.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

97a.

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.

104a.

105.

106.

107.

108.

Louisa Deodate INVERSIN

Jules César GATTERRE

Helene FLAD (née HOSS)

Elizabeth HOSS

111.

112.

113.

114.

110.

109.

104.

Claire Adélaide ROQUEMAURE-MURAIRE (née AUGUET) Edward Algernon LOFFET HOLDEN

(12.1865)

Lilias Jane LEGALLAIS

92.

103.

(11.1870)

George Herbert DAVIES

91.

3.8.1873

30.5.1866

20.4.1847

5.7.1867

12.2.1862

(1842/3)

26.7.1871

7.11.1861

(8.1879)

20.4.1881

5.10.1879

1.6.1873

20.2.1795

(1847)

23.12.1827

15.7.1881

(1858/9)

14.8.1811

29.8.1874

31.1.1831

20.8.1867

(7.1868)

(29.9.1865)

(1849/50)

Frank RITCHIE

90.

(10/11.1869)

Sarah Ann SLEIGHTHOLME

89.

1.8.1906

2.2.1902

3.8.1885

12.6.1885

24.5.1885

5.10.1884

2.6.1884

17.4.1884

1.2.1880

26.1.1880

10.6.1881

10.11.1879

14.6.1879

22.5.1879

22.11.1878

25.2.1877

12.1876

6.5.1876

19.2.1882

24.9.1875

6.8.1875

23.1.1875

22.7.1874

7.6.1874

24.12.1877

16.4.1874

26.3.1874

11.2.1874

14.11.1873

11.7.1873

32.11

35.8

38.3

17.11

23.3

41

12.10

22.5

0.4

0.1

0.1

6.0

84.3

31

5.2

27

48.5

0.7

16

63.11

0.4

44.5

6.9

9.5

8.4

3.4

(8.4)

23

3.8

Germany, b. Kornthal Würthemberg Germany, b. Kornthal Würthemberg

France, b. Barisi

(Switzerland), b. Annecy

(Britain)

France

(Britain), b. Damascus

Italy, b. Aymaras, Turin

Britain

(Britain?)

(Italy), b. Tunis

(Italy), b. Tunis

(France)

France, b. Marseilles

(Britain, Norfolk)

Italy, b. Florence

(Britain)

Britain, b. Aberlady, E. Lothian

b. Tunis

(France)

Sweden, b. Edscapell

Britain, b. London

US, b. Paris

Jersey, C.I.

Jersey, C.I.

Jersey, C.I.

(Britain)

Ireland, Belfast

Britain

(sister-in-law of Missionary)

(w. of Missionary)

Army canteen lady

(s. of engineer)

d. of Bengal Army doctor

(Steward) on yacht

(d. of railway contractor)

(d. of railway contractor)

(w. of merchant)

(Engine driver)

Master of the Arsenal

(s. of engineer)

Doctor

Missionary

s. of Consul General

(s. of station master)

(s. of station master)

(d. of station master)

(s. of engineer)

(cousin of 86a)

(niece of 97)

(w. of 68; gm. of 76, 79 & 88)

(uncle of 103)

(f. of 74 & 74a)

(gs. of 67 & 72)

Tables

161

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Tunis Book V2.indb 162

Johann Franz SCHREPFER

John PHILLIPS

Albert BAKER

William RICHARDS

Rachel LUNAISTRE

Thomas VARDON

Nancy Theresa HAUGHBÖRG

William CRABB

William HARRIS

Emil Alexis RAIBLE

Jean FLETCHER

117.

118.

119.

120.

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

127.

Nicola IOANNIS

François Louis CHAMBERY

Thomas Henry VARDON

Jeanne Louisa GOLAY

Fiordiligi DAINOTTE

Alceste DAINOTTE

130.

131.

132.

133.

134.

135.

129.

François Georges Frederic Victor CHESEAUX Elizabeth LANFRANCO (née SMITH)

Augustus PAYEN

116.

128.

Friederick Wilhelm MICHAILOVITZ

115.

6.2.1882

7.8.1880

18.9.1834

(1833/4)

1833

1826

1829

(7.1873)

(1839/40)

(1844/5)

31.3.1835

27.2.1864

24.5.1882 (23.5.1882) 14.7.1882 (13.7.1882) 22.7.1882 (same day)

8.8.1881

22.9.1880

12.12.1879 (buried in Greek cemy)

18.3.1879

4.10.1878

14.8.1878

25.6.1878

16.2.1878

25.6.1877

31.12.1876

24.12.1875

15.1.1875

18.2.1874

22.9.1872

24.6.1872

15.3.1872

5.3.1868

27.10.1864 (same day)

0.3

1.0

36.0

45

45

52

(48)

(0.1)

1.5

32

27

36.11

0.8

Switzerland

Jersey

Switzerland, b. Bremblens, Canton de Vaud

Montenegro

Switzerland, b. Paudez, Canton de Vaud

(Britain)

Switzerland

England

England, Exeter

Jersey

Jersey

England, Plymouth

England, Brighton

England, b. Brighton

Switzerland Switzerland, Kerenzen, Canton Glarus

Note: Information in brackets is deduced from the information in the Registers or derived from other sources. Buried Age No. Name Birth Origin (Died) (y. m)

Confectioner

Plate-layer, Tunis Railway Co.

Homeopathic doctor

Sailor

Carpenter, Tunis Railway Co. Engine driver, Tunis Railway Co.

Profession

d. of Guiseppe Pilade Dainotte, teacher in CMJ school, and Catarina di Vita d. of Guiseppe Pilade Dainotte, teacher in CMJ school, and Catarina di Vita

s. of Thomas Peter Vardon & Eleonora Accardi

widow of Jean Baptiste Lanfranco

widow of W. Fletcher [98]

d. of Ralph and Lorenza Haugh-Börg

widow of John de la Perselte and wife of Mr Wilkinson s. of Thomas Peter Vardon & Eleonora Accardi

Died of smallpox

buried in family tomb in RC cemetery

illegitimate son of Nicolaus Michailovitz of Neustadt, Hungary, and Rosalie Pertschke of Posen, Prussia

Relationships, etc.

