Amheida III: Ostraka from Trimithis, Volume 2 9781479801732

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Amheida III Ostraka from Trimithis Volume 2 Greek Texts from the 2008–2013 Seasons

Amheida III Ostraka from Trimithis Volume 2 Greek Texts from the 2008–2013 Seasons By Rodney Ast and Roger S. Bagnall with contributions by Clementina Caputo Raffaella Cribiore

INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD NYU PRESS NEW YORK 2016

© 2016 Institute for the Study of the Ancient World NYU Press ISBN 978-1-4798-5374-8

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bagnall, Roger S. Ostraka from Trimithis / by Roger S. Bagnall and Giovanni R. Ruffini ; with contributions by Raffaella Cribiore and Günter Vittmann. v. cm. — (Amheida ; 1) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Texts from the 2004-2007 seasons. 1. Ostraka—Egypt—Trimithis (Extinct city) 2. Inscriptions, Greek—Egypt—Trimithis (Extinct city) 3. Inscriptions, Egyptian—Egypt—Trimithis (Extinct city) 4. Written communication—Egypt—Trimithis (Extinct city) 5. Greek language—Texts. 6. Egyptian language—Texts. 7. Trimithis (Extinct city)—Social life and customs—Sources. 8. Trimithis (Extinct city)—Antiquities. 9. Amheida Site (Egypt) 10. Excavations (Archaeology)—Egypt—Amheida Site. I. Ruffini, Giovanni, 1974- II. Cribiore, Raffaella. III. Vittmann, Günther. IV. New York University. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. V. Title. PA3371.B34 2011 487’.3—dc23 2011041832

Suggested citation for this volume: Rodney Ast & Roger S. Bagnall (eds.), with contributions from Clementina Caputo & Raffaella Cribiore. 2016. Amheida III: Ostraka from Trimithis, Vol. 2: Greek texts from the 2008–2013 Seasons. New York: New York University Press and Institute for the Study of the Ancient World.

Design by Andrew Reinhard

Printed in the United States

Contents Figures

vii

Note on Editorial Procedure

viii

Works Cited

ix

Preface

xv PART I: INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction

3

2. Archaeological Contexts

4

3. Ceramic Fabrics and Shapes Clementina Caputo

62

4. Wells

89

5. Tenants

91

6. The Circle of Serenos

95

7. The Hand of Serenos

98

8. Government

102

9. Shortened Personal Names

102

10. Gena, Ploutogenes, and Louia: Traces of a Local Cult in the Dakhla Oasis? 104 11. Autourg(os)

108

vi

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

PART II: TEXTS, TRANSLATIONS, AND COMMENTARIES 1. Occupation Levels

113

2. Dumped Material

165

3. Mixed Material in DSU 60 and 93

243

4. Material from Area 4

255

Indexes

271

Concordance

283

Corrections to O.Trim. 1

289

vi

Figures 1. Plan of Amheida. 2. Plan of the House of Serenos (Building 1). 3. Plan of the baths (Building 6). 4. Body sherds embedded in a vault as building material (“chinking sherds”). 5. Ostraka reused as chinking sherds in a dome covering a room. 6. Tags still embedded in mud stopper. 7. Transportation and storage vessels. 8. Cooking vessels. 9. Food consumption and serving vessels. 10. Wine flasks from the Kharga Oasis. 11. Diagnostic ostraka. 12. Diagnostic ostraka. 13. Diagnostic ostraka. 14. Diagnostic ostraka. 15. Circular lids reused as ostraka. 16. Ostrakon reused as a lid: O.Trim. 1.60. 17. Some Well Tags with Pmoun formula. 18. Some Well Tags with Hydreuma-Pmoun formula. 19. Letter and some receipts of Serenos.

vii

Note on Editorial Procedure Texts in this volume are presented according to standard papyrological practice. The following signs have their usual meanings: ( ) [ ] < > { } 〚 〛 α̣β̣γ̣δ̣ε̣ ..... [±5 ] `

´

Resolution of an abbreviation or a symbol Lacuna in the text Letters omitted by the scribe Letters erroneously written by the scribe Letters written, then cancelled, by the scribe Letters the reading of which is uncertain or would be uncertain outside the context Letters remaining in part or in whole which have not been read Approximate number of letters lost in a lacuna and not restored Letters inserted above the line by the scribe

In general, abbreviations are resolved in the text. Fractions printed are d = ¼ and S = ½. The line notes indicate what form the word ἔτους (year) takes in the text and correct non-standard Greek except in the case of some personal names. Errors of case and varieties of spelling in the latter are very numerous. NB: Egyptian proper names without terminations (i.e., undeclined or not hellenized) are not accented. Greek names written in a non-standard spelling are generally accented as if the correct form had been written. In translations, Greek and Egyptian names are transliterated directly; Latin names are given in Latin form. viii

Works Cited Amundsen, L. 1935. Greek Ostraca in the University of Michigan Collection, Part I, Texts with 8 Plates, Nos. 1–699. Ann Arbor. Ast, R. and G. Azzarello. 2013. “New Perspectives on the Gemellus Archive: Sabinus and His Correspondence” in C. Arlt and M. A. Stadler (eds.), Das Fayyûm in Hellenismus und Kaiserzeit: Fallstudien zu multikulturellem Leben in der Antike: 19–28. Wiesbaden. Ast, R. and R. Bagnall. 2015. “New Evidence for the Roman Garrison of Trimithis.” Tyche 30: 1–4. Ast, R. and P. Davoli. 2016. “Ostraka and Stratigraphy at Amheida (Dakhla Oasis, Egypt): A Methodological Issue,” in Proceedings of the 27th International Congress of Papyrology, vol. 3: 1447–1471. Warsaw. Bagnall, R. S. 2011. Everyday Writing in the Graeco-Roman East. Berkeley. Bagnall, R. S. and R. Cribiore. 2012. “Christianity on Thoth’s Hill,” in R. S. Bagnall, P. Davoli, and C. A. Hope (eds.), The Oasis Papers 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project : 409–415. Oxford. Bagnall, R. S. and G. R. Ruffini (eds.). 2012. Amheida I. Ostraka from Trimithis, Vol. 1. New York. Bagnall, R. S. and K. A. Worp. 2011. “Family Papers from Second-Century A.D. Kellis,” Chronique d’Égypte 86: 228–253. Ballet, P. 2004. “Jalons pour une histoire de la céramique romaine au sud de Kharga, Douch 1985–1990,” in M. Reddé (ed.), Kysis, Fouilles de l’Ifao à Douch, oasis de Kharga (1985–1990): 209–240. Cairo. ix

x

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Ballet, P. 2006. “Les supports céramiques,” in H. Lozachmeur (ed.), La Collection Clermont-Ganneau: ostraca, épigraphes sur jarre, étiquettes de bois, vols. 1–2: 106–133. Paris. Ballet, P. and M. Vichy. 1992. “Artisanat de la céramique dans l’Égypte hellénistique et romaine. Ateliers du Delta, d’Assouan et de Kharga,” Cahiers de la Céramique Égyptienne 3: 116–119. Ballet, P., P. Cordier, and N. Dieudonné-Glad (eds.). 2003. La ville et ses déchets dans le monde romain: Rebuts et recyclages. Actes du colloque de Poitiers (19–21 septembre 2002): 19–26. Montagnac. Bingen, J. 1996. “Dumping of Ostraca at Mons Claudianus,” in D. M. Bailey, Archaeological Research in Roman Egypt. The Proceedings of the Seventeenth Classical Colloquium of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum, held on 1–4 December 1993: 29–38. Ann Arbor. Bonnet, Fr. 1994. “La datation des ermitages,” in R. Kasser (ed.), EK 8184, II. Explorations aux Qouçoûr er-Roubâ’îyyât. Rapport sur les campagnes 1982 et 1983: 17–19. Louvain. Boozer, A. L., et al. 2015. Amheida II. A Late Romano-Egyptian House in the Dakhla Oasis: Amheida House B2. New York. Bowen, G. E., W. Dolling, C. A. Hope, and P. Kucera. 2007. “Brief Report on the 2007 Excavations at Ismant el-Kharab,” BACE 18: 21–52. Cervenka-Ehrenstrasser, I.-M. and J. Diethart. 1996. Lexikon der lateinischen Lenhwörter 1. Vienna. Clarysse, W. 2009. “The Zenon Papyri Thirty Years on,” in G. Bastianini and A. Casanova (eds.), 100 anni di istituzioni fiorentine per la papirologia: 1908. Società Italiana per la ricerca dei Papiri, 1928. Istituto Papirologico “G.Vitelli”. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi. Firenze 12–13 giugno 2008: 38–43. Florence. Cribiore, R. 1996. Writing, Teachers, and Students in Graeco-Roman Egypt. Atlanta. Cribiore, R., P. Davoli, and D. Ratzan. 2008. “A Teacher’s Dipinto from Trimithis (Dakhleh Oasis),” JRA 28: 170–191. Cuomo di Caprio, N. 2007. Ceramica in archeologia 2. Antiche tecniche di lavorazione e moderni metodi di indagine. Rome. Cuvigny, H. 2006. “Les poubelles de la contre-histoire. Ostraca et inscriptions du désert oriental égyptien (I–III s. ap. J.-C.),” in S. Fellous, C. Heid, M.-H. Jullien, and T. Buquet, Le manuscrit dans tous ses états. Cycle thématique de l’IRHT, 2005–2006: 2–10. Paris-Orléans. Devauchelle, D. 1983. Ostraca démotiques du Musée du Louvre, I. Cairo. x

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Dixneuf, D. 2012. “Ceramics from ‘Ain el-Gedida, Dakhleh Oasis: Preliminary Results,” in R. S. Bagnall, P. Davoli, and C. A. Hope (eds.), The Oasis Papers 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project: 459–470. Oxford. Drexhage, H. J. 2001. “Einige Bemerkungen zu Geflügelzucht und -handel im römischen und spätantiken Ägypten nach den griechischen Papyri und Ostraka. I: Hühner,” MBAH 20: 83–84. Dunand, F., J.-L. Heim, N. Henein, and R. Lichtenberg. 1992. Douch 1. La nécropole. Exploration archéologique. Monographie des tombes 1 à 72. Cairo. Dunsmore, A. 2002. “Ceramics from Ismant el-Kharab,” in C. A. Hope and G. E. Bowen (eds.), Dakhleh Oasis Project: Preliminary Reports on the 1994–1995 to 1998–1999 Field Seasons: 129–142. Oxford. Dupré Raventos, X. and J-A. Remolà (eds.). 2000. Sordes Urbis. La eliminacion de residuos en la ciudad romana. Rome. Dzierzbicka, D. 2005. “Wineries and Their Elements in Graeco-Roman Egypt,” JJP 35: 9–91. Fournet, J.-L. 2000. “Au sujet du plus ancient chalinos scolaire: chalinoi et vers alphabétiques grecs,” RPh 74: 61–82. Gascou, J. 1979. “Ostraca de Djémé,” BIFAO 79: 77–86. Gignac, F. T. 1976. A Grammar of the Greek Papyri of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, vol. 1: Phonology. Milan. Habermann, W. 2000. Zur Wasserversorgung einer Metropole im kaiserzeitlichen Ägypten. Munich. Hagedorn, D. 1968. “Zwei Spielverse,” ZPE 21: 65–69. Henein, N. 1997. Poterie et potiers d’Al-Qasr : oasis de Dakhla. Cairo. Henein, N. H. and M. Wuttmann (eds.). 2000. Kellia. II. L’ermitage copte QR 195. Archéologie et architecture. Cairo. Hickey, T. 2012. Wine, Wealth, and the State in Late Antique Egypt: The House of Apion at Oxyrhynchus. Ann Arbor. Hope, C. A. 1979. “Dakhleh Oasis Project—Report on the Study of the Pottery and Kilns.” Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 9: 187–201. Hope, C. A. 1980. “Dakhleh Oasis Project—Report on the Study of the Pottery and Kilns.” Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 10: 283–313. Hope, C. A. 1987. “The Dakhleh Oasis Project: Ismant el-Kharab 1989–1990,” Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 17/4: 157–176.

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Hope, C. A. 1993. “Pottery kilns from the Oasis of el-Dakhla,” in D. Arnold and J. Bourriau (eds.), An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery: 121–127. Mainz. Hope, C. A. 1999. “Pottery manufacture in the Dakhleh Oasis,” in C. S. Churcher and A. J. Mills (eds.), Reports from the survey of the Dakhleh Oasis, Western Desert of Egypt, 1977–1987: 215–243. Oxford. Hope, C. A., with appendices by M. A. J. Eccleston, O. E. Kaper, S. Marchand, and D. Darnell. 2000. “Kegs and Flasks from the Dakhleh Oasis,” Cahiers de la Céramique Égyptienne 6: 189–234. Hope, C. A. 2003. “The Excavations at Ismant el-Kharab from 2000 to 2002,” in G. E. Bowen and C. A. Hope (eds.), The Oasis Papers 3, Proceedings of the Third International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project: 207– 289. Oxford. Hope, C. A. 2004a. “The ostraka and the archaeology of Ismant el-Kharab,” in K. A. Worp (ed.), Greek Ostraca from Kellis: O.Kellis, Nos. 1–293. Oxford. Hope, C. A. 2004b. “The Excavations at Ismant el-Kharab and Mut el-Kharab in 2004,” BACE 15: 19–49. Hope, C. A., G. E. Bowen, W. Dolling, C. Hubschmann, P. Kucera, R. Long, and A. Stevens. 2006. “Report on the Excavations at Ismant el-Kharab and Mut el-Kharab in 2006,” BACE 17: 23–67. Kaper, O. E. 2003. The Egyptian God Tutu. Leuven. Keenan, J. G. 1992. “A Constantinople Loan, AD 541,” BASP 29: 176–182. Kucera, P. 2012. “al-Qasr: the Roman Castrum of Dakhleh Oasis,” in R. S. Bagnall, P. Davoli, and C. A. Hope (eds.) The Oasis Papers 6. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference of the Dakhleh Oasis Project: 305–316. Oxford. Lewis, N. 1997. The Compulsory Public Services of Roman Egypt, 2nd ed. Florence. Lister, F. C. and R. H. Lister. 1981. “The Recycled Pots and Potsherds in Spain,” Historical Archaeology 15: 66–78. Marchand, S. 2000. “Catalogue des céramiques (XIIIe dynastie, Deuxième Période intermédiaire et Nouvel Empire),” in F. Colin, D. Laisney, and S. Marchand, “Qaret el-Toub: un fort romain et une nécropole pharaonique,” BIFAO 100: 145–192. Marchand, S. and P. Tallet. 1999. “‘Ayn-Asîl et l’oasis de Dakhla au Nouvel Empire,” BIFAO 99: 307–352. Mitthof, F. 2001. Annona militaris. Die Heeresversorgung im spätantiken Ägypten. Teil I. Florence. xii

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Nordström, H. Å. and J. Bourriau. 1993. “The Vienna System,” in D. Arnold and J. Bourriau (eds.), An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery: 168– 182. Mainz. Patten, S. F. 1999. “Report on the Study of the Ceramics: 1993–1994 Seasons,” in C. A. Hope and A. J. Mills (eds.), Dakhleh Oasis Project: Preliminary Reports on the 1992–1993 and 1993–1994 Field Seasons: 83–88. Oxford. Patten, S. F. 2000. Pottery from the Late Period to the Early Roman Period from Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt. PhD Dissertation, Macquarie University. Peña, J. T. 2007. Roman Pottery in the Archaeological Record. Cambridge. Reiter, F. 2005. “Symposia in Tebtynis – Zu den griechischen Ostraka aus den neuen Grabungen in Tebtynis,” in S. Lippert and M. Schentuleit (eds.), Tebtynis und Soknopaiou Nesos. Leben im römerzeitlichen Fajum, Akten des Internationalen Symposions vom 11. bis 13. Dezember 2003 in Sommerhausen bei Würzburg: 131–140. Wiesbaden. Reiter, F. 2007. “Ostraka di Bakchias dalle Campagne di Scavo 1999–2003,” Papirologica Lupiensia 14/2005 (2007): 263–281. Rougeulle, A., and S. Marchand. 2011. “Des siga sur la côte du Hadramawt (Yémen), témoins d’une attaque navale ?” Cahiers de la Céramique Égyptienne 9: 439–460. Sarris, P. 2006. Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian. Cambridge. Soukiassian, G., M. Wuttmann, L. Pantalacci, P. Ballet, and M. Picon. 1990. Balat III. Les ateliers de potiers d’‘Ayn-Asîl. Cairo. Vleeming, S. P. 1994. Ostraka Varia: tax receipts and legal documents on Demotic, Greek, and Greek-Demotic Ostraka, chiefly of the early Ptolemaic Period, from various collections. Leiden. Wagner, G. 1987. Les oasis d’Égypte. Cairo. Wagner, G. 1993. “*ΧΡΗΤΗ/*ΧΡΗΤΙC < Krḥt: La Chrète,” ZPE 97: 127–129. Wilcken, U. 1899. Griechische Ostraka aus Aegypten und Nubien: ein Beitrag zur antiken Wirtschaftsgeschichte, I. Berlin. Worp, K. A. (ed.). 2004. Greek Ostraca from Kellis: O.Kellis, Nos. 1–293. Oxford.

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Preface This is the second volume of ostraka from the excavations conducted at the site of Amheida, the modern name for what was called Trimithis in the Roman period. The first volume (O.Trim. 1) contained ostraka from the excavation seasons 2004–2007, the present volume from the following seasons through 2013. It does not contain Demotic and hieratic ostraka, which we intend to be edited by Günter Vittmann in volume 3. The preface to volume 1 described the history of the excavations at Amheida down to 2007. As it indicated, after the 2008 season the responsibility for the excavations passed from Columbia University to the Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University. Columbia has, however, continued to maintain the excavation house library, for which we thank former Vice President and University Librarian James Neal and the librarian responsible for the ancient world, Karen Green. Many Columbia students have also been part of the team over the intervening years. We are grateful to the NYU administration for its support of many kinds since 2009, particularly former Provost David W. McLaughlin. Our other expressions of gratitude in the preface to the previous volume need not be repeated here; we continue to owe much to our colleagues in the field, above all Paola Davoli, the field director, on whose extraordinary skill at untangling and interpreting stratigraphy we depend throughout this volume. We are also grateful to Clementina Caputo and Raffaella Cribiore for their contributions to this volume. Bruno Bazzani has taken the photographs and processed the infrared images throughout these years, as well as helping with a host of technical issues in the field; the contribution made by these labors to our texts is to be found on every page. We thank also the referees for their valuable comments. xv

1. Introduction The ostraka published in this volume come from the excavations of the seasons from 2008 to 2013. Two of those seasons were disrupted by external causes: in 2009, a delay in the issuance of military security clearances, which shortened the season by nearly three weeks; and in 2011, the evacuation of the team during the Egyptian revolution, after only a few days of excavation. The richest finds of ostraka came from the even-numbered years of 2008, 2010, and 2012. The decision to cut off the present volume after the 2013 season reflects not only the considerable quantity of material in hand but the arrival, if not at a conclusion of work in and around Area 2.2 (Building 6) and 2.3 (Building 7), at least at a point beyond which they seem unlikely to yield texts that would significantly change the picture derived from the first two volumes. (The 2014 season in fact found few ostraka.) In addition, work in Area 4.1 (the Temple of Thoth) is essentially complete, at least for the present, with the 2013 season. The 2014 season there yielded more decorated blocks and some Demotic and hieratic ostraka, but few Greek texts. The texts in the present volume have helped to add coherence to our understanding of the texts in volume 1, to which some improvements are given in an appendix at the end of this volume; perhaps more significantly, the analysis of their archaeological contexts has helped sharpen the distinctions between types of material and the contexts that produced them and has improved our grasp of chronology. Although the introduction to volume 1 described the contexts of the ostraka in some detail, and subsequent discoveries have only confirmed the correctness of most of the analysis given there, we now can see the particulars laid out there in a more coherent general framework. We have for this reason organized volume 2 to give priority to categories of archaeological contexts, ordering the texts by type within these categories. We have particularly come to see that our body of texts 3

4

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

is dominated by ostraka that found their way to their findspots through ancient processes of dumping and reusing waste.

2. Archaeological Contexts In volume 1, the archaeological contexts have been described under the headings of the three areas of the site from which the ostraka have come: Area 1 (mainly Area 1.3, i.e., House B2), a house with adjacent street and courtyard in the north part of the site, located on the widest street of the city (S1);1 Area 2 (mainly Area 2.1, House B1, the “House of Serenos”), the central area of the site as we see it today, located to the east of the temple area; and Area 4 (mainly Area 4.1, the temple area), the highest hill of the site, on which was located the precinct of the Temple of Thoth (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Plan of Amheida. . This house and its finds are published in Boozer et al. .

4

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

is dominated by ostraka that found their way to their findspots through ancient processes of dumping and reusing waste.

2. Archaeological Contexts In volume 1, the archaeological contexts have been described under the headings of the three areas of the site from which the ostraka have come: Area 1 (mainly Area 1.3, i.e., House B2), a house with adjacent street and courtyard in the north part of the site, located on the widest street of the city (S1);1 Area 2 (mainly Area 2.1, House B1, the “House of Serenos”), the central area of the site as we see it today, located to the east of the temple area; and Area 4 (mainly Area 4.1, the temple area), the highest hill of the site, on which was located the precinct of the Temple of Thoth (Fig. 1).

Figure 1. Plan of Amheida. . This house and its finds are published in Boozer et al. .

Introduction

5

The ostraka in Area 1 came predominantly from levels connected with the occupation of B2, although some of the contexts are not very secure, as a result of severe deflation caused by wind erosion. There was no excavation in Area 1 since 2007 until the initial seasons of work by the team from the University of Reading (now CUNY), led by Anna L. Boozer, in spring 2012 and 2013. The small groups of ostraka from those seasons are reserved for later publication. The ostraka from Area 4 come entirely from insecure contexts, because of the extreme degree of mixing of material from different levels that has occurred as a result of treasure-hunting, stone-robbing, sebbakh-digging, and wind erosion. It can in general be said that although in a few places specific contexts with stratigraphy of the Old Kingdom, Second Intermediate Period, and the Late Period have survived, the characterization of find contexts as insecure remains true for the parts of Area 4 excavated in 2008–2013. As a result, all ostraka from Area 4 are presented in a single section of this volume, without attention to the stratigraphic units in which they were found. It may be assumed that none came from a secure context capable of providing useful information. In Area 2, the situation is far more complex. Already in volume 1 it was possible to distinguish material located under floor levels and thus presumably in place at the time of construction from that accumulated during the period of occupation, particularly during the phase after the partial renovation of B1 around 350. The stratigraphy of B1 and of the courtyard area of Rooms 9 and 10 immediately to its north is described in detail in volume 1. There are just a few texts from this area included in the present volume, as they were found in sorting pottery in years after 2007. As work continued to the north of this zone and in the adjacent streets, and then in Areas 2.2 (Building 6) and 2.3 (the church, B7), it has become increasingly possible to see that the stratigraphic pattern is in large part common to the entire area and to distinguish the ostraka by broad categories of contexts. At the same time, further distinctions can be introduced to take account of the building histories of the individual structures and streets (Fig. 2). This more nuanced picture allows us to describe these contexts under four broad categories: (1) Windblown sand in the uppermost layers excavated. This sand is not a secure context in any instance, but it is our observation that the material found in such layers is almost always from the period of occupation, and we have therefore included such layers in the broad category of occupational debris. These ostraka have in many cases probably come to their location at the time of excavation as a result of being left on rooftops or other surface levels, although it is not excluded that some sherds used for wall or vault chinking could turn up in such levels. We have in particular kept the possibility of chinking sherds in mind when dealing with apparently anomalous texts in this group.

6

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Figure 2. Plan of the House of Serenos (Building 1).

Introduction

7

(2) Identifiable occupation levels, with materials accumulated during the period in which the buildings were lived in or actively used. Here again, there is often the possibility that chinking sherds coming from wall or vault collapse can find their way into the upper parts of occupation debris. (3) Material dumped in preparation of the site for construction, and always found below the lowest floor (or street) levels. This material will have accumulated over a shorter or longer period before construction and quite possibly at another location at Amheida. It may have varying degrees of internal homogeneity or heterogeneity. In general, it seems that the materials for a general spreading of debris to level the site for the construction of B1, B5, and S2 came from a single large source of debris that included building waste and ash along with ostraka coming from jar stoppers. These ostraka have dates ranging from year 1 to year 21 but not higher. It is thus possible that they could all belong to the regnal years of Diocletian (year 1 = 284/5). Years from 8 up, however, could also belong to other reigns, and we do not see any means of being certain that many of them are not from the reign of Constantine. For this reason we have given a full set of the possible years when publishing these pieces in the present volume, and in the corrections to volume 1 we have listed all of the possible years for such texts in that volume. Alongside, or perhaps better on top of, this general layer of debris there are more restricted places in which we can find pre-construction dumped material, for example in a foundation trench. There are a few instances of such ostraka in this volume. More generally, it looks as if some of the sub-floor and sub-foundation debris in B6 and B7 may have been laid down in a separate operation before building began, and we have concluded that these buildings were either built a little later than B2 and B5, perhaps not until the 350s or, in the case of the south block of rooms in the church, even the early 360s. Alternatively, this material may date from renovation of B6 and removal or renewal of floor layers in the process (Fig. 3). (4) Material dumped in spaces intended to hold waste or in places after they had ceased to be used, i.e., after the end of occupation; very often, such rooms had been blocked by walls built in doorways before this dumping began. Such material may come from contemporary use, but it may also represent debris found elsewhere and dumped, and such contexts may therefore contain more diverse contents. Rooms 9 and 10 contained some such debris, and Room 30 in B6 contained a couple of stratigraphic units of very mixed character. The texts in this volume are thus arranged in four parts: (1) Ostraka coming from occupation and post-occupation layers, broadly speaking; (2) Ostraka coming from pre-construction dumped material; (3) Ostraka from the poten-

8

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Figure 3. Plan of the baths (Building 6).

tially post-occupation or renovation dump layers in Room 30 of Building 6; and (4) Ostraka coming from Area 4.1. A detailed discussion of the nature of the dumped material in Area 2.1, with more general reflections on the issues involved in working with dumped and recycled material, is given in an article of Rodney Ast and Paola Davoli, to which the reader is referred for a deeper analysis.2 In the following table, we list the stratigraphic units by area, categorize them briefly, and indicate which ostraka came from each of them. The reader is invited to read the full descriptions of the stratigraphic units in the database (www.amheida.com; in the on-line version of this book, links are provided), as they were prepared by the excavation supervisors at the time. These contain full details of their characteristics but are not written from the broader vantage point of the buildings as a whole. We need to point out that it is not always clear how to classify a stratigraphic unit, particularly where floors have not been preserved and it is not obvious whether dumped material belongs to a phase before or after construction; we have tried to preserve degrees of uncertainty in our description, but again the database provides far more detail.

. Ast and Davoli .

Introduction

9

Table of Archaeological Contexts of the Ostraka, with Dates This table represents an expansion of that given in O.Trim. 1, pp. 61–73, so that it includes all ostraka in the two volumes. The reason for this practice is partly that our analysis of the material in the previous volume has become more nuanced over the past five years, and partly that the common characteristics of the dumped and occupational layers across the whole of Area 2 have become clearer as excavation has been extended to B5, B6, and B7. Ostraka are organized in this table by their archaeological context, Area, Room (where applicable) and S(tratigraphic) U(nit); the SU is a D(eposition) SU unless indicated to be a F(eature). The brief descriptions of context in the fourth column are given for all areas except 4.1 and 4.2. All contexts in those areas were thoroughly disturbed and without stratigraphic value. Room 3 belonged to the house to the south of B1. Dates are discussed in the description of stratigraphy above, pp. 5–7, and in the notes to individual texts. Precise dates are generally based on regnal years or indictions, coupled with archaeological context. If internal evidence other than years helps indicate a date, this is noted in the edition of the individual texts. Texts without internal evidence of date are dated according to their archaeological context; it will be evident that some texts are probably older than these dates would indicate, particularly in the case of layers of material dumped in preparation for construction. Occupation layers, however, appear to have little or no older material except where a chinking sherd has come out of a vault or wall collapse and mixed with occupational debris. In the column with text types we note if well tags have the Pmoun (Pm), Moun (M), or Hydreuma-Pmoun (Hyd-Pm) formula.

10

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

0.0

0

1 (near 2.1)

Surface find

ca.350–370 Receipt (money) 294

0.0

0

1 (area 2) Surface find

ca.350–370 Receipt (hay)

468

0.0

0

1

Surface find

ca.350–370 Delivery order (chaff; mentions Trimithis)

837

1.1

0

0

Surface find

4th c.

Account (wine)

1

1.1

0

4

Surface of unexcavated area

287/8?

Well tag (Pm)

101

1.2

0

3

Mud brick collapse in street from north wall of House B2

285/6?

Well tag (Pm)

99

1.2

0

5

Secondary dump deposit in street

ca.240–275 Account (wheat) 36

1.2

0

6

Trash compacted into street surface

ca.240–350 Well tag (Pm)

141

1.3

1

12

Clean windblown sand

ca.240–350 Account (disbursements)

21

1.3

1

16

Occupational debris above floor

ca.300–350 Account

20

1.3

1

16

Occupational debris above floor

ca.300–350 Account

23

1.3

1

16

Occupational debris above floor

ca.300–350 Uncertain

388

1.3

2

7

Occupational debris at floor level

Ptolemaic– Uncertain Early Rom.

390

1.3

2

15

Room fill

ca.300–350 Account

22

1.3

2

15

Room fill

Ptolemaic– Uncertain Early Rom. (demotic)

389

1.3

2

20

Occupational debris? Or foundation fill?

Ptolemaic– Uncertain Early Rom. (demotic)

391

1.3

2

20

Occupational debris? Or foundation fill?

Ptolemaic– Uncertain Early Rom. (demotic)

392

1.3

2

20

Occupational debris? Or foundation fill?

Ptolemaic– Uncertain Early Rom. (demotic)

393

Introduction

11

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

1.3

3

19

Occupational debris above floor

284/5? or 357/8?

Well tag

200

1.3

5

40

Wind-blown sand below surface

Unknown

Drawing

395

1.3

6

37

Uncertain

ca.350–370 Writing exercise?

534

1.3

7

48

Wall and ceiling collapse

ca.300–350 Account (doum fruits)

24

1.3

9

73

Top floor level, compacted mud

ca.315–350 Account (oil)

26

1.4

0

1

Windblown sand fill

335/6 or 353/4

230

1.4

0

2

Room fill, occupation debris

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

445

1.4

0

3

Room fill, occupation debris

ca.200–250 Account (wheat and barley)

51

2.1

0 (S3)

88

Windblown sand covering collapse

ca.350–370 Tag

191

2.1

0 (S3)

88

Windblown sand covering collapse

ca.350–370 Tag

192

2.1

0 (S3)

190

Windblown sand covering collapse

ca.350–370 Delivery order

316

2.1

14 / 18

177

Windblown sand just below surface

4th c.

Tag or memo

259

2.1

1

1

Windblown sand, top fill

4th c.

List of names

71

2.1

1

1

Windblown sand, top fill

4th c.

Jar inscription

340

2.1

1

4

Dome collapse and occupation

348/9

Well tag (HydPm)

163

2.1

1

4

Dome collapse and occupation

348/9

Well tag (HydPm)

164

2.1

1

4

Dome collapse and occupation

351/2

Well tag (HydPm)

166

2.1

1

4

Dome collapse and occupation

ca.350–370 Tag (Pm)

174

2.1

1

4

Dome collapse and occupation

ca.350–370 Letter

295

Tag

12

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

1

53

Wall collapse and occupation debris

286/7?

Well tag (Pm)

100

2.1

1

168

Floor preparation layer

299/300, 307/8, or 321/2

Well tag (Pm)

118

2.1

1

168

Floor preparation layer

299/300, 307/8, or 321/2

Well tag (Pm)

119

2.1

2

13

Deposit on floor, sealed by DSU 2, which consisted of 2 meters of sand

ca.350–370 Account (grain)

4

2.1

2

13

Deposit on floor, sealed by DSU 2, which consisted of 2 meters of sand

ca.350–370 Account?

5

2.1

2

13

Deposit on floor, sealed by DSU 2, which consisted of 2 meters of sand

ca.350–370 Memorandum

252

2.1

2

13

Deposit on floor, sealed by DSU 2, which consisted of 2 meters of sand

ca.350–370 Letter

297

2.1

2

13

Deposit on floor, sealed by DSU 2, which consisted of 2 meters of sand

ca.350–370 Letter

298

2.1

2

13

Deposit on floor, sealed by DSU 2, which consisted of 2 meters of sand

ca.350–370 Letter

299

2.1

2

13

Deposit on floor, sealed by DSU 2, which consisted of 2 meters of sand

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

356

2.1

2

13

Deposit on floor, sealed by DSU 2, which consisted of 2 meters of sand

ca.350–370 Receipt (book?)

358

Introduction

13 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

2

13

Deposit on floor, sealed by DSU 2, which consisted of 2 meters of sand

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

359

2.1

2

13

Deposit on floor, sealed by DSU 2, which consisted of 2 meters of sand

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

360

2.1

2

14

Fill of niche in wall F3

ca.200–270 Account

2

2.1

2

32

Final floor level in room

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

366

2.1

2

34

Second floor level from top

ca.335–350 Tag

176

2.1

2

34

Second floor level from top

ca.335–350 Tag

177

2.1

2

34

Second floor level from top

ca.335–350 Letter?

303

2.1

2

34

Second floor level from top

ca.335–350 Monogram?

345

2.1

2

34

Second floor level from top

ca.335–350 Uncertain text

367

2.1

2

34

Second floor level from top

ca.335–350 Uncertain text

368

2.1

2

34

Second floor level from top

ca.335–350 Uncertain text

369

2.1

2

38

Part of sequence of occupation levels

ca.335–350 Tag

180

2.1

2

40

Compacted layer below DSU 38

ca.335–350 Tag

189

2.1

2

40

Compacted layer below DSU 38

ca.335–350 Uncertain text

371

2.1

2

41

Refuse layer below floor DSU 40

ca.335–350 Well tag (Pm)

132

2.1

2

41

Refuse layer below floor DSU 40

ca.335–350 Tag

188

2.1

2

41

Refuse layer below floor DSU 40

ca.335–350 Uncertain text

376

14

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

3

22

Sand and debris above mudbrick collapse

290/1? or 318/9 or later

Uncertain text

357

2.1

3

33

Debris deposit on top of last floor

ca.350–370 Account (grain)

10

2.1

3

33

Debris deposit on top of last floor

ca.350–370 Account

11

2.1

3

33

Debris deposit on top of last floor

ca.350–370 Note

304

2.1

3

36

Part of sequence of floor layers

4c.

Account (grain)

12

2.1

3

36

Part of sequence of floor layers

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Well tag (Pm)

114

2.1

3

36

Part of sequence of floor layers

4c.

Memo

257

2.1

3

93

Pit fill or covering, above earliest floor?

292/3 or 314/5

Well tag (HydPm)

148

2.1

3

95

Pit fill, above earliest 328/9 or floor? 346/7

Well tag?

194

2.1

3

95

Pit fill, above earliest Unknown floor?

Uncertain text

381

2.1

4

7

Windblown sand in top layer

ca.335–370 Memo

248

2.1

4

9

Mudbrick + debris layer over floor

344/5

Well tag (HydPm)

159

2.1

4

9

Mudbrick + debris layer over floor

346/7

Well Tag (HydPm)

162

2.1

4

9

Mudbrick + debris layer over floor

ca.345–370 Tag

173

2.1

4

9

Mudbrick + debris layer over floor

ca.345–370 Memo

250

2.1

4

9

Mudbrick + debris layer over floor

ca.345–370 Letter

296

2.1

4

9

Mudbrick + debris layer over floor

ca.345–370 Monogram?

344

2.1

4

9

Mudbrick + debris layer over floor

ca.345–370 Uncertain text

354

Introduction

15 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

4

9

Mudbrick + debris layer over floor

ca.345–370 Tag?

355

2.1

4

9

Mudbrick + debris layer over floor

ca.345–370 Uncertain text (from bone)

454

2.1

4

10

Windblown sand over floor deposit

ca.345–370 Memo

249

2.1

4

12

Ash layer in DSU 9 in part of room

345/6

161

2.1

4

15

Windblown sand between floor and collapse

ca.350–370 Receipt or account

6

2.1

4

15

Windblown sand between floor and collapse

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

287

2.1

4

21

Mudbrick collapse ca.350–370 Account (wine) debris above DSU 23 floor level

3

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Account (wine)

7

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Account (wine)

8

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Account (barley) 9

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Memo or account (oil)

14

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

343/4

Well tag (Pm)

124

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

253

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

254

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

255

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley)

279

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Memo

300

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Delivery order

301

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Delivery order

302

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Delivery order

320

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

362

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

363

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

364

2.1

4

23

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

365

2.1

4

29

Fill of bin

288/9?

104

Well tag (HydPm)

Well tag (Pm)

16

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

4

29

Fill of bin

3rd–4th c.

Well tag (Pm)

128

2.1

4

29

Fill of bin

290/1?

Tag

175

2.1

4

29

Fill of bin

3rd–4th c.

Tag or memo (Pm)

256

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Account

13

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Well tag (Pm)

113

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

Perhaps 335/6?

Well tag (Pm)

126

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Well tag (Pm)

129

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Well tag (Pm)

130

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Well tag (Pm)

131

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Well tag (Pm)

133

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

293/4 or 315/6?

Well tag (HydPm)

149

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Well tag (HydPm)

168

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

296/7, 304/5, or 318/9

Tag

178

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

296/7, 304/5, or 318/9

Tag

179

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Tag

181

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Tag

182

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

299/300, 307/8, or 321/2

183

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Tag

Well tag

184

Introduction

17 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Tag

185

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Tag

186

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Tag

187

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

Ptolemaic– Receipt Early Rom. (demotic)

278

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Uncertain text

370

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Uncertain text

372

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Uncertain text

373

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Uncertain text

374

2.1

4

35

Fill under floor level DSU23

ca.275–340 Uncertain text

375

2.1

4

214

Foundation fill

299/300, 307/8, or 321/2

Well tag (Pm)

122

2.1

4

214

Foundation fill

300/1, 308/9, or 322/3

Well tag (Pm)

123

2.1

4

214

Foundation fill

ca.275–340 Well tag (Pm)

137

2.1

4

214

Foundation fill

290/1?

Well tag. Given as Pmoun tag despite absence of word Pmoun

142

2.1

4

214

Foundation fill

285/6?

Well tag (HydPm)

147

2.1

4

214

Foundation fill

ca.275–340 Tag

217

2.1

4

214

Foundation fill

ca.275–340 Tag

218

2.1

4

214

Foundation fill

ca.275–340 Tag

219

2.1

4

214

Foundation fill

ca.275–340 Jar inscription

341

2.1

4

214

Foundation fill

ca.275–340 Uncertain text

438

2.1

5

16

Windblown sand as top fill

ca.300–370 Memo

251

18

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

5

16

Windblown sand as top fill

ca.300–370 Uncertain

2.1

5

213

Wall collapse at base ca.300–370 Tag or memo of stairs

271

2.1

5

213

Wall collapse at base ca.325–350 Memo or of stairs account

318

2.1

5

213

Wall collapse at base ca.300–370 Uncertain text of stairs

435

2.1

6

67

Roof and wall collapse

ca.300–370 Jar inscription

379

2.1

6

238

Compacted layer above one floor and below last floor

ca.300–370 Well tag (HydPm)

172

2.1

7

69

Ceiling and wall collapse on floor

ca.300–370 List or account

72

2.1

8

F74

Pit in floor

287/8?

Well tag (Pm)

102

2.1

8

63

Vault collapse on floor

332/3?

Well tag (HydPm)

165

2.1

8

63

Vault collapse on floor

ca.350–370 Well tag (HydPm)

169

2.1

8

63

Vault collapse on floor

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

377

2.1

8

63

Vault collapse on floor

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

380

2.1

8

74

Occupation debris above floor

ca.350–370 Account (wine)

15

2.1

8

74

Occupation debris above floor

ca.350–370 Account (money)

16

2.1

8

74

Occupation debris above floor

ca.350–370 Account (wood, chaff)

17

2.1

8

74

Occupation debris above floor

ca.350–370 Account

18

2.1

8

74

Occupation debris above floor

ca.350–370 Ration account

63

2.1

8

74

Occupation debris above floor

ca.350–370 List of names

73

2.1

8

77

Occupation debris above floor, interpenetrating floor level

Ptolemaic or Early Roman

198

Demotic tag?

361

Introduction

19

Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

8

85

Collapse and debris just above floor

ca.350–370 Account (money)

19

2.1

8

98

Floor debris

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Well tag (Pm)

115

2.1

8

102

Probably floor foundation deposit

292/3 or 314/5

Well tag (Pm)

108

2.1

8

102

Probably floor foundation deposit

299/300, 307/8, or 321/2

Well tag (Pm)

117

2.1

8

102

Probably floor foundation deposit

290/1?

Tag

196

2.1

8

102

Probably floor foundation deposit

ca.275–350 Tag?

197

2.1

8

182

Backfill and windblown sand

ca.275–350 Tag

208

2.1

9

F93 north of

Backfill

Unknown

Drawing of human figure

349

2.1

9

104

Probably dump material layer

303/4, 311/2, or 325/6

Well tag (HydPm)

155

2.1

9

104

Probably dump material layer

303/4, 311/2, or 325/6

Well tag (HydPm)

156

2.1

9

107

Fill dumped under floor

303/4, 311/2, or 325/6

Well tag (Pm)

125

2.1

9

107

Fill dumped under floor

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

387

2.1

9

114

Windblown sand fill

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

414

2.1

9

117

Dump layer

ca.275–350 Delivery instructions

308

2.1

9

117

Dump layer

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

396

2.1

9

127

Fill dumped under floor

ca.315–370 List?

76

2.1

9

127

Fill dumped under floor

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

152

Well tag (HydPm)

20

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

9

127

Fill dumped under floor

ca.275–350 Writing exercise

334

2.1

9

127

Fill dumped under floor

ca.275–350 Pen trials

398

2.1

9

127

Fill dumped under floor

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

404

2.1

9

128

Fill dumped under floor

303/4, 311/2, or 325/6

157

2.1

9

128

Fill dumped under floor

ca.275–350 Chi-Rho in circle

347

2.1

9

129

Sandy dump layer in circular structure F93

287/8?

103

2.1

9

129

Sandy dump layer in circular structure F93

ca.275–350 Writing exercise

331

2.1

9

130

Sandy/ashy debris layer in circular structure F93

ca.325–350 Tag? (names)

201a

2.1

9

130

Sandy/ashy debris layer in circular structure F93

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

415

2.1

9

130

Sandy/ashy debris layer in circular structure F93

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

416

2.1

9

130

Sandy/ashy debris layer in circular structure F93

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

417

2.1

9

132

Pit slightly later than 290/1? fill under floor

Well tag (Pm)

106

2.1

9

132

Pit slightly later than 294/5 or fill under floor 316/7

Well tag (Pm)

110

2.1

9

132

Pit slightly later than ca.275–350 Writing fill under floor exercise?

332

2.1

9

132

Pit slightly later than ca.275–350 Jar inscription fill under floor

338

2.1

9

133

Mud floor in corner of courtyard

201

Well tag (HydPm)

Well tag (Pm)

ca.325–350 Names

Introduction

21 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

9

137

Early dump layer

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

397

2.1

9

138

Dump under mud floor DSU 133

ca.325–350 Uncertain text

394

2.1

9

146

Sandy layer under mud-brick collapse

ca.275–350 Account (wine)

25

2.1

9

146

Sandy layer under mud-brick collapse

ca.275–350 Tag or memo

258

2.1

9

148

Preparation level for floor

ca.340–370 Delivery order

314

2.1

9

151

Dumped debris after 297/8, closure of courtyard 305/6, or 319/20

Well tag (HydPm)

151

2.1

9

151

Dumped debris after 355/6 closure of courtyard

Well tag (HydPm)

167

2.1

9

151

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Writing exercise closure of courtyard

335

2.1

9

151

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Christian closure of courtyard symbol

346

2.1

9

151

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Drawing closure of courtyard

348

2.1

9

151

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Uncertain text closure of courtyard

400

2.1

9

151

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Uncertain text closure of courtyard

401

2.1

9

151

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Uncertain text closure of courtyard

402

2.1

9

151

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Uncertain text closure of courtyard

407

2.1

9

151

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Tag closure of courtyard

669

2.1

9

167

Dumped debris after 296/7, closure of courtyard 304/5, or 318/9

150

2.1

9

167

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Tag? closure of courtyard

206

2.1

9

167

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Tag (Moun) closure of courtyard

207

2.1

9

167

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Uncertain text closure of courtyard

419

Well tag (HydPm)

22

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

2.1

9

167

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Uncertain text closure of courtyard

420

2.1

9

167

Dumped debris after ca.275–350 Uncertain text closure of courtyard

421

2.1

9

197

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Letter

317

2.1

9

200

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 List of names?

87

2.1

9

200

Pre-construction dumped material

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Well tag (Pm)

112

2.1

9

200

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Well tag (Pm)

139

2.1

9

200

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Well tag (Pm)

140

2.1

9

200

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Well tag (Pm)

143

2.1

9

200

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.325–350 Tag

222

2.1

9

200

Pre-construction dumped material

296/7, 304/5, or 318/9

Tag

223

2.1

9

200

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.325–350 Tag

224

2.1

9

200

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Memo

319

2.1

9

200

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 List of livestock

436

2.1

9

200

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

437

2.1

9

203

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Tag?

211

2.1

9

203

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Tag (Hyd-Pm)

212

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

316/7 or later

40

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Account? (oil)

Account (grain)

43

Introduction

23 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Account

45

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Account (bread?)

46

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Account?

47

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 List of names or account

85

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Well tag (Pm)

116

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Well tag (Pm)

120

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Well tag (Pm)

135

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Well tag (Pm)

136

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

318/9?

Tag (Pm)

213

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Tag

215

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Uncertain text; exercise

336

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

430

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

431

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

433

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

450

2.1

9

212

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

537

2.1

9

215

Dumped debris

ca.275–350 List of names

83

2.1

9

215

Dumped debris

ca.275–350 List of names

86

2.1

9

215

Dumped debris

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

434

24

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

9

218

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Account (vinegar)

49

2.1

9

218

Pre-construction dumped material

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Well tag (Pm)

96

2.1

9

218

Pre-construction dumped material

299/300, 307/8, or 321/2

Well tag (Pm)

121

2.1

9

218

Pre-construction dumped material

ca.275–350 Well tag (Pm)

144

2.1

9

230

Debris layer

ca.275–350 Account (hay, etc.)

50

2.1

9

230

Debris layer

ca.275–350 Tag or list (Pm)

227

2.1

9

232

Fill in foundation 330/1? trench for north wall of house

Tag

231

2.1

4/9

FSU 19

Dump: Stuck in wall 296/7 or 318/9

Well tag (Pmoun)

585

2.1

10

119

Debris layer above floor level

ca.350–370 List of names

75

2.1

10

119

Debris layer above floor level

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

268

2.1

10

135

Occupation?

ca.350–370 Memo

504

2.1

10

142

Dump layer under floor

294/5 or 316/7

Well tag (Pm)

111

2.1

10

142

Dump layer under floor

290/1?

Tag

202

2.1

10

191

Dump layer under floor

ca.275–350 List of names

95

2.1

10

191

Dump layer under floor

303/4, 311/2, or 325/6

Well tag (HydPm)

158

2.1

10

191

Dump layer under floor

290/1?

Tag

241

2.1

10

191

Dump layer under floor

ca.275–350 Drawing

353

2.1

10

191

Dump layer under floor

ca.275–350 Writing exercise

429

Introduction

25 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

10

202

Possible dump directly on gebel

ca.275–350 Drawing

352

2.1

10

220

Debris after or contemporary with floor F106

ca.350–370 Tag?

226

2.1

10

220

Debris after or contemporary with floor F106

345/6?

Tag

228

2.1

10

220

Debris after or contemporary with floor F106

ca.350– 370?

Tag

237

2.1

10

220

Debris after or contemporary with floor F106

ca.350– 370?

Tag or memo

274

2.1

10

220

Debris after or contemporary with floor F106

ca.350– 370?

Note or memo

321

2.1

10

241

Channel fill from construction

ca.250–325 Account of expenditures (clay tablet)

62

2.1

10

241

Channel fill from construction

ca.275–350 Jar inscription

342

2.1

10

241

Channel fill from construction

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

446

2.1

10

255

Channel fill from construction (filling of the latrina, below level of the school)

ca.275–350 Writing exercise

337

2.1

11

0 (backfill)

Backfill

Unknown

Uncertain text (tag?)

399

2.1

11

79

Windblown sand fill

344/5?

Well tag (HydPm)

160

2.1

11

229

Windblown sand fill

ca.350–370 Tag

2.1

11

235

Collapse onto ca.350–370 Well tag (Pm) occupation debris or from upper floor

145

2.1

11

235

Collapse onto 297/8, occupation debris or 305/6, or from upper floor 319/20

233

Tag

232

26

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

2.1

11

235

Collapse onto ca.350–370 Tag occupation debris or from upper floor

234

2.1

11

235

Collapse onto ca.350–370 Tag occupation debris or from upper floor

239

2.1

11

235

Collapse onto ca.350–370 Tag or memo occupation debris or (mentions from upper floor Trimithis)

273

2.1

12

226

Windblown sand fill

ca.350–370 Account?

52

2.1

12

226

Windblown sand fill

ca.350–370 Account (in matia)

54

2.1

12

226

Windblown sand fill

ca.350–370 Tag

238

2.1

12

226

Windblown sand fill

ca.350–370 Tag?

236

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Account (rushes)

53

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Account (barley and date stones)

56

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Account (hay)

57

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Account (hay)

58

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Account (hay)

59

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Account (hay)

61

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 List of names

89

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 List of names

90

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 List of names

91

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 List of names

92

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Account

93

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 List of names

94

Introduction

27

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

357/8

Tag

235

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Tag

240

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Tag

242

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

362/3

Tag

243

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

357/8

Tag

244

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

356/7

Tag?

245

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

275

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Tag or memo (mentions Trimithis)

276

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

277

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Delivery order

325

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

354/5?

Letter

326

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Letter

327

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Memo or order

328

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

447

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley?) 448

2.1

12

245

Collapse of north wall and vault

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

449

2.1

13

F150

Top floor level

ca.350–370 Account (hay)

55

2.1

13

83

Windblown sand

ca.350– 370?

193

Tag

28

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

13

185

Surface layer, windblown sand

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

261

2.1

13

186

Vault collapse in W. part of room

ca.350–370 Tag or memo (mentions Trimithis)

262

2.1

13

186

Vault collapse in W. part of room

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

263

2.1

13

186

Vault collapse in W. part of room

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

265

2.1

13

186

Vault collapse in W. part of room

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

266

2.1

13

187

Clean windblown sand fill

ca.350–370 Tag

225

2.1

13

199

Vault collapse outside room

ca.350–370 Account (tiphagia)

34

2.1

13

199

Vault collapse outside room

ca.350–370 Account (chaff) (354/5?)

35

2.1

13

199

Vault collapse outside room

ca.350–370 Account (chaff)

48

2.1

13

199

Vault collapse outside room

ca.350–370 List of names or account

79

2.1

13

199

Vault collapse outside room

ca.350–370 Well tag (Pm)

138

2.1

13

199

Vault collapse outside room

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

272

2.1

13

207

Vault collapse from above doorway

ca.350–370 List of names or account

80

2.1

13

207

Vault collapse from above doorway

ca.350–370 List

81

2.1

13

207

Vault collapse from above doorway

353/4?

214

2.1

13

207

Vault collapse from above doorway

ca.350–370 Receipt

289

2.1

13

208

Fill of northwest bin

ca.350–370 Account (cotton)

38

2.1

13

208

Fill of northwest bin

ca.350–370 Account (days)

39

2.1

13

208

Fill of northwest bin

ca.350–370 List or account

82

2.1

13

208

Fill of northwest bin

ca.350–370 List of names

84

Tag

Introduction

29 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

13

208

Fill of northwest bin

ca.350–370 Receipt (oil)

288

2.1

13

208

Fill of northwest bin

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

432

2.1

13

209

Fill of northeast bin

ca.350–370 Ration account

64

2.1

13

216

Occupation debris on floor

358/9

41

2.1

13

216

Occupation debris on floor

ca.350–370 Account (tiphagia)

42

2.1

13

216

Occupation debris on floor

ca.350–370 Account (cotton)

44

2.1

13

216

Occupation debris on floor

ca.350–370 Address tag

216

2.1

13

216

Occupation debris on floor

ca.350–370 Tag or memo (mentions Trimithis)

269

2.1

13

216

Occupation debris on floor

ca.350–370 Receipt?

290

2.1

14

184

Wall and vault collapse

ca.350–370 Tag

209

2.1

14

184

Wall and vault collapse

ca.350–370 Tag

210

2.1

14

194

Wall and vault collapse

ca.350–370 Account (oil)

37

2.1

14

194

Wall and vault collapse

298/9, 306/7 or 320/321?

154

2.1

14

194

Wall and vault collapse

ca.350–370 Tag

229

2.1

14

194

Wall and vault collapse

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

264

2.1

14

194

Wall and vault collapse

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

267

2.1

14

211

Wall collapse and floor debris

358/9 or 363/4

270

2.1

14

221

Occupation debris with brick & sand

ca.350–370 Ration account

66

2.1

14

221

Occupation debris with brick & sand

ca.350–370 Tag

220

2.1

14

221

Occupation debris with brick & sand

ca.350–370 Tag

221

Account (hay)

Well tag (HydPm)

Tag or memo

30

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

14

221

Occupation debris with brick & sand

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

439

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Ration account

65

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Ration account

67

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Ration account

68

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Ration account

69

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Ration account

70

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 List of names

88

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Tag?

247

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley)

292

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley)

293

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Note or memo

322

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Letter

323

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Letter

324

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Order (wine jars)

330

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

440

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

441

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

442

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

443

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

444

Introduction

31 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

14

233

Habitation layer just above floor

ca.350–370 Receipt or memo (barley)

453

2.1

15

F78

North–South wall

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

452

2.1

15

F109

Stack of baked brick

ca.275–350 Uncertain text

451

2.1

15

0 (backfill)

Backfill

ca.350–370 Receipt

291

2.1

15

109

Ash deposit in test pit

ca.350–370 Order (barley)

329

2.1

15

145

Flat roof collapse on occupation debris

ca.350–370 List?

77

2.1

15

145

Flat roof collapse on occupation debris

ca.350–370 Tag

204

2.1

15

145

Flat roof collapse on occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley)

281

2.1

15

148

Sand and brick debris under floor

ca.350–370 Receipt

412

2.1

15

152

Flat roof collapse on occupation debris

ca.350–370 Account (hay, wine, etc.)

29

2.1

15

152

Flat roof collapse on occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley)

283

2.1

15

152

Flat roof collapse on occupation debris

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

405

2.1

15

152

Flat roof collapse on occupation debris

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

409

2.1

15

152

Flat roof collapse on occupation debris

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

410

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

ca.350–370 Account (tiphagia)

30

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

ca.350–370 Account (wine)

31

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

360/1?

32

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

ca.350–370 Account (oil)

60

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

363/4 or 364/5?

146

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

ca.350–370 Memo

Account? (hay)

Well tag (HydPm)

260

32

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley)

284

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (chaff)

285

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

ca.350–370 List (colors/ pigments)

350

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

413

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

423

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

425

2.1

15

157

Occupational and mud brick debris

ca.350–370 Uncertain text (Pm)

426

2.1

15

261

Rubble layer below floor

ca.275–350 Tag

246

2.1

15

261

Rubble layer below floor

ca.275–350 Jar inscription?

343

2.1

16

158

Windblown sand below mud-brick collapse

ca.350–370 Tag or memo

205

2.1

16

158

Windblown sand below mud-brick collapse

ca.350–370 Delivery order

312

2.1

16

158

Windblown sand below mud-brick collapse

ca.350–370 Uncertain text

408

2.1

16

161

Sand and dust above ca.350–370 Receipt floor

282

2.1

16

161

Sand and dust above ca.350–370 Delivery order floor

313

2.1

17

153

Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Account

27

2.1

17

153

Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Delivery instructions

309

2.1

17

153

Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Letter

310

2.1

17

155

Sand and dust above ca.350–370 Delivery floor instructions

311

2.1

17

155

Sand and dust above ca.350–370 Uncertain text floor

403

Introduction

33 Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

2.1

17

161

Sand and dust above ca.350–370 Uncertain text floor

411

2.1

19

264

Occupation: Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Account

455

2.1

19

F227

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Account

463

2.1

19

275

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Tag

477

2.1

19

280

Dump

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley; Serenos?)

519

2.1

19B

292

Occupation? (containing Serenos material)

ca.350–370 Account (donkey)

465

2.1

19B

292

Occupation? (containing Serenos material)

ca.350–370 Memo (wheat)

490

2.1

19B

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Account (wheat) 461

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Ration account (wheat, wine, tiphagia)

462

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Account (days)

466

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Memo (barley delivery)

491

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Memo (flaxseed delivery)

492

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Memo (barley delivery; Trimithis)

493

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Memo (hay delivery)

494

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Tag (names)

479

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Delivery order

533

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Uncertain

543

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Uncertain

544

34

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Uncertain

545

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Uncertain

548

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Uncertain

549

2.1

19C

297

Occupation: Postconstruction dump

ca.350–370 Uncertain (Serenos)

550

2.1

19C

302

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 List (names)

464

2.1

19C

302

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 List (names)

467

2.1

19C

307

Dump?

ca. 275–350

Memo

737

2.1

19C

307

Dump?

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

753

2.1

19C

307

Dump?

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

754

2.1

19C

307

Dump?

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Uncertain

755

2.1

19C

312

Occupation: Under F227

ca.350–370 Uncertain

546

2.1

19C

312

Occupation: Under F227

ca.350–370 Uncertain

547

2.1

20

308

Occupation? Debris

ca.350–370 Tag

480

2.1

20

318

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Memo (barley delivery)

495

2.1

21

287

Debris

ca.350–370 Tag

478

2.1

21

F244

Occupation (threshold)

ca.350–370 Memo (account? 497 of tablets)

2.1

22

270

Occupation: Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley; Serenos)

505

2.1

22

270

Occupation: Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Receipt (hay; Serenos)

506

2.1

22

270

Occupation: Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley; Psais)

524

2.1

22

270

Occupation: Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley?; 509 Serenos?)

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Account (hay)

456

Introduction

35 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Account (hay)

457

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Account (hay)

458

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Account (hay)

459

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Account (hay)

476

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley; Serenos)

508

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt? with signature

526

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Letter (Serenos)

531

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (hay; Serenos)

510

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (hay; Serenos)

511

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (hay; Serenos)

512

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley; Serenos)

513

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (hay; Serenos)

514

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley)

515

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (hay; Serenos)

516

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (hay; Serenos)

517

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt

518

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Traces

538

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Traces

539

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Traces

540

2.1

22

273

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt? (barley) 541

2.1

22

277

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 List (names)

460

2.1

22

281 (in S2)

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley; Serenos?)

520

2.1

22

306

Occupation debris?

ca.350–370 Letter? (Trimithis)

551

36

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

2.1

22

320

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Memo (delivery of dates to oikodespoina)

496

2.1

22

320

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Uncertain

552

2.1

22

320

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Uncertain

553

2.1

N.of 289 R19 & 22

Occupation? Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Uncertain

543

2.1

23

303

Occupation debris

ca.350–370 Receipt (Nikokles)

527

2.1

23

304

Dump? Debris

303/4 or 325/6

Well tag (HydPm)

654

2.1

23

304

Dump? Debris

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

785

2.1

23

329

Occupation? Debris

ca.350–370 Jar inscription

535

2.1

S2

F314

Floor

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley) (tag: other)

481

2.1

S2

342

Occupation: Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Receipt (hay; Serenos)

521

2.1

S2

342

Occupation: Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Receipt (barley; Sarapion)

528

2.1

S2

345

Occupation? Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Memo (barley delivery, mentions Trimithis)

498

2.1

S2

348

Occupation? Collapse

294/5 or 316/7

671

2.1

S2

350

Occupation: Floor

ca.350–370 Receipt (hay; Serenos)

522

2.1

S2

350

Occupation: Floor

ca.350–370 Account

469

2.1

S2

350

Occupation: Floor

ca.350–370 Tag (receipt?)

482

2.1

S2

350

Occupation: Floor

ca.350–370 Tag (receipt?)

483

2.1

S2

350

Occupation: Floor

ca.350–370 Letter (Serenos)

531

2.1

S2

350

Occupation: Floor

ca.350–370 Uncertain

554

2.1

S2

350

Occupation: Floor

ca.350–370 Uncertain

555

2.1

S2

350

Occupation: Floor

ca.350–370 Uncertain

556

Tag

Introduction

37

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

S2

351

Dump

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Well tag (Pm)

586

2.1

S2

351

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

672

2.1

S2

351

Dump

290/1?

Tag

673

2.1

S2

351

Dump

ca. 275–350

Writing exercises and school texts

746

2.1

S2

354

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

756

2.1

S2

355

Dump

301/2, 309/10, or 323/4

Well tag (Pm)

588

2.1

S2

355

Dump

299/300, 307/8, or 321/2

Well tag (HydPm)

655

2.1

S2

355

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag (Pm)

587

2.1

S2

355

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

674

2.1

S2

358

Surface: Windblown ca.350–370 Receipt (hay) sand (tag: other)

484

2.1

S2

358

Surface: Windblown ca.350–370 Receipt? with sand signature (Serenos)

523

2.1

S2

360

Occupation? Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Uncertain

557

2.1

S2

364

Occupation: Surface of street

ca.350–370 Account

470

2.1

S2

364

Occupation: Surface of street

ca.350–370 Memo concerning delivery?

499

2.1

S2

364

Occupation: Surface of street

ca.350–370 Uncertain

559

2.1

S2

364

Occupation: Surface of street

ca.350–370 Uncertain

560

2.1

S2

364

Occupation: Surface of street

ca.350–370 Uncertain

561

38

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

S2

366

Fill of stibadium

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

757

2.1

S2

367

Dump

293/4 or 315/6

Well tag (Pm)

589

2.1

S2

367

Dump

294/5 or 316/7

Well tag (Pm)

590

2.1

S2

367

Dump

285/6?

Well tag (Pm)

591

2.1

S2

367

Dump

301/2, 309/10, or 323/4

Well tag (Pm)

592

2.1

S2

367

Dump

ca. 275–350

Writing exercises and school texts

747

2.1

S2

367

Dump

ca. 275–350

Writing exercises and school texts

748

2.1

S2

367

Dump

ca. 275–350

Misc. (drawing)

750

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Account

573

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Account (demotic)

574

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

List (names)

582

2.1

S2

368

Dump

2nd–3rd century

Account? (convex demotic)

583

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Account

584

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Moun) 593

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Moun) 594

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

595

2.1

S2

368

Dump

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Well tag (Pm)

596

Introduction

39

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

597

2.1

S2

368

Dump

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Well tag (Pm)

598

2.1

S2

368

Dump

300/1, 308/9, or 322/3

Well tag (Pm)

599

2.1

S2

368

Dump

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Well tag (Pm)

600

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (M)

601

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

602

2.1

S2

368

Dump

294/5 or 316/7

Well tag (Pm)

603

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

604

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (M)

605

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

606

2.1

S2

368

Dump

288/9?

Well tag (Pm)

607

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

608

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

609

2.1

S2

368

Dump

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Well tag (Pm)

610

2.1

S2

368

Dump

288/9?

Well tag (Pm)

611

2.1

S2

368

Dump

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Well tag (Pm)

612

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

613

2.1

S2

368

Dump

286/7?

Well tag (Pm)

614

40

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

615

2.1

S2

368

Dump

295/6 or 317/8

Well tag (Pm)

616

2.1

S2

368

Dump

286/7?

Well tag (Pm)

617

2.1

S2

368

Dump

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Well tag (Pm)

618

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

619

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

620

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

621

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (M)

622

2.1

S2

368

Dump

284/5?

Well tag (M)

623

2.1

S2

368

Dump

288/9?

Well tag (Pm)

624

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (M)

625

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

626

2.1

S2

368

Dump

298/9, 306/7, 320/1

Well tag (HydPm)

656

2.1

S2

368

Dump

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Tag

675

2.1

S2

368

Dump

284/5?

Tag

676

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

677

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

678

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

679

2.1

S2

368

Dump

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Tag

680

Introduction

41

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

S2

368

Dump

299/300, 307/8, or 321/2

Tag

681

2.1

S2

368

Dump

296/7 or 318/9

Tag

682

2.1

S2

368

Dump

289/90?

Tag

683

2.1

S2

368

Dump

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Tag

684

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

685

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

676

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

686

2.1

S2

368

Dump

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Tag

687

2.1

S2

368

Dump

299/300, 307/8, or 321/2

Tag

688

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

689

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

690

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

691

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

692

2.1

S2

368

Dump

294/5 or 316/7

Tag

693

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

694

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

695

2.1

S2

368

Dump

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Tag

696

42

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

S2

368

Dump

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Tag

697

2.1

S2

368

Dump

298/9, 306/7, or 320/1

Tag

698

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

699

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

700

2.1

S2

368

Dump

296/7 or 318/9

Tag

701

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

702

2.1

S2

368

Dump

289/90?

Tag

703

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

704

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

705

2.1

S2

368

Dump

296/7 or 318/9

Tag

706

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

707

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

708

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

709

2.1

S2

368

Dump

295/6 or 317/8

Tag

710

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

711

2.1

S2

368

Dump

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Tag

712

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

713

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

715

Introduction

43

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

716

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Tag

717

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

758

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

759

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

760

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

761

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

762

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain (demotic)

inv. 14112

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

763

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

764

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

765

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

766

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

767

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

768

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

769

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

770

2.1

S2

368

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

771

2.1

S2

371

Occupation: Floor

ca.350–370 Tag

485

2.1

S2

371

Occupation: Floor

ca.350–370 Memo (sitokrithon, mentions Trimithis)

500

44

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.1

S2

372

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (HydPm)

657

2.1

S2

372

Dump

284/5?

Tag

714

2.1

S2

374

Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

627

2.1

S2

374

Dump

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

772

2.1

S2

374

Dump

300/1, 308/9, or 322/3

Well tag (Hyd Pm)

658

2.1

S2

385

Occupation? Wall collapse

287/8?

Tag

718

2.1

S2

402

Occupation: Dump

ca.350–370 Account

471

2.1

S2

402

Occupation: Dump

ca. 275–350

Well tag (M)

632

2.1

S2

406

Dump

297/8, 305/6, or 319/20

Well tag (Pm)

633

2.1

S3

380

Occupation: Windblown sand

ca.350–370 Receipt (wool; Serenos)

529

2.1

S3

386

Occupation: Wall collapse

ca.350–370 List of ingredients

536

2.1

S3

386

Occupation: Wall collapse

ca.350–370 Uncertain

562

2.1

S3

387

Occupation: Walking surface

ca.350–370 Uncertain

563

2.1

S3

387

Occupation: Walking surface

ca.350–370 Uncertain

564

2.1

S3

395

Dumped material 292/3? below floor of the street; dumped immediately after building the house, to create the base for the street in front of the west door of the house

Well tag

628

Introduction

45 Text Type

O.Trim.

Dumped material ca. below floor of the 275–350 street; dumped immediately after building the house, to create the base for the street in front of the west door of the house

Well tag (M)

630

395

Dumped material ca. below floor of the 275–350 street; dumped immediately after building the house, to create the base for the street in front of the west door of the house

Well tag

629

S3

395

Dumped material ca. below floor of the 275–350 street; dumped immediately after building the house, to create the base for the street in front of the west door of the house

Well tag (M)

631

2.1

S3

399

Dump: Rubble

ca. 275–350

Misc. (drawing)

751

2.2

24

10

Occupation; from spoliation of baked brick wall F24; of uncertain origin

2nd half of 4th c.

Uncertain

565

2.2

26

23

Dumped material below floor level

290/1?

Well tag (HydPm)

659

2.2

26

23

Dumped material below floor level

300/1, 308/9, or 322/3

Well tag (Hyd-M)

660

2.2

26

23

Dumped material below floor level

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

773

Area Room SU

Context

2.1

S3

395

2.1

S3

2.1

Date Attributed

46

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.2

26

23

Dumped material below floor level

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

774

2.2

26

23

Dumped material below floor level

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

775

2.2

27

F109

Occupation: Mud floor of thermae phase

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

752

2.2

28

F77

Occupation: Staircase; possible chinking sherd or from dumped material DSU 29

2nd half of 4th c.

Account

474

2.2

28

29

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 29, DSU 31)

Tag

723

2.2

28

29

Dumped material filling the room; above floor level (similar to Room 29, DSU 31)

ca. 275–350

Memo

738

2.2

28

29

Dumped material filling the room; above floor level (similar to Room 29, DSU 31)

ca. 350–375

Memo

739

2.2

29

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Account

575

2.2

29

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Account

576

2.2

29

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Account (olive oil)

577

Introduction

47 Text Type

O.Trim.

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Well tag (Pm)

638

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Well tag (Pm)

639

29

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Well tag (M)

640

2.2

29

31

Dumped material 285/6? filling the room; above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Well tag (HydPm)

661

2.2

29

31

Dumped material 298/9, filling the room; 306/7, or above floor level 320/1 (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Well tag (HydPm)

662

2.2

29

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Well tag (HydPm)

663

2.2

29

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Well tag (HydPm)

664

2.2

29

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Letter, order, note

744

Area Room SU

Context

2.2

29

31

2.2

29

2.2

Date Attributed

48

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Uncertain

776

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Uncertain

777

29

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Uncertain

778

2.2

29

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Uncertain

779

2.2

29

31

Dumped material ca. filling the room; 275–350 above floor level (similar to Room 28, DSU 29)

Uncertain

780

2.2

28

47

Occupation? Sand above floor

2nd half of 4th c.

Uncertain

567

2.2

29

55

Occupation; it can be contaminated by dumped material DSU 31

2nd half of 4th c.?

Account

472

2.2

29

58

Dump: Occupation between two floor levels F66 and F79

ca. 275–350

Writing exercises and school texts

749

2.2

30

F76

Occupation: Surface with mortar and mosaic tesserae, possibly restoration phase

2nd half of 4th c.

Tag

487

2.2

30

32

Occupation? Can be chinking sherd

2nd half of 4th c.?

Uncertain

566

Area Room SU

Context

2.2

29

31

2.2

29

2.2

Date Attributed

Introduction

49

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.2

30

56

Occupation? Possibly dumped material

2nd half of 4th c.

List (names)

473

2.2

30

56

Occupation? Possibly dumped material

2nd half of 4th c.

Uncertain

568

2.2

30

56

Occupation? Possibly dumped material

2nd half of 4th c.

Uncertain

569

2.2

30

56

Occupation? Possibly dumped material

2nd half of 4th c.

Uncertain

570

2.2

30

56

Occupation? Possibly dumped material

2nd half of 4th c.

Receipt (barley) (tag: other)

486

2.2

30

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Account (barley) 786

2.2

30

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Account (wheat and barley)

787

2.2

30

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Account

788

50

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Account

789

60

Dumped material 298/9, from destruction 306/7, or of previous phase 320/1 building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Well tag (Pm)

790

30

60

Dumped material 291/2? from destruction of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Well Tag (Pm)

791

2.2

30

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Well tag (Pm)

792

2.2

30

60

Dumped material 288/9? from destruction of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Well tag (HydPm)

795

Area Room SU

Context

2.2

30

60

2.2

30

2.2

Date Attributed

Introduction

51 Text Type

O.Trim.

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Well tag (HydPm)

796

60

Dumped material 288/9? from destruction of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Well tag (HydPm)

797

30

60

Dumped material 288/9? from destruction of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Tag

798

2.2

30

60

Dumped material 297/8, from destruction 305/6, or of previous phase 319/20 building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Tag

799

2.2

30

60

Dumped material 303/4 or from destruction 325/6 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Tag

800

Area Room SU

Context

2.2

30

60

2.2

30

2.2

Date Attributed

52

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Dumped material 295/6 or from destruction 317/8 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Tag

801

60

Dumped material 296/7 or from destruction 318/9 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Tag

802

30

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Tag

803

2.2

30

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Memo

805

2.2

30

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 350–370 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Memo (Philippos)

806

Area Room SU

Context

2.2

30

60

2.2

30

2.2

Date Attributed

Introduction

53 Text Type

O.Trim.

Dumped material ca. from destruction 350–370 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Memo (Philippos)

807

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 350–370 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Memo (Philippos)

808

30

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Letter

810

2.2

30

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Writing exercises and school texts

811

2.2

30

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Misc.

814

Area Room SU

Context

2.2

30

60

2.2

30

2.2

Date Attributed

54

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 Text Type

O.Trim.

Dumped material ca. from destruction 350–370 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Misc.

815

60

Dumped material ca. from destruction 275–350 of previous phase building; below floor level of R30; possibly mixed up in its upper part with material from above melted floor

Misc.

816

30

83

Dump: Under DSU 60.

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

634

2.2

30

93

Dumped material

ca. 350–370

Memo

809

2.2

30

93

Dumped material

ca. 275–350

Jar inscription

812

2.2

30

93

Dumped material

ca. 275–350

Jar inscription

813

2.2

30

114

Dump?

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

648

2.2

30

118

Dumped material

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

793

2.2

30

118

Dumped material

ca. 275–350

Well tag (M)

794

2.2

30

118

Dumped material

294/5 or 316/7

Tag

804

2.2

31

77

Dump: 298/9, Abandonment phase 306/7, or of the thermae; 320/1 dumped materials

Well tag (Pm)

641

2.2

31

77

Dump: ca. Abandonment phase 275–350 of the thermae; dumped materials

Tag

719

Area Room SU

Context

2.2

30

60

2.2

30

2.2

Date Attributed

Introduction

55

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.2

31

79

Dumped material below floor

301/2, 309/10, or 323/4

Well tag (HydPm)

665

2.2

33

126

Dumped material or 292/3 or at floor level 314/5

Well tag (Pm)

651

2.2

34

101

Dumped material above floor level

2nd half of 4th c.

Receipt with signature? (Herakleides?)

530

2.2

34

101

Dumped material above floor level

333/4 or 352/3

Well tag (HydPm)

668

2.2

34

101

Dumped material above floor level

2nd half of 4th c.

Tag

722

2.2

34

106

Unclear (on floor)

2nd half of 4th c.

Account 501 (donkey loads of wood)

2.2

34

119

Dumped material

ca. 275–350

Memo

740

2.2

34

119

Dumped material

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

783

2.2

34

119

Dumped material

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

784

2.2

35

112

Dumped material, below floor level

2nd half of 4th c.

List (names)

581

2.2

35

112

Dumped material, below floor level

290/1?

Tag

720

2.2

35

112

Dumped material, below floor level

ca. 275–350

Tag

721

2.2

36

89

Sand below surface layer, context unreliable

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

781

2.2

38

132

Rubble from bakedbrick wall, chinking sherd

After 312

Receipt

742

2.3

1

0

Surface finds

293/4 or 315/6

Well tag (Pm)

649

2.3

1

0

Surface finds

287/8?

Tag

730

2.3

1

1

Occupation? Surface, natural; ostraka of uncertain origin

2nd half of 4th c.

Account

475

56

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.3

1

1

Occupation? Surface, natural; ostraka of uncertain origin

2nd half of 4th c.

Tag

488

2.3

1

1

Occupation? Surface, natural; ostraka of uncertain origin

345/6

Tag

489

2.3

1

1

Occupation? Surface, natural; ostraka of uncertain origin

2nd half of 4th c.

Uncertain

571

2.3

1

4

Dump; very close to surface, possibly contaminated

ca. 275–350

Account

578

2.3

1

4

Dump; very close to surface, possibly contaminated

285/6?

Well tag (Pm)

635

2.3

1

4

Dump; very close to surface, possibly contaminated

295/6 or 317/8

Well tag (Pm)

636

2.3

1

4

Dump; very close to surface, possibly contaminated

286/7?

Well tag (M)

642

2.3

1

4

Dump; very close to surface, possibly contaminated

284/5?

Well tag (HydPm)

666

2.3

1

4

Dump; very close to surface, possibly contaminated

291/2?

Well tag (HydPm)

667

2.3

1

4

Dump; very close to surface, possibly contaminated

285/6?

Tag

732

2.3

1

4

Dump; very close to surface, possibly contaminated

ca. 275–350

Memo

741

2.3

1

4

Dump; very close to surface, possibly contaminated

ca. 275–350

Letter, order, note

743

Introduction

57

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.3

1

4

Dump; very close to surface, possibly contaminated

ca. 275–350

Letter, order, note

745

2.3

1

5

Dump: Collapse of ceiling; can be chinking sherd

285/6?

Well tag (Pm)

643

2.3

1

14

Dump; similar to DSU 4, can be contaminated. Originally filling below floor

287/8?

Tag

733

2.3

1

23

Dump: Foundation filling

286/7?

Well tag (Pm)

644

2.3

1

23

Dump: Foundation filling

294/5 or 316/7

Well tag (Pm)

645

2.3

1

23

Dump: Foundation filling

296/7 or 318/9

Well tag (Pm)

646

2.3

1

23

Dump: Foundation filling

ca. 275–350

List

579

2.3

1

23

Dump: Foundation filling

ca. 275–350

Tag

724

2.3

1

23

Dump: Foundation filling

296/7 or 318/9

Tag

734

2.3

1

24

Dump: Filling of a sealed tomb, probably with material dug up in excavation of tomb

ca. 275–350

Tag

725

2.3

1

24

Dump: Filling of a sealed tomb, probably with material dug up in excavation of tomb

285/6?

Tag

726

2.3

1

24

Dump: Filling of a sealed tomb, probably with material dug up in excavation of tomb

284/5?

Well tag (Pm)

647

2.3

1

26

Dump: Foundation filling, dumped material

ca. 275–350

Account

580

58

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.3

1

26

Dump: Foundation filling, dumped material

ca. 275–350

Tag

735

2.3

1

31

Surface sand

ca. 275–350

Tag

727

2.3

1

39

Sandy fill of burial pit F31, below F34; mixed with dumped material

286/7?

Well tag (Pm)

637

2.3

1

39

Sandy fill of burial pit F31, below F34; mixed with dumped material

ca. 275–350

Tag

728

2.3

1

FSU 14

West exterior foundation wall of Room 1

ca. 275–350

Well tag (Pm)

653

2.3

2

102

Collapse, probably mixture of material

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

572

2.3

6

0

Surface find

ca. 275–350

Memo (delivery order of date stones)

503

2.3

7

68

Sand layer below ca. collapse (DSU 32) in 275–350 Room 7

Tag

729

2.3

7

83

Dump: Under DSU 60

ca. 275–350

Memo (delivery 502 order of artabas)

2.3

9

52

Sand fill below the surface sand layer DSU 31; context not reliable

ca. 275–350

Uncertain

782

2.3

11

67

Mud-brick debris from a wall collapse

ca. 275–350

Tag

731

2.3

11

85

Dumped material under walls of south part of church

3 Dec. 362

Delivery order (chaff; mentions Trimithis)

532

2.3

11

85

Dumped material under walls of south part of church

ca. 275–350

Well tag

650

2.3

11

85

Dumped material under walls of south part of church

294/5 or 316/7

Well tag (Pm)

652

Introduction

59

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

2.3

11

Dumped material under walls of south part of church

329/30 or 339/40

Tag

736

4.1

0

3rd c.

Account

824

4.1

0

1

ca. 350–370

Account

827

4.1

0

1

Ptolemaic– Receipt Early Rom. (demotic)

280

4.1

0

1

Ptolemaic– Uncertain text Early Rom.

385

4.1

0

2

Ptolemaic– Letter (demotic) Early Rom.

305

4.1

0

2

Dyn. 25 or earlier

Letter fragment (demotic)

306

4.1

0

8

3rd–4th c.

Well tag (Pm)

134

4.1

0

11

3rd–4th c.

Tag

190

4.1

0

11

293/4 or 315/6

Tag

195

4.1

0

11

Ptolemaic– Uncertain text Early Rom.

378

4.1

0

11

Unknown

382

4.1

0

11

ca.315–370 Tag?

383

4.1

0

11

Ptolemaic– Uncertain text Early Rom.

384

4.1

0

12

ca. 350–370

Account (Serenos-era)

817

4.1

0

14

3rd c.?

Letter

307

4.1

0

18

356/7

Well tag (Pm)

127

4.1

0

18

4th c.

Well tag (HydPm)

170

4.1

0

18

Unknown

Uncertain text

386

4.1

0

43

291/2 or 313/4

Well tag (Pm)

107

4.1

0

43

293/4 or 315/6

Tag

199

4.1

0

60

3rd–4th c.

List of names

74

4.1

0

60

3rd–4th c.

Well tag (HydPm)

171

85

Uncertain text

60

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Area Room SU

Context

Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

4.1

0

61

285/6? or 328/9 or later

Well tag (Pm)

97

4.1

0

61

288/9? or 316/7 or later

Well tag (Pm)

105

4.1

0

64

284/5? or 327/8 or later

Tag

203

4.1

0

77

285/6? or 328/9 or later

Well tag (Pm)

98

4.1

0

79

Unknown

Account?

33

4.1

0

81

3rd–4th c.

Account (wheat or barley)

28

4.1

0

86

Unknown

Uncertain text

418

4.1

0

86

Unknown

Uncertain text

424

4.1

0

90

ca.350–370 Receipt (chaff)

286

4.1

0

99

4th c.

List of names?

78

4.1

0

99

293/4 or 315/6

Well tag (Pm)

109

4.1

0

99

Ptolemaic– Text in demotic Early Rom. re: payment

427

4.1

0

115

3rd–4th c.

Writing exercise?

840

4.1

0

123

3rd–4th c.

Account

818

4.1

0

123

4th c.

List (names)

819

4.1

0

123

ca. 275–350?

Tag (Siynchis)

832

4.1

0

142

3rd–4th c.

Uncertain

841

4.1

0

142

3rd–4th c.

Uncertain

843

4.1

0

143

3rd–4th c.

Uncertain

842

4.1

0

147

4th c.

Account

821

4.1

0

151

3rd–4th c.? Uncertain

845

4.1

0

153

3rd c.?

Account

820

4.1

0

153

Unknown

Uncertain (Greek or demotic)

846

Introduction Area Room SU

Context

61 Date Attributed

Text Type

O.Trim.

4.1

0

158

4th c.

Letter

839

4.1

0

159

3rd–4th c.

List (names)

822

4.1

0

159

3rd–4th c.

List (names)

823

4.1

0

159 + 166

ca. 350–370

Account

826

4.1

0

162

3rd–4th c.

List (names)

825

4.1

0

162

287/8?

Tag

833

4.1

0

166

299/300, 307/8, or 321/2

Well tag (HydPm)

831

4.1

0

167

3rd–4th c.

Uncertain

844

4.1

0

168

ca. 275–350

Tag (names)

834

4.1

0

172

295/6 or 317/8

Well tag (M)

828

4.1

0

172

288/9?

Well tag (Pm)

829

4.1

0

173

ca. 275–300

Tag

835

4.1

0

173

ca. 350–370

Letter

838

4.1

0

183

288/9?

Well tag

836

4.1

0

189

284/5?

Well tag (Pm)

830

4.2

0

1

Unknown

Jar inscription?

339

4.2

0

6

Ptolemaic– Uncertain text Early Rom. (demotic)

422

4.2

0

7

Unknown

Uncertain text

406

4.2

0

8

Unknown

Writing exercise?

333

4.2

0

10

Unknown

Drawing

351

4.2

0

13

Unknown

Well tag (HydPm)

153

4.2

0

13

Ptolemaic– Uncertain text Early Rom. (demotic)

428

4.2

0

17

Later Ptolemaic

315

Payment order

62

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

3. Ceramic Fabrics and Shapes Clementina Caputo The purpose of this section is to complement the papyrological study resulting from the textual and paleographical analysis of the ostraka of Amheida with information concerning the pottery supports on which they were written.1 The reuse of ceramic materials for purposes different from their original ones is very common, not only at Amheida but everywhere in Egypt and in the ancient world at large.2 One of the main reuses of ceramic sherds in antiquity was in fact as the support material for the production of ostraka.3 At Amheida, pottery sherds were also abundantly used inside walls and especially in vaults covering the rooms of the town’s buildings, prolonging the “life” of ceramic fragments, which became in fact building material.4 Additionally, excavations at the site have attested to the reuse of pottery sherds that were already disposed of in larger dump contexts as fillings for the foundation layers of new buildings. In this case, the refuse already accumulated in a dump was laid as a fill for foundation trenches and building yards, and subsequently sealed off by the floors of the rooms of later buildings. In Area 2 at Amheida, ostraka are noticeably abundant in this kind of deposition. In the past, it has been rare for ostraka, widespread as they were, and not only in Greco-Roman Egypt,5 to receive much attention for any aspect other than their explicit written contents, and interest in the support, i.e., the type of

. I would like to express my gratitude to Professors R. S. Bagnall (Director, ISAW) and P. Davoli (Field Director, University of Salento) for entrusting me with the study of ceramics of the ostraka found at Amheida, and for giving me the opportunity to present the results of this work. Special thanks go to Professor P. Ballet (University of Paris Nanterre) for her teaching and supervision, and D. Dixneuf (CEAlex) for advice and help given to me in the early years of fieldwork. I also thank my colleagues J. Marchand (PhD, University of Poitiers) and I. Soto (PhD student, ISAW). Additional thanks to B. Bazzani, R. Casagrande-Kim, and V. Liuzzi for their assistance in the writing of this contribution. The study of ceramic supports used for the ostraka at Amheida and at Dime es-Seba (Fayoum) is also the subject of my PhD dissertation defended in July  both at the University of Salento (Lecce) and at the University of Poitiers. Advisors for this research are, respectively, Prof. P. Davoli and Prof. P. Ballet. . Lister and Lister ; Dupré Raventos and Remolà (eds.) ; Ballet, Cordier, and Dieudonné-Glad (eds.), ; Peña . . Peña : –. . According to Bonnet, the potsherds reused in the walls were contemporary to the building, while those present in the fillings were collected in dumps: Bonnet ; Henein and Wuttmann (eds.) : . See also Ast and Davoli . . Peña : .

Introduction

63

sherd chosen to write on, has been particularly rare.6 Apart from a few exceptions, it was only in the 1990s that a certain interest in ostraka, both as texts and as artifacts associated with an archaeological context, started to develop.7 Indeed, when this important category of finds is associated with specific geographic, temporal, and spatial contexts it can inform us about a wide range of activities taking place during all periods of occupation of an ancient site. Their contents add to the archaeological data new evidence for the social and economic interpretation of the settlement and the dwellings or public contexts in which they are found. In general, ostraka are often dated with far more accuracy than other archaeological evidence, thereby contributing to the dating of archaeological layers and their specific contexts.8 When dates can be ascribed to ostraka, they can also provide reference points for the general study of the ceramics, informing us of the timeframe during which particular shapes were in use. In turn, this information can provide dating to contexts in which ostraka without any internal chronological indications occur. Furthermore, knowledge of the different fabrics of ostraka and of the location of pottery workshops not only enables scholars to determine the place of manufacture of the potsherds but also the origins of certain texts and the commodities there mentioned.9 This innovative approach to the study of the ceramic support, used on the ostraka from Amheida, allows us to utilize the morphology of potsherds to create a ceramological classification of the ostraka that can then be compared with the groupings resulting from the paleographical study of the texts. The investigation of the array of types these fragments belong to is fundamental in addressing issues of chronology and technical production, as well as the identification of complete vessels from which they derive. Finally, through the combination of vessel types, dating, and texts one can speculate on whether complete vessels of a particular type were still in use at the time when the text was . In  the papyrologist U. Wilcken showed interest in the ceramic supports used for the ostraka, but it remained an isolated case: Wilcken : . Publications from  to  provide almost only philological information. In fact, there are just a few works in which short descriptions of the color of the fragments used are given, but this information is insufficient for identifying the pottery supports: see Amundsen ; Gascou ; Devauchelle . . A substantial breakthrough in the study of these objects occurred in  with a publication of S. P. Vleeming, who, with the cooperation of R. Van Walsen, gave an accurate ceramic description of the ostraka examined: Vleeming : –, –. Two works that are certainly the best example of interaction between philologists and ceramicists are those of Worp (), in which the analysis of the supports is managed by Colin A. Hope, and Lozachmeur (), in which the analysis of the ceramic supports is by P. Ballet: Hope a: –; Ballet : –. . Bingen : . . Hope a: .

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written, or if fragments from the broken vessels were reused after a relatively long period of time, possibly even coming from a dump layer.10 In general, it must be stressed that the date of the creation of the support provides only a terminus post quem for the writing of the ostrakon, and that in principle centuries could pass between the two acts.

3.1. Methodology The direct observation and study of the supports of the ostraka took place during the 2011 and 2013 seasons at the SCA magazine at Ismant (near the site of Kellis), and focused on all fragments found from 2004 to 2013. Each ostrakon made from pottery has been checked and compared with the remaining pieces comprising the corpus. Additionally, a ceramological study consisting of the classification of the supports according to the morphology, fabrics, and surface treatment was carried out for each ostrakon. The macroscopic study of all inscribed ceramic fragments followed the criteria below: t
t
t
t
t


the composition of the clay; the color of the surface and fractures; the texture and appearance of the fabric; the color, appearance, size, frequency, and quality of the inclusions; the final processing and surface treatment (i.e., slip, decoration, etc.).

The diagnostic fragments for which a secure vessel type has been recognized have been drawn and compared with similar shapes already present in the Amheida ceramic catalogue.11 The combined data regarding fabric, shape, and function made it possible to establish a typological classification of the fragments analyzed.

3.2. Ostraka and Ceramics The corpus of the Amheida ostraka consists of approximately 889 pieces. The Greek ostraka form the largest part of the corpus, with 813 specimens, while . Bingen ; Cuvigny . . Since  I have been entrusted with the cataloguing and study of ceramic vessels found during the excavations conducted on the site. This experience has led to better knowledge of the Dakhla Oasis productions and shapes.

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Hieratic and Demotic ostraka are less frequent, 13 and 25 examples respectively. 12 pictorial and 26 unidentified ostraka complete the corpus (Table 1).

Table 1. Distribution of the ostraka by language. The contexts in which the ostraka were found during excavation belong mostly to dump layers and occupational deposits (75%). The dump layers are primarily foundation fills or dumped waste, but ostraka were also found on the surface or embedded in the walls as building material (“chinking sherds”) (Figs. 4–5).12 In general, the range of datable ostraka coincides with that of other textual and numismatic evidence dating between the mid-first century and the end of the fourth century CE. The identified texts comprise accounts of different commodities, such as hay, oil, vinegar, wine, cotton, and bread, letters and delivery orders, lists of names, and writing exercises. The largest number of texts, with 344 examples or 36% of the total, are tags, especially well tags. Such small tags were used to label the contents of jars containing wine and other commodities and were placed in mud stoppers, as attested by three examples from the site where the ostrakon is still embedded in the stopper (O.Trim. 1.161, 200, and 204) (Fig. 6).13 Comparanda have also been found in 14 complete stoppers, still with their tags, from a Roman building at Kellis.14 .Ast and Davoli . . Bagnall and Ruffini : . . Bagnall and Ruffini : . One of these tags (O.Kell. ) was published in the first volume of Greek ostraka from Kellis, while the others are still unpublished, Worp : .

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Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Figure . Body sherds embedded in a vault as building material

(“chinking sherds”).

Figure . Ostraka reused as chinking sherds in a dome covering a room.

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Figure . Tags still embedded in mud stopper.

Among the items of information written on the well tag sherds were the name of the well or plot, the name of the tenant who has leased the plot, the vessel’s content, and the year of reign from which the contents came and, presumably, that in which the vessel with the tag was delivered.15 These ostraka, quite well attested within Dakhla, are far less common outside the Oasis.16

3.2.1. The Main Fabrics of the Ostraka When lacking diagnostic fragments, small sherds are difficult to attribute to specific vessel types or to date within a narrow timeframe. In these instances, the identification of distinctive fabrics and surface treatments become fundamental in recognizing some vessel types. The characteristics of the clays and the classification of the main oasis fabrics and wares have been the subject of a number of studies.17 Specifically, the analysis of the sherds’ main fabrics in the case of ostraka from Amheida has been based primarily on the Dakhleh Oasis Fabric System’s classification by Colin Hope.18 . Bagnall : –; Bagnall and Ruffini : –, –. . Similar tags have been identified at Bakchias, Karanis, and Tebtynis (Fayyum). The text on these tags consists of the name of the owner or a date, referring to the delivery of the commodities or the year of harvest. H.C. Youtie was the first to suggest that these ostraka probably were located on wheat bags. However, the finds from Amheida and Kellis suggest another use for the labels: H. C. Youtie, Scriptiunculae posteriores I (Bonn ) –; Reiter :  and –; Reiter , especially . . For the characteristics of the clay and ceramic materials of the oases, see: Soukiassian, Wuttmann, Pantalacci, Ballet, and Picon : –; Marchand and Tallet ; Hope ; Patten : –. See also Nordström and Bourriau . . For the fabric descriptions see Hope et al. ; Hope a: –. Hope has worked extensively on the production of pottery artifacts in the Dakhla Oasis for all historical periods. Most of the fabric descriptions here are taken verbatim from conversations with Colin Hope and Pascale Ballet.

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Production of ceramics, at least in the region of the Dakhla Oasis,19 is characterized mainly by two fabric types: red- and brown-firing fabrics (A) and the orange-, green-, yellow-, and white-firing fabrics (B).20 (Table 2)

Table 2. Percentage of vessel fabrics present on the site. The first, and by far the most prominent, fabric (93.06% of the sherds used for ostraka at Amheida) is made of clays rich in iron oxides (iron-rich clays), ranging in color from red-orange (A1a/A2a) to gray-black (A1b/A2b). The distinction between A1 and A2 fabrics is not based on the clay’s composition, which is indeed identical, but on the addition of inclusions. In the A1 fabric, sand temper, quartz grains, calcareous inclusions, and red or black particles are very numerous. Conversely, the clay of group A2 is finer, resulting in a thinner and denser ceramic core. A1 and A2 groups are predominant both in the overall amount of sherds found on site as well as among the ostraka. This is in part due to the fact that these fabrics were used in the production of the most common ceramic types (i.e., storage and transport containers, cooking wares, and table wares). The existence of pottery workshops at Amheida during the Roman period (at least in Area 1)21 and at other sites in the oasis reinforces the hypothesis of a regional and local ceramic production of groups A1 and A2.22 As far as chronology goes, A1a and A1b were produced from the early second . Concerning the clay, according to Ballet, the Amheida production differs from the Kharga wares, which are mainly made with kaolinitic material (with red inclusions, probably hematite, and “plaquettes,” which are silicified clay inclusions). . Hope et al. : . . The study of ceramic materials from B (Area ) by D. Dixneuf (CEAlex) appears in Boozer . . Hope .

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century until the mid- to late-fourth century CE, a timeframe confirmed by the ostraka found at the site. A2a and A2b are instead dated more narrowly to the third–fourth centuries.23 A variant of these groups is fabric A5, similar in composition but overfired, with a coarser texture, more porous, and with a larger quantity of white, green and yellow particles. The inherent qualities of this fabric make it the ideal choice for containers for liquids (i.e., jugs, kegs, and storage jars). Type A11, also known as Christian Brittle Ware, is a kaolinitic brittle fabric characterized by a hard core and fine texture. The breaks differ according to the firing: lighter surfaces have usually bluish-gray cores, whereas darker surfaces correspond to cores with orange-pink zones. The inclusions consist of several red and black particles of various sizes (silicified clay platelets), quartz grains, and some small white particles of calcite. Quite commonly the external surface is coated in a red slip, which turns gray after firing. Used in flasks of the Third Intermediate Period/Late Period, this type was resumed from the late third and fourth century CE for thin-walled cooking jars, casseroles, and bowls. With a red and cream coating, these vessels are sometimes decorated in red dots on cream bands, a characteristic of Late Antique productions.24 The B10 type is a marl clay with a porous texture; it is light in color and moderately coarse. The breaks are usually greenish-gray, with several grains of quartz, some limestone, and red and black particles of various sizes. This type was used almost exclusively for closed vessels (i.e., lids used also as footed bowls, jugs, and costrels). More specifically, water jugs are dated mainly, but not exclusively, to the middle of the third century/end of the fourth century CE.25 The B3b type is characterized by an orange kaolinitic clay containing mostly red hematite inclusions of medium and small size, quartz, and platey fragments of shale and mudstone.26 Usually this fabric is attested at Amheida in flasks and small bowls with yellow slip. Its production has been linked to sites located in . Hope a: . The standard fabric was in use from the fourth millennium (Sheikh Muftah Cultural Unit) and occurs throughout all subsequent periods: Hope et al. : . According to P. Ballet, the red clay of the Mut Formation could have been used for making pottery in Amheida. The clay used at the end of the Old Kingdom in Balat seems to be the same used for the Roman production in Amheida. The ceramic types of Amheida production are close to the Old Kingdom material from Balat, especially for the slight or strong over-firing process. For the production of Balat see: Ballet and Picon : –. . Hope : ; Hope et al. : ; Dunsmore : ; Hope a: ; Dixneuf : . . Hope a: . . The fabric description has been defined with P. Ballet during a workshop in January  and February  in Dakhla.

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the North of the Kharga Oasis.27 The double-handled flasks, designed to contain and transport wine from Kharga, are small containers similar to lagynoi of the Hellenistic world (Fig. 10). They are characterized by a yellow slip on the exterior surface, sometimes decorated in a monochrome or bichrome painted motif. They can also present thick blackened traces on the inner surfaces, on the rim, and on the outside of the neck. These are traces of resins that covered the whole internal surface to seal them so that the liquid content would not be spoiled. The small convex bowls with yellow slip are characterized by a simple rim with spiral decoration on the inner surface. They are usually found in the same contexts as the flasks. This production appears in the Kharga Oasis in small amount at the beginning of what is called Phase III, dated to the 3rd century CE, and increases progressively during the 4th or 5th century CE, at the end of Phase III.28

3.2.2. Ceramic vessels The morphological repertoire of Amheida’s pottery vessels includes a great variety of shapes, mainly of local or regional manufacture, as already mentioned above. Most of the fragments come from common wares, especially iron-rich fabric A1, and can be divided into closed forms (jars, kegs, water jugs, and cooking pots) and open forms (craters, basins, and small bowls). Kegs constitute the main import from the oases of the Libyan desert. The manufacture of this type of container begins at the end of the Third Intermediate Period (25th Dynasty) in the oases of Bahariya (Qasr Allam),29 Kharga (27th Dynasty at Ain Manâwîr), and Dakhla during the Late Period (fifth century BCE).30 During the Roman Period and Late Antiquity, kegs have a large oval shape, short neck, cylindrical or slightly tapered, and a rounded triangular rim.31 Today, these vessels are still used, particularly in the Dakhla Oasis (ElQasr), as churners, for storing cheese, or for drawing water in shallow channels.32 Storage containers at Amheida include several types of jars classified according to the rim shapes. They usually present short necks and rims with quadrangular sections and sometimes grooves. Roman jars have usually a pro. Ballet and Vichy : –, Fig. (g–h); Ballet : –,  (Fig. , nos. –). . Ballet and Vichy : ; Ballet : –. . Rougeulle and Marchand : , n. . . Marchand  : . . Patten :  and pl.  (SSk and SSe; Form , Phase +); Hope et al. : . . Henein : –.

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jecting rib at the junction between the neck and shoulder, a short neck, and a rim of quadrangular section,33 or the surface right below the neck can be decorated with grooves.34 Containers with rounded rims are characteristic of Late Antiquity.35 Water jugs characteristic of the Late Roman Period and Late Antiquity have usually a pinched rim, narrow cylindrical neck provided with a filter, large carinated body, and flat base. The handle is attached to the lip and the upper part of the body. Generally, these vessel types are made with a marl coarse clay favorable to the keeping of water and its freshness (B10 fabric), but they can also be produced in a ferruginous clay rich in calcite particles (A5 fabric). In both cases, the outer surface is covered with a white slip. All these containers are made in A1, A2, and A5 fabrics, attesting a local or regional production. They were intended to store water and local wine, but also dairy products (Fig. 7). The large family of cooking vessels consists mainly of globular pots with rims of different shapes. They are usually short necked, slightly flared, and sometimes molded, or with thickened flared rims, or even neck-less with flat and flared rims. The fabric used for this types of vessel is A1, A2 or, from the late third and fourth century CE, A11 (Fig. 8). Open forms used for food consumption and serving have many variants that are sometimes difficult to classify because of their very slow and minimal changes between the Imperial period and Late Antiquity (Fig. 9). Large bowls used in food preparation include craters and basins. Craters have usually outward everted rims, deep carinated bodies, and rounded bases. Most of the examples found at Amheida have red-purple wavy lines or spiral patterns painted over cream-colored bands that decorate the inner side of the rims. Very common at Amheida are also basins or deep bowls used in food preparation. They typically have slightly flattened rims with triangular sections, convex walls, and ring bases. Although these shapes are usually dated to the Early Roman Period (1st–2nd c. CE),36 the comparative materials from houses at Kellis are dated to the Late Roman Period.37 Small and medium-sized bowls, part of the table wares, can be divided into three main types, all very common at Amheida. . Hope : ; Hope : , fig.  (o: nd–rd c. AD); Patten : pl.  (Form /, H-//a); Bowen et al. :  and , fig.  (c: end of st–nd c. AD). . Hope : , fig.  (p: nd–rd c. AD); Patten :  and pl.  (Form , Phase ); Hope et al. :  and , fig.  (d.: end of st –beginning of rd c. AD); Patten :  and pl.  (SS j: Form , Phase ). . Patten :  and pl.  (SSab: similar to Form , Phase ). . Patten : –, Pl.  (Form /); Hope et al. : ,  fig.  (a). . Dunsmore : , fig.  (a /a).

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Figure . Transportation and storage vessels.

Figure . Cooking vessels.

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Figure . Food consumption and serving vessels.

Small bowls with convex profiles and slightly domed or flat bases were used for the consumption and the preparation of food, as evidenced by the presence of black soot on the external surfaces. However, they were more often utilized as lids for storage jars, as proven by the presence of residues of gypsum plaster attached to their inner walls. Convex bowls were produced as early as the beginning of the Hellenistic period, both in the oases and in the Nile valley.38 Parallels from Kellis date primarily to the second or third century CE.39 A second type of bowl, with straight-sided rim, is characterized by slightly raised bottoms and sloping walls. Many of them have an internal ledge where the lid sat and present heavily blackened surfaces caused by exposure to fire . Hope : pl. , fig.  (n–d) and fig.  (l); Patten : , fig. .; Patten , Form / and p. ; Patten : pl.  (Form ); Hope : fig.  (f), p. , fig.  (b–c); Hope b: 40, fig. 7 (a, c, f) and 41, fig. 9 (d, e, h). . Hope : , fig.  (a), , fig.  (b–c) and ; Dunand et al. : –, Pl.  ().

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during the cooking of food. This type was found at Kellis in contexts dated to the second and third centuries CE.40  Finally, small bowls with high carinations on the upper body have small flared or tapered rims and convex bases. They are sometimes heavily blackened on the exterior surfaces, as they were used also as cooking vessels. The inner side of their rims is usually decorated with painted red dots on a creamcolored band. This decoration is characteristic of the end of the third century and fourth century CE.41 All these containers are made in A1 and A2 fabrics; they often present white drips and spots on both rims and bodies, and they are frequently decorated with red dots or thick marks on the rims, a decorative motif which is characteristic of the oasis during the Late Roman Period.42

3.2.3. Characteristics of the ostraka In general, all ostraka at Amheida are in a good or fair state of preservation. Most of the texts were written on the potsherds’ convex faces, though some examples were written on the concave sides. In a few instances the same text stretched over both sides of the sherd, or the same sherd was used for two separate texts, each written on one of the two sides. The texts were written for the most part in black ink, but there are some examples in brown ink. The fragments were originally part of the vessels’ bodies, more commonly from the shoulders or the main body of the containers, areas that are generally straighter and have smooth surfaces and lack external ribs (98%). There are only a few instances where the texts are written on diagnostic parts of the vessel (i.e., rims, handles, bases); in fact, only 17 out of 893 Greek ostraka (2%) are diagnostic sherds (Figs. 11–14). Texts identified on these sherds are mostly memoranda, lists or uncertain (i.e., 1.77, 258, 355, 380, 402, 419, 2.504, 569, 644, 737, 806, 815, 838). None of these refers to trading or administrative transactions. Most of the ostraka analyzed are from locally produced vessels: 122 from jars, 30 from kegs, 24 from jugs, 23 from basins, craters, and large bowls, 17 from small bowls, 6 from cooking pots, 6 from lids. In addition there are 318 ostraka also made from locally produced vessels, but for which it was not pos . Hope : , fig.  (c); Patten : , fig.  (); Patten : pl.  (Form  R-F) and pl.  (Form /). . Patten : , fig.  (); Patten : pl. , Form ; Hope : , fig. , n° b; Hope b:  and , fig.  (d/). . Patten : .

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Table 3. Distribution of ostraka according to ceramic group (fabric). sible to define the shape. The highest percentage (96.50%) belongs to fragments in Group A fabrics (i.e., A1a, A1b, A2a, A2b, and A5), the same used for the production of the majority of containers present on the site. 1.60% is kaolinitic clay (A11), used for the production of containers, known as Christian Brittle Ware, 1.04% is in calcareous local clay (B10) used mainly for the production of jugs. Only 0.86% is in B3b, the fabric associated with the yellow slipped productions of the Kharga Oasis. No ostrakon made with fragments of Oasis Red Slip Ware or imports from other areas of Egypt and the Mediterranean was found (Table 3). The majority have irregular quadrangular shapes; however, ostraka used as tags seem to maintain a quite constant shape and size, with rectangular and triangular outlines. Very few ostraka are circular in shape (Fig. 15). These circular examples are the result of a secondary reuse of the sherd: indeed, the sherds were first cut to become circular lids used in stoppers to seal containers such as jars or amphorae, and only after the jars were opened and the lids disposed of did they become supports for writing. Interestingly, at Amheida one example shows that also the opposite process was possible. In this case, the sherd first was used as an ostrakon and only later was recut, partially obliterating the written text, to become a lid (Fig. 16). The thickness of the sherds used as support for writing ranges between 0.5 and 1 cm (Table 4), dimensions that are characteristic of vessel types such as medium-sized bowls, jars, kegs, and cooking pots. Therefore, fragments of basins and craters were rarely used as support for writing, apart from a few notable exceptions. The size of the fragments is between 6 (min.) and 18.5 (max.)

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Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Figure . Wine flasks from the Kharga Oasis.

Table . Thickness range and writing surface of fragments in cm of ostraka.

Introduction

77

cm in the case of accounts or letters, while tags vary between 1.4 (min.) and 7 (max.) cm. Contrary to what has been previously argued, some categories of texts, primarily well tags, were not written on randomly chosen sherds,43 but rather they were specifically manufactured in large quantities by cutting body sherds into similar shapes meant to accommodate formulaic texts.44 The process was probably as follows: once a ceramic vessel broke, as commonly happened because of heavy daily usage, the larger body sherds were selected and collected for reuse as ostraka. This could have happened inside each dwelling right after the vessel broke, or the selection could have happened after the sherds were discarded in an open area dump. At present there is no evidence that could exclude or confirm one hypothesis over the other. An attendant, possibly trained in this skill, would break these larger fragments using a sharp tool, most likely a flint or a hammer, by hitting them. Such a blunt stroke would produce a series of fragments differently shaped.45 Only those fitting a predetermined size would be kept, while the remaining ones would be discarded. The thickness of the sherds used was crucial, since thicker walls did not break easily; additionally, body sherds must have been preferred to rims, bases, or handles, as these thicker portions of a vessel did not allow for a regularly shaped break. This process seems to be confirmed especially in the case of well tag ostraka, which, as said above, present roughly similar shapes and sizes, since they needed to fit on top of mud stoppers (Figs. 17–18). In the case of longer texts, such as letters or lists, the body sherds needed to be larger to fit more text, and to come from a rather straight portion of the vessel to facilitate the process of writing (Fig. 19). Larger vessels, like jars or cooking pots as well as kegs, seem to be preferred because of their larger body shapes, which provided a wider field for the text.46 Several scholars have argued in the past that the color of the sherd’s surface and the texture of its fabric were the main discriminants behind the choice of specific sherds versus others. I believe, however, that fragments from Group . According to Litinas “a vessel’s notation could be written on the surface of every possible sort of vessel and, of course, the scribe did not have to choose the quality or the measurement of the sherd”: N. Litinas, Tebtynis III (Cairo ) . . Cuvigny : . . An empirical test has been carried out by me directly on samples of fabrics common on the site. The degree of hardness of each fabric was tested by means of several tools existing on the settlement even in antiquity. . Peña : .

78

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Figure . Diagnostic ostraka.

Introduction

Figure . Diagnostic ostraka.

79

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Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Figure . Diagnostic ostraka.

Introduction

Figure . Diagnostic ostraka.

Figure . Circular lids reused as ostraka.

Figure . Ostrakon reused as a lid: O.Trim. 1.60.

81

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Ostraka from Trimithis 2

A vessels were preferred at Amheida because of the intrinsic qualities of the fabric, and not only because this ceramic type was the most common at the site and thus readily available. Indeed, Group A sherds present a degree of hardness that allows for neat breaks.47 This is not the case with B10 and A11 fabrics: during the experiment, B10 sherds were almost pulverized when they were hit by a flint tool, whereas A11 sherds shattered, and the fragments became unusable as writing surfaces. The choice of fabric was thus not at all random, nor was it dictated by qualities affecting its suitability as a writing surface. Those concerns, rather, drove the choice of vessel shape.

3.2.4. Catalog of diagnostic ostraka Fig. 11 a. O.Trim. 1.258 Text: Tag or Memorandum (275–350 CE) Support: bowl (second–third century CE) Fig. 11 b. O.Trim. 1.419 Text: Uncertain (275–350 CE) Support: bowl (third–fourth century CE) Fig. 11 c. O.Trim. 1.446 Text: Uncertain (275–350 CE) Support: dish/bowl (second–fourth century CE) Fig. 11 d. O.Trim. 1.355 Text: Tag ? (345–370 CE) Support: dish/bowl (mid second–mid fourth century CE) Fig. 11 e. O.Trim. 1.402 Text: Uncertain (275–350 CE) Support: Knob of lid/footed bowl (second–third century CE) Fig. 12 f. O.Trim. 2.644 Text: Tag Pmoun (286/7 CE) Support: lid (second–third century CE)

. Cuomo di Caprio : –.

Introduction

Figure . Some Well Tags with Pmoun formula.

83

84

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Figure . Some Well Tags with Hydreuma-Pmoun formula.

Introduction

Figure . Letter and some receipts of Serenos.

85

86

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Fig. 12 g. O.Trim. 1.381 Text: Uncertain (?) Support: lid (second–third century CE) Fig. 12 h. O.Trim. 1.77 Text: List ? (350–370 CE) Support: lid (fourth century CE) Fig. 12 i. O.Trim. 1.225 Text: Tag (350–370 CE) Support: lid (fourth century CE) Fig. 12 j. O.Trim. 2.815 Text: Miscellanea (350–370 CE) Support: Large bowl (fourth century CE) Fig. 13 k. O.Trim. 2.504 Text: Memorandum (350–370 CE) Support: Large bowl (fourth century CE) Fig. 13 l. O.Trim. 2.806 + 807 Text: Memorandum (Philippos) (350–370 CE) Support: Large bowl (fourth century CE) Fig. 13 m. O.Trim. 2.838 Text: Letter (350–370 CE) Support: Large bowl (third–fourth century CE) Fig. 13 n. O.Trim. 2.737 Text: Memorandum (275–350 CE) Support: Large bowl (first–third century CE) Fig. 13 o. O.Trim. 1.380 Text: Uncertain (350–370 CE) Support: Jar (fourth century CE) Fig. 14 p. O.Trim. 2.569 Text: Uncertain (second half of fourth century CE) Support: Base of bowl (second–fourth century CE)

Introduction

87

Fig. 14 q. O.Trim. inv. 11060 Text: Uncertain (not published) Support: Base of jug (second–fourth century CE)48

A1a

3.2.5. Fabrics - Iron rich clay with considerable amounts of sand temper, relatively coarse and poorly fired. It contains frequent medium-to-fine quartz grains and less frequent coarse ones. White calcareous inclusions of varying sizes, some fine-to-medium red and occasional black particles are visible. Medium hard fabric.48 - Generally firing to a pale red, red or red-brown color (oxidizing atmospheres). Gray core can be present especially in thicker sections. Surface can be pale red, brown-red or red in color. - Storage and transport containers, cooking ware, and table ware. - Early second century until the mid- to late-fourth century. Nr. Ostraka: 512

A2a

- A fine version of A1a. The fabric has abundant mineral inclusions, with quartz grain particles, smaller than A1a fabric. Texture is denser and the hardness is slightly higher than A1a. - Fired colors range from light red and brown to reddish-brown, sometimes with a gray to brown-gray core. Surface can be pale pink-beige, brown-red or red in color. - Small bowls, large jars and kegs. - Third–fourth centuries. Nr. Ostraka: 21

A1b

- Similar in composition to A1a with rounded quartz and white calcareous inclusions which are usually numerous and conspicuous. The reducing atmosphere increases the hardness. - Fired black, gray or sometimes dark reddish-gray colors in reducing atmospheres. Surface is gray in color. - Large jars and kegs. - Early second century until the mid- to late-fourth century. Nr. Ostraka: 409

A2b

- A fine version of A1b. Same characteristic of A1b but with smaller size temper. - Fired gray in a heavily reducing atmosphere. Surface is gray in color. - Large jars and kegs. - Third–fourth centuries. Nr. Ostraka: 19

48. The fabric was recognized during the survey of the oasis, see Hope 1979: 194; Hope 1980: 298–299.

88 A5

Ostraka from Trimithis 2 - Variant of group A. Iron rich clay, with a larger quantity of white, green, and yellow particles. Coarser texture, more porous. - Overfired purple-brown and gray in color. The surface is purple usually with a thick white or cream slip. - Jugs, kegs, and storage jars. - Third–fourth centuries. Nr. Ostraka: 62

A11

- Dense kaolinitic brittle fabric characterized by hard core and fine texture. Medium scatters of small calcareous inclusions, dark red and sometimes black particles are visible. Known also as Christian Brittle Ware. - It fires a range of colors including pale, beige, apricot, and pale gray. - Thin-walled cooking jars, casseroles, and bowls, with a red and cream coating, sometimes decorated in red dots on cream bands. - Late third and fourth century CE. Ostraka: 17

B10

- Marl clay. The fabric is lightweight, extremely porous texture and moderately coarse. Several grains of quartz, some limestone, and red and black particles of various size. - Fires a luminous pale, gray-green color. - Lids used also as footed bowls, water jugs, and costrels. - Mid third century to the end of the fourth century CE. Ostraka: 11

B3b

- Kaolinitic clay with red hematite inclusions of medium and small size, quartz, and platey fragments of shale and mudstone. Calcium rich clay with very few inclusions. - Fired an orange-red in color. - Flasks and small bowls with yellow slip. (Kharga Red and Yellow Slip). - Third to fifth century CE. Ostraka: 9

Introduction

89

4. Wells Omitting a few cases in which names were not securely readable, the first volume of Trimithis ostraka presented about forty names of wells bearing names beginning with Πμουν, “the water of.” About 40 percent of these recur in the present volume; in some cases readings can be corrected or resolved thanks to new information. In the list below we include both those also found in volume 1 and the new ones, but without repeating the references from volume 1. We list Ψω and Ψωι separately, as before, but there is no reason to think they refer to different wells. A * indicates a well not mentioned in the texts in volume 1. Α[ Ἀλεξάνδρου 836.1–2 (ὕδρ.) *Ἀμελοίτου 588.1, 655.1 (ὕδρ.). This may be the name partially attested as Ἀμε̣[ in 118.1. Αμε̣[ *Αμησ( ) 775.1 Ἁραυ 593.1, 615.1, 793.1 *Βαιος 612.1, 829.1 Βερρι 597.1, 626.1, 643.1, 648.1, 656.1–2 (ὕδρ.), 659.1 (ὕδρ.), 660.1 (ὕδρ.), 664.1 (ὕδρ.), 666.1 (ὕδρ.) Γαλμεν Ε[ Ἐμβωου 818.6 Ἑρμοῦ Ἑρμων 611.1, 623.1, 790.1–2, 797.1 (ὕδρ.). This may be the place attested in 149, where it is abbreviated Ἑρμ( ). *Ηλ[ 663.1 (ὕδρ.) *Ἡρακλᾶ 635.2 Ἠσε 619.1–2 Θα̣τ( ) Θαυτ 636.1–2, 644.1, 646.1, 652.1–2, 830.1–2 Θοτομη 667.1 (ὕδρ.), 714.1, 795.1 (ὕδρ.). No full writing was present among the tags published in the first volume; 167 probably should be so expanded. Ἰβυθο( ) *Ἰμούθου 645.1 *Λακαμ 501.2 Μαρκ( )

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Ostraka from Trimithis 2

*Ολοβου 618.1 ὀνηλ( ) Ὀσιρε/Οὐσιρε 466.2, 647.1–2, 661.1 (ὕδρ. Πμ. Ὀσιρε), 831.1–2 (ὕδρ. Πμ. Ὀσιρε) Ὀστρακ( ) Πακειρ 609.1, 625.1–2 (Πακιρ), 631.1. This is the name found also in 129 and 145. Παλ( ) 501.1 (Παλου?) Παμω 828.1; cf. also P.Sijp. 11c (Kellis). It is not clear that there is any reason to think that this name is abbreviated, as was suggested in vol. 1. Πατωοῦ(ς) Πιαμ Πισῆχθις Πκης 662.1 (ὕδρ.) *Πτακε 668.1 (ὕδρ.). For Τπακε? Πωιτο̣υ *Σαραπᾶ 652.2–3 Σαραπί(ωνος) Ταήσεως Ταητειμ *Ταμετρα 592.1, 600.1–2, 632.1–2, 638.1–2. A well with this name was already known from Kellis texts, as is observed in volume 1 (p. 35), and 126 may be best restored Τα[μετρα] with the benefit of the new attestations. Τα̣οσιρα Τκηλε 649.1 *Τλαβησε 805.2, 806.2,6, 807.2, 808.2, 809.2 Τπακε Τσαλεμ 466.3: identity to Τσαμεν is suggested in O.Trim. 1, p. 35; may also be phonetic equivalent of Τχαλεμ in Τχαλεμσαψε, which is not called a Πμουν in texts known so far. Τσαμεν Τσαταρσε Τσοα Τσυρου Τχαλεμσαψε, 680.1–2, 681.1–2, 687.1–2 (-αψα), 691.1–2, 755.1, 802.2–3 Φιβ 657.1 Χθαυ . . . Χθυα( ) Ψω 589.1, 590.1, 591.1, 594.1, 598.1, 602.1, 604.1, 605.1, 607.1, 608.1, 616.1, 633.1–2, 642.1, 651.1, 653.1–2, 665.1 (ὕδρ.), 792.1

Introduction

91

Ψωι 585.1, 586.1, 587.1, 596.1, 599.1, 601.1, 603.1, 606.1, 610.1, 613.1, 614.1, 617.1, 620.1, 622.1, 624.1, 627.1, 630.1, 634.1, 639.1, 641.1–2, 658.1, 791.1, 794.1 Ψωιν 654.1 (ὕδρ. Πμ. Ψοειν) Ψ . . . . 796.1 (not Ψω or Ψωι) Ὡρ( ) Ὥρου In addition, there are some water sources without the term Πμουν in their names. New examples are listed here: *Τχαλεμσαψε 680.1–2, 681.1–2, 687.1–2 (-ψα), 755.1, 802.2–3 (cf. above) *Τχανεμσαψε 691.1–2 (presumably the same as the preceding) *ὕδρευμα ἐρεοξ( ) 732.1 *ὕδρευμα Ἱερατικ( ) 465.3 *ὕδρευμα τὸ Ἀμμώνιον 527.1 The absence of Πμουν from the last three may reflect the Greek character of their names. By contrast, χαλεμ- is a representation of the Coptic word for “spring” and thus needs no Πμουν; indeed, if a distinction between well and spring is intended, Πμουν would be wrong rather than pleonastic. It is tempting to connect the last-named hydreuma, the Ammonion, with the sanctuary at Deir el-Hagar, six kilometers to the west of Amheida. This was dedicated to Amun, and the remains of a modest agricultural settlement lie outside the temple precinct.

5. Tenants The tags, particularly the “well tags” (as we have called them; “label” would be an equally good term), yield a significant number of personal names found more than once. These names are in our view to be seen as those of tenants working land around the wells that are named in the tags. This is presumably true also of the names attested only once, but it is more difficult to get any sense of their role and activity. The opposite case is represented by the word αὐτουργός, “self-working,” or whatever other form may in some cases be at stake, found in a number of our texts (see below, p. 108), indicating perhaps that the property in question was directly managed by the estate-owner’s household rather than being leased out. Because many of the tenants appear only, or principally, on the short tags that give only a name, or a name plus

Introduction

91

Ψωι 585.1, 586.1, 587.1, 596.1, 599.1, 601.1, 603.1, 606.1, 610.1, 613.1, 614.1, 617.1, 620.1, 622.1, 624.1, 627.1, 630.1, 634.1, 639.1, 641.1–2, 658.1, 791.1, 794.1 Ψωιν 654.1 (ὕδρ. Πμ. Ψοειν) Ψ . . . . 796.1 (not Ψω or Ψωι) Ὡρ( ) Ὥρου In addition, there are some water sources without the term Πμουν in their names. New examples are listed here: *Τχαλεμσαψε 680.1–2, 681.1–2, 687.1–2 (-ψα), 755.1, 802.2–3 (cf. above) *Τχανεμσαψε 691.1–2 (presumably the same as the preceding) *ὕδρευμα ἐρεοξ( ) 732.1 *ὕδρευμα Ἱερατικ( ) 465.3 *ὕδρευμα τὸ Ἀμμώνιον 527.1 The absence of Πμουν from the last three may reflect the Greek character of their names. By contrast, χαλεμ- is a representation of the Coptic word for “spring” and thus needs no Πμουν; indeed, if a distinction between well and spring is intended, Πμουν would be wrong rather than pleonastic. It is tempting to connect the last-named hydreuma, the Ammonion, with the sanctuary at Deir el-Hagar, six kilometers to the west of Amheida. This was dedicated to Amun, and the remains of a modest agricultural settlement lie outside the temple precinct.

5. Tenants The tags, particularly the “well tags” (as we have called them; “label” would be an equally good term), yield a significant number of personal names found more than once. These names are in our view to be seen as those of tenants working land around the wells that are named in the tags. This is presumably true also of the names attested only once, but it is more difficult to get any sense of their role and activity. The opposite case is represented by the word αὐτουργός, “self-working,” or whatever other form may in some cases be at stake, found in a number of our texts (see below, p. 108), indicating perhaps that the property in question was directly managed by the estate-owner’s household rather than being leased out. Because many of the tenants appear only, or principally, on the short tags that give only a name, or a name plus

92

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

a number, we have less information about them than about others. In other cases, as with Selles and Horos, both well tags and short tags occur, allowing us a better sense of their identity. All of the texts listed here come from dumped material and thus date to a period before the construction of the House of Serenos and associated buildings. The one apparently contrary case that sticks out from this generalizaton is that of Psais son of Horos, who appears in a text (167) that must belong to the period of occupation. That text comes from DSU 151 in Room (courtyard) 9 and is part of material dumped in the room after it was no longer in use (cf. O.Trim. 1, p. 30). The single-digit numbers appearing on some of the tags that lack well names, and occasionally on those with well names, found no explanation in either O.Kellis (162.3n. and elsewhere), where a small number of such instances appeared, nor in our volume 1. The explanation now comes, we believe, from 675, where we find the following: Ὥρου Τιθοέους ιδ (ἔτους) γ̅ ληνο(ῦ) “(Of) Horos son of Tithoes, (for the) 14th year, 3rd wine-press.” The number thus identifies a wine-press, presumably within a particular wine-producing property. The term ληνός also appears in 715, but the surface just before it there is too damaged to allow a secure reading. According to D. Dzierzbicka, ληνός refers more precisely to the treading-floor as opposed to the vat into which the grape-juice flowed (called the pithos, cf. 836).1 In the present case, however, it is likely that the lenos is the entire wine-pressing facility. The tags with such numbers all have low numbers, 1, 2, 3, or 4. It is just possible that the faint traces after the one instance of delta, in 183.2, are to be read as λ̣η̣ν̣[ο(ῦ)]. Tenants appearing only once are not included in the following list: Ammonios son of Tithoes 115 year 15, Pm. Psoi 602 year 15, Pm. Psoi 701 year 13 723 year 13 Is he the father of the man in 834? . Dzierzbicka : –.

Introduction

Harpaesis 222 assigned to 325–350 665 year 18 Pm. Psoi Haryotes 184 677 704 Horos 181 assigned to 275–340 185 assigned to 275–340 218 assigned to 275–340 224 assigned to 325–350 612 year 14, Pm. Baios 619 Pm. Ese 678 831 Pm. Osire Mouses s. Psais 229 234 Pathotes s. Paraitios 116 year 15, Pm. Psoi 616 year 12, Pm. Psoi 624 year 5, Pm. Psoi 693 year 11 799 year 14? It is virtually unavoidable to date this dossier under Diocletian. Peteuris 207 Pm. Psoi; assigned to 275–350 630 Pm. Psoi 639 Pm. Psoi 684 year 14 698 year 15 708 712 year 14 Is he Peteuris son of Selles in 100 (year 3)? assigned to 286/7?

93

94

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Phibis 102 year 4, Pm. Psoi 104 year 5, Pm. Psoi 213 year 3, Pm. Psoi 611 year 5, Pm. Hermon Prememouris 120 Pm. Psoi 130 Pm. Psoi 613 Pm. Psoi 796 Pm. Ps . . . . Psais son of Horos 159 year 21, Pm. Herm. 167 year 32, Pm. That 314 Is he the same as the man in 256? This dossier must be dated under Constantius II. Psenamounis son of Harpaesis 178 year 13 179 year 13 Psenamounis son of Peteuris 142 year 7 614 year 3, Pm. Psoi 791 year 8, Pm. Psoi Psennesis 177 180 188 679 Selles 182 assigned to 275–340 186 assigned to 275–340 187 assigned to 275–340 217 assigned to 275–340

Introduction

95

219 assigned to 275–340 598 year 14, Pm. Psoi 657 Pm. Phib 695

6. The Circle of Serenos: Individuals from the period of Occupation of B1

The combination of the texts from the two volumes of ostraka allows us to reconstruct much of the membership of the circle around the principal figure of the period of occupation, Serenos. No explicit information exists about the relationships of these individuals to one another. A preliminary discussion in O.Trim. 1, pp. 37–41, elucidates some of the relationships, but it remains unclear, for example, what Serenos had to do with Domnion, or what place Nikokles and other prominent individuals occupied. Nikokles is in fact the most complex figure, as he is connected to Domnion, to Philippos, and in varying ways also to Herakleios, Ninos, Theodoros, and through them to virtually every major figure. What is clear is that Domnion, Serenos, and Philippos, along with the exaktor Sarapion, occupy the highest status positions, with two of them (Serenos and Philippos) members of the council and Sarapion presumably a high-ranking member of the same council, or perhaps of one of the other councils in the Great Oasis (Mothis or Hibis), identifiable as such by virtue of his office. One might suppose that Nikokles was the employee of one of these principals, or perhaps sequentially of more than one, because he signs receipts. But it does not seem that this is a marker of employee status; rather, it signifies direct involvement in the transaction. Serenos himself signs numerous receipts for donkey food received at his urban establishment, and those seemingly in his own hand, or at least the same hand that writes some letters from him. The list below does not incude every figure appearing in texts of the period of the occupation of the House of Serenos, but it includes the major individuals with connections to more than one other person in the list and those with the largest number of attestations. Even if many of the connections are still unclear, we can at least establish that all of these people belong to the period 350–370, to which we have dated the occupation of this house. Their appearance in any newly discovered text is thus a diagnostic marker of belonging to this period, rather than of coming from the source of dumped material.

Introduction

95

219 assigned to 275–340 598 year 14, Pm. Psoi 657 Pm. Phib 695

6. The Circle of Serenos: Individuals from the period of Occupation of B1

The combination of the texts from the two volumes of ostraka allows us to reconstruct much of the membership of the circle around the principal figure of the period of occupation, Serenos. No explicit information exists about the relationships of these individuals to one another. A preliminary discussion in O.Trim. 1, pp. 37–41, elucidates some of the relationships, but it remains unclear, for example, what Serenos had to do with Domnion, or what place Nikokles and other prominent individuals occupied. Nikokles is in fact the most complex figure, as he is connected to Domnion, to Philippos, and in varying ways also to Herakleios, Ninos, Theodoros, and through them to virtually every major figure. What is clear is that Domnion, Serenos, and Philippos, along with the exaktor Sarapion, occupy the highest status positions, with two of them (Serenos and Philippos) members of the council and Sarapion presumably a high-ranking member of the same council, or perhaps of one of the other councils in the Great Oasis (Mothis or Hibis), identifiable as such by virtue of his office. One might suppose that Nikokles was the employee of one of these principals, or perhaps sequentially of more than one, because he signs receipts. But it does not seem that this is a marker of employee status; rather, it signifies direct involvement in the transaction. Serenos himself signs numerous receipts for donkey food received at his urban establishment, and those seemingly in his own hand, or at least the same hand that writes some letters from him. The list below does not incude every figure appearing in texts of the period of the occupation of the House of Serenos, but it includes the major individuals with connections to more than one other person in the list and those with the largest number of attestations. Even if many of the connections are still unclear, we can at least establish that all of these people belong to the period 350–370, to which we have dated the occupation of this house. Their appearance in any newly discovered text is thus a diagnostic marker of belonging to this period, rather than of coming from the source of dumped material.

96

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Γελάσιος: In 66.5 he receives rations from Domnion along with Paulos; in 287conv.2 he signs for 2 chickens; Domnion is mentioned on the other side. In 292.4 he signs for barley paid to scribai through Domnion; in 293.4 for barley paid to a stationarius, again through Domnion. In 295.2 he orders Herakleios to make payment to Erabios; in 302.4 is supplying hay in multiparty transaction. He is absent from vol. 2. Γερόντιος: In 456.3, account of hay, along with Iulianus and Zoilos; in 817.5, a list. Absent from vol. 1. Δομνίων: Appears in 13 texts in vol. 1. Linked to Nikokles in 279, Gelasios in 287, 292, and 293. Absent from vol. 2. Ἐράβιος: In 837.3 is beneficiary of order from Sarapion for 15 capita of chaff. In 295.5 is beneficiary of an order from Gelasios to Herakleios. Ἑρμάμμων: In 494.3 the recipient of hay from Horos; in 805.3 his account is credited for hay for Pmoun Tlabese delivered by Pebos son of Louisai. In 88+441+444.8, a list where Antinoos and Iulianus also appear;1 in 324conc.6 is intermediary for payment by Antinoos to Domnion (the other intermediary being Psenpnouthes); in 330.3 is mentioned in similar letter lacking names of writer and addressee. Ζώιλος: In 456.4, account of hay, along with Iulianus and Gerontios. Absent from vol. 1. Ἡράκλειος: In 529.2, where a payment made through him is signed for by Nikokles. In 295.2 receives order from Gelasios for payment to Erabios. Θεόδωρος: In 491.3 beneficiary of barley and mixed grains delivered by Louichans; also appears in 493.3 (beneficiary of barley sent to Trimithis), 543.2 (fragmentary mention in dative), 739.3 (beneficiary of payment of wheat “to the house”). In 282.1 he makes a payment signed for by Nikokles. He appears also in inv. 16597. Ἰουλιανός: In 456.2,7,8, account of hay, along with Gerontios and Zoilos. In 88+441+444, a list that incudes Hermammon (see the list of corrections to O.Trim. 1 below), and as recipient, along with Philippos, of a letter from Serenos, 531. Κλαύδιος: In 476.1 receives hay along with Faustianus, with Serenos signing; in 819.11 appears in list headed by “father” Ammonios; in 827.1 mentioned in money account. In 54.2 mentioned in account in matia; in 84.1 in list with unknown purpose. Νικοκλῆς: He appears in 11 texts of vol. 1, mostly as signer. In 527.3–4 signs for tiphagia and chickens for 9th indiction coming from the Ammonion; . A revised text can can be found in the appendix with corrections at the end of this volume.

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in 529.3 signs for delivery by Herakleios. Signs for payment by the meros of Domnion in 279. Signs for payments by or through Ninos in 288 and inv. 16581, by Theodoros in 282, of hay to Philippos in 286. In 312 he tells Herakleides to supply wheat; 313 is similar but lacking the name of the recipient. A delivery signed by him of a book of tablets through Philippos figures in 358. Νίνος: In 288.1 makes payment of oil; in 299.6 is supposed to supply 4 choes of oil that Serenos asks Philippos to get. In 288, his payment is signed for by Nikokles, as is the case in inv. 16581. Is mentioned in 531. Παῦλος: Receives rations with Gelasios in 66; apparently provides keramia for Nikokles in 226; mentioned as a “brother” in 323, a letter probably of Serenos to Domnion that also mentions Psenpnouthes. He also appears in two texts found in 2014, inv. 16597 and 16598, the first of which involves Theodoros. Σαραπίων ἐξάκτωρ: Collects payments in 524.6 (annona), 525conv.4 (annona and barley), 528 (title omitted, annona and barley for an officer, collected from Serenos); perhaps the same man mentioned in 531conc. Absent from vol. 1. Σερῆνος: The most dominant figure of our documentation, appearing in 460.3 (a list), 462.1 (rations list), 490.4 (recipient of wheat from Tou), 495.5 (recipient of barly from Petosiris s. of Ouai). Signs for hay or barley in 476.5, 505.3, 506.3, 507.3, 508.2, 509.4n. (Philippos), 510.4, 511.4, 512.3, 513.3, 514.3, 516.4, 517.3 and 5, 519.3–4, 520.3, 521.5, 522.1, 523.2, 550.3, 672.1?, and 815.1. In 525 and 528 pays annona and barley to Sarapion for military use. He is probably the author of 531. Serenos appears in 15 texts in vol. 1. Του s. Πλουτάμμων: In 490.1 sends wheat to Trimithis to Serenos. In 205.1 makes a money payment, and in 249.1 sends wheat to Trimithis to the oikodespoina. Φαυστιανός: In 476.2 listed as receiving hay, along with Claudius; Serenos signs. Faustianus is a name listed in inv. 16600 from the 2014 season, and a Faustianus actuarius appears in 329.3–4 writing to the pronoetes Victor who works for the landowner Catulus Optatus. No other connections visible. Φίλιππος: Receives a grain payment in 509.3; in 806.3,5, 807.3, and 808.3 hay is delivered for his account; and in inv. 16494 he makes a payment of hay. In 286.2 he receives hay, signed for by Nikokles; in 297.1 and 299.2 he receives letters from Serenos (the second mentioning Ninos); in 358.1 supplies a book of tablets, signed for by Nikokles. He is the recipient, together with Iulianus, of the letter 531.

98

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

7. The Hand of Serenos Serenos features prominently in the correspondence of O.Trim. 1, where he is the sender of no fewer than four letters (297–299, 310). He also appears as signer of several receipts, but none of these is preserved well enough to give us a very clear impression of his hand.1 Fortunately, discoveries made subsequent to the finds published in vol. 1 have provided us with a large number of wellpreserved receipts of hay and barley that Serenos himself signed. These texts now permit us to characterize his hand, and also to identify it in documents that do not bear his signature, whether because they were never signed or because the signature has now been lost. The most remarkable paleographical feature of the hay and barley receipts is Serenos’s distinctive signature. The clearest examples can be found in 476, 505–8, 510–13, 516, 517, and 520, all hay receipts coming mainly from two layers of debris, DSU 270 and 273, in Area 2.1, Room 22. In these signatures, the name consists of a two-part initial sigma, with upper stroke looping around in a semicircle before breaking out to form the leg of the subsequent epsilon; the top of epsilon proceeds directly into the head of rho, the long descender of which normally swings to the left at the bottom; eta resembles the letter ‘h’ and contains an occasional loop or hook at the top of the vertical. Remaining letters are written swiftly and are usually, but not always, ligatured in a way that gives the impression of an extra leg in nu (see especially 476). The base of the final sigma emerges directly from the preceding omicron, and the top of the letter springs out to the right to form an arch. Good examples of the hand are seen in the following ostraka:

510

511

476

Comparing Serenos’s signature with the hand of the main body of the receipts makes it immediately clear that the writer of the receipt and the signer were one and the same person. Serenos was not, in other words, signing off on someone else’s work. This is important because it gives us a relatively large body .  is most legible; the others are , , . The second signer in  may be Serenos; the hand of the receipt does not appear to be his, however. Moreover, the reading of the name in conv is uncertain and the hand of the concave side looks different from Serenos’s.

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of paleographical benchmarks to compare other texts with. And indeed it has made it possible to establish further links to other ostraka. For example, it is clear that the letters addressed by Serenos to Philippos and others in O.Trim. 1 (297–99, 310) were written in Serenos’s own hand. The script of the correspondence tends to be less cursive than in the receipts, and Serenos writes his name in the opening addresses of the letters without the flourish observed in his signature, but this is to be expected since a signature is by nature a stylized rendering of a name. In their overall paleographical character, the receipt 476 and letter 299 show perhaps the most cross-genre similarities. A closer look at specific aspects of Serenos’s writing reveals a script that is compact and controlled, inclining slightly to the right. With the exception of rho, phi, iota, psi and eta, the letters are largely bilinear. Noteworthy features include, for example, the ‘h’-formed eta, which has a hook at the top of the vertical post, as it does also in his signature (cf. that of his name in the opening address of 299, a letter to Philip); rho retains in many places its long, leftslanting descender (see in particular ἐρρῶσθαι and χρόνοις in 297.5, 6). Alpha sometimes has no loop at the base, resembling more the letter lambda (520.2, 299.4). καί is written quickly and as a single unit, with alpha serving as a short diagonal bridge between kappa and iota (299.5 and 520.1). Ligatures in ερ, κρ, and χρ are formed fairly consistently, although two types of ερ are visible in 297.2, 5, one with a tripartite epsilon and the other with a bipartite, the latter being the standard form in Serenos’s signature. We occasionally observe discrepancies in the ductus of other letters as well: most striking is probably delta, which almost always has the standard, text-book shape Δ, but in one receipt resembles the letter ‘d’ (517.1, 2), a precursor perhaps to the later Roman form. Identification of Serenos’s hand allows us to attribute several texts to him that no longer bear his name. One is a lengthy letter, 531, that preserves only the names of the addressees Iulianus and Philippos, not that of the sender. Part of the text (inv. 13007) was uncovered in Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, which is the same DSU as many receipts bearing Serenos’s signature discussed above; the other part turned up in Area 2.1, Street 2, DSU 350, the findspot of another Serenos receipt, 522. Among unsigned receipts 456 (Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273), in which Iulianus, one of the addressees of 531, is mentioned several times, is also clearly in Serenos’s hand. 283 and 285 might be by him as well, possibilities mentioned already in O.Trim. 1. Finally, the abbreviated form of δέσ(μαι) in 806 and 807 is very much like that in the signed hay receipts, see for example 476. There is therefore a good chance that they were also written by Serenos.

100

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Serenos’s Letters and Receipts Letter 297 298 299 310 323 (?) 531

Recipient Philippos Paesis (?) Philippos Unknown Domnion Iulianus and Philippos

Findspot Area 2.1, Rm 2, DSU 13 Area 2.1, Rm 2, DSU 13 Area 2.1, Rm 2, DSU 13 Area 2.1, Rm 17, DSU 153 Area 2.1, Rm 14, DSU 233 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 273 and Area 2.1, S2, DSU 250

Receipt/List 281 283 285 505 506 507 508 456 510 511 512 476 513 514 (?) 516 517 520 521 522 523

Findspot Area 2.1, Rm 15, DSU 145 Area 2.1, Rm 15, DSU 152 Area 2.1, Rm 15, DSU 157 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 270 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 270 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 270 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 273 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 273 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 273 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 273 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 273 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 273 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 273 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 273 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 273 Area 2.1, Rm 22, DSU 273 Area 2.1, Rm 22 entrance, DSU 281 Area 2.1, S2, DSU 342 Area 2.1, S2, DSU 350 Area 2.1, S2, DSU 358

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It seems quite clear that the quantity of texts in Serenos’s own hand is on a scale with other important Roman archives and dossiers from Greco-Roman Egypt. At present we have at least 24 documents that we are fairly sure were written by Serenos. This is an impressive sample by any measure. For the sake of comparison, one can look at the Zenon archive, where W. Clarysse has identified 28 texts written in Zenon’s hand.2 And for the Roman period, Serenos’s written output compares well with the papers of other literate estate managers such as Loukios Bellienos Gemellos and his son Sabinos, whose correspondence, written in the last decade of the 1st and first quarter of the 2nd c., survives from Euhemeria in the Fayum. Of Gemellos’s hand we have nearly 25 published and unpublished examples, and at least 14 letters written by Sabinos.3 Like these two men, Serenos was actively engaged in the clerical duties necessary to keep operations at his estate running.4 No comprehensive study of known hands in Greek documents exists. It is thus difficult to determine how common it was for managers and others acting in administrative capacities, whether on a personal or public level, to keep their own records and conduct their own correspondence. It is quite certain, however, that it was happening throughout the Great Oasis. Ostraka from the fortress site of Douch in the Kharga Oasis, for example, reveal a similar network of individuals, both municipal officials and literate soldiers, who document their administrative activities by themselves, or in some cases with the help of others, such as family members. There are no clerks, or γραμματεῖς, performing their functions for them. These individuals include ἐπιμεληταί and ὀπτίονες, who are responsible for managing the collection and distribution of the annonae. Chrestos, the ἐπιμελητὴς οἴνου, is one such official. His hand is fairly generic, but a distinctive feature of his communications is the frequent omission of the definite article before κυρίῳ at the beginning of his orders. While Chrestos pens a number of delivery orders himself, such as O.Douch 3.263, 264, 268, and 269, he also regularly employs a son named Philammon (5.605, 607, 616, 620, 621, 628). An even more striking example than Chrestos, however, is the ὀπτίων Abraam, whose rudimentary hand is observed in 17 orders for payment of wheat for the annona of the 9th and 10th indictions, which are addressed to the ἐπιμελητής, Agathemeros (2.61, 5.564, 561–564, 567, 568, . Clarysse . . For an overview of the archive and hands, see Ast and Azzarello . The entire archive has yet to be sorted out, so these figures should be regarded as provisional. . While less distinct and uniform than Serenos’s, Nikokles’s hand is also known from at least eight ostraka, both receipts and letters. , , , , , , inv.  represent those that we are fairly confident about;  is more than likely by him, but it is a very cursive example of his writing.

102

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

571, 579, 580, 581, 584, 585, 588–90). Abraam was hardly a skilled writer, but his command was clearly sufficient for him to document his payment orders himself. What begins to emerge from observation of such people as Serenos, Chrestos, Abraam and others is a picture of a network of educated estate owners, municipal officials and soldiers whose activities amounted to more than overseeing others perform the task of documenting the transfer of goods. Looking more like general managers, these men took a direct part in this process themselves.

8. Government A discussion of Trimithis as a political community was given in O.Trim. 1, pp. 42–48. It was there suggested that the limited evidence available pointed to an administrative arrangement in which Hibis, Mothis, and Trimithis all had the status of polis, each perhaps with its own council, but with the three areas together constituting a single administrative unit under one logistes. No new evidence has come to light on that subject in the material published in the present volume, but the exaktor does make several appearances (524conc.5, 525conv.5, 743.1). His role in these ostraka is one of collecting annona. Whether, as with the logistes, there was a single exaktor for the entire Great Oasis or instead there was one for each of the three cities, we cannot determine. If the proposal that each of the three was under the supervision of a praepositus pagi is correct, perhaps the exaktor was Oasis-wide in responsibility. But the basis for this reconstruction remains very thin, and it is still the case that it is subject to revision with new evidence. See Ast and Bagnall 2015 for a discussion of the new evidence for the military garrison of the Dakhla Oasis. The present volume contributes little new information to our knowledge of the civil administration, other than mentions of officiales in 511.3, 577.4, and 532.5.

9. Shortened Personal Names In O.Trim. 1, p. 60, we alluded briefly to what appeared to be a distinctively oasite predilection for truncated personal names. Since that time, additional evidence has accumulated, from the second volume of Kellis Coptic documents (P.Kellis 7, for advance information about which we are grateful to Iain Gardner), from ostraka found at Ain es-Sabil (we thank Kamel Bayumi for access to these texts), and from the present volume. We give here a list of the names that

102

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

571, 579, 580, 581, 584, 585, 588–90). Abraam was hardly a skilled writer, but his command was clearly sufficient for him to document his payment orders himself. What begins to emerge from observation of such people as Serenos, Chrestos, Abraam and others is a picture of a network of educated estate owners, municipal officials and soldiers whose activities amounted to more than overseeing others perform the task of documenting the transfer of goods. Looking more like general managers, these men took a direct part in this process themselves.

8. Government A discussion of Trimithis as a political community was given in O.Trim. 1, pp. 42–48. It was there suggested that the limited evidence available pointed to an administrative arrangement in which Hibis, Mothis, and Trimithis all had the status of polis, each perhaps with its own council, but with the three areas together constituting a single administrative unit under one logistes. No new evidence has come to light on that subject in the material published in the present volume, but the exaktor does make several appearances (524conc.5, 525conv.5, 743.1). His role in these ostraka is one of collecting annona. Whether, as with the logistes, there was a single exaktor for the entire Great Oasis or instead there was one for each of the three cities, we cannot determine. If the proposal that each of the three was under the supervision of a praepositus pagi is correct, perhaps the exaktor was Oasis-wide in responsibility. But the basis for this reconstruction remains very thin, and it is still the case that it is subject to revision with new evidence. See Ast and Bagnall 2015 for a discussion of the new evidence for the military garrison of the Dakhla Oasis. The present volume contributes little new information to our knowledge of the civil administration, other than mentions of officiales in 511.3, 577.4, and 532.5.

9. Shortened Personal Names In O.Trim. 1, p. 60, we alluded briefly to what appeared to be a distinctively oasite predilection for truncated personal names. Since that time, additional evidence has accumulated, from the second volume of Kellis Coptic documents (P.Kellis 7, for advance information about which we are grateful to Iain Gardner), from ostraka found at Ain es-Sabil (we thank Kamel Bayumi for access to these texts), and from the present volume. We give here a list of the names that

102

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

571, 579, 580, 581, 584, 585, 588–90). Abraam was hardly a skilled writer, but his command was clearly sufficient for him to document his payment orders himself. What begins to emerge from observation of such people as Serenos, Chrestos, Abraam and others is a picture of a network of educated estate owners, municipal officials and soldiers whose activities amounted to more than overseeing others perform the task of documenting the transfer of goods. Looking more like general managers, these men took a direct part in this process themselves.

8. Government A discussion of Trimithis as a political community was given in O.Trim. 1, pp. 42–48. It was there suggested that the limited evidence available pointed to an administrative arrangement in which Hibis, Mothis, and Trimithis all had the status of polis, each perhaps with its own council, but with the three areas together constituting a single administrative unit under one logistes. No new evidence has come to light on that subject in the material published in the present volume, but the exaktor does make several appearances (524conc.5, 525conv.5, 743.1). His role in these ostraka is one of collecting annona. Whether, as with the logistes, there was a single exaktor for the entire Great Oasis or instead there was one for each of the three cities, we cannot determine. If the proposal that each of the three was under the supervision of a praepositus pagi is correct, perhaps the exaktor was Oasis-wide in responsibility. But the basis for this reconstruction remains very thin, and it is still the case that it is subject to revision with new evidence. See Ast and Bagnall 2015 for a discussion of the new evidence for the military garrison of the Dakhla Oasis. The present volume contributes little new information to our knowledge of the civil administration, other than mentions of officiales in 511.3, 577.4, and 532.5.

9. Shortened Personal Names In O.Trim. 1, p. 60, we alluded briefly to what appeared to be a distinctively oasite predilection for truncated personal names. Since that time, additional evidence has accumulated, from the second volume of Kellis Coptic documents (P.Kellis 7, for advance information about which we are grateful to Iain Gardner), from ostraka found at Ain es-Sabil (we thank Kamel Bayumi for access to these texts), and from the present volume. We give here a list of the names that

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belong or may belong to this category, with information or conjectures about each, particularly drawing on Gardner’s notes throughout the Coptic texts. We also include several names probably in this category for which we cannot offer any plausible conjecture at present. Βο < Πεβῶς? Γενα, Ιενα, Πιενα, Πιενε, Παγενα < Πλουτογένης: P.Kell. 7 C. 90 and pp. 143–44. Ἑνι < Παρθενία: P.Kell. 7 C.67.28n. with pp. 39, 71. Θατ < Θατρῆς? Κελε < Κελεπιν? Κομε < ? Λάμμων, Λαμων, Φιλᾶς < Φιλάμμων: P.Kell. 7 C. 66.42n., 67.28n., 106 intr. Λια < ? Λο < Ταπολλῶς: P.Kell. 7 C. 64.23n., cf. p. 40 n. 11. Λουι < Πλουτογένης? Μωνι < Ἀμμώνιος: cf. P.Kell. 7 C. 118.7n., 129.7n. Νος < Θεόγνωστος (cf. P.Kell. 7 C. 67.7n. for Theognos)? Or from a name like Stephanos or Olbinos (both found in the Coptic texts, the latter not known elsewhere)? Παρα < Παράμμων (suggested in O.Trim. 1, p. 60; no direct evidence). Περι < ? Πινε < Κελεπιν? Πόλλων, Πολλουν < Ἀπολλώνιος according to P.Kell. 5 C., p. 40. More examples appear in P.Kell. 7 C. 76.59, 83.10 (cf. note), and 112.22; whether the Apolloni “from Siaut” mentioned in that volume in 81.28 is the same is not evident. The derivation is questioned by J.-L. Fournet, “Notes d’onomastique aphroditéenne,” in D. Lauritzen and M. Tardieu, eds., Le voyage des légendes. Hommages à Pierre Chuvin (Paris 2013) 120 n. 55. Σερπι < Σαραπίων or potentially other names derived from Sarapis (O.Kellis 117conv.16n. cites A. Alcock, APF 46 [2000] 50, who suggests an alternative possibility, that the name is a Greek rendering of the feminine Coptic form sherep). Note Φιλοσερπι in 41.14, presumably from Φιλοσάραπις. Τις < ? Του < Τιθοῆς? (spelled Titoue in Coptic). Τωνι, Παντωνι < Παντώνυμος (archival collocation in Ain es-Sabil ostraka; cf. also P.Kell. 7 C. 94 intr.)

104

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

10. Gena, Ploutogenes, and Louia: Traces of a local cult in the Dakhla Oasis? Before the publication of the documents found in excavations in the Dakhla Oasis began, the name Γενα had appeared in only one document, the early sixth-century account P.Bad. 4.95, from Hermopolis. There, a cultivator of this name appears in lines 409 and 505, in a context where the form should be genitive. The name in this case was therefore taken to be Γενᾶς, and it thus came into Foraboschi’s Onomasticon. This identification was also supported by the occurrence of a genitive Γενᾶτος in P.Brem. 83.4.2 (fourth century). The excavations at Kellis brought to light many additional instances of a name given invariably in the form Γενα. In editing P.Kell. 1 (1995), Klaas Worp accented the name with a circumflex on the ultima and gave Γενᾶ as the index form; he printed a subscript iota where the dative was called for, as for instance in P.Kell. 1.7.2,26. Gena appeared in the following places in this volume (to which may be added P.Bingen 120.18,24,44): 5.3,29 and 6.2,54: Gena writes to Pausanias, probably his employer, and the latter replies. Gena is identified in 5.29 as a carpenter. 7.2,26: son of Παταιᾶς, the addressee of a letter; the same man appears in 76.33–34 with the status marker Aurelius. He may well be the same person as in 5 and 6. 18.1; 23.2,31: Aurelius Gena, son of Οὐῶνσις, komarch of Kellis in 353. Despite the editor’s caution, he is quite likely the same person mentioned in 24.8 and to be restored in 24.3, where he is described as the presbyteros of the catholic church. 23.10: another komarch of Kellis, mentioned by the preceding as his koinonos in office. 23.25: Gena son of Pakysis, whose daughter is said to be a witnesss to an assault. In addition, a form phonetically identical, Ἰενᾶ, appeared in the wooden board 62.2,16,24, with the (strange) patronymic Φιλυς. This text is a list of rent payments, and Iena pays 100 drachmas for rent on the vineyard of Panes. Worp comments (note to line 2) on the phonetic variation between Iena and Gena but does not offer any speculation on the origin of the name. Gena is also the name of one of the tenants in the Kellis Agricultural Ac-

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count Book, where the name is printed without an accent (cf. p. ix). On p. 67 of that edition the references to this person are listed, along with instances of both Gena and Iena in other Kellis texts known at that time (including many unpublished papyri about which Worp provided information). Gena was also the patronymic of two tenants in Mesobe, Horos and Loior; whether the same person was both the tenant and the father of Horos and Loior remained unclear. In 1999 appeared the first volume of Coptic documents from Kellis (P.Kell. 5), with attestations of both Gena (19.22,36,45,85) and Iena (36.10), referring to the same person, whom the editors (p. 24) describe as being in the Nile valley at the time of the writing of 19. They noted that the name appears in other unpublished texts, including the papyrus now appearing in the second volume as 90, where Ploutogenes is named as adddressee, but the letter is written to Iena. They also point to the likelihood that Piena, with the definite article prefixed, is another variant of the same. Another person with a slightly variant form of the name, Piene, appears in several papyri in the volume as the brother of Matthaios and son of Maria (p. 39). Gena son of Ouonsis, known from P.Kell. 1.18 and 23, probably appears also in P.Kell. 5.47. The ostraka from Kellis (2004) produced a rich harvest of men named Gena or Iena, at least about twenty distinct individuals. At this point, the editor refrained from accenting the name. The first volume of ostraka from Trimithis (2012), by contrast, attests only one individual named Gena, son of Gena (O.Trim. 1.263), and none named Iena. But an interesting addition to the picture comes from the first appearance of the name Παγενας in 1.277. The prefix is one well known from the formation of personal names from divine names, meaning “the one of.” That suggests that Gena was seen as a divinity. The name has appeared in two additional ostraka in the present volume, 484 and 489, in both cases as a patronymic, Psais son of Pagena and Plouia son of Pag(ena). The second volume of Coptic documentary texts provides the publication of the material referred to in the introduction to the first volume of Coptic papyri. As noted above, in the introduction to nos. 85–90 the editors show more fully that Iena (with variants) and Ploutogenes (also with variants) seem to be used interchangeably. This is, as the above list shows, one of a number of instances in which the oasites show a predilection for truncated personal names. Phonetically, Gena < Ploutogenes is easy to imagine. But why the popularity of Ploutogenes? And why does Pagena suggest divinization of the name Gena? Ploutogenes, although a perfectly good Greek name, is also peculiarly popular in Dakhla. P.Kell. 1 yielded two examples, Aurelius Ploutogenes son of Horos (58.7, party to a contract) and a Ploutogenes included in a series of

106

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

greetings in 75.22–23. The centrality of a man named Ploutogenes in the Manichaean correspondence preserved in Coptic has already been mentioned. A large additional number appear in the Kellis ostraka, many the sons or fathers of men with typical local names like Besas, Psais, and Tithoes. In O.Trim. 1, a son of Tithoes (95.3) and father of Ploutammon (94conc.4) appear. Two more figure in the present volume. By comparison with the western desert, only the Panopolite used Ploutogenes with any frequency, although much less than the desert oases did (see the graph in Trismegistos), and to a lesser degree the name is found in the Hermopolite. These were, of course, valley destinations with close connections to the western oases. Elsewhere, the name is largely absent. It is thus far from being a truly widespread Greek name in Egypt. The presence of Ploutogenes among the names of the western desert was already noticed by G. Wagner (1987: 225 with n. 4), who listed it among the class of “anthroponymes grecs ‘classiques’” which “ont, semble-t-il, eu la faveur des habitants.” To his citations outside Dakhla may be added O.Douch 3.213, 315; 4.503b (?); 5.552. But Wagner’s category of “classical” Greek names is too simplistic, including names that have a special place in the oases because of their connections to local cults, the most evident of which is Agathos Daimon. Ploutogenes, then, occupied a different place in the onomastic ecosystem of the Kharga and Dakhla Oases than it did elsewhere, being associated at least in Dakhla with a milieu in which other names connected with the popular local divinities were common, above all Tithoes (Tutu) and Psais (Shai), and being commonly in Dakhla shortened to Gena (with variants), which could both be equipped with an article (as were, e.g., Shai in Psais, or Herakles in Pherakles) and used as the base for Pagena, “the one of Gena.” All of this leads to a certain probability that Gena was indeed treated as a divinity, special to Dakhla and particularly to Kellis, as he is far more popular there than at Trimithis. The total absence of Gena/Iena from the ostraka from Douch and Ain Waqfa, by contrast, is striking, despite all of their other onomastic relationships to the Dakhla repertory and the appearance of Ploutogenes at Douch. Gena is very local indeed. The same is true of the peculiar name Loui(a), also found with the definite article as Plouia, found in Dakhla in a number of compounds, and which, it has been suggested (O.Trim. 1, p 60) was also a theonym. The compounds include Loior, Loinoute, Louiala, Louimoun, Louibeka, Louierene, Louisai (= Louiapshai), Louiammon, Louiermamoun, Louisen, and Louisiris. The gods brought into connection with Louia in these compounds include Amun, Shai, Horos, and Osiris, as well as the abstract “peace” and (probably) the Christian

Introduction

107

god. Like Gena, Louia is not found more widely than Dakhla. It seems worth considering the possibility that it is in effect the other part of the stem of Ploutogenes, with the pi stripped off (perhaps being interpreted as the definite article). In this case, Ploutogenes would have given birth to two shortened stems, each used as a divine name and capable of acquiring a definite article and, in the case of Loui, compounds with other divine names (including those like Hermammon which were compounds already). If these suggestions may be taken seriously, one must ask about Gena’s place “among the late additions to the Egyptian pantheon.”1 Of the three broad categories Kaper offers, it seems clear that we may exclude the first, “derivations of familiar divine names.” The third might at first seem more promising, “divinised royal or private names,” but this does not actually seem to fit Ploutogenes and its derivatives very well. Rather, it seems in character more like the second category, “a programmatic name that derives from the divine titulary,” or, in this case, an aspirational name, “wealth-generating” or “born of wealth.” The specific link of Gena and Louia with Dakhla and particularly (especially with Gena) with Kellis, the prosperity-oriented potential origin in Ploutogenes, and the collocation of the names with Tithoes and Psais in the father-son sequences in the Kellis ostraka all raise the question of a potential connection between Gena and one of these other two cults, which clearly dominate onomastics at Kellis and, to a lesser extent, at Trimithis (where names based on Thoth are also very popular). That is not to discount the importance in Dakhla of names based on Amun; both Psenamounis and Ammonios are enormously popular, even in the middle of the fourth century. Horus and Bes also are extremely popular. But these are not so distinctive to the oasis (although see Kaper 2003: 126 on the association of a composite Amon-Horus with the western desert and on Bes’s popularity there), while Tithoes, even if not in any narrow sense a “desert god,” obviously gained great specific traction from the presence of the only surviving temple of Tutu at Kellis (Kaper 2003: 140–147; cf. also on 147 the presence of Tutu in the area of Trimithis). As to Shai, he is far from specific to the deserts either. Once again, however, one can see that the name Psais is proportionately twice as popular in the western desert as it is in any valley nome, with the Panopolite again one of the two valley nomes where Psais is widespread (the other being Aphrodite). Moreover, the cult at Kellis of Tapsais as the consort of Tutu joined these two cults together in an unmistakable fashion.

. Kaper : .

108

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

11. Autourg(os) The term αὐτουργία has played a role in debates about the workings of large estates in late antique Egypt that is wholly out of proportion to the actual occurrence of the term: just eight documents from the Oxyrhynchite nome, most notably, the home of the Apionic estates for which the term and its supposed practices have most commonly been adduced. The noun is the only form from this stem found from Oxyrhynchos. The term plays a large role in Peter Sarris’s book Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian as can be seen from the entries in his index on p. 253. Important is his statement: “Although the estate accounts do not provide detailed information about the scale of production on the autourgia, the general impression given by the sources is that it was extensive, and it is likely to have furnished a much higher proportion of Apion family income than the sums derived from the epoikia.”1 The term is also discussed in Hickey 2012, especially on 149–150; Hickey denies any central importance to the autourgia part of the Apions’ estates. In the present context, we seek only to set out clearly the evidence in the Trimithis ostraka. Two instances of the term αὐτουργ( ) appeared in volume 1, and the editors left the grammatical form unresolved for want of more evidence. (112.2n.: “Whether this is a form of a participle, noun, or adjective is unclear.”) The two instances in O.Kellis, 151 and 152, were both abbreviated in a similar fashion, and both of these ostraka were too fragmentary to provide any guidance. The first of these, however, did have a year date (year 1) comparable to what is found in Trimithis well tags. Five more examples appear in the present volume. We list here all of the examples found so far: 112.2: Well tag, Pmoun Piam; modifies chorion. 151.2: Well tag, Pmoun name not read; modifies chorion. 465.2: Account of donkey-loads; modifies cultivator’s name. 494.1: Memorandum of delivery of hay; modifies cultivator’s name. 635.2: Well tag, stands between year number and well name; not apparently modifying anything. 659.2: Well tag, Pmoun Berri, modifies chorion. 660.1: Well tag, (P)moun Berri, modifies chorion. It seems excluded that a non-participial form of the verb αὐτουργεῖν can be intended here; there is not enough syntax for it. The noun αὐτουργία is . Sarris : –.

Introduction

109

also difficult to fit into the syntax of these tags, account, and memorandum, such as it is. It also seems to us excluded. The adjective αὐτουργός, which is very uncommon, has an active force: “cultivating by one’s self.” A rare early instance, used substantively, can be found in SB 26.16819.26, from the archive of Demetria alias Ammonia (Hermopolis, 332): πρὸς ἡμᾶς το̣[ὺς αὐ]δουργούς (l. αὐτουργούς), “at the charge of us the cultivators.” As the parties describing themselves in this fashion are actually prospective lessees, it is clear that the term here cannot refer to owner operation of the land in opposition to leasing. This sort of usage could be at stake in 465 and 494, and one may well suppose that the adjective with active meaning is to be resolved here. In both cases, the word is abbreviated to αὐτ( ). In the four cases in which the term modifies χωρίον, however, the active force of the adjective would not seem appropriate. Rather, one naturally supposes that “self-worked” is intended; no tenant’s name is mentioned. As far as we can see, only BGU 2.475 provides an example of the participial form (present, in this case; we know of no instances of the aorist passive participle) used with such a meaning, however, and we have left the form unresolved in these cases for want of sufficient evidence. It should be noted that in O.Kellis 151.2, the editor’s χ( ) is better read as χω(ρίον), yielding a fifth example of the usage in question.

PART II Texts, Translations, and Commentary The publication of ostraka in this volume has been organized by type of stratigraphic context; within that by type of text; and within types, by specific stratigraphic unit. The stratigraphic units are described in the introduction, and from those descriptions the reader can see that some units are straightforwardly identifiable as belonging to occupation levels or as containing material dumped in place before the construction of the buildings in question. Other units are less unequivocally to be assigned to one group or the other, and we have made a number of judgments in the process of classification. In some cases, noted in the introduction, contamination is possible; in others, some sherds could have come from chinking in collapsed walls or ceilings. One important and highly productive unit, DSU 60 in Room 30 of B6 (Area 2.2), is borderline. That room did not have a surviving floor identifiable at the time of excavation, except for a mud surface on which people were working making mosaic tesserae and mud for plastering. It is thus possible that the original mud floor was melted during those operations and that objects from above it and those below it mixed. This is the impression that the contents and their elevations give as well. We have therefore given it a separate section. The fourth category is made up of ostraka from Area 4.1, the temple hill, where nearly all stratigraphy had been disturbed by the operations of stone-robbing and sebakh-hunting, and materials of many periods were mixed up together.

111

1. Ostraka from Occupation Levels In this section are included ostraka found in stratigraphic units clearly consisting of occupation debris, as well as those containing windblown sand covering what is likely to be occupation debris and those that are probably occupation debris.

I. Accounts and Lists 455. Account. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372073. Inv. 13001. Area 2.1, Room 19, DSU 264, FN 1. 5.9 × 4.2 cm. Broken at lower left. Written on both sides. A1a. Convex

4

/ υἱὸ(ς) Ἀμμω(νίου) ̣ ̣ ̣ ρ / υἱὸ(ς) Εὐηθίο̣(υ) / υἱὸ(ς) Φιλοσ(αράπιδος) [/] Μαθ̣θ ος [/] Πεκῦσις̣

β β β β α̣

ἀπὸ Πμουω

β

Concave

113

114

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Convex

Concave

Son of Ammo(nios) . . . . Son of Euethios Son of Philosarapis Matthaios Pekysis

2 2 2 2 1

From Pmouo

2

Conc 1–3 One could also resolve υἱο(ὶ) in all three cases, but the usage of the oasite ostraka in general favors these singulars, probably because the son was acting as agent for the father, to whose account the amount would be credited or debited, and the son’s name was unimportant. But cf. 460, where the plural appears, in company with a mention of heirs of another person. In line 1, the rho before the numeral beta has no mark of abbreviation, and the traces before it are not easy to reconcile with κε, to yield the measure κεράμια; we have not found another explanation. Conc 4 Read Μαθθαῖος, a name strikingly rare in the papyri from Egypt. In fact, the earliest attestations in documents from Egypt are almost exclusively from Dakhla and date to the 4th c.; see, e.g., P.Kell. Copt. 1.19–21, 25–27 (there is one 3rd/4th c. instance from outside the oasis, P.Nag Hamm. 52). Other pre5th c. examples come from the province of Judaea; e.g., P.Mur. 2.103 (2nd c.), P.Yadin 1.11 (6 May 124), 20 (19 June 130). Conv 1 Not Πμουν. This apparent toponym is not attested elsewhere. 456. Account of hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372074. Inv. 13010. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 2. 8.7 × 7.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2a. Hand of Serenos.

4

8

ζ´ Ἐπεὶφ τοῖς κτῆσι Ἰουλιανῷ Γεροντίῳ Ζωίλῳ τῷ κεραμ(εῖ) η´ τοῖς κτῆσι Ἰουλιανῷ θ´ Ἰουλιανῷ

δέσμ(ας) ι δέσμ(ας) γ δέσμ(ας) ιε δέσμ(ας) ιε δέσμ(ας) ε δέσμ(ας) ι δέσμ(ας) γ δέσμ(ας) γ

Occupation Levels

7 Epeiph for the donkeys To Iulianus To Gerontios To Zoilos To the potter 8th for the donkeys To Iulianus 9th to Iulianus

115

10 bundles 3 bundles 15 bundles 15 bundles 5 bundles 10 bundles 10 bundles 3 bundles

2 For Iulianus, cf. 88+441+444 (below, p. 300) and 531, also from occupation levels. He is part of the circle of Serenos (above, p. 95). 457. Account of hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372075. Inv. 13018. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 16. 10 × 5.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

Ψάις η ̣ ̣ ̣ Λουι̣ ̣ υἱὸς ̣ Ἰωάννης

δέσμ(ας) [ [δέσμ(ας) [δέσμ(ας) [δέσμ(ας) [δέσμ(ας)

Psais ... Loui . son of – – Ioannes

[ ] bundles [– bundles] [– bundles] [– bundles] [– bundles]

458. Account of hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372076. Inv. 13023. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 23. 2.6 × 2.5 cm. Broken at left and below; possibly also above. Written on convex side. A1b. ] δέσμ(ας) ε δέσ]μ(ας) κ - - - - -

116

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

. . . 5 bundles, . . . 20 bundles This does not join, and apparently does not belong to, 459. 459. Account of hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372077. Inv. 13024. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 15. 2.3 × 1.7 cm. Broken at left and below. Written on concave side. A1a. δέ]σ̣μ̣(ας) γ δέ]σμ(ας) ιε - - - . . . 3 bundles, . . . 15 bundles This does not join, and apparently does not belong to, 458. 460. Account or list of names. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372078. Inv. 13013. Area 2.1, Room 19, DSU 277, FN 11. 5 × 4.5 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1a.

4

[υἱο( ) Σ]αραπίωνο̣ς̣ υἱοὶ Ἁρποκρατ̣ί̣ω̣(νος) Σερῆνο̣ς̣ κλ(ηρονόμοι) Ἀπίωνο̣ς̣ Σαρα̣π̣ί̣ων [Son(s?) ] of Sarapion Sons of Harpokration Serenos Heirs of Apion Sarapion

4–5 Sarapion and Apion appear together in 302, from an occupation level in Room 4; the names are of course not rare. 461. Account of wheat. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372079. Inv. 13070. Area 2.1, Room 19B, DSU 297, FN 45.

Occupation Levels

117

6.7 × 4.5 cm. Broken at lower left and right. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

Πισῆχθις Πρητ [ σίτ(ου) (ἀρτάβας) ιβS συμφ̣[ Κ̣όλοβος (ἀρτάβας) θ συμ̣[ [ σί]τ(ου) (ἀρτάβας) [ [ ] ̣[ - - - - - - - - - Pisechthis son of Pret, 12 ½ art. of wheat, ?paid. Kolobos, 9 art., ?paid. [ ] art. of wheat [

1 The patronymic does not seem to appear elsewhere in our documents from the oases. A name Πρητ’ is found in P.Erl. 138, a fragmentary and uninformative context (provenance unknown) dated by the editor to the fourth–fifth century. The apostrophe presumably indicates the lack of Greek termination; the same name occurs in P.Nag.Hamm. 75 and SB 20.14122 (perhaps Aphrodite; with apostrophe), in both cases similarly without termination. Quite possibly nothing is lost here after the name. 2–3 Perhaps a form of συμφωνέω in the meaning “to pay” as in O.Kellis 72.1 (see note and index s.v.). 462. Account of provisions. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372080. Inv. 13091. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297. 6.4 × 6.8 cm. Complete? Written on convex side. A1a.

4

δι(ὰ) Σερήνος ἄρτ(οι) κ τιφά̣γ̣ι̣α κ οἴν(ου) κερ(άμιον) α

Through Serenos, 20 loaves of broad, 20 tiphagia, 1 keramion of wine. 2 Read Σερήνου. 3 For the mysterious product τιφάγια, see the comments and bibliography in O.Trim. 1, p. 39 n. 25. The word appears again in a receipt signed by Nikokles for τιφάγια and chickens, 527.2.

118

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

463. Account. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372081. Inv. 13092. Area 2.1, Room 19, F227. 3.2 × 4.5 cm. Broken at left, elsewhere? Written on convex side. A1a. ] traces ] ̣ μά̣τ(ια) γ μά]τ(ια) ε . . . 3 matia, . . . 5 matia 464. List of names. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372082. Inv. 13201. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 302, FN 57. 4.2 × 2.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Ψάιτ(ος) Παθώτης Ἀμμω(νίου) Σίριος Psais son of Pathotes. Ammonios son of Siris. 1 Read Παθώτου. 465. Account of donkey-loads. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372083. Inv. 13205. Area 2.1, Room 19B, DSU 292, FN 70. 7.2 × 4.2 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1b. The ostrakon appears to have had an earlier text, which was washed off. Σαραπί(ων) Ἀμμω(νίου) κτῆ(νος) α Παμουν Σαραπί(ωνος) αὐτ(ουργὸς) κτῆ(νος) α ὑπ(ὲρ) ὑδρ(εύματος) Ἱερατικ(οῦ?) ̣ ̣ ̣ Sarapion son of Ammonios, 1 donkey. Pamoun son of Sarapion, self-cultivator, 1 donkey. For the hydreuma of the temple account, . . . 1 A Sarapion son of Ammo(nios) appears in 73.6, the list referring to the ala (presumably I Quadorum) and headed with the name of a decurion; this is dated to the final period of occupation.

Occupation Levels

119

2 A Pamoun, without patronymic, appears in 48.7, dated to the final period of occupation. For the term αὐτουργός, see above pp. 108–109. 3 ἱερατικ( ). The word has been smeared but the reading seems unavoidable. The adjective could modify several different nouns. If it is not to be taken with ὑδρεύματος itself, then we might understand λόγου. It is somewhat suprising to find a well associated with a temple at this late a date. In fact, this is one of only a handful of attestations of the word from after AD 300: a temple treasury (ἱερατικὸν ταμεῖον) and temple account (ἱερατικὸς λόγος) are both found in the fourth–century archive of the pagan Aurelius Ammon, P.Ammon 1.4.43, 47 and cf. perhaps 2.46.4 (with note ad loc.). It is possible that the name of the hydreuma had become fossilized and no longer had to do with temple land. Some indistinct traces follow, with a large numeral (alpha or delta) at the end. 466. Account of days of irrigation. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372084. Inv. 13223. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297. 3.3 × 4.8 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1b. Ψέλθεως Π(μουν) Οὐσιρε Π(μουν) Τσαλεμ

ἡμ(έρας) γ [ ἡμ(έρας) ̣[ ἡ[μ(έρας)

Pselthis Pmoun Ousire Pmoun Tsalem

3 days . days [.] days

1 On Pselthis, see O.Trim. 1, p. 37; it is mentioned in a letter of Serenos. The days in this account are likely to be days on which irrigation water was supplied. 2 For Pmoun Osire, see O.Trim. 1, p. 35. 3 Τσαλεμ’ ostr. Tsalem is perhaps to be equated with Tsamen (O.Trim. 1, p. 35). The stem, if not the place, is perhaps the same as in Τχαλεμσαψε. Note the apostrophe at the end of the undeclined word ending in a consonant, cf. KAB, p. 21. 467. Account or list. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372085. Inv. 13233. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 302. 2.9 × 5.1 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1b. Very faded throughout.

120

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4 5–7

Ἀμ traces Π traces Πα̣ traces Ἀμμ̣ traces traces

468. Account of hay received, with cover letter. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372086. Inv. 13601. Area 2, DSU 1. 4.5 × 9.5 cm. Broken at left, faded in the center; written on concave side. A1a. This ostrakon, although fragmentary, provides valuable information by giving the number of both donkey-loads and desmai of hay, showing that each donkey-load consisted of 16 desmai. We did not have any information until now about what the size of the bundle used for hay in the oasis was. As a donkey could carry a bit less than 100 kg, it seems likely that the desme weighed around 6–7 kg. For the use of the desme in the oasis, see KAB, p. 50, and most recently O.Trim. 1, p. 41. It is interesting to observe, however, that in very few other texts concerning hay, whether account or receipt, do we find any numbers divisible by 16 or that are fractions of 16. Instead, we find numbers suggesting that 15 was the more normal base: as fractions, 3 and 5; 15 as the single commonest number attested; 30 and 60 as multiples; and even the outliers are 20 and 50, suggesting deliveries based on multiples of 5. The 100, 200, and 300 payments in 41 also fit with a system involving multiples of 5. A load of 15 desmai does not, however, change materially the basic appreciation of the size of the bundle, which must remain in the 6–7 kg range.

4

8

12

[ ] faint traces [ΝΝ - - -]αδιος πλεῖστ̣α̣ [χαίρειν. ἐ]κομισάμην [ ]ο̣ν ἐν δέσμαις [ ] ̣ ἔστι \καὶ ἐν/ δέσ(μαις) [ κτή(νη)] δ δέσμ(ας) ξδ [ κτή(νη)] γ̣ δέσμ(ας) μη̣ [ κτ]ή(νη) γ δ̣έ̣σ̣μ̣(ας) μη [ ] ̣ ̣ κτή(νη) β δέσμ(ας) λβ [ ] κτή(νη) β δέσμ(ας) λβ [ ] ̣ ου κτή(νη) β δέσμ(ας) λβ [ ]ις κτή(νη) γ δέσμ(ας) μ̣η̣

Occupation Levels

121

-adios to NN, many greetings. I received . . . in bundles . . . there is also, in bundles, . . . 4 donkeys 64 bundles . . . 3 donkeys 48 bundles . . . 3 donkeys 48 bundles . . . 2 donkeys 32 bundles . . . 2 donkeys 32 bundles . . . 2 donkeys 32 bundles . . . 3 donkeys 48 bundles 2 None of the likely names with this ending (Gennadios, Helladios, Leukadios, Palladios, Phoibadios, Lampadios) has occurred so far in the oasis documentation known to us. Any of them would likely belong to someone of high social standing, presumably a peer of Serenos. 5 καὶ ἐν looks like a superlinear insertion. The extended horizontal line in sigma marks the abbreviation of δέσ(μαις). 469. Account. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372087. Inv. 14024. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 350, FN 12. 4.1 × 3.4 cm. Written on convex side in an irregular, clumsy hand. A1b. ε̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ α ρνη β λί(τραι) κγ 1 ἐρίου?

470. Account of grain. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372088. Inv. 14075 + 14082. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 364, FN 25. 4.3 × 6.1 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

[ ] ῳ ̣ ἀρτ(άβας) λε [ ]δώρ(ῳ) ἀρτ(άβας) ιε [ ]σ̣α ἀρτ(άβας) ι [τῷ]̣ δρομαδ(αρίῳ) ἀρτ(άβας) κ [τῷ] γναφεῖ ἀρτ(άβας) ϛ

122

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

To - To –odoros -To the dromedarios To the fuller

35 art. 15 art. 10 art. 20 art. 6 art.

3 Perhaps the dative of an occupational term ending in -ᾶς. 4–5 Neither occupational term occurs in O.Trim. 1, but a camel driver appears in 322. There were three camel units in Egypt at this time, and dromedarii are well attested in the Douch ostraka (198.4, 266.4, 391.1, 406.2,4, 467.4, 551.2,6, 582.4, 598.8, 609.6, 618.2, 624.4,7, 625.1, 630.7, 452.4). P. Kucera suggests that the men mentioned in texts from the Kharga Oasis were stationed at Toëto-Psinabla or Prektis, and this may be true of the man referred to here; Kucera 2012. 471. Account of wine. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372089. Inv. 14345. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 402. 3.9 × 4.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Παγοραῦτι L[ Χολῶτι νεω(τέρῳ) κερ(άμια) [ Σόλωνι κερ(άμια) [ To Pagoraus To Cholos the younger To Solon

½ (?) – keramia – keramia

1 Παγοραῦς is previously attested, according to TM, only in SB 1.788, a mummy label of unknown provenance. 2 Χολῶς (sometimes spelled Χολλῶς, cf. 837.7) is common in Upper Egypt and attested at Kellis. 3 Another fine name from classical history, returning to use in the fourth century after three hundred years of disuse in Egypt. This is the first instance in the oases. 472. Account of chaff. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372090. Inv. 15608. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 55.

Occupation Levels

123

6.3 × 4.2 cm. Broken at lower left. Written on concave side. A1b.

4

Πεκῦσ(ις) Ὥρου υἱὸς Σερήνου Σαρα̣π̣ᾶς Σερᾶτος Σιλᾷ μισ(θίῳ) [

μώ(ιον) α μώ(ιον) α μώ(ιον) α μώ(ιον) α μώ(ιον) α ] ̣

Pekysis son of Horos Son of Serenos Sarapas Seras Silas the hireling [ ]

1 moion 1 moion 1 moion 1 moion 1 moion

6 There are traces of a letter or two at the start of this line, and possibly much fainter traces to the right. It is not certain that anything is lost at left. 473. List of names. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372091. Inv. 15596. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 56. 4.4 × 4.0 cm. Broken at top and left. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

8

- - - - - - ] ̣π ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ [Π]λουτογ(ένης) Το ̣ρι [Ψ]ά̣ις Ἀπολλωνίου Μέρσις Κόρακ(ος) / Ψάις Σαλην ] ̣ αλειτ ]παμω̣νι ] ̣ ̣ ̣ Ploutogenes son of To.ri Psais son of Apollonios Mersis son of Korax Psais son of Sales -aleit -pamoni

124

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

2 Τοσρι appears in O.Kell. 98.12 and 108.8, but the third letter here appears more likely to be epsilon, and it is not inconceivable that this should be read in the Kellis examples. 3 Cf. 193, a tag from Room 13, probably of occupation level. 5 The patronymic is perhaps a form of the known name Σαλης, but the ending in nu is surprising. 6 We cannot identify in this apparently undeclined string of letters any personal name known to us. It may, however, be an oblique form of a name in -λεις, e.g., Θαλεῖτ(ι) from Θαλεῖς (a name found in O.Mich. 1.572, but otherwise not attested), vel sim. The traces at the beginning are not sigma. 7 Most likely [Σαρα]πάμωνι. 474. Account. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372092. Inv. 15777. Area 2.2, B6, Room 28, FSU 77, FN 45. 5.4 × 5.8 cm. Broken at upper right (convex). Written on both sides. Convex

4

6

̣ ̣ ̣[ Μάρων̣ [ Ὧρος ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ Ἀνοῦφις /κ ` ̣ ̣ ν̣ο̣ ̣ ο ̣ ́ Ἀμμω ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ρ̣ κ traces - - - - - - - - -

Concave - - - - - - - - σακκοφ(όρῳ) δ Πεβῶς Σύρος 〚 ̣〛 Ἀμμω(νίου) β Convex

Maron Horos Anouphis Amm. . .

20 20

Occupation Levels

Concave

125

To the sack-carrier 4 Pebos son of Syros, grandson of Ammonios

2

Conc 1 This occupation does not occur in O.Trim. 1. Conc 2 Read Σύρου. 475. Account? Ca. 350–370. TM# 372093. Inv. 14560. Area 2.3, DSU 1, FN 7. 17.5 × 13.0 cm. Broken at bottom. Written on convex side. A5. The nature of this text escapes us. It is a list of amounts, including fractions, all falling between 21 ½ and 26 ½ . But no names or units are given.

4

8

κδ κβ κε κβ L/ κβ κε L/ κα L/ κ[.] - - - - - -

κβ κβ L/ κϛ S κβ̣ L/ κδ κϛ κδ 〚L/ 〛 κε κδ L/ κ̣[ - - - - - -

1 κδ, δ ex α 476. Account of hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372094. Inv. 13016. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 20. 6.5 × 4.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Hand of Serenos.

4

κγ̅ Ἐπεὶφ Κλαυδίῳ τῷ πατ(ρὶ) Φαυστιανῷ τῷ Ἱβίτῃ κε τοῖς κτῆσι σεσημίω(μαι) Σερῆνος.

δέσμ(ας) κ δέσμ(ας) ι δέσμ(ας) ε δέσμ(ας) κ

126

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

23 Epeiph, to Claudius To our father Faustianus To the Hibite On the 25th, for the donkeys I, Serenos, have signed

20 bundles 10 bundles 5 bundles 20 bundles

1 Claudius appears in 54 and 84, both from occupation levels. 2 Could this be Faustianus son of Aquila, the landlord of the KAB? Cf. O.Trim. 1.329.3–4n. See KAB p. 70 on the geouchos Faustianus’s likely residence in Hibis and O.Kellis 143. A Faustianus also appears in an ostrakon from the 2014 season, inv. 16600, and in Metropolitan Museum ostrakon X.608.7, from the excavations at Hibis (Ain el-Turba), and dated to the 8th indiction. This text is published by Roger Bagnall and Gaëlle Tallet in ZPE 196 (2015) 175–198. 3 Hibite probably refers to the nome and not to a person from that nome. The reason for the payment is unknown.

2. Well Tags: Pmoun (and Moun) formula none

3. Well Tags: Hydreuma Pmoun formula none

4. Tags: Other The distinction between tags and memoranda is not easy to establish. In general we have identified as tags ostraka of small format that would readily have been inserted into mud jar-stoppers; but some of these certainly were not used in this manner, and it will be admitted that the original function of many of these notations cannot be recovered. 477. Tag. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372095. Inv. 13027. Area 2.1, Room 19, DSU 275. 3.0 × 2.8 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1a. Πανῦρις

Occupation Levels

127

Panyris. 1–2 The name occurs in 19, an account from an occupation level in Room 19. 478. Tag. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372096. Inv. 13047. Area 2.1, Room 21, DSU 287, FN 42. 5.5 × 4.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Μουσῆς Ψε̣ν̣πνούθο̣υ̣ Mouses son of Psenpnouthes. 479. Tag. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372097. Inv. 13099. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297, FN 64. 3.2 × 2.0 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ψεναμοῦ(νις) Πετεν(εφώτου) Psenamounis son of Petenephotes. 480. Tag? Ca. 350–370? TM# 372098. Inv. 13230. Area 2.1, Room 20, DSU 308, FN 75. 2.3 × 2.6 cm. Broken at left, right, below. Written on concave side. A11. It is just possible that what we have taken as writing is in fact simply pot decoration, but the shape of the beta is clear. ] ̣β ]π̣ [ - - - - -

481. Tag with delivery instructions. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372099. Inv. 14026. Area 2.1, S2, FSU 314, FN 13. 7.5 × 5.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

128

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

υἱὸ̣(ς) Σαντᾶ κριθ(ῶν) (ἀρτάβας) β εἰς Μῶ(θιν) β Son of Santas, 2 art. of barley, to Mothis, 2. 1 For the name Σαντᾶς, cf. O.Kellis 107.14. 2 Mothis (modern Mut) was the capital of the eponymous Mothite nome; cf. O.Trim. 1, pp. 42–48, with bibliography. 482. Tag. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372100. Inv. 14044. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 350, FN 20. 4.1 × 3.7 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1b. υἱ(ὸς) Σαρ ̣[ Son of Sar-. The last letter is a vertical, suggesting, e.g. π, but we cannot exclude a very vertical μ. 483. Tag. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372101. Inv. 14085. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 350, FN 42. 3.3 × 2.7 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1b. ̣ Πετο̣ρ̣ζ̣[ σμη[ Or read Πετορζ|σμῆ(θις)? The name is characteristic of Elephantine. 484. Tag. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372102. Inv. 14002. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 358, FN 2. 5.4 × 2.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A5. Ψάιτι Παγ̣ενα δέσμ(ας) β

Occupation Levels

129

To Psais son of Pagenas, 2 bundles. 1 Ψαϊτι ostr. The name Pagenas is attested in 277 and now 489. For discussion of the significance and form of the name, see p. 105 above. 485. Tag. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372103. Inv. 14154. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 371. 3.8 × 3.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2a. χω(ρίον) Ἀμμω(νίου) Κλαυδίου Vineyard of Ammonios son of Claudius. Duplicates of this text are 191, 192, and 225; the first two come from Street 3, the last from Room 13. 486. Tag. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372104. Inv. 15659. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 56, FN 41. 4.3 × 4.0 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1a. Ψενα̣(μοῦνις) Πε̣τ̣ο̣σίριο̣[ς] κριθ(ῆς) (ἀρτάβας) [ Psenamounis son of Petosiris, – art. of barley. 1 Men of this name appear in 45 (dumped material), 152 (as a patronymic), and 160 (well tag, perhaps 344/5). Given the commonness of the names, any identification would be speculative. 487. Tag? Ca. 350–370. TM# 372105. Inv. 15661. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, F76, FN 40. 3.1 × 4.5 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex. A1a.

130

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Πα ̣[ traces 1 Παπ̣[ or Παγ̣[. 488. Tag? Ca. 350–370. TM# 372106. Inv. 14561. Area 2.3, DSU 1, FN 10. 4.6 × 3.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. ̣ ̣ Παλεβ ̣ω( ) υἱὸ(ς) Θαήσ(ιος) . . . Paleb, NN son of Thaesis. 2 χ̣ω(ρίον)? 489. Tag. 345/6? TM# 372107. Inv. 14562. Area 2.3, DSU 1, FN 8. 9.2 × 6.5 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1a. Πλουϊα Παγ(ενα) κβ̣ (ἔτους) Plouia son of Pagenas, 22nd year. 1 For the name Pagenas, see 484. The individual is not elsewhere attested. 2 L ostr. An earlier year 22 (327/8, 337/8) is also possible, but less likely given the archaeological context.

6. Memoranda 490. Memorandum for delivery of wheat. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372108. Inv. 13204. Area 2.1, Room 19B, DSU 292, FN 68. 7.1 × 6.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b with white slip. Του Πλουτάμμω(νος) σίτ(ου) κβ̅ μέτ̣(ρῳ) (ἀρτάβας) κ

Occupation Levels

4

131

εἰς Τρίμιθ(ιν) τῶι κυρίῳ μου υἱῷ Σερήνῳ.

Tou son of Ploutammon, 20 art. of wheat by the 1/22 measure (?), to Trimithis to my lord son Serenos. 1 Tou son of Ploutammon is known from 205.1–2 and 249.1, both from occupation levels. The second of these involves wheat sent to the oikodespoina in Trimithis. 2 The letters before the sign for artaba, which are paralleled in 493 and apparently in 543, are not to our knowledge found in other texts. We are inclined to think, as we have printed here, that με, with faint traces of what may be a tau following, despite what would most readily be taken as a numeral marking above it, is to be taken as μέτ(ρῳ), and the κβ before it as a numeral indicating a 22-mation measure for the artaba. In KAB, p. 48, it is suggested that an expenditure measure of approximately 23 matia to the artaba was in use. 5 We take υἱῷ, “son,” here as a term expressing Tou’s relationship of seniority to Serenos, rather than as indicating familial connection. 491. Memorandum for grain delivered to the camp. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372109. Inv. 13085. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297, FN 19. 7.3 × 5.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Λουιχανς᾿ σιτοκρίθ(ου) (ἀρτάβας) δS/ κριθ(ῆς) (ἀρτάβας) γ, εἰς κάστ(ρα) ϛ Θεοδώρῳ. Louichans, 4 ½ art. of sitokrithon. 3 art. of barley; to the camp, 6 for Theodoros. 1 This is the first attestation of this name, evidently formed from Loui and the god Chonsu. The apostrophe after the name shows that it lacks Greek terminations. σιτόκριθον (cf. 500) is a combined delivery of wheat and barley, not a mixture of the two grains; see BGU 12.2147.13n. When not abbreviated, the term is usually in the singular. An ostrakon from Hibis kept in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (X.608.2), published by R. S. Bagnall and G. Tallet in ZPE 196 (2015) 175–198, offers the first known instance of the plural. 2 The camp is the military installation at el-Qasr, cf. P. Kucera, cited at 470.4–

132

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

5n., and Ast and Bagnall 2015. There is a blob of ink after alpha in καστ, and the tau seems to be overwritten (or to overwrite) something else. 3 Theodoros could be the person of that name attested in 282.1, signed by Nikokles and found in an occupation level. Cf. also 493, 543, 739 and discussion of Serenos’s circle above, p. 95. 492. Memorandum for delivery of flaxseed. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372110. Inv. 13087. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297, FN 51. 9.4 × 7.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. B10. δι(ὰ) Σ̣ε̣ρ̣πι Ψάιτος λινοσπέρματ(ος) μ(άτια) με εἰς τὸν περιστερ(ῶνα). Through Serpi son of Psais, 45 matia of flaxseed, to the pigeon-house. 1 The flaxseed deliveries in the first volume (see n. to line 2) are all by men with the common name Psais; whether either might be the father of Serpi here cannot be determined. The name Serpi, found in a number of texts from Kellis, is likely a short form of Sarapion or some other name deriving from Sarapis, cf. p. 103 above. 2 For flaxseed deliveries to the pigeon-house see 261.2n. with references. 493. Memorandum for delivery of barley. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372111. Inv. 13090. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297. 7.7 × 5.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Ψάις Πεβῶτος κριθ(ῆς) κ̅β̅ μέ(τρῳ) (ἀρτάβας) δ εἰς Μῶθ(ιν) μ̣(άτια) ̣ εἰς Τρίμιθ(ιν) Θεοδώρῳ. Psais son of Pebos, 4 art. of barley by the 1/22 measure (?) to Mothis, . . . to Trimithis for Theodoros. 1 Ψαϊς ostr. Psais son of Pebos is known from 53.1, 59.4, and 75.1, all from occupation levels. On κ̅β̅ μέ(τρῳ), see 490.2n. 3 For Theodoros, cf. 491.3n.

Occupation Levels

133

494. Memorandum for delivery of hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372112. Inv. 13094. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 302, FN 60. 6.6 × 4.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Ὧρος αὐτ(ουργὸς) δέσμ(ας) ν Ἑρμά̣μ̣μωνι Horos, cultivating himself, 50 bundles to Hermammon. 1 For the term αὐτουργός, see above p. 108. 2 The numeral nu (50) may be corrected. 3 Hermammon: cf. 88.8, 324.6 (in a letter to Domnion), 330.3, and 805, all from occupation levels. 495. Memorandum for the delivery of barley. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372113. Inv. 13222. Area 2.1, Room 20, DSU 318, FN 77. 5.7 × 5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

Πετοσ(ῖρις) Οὐαϊ κριθ(ῆς) (ἀρτάβας) β εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ κυρίου μου Σερήνου.

Petosiris son of Ouai, 2 art. of barley, to the house of my lord Serenos. 1 An Ouai, father of Isidora, appears on a tag published in O.Trim. 1 (208). Cf. comments on the name ad loc. 3–5 Cf. 300 for this phrase. 496. Memorandum for delivery of dates. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372114. Inv. 13232. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 320. 5.2 × 5.4 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Κόραξ Ψάιτος φοινίκ(ων) (ἀρτάβας) η μ(άτια) ε

134

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4

εἰς Μῶ̣θ̣(ιν) μ(άτια) δ τῇ οἰκοδεσπ(οίνᾳ).

Korax son of Psais, 8 art. 5 matia of dates, to Mothis; 4 matia to the mistress of the household. 1 A Psais son of Korax apears in 10.2, from an occupation level. 3 Μῶ̣θ̣(ιν) is written rapidly, rather flat, and very small. The mu is fairly clear. 4 Who the mysterious mistress of the house was (or whether there was only one) is uncertain. The term appears in texts in vol. 1 (see 249 with references to further discussion), and in 521. 497. Memorandum for delivery of tablets (?). Ca. 350–370. TM# 372115. Inv. 13408. Area 2.1, Room 21, F244 (threshold). 5.5 × 4.2 cm. Broken at right. Written on concave side. A1b. Ψενα(μοῦνις) Ἀγα[θπτύκ(ια) β [ Psenamounis son of Agath--, 2 tablets (?). 1 The second name is dubious. Perhaps Agathammon (cf. 644) rather than Agathos Daimon. 2 Read πτύχια. In 358 Nikokles signs for receipt of a [. .]υ̣κιν through Philippos. We speculated in the note to line 2 that we should restore [πτ]ύκιν = πτύχιον, citing 497 as evidence. There are, however, mentions of deliveries of πτύχια in O.Douch 4.470 and 4.484, where the heading λινοκαλάμης suggests that these amounts concern “plaques de lin,” in the editors’ translation, glossed with the note that “le sens exact échappe, le lin à l’état brut n’étant jamais compté que par bottes.” The word can also (see LSJ) refer to the pendant of an earring or perhaps to the panels of a folding door. In the present case, the numerous finds of wooden tablets at Kellis (particularly the Isocrates codex and the KAB, P.Kell. 3 and 4), although none have so far been found at Trimithis, make it attractive to prefer “tablet” as an interpretation. 498. Memorandum for delivery of barley. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372116. Inv. 13625. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 345.

Occupation Levels

135

7.5 × 6.0 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b gray.

4

̣ ̣ρι̣ων̣ Ῥοδίν[ο]υ κριθ(ῆς) (ἀρτάβας) ϛ εἰς Τ̣ρίμι̣θ(ιν) εἰς τὸν [ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] Πετε ̣ ̣ ̣( )

---rion son of Rhodinos, 6 art. of barley to Trimithis to the . . . Pete---. 4 Perhaps simply [κύριον]? 499. Memorandum for delivery. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372117. Inv. 14048. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 364. 4.9 × 4.4 cm; on concave side. Broken at left. B3b. ] Σαν ̣ [ ] εἰς τὴν ] ̣ ̣τ̣( ) κο̣μη̣ . . . San . . . to the . . . 1 The last letter of the name is not consistent with sigma (Σανσνῶς), but rather appears to be alpha, lambda, or mu. The common Elephantine name Σανμοῦς does appear in the oases once at Douch, in O.Douch 5.523. 500. Memorandum for delivery of sitokrithon. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372118. Inv. 14115. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 371, FN 107. 5.2 × 4.6. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Κόραξ Ὀννώ(φριος) εἰς Τρίμιθ(ιν) σιτοκρίθ(ου) (ἀρτάβας) δ. Korax son of Onnophris, to Trimithis, 4 art. of sitokrithon. 2 For discussion of the term σιτόκριθον, see 491.1n.

136

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

501. Memorandum for delivery of wood. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372119. Inv. 16116. Area 2.2, B6, Room 34, DSU 106, FN 12. 7.6 × 8.6 cm. Broken at top right corner? Written on convex side. A1a. Πμουν Παλ( ) ξύλ̣(ου) κτή(νη) ̣[ Πμου(ν) Λ̣α̣καμ ξύλ(ου) κτή̣(νη) δ Pmoun Pal( ), – donkey-loads of wood. Pmoun Lakam, 4 donkey-loads of wood. 1 The numeral is probably epsilon or theta. This is perhaps the Πμουν Παλου of 108. 2 The well is not previously known. There could be an iota before the delta. 502. Memorandum for delivery of grain. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372120. Inv. 16134. Area 2.3, B7, Room 7, DSU 83, FN 39. 8.6 × 9.3 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1b.

4

εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ Παπνούθου Ψενπ̣ν̣ού̣θ̣ης Σερπι (ἀρτάβας) δ Ψάις ̣ ̣ου (ἀρτάβας) β To the house of our brother Papnouthes: Psenpnouthes son of Serpi, 4 art. Psais son of . . ., 2 art.

4 There is not a lot of free space between the final sigma of Ψάις and ου; Ἡου for the usual Ἡυ seems possible, but we are not certain that the letter before omicron is not iota. 503. Memorandum for delivery of date stones. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372121. Inv. 16209. Area 2.3, B7, Room 6, DSU 0, FN 47. 6.6 × 4.8 cm. Complete? Or broken at lower right? Written on convex side. A1a. Surface find.

Occupation Levels

4

137

Φαρμοῦθι ι̅ε̅ εἰς Τρίμιθ(ιν) δι’ Ὥρου Ὡρίωνος ὀστέων μάτ̣ια ἑβδομήκ̣[ον-] τα. σεση̣[μ(είωμαι) name.]

Pharmouthi 15, to Trimithis through Horos son of Horion, seventy matia of date stones. I, [NN], have signed. 3 On date stones, see 56.1n. Large amounts, also measured in matia, are attested there. The pits were probably ground into flour and used as feed for animals such as camels, cf. KAB, p. 43. It is not clear why amounts on this scale were not given in artabas. 504. Memorandum for delivery of wine. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372122. Inv. 12031. Area 2.1, Room 10, DSU 135. 4.9 × 4.5 cm. Complete. Faded at bottom. Written on convex side. A1b. Ψάις ᾿Ισιδώρο̣υ̣ κερ(άμια) ε̣ ο̣ ̣η̣ειν̣ possible traces Psais son of Isidoros. 5 keramia. . . 3 λ is possible instead of ν.

7. Receipts for Barley and Hay Signed by Serenos 505. Receipt for barley. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372123. Inv. 13002. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 270, FN 3. 5.1 × 3.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Hand of Serenos. δ Τῦβι τοῖς κτῆσ̣ι κριθ(ῆς) (ἀρτάβας) γ γ´ καὶ τῇ οἰκίᾳ μ(άτια) ε̣. σεσημίωμαι Σερῆνος.

138

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4 Tybi, for the donkeys, 3 1/3 art. of barley, and for the house, 5 matia. I, Serenos, have signed. 2 It is not stated which οἰκία is meant, but it could well be Serenos’s, cf. 495.3–5. 3 For analysis of Serenos’s handwriting, see p. 98 above. 506. Receipt for hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372124. Inv. 13003. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 270, FN 3. 6.1 × 5.0 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Hand of Serenos. ι̅α̅ Μεσορὴ τοῖς κτῆσι χόρτ(ου) δέσμ(ας) κ. σεσημίωμ(αι) Σερῆνος. 11 Mesore, for the donkeys, 20 bundles of hay. I, Serenos, have signed. 507. Receipt for barley. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372125. Inv. 13006. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 270, FN 2. 5.2 × 4.5 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1a. Hand of Serenos. κη̅ Χοιὰκ τ̣ῷ̣ υ̣ἱ̣ῷ κριθ(ῆς) 〚 ̣ ̣ ̣〛 μ(άτια) γ. σεσημίωμ(αι) Σερῆνος. 28 Choiak, for the son, 3 matia of barley. I, Serenos, have signed. 1 It is not clear who the “son” is here. A son Sabinos is mentioned in 516.3, and this could be the same person. Whether the relationship is biological or metaphorical is unknown. 2 The writer may have written the sign for artabas, then washed it out. 508. Receipt for barley. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372126. Inv. 13008. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 7.

Occupation Levels

139

5.8 × 4.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2b. Hand of Serenos. ια̅ `Τῦβι´ τοῖς κτῆσι κριθῶν μ(άτια) γ. σεσημίωμ(αι) Σερῆνος. 11 Tybi, for the donkeys, 3 matia of barley. I, Serenos, have signed. 509. Receipt for barley (?). Ca. 350–370. TM# 372127. Inv. 13009. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 6. 5.5 × 6.4 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

[δι(ὰ) τ]οῦ πατρὸς Ἄ̣ρωνος [ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] μάτια δέκα τῷ ἀδε̣λ[φῷ Φιλ]ί̣ππῳ. σεσημείω(μαι) [ ] ̣̅

[Through] our father Aron, 10 matia [of barley?] for our brother Philippos. I, [Serenos?] have signed. 1 This person is not otherwise attested. 2 The most likely restoration is κριθ(ῆς). 3 Philippos is a prominent member of the circle of Serenos, see p. 98. 4 Possibly we should read [Σερῆνο]ς̣, although the handwriting is not obviously his. It is conceivable that the stroke is a supralinear marking over a numeral and not the end of the signer’s name. 510. Receipt for hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372128. Inv. 13011. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 8. 6.0 × 4.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Hand of Serenos.

4

θ= Τῦβι τοῖς κτῆσι χόρτ(ου) δέσμ(ας) ιε καὶ Τρι̣μίθ(ει?) δέσμ(ας) ε. σεσημίωμαι Σερῆνος.

140

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

9 Tybi, for the donkeys, 15 bundles of hay, and 5 bundles for Trimithis (?). I, Serenos, have signed. 2 The reading Τρι̣μίθ is far from easy; the cursive iota is problematic, and one would expect εἰς before it. One might read τιμηθ (with raised theta), but we cannot find any plausible explanation for such a reading. It is not possible to read Τιμοθ(έῳ). 511. Receipt for hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372129. Inv. 13012. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 12. 7.8 × 7.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2a. Hand of Serenos.

4

ιδ̅ τοῖς κτῆσι χόρτου δέσμας δέκα, καὶ τῷ ὀ̣φ̣φ̣(ικιαλίῳ) δέσμ(ας) δέκα. σεσημίωμ(αι) Σερῆνος.

14, for the donkeys, ten bundles of hay, and for the officialis, 10 bundles. I, Serenos, have signed. 1 There are no traces above the line of an inserted month name. 3 For the officialis, see introduction, p. 102. 512. Receipt for hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372130. Inv. 13015. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 9. 6.5 × 5 cm. Complete. Written on both sides. A1b. Hand of Serenos. Concave κ̅δ̅ Ἐπεὶφ τοῖς κτῆσι χόρτ(ου) δέσμ(ας) ιε. σεσημίωμαι Σερῆνος. Convex

Κ

Occupation Levels

141

Concave: 24 Epeiph, for the donkeys, 15 bundles of hay. I, Serenos, have signed. Convex: The letter is a large painted letter, probably a jar inscription, 3 cm high. 1 A diagonal stroke crosses the phi of Ἐπείφ. 513. Receipt for barley. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372131. Inv. 13017. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 18. 6.2 × 5.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Hand of Serenos. λ´ Χοιὰκ τοῖς κτῆσι κριθ(ῆς) μ(άτια) β. σεσημίωμαι Σερῆνος. 30 Choiak, for the donkeys, 2 matia of barley. I, Serenos, have signed. 514. Receipt for hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372132. Inv. 13020. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 9. 7 × 5.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Hand of Serenos? ιζ/ Ἐπεὶφ Ἠλία χό̣ρτ̣(ου) δ̣έ̣σ̣μ(ας) ι ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ δ̣ια̣ν̣ῳ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ [σεσημ(είωμαι)] Σ̣ερ̣ῆ̣ν̣ο̣ς. 17 Epeiph, for Elias, 10 bundles of hay . . . I, Serenos, have signed. 1 Elias does not appear in O.Trim. 1, but the name occurs in 524, a fragmentary receipt signed by the exaktor Sarapion. 515. Receipt for barley. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372133. Inv. 13022. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 28. 1.4 × 2.6 cm. Broken at right and below. Written on convex side. A5.

142

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4

ιε̅ Χο̣[ιὰκ κριθ(ῆς) [ [ ] σ[εσημείωμαι - - - - -

4 This may of course have been abbreviated. 516. Receipt for hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372134. Inv. 13025. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 26. 6.2 × 3.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Surface badly flaked. Hand of Serenos.

4

κϛ´ `Φ̣α̣με(νὼθ)´ τοῖς κτῆσι χ̣ό̣ρ̣τ(ου) δέσμ(ας) ε καὶ τῷ υἱῷ Σαβείνῳ δέσμ(ας) γ σ̣εση̣μίωμαι Σερῆνος. [ date? ] τοῖς κτῆσι - - - - - - -

26 Phamenoth, for the donkeys, 5 bundles of hay, and for our son Sabinos, 3 bundles. I, Serenos, have signed. [(And) on the –th], for the donkeys [ . . . 3 No person named Sabinos appears in O.Trim. 1 or elsewhere in the present volume. A “son” without name appears in the receipt 510.2. 517. Receipt for hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372135. Inv. 13036. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 38. 7.5 × 5.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Hand of Serenos.

4

β/ Χοιὰκ τοῖς κτῆσι χόρτου δέσμας δώδεκα. σεσημίωμαι Σερῆνος. καὶ τῇ τοκ(άδι) δέσμας τρεῖς. σεσημίωμ(αι) ὁ αὐτὸς Σ̣ερῆ̣ν̣ος.

Occupation Levels

143

2 Choiak, for the donkeys, twelve bundles of hay. I, Serenos, have signed. And for the laying hen, three bundles. I the same Serenos have signed. 4 A small hutch evidently intended for baby chicks was found in B5. The mention of a laying hen here, for which there is no other instance in our ostraka, may refer to the mother of a brood kept in this hutch. For brief treatment of the term, see Drexhage 2001. 518. Receipt. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372136. Inv. 13037. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 39. 4.5 × 4.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Surface very damaged. κβ̅ Ἐπεὶφ τοῖ[ς] καστρησιανο[ῖς] traces of 3–4 more lines 22 Epeiph, for soldiers of the camp . . . . 2 The ostrakon is very worn and difficult to read, particularly in the bottom half. Nevertheless, we are confident of the reading here. In O.Douch 1.21, the editor resolves καστρ(ήσιοι), which could readily be resolved instead as καστρησιανοί, but we do not know of another possible example of castrenses rendered as καστρησιανοί in the papyri before the sixth century. And even in these later papyri the word is rare. In P.Cair. Masp. 1.67054 (514–515?) col. II, 7 a καστρησιανός appears in an account alongside a ῥιπάριος, τριβοῦνος, and others. In a well-known loan document drawn up in 541 by Apollos, son of Dioskoros, and his nephew Victor, two men from Aphrodito who found themselves needing money while in Constantinople, the banker Flavius Anastasios is described as the καστρησιανὸς τῇς θείας τραπέζης, “the Waiter of the Sacred Table” (P.Cair. Masp. 2.67126, 9 (καστρασ-), 62, 70, 77 (κασστρισ-); see Keenan 1992). Of the three witnesses to the contract, one is a soldier, the other a μαγιστριανός (agens in rebus), and the third a sailor. The first has obvious ties to the military, and the second was surely connected too (see comments on the title μαγιστριανός in CPR 24.22); Anastasios’s position was presumably that of an officer in the imperial treasury. Elsewhere, καστρασανοῦ, P.Cair. Masp. 2.67146, 5 (6th c.), and καστρησιανοῦ, SB 20.14671.26 (1st quarter of 6th c.), are both taken as proper names, a questionable interpretation in our view. The unexplained καστρις in P.Cair.Masp. 2.67166.7 and 11 may be another instance.

144

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

519. Receipt for barley and hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372137. Inv. 13048. Area 2.1, Room 19, DSU 280, FN 41. 4.2 × 3.7 cm. Complete (?) or broken at right, but very effaced. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

ια ιβ/ Χοιὰ̣κ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ κριθ(ῆς) [ ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] δέ̣σ̣μ(ας) ϛ traces

11, 12 Choiak, - - of barley. . . 6 bundles . . . 520. Receipt for barley. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372138. Inv. 13026. Area 2.1, Room 22 entrance from S2, DSU 281, FN 35. 6.6 × 4.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Hand of Serenos. ιε̅ Χοιὰκ κριθ(ῆς) μ(άτια) βS καὶ τῷ ἰατρῷ μ(άτιον) α. σεσημίωμ(αι) Σερῆνος. 15 Choiak, 2 ½ matia of barley, and to the doctor, 1 mation. I, Serenos, have signed. 1 χοιακ᾿ ostr. Probably τοῖς κτῆσι has been omitted by oversight. 2 This is the first mention of a doctor at Trimithis and apparently in the oasis documentation as a whole. 521. Receipt for hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372139. Inv. 13631. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 342. 5.9 × 4.3 cm. Complete but faded. Written on concave side. A1b. Hand of Serenos.

4

ια τοῖς κτῆσι traces ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ καὶ τῇ οἰκοδε(σποίνᾳ) χόρτ(ου) δέσμ(ας) traces δέσμ(ας) ιε. σεσημ(είωμαι) Σερῆνος.

Occupation Levels

145

11th, for the donkeys . . . and for the mistress of the household, – – bundles of hay, 15 bundles. I, Serenos, have signed. The ink is very faded except for ιε in line 4 (added or rewritten later?), so that it is difficult to be sure if the month name was not inserted at the top. It appears, though, to have been omitted, as it was from 511. 522. Receipt for hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372140. Inv. 14201. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 350, FN 142. 6.4 × 5.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Hand of Serenos. ιδ̅ Ἐπεὶφ τοῖς κτῆσ̣ι̣ χόρτ(ου) δέσμ(ας) ιε σεσημεί̣ω̣(μαι) Σερῆνος 14 Epeiph for the donkeys, 15 bundles of hay. I, Serenos, have signed. 523. Receipt. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372141. Inv. 14001. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 358, FN 1. 5.1 × 3.9 cm. Uncertain if broken. Written on convex side. A1b. Hand of Serenos. - - - - - - - - ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ Σ̣ερῆνος

8. Receipts signed by others 524. Receipt for barley. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372142. Inv. 13004. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 270, FN 3. 3.5 × 5.5 cm. Complete on convex side; broken at right on concave. Written on both sides. A1a. Convex η/ Φ̣α̣ρμ̣(οῦθι) κριθ(ῆς) μ(άτια) ιη. σεσημ̣(είωμαι) Ψάις.

146

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Concave

4

δι(ὰ) Σερα̣[πίωνος ἀν̣ν̣[ώνας Ἠλίας ̣ ̣[ μουν Θ̣α̣ ̣[ σεσημ(είωμαι) Σεραπ(ίων) ἐξ(άκτωρ).

Convex: 8 Pharmouthi, 18 matia of barley. I, Psais, have signed. Concave: Through Serapion . . . annonae . . . Elias . . . I, Serapion, exaktor, have signed. Concave 2 For annona here see 525. Unlike in the Douch ostraka, payments for the annona militaris are rarely attested, at least explicitly, in Dakhla. Here and in 525 and 528 they are authorized by the ἐξάκτωρ Sarapion. A result of tetrarchic reforms was that the exaktor became responsible for the collection of taxes like the annona, Mitthof 2001: 143f. In the only other annona receipt found to date at Trimithis, the actuarius Faustianus orders payment of the impost at Mothis. The actuarius was a civilian working for the military who was charged with gathering payments in kind and storing them in the camps, Mitthof 2001: 152–156. 3 On Elias see 514. Concave 5 For Serapion the exaktor, see also 525 and probably 528. 525. Receipt for annona. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372143. Inv. 13014. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 14. 6.4 × 5.3 cm. Complete. Written on both sides. A1a.

4

Convex δι(ὰ) τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ Σερήνου ἀνν(ώνας) λ κριθ(ῆς) μοδ(ίους) ιθ. σεση(μείωμαι) Σαραπίω(ν) ἐξάκτωρ. Concave ὑπὲρ μηνὸς Θὼθ ὥστε τοῖς Τεντυρίταις.

Occupation Levels

147

Convex: Through our brother Serenos, 30 annonae, 19 modii of barley. I, Sarapion the exaktor, have signed. Concave: For the month of Thoth, destined to the Tentyrites. Convex 2 The 30 annonae here represent daily rations for the month of Thoth (see also 524 Concave 2n.). Whether the barley constituted Serenos’s entire payment is unclear. In 329 the wording is different: a payment of 34 modii of barley is said to be on account of the annona, ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀννώνας, but we do not know whether the difference in phrasing is significant. In any event, 19 modii will have been somewhat more than the usual daily barley allowance, which has been reckoned at 1/2 modius per day. For discussion of the size and content of the annona, see Mitthof 2001: 238–247. 4 For Sarapion the exaktor see also 524 and 528. Concave 3 The Tentyrites were horse-mounted archers stationed at Tentyra (Not. dign. Or. 31.25; see also P.Erl. Diosp. 1.73–74n.). An unpublished ostrakon from Ain el-Gedida refers to horse-mounted archers stationed at Mothis. Although they are not called Tentyritai, they could well have been them. They are attested also in the Douch ostraka, e.g., O.Douch 1.30.3, 2.85.5, 88.5, 153 conc., 4. ὥστε is used here with the sense “so that (the modii should be given) to the Tentyritai.” See LSJ s.v. V for this usage. 526. Fragment of a receipt. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372144. Inv. 13021. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 13. 3 × 4.1 cm. Fragment from the lower right corner. Written on convex side. A1a. - - - - - ] σεση(μείωμαι) ... I have signed. 527. Receipt for tiphagia and chickens. 365/6. TM# 372145. Inv. 13086. Area 2.1, Room 23, DSU 303, FN 53. 9.1 × 8.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

ὕδρ(ευμα) τὸ Ἀμμώνιον τι(φάγια) ρ, ὀρ(νίθια) β. σεσημίωμαι Νικοκλῆς θ´ ἰνδικ(τίονος).

148

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Well “the sanctuary of Ammon.” 100 tiphagia, 2 chickens. I, Nikokles, have signed, 9th indiction. 1 The Ammonion is not otherwise attested as a well name. Perhaps this could be the local name for the temple that today is called Deir el-Haggar. 2 On tiphagia see 462.3n. 3–4 For Nikokles, see O.Trim. 1, p. 40, as well as 529; above, p. 96. The 9th year of the indiction cycle starting in 357 was 365/6. 528. Recipt for annona. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372146. Inv. 13628. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 342, FN 7. 7.4 × 5.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

ὑπὲρ Φαῶφι δι(ὰ) τοῦ ἀδ̣ε̣λ̣φοῦ Σερήνου ἀν(νώνας) ιγ κριθ̣(ῆς) μοδ(ίους) ζ τῷ ἀδελφῷ Ἀλεξάνδρῳ ὀπτί(ωνι) Ἀσφύνεως. σεσημ(είωμαι) Σαρα̣π̣ί̣ω(ν).

For Phaophi through our brother Serenos, 13 annonae, 7 modii of barley, for our brother Alexandros the optio of Asphynis. I, Sarapion, have signed. 2 For the annona, cf. 524 Concave 2n. and 525 Convex 2n. 3 Seven modii of barley for 13 days is close to the standard daily allowance of 1/2 modius, see 525 Convex 2n. 4–5 Alexandros held the rank of optio in the legion stationed at Asphynis in the Latopolite nome (see P.Col. 7.188.2n.), which is referred to in the Not. dig. Or. 31.40 as the Equites felices Honoriani; the unit appears in the register just before the Ala prima Abasgorum of Hibis (cf. Wagner 1987: 384). The fact that in some of the Douch ostraka individuals are identified as coming from there is thought by the editors to be evidence for the presence in Kharga of soldiers attached to this unit, O.Douch. 1.13.6, 4.465.3, 473.4, 5.553.5, 573.1, 637.2. 6 Sarapion is probably the exaktor who signs 524 and 525. 529. Receipt for wool. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372147. Inv. 14256. Area 2.1, S3, DSU 380.

Occupation Levels

149

4.3 × 2.2 cm; on convex side. Broken at left. A1a. - - - - - - - - - - - - ̣̅ [ἐ]ρ̣ίο̣(υ) λί(τρας) δ δι᾿ Ἡρακ̣λείου σεσημ(είωμαι) Νικοκλῆς . . . 4 pounds of wool through Herakleios. I, Nikokles, have signed. 2 In 295, Herakleios is the addressee of an order from Gelasios, dated to the period of occupation of B1. 3 On Nikokles, see 527. 530. Receipt for wine or oil. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372148. Inv. 16000. Area 2.2, B6, Room 34, DSU 101. 7.2 × 4.6 cm. Perhaps complete but badly faded. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

̣ ̣ [̣ ]̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ Ἡ]ρ̣α̣κλ̣ε̣ί̣[δης σεσημ]ε̣ίωμαι μάριον ἕν. [

. . . I, Herakleides, have signed for one marion. 2–3 For the signer cf. 312.1.

9. Letters, Orders, and Notes 531. Letter of Serenos to Iulianus and Philippos. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372149. Inv. 13007+13633. Area 2.1. Two fragments found in different contexts: Inv. 13007. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 4. Inv. 13633 . Area 2.1, Context S2, DSU 350. FN 8. 12.0 × 11.8 cm. Broken at upper right. Written on both sides (on concave of inv. 13007 only). A1b.

150

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Convex

4

8

12

16

κυρίοις ἀ̣δελφοῖς Ἰουλιανῷ Φι[λίππῳ Σερῆνος χαίρ(ειν).] εἰς ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ιν ̣ ̣ ὑμῶν καὶ ποιήσαντ̣[ες ] ἓ̣ν̣ μ̣άριον ἐλέου. ἰδοὺ γὰρ ἔγρ[αψα - 14 - ] δ̣ ̣ ̣ καὶ τὰ προπινάρια καὶ ἔ̣δ[ωκα - 14 - ] τέσσαρα̣ς̣ κ̣α̣ὶ̣ τὸ μάριον ἐλαίου [ - 17 - ] σαι ἕως ̣ ̣ ̣ κ̣ατέλ̣θ̣ω ἐπ̣ὶ̣ τ̣[ - 17- ] ἀπαