An Account of Sa-Go-Ye-Wat-Ha, or Red Jacket, and His People, 1750-1830

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AN ACCOUNT

SA-GO-YE-WAT-HA

Red Jacket and 1750

his

People,

— 1830. %«

ft ?NILES

7" -s^

HUBBARD,

Author of The Life and Times of Major Moses Van Campen.

ALBANY,

N. Y.

JOEL MUNSELL'S SONS, 1886.

:

82

STATE

ST.

DEDICATION. To

the

Hon. Henry G. Hubbard, of Middietown, Conn.

Dear pleasant

Sir

:

Your name,

memories

in

associated

the past, and in later years

with substantial tokens of esteem, recollection

;

with many

is

held in grateful

and the hope that these pages may

serve to interest an occasional leisure hour, has led to their

being inscribed to you, by your friend and

relative.

The Author.

PREFACE. The "Life and Times

of Red Jacket" by Colonel

William L. Stone, has been before the public

many

The

years.

have made

it

a

industry and ability of the author

work of great

researches have left but to

be

said,

little

by one coming

value, and his extensive

room

after

for

mately acquainted with

it

when

they

came

Red to

anything new

Yet the

fact

who were

inti-

him.

need not be concealed that many,

pointed

for

Jacket,

were disap-

read his biography.

If

had been prepared under the direct influence and

superintendence

Thayendanegea,

of

or

Brant,

it

could not have reflected more truly the animus of that distinguished character.

was the

subject, at

feeling,

and jealousy.

different

The

Red Jacket times of

in his

much

day

angry

author has not taken

PREFACE.

viii

pains to

embalm

it,

in these

Much

orator of the Senecas. criticism during his

construction,

receptacle of

The

and all

memorials of the great that

was the subject of

life,

admits of a more charitable

the

grave

human

should

become the

resentments.

author acknowledges his indebtedness to the

labors of Col. Stone,

and by an honorable arrange-

ment, liberty was obtained for the use made of them,

Acknowledgments are due whose names will appear in the course

in the following pages. also to others,

of

this

work.

Tracy, Cal., April 12M, 1885.

CONTENTS. CHAPTER

I.

— Name widely known — connected with — His — Development of genius — Opinion of — Capt. Horatio Jones — Customs of people — Their Love of eloquence — Distinguished names — Eloquence an among them — of language — opened

Red Jacket history

Interest

origin

his

his

councils

his

art

Peculiarity

Field

their

for

his genius.

CHAPTER

II.

of the Iroquois — Territory they occuthe — Location of the — Strength of Confederacy — Tuscaroras — Traditions — Probable course of — Singular romance. migrations — Senecas — Story of

Glance

early history

at

pied

different

their

tribes

their

their origin

CHAPTER

III.

Jacket, how acquired — Indian name — Name con— Red Jacket during war of the — Singular Revolution — Neutrality of the Indians proposed — Services — Sketch of Wm. Johnson — Red sought by Great — Taunt of cowardice — Testimony of Jacket's — Beard — Charge made by Brant — Red Jacket's Anecdote — Early love of eloquence — reminiscences.

Name Red

superstition

ferred

Britain

the

Sir

position

Little

indifference

Interesting

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER

IV.

— Council — Red Jacket's opportunity the Fort Stanwix — Office of Sachem — His opposition — Excitement produced by speech — Part taken by — How deciding Cornplanter — His influence

Early

for

struggles

trial

to

at

his

treaty

the

in

treaty

it

affected him.

CHAPTER

V.

— Conflicting claims between Indian claim — — Manner of adjustment — Attempt acquire by — — Lands acquired by New York From OnAttempt — Indications of ondagas, Oneidas, Cayugas — Indian trouble — Design of severing western New York from — How defeated — Phelps and Gorham purchase. the

United States

lands

to

to

states

a lease

defeated

destitution

the rest of

state

CHAPTER Union

— — Ambitious England, — Council

of the western Indians

Indian'department egea or Brant

—

in

VI.

Hostile influence of the

Canada

Visits

desiring British

of war with the United States

ceremonies

at

— Cornplanter — Fresh occasion of Visit

aid in the

at

event

— Indian

the

seat

of

trouble.

CHAPTER Expedition under General Harmar

VII.

—

Its failure

— Colonel Proctor creek — Red Jacket's speech — Indian matrons — Council of

tions of the Indians

terference

British

Thayendan-

Tioga Point

and others

of

government

project of

the

invited to Philadelphia.

visits

— High

expecta-

the Indians at Buffalo

deputation refused at

Painted Post

— In-

— Chiefs

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER

xi

VIII.

Clair — country under General — — Approach Indian Sudden Washington's charge — Indian victory — Retreat of Amer— Disastrous Fort Jefferson — Boldness of the Indians — Friendly Indian deputation — Welcome of the governor of Pennsylvania — — Address of President WashingRed Jacket's speech — Cause of Indian ton — Red Jacket's

Expedition

the

to

Indian

St.

to

villages

battle

surprise

ican force to

reply

in

reply

hostilities.

CHAPTER

—

Silver

— — Council — Delegation —

Military suits egea's cil

—

—

Deputation to the west promised Instructmedal given to Red Jacket by the president Washington's address at parang Thayendan-

Indian appropriation ions

IX.

visit

—

— Another Indian coun— Washington's — Army Wayne — Successful campaign — Treaty conat

Au

Glaise

British control

under General

—

letter

cluded.

CHAPTER

X.

settlement of an day — Facts the — Indian council — object — Indian parade — — Opening of the council — Speeches — Liberal Indian of the government — Mr. Savary's journal — Conclusion of — Account of Red Jacket by Thomas Morris.

Canandaigua

at

early

Bloomfield

early

in

Jts

dress

offers

treaty

CHAPTER

XI.

— Indian misgivings — Mill yard — — Council Big Tree — Coming of the — Refusal — Discussion Wadsworths — Indian between Red Jacket and Thomas Morris — Breaking up of the

Valley to

of the Genesee

Effort

obtain their land

at

villages

council.

to

sell

CONTENTS.

xii

CHAPTER

XII.

— Mr. — Negotiacontinued — Treaty concluded with the women and warabout — Manner of payment — bank — Their — Final reservations — White women — Young King's settlement — Charge of

Interview between Farmer's Brother and Thomas Morris Morris addresses the

women

— Distributes

presents

Inquiries

a

tions riors

dissent

insincerity.

CHAPTER

XIII.

reminiscence Canawangus — Red — Address of Farmer's Brother — Jasper Parish — Horatio Hartford, Conn Jones — Red Jacket's

Council

Interesting

at

of

Jacket

visit at

CHAPTER

—

XIV.

standing — Red — — — — the war defeated Gen. Braddock 1755 — With the English prisoner — His address — of the Revolution — Takes — Address the governor of PennsylRelease of of President Alden — Close of vania —

Cornplanter

in disrepute

Effort

to regain

his

His defense Further notice Jacket charged with witchcraft With the Indians who Early recollections of Cornplanter in

in

his father a

his

father

to

Visit

his life.

CHAPTER

XV.

— Causes producing — Unfavor— Opposes the among them — of missionary — troduction of — Unpleasant terminaMissionary's speech — Red Jacket's

Change

in

Red

Jacket's views

it

able to any change in the habits of his people Christianity

Visit

reply

tion of the council.

in-

a

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER TECUMSEHand Doings

at

xiii

XVI.

— Aid given by Elskawatwa — — Great Indian council the

Indian confederation

the Prophet's

town

at

— Red Jacket's claim precedence be given the — Senecas — His adherence United encouraged by agents — Warriors gathered Prophet's — town — by General Harrison the head of — disclaimed — by sudden Indians — War proclaimed England — Indians take — Unfavorable commencement — successes — West

for

to

to

the

States

British

Hostilities

at

Visited

Surprised

Hostilities

defeated

the

his troops

at

attack

a

against

Different

sides

Part taken by

Red

Jacket.

CHAPTER

XVII.

— Battle of Chippewa — Service rendered by — General account of the campaign — Red the Indians — Other Jacket commended — Withdrawal of Indian successes — Conclusion of peace.

Taking

of Fort Erie

Porter's

forces

CHAPTER Pre-emptive

right

XVIII.

Indian reservations, sold to the

to the

Ogden

— Indian an extinguishment of — Mr. Ogden's speech — Indians — Another council — Account given by Hon. Albert Tracy — Various utterances of occaon — Indians appeal governments of United and New York — Noble response of Governor De Witt Clinton of New York — Final success of the Ogden Company. Company Council title Red Jacket's

to obtain

the

reply to

re-

fuse to sell

called

the orator

to the

sion

CHAPTER

— Case of — Red Jacket's

Witchcraft Jacket

that

the

XIX.

Jemmy — Testimony of Red — Finding of — ReBreckenridge with Red Jacket —

Tom.

philippic

markable interview of Dr. Further expression of views.

States

the court

CONTENTS.

xiv

CHAPTER XX.

— Interview with General Lafayette — of French nobleman — Col. Pickering reproved — Address schooner bearing name — Anecdote of Red on launching Jacket and Capt. Jones — His humor — Strong memory — — Contempt without merit — Love of — Acute perception — Refined sense of sublime — — — Loss of Niagara —

Personal

characteristics

a

Visit

a

his

Its

for

cultivation

Portraits

the

propriety

Care

pretension

his children

Falls

First bridge at

for his people.

CHAPTER

XXI.

— Incident — His lifework — Unfavorof — Advance of Christian — Conversion of Red Jacket's wife — Leaves her — His return — Red Jacket — Rapid Washington — His deposed — Journey — Regards end near — Talks with the people — them — Sickness and Endeavors

Views able

at the close

life

party

influences

to

his

decline

to unite

restoration

as

death.

PLATES. Portrait of Portrait of

----King Hendrick -----Red Jacket

-

View of Johnson Hall Portrait of Sir

John Johnson

Portrait of Barry St

Leger

Portrait of Joseph Brant

-

-

-

House

Title.

k ^

46

-

88

View of Seneca Mission Church Jacket's

Face.

44

Facsimile of Washington's Medal

View of Red

To

-

128

-

-

148

205

CHAPTER

I.

— awakened — — His Development of genius — Opinion of people — Their love of Capt. Horatio Jones — Customs of eloquence — Distinguished among them — The

Name

known

widely

Interest

naturally

origin

tory

in

his

his-

his

his

orators

field

inviting

opened.

Among

the aborigines of this country, few names

have excited a deeper interest, or have been more

widely and familiarly

The

known

than that of Red Jacket.

occasion of this notoriety was the rare fact that,

though a rude and unlettered son of the forest, he was distinguished for the arts and accomplishments His life marks an era in the history of the orator. of his nation, and his name, like that of Demosthenes,

is

forever associated with eloquence.

Other circumstances however, impart interest to His was the last great name of a nation, his history. and he is entitled to remembrance, on the soil which was once the home of his fathers. And though melancholy linked with a association, as connected with the waning history of a people that once

laid a

RED JACKET AND

,o

HIS PEOPLE.

into obclaim to greatness, but are now fast passing the less attractive, scurity, it is not on this account but presents another reason for our regard. or, as he Such was the name of Sa-go-ye-wat-ha, Jacket. Having has more commonly been called, Red eloquence, from an obscure risen, by the force of his behighest rank among his people, be

station to the

came conspicuous in all of those great relinquished a in which they gradually

transactions, title

to their

place to the intrusive old hunting grounds, and gave nation pass from white man. And he lived to see his to so humble an the pride of their ancient dominion, embittered with inheritance, that his last days were were destined to bethe thought, that the red men With him has ceased the glory of extinct.

come

their council fire,

and of their name.

was obscure. He His origin, as we have intimated, come down to us, must be introduced, as he has His pedigree nature acwithout rank or pedigree. become great knowledged, and gave him a right to matter of fact, its among her sons. His birth is a

Some of conjecture. time and place, circumstances at the Old Seneca Castle, affirm that he was born not far from 1750* near the foot of Seneca lake,

* Hist, of North American tribes by Thos. L.

McKenney.

RED JACKET AND Another a

place

u

HIS PEOPLE.

awards the honor of his birth to near Canoga, on the banks of the

tradition

at,

or

Cayuga lake.*

Who were his parents ? and what, his early history ? As the wave casts upon the shore some treasured fragment, and then recedes to mingle with waters, so their names, and

have been

lost in

So likewise

much

its

parent

of his early history

the oblivion of the past.

it is

uncertain, as to the time

wonderful powers of his genius began

to

when

the

be devel-

oped, or as to the steps by which he arrived at the

high distinction of orator among

Whether by discipline of

diction for

repeated

his people.

dint of study he gained the requisite

mind, and acquired that elegance of

which he was distinguished whether by and failure, accompanied by a proud ;

trial

ambition, and an unyielding purpose,

he reached,

Demosthenes, the summit of his aspirations or, assisted more by nature than by art, emerged, like Patrick Henry at once, into the grand arena of mind, and by a single effort attained distinction and fame, is to be gathered more from circumstances than from

like

;

facts.

It is generally conceded, however, that the powers of his intellect were of the highest order. Captain Horatio Jones, the well known interpreter and agent

* Schoolcraft's Report.

RED JACKET AND

12

among

HIS PEOPLE.

whom

the Indians, and than

no one was more orator of the Seneca

intimately acquainted with this nation,

man

to speak of him as the greatest " For," said he, " the great men

was accustomed

that ever lived.

own and of other times, have become so by education; but Red Jacket was as nature made him. Had he enjoyed their advantages, he would of our

have surpassed them, since it can hardly be supposed that they, without these, would have equalled him/'*

Some allowance should be made perhaps, on the ground that

for this statement,

Mr. Jones was

admirer of the orator's genius

;

yet

a

warm

admiration

his

sprang from an intimate knowledge of him, seen

under circumstances, that afforded the best opportunity of forming a just opinion of his talents; and these, he maintained,

**

were among the

nature ever conferred upon

But genius, while

may

it

not have spared

nary minds ascend

rugged and stowed but

steep,

in

may have smoothed

him

that

that the

and the

the way,

the pains, by which ordi-

For since

to greatness.

universally the fact,

noblest

man"

gifts

it is

so

eminence, is of fame seldom be-

path

to

answer to repeated

toil

;

curiosity

would inquire by what means one, who was reputed a barbarian, gained the highest distinction ever awarded * Conversation of the author with Col.

Livingston Co.,

Wm.

Jones, of Geneseo,

N. Y., son of Capt. Horatio Jones.

RED JACKET AND

HIS PEOPLE.

13

man. It is not enough to reply simply, " that nature made him so" or to receive, without qualification, his own proud assertion, " I am an ORATOR, I WAS BORN AN ORATOR." The laWS of mind are the same for peasants, and princes in intellect great minds as well as small, must take measures to compass their object, or leave it unattained. to civilized

;

does not appear that his genius was sudden, or

It

precocious in

its

development.

It

is

said

that his

mind, naturally active and brilliant, gradually opened, until it reached its meridian splendor. Nor did his powers grow without any means to mature and perfect

As the young oak

them.

is

strengthened by

warring with the storm, so the faculties of his mind gained force by entering freely into conflicts of opin-

Accustomed

ion.

which

to canvass in private the questions

agitated the councils of his nation, he began

to ascertain

measuring

the reality of his

his

own with

own power, and by

other minds, he gained the

confidence that flows from superior wisdom.*

and regulations of his own people favored very much, the promptings of his genius. They were lovers of eloquence, and their form of

The

tastes

government fostered its cultivation. This though differing but little from the simplicity found in rude states

of society, presented a feature peculiar

Conversation with Col.

Wm.

Jones.

among

i

RED JACKET AND

4

a

people

not far advanced

HIS PEOPLE.

which

civilization,

in

promote elevation of mind, and advance them far above a condition of barbarism. They were in the habit of meeting in public assem-

served

greatly to

those questions that pertained to the

blies, to discuss

interests, or

destiny of their nation.

council

their chiefs

fires

Around

their

and warriors gathered, and

entered freely, so far as their dignity, consideration,

power of debate admitted, into a deliberation on public affairs. And here were manifested an ability and decorum which civilized nations even, have For though viewed with admiration and surprise. we might suppose their eloquence must have paror

taken of rant and rhapsody, presenting a mass of incoherent ideas, depending for their interest on the

animation of gesture and voice, with

were

yet

uttered,

memory,

if

we

of speaking

as

we would do

which they

injustice

to

their

did not give their orators the credit

much

to the purpose,

ing as great a force of intellect, as

and of exhibit-

many who would

claim a higher place than they in the scale of intelligence and refinement.

Many

of

their

orators

strength of mind, and

might compare or clime.

were

in native

favorably, with

The names

distinguished

power of

the

men

for

genius,

of any age

of Garangula, Adario, Hen-

Skenandoah, Logan and others, might be mentioned with pride by any people.

drick,

Kixg He.vdripch

RED JACKET AND Garangula,

HIS PEOPLE.

15

has been styled the very Nestor of

whose powers of mind would not suffer comparison with a Roman, or more modern

his nation, in

Senator.*

Adario

is

have been a

to

said

man

of " great

mind, the bravest of the brave," and possessing altogether the best qualities of any Indian

French It

in

Canada.

known

to the

j*

Hendrick, that for capaof mind, and immovable integrity

has been remarked of

city, bravery,

vigor

united, he excelled

all

the United States, of

the aboriginal inhabitants of

whom any knowledge has come

down to the present time. J Skenandoah in his youth was

a brave

and in-

trepid warrior, and in his riper years one of the best

of counsellors

He

among

the North American

tribes.

possessed a most vigorous mind, and was alike

and persevering. He will long be remembered for a saying of his to one who visited him toward the close of life " I am," said he, " an aged hemlock, the winds of an hundred winters have whistled through my branches. I am dead at the The generation to which I belonged has run top. away and left me." He was a sincere believer in the christian religion, and added to the above " why I live the Great and Good Spirit only knows. Pray active, sagacious,

;

*

Drake,

f Charlevoix.

% Dr.

Dwight.

RED JACKET AND

16

my

to

my

may have

Jesus, that I

patience

to

wait for

appointed time to die."*

And Mr.

Jefferson regarded the appeal of

white men,

to the as

HIS PEOPLE.

after the extirpation

without a parallel

in the history

Logan

of his family,

of eloquence.

These were men who have been revered by the civilized world, as worthy of a place with the distinguished and great among mankind. " Oratory was not alone a natural

among

the Iroquois.

It

gift,

but an art

enjoined painful study, un-

remitting practice, and sedulous observation of the style,

and methods of the best masters.

did not rely upon his

Red Jacket

powers alone, but cultivated the art with the same assiduity that characterized the great Athenian orator. The Iroquois, as their

earliest

an Attic or

native

English historian observed, cultivated classic

tranced every ear,

elegance of speech,

among

which en-

their red auditory."*)*

Those public games, entertainments, religious ceremonies and dances, common among the Indian tribes, added interest to their council gatherings, and made them a scene of attraction for the entire nation. Thither the young and old of both sexes were accustomed

* Annals of

to resort, and, assembled at their national

Tryon County.

f Mr. Bryant's speech.

RED JACKET AND

HIS PEOPLE.

17

forum, listened with profound attention and silence to " The unvarying each word spoken by their orators. courtesy, led

sobriety and dignity of their convocations

one of their learned Jesuit historians

them

to the

Roman

to liken

Senate."*

" Their language was flexible and sonorous, the

upon inflection, copious in vowel sounds, abounding in metaphor affording

sense largely depending

;

constant opportunity for the ingenious combination

and construction of words to image delicate, and varying shades of thought, and to express vehement manifestations of passion

more sudden

;

admitting of greater and

variations in pitch, than

is

permissable

and encouraging pantomimic gesture, for greater force and effect. In other words it was not a cold, artificial, mechanical medium for the expression of thought or emotion, or the concealment of either, but was constructed, as we may fancy, much as was the tuneful tongue spoken by English

in

our

first

oratory,

parents,

who

stood in even

closer relations

to nature."f

Hence, though the Iroquois were

a warlike people,

and delighted in deeds of bravery, there was an inviting field opened to one, who could chain their

*

W.

C. Bryant's speech before the Buffalo Historical Society

on the occasion of the re-interment of Red Jacket's remains, 3

f lb.

RED JACKET AND

18

HIS PEOPLE.

attention by his eloquence, and

sway

their

emotions

at will.

Such advantages being presented for the exercise of the powers of oratory, it can hardly be supposed that a

mind endowed

as richly, as

was Red Jacket's,

by the gifts of nature, would fail to perceive the path in which lay the true road to eminence among his people.

And

his subsequent career indicates

clearly, the choice

he made of the

exercise his noble powers.

field in

but too

which

to

CHAPTER

II.

the of the Iroquois — The occu— Tuscaroras — Original strength — Traditions — Probable course of migration — The Senecas — Story of

Glance

early history

at

territory

pied

gin

—

their

ori-

Singular romance.

up from the obscurity of the past, we find a people, singular in their habits and character, whose history has been strangely, and in some reThey were spects sadly* interwoven with our own.

Rising

the original occupants of the lived here

always, and to

soil,

have grown out of the

the trees of the forest.

soil like

claiming to have

Scattered over this

continent were various Indian tribes, resembling each other

some

in

their

general features and habits, but in

instances exhibiting stronger

and more

interest-

Among these of character than the others. were the Iroquois, and if Red Jacket was distining

traits

guished not

less

own people, his own people were conspicuous among the North American Inamong

his

dians.

He

sprang from the Senecas, and was accustomed

to speak

of his origin with feelings of conscious

RED JACKET AND

20

HIS PEOPLE.

For the Senecas were the most numerous and powerful of the six nations, of whom they were Such was the title given to that celebrated a part. Indian confederacy which, for a length of time unknown to us, inhabited the territory embraced by pride.

the State of

New

Here they

York.

lived in a line of settlements extending

from one end to the other, through the middle of the State, and their domain as thus occupied, they were accustomed to style their Long House. It was a shadowy dome, of generous amplitude, covered by the azure expanse above, garnished with hills, lakes, and laughing streams, and well stored with provideer that bounded freely sions, in the elk and moose that was mirrored halls, the forest through its in its waters, and the trout, those luscious speckled beauties, that

nestled cosily

in its crystal

chambers.

The eastern door was guarded by the Mohawks, who resided at one, and its western by the Senecas, who dwelt at the other extremity of this abode.

When

ever a messenger from another nation

knocked,

came

was termed, at it was the duty of the nation to which he came, to give him entertainment, and examine into the nature of If it was of small importance, it was his embassy. but if it was such as decided by their own council to

them on

business, or

as

it

the eastern or western door of their long house,

;

RED JACKET AND demand

to

the united

was sent with tion,

it

21

wisdom of

the tribes, a runner

wampum

to the nearest na-

of

which would take the

ner with little

a belt

HIS PEOPLE.

belt

and send

a run-

and so on, and thus with but general meeting was summoned of all

to the next,

delay, a

the tribes.

one time consisted of five nations, but afterward embraced six, by the addition This confederacy

at

of the Tuscaroras, a tribe that once occupied the ritory of North Carolina.

This tribe

ter-

have belonged

at an early day and to have inherited the enterprising and warlike character of the parent stock. They fought successfully with theCatawbas, Cowetas, and the Cherokees, and thought to exterminate by one decisive blow, all oi the white inhabitants is

said to

to the Iroquois family,

within their borders.

Unsuccessful in the attempt,

pressed sorely by the whites,

who

resisted the attack,

and unwilling themselves to submit, they removed to the north, and through sympathy, similarity of taste, manners, or language, or from the stronger motives of consanguinity, became incorporated with the confederated tribes of the Iroquois.* Mr. Schoolcraft

* Schoolcraft's Report.

the

name

Iroquois, as descriptive of

Nations, since the term

is

every part of their history. during the time

when

this

prefers,

and quite justly

confederacy, instead of Six

known, and applicable to them in Whereas the other is appropriate only

well

they were numerically

six.

RED JACKET AND

22

Thus

HIS PEOPLE.

constituted they presented the most formida-

which we have any knowledge in the By their united strength they were able to repel invasion, from any of the sur-

ble power, of

annals of the Indian race.

rounding nations, and by the force of their arms and their prowess in war, gained control over an extent of territory much greater than they occupied.

They sent their war parties in every direction. The tribes north, east, south, and west of them were made to feel the power of their arms, and yield successively to their dexterity

were launching rivers

and

their war-canoes

of the west,

now engaged

valor.

Now

upon the lakes and in

bloody conflicts

with the Catawbas and Cherokees of the south, traversing regions of

snow

in

they

pursuit of the

now

Algon-

quins of the north, and anon spreading consternation

and dread among the tribes at the remotest east. Their energy and warlike prowess made them a terror to their foes, and distant nations pronounced their name with awe.

By what means brought

to

unite

these

several

themselves

had been one govern-

tribes

under

ment, how long they had existed in this relation, and what was the origin of each one, or of all, are questions

mined.

them,

all

which will never perhaps be fully deterThere being no written records among that can be ascertained of their history pre-

RED JACKET AND vious to their

HIS PEOPLE.

becoming known

to the whites,

23

must

be gathered from the dim light of tradition, from

symbolic representations, from antique remains of their art, and from their legends and myths. their

These present in an obscure and shadowy form, a few materials of history, whose value is to be measured by the consideration, that they are all we have to tell the story of a noble and interesting race of men. Their traditions speak of the creation of the world, the formation of man, and the destruction of the world by a deluge. They suppose the existence originally of two worlds, an upper and lower. The upper completed and tilled with an intelligent order of beings, the lower unformed and chaotic, whose suriace was covered with water, in which huge monFrom the sters careered, uncontrolled and wild. upper there descended to the lower a creating spirit,

form of a beautiful woman. She alighted on the back of a huge tortoise, gave birth to a pair of male twins and expired. Thereupon the shell of the tortoise began to enlarge, and grew until it became a " big island" and formed this continent. in the

These two

infant sons became, one the author of

good, the other of evil.

The

creator of good formed

From the whatever was praiseworthy and useful. head of his deceased mother he made the sun, from

RED JACKET AND

24

HIS PEOPLE.

the remaining parts of her body, the

When

moon and

stars.

were created the water-monsters were terrified by the light, and fled and hid themselves in the depths of the ocean. He diversified the earth by making rivers, seas and plains, covered it with animals, and filled it with productions beneficial to mankind. He then formed man and woman, put life into them, and called them Ong-we Hon-we these

a real people*

The tains,

creator of evil

was active

in

making moun-

precipices, waterfalls, reptiles, morasses, apes,

and whatever was injurious to, or in mockery of mankind. He put the works of the good out of order, hid his animals in the earth, and destroyed things necessary for the sustenance of man. His conduct so awakened the displeasure of the good, as to bring

them

into

personal

Their time of

conflict.

combat, and arms were chosen, one selecting flag-

Two

whole days thev were engaged in unearthly combat; but finally the Maker of Good, who had chosen the horns of a deer, prevailed, and retired to the world above. The Maker of Evil sank below to a region of darkness, and became the Evil Spirit, or Kluneolux of roots, the

other the horns of a deer.

the world of despair.f * This term is significant of true manhood. was nothing of sham in their make up.

f Schoolcraft's Indian Cosmogony.

It

implies that there

RED JACKET AND

HIS PEOPLE.

25

Many lous,

to

of their accounts appear to be purely fabubut not more so perhaps than similar traditions,

be found in the history of almost every nation.

The

Iroquois refer their

Oswego

They

Falls.

origin to

a

point near

boldly affirm that their people

were here taken from a subterranean vault, by the Divine Being, and conducted eastward along the river Ye-no-na-nat-che,g0/>zg" around a mountain, now the Mohawk, until they came to where it discharges into a great river running toward the mid-day sun, the Hudson, and went the bank of a

down

and touched great water, while the main body rethis

river

turned by the way they came, and

as

westward, originated the different

tribes

nation

their

and

;

to

territory they occupied,

they proceeded

composing

each tribe was assigned the

when

first

discovered by the

whites.*

The

Senecas, the fifth tribe of the Iroquois, were

directed

in their original

location, to

occupy

a hill

Canandaigua lake. This hill, called Ge-nun-de-wa, is venerated as the birth place of near

the

head

of

was surrounded anciently by a rude fortification which formed their dwelling in time of peace, and served for a shelter from any sudden attheir nation.

It

* Account by David Cusick, as contained in Schoolcraft's report.

Mr.

S.

regards this account correct as indicating the probable

of their migrations.

4

course

RED JACKET AND

26

tack of a hostile tribe.

HIS PEOPLE.

Tradition hallows this spot

on account of the following very remarkable occurrence.

Far back

in

the past,

Genundewa, were

the inhabitants of the hill

awaking one morning, to behold themselves surrounded by an immense His dimensions were so vast as to enable serpent.

him

to coil

head and

surprised on

himself completely around the

tail

came together

at

its

His

fort.

There he

gate.

lay writhing and hissing, presenting a most menacing and hideous aspect. His jaws were widely extended,

and he hissed so terribly proach near.

The inhabitants were Some endeavored, but

no one ventured

to ap-

thus effectually

blockaded.

in vain,

this

to kill

monster. Others tried to escape,

but

his

savage

watchful

Others again sought to climb over his body, but were unable while attempted to still pass by his head, but fell others Their confinement grew into his extended jaws.

eyes prevented their endeavors.

;

more and more

and was rendered doubly annoying by the serpent's breath, which was every day

painful,

very offensive.

Their situation drove them tremity not to be endured.

at

length

They armed

to

an

ex-

themselves

with hatchets, and clubs, and whatever implements of war they could find, and made a vigorous sally

RED JACKET AND upon

HIS PEOPLE.

their dreadful foe, but, alas

!

were

all

27

engulfed

in his terrific jaws. It so

happened that two orphan children remained, destruction

after the

which

befel the

were directed by an oracle to tain

make

a

rest.

bow

They

of a cer-

kind of willow, and an arrow of the same, the

point of

which they were

and then him under his

to dip in poison,

shoot the monster, aiming so as to hit scales.

In doing

this,

entire success. trated his sick,

skin,

exhibiting

they encountered their adversary with

For no sooner had the arrow penethan he presently began to grow signs of the deepest

distress.

He

threw himself into every imaginable shape, and with wonderful contortions and agonizing pains, rolled his ponderous body down along the declivity of the mountain, uttering horrid noises as he went, prostrating trees in his course, and falling finally into the lake below. his thirst, and showed signs of by dashing about furiously in the water. Soon he vomited up the heads of those whom he had swallowed, and immediately after expired and sank to rise no more.*

Here he slaked

great

distress,

From

these

two

children, as thus preserved,

Seneca nation are said to have sprung. *

As

related to the author by Col.

Wm.

Jones.

the

RED JACKET AND

28

So implicitly has the Senecas, that

it

this

HIS PEOPLE.

tradition

has been

been received by

incorporated into the

solemnities of their worship, and

its

remembrance

continued from one generation to another by the aid of religious rites. Here they were formerly in the habit of assembling in council, and here their prayers

and thanksgivings were offered to the Great Spirit, for having given them birth, and for rescuing their nation from entire destruction. In

speaking of this to

the whites, they point to

the barren hillside, as evincing the truth of the story,

one day the forest trees stood thick but was stripped of them by the great serhe rolled down its declivity. The round

affirming

upon pent

it,

as

that

stones found there in great abundance, resembling in size

and shape the human head, are taken

as

addi-

tional proof, for they affirm that these are the heads

disgorged by the serpent,

and have been

petrified

by

the waters of theHake.* If nearness of locality will justify a glance of the

eye for a moment, to an object not directly in the line

of our pursuit,

we might

survey in

bold projecting height, not far from the

*

The

author remembers well that

Indian on this point,

doubts should be expressed this

occurrence.

in

he seemed to take

passing a

hill

Genun-

conversation with a Seneca it

as quite an affront

by the white people as to the

that

reality

of

RED JACKET AND

HIS PEOPLE.

29

dewa, marked by a legend which draws a tear from the eye of the dusky warrior, or sends him away in a thoughtful mood,

with a shade of sadness upon his The story is not of the same usually placid brow. of a more recent date than that of the serpent, but is said to be of great antiquity. It character and

has been

and

as

we

is

written with great beauty by Col. are

authorized,

we

present

it

in

Stone, his

own

language.

"During the wars of the Senecasand Algonquinsof the

north, a chief of the

carried to sisting

by

Genundewa, whereon

in years,

forest conflict,

person

was captured and a fortification, con-

of a square without bastions, and surrounded

palisades,

young

latter

in

was

situated.

The

captive

though

was famed for his prowess in the and nature had been bountiful to his

those

gifts

of strength

and symmetry,

which awaken savage admiration. After a short debate he was condemned to die on the following day, by the slow torture of empalement. While he was thus lying in the cabin of death, a lodge devoted to condemned prisoners, the daughter of the sachem brought him food, and struck with his manly form and heroic bearing, resolved to save him

Her bold

was favored by the uncertain light of the gray dawn, while the weary of his night-watch, and solitary sentinel, Stealing with forgetful of his duty, was slumbering. or share his fate.

enterprise

RED JACKET AND

30

noiseless tread to the side

the thongs

wherewith

HIS PEOPLE.

of the young captive, she cut his limbs were bound, and

besought him in breathless accents to follow her. "

The fugitives

descended the

conducting to the lake

;

hill

by

a

wooded path

but ere they reached the

whoop, wild and shrill, was heard from the waking guard. They tarried not, though thorny vines and fallen timber obstructed their way. At length they reached the smooth beach, leaping into a canoe previously provided by the and water, an alarm

issuing

considerate damsel, they plied the paddle vigorously, steering for efforts.

On

the opposite shore.

came

the wind

cries

Vain were their of rage, and the

quick tramp of savage warriors, bounding over rock

and glen

in fierce pursuit.

reckless daring of a

young

The Algonquin with

the

brave, sent back a yell of

and soon after the plash of oars was heard, and a dozen war canoes were cutting the billows in their rear. The unfortunate lovers on landing, took defiance,

a trail leading in a

western direction over the

hills.

The Algonquin, weakened by unhealed wounds, followed his active guide up the aclivity, with panting

while his enemies, with the their head, drew nearer and

heart and flagging pace

;

grim old sachem at nearer. At length finding further attempts at flight useless, she diverged from the trail, and conducted her lover to a table-crested rock that projected over a ravine or gulf,

one hundred and

fifty feet in

depth,

RED JACKET AND the bottom of rocks,

HIS PEOPLE.

31

which was strewed with misshapen

scattered

in

rude

With

confusion.

hearts

nerved to a high resolve, the hapless pair awaited the arrival

of their yelling pursuers.

Conspicuous by

his

eagle plume, towering form and scowling brow, the

daughter soon descried her inexorable sire, leaping from crag to crag below her. He paused abruptly

when

on the objects of his pursuit. Notching an arrow on the string of his tried and unerring bow, he raised his sinewy arms but ere the Wun-nut-hay, was sent, the Beautiful, intermissile posed her form between her father and his victim. his fiery eye rested

—

In wild appealing tones she entreated her sire to spare the young chieftain, assuring

him

that

they would

leap together from the precipice rather than be sepa-

The stern old man, deaf to her supplication, rated. and disregarding her menace, ordered his followers Warrior after warrior darted to seize the fugitive. up the rock, but on reaching the platform, at the moment when they were grasping 'to clutch the young brave, the lovers, locked in fond embrace, flung themselves *

From

The mangled

the steep rock, and perished.'

bodies were buried in the

bottom of and the glen, beneath the shade of everlasting rocks resembling sunken graves, are to two small hollows, ;

day pointed out to the curious traveler, as the It is a sweet, wild haunt, burial place of the lovers." this

RED JACKET AND

32

the sunbeams a

HIS PEOPLE.

there with

fall

softened radiance, and

brook near by gives out a complaining murmur, mourning for the dead.*

as

if

Let us return to the inquiry we were pursuing. Of the origin of the Iroquois confederacy, some traditionary accounts have been given, which represent the different tribes as dwelling for a time, in the separate locations assigned them, independent of

Here they increased in valor, skill and knowledge, suited to their forest home. At length becoming numerous, rival interests arose among them, which did not exist when they were small and each other.

They

feeble.

destroyed each

fell

into contention, and wasted and

Each

other.

tribe fortified his

own

and dwelt in constant fear of being surprised and overcome by his neighboring foe.

position,

At length one of their sachems, distinguished for his wisdom and address, proposed that they should cease from a strife, which was only destroying themand unite their energies against the Alleghans, the Adirondacks, the Eries, and other ancient and

selves,

* Mr. Stone adds in a note

many

On

the top of

are visible, a few sad,

was derived some note, named Chequered me by W. H. C. Hosmer, Esq., of interesting legend

years ago from a Seneca chief of

Cap, and was communicated

Avon.

— " This

but fitting

planted."

to

Genundewa

the remains of an Indian orchard

moss-grown and wind-bowed apple trees still linger, emblems of the wasted race by whom they were

RED JACKET AND who were

HIS PEOPLE.

warlike

tribes,

isolated

and divided condition.

33

their superiors

in

their

Already weary of

their unprofitable conflicts, the proposal

was received

with favor, and Ato-tar-ho, an Onandaga chieftain, unequalled in valor, and the fame of whose skill and

was known among all the tribes, became the leading spirit of this confederacy, and by common consent was placed at its head. So fully did experidariiig

ence demonstrate the wisdom of this arrangement, that they used every

means

strengthen the bands

to

of their union, and by the most solemn engagements of

fidelity to

o-ni, or

United people.*

How their

long this

of

a

confederacy had existed before

discovery by the whites,

a tradition

is

each other, they became the Ko-nos-hi-

man's

which

life,

is

unknown.

There

one age, or the length before the white people came to this places

it

country.f

The union

of these several tribes was the means

of securing their pre-eminence over the other Indians in

this

country.

Their individual

are thus

traits

* Schoolcraft's Report.

f Pyrlaus, a missionary at the ancient site of Dionderoga, or Fort Hunter, writing between 1742 and 1748, gives this as the best conjecture he could form, from information derived from the It is

thought however that

this

time

is

Mohawks.

too short, to account for the

degree of development attained

by the

capacity, at the time of their

discovery by the whites.

5

first

Iroquois,

in

their

united

RED JACKET AND

34

very fittingly represented type,

and

;

HIS PEOPLE.

—"

in their firm physical

their energy of character,

in

independence, no people

among

and love of

the aboriginal race

have ever exceeded, if any has equalled the Iroquois."* They occupied a region surpassed by no other on the continent, for grandeur and beauty united, and

some other source, a mental of noble structure, which placed them

inherited from this or constitution

in the fore-front

of their race, and

when

* Schoolcraft.

stand

united,

no

before them.

tribe on This has served to render their history, earnest and interesting inquiry. this continent could

a matter

of

CHAPTER Name

III.

—

—

Red Jacket, how acquired Indian name Conferred Singular tradition name Red Jacket during the war of the

—

—

— — of sought by — Sketch William Johnson — of Red Jacket — Taunt of cowardice — Testimony of — Beard — Charge made by Brant — Red — — of eloquence Early Anecdote reminisRevolution

Neutrality

Great Britain

the Indians

Services

of Sir

Position

Little

Jacket's indifference

love

Interesting

cences.

Red Jacket, so familiar to the whites, Thewasname acquired during the war of the Revolution.

He was distinguished for his fleetness

Having

on

at this

time

as well as afterward,

foot, his intelligence

and

activity.

attracted the attention of a British officer

by

the vivacity of his manners, and the speedy execution

of those errands with which he was intrusted, he received either in token of admiration, or for services rendered, or both, a beautifully ornamented jacket of a scarlet color.

This he took pride in wearing, and when worn out, he was presented with another, and continued to wear this peculiar dress until it became a mark of distinction, and gave him the name by which he was

RED JACKET AND

36

At

afterward best known.

HIS PEOPLE. a treaty held at

Canan-

daigua in 1794, Captain Parrish, who was for many years agent of the United States for the Indians, pre-

him with another red jacket to perpetuate name of which he was particularly fond.*

sented

His original

name was

Sa-go-ye-wat-ha, the

title

a

Oti-ti-ani, always ready.

conferred upon

him

at his

election to the dignity of Sachem, has been rendered, " 'The keeper awake, he keeps them awake, and the author, or cause of a wakeful spirit."

f

The name is connected with among his people, and will best

a curious superstition

be understood, by an

acquaintance with the circumstances under which is

it

used.

If during the

still

hours of night, an Indian's mind

taken up with thoughts that cause sleep to pass

is

from him, preventing every effort of Morpheus to lock him in fond embrace, he ascribes it to a spirit, which he calls Sa-go-ye-wat-ha.

*

McKenney's

Street, Esq.,

Indian Biography.

and assistant Mr.

J.

Politely favored by Alfred B.

H. Hickox, of the State Library,

Albany, N. Y. f This

latter translation

was given

to the author by the late

Wm.

Red Jacket and a chief of some This to some gentlemen from Buffalo interpretation given note. was It was proposed to at Red Jacket's grave. erect a monument who

Jones, a half-blood, son-in-law of

given

in a full

council of the chiefs of his tribe.

RED JACKET AND The

impressions

some important to the feelings a pleasing

made

HIS PEOPLE.

ominous of

are regarded as

event, joyful or otherwise, according

awakened.

nature,

he

is

choly turn, he regards

thoughts are

If his

If they are of a melan-

foreboding

it as

"of

to anticipate the occur-

led

rence of some joyful event.

He may

37

evil.

be led to dwell with interest on some

absent friend

;

he will expect

that friend

next day, or soon

Yet should

after.

his

to see the

thoughts be

troubled or anxious, he would expect to hear soon of that friend's death, or that fallen

evil

had be-

him.*

Such was the

He

something

spirit

they called Sa-go-ye-wat-ha.

could arrest the current of their thought, bring

before

them

visions of delight, or

melancholy reflections, and anxiety and gloom. This

title

conferred on

Red

send upon them their

fill

minds with

Jacket, while

it

indi-

cated the cause of his elevation, presented the highest

compliment that could be paid to his powers of By the magic spell of his words, he could oratory. control

their minds,

make

their

hearts beat quick

with emotions of joy, or send over them deep pulsations of grief.

The incident referred to as Red Jacket, introduces him * Conversation with

Wm.

giving in

at will

rise to

the

the name,

connection with the

Jones, Seneca chief.

RED JACKET AND

38

As

war of the Revolution.

HIS PEOPLE. his

conduct during

this

been the subject of frequent remark, severely criticised by some, and not very favorably

period

has

viewed by others, justice to the orator's memory requires a brief statement of his reasons for the course he pursued. *

While thoughts of

this contest

were pending, the

colonists took measures to secure the favorable dis-

position of the Iroquois, and these efforts at the time

were

successful.

The

general government advised

them

neutral, during the anticipated conflict.

met the approval of For though inured

their to

to

remain

This course

most considerate sachems.

war, and apt to enter with

avidity into the excitement of a conflict, their forces

had been reduced by recent encounters with the Indians at the west, and south, and also with the French and the few intervening years of peace served to convince them of its value, and caused them to receive with favor this proposition from our government. ;

At

a

council held with

the Iroquois at

German

Flats, in June, 1776, by Gen. Schuyler, who had been appointed for this purpose, these assurances of

neutrality

were renewed.

Great Britain also was not indifferent about the course these Indian tribes would pursue. Wishing

RED JACKET AND to prevent an alliance

HIS PEOPLE.

39

of the Indians with the colo-

willing to secure forces already on the ground,

nists,

and with a view possibly, of striking terror into the minds of her rebellious subjects, her agents in this country spared no pains to enlist the sympathies of the Iroquois on her side. In this they were but

too successful.

Through

had been in correspondence with more than a hundred years, had sup-

their agents, Britain

these tribes for plied ing,

of

them with implements of war,

articles

of cloth-

and with many of the comforts and conveniences

life.

upon

The

her,

Indians had learned to be dependent

and they called her king their " great father

the water." Her agents spent their lives among them. Through them their communications were made to the crown, and they regarded them as essential to their happiness. Hence they

over

exerted a very great influence over them.

This was especially true of

who

Sir

William Johnson,

died at Johnson Hall in the

month of June,

1774-

Mr. Johnson was a native of Ireland, of a good fitted by nature and education, to adorn

family and

the walks of civilized

life.

He came

to this country

not far from 1738, as land agent of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren, an admiral in the English navy,

who

RED JACKET AND HIS PEOPLE.

4o

had acquired

Mohawk,

a considerable tract

in the present

Possessing

a

of land upon the

county of Montgomery.

romantic

disposition,

he

readily

adapted himself to the rude customs that prevailed in the wilds of America.

The

Gentleman's Magazine of

—"Besides 1755,

London

said

of him

and experience as an officer, he is particularly happy in making himself beloved by all sorts of people, and can conform to all companies and to all conversations. He is very much of a gentleman in genteel company, but as the inin

habitants

next to

his skill

him

are

mostly Dutch, he

down with them and smokes

his tobacco,

sits

drinks

and talks of improvements, bear and beaver skins. Being surrounded with Indians, he speaks several of their languages well, and has always some He takes care of their wives, and of them with him. they go out on parties and even when old Indians, In short, by his honest dealings wears their dress. with them in trade, and his courage, which has often been successfully tried with them, he has so endeared flip,

;

himself to them,

that

they chose him

their chief sachems, or princes,

as one of and esteem him as

their father."

Not far from the year 1755, while the French and English were at war, he was made general of the colonial militia, and by virtue of a leadership

RED JACKET AND that

HIS PEOPLE.

41

had been created by the Iroquois, he was head

warrior of

all

the

Indian tribes,

who

favored the

English.

The

gifts

of his sovereign, and the opportunity he

had of purchasing Indian

were the means of The ease with which he

lands,

his securing great wealth.

is illustrated by an amusbetween him and a noted chief, Hendrick. Soon after entering upon his duties as Superintendent of Indian Affairs in this country, he received from England some richly embroidered suits

secured land of the Indians

ing

occurrence

of clothes.

Mohawk

was present, when the package containing them was opened, and could Hendrick, a

chief,

not refrain from expressing his admiration of them.

He went away

very thoughtful, but soon after re-

turned and said to Sir William, that he had dreamed a

dream. "

Ah

And what

you dream

?" said

Sir

dreamed," said Hendrick, " that you gave

me

!

did

William. "

I

one of those new

suits

of uniform."

William could not refuse it, and one of the elegant suits was presented to Hendrick, who went away to show his gift to his countrymen and left Sir William to tell the joke to his friends. A while Sir

6

42

RED JACKET AND

after the

general met

drick,

HIS PEOPLE.

Hendrick and

said

— " Hen-

/ have dreamed a dream."

Whether the Sachem mistrusted he was now

to

be

own net or not, is not certain, but he "And what did you dream ?" also inquired, The general said he dreamed that Hendrick pretaken in his

—

him with

sented

described.

It

a

certain

piece of land

consisted of about five hundred acres,

of the most valuable land in the

Hendrick

which he

replied,

his head, said, " Sir

— "It

William

is

I

Mohawk

yours;"

valley.

but, shaking

will never

dream with

you again."* Sir

William's

large

estate,

the partiality of his

countrymen, together with his military honors, and his great influence with the Indians, rendered him " as near a prince as anything the back-woods of

America has

He

witnessed."-)"

two spacious and convenient residences on the Mohawk river, known as Johnson Castle and Johnson Hall. The Hall was his summer residence. Here he lived something like a sovereign, kept an built

excellent table for strangers and officers,

whom

the

course of duty led into these wilds, and by confiding entirely in the Indians, and treating them with truth and justice, never yielding to solicitations once refused, * Drake's

t

The

Book of

the Indians.

expression of an English lady

— Turner.

RED JACKET AND

HIS PEOPLE.

him

they were taught to repose in

43

the utmost confi-

dence.

His personal

him

popularity with

an influence over

own

than any one of our

He was

them

the Indians, gave

greater

is

it

supposed,

race has ever possessed.

Englishman that contended successfully with French Indian diplomacy, as exercised by their governors, missionaries and traders.* the

Had he

first

war of the Revolution, it is supposed by some he might have remained neutral, and have kept the Indians from engaging in the conHe lived flict, though this is altogether uncertain. to see the gathering of the storm that swept away most of his great possessions.

On

lived until the

the death of Sir William,

son succeeded to his

titles

and

General Superintendent of the

hands of Col.

Guy Johnson,

his son

estate.

John John-

The

Indians,

fell

a son-in-law,

office

of

into the

who

ap-

pointed Col. Claus, another son-in-law, as his deputy. Into

their

hands

the property, and

fell

a large

share of the influence over the Indians, possessed by Sir

William Johnson.

in favor

This influence

was exerted

of Great Britain.

When the Indians heard of the uprising in Boston, and of the battle of Lexington, they were told, that these out-breaks were the acts of disobedient children, * Turner's Phelps and

Gorham

Purchase.

RED JACKET AND

44

against the great king, as

he had

who had

been kind

Six Nations.

the

to

HIS PEOPLE.

That

father over the water" was rich in

small,

them, " great

their

money and men

were poor, and their numbers and that they could easily be brought into sub-

the

that

to

colonists

jection.

of the Iroquois convened at Oswego, by Sir John Johnson and other officers and friends of the crown, they were informed that the king desired

At

them

a council

him

to assist

in

subduing the

taken up arms against him, and

him of a

rebels,

who had

were about

to rob

part of his great possessions.

But the chiefs one by one assured the British agents that they had the year before, in a council with General Schuyler, pledged themselves to neutrality, and could not without violating their promise, take up the hatchet. But they were assured that the rebels

justly merited

punishment that white men and Indians could inflict that they would be richly rewarded

all

the

;

—

for their services,

as the waters of

This appeal

and that

Lake

the king's

rum was

as plenty

Ontario.

to their appetites, already vitiated, to-

gether with the promise of large rewards, at length prevailed; and a treaty was concluded, in

Indians pledged themselves

to take

which the

up arms against

the rebels, and continue in service during the war.

E-Bartoloui'JLA'

bunion. ^u?o(oneC

fc/

BRIG. -GEN. SIR

of Q/ncuans.

UJ