Table 2: Burials recorded in the Church Registers (1860-85) for which there are no surviving gravestones An Expatriate Community in Tunis

162

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Tunis Book V2.indb 163

Marie Louise Aline BOISSET

Laurentine FAVEL

Marietta Miraglio APERTI

Giorgio CRASSACOPULO

Giovanni SOTIVOPULO

Charles Étienne NURDEN (or NÜRTIN)

Oskar GEISSLER

Felix B. ASPLET

Christian BOURKY

Guillaume Joseph CAILLAT

Patrick Henderson STEWART

139.

140.

141.

142.

143.

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

149.

8.8.1885

6.8.1885

21.7.1885

13.11.1884 (11.11.1884) 15.6.1885 (14.6.1885)

3.11.1884

2.2.1884 (31.1.1884) 6.8.1884 (buried in Greek cemy) 10.8.1884 (buried in Greek cemy)

28.11.1883

17.11.1883

39

27

40.0

45

34

(31.8)

4

(35.6)

child

Scotland, Glasgow

Switzerland

Switzerland, ?Brenzikofen

b. Jamaica

Greece, Tripolizza

Greece, ?Nupera

Italy, Cunéo, Piedmont

Rouen, France

Algeria, Oran

Bavaria, b. Kandel

Switzerland

died of sunstroke; s. of James and Agnes Stewart

s. of John Bourky

s. of Felix and Jane Asplet

s. of Aug. M. & Hermine Geissler

s. of Domenique Nurden & Susan Levos

d. of Antonio and Marianna Aperti

d. of Theophile Boisset, French pastor at Belisaire, Oran

s. of Carl Balmer & Eva Maria Stroken

s. of Iohann Jacob, employee of French Railway in Tunis, & Anna Maria Tobbmann

The Roman Catholic church registers also record the interments of Peter (1756/59) and Francesca Hammeken (1759/1826), children of the Danish consul, Ludolf Hammeken (no. 26), and three Danish slaves (1756/1826) (Ladjili 1974: 251).

(1845/6)

(1857/8)

17.10.1844

(1838/9)

(1849/50)

13.3.1852

(1878/9)

Karl Louis BALMER

138.

26.5.1883

4.2.1883

Alexandre Antoine Ollaignier PEYRONEL

137.

19.7.1847

16.11.1882

Frederick Theodor JACOB

136.

Tables

163

12/06/2008 16:10:40

An Expatriate Community in Tunis Table 3: Numbers of interments compared by nationality and date 1640s–1799

1800–59

1860–85

21 51.22 2 4.88 9 21.95 6 14.63

14 38.89 7 19.44 4 11.11 4 11.11

32 38.55 21 25.30 1 1.20

Switzerland

-

-

USA

-

Italy

-

Germany

-

-

Norway

2 4.88

-

-

2

Greece

-

-

2

Portugal

1 2.44

2 2.41

-

-

1

Holland

-

-

Montenegro

-

-

Jamaica

-

-

Totals %

41 100.00

36 100.00

Britain France Sweden Denmark

6 16.67 1 2.78

11 13.25 3 3.61 7 8.43 3 3.61

1 1.20 1 1.20 1 1.20 83 99.96

Totals 67 30 14 10 11 9 8 3

1 1 1 160

Note: These figures include 2 Greeks and 1 Montenegran buried in the Greek cemetery, 1 Swiss buried in the RC cemetery, and 2 Germans buried at St George’s after 1885.

164

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Tables Table 4: Age at death for males and females, compared by date Age 0–5 5–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90

1640–1799 M F 1 4 3 2 2 3 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1800–1859 M F 4 6 4 1 5 1 1

5 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

1860–1885 M F 10 8 2 7 9 6 2 1 -

11 2 1 1 3 2 1 1

Table 5: Month of death (males and females combined) Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

1640s–1799 5 2 1 3 3 5 6 1 1 5 2 1

1800–1859 3 3 1 1 1 5 2 1 3 8 4 5

1860–1885 3 8 4 6 6 14 7 8 4 5 9 7

Totals 11 13 6 10 10 24 15 10 8 18 15 13

165

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UNPUBLISHED SOURCES St George’s Church, Tunis (StG): English Mission Church in Tunis. The Revd. William Fenner, British Chaplain. [Register of services, including baptisms, confirmations, marriages, and funerals, 1860–1898] (EMC Register). Register of Baptisms [1860–1995]. Register of Burials in the Parish of St Augustine’s and St George’s in Tunis [from 1860]. Register of Marriages in St George’s Church, Tunis, in the Regency of Tunis, North Africa. From 1902 to [1989]. St George’s Cemetery Tunis: Exact Copy of the Inscriptions on the Tombs [undated, probably c.1900]. St George’s Church and Cemetery, Tunis, Trust Deed, 3 June 1971 (with schedule incorporating that of 15 April 1924) [copy]. British Embassy, Tunis (BE): ‘Plan of the Protestant Burying Ground at Tunis situated in the Northeast suburbs of the Town, taken in 1853 by Louis Ferriere, British Vice Consul’. Agreement of 5 Consuls to repair the walls (10 July 1804). Minutes of St George’s Church and Cemetery, Tunis [1923–72]. Miscellaneous copies of consular correspondance [1885–91]. Public Record Office, London (PRO): FO 8. War and Colonial Office. General Correspondance before 1906: Barbary States (1801–36), 14 vols. FO 77. Foreign Office. General Correspondance before 1906: Tunis, series 1 (1770–1837), 30 vols. FO 102. Foreign Office. General Correspondance before 1906: Tunis, series 2 (1838–1896), 265 files and vols. FO 335. Foreign Office. Tunis, Tunisia, French North Africa, … (1669–1911), 205 boxes. FO 339. Foreign Office. Tunis, Tunisia, French North Africa, … (1675–1936), 167 vols. FO 413. Foreign Office: Confidential Print Morocco and North West Africa (1839–1957) RAIL 414/600–873. London, Brighton & South Coast Railway, Staff Records (1837–1936). SP 71. Secretaries of State: State Papers Foreign, Barbary States (1577–1780).

166

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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169

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170

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INDEX

Aberlady (East Lothian, Scotland) 130 Abyssinia 141 Accardi, Antonio 9, 132 Accardi, Eleonora see Vardon Accardi, Marietta see Haylock Ahmad (Hamat) Bey 94 Albania 74 Albi 73 Alcais, A (French pastor) 141 Alexandria 149 Algiers 22, 30, 47 British consuls see Samuel Thomson, Thomas Thomson French consul see Alexandre Allois Herculais Dey 37 Alma, John 9, 15, 114 (no. 83), table 1 Alsingsås (Sweden) 39–40 Andalusians 21 Andresen, Rosslif 7, 11, 13, 27 (no. 10), table 1, pl. 14 Anne (queen of Great Britain) 40 Annecy (Haute-Savoie) 139 Aperti, Antonio 163 Aperti, Marianna 163 Aperti, Marietta Miraglio 163 (no. 141), table 2 Archer, John (mariner) 9, 39 (no. 19), table 1 Archer, Thomas 39 Arendal (Norway) 51 Arles 32 Asplet, Felix 163 Asplet, Felix B. 163 (no. 146), table 2 Asplet, Jane 163 Aubert, Clément 88, fig. 5 Aubert (née Heap), Emma 88, fig. 5 Aubert (née Comte), Josephine fig. 5 Aubert, Pierre fig. 5 Auguet, Claire Adélaide see Rocquemaure-Muraire Austria 105 Avignon 8, 32 Aymaras (les Aimar) 8, 136 Bagnet, Jérémie and Claude 36 Bagradas see Mejerda Baker, Albert (engine driver) 9, 15, 116, 162 (no. 119), table 2 Baker, Francis (English consul) 30–32 Baldaull, J.E. (architect) 5 Balmer, Carl 163 Balmer (née Stroken), Eva Maria 163

Balmer, Karl Louis 163 (no. 138), table 2 Balsham (Norfolk) 132 Baltimore (Maryland) 102 Barisi (France ?) 139 Barker, Anna Edith see Perkins Barker, Arthur 137 Barker, Arthur Gordon S. 9, 13, 15, 131, 137 (no. 108), table 1 Barker, Charles Edmund 137 Barker, Elizabeth Laura 137 Barker, Ferida Louise Emilie 137 Barker, John Edmund Lancaster (engineer) 9, 137 Barker, Lilian Eugenie Julia 137 Barker, Louisa Esther 137 Barker (née Messadaglia), Maria Teresa Anna 137 Barker, Mary Zoe 137 Barker, William Arthur 137 Barrington, Francis (merchant) 30–32 Barrington, Sir Gobert 30 Barrington, Sir John 30 Barrington, John 32 Barrington (née Wiseman), Lucy 30 Barrington, Theophilus 7, 11, 12, 14, 30–32 (no. 11), table 1, pl. 15 Barrington, Sir Thomas 30 von Bary, Frau Fanny 12 Batignolles Railway Co. 9, 129, 135, 145, 163 Bavaria 12, 163 Béja 9, 129 Belfast 122 Bellinzoni (née Brook), Emma 131 Bellinzoni, Italo Carl’Alberto 13, 131 (no. 100), table 1 Bellinzoni, Luigi 131 Bengal army 10, 135 Bergen (Norway) 47 Beynes, Sir Edward (British consul-general) 10, 94 Béziers 73 Biblical quotations 14 Bignens, Céline Marie Louise 129 Bignens, Henri Lucien 9, 129 (no. 97a), table 1 Bignens, Lucien Jules (engineer) 9, 129 Bineau, Amand 9, 76, 81 (no. 52), 83, table 1 Bineau (née Glöerfelt), Angélique Caroline Hilaire 9, 76, 81, 83 (no. 54), table 1 Bineau, Clemence 9, 76 (no. 46), 81, 83, table 1 Bishop, Sir Henry (composer) 97 Bizerta 5, 21

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis Blake, Admiral 21 Boisset, Marie Louise Aline 163 (no. 139), table 2 Boisset, Theophile 163 Bône (Hippo) 9, 129 Bône–Guelma Railway Co. 135 Bordeaux 27 Boulogne-sur-Mer 95 Bourget, Gaspard 36 Bourke, Terence 5 Bourky, Christian 163 (no. 147), table 2 Bourky, John 163 Bower, Julia see Friedlander Boyer, Maurice 36 Brabant 8, 13, 105 Bremblens (Switzerland) 162 Brenzikofen 163 Brest 27 Brighton 9, 116, 162 Brook, Emma see Bellinzoni Browne, Thomas (English consul) 21 Cadiz, British consul 1 Cagliari (Sardinia) 137 Caillat, Guillaume Joseph 163 (no. 148), table 2 Caillé (née Traile or Traill), Justine 64 Caillé, Louis 64 Caillé, Thérèse 64 Cairo 94, 149 La Calle, Italian vice-consul see Macchiavelli, Giovanni Battista Campion, Thomas (English consul) 1, 7, 21 (no. 3), table 1, pl. 8 Capitulations 1 Capriata, Angelina 8, 13, 14, 74 (no. 45), 77, fig. 4, table 1, pl. 44 Capriata, Giuseppe (or Joseph) (Venetian consul-general in Durazzo) 8, 74, 77, fig. 4 Capriata (née Gordon), Margaret 8, 13, 14, 15, 55, 61, 77 (no. 49), 84, fig. 4, table 1, pl. 45 Carl Albert (king of Savoy) 136 Carlisle (Pennsylvania) 98 Carthage 14, 21, 105 Byrsa 15, 149 chapel of St Louis 149 Carthaginians Catherine of Braganza (queen of Charles II of England) 43 Chambery, François Louis (confectioner) 10, 162 (no. 131), table 2 Chapelié family 8, 10, 99 Chapelié, Christine Thérèse Léonie 9, 13, 107, 111 (no. 79), 133, fig. 6, table 1, pl. 62 Chapelié, George Louis 107, fig. 6 Chapelié, Jacques Henri 9, 12, 13, 88–9 (no. 60), 99, fig. 6, table 1, pl. 52 Chapelié, Louis Antoine 8, 9, 13, 89, 98–9 (no. 68), 107, 132, fig. 6, table 1, pl. 57

Chapelié, Louis Henri Alfred (banker) 3, 9, 99, 107, 111, 119, 132, 145–7, fig. 6 Chapelié, Louis John Alfred 107, fig. 6 Chapelié, Marie Thérèse 9, 13, 107, 132–3 (no. 102), fig. 6, table 1, pl. 72 Chapelié, Marie Thérèse Léonie 9, 13, 107 (no. 76), 132–3, fig. 6, table 1, pl. 60 Chapelié, Mathilde Blanche see Smith Chapelié, Robert Antoine Édouard 9, 13, 107, 118–19 (no. 88), 133, fig. 6, table 1, pl. 66 Chapelié (née Houston), Sarah Elizabeth 9, 107, 111, 119, fig. 6 Charles II (king of Great Britain) 43 de Chateaubriand, François-René 25, 105 Chelmsford (Essex) 30 Cheseaux, François Georges Frederic Victor 164 (no. 128), table 2 Church of Scotland 1, 2, 10 Clark, Henry (British chargé d’affaires) 143 Colchester (Essex) 30 Comte, Josephine see Aubert Constantin, Jean Jacques 8, 13, 118, 136 (no. 107), table 1 Constantin, Jean Thomas 136 Constantin (née Ribet), Magdalène 136 Constantinople (Istanbul), American consuls 90, 98, 103 Copenhagen 27, 70, 71 Cornu, Aemélie Marie Louise see Misfud Cornu, Clarisse Adelaide A. 129, fig. 7 Cornu (née Texier), Elisa 129, fig. 7 Cornu, Ismérie Françoise see Delasson Cornu, Léon 129 (no. 97), 134, fig. 7, table 1 Cornu, Louis 129, fig. 7 Costa, Laura see Tulin Crabb, William (homeopath) 10, 162 (no. 124), table 2 Crassacopulo, Giorgio 163 (no. 142), table 2 Crimea 94 Crowe, George William (British vice-consul) 8, 73, 100 Crowe, Henry Theophilus Alexander 8, 13, 14, 73 (no. 44), 100, table 1 Crowe, Narcissa 73 Crowe, William (British vice-consul at Susa) 8, 73, 100 (no. 69), table 1 Cunéo (Piedmont, Italy) 165 C[…], W.R. 135 Dainotte, Alceste 164 (no. 135), table 2 Dainotte (née di Vita), Catarina 164 Dainotte, Fiordiligi 162 (no. 134), table 2 Dainotte, Giuseppe Pilade 164 Dainotte see also Gianinotti Damascus (Syria) 137 Danish slaves 47, 163 David, George (US chargé d’affaires) 143 Davies, Alice Susan 124 Davies, George (engineer) 9, 124 Davies, George Herbert 9, 13, 15, 124 (no. 91), table 1, pl. 69

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Index Davies, Henry Louis 124 Davies, Susanna 124 Davis, Revd 1–2, 10, 144 de Berner, Edward (Danish consul-general) 8, 12, 13, 84 (no. 56), table 1, pl. 49 de Holsten, Frederick Christian 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 70, 71 (no. 42), table 1, pls. 42–3 de Holsten, Gulielma Josepha see Gierlew de Lasson, Charles Édouard Léon Louis 134, fig. 7 Delasson, Charles Modeste fig. 7 Delasson (née Loddi), Gabrielle fig. 7 de Lasson, Gabrielle Amélie Claudine 129, 134 (no. 103), fig. 7, table 1 de Lasson, Gaston Jean Amédié 134, fig. 7 Delasson (or de Lasson), Henri Alphonse 129, 134, fig. 7 Delasson (née Cornu), Ismérie Françoise 129, 134, fig. 7 de Lasson, Paul Jean Amédié 134, fig. 7 Delaware 107 De Lesseps, Ferdinand (French vice-consul) 149 De Lesseps, Mathieu Maximilien Prosper (French consul-general) 15, 149, pl. 75 de Wert, Iohannes (surgeon) 7, 24–5 (no. 7), table 1 Dodge, James (US chargé d’affaires) 8, 12, 14, 66–7 (no. 39), table 1, pl. 38 Drummond Hay, Robert (British consul-general) 3–5 Dunant, Henri 10, 94, 98, 102 Durance, River (France) 32 Durazzo (Dürres) 77 Venetian consul-general see Giuseppe Capriata Durmoyer, G. (French military chaplain) 138, 146 Eckhardt, Sophia 3 Edscapell (Sweden) 129 Egnell, Anders (André) Iohan (doctor) 10, 128–9 (no. 96), table 1 Englefield (Berks) 101 Erteca (or Ertega), Francis 7, 43, 44 (no. 24), table 1, pl. 23 Ewald, Ferdinand William 14, 85 (no. 57), table 1 Exeter (England) 162 Favel, Laurentine 163 (no. 140), table 2 Fenner, Augustina Alice 10, 15, 106 (no. 74a), table 1 Fenner, Cecilia 106 Fenner, Christina Susanna 106 Fenner, Elizabeth Laura 10, 15, 106 (no. 74), table 1 Fenner, Revd William 10, 15, 106, 119, 126–7 (no. 94), 134, table 1 Ferrari family 58 Ferrari, Catharina see Rönling Ferrière, Charles 9, 93, fig. 5 Ferrière (née Heap), Susan Angelina Matilda 9, 93 (no. 63), 103, fig. 5, table 1, pl. 54 Ferrière, Louis (British vice-consul) 2, 93, pl. 1 Flad, Revd Cameron J.W. 10, 141, 142 Flad (née Hoss), Helene 10, 141 (no. 113), 142, table 1, pl. 74 Fletcher, Jean (or Jane) 130, 1642 (no. 127), table 2

Fletcher (née Pero), Sebastiana 130 Fletcher, William (master of the Arsenal at La Goulette) 9, 13, 130 (no. 98), 162, table 1 Fletcher, William Francis 130 Florence 131 Flushing 27 Forinovi, Domenico (cemetery custodian) 3, 145 Francis I (king of the Two Sicilies) 94 François I (king of France) 32 Freeman, Henry Stanhope (governor of Lagos) 10, 106 (no. 75), table 1 Freeman, Luke 106 freemasons 13, 132 French railway see Batignolles Railway Co., Bône– Guelma railway Friedlander, Albert Hermann 111 Friedlander, Hermann 10, 111 Friedlander (née Bower), Julia 111 Friedlander, Louis Ernest 10, 111 (no. 80), table 1 Frohnauer, Constantin 13, 127 (no. 95), table 1, pl. 71 Frohnauer, Emanuel 127 Frohnauer, Karl 127 Frohnauer, Matilda 127 Frumerie (Swedish consul) 143 Fuzier, Jean (merchant) 8, 9, 72–3 (no. 43), table 1 Gatterre, Jules César 139 (no. 112), table 1 Gautier (French consul) 40 Geissler, Aug. M. 163 Geissler, Hermine 163 Geissler, Oskar 163 (no. 145), table 2 George I (king of Great Britain) 40 George II (king of Great Britain) 40 George III (king of Great Britain) 64 Geneva 139 Genoa 58 Gianinotti (Zainnotti), Angelina Emma 9, 13 15, 134–5 (no. 104), table 1 Gianinotti (Zainnotti) (née Spella), Carolina 134 Gianinotti (Zainnotti), Giuseppe (railway contractor) 9, 134 Gianinotti (Zainnotti), Louise Emma 9, 13, 15, 134–5 (no. 104a), table 1 Gianinotti see also Dainotte Gibraltar 94, 109 bishop of 2, 3, 106, 118, 125, 129 Gibson, Anne see Szczepanowski Gibson, Élise Anne see Nÿssen Gibson, Elizabeth Knapp 8, 80, 88, 95, 101 (no. 70), 105, fig. 2, table 1 Gibson, John (British vice-consul) 8, 12, 13, 14, 80–81 (no. 51), 88, 95, 101, 105, fig. 2, table 1, pl. 47 Gibson, John Knapp 8, 13, 15, 80, 88 (no. 59), 95, 101, 105, fig. 2, table 1, pl. 51 Gibson, Philadelphia 101, fig. 2 Gierlew, Anders Christian (Danish consul-general) 8, 70, 71

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis Gierlew (née de Holsten), Gulielma Josepha 8, 11, 13, 14, 70 (no. 41), 71, table 1, pls. 40–41 Glarus (Switzerland) 118, 162 Glasgow 163 Glöerfelt, Angélique Caroline Hilaire see Bineau Goddard, John (English consul-general) 7, 14, 34 (no. 13), table 1, pl. 17 Golay, Jeanne Louisa 162 (no. 133), table 2 Goodwyn, Thomas 32 Gordon, Charles (British consul) 8, 50, 54–5 (no. 31), 61, 69, 84, 103, fig. 4, table 1, pl. 31 Gordon, George Robert 50 (no. 27), 55, 61, 84, fig. 4, table 1, pl. 27 Gordon, Margaret 8, 12, 14, 50, 55, 61 (no. 36), 69, 74, 84, fig. 4, table 1, pl. 36 Gordon, Margaret see Capriata Gordon, Matilda see Herculais Gordon, Susan see Tulin Goüin, Ernest 129 La Goulette 9, 27, 54, 116, 119, 124, 130, 132, 137 arsenal 9, 105, 130 cemetery 137 Graves, William (privateer) 21 Greeks 1, 2, 94, 105, 119 Green, Frederick 9, 13, 116 (no. 85), table 1, pl. 64 Green, George Harry 9, 116 (no. 85a), table 1, pl. 64 Green, John Ellis (engine driver) 9, 116 Green (née Reade), Mary 8, 115, fig. 3 Green, Mary Agnes Margaret 8, 114–15 (no. 84), fig. 3, table 1 Green, Sarah 116 Green, W. Kirby (British vice-consul) 8, 115, fig. 3 Grosvenor, Lord R. 94 Guelma (Algeria) 9, 120 Haines, William (merchant) 7, 19 (no. 2), table 1, pls. 5, 7 Hamburg 149 Hamilton, George W. (steward) 9, 13, 135 (no. 105), table 1 Hammeken, Francesca 47, 163 Hammeken, Johannes 47 Hammeken, Ludolf (or Ludovic) (Danish consulgeneral) 12, 15, 47–50 (no. 26), 163, table 1, pls. 25–6 Hammeken (née Oldenburg), Margarita 47 Hammeken, Peter 47, 163 Hammūda Pasha Bey 1, 21, 105 Hansen, Iacob (captain) 9, 11, 51 (no. 28), table 1, pl. 28 Harris, William (plate-layer) 9, 116, 162 (no. 125), table 2 Haugh-Börg, Lorenza 162 Haugh-Börg, Nancy Theresa 162 (no. 123), table 2 Haugh-Börg, Ralph 162 Haylock, Emily Aurelia 132 Haylock, Henry Howard (engine driver) 9, 13, 132 (no. 101), table 1 Haylock, John 132

Haylock (née Accardi), Marietta 9, 132 Heap, D.P (doctor) 10, 98 Heap, Emma see Aubert Heap, Evelina Cora 90, 125, fig. 5 Heap Snr, Gwynne Harris (US consul-general) 8–9, 90, 103, 114, 125, fig. 5 Heap Jnr, Gwynne Harris 8, 12, 98, 125 (no. 93), fig. 5, table 1, pl. 70 Heap (née Price), Josephine 125, fig. 5 Heap (née Tulin), Margaret 8, 13, 82, 84, 90, 93, 98, 102–3 (no. 72), figs. 4–5, table 1, pl. 59 Heap, Margaret see Tulin Heap, Samuel Davies (US consul-general) 8, 10, 12, 13, 90, 93, 98 (no. 67), 102–3, figs. 4–5, table 1, pl. 56 Heap, Samuel Harris 8–9, 12, 90 (no. 61), 98, fig. 5, table 1, pl. 53 Heap, Susan Angelina Matilda see Ferrière Helsingor 84 Herculais, Alexandre Allois (French consul in Algiers) 8, 55, fig. 4 Herculais (née Gordon), Matilda 8, 55, fig. 4 Hertmann, Andreas 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 52–3 (no. 29), table 1, pl. 29 Hertmann, Ulrica 53 Hölck (née Lund), Bolette Henriette Margarette 66 Hölck, Carl Christian (Danish consul-general) 8, 66, 143 Hölck, Maria Louise Henriette 8, 66 (no. 38), table 1 Holden, Edward (merchant) 22 Holden, Edward Algernon Loffet 12, 138 (no. 110), table 1 Holden, Revd Dr Hubert 138 Holden (née Loffet), Letitia 138 Holdin, Barnabas (sea captain) 7, 21–2 (no. 4), table 1, pl. 9 Holsten see de Holsten Homberg, Major Joseph Emile 105 Hoss, Elizabeth 10, 141–2 (no. 114), table 1, pl. 74 Hoss, Georg 142 Hoss, Marie 142 Hoss, Helene see Flad Houston, Sarah Elizabeth see Chapelié Hubert, Albert (cashier) 9, 129 Hubert, Noelie Marthe Albertine Adolphine 9, 129 Hull, William (sea captain) 7, 27 (no. 9), table 1, pl. 13 Inverson, Louisa Deodata 13, 139 (no. 111), table 1, pl. 73 Ioannis, Nicola 162 (no. 130), table 2 Istanbul see Constantinople Jacob (née Tobbmann), Anna Maria 145, 163 Jacob, Frederick Theodore 9, 129, 145, 163 (no. 136), table 2 Jacob, Johann 2–3, 9, 129, 145, 163 Jacobsen, Hans 51 Jamaica 10, 163 Jersey (Channel Islands) 9, 124–5, 162, table 2

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Index Jews 9–10, 45, 146 see also London Society Kandel (Bavaria) 163 Keen, Christopher (mariner) 9, 43 (no. 22), table 1 Kerenzen (Switzerland) 118, 162, table 2 Khérédine (prime minister) 129 Kiff, Betty 7, 43 (no. 23), 44, table 1 Knapp, Elizabeth see Gibson Knapp, Revd Thomas 101 Kornthal (Würthemberg) 141–2 Le Kram 16, 137 Lagos 10 Lanfranco (née Smith), Elizabeth 162 (no. 129), table 2 Lanfranco, Jean Baptiste 162 Languedoc 7, 36, 99 Lanthorn 32 Larnaca (Cyprus), church of St Lazarus 7 Lasson see de Lasson Lavigerie, Cardinal 3, 146, 149 Lawrence, Elizabeth 8, 37, 38 (no. 18), 41, table 1, pl. 20 Lawrence, Richard (British consul) 8, 12, 37, 38, 40–41 (no. 21), 54, table 1, pl. 22 Lawrence, Thomas 8, 11, 37 (no. 16), 38, 41, table 1, pl. 19 Lear, Richard (British consul’s chancellor) 23 (no. 5), table 1, pl. 10 Legallais, Alice 125 Legallais, Ernest Philip 9, 124–5 (no. 92b), table 1 Legallais, Lilias Jane 9, 124–5 (no. 92), table 1 Legallais (or Le Gallais), Matthew (station master) 9, 124–5 Legallais, Matthew Charles 9, 124–5 (no. 92a), table 1 Legallais, Sophia 125 Lerek, Angélique Josephine see Maurel Levos, Susan see Nurden Little Baddow (Essex) 30 Lisbon, British consulate 1 Livorno 32 British consulate 1 British cemetery 7 Loddi, Gabrielle see Delasson Loffet, Letitia see Holden London 39–40, 58, 106, 125 London, Brighton and South Coast Railway 9, 116 London Society for Promoting Christianity amongt the Jews 3, 9–10, 86, 102, 127, 141, 162 London, Frederica 86 London, Henry Emanuel 10, 86 (no. 58), table 1, pl. 50 Lowe, Hudson (governor of St Helena) 94 Luberon (France) 32 Lunaistre, Rachel (Mrs Wilkinson, formerly Mrs de la Perselte) 162 (no. 121), table 2 Lund, Bolette Henriette Margarette see Hölck Macchiavelli, Giovanni Battista (Italian vice-consul at La Calle) fig. 4

Macchiavelli (née Tulin), Hilda fig. 4 Malaga British consul see William Mark cemetery 7 Malta 7, 10–11, 15, 94 Manchester 111 Mark, William (British consul in Malaga) 7 Markheim, H.A. (missionary) 102 La Marsa 8, 16, 88, 94, 105, 115 Marseilles 7, 8, 32, 36, 98, 132 British consul 1 Maurel (née Lerek), Angélique Josephine 109 Maurel, Capt. Joseph Maurice Magloire 109 Maurel, Jules Émile Pulcherie 13, 15, 109 (no. 77), table 1, pl. 61 Maziere, Bartho 76 Maziere, Jane 12–13, 76 (no. 47), table 1 Maziere, Susanna 76 Mejerda, river (Bagradas) 21 Mérindol 8, 32 Merlet, Simon 36 Messadaglia, Maria Teresa Anna see Barker Michailovitz, Frederick Wilhelm 162 (no. 115), table 2 Michailovitz, Nicalaus 162 Misfud (née Cornu), Aemélie Marie Louise 129, 134, fig. 7 Misfud, Jean fig. 7 Montenegro 10, 162 Morocco 43, 44 Mortola, Giovanni-Battista (merchant) 32 Mulay Isma’īl 43 Muslims 1, 9, 11, 21, 51 Nantes, Revocation of the Edict of (1685) 7, 99, 136 Neustadt (Hungary) 162 Nevis, Polycarp 10, 109 (no. 78), table 1 New York 97, 114 Newtown (Isle of Wight) 30 Norfolk 9, 132 Nupera 165 Nurden (or Nürtin), Charles Étienne 163 (no. 144), table 2 Nurden (or Nürtin), Dominique 163 Nurden (or Nürtin, née Levos), Susan 163 Nÿssen family 10 Nÿssen, Sir Ant. (Dutch consul) 105 Nÿssen (née Gibson), Élise Anne 8, 13, 81, 95, 101, 105 (no. 73), fig. 2, table 1 Nÿssen, H. (Dutch consul-general) 8, 13, 105, 143 Oldenburg, Margarita see Hammeken Oran (Algeria) 102, 163 Page, Revd E.A. 10, 15, 102 (no. 71), table 1, pl. 58 Palermo (Sicily) 118 Palmerston, Lord 1–2, 144–5 Paris 125, 129, 134 Patras, Anglican church 5

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis Pau (Basses-Pyrenées, France) 109 Paudez (Switzerland) 162 Payen, Augustus 162 (no. 116), table 2 Payne, John Howard (US consul-general) 8, 12, 15, 95–6 (no. 66), 98, table 1, pl. 55 Pères Blancs 149 Perkins (née Barker), Anna Edith 12, 130–31 (no. 99), 137, table 1 Perkins, Charles 131 Perkins, Edmund Arthur 5, 130–31, 137 Perkins, Edward John 131 Perkins (née Williamson), Esther Adda 131 Perkins, Ethel Alice 131 Perkins, Evelina Esther 131 Perkins, George 131 Perkins, William Noel 131 Pero, Sebastiana see Fletcher de la Perselte, John 162 de la Perselte, Rachel see Lunaistre Pertschke, Rosalie 162 Peyronel, Alexandre Antoine Ollaignier 163 (no. 137), table 2 Phillips, John (carpenter) 9, 116, 162 (no. 118), table 2 Pickering, Edward (industrialist) 116 Piedmont 10, 13, 118, 163 Pinerolo (Pignerol) 136 Plymouth (England) 162 Pomaretto (Turin) 136 Porter, Commodore 98 Porto Farina (Ghar el-Meleh) 21–2, 40 Portugese, Dominico 7, 24 (no. 6), table 1, pl. 11 Posen (Hungary) 162, table 2 Price, Josephine see Heap Raible, Emil Alexis 162 (no. 126), table 2 Reade, Agnes 8, 76 (no. 48), 94, 115, fig. 3, table 1 Reade, Lady 76 Reade, Mary see Green Reade, Richard fig. 3 Reade, Col. Sir Thomas (British consul-general) 1–2, 8, 73, 76, 94 (no. 64), 115, 144–5, fig. 3, table 1 Reade, Thomas (British consul-general) 8, 76, 94, 115, fig. 3 Ribet, Jean Pierre 118 Ribet, Magdalène see Constantin Ribet, Marie Jeanne 13, 15, 117–18 (no. 86), table 1, pl. 65 Ribet, Paul (grocer) 117–18, 136 Ribet, Richard Henry 13, 15, 117–18 (no. 86a), 136, table 1, pl. 65 Richards, William 9, 162 (no. 120), table 2 Ritchie, Frank 12, 122 (no. 90), table 1, pl. 68 Rocquemaure-Muraire (née Auguet), Claire Adélaide (canteen lady) 10, 138 (no. 109), table 1 Rocquemaure-Muraire, Henri 138 Roman Catholics 10–11, 12, 15, 47, 105, 109, 146 Rome 21 Ronalds, Ernest Walter 12, 114 (no. 82), table 1

Ronalds, P. Lorrilard 114 Rönling family 11, 13, 14 Rönling, Anna Maria 8, 12, 39–40 (no. 20), 45, 54, 57, 58, fig. 1, table 1, pl. 21 Rönling, Catharina Ferrari 58, fig. 1 Rönling, Ionas 8, 12, 15, 40, 45, 54, 56–7, 58 (no. 33), fig. 1, table 1, pl. 33 Rönling, Jacob 8, 12, 40, 45 (no. 25), 54, 57, 58, fig. 1, table 1, pl. 24 Rönling, Maria Bengdts 8, 12, 39–40, 45, 54, 56–7 (no. 32), 58, fig. 1, table 1, pl. 32 Rönling, Olof (Swedish consul) 8, 12, 13, 39–40, 45, 54 (no. 30), 57, 58, fig. 1, table 1, pl. 30 Ross (Hereford) 88, 101, 105 Rotterdam 27 Rouen (France) 163 Roux, Jacques 36 Rubattino Company of Genoa 9, 135 Russia 105, 114 Ruswarp (Yorks) 119 St.-Affrique 8, 72–3 St George 1, 2 St Helena 94 St.-Valéry 21 Salisbury, Lord 3, 144 Savoy 10, 118 Scarborough (Yorks) 39 Schembri, Michelina 12 Schrepfer, J. Giovanni 118 (no. 87), table 1 Schrepfer, Johann Franz 118, 162 (no. 117), table 2 Sérré (or Séré) family 7–8, 32 Sérré, André 8, 32–3 (no. 12), table 1, pl. 16 Sérré, Henri 8, 11, 32, 36 (no. 15), table 1, pl. 18 Sfax 124 Shach, Thomas (German consul-general) 145 ships Amity 21 Castalia 9, 135 Enchantress 9, 114 hms Isis 94 Mabrouk 94 Mercury 27 Rhône 9, 113 Tunizene 32 Sicily 11 Sidi Mamat 47 Sleightholme, Joseph 119 Sleightholme, Sarah Ann 119 Sleightholme, Sarah Ann 13, 15, 119 (no. 89), table 1, pl. 67 Smith, Clement McLely (army doctor) 10, 135 Smith, Edith Charlé 135 Smith, Elizabeth see Lanfranco Smith, Ivy Clement 10, 13, 135 (no. 106), table 1 Smith, J.L. 5 Smith (née Chapelié), Mathide Blanche 107, fig. 6 Smith, Thomas Corbett Alexander Oldham 107, fig. 6

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Index Smyrna (Ismir) 32, 94 British consul 1 Sorgues, River (France) 73 Sotivopulo, Giovanni 163 (no. 143), table 2 Spella, Carolina see Gianinotti Staines, Commodore Sir Thomas 94 Stevens, J.H. (British vice-consul) 106, 119, 127 Stewart, Agnes 163 Stewart, James 163 Stewart, Patrick Henderson 15, 163 (no. 149), table 2 Stockholm 25, 52–3, 54 Stroken, Eva Maria see Balmer Suez Canal 149 Susa (Sousse) 73, 100 Swenson, Maria 12, 58–9 (no. 34), 61, table 1, pl. 34 Swenson, Maria Elizabeth 12, 61 (no. 35), table 1, pl. 35 Szczepanowski (née Gibson), Anne 8, 81, 94–5 (no. 65), 101, 105, fig. 2, table 1 Szczepanowski, Col. 95 Szczepanowski, Marie 94–5 (no. 65a), fig. 2, table 1 Tangiers 7, 43, 44, 94 Tarn, River (France) 73 Texier, Elisa see Cornu Thomson, Samuel (British consul in Algiers) 37 Thomson, Thomas (British consul in Algiers, and Tunis?) 8, 37 (no. 17), table 1 Thorrells Hall (Essex) 30 Tipton, John (English consul) 1 Tobbmann, Anna Maria see Jacob Torquay 135 Traill, James (British consul-general) 8, 12, 14, 64 (no. 37), table 1, pl. 37 Traill (or Traile), Justine see Caillé Tripoli (Libya), 47 British consul-general see Hanmer Warrington cemetery 7 Tripolizza (Greece) 163 Truro (Cornwall) Tulin family 11–12 Tulin, Charles (Swedish consul-general) 8, 12, 13, 14, 68–9 (no. 40), 79, 82, 84, 102, fig. 4, table 1, pl. 39 Tulin Jnr, Charles (Swedish consul-general) 8, 12, 13, 15, 69, 79 (no. 50), 82, 83–4, fig. 4, table 1, pl. 46 Tulin de la Tunisie, Charles (Swedish consul-general) 8, 9, 90, figs. 4–5 Tulin, Florence Josephine fig. 4 Tulin, Gustav Adolph (Swedish consul-general) 3, 8, 9, 90, 146, figs. 4–5 Tulin, Hilda see Macchiavelli Tulin, Ida Theresa Marguerita Laura fig. 4 Tulin (née Costa), Laura fig. 4 Tulin, Margaret see Heap Tulin (née Heap), Margaret 9, 90, 103, figs. 4–5 Tulin, Matilda 12, 13, 14, 15, 69, 79, 82 (no. 53), 84, fig. 4, table 1, pl. 48

Tulin, Richard Alexander Heap 9, 13, 90 (no. 62), 98, figs. 4–5, table 1 Tulin, Susan Gordon 8, 12, 13, 14, 55, 61, 69, 74, 77, 79, 82, 83–4 (no. 55), 103, fig. 4, table 1 Tunis Bardo 9, 116 Belvedere gardens 3 Beys 1, 9, 40, 47, 81, 130, 143 see also Ahmad, Hammūda Pasha cemeteries Bab el-Khadra 3, 7, 9, 12, 15, 107, 146 Greek 162, 163 St Antony (RC) 3, 7, 12, 164 St George passim Church House 2, 141 churches Greek 2, 119, 144–5, 146 Roman Catholic cathedral 3, 7 St George (Anglican) 5, 141, pls. 2–3 St Augustine (Anglican) 3, 5, 141 St Louis (RC) 64 consular staff chancellors British see Richard Lear Swedish see Andreas Hertmann chargés d’affaires American see James Dodge, George David British see Henry Clark consuls and consul-generals 2 American 1, 102 see also John Howard Payne, Gwynne Harris Heap Snr, Samuel Davies Heap Danish 1 see also Edward de Berner, Anders Christian Gierlew, Ludolf Hammeken, Carl Christian Hölck Dutch 1, 105 see also Ant. Nÿssen, H. Nÿssen English or British 1, 7, 8, 15, 16, 32–3, 36, 102, 132 see also Francis Baker, Sir Edward Beynes, Thomas Browne, Thomas Campion, Robert Drummond Hay, John Goddard, Charles Gordon, Richard Lawrence, Sir Thomas Reade, Thomas Reade, Thomas Thomson (?), John Tipton, James Traill, Sir Richard Wood, William Woodhouse French 40 see Mathieu Maximilien Prosper De Lesseps, Gautier German 3, 8, 12, 90, 145 see also Thos. Shach, Charles Tulin de la Tunisie Swedish 1, 16 see also Frumerie, Olof Rönling, Charles Tulin Snr, Charles Tulin Jnr, Charles Tulin de la Tunisie, Gustav Adolph Tulin vice-consuls French see Ferdinand De Lesseps British see George W. Crowe, William Crowe, Louis Ferrière, John Gibson, W. Kirby Green, J.H. Stevens consulates German 2

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An Expatriate Community in Tunis Vardon, Thomas 162 (no. 122), table 2 Vardon, Thomas Henry 162 (no. 132), table 2 Vardon, Thomas Peter 9, 132, 162 Vaucluse 32 Vaud (Switzerland) 162 Veasy, Henry 7, 25 (no. 8), table 1, pl. 12 Venice 74 Vernon (Eure, France) 109 di Vita, Catarina see Dainotte Vitalis, Jean-Battiste 36

epidemics 15 plague 15, 27, 32, 33, 105 fish market 3 French funduq 40, 64 gates Bab Carthagena 1, 2, 21, 25, 145 Bab el-Bahr (Sea Gate) 3 Bab el-Khadra 3 Bab Souika 21 Greek priest 2, 119, 146 Hôtel de Paris 138 mission school 142, 162 St Charles College 137 slaves 1, 7, 47, 94, 165 streets Candack Street 2 Place de Poitiers 141 Rue d’Espagne 3 Rue Mongi Slim 2 Rue des Protestants 2, 5, 141 Zaytuna mosque 11 Tunis–La Goulette–La Marsa railway (TGM) 135 Tunis Railways Company 9, 116, 124, 135, 162 Tunisia, French Protectorate 7, 138 Turin 136

Warrington, Hanmer (British consul-general in Tripoli) 7 Wasgington DC 97 Webbe, Samuel (merchant) 1, 7, 17 (no. 1), table 1, pls. 5–6 Wert see de Wert Wilkens, Wilke Iacobs (sea captain) 9, 13, 113 (no. 81), table 1, pl. 63 Wilkinson, Rachel see Lunaistre Williamson, Esther Adda see Perkins Wiseman, Lucy see Barrington Wiseman, Sir William 30 Wood, Sir Richard (British consul-general) 2, 3, 10, 94, 131, 137 Woodhouse, William (British consul) 1

Usta Murad (corsair) 21 Utica 21

Zaghouan 109 Zainnotti see Gianinotti Zouaves, 4th Regiment of 10, 138

Valdensians (Vaudois) 32, 136 Vardon (née Accardi), Eleonora 9, 132, 162

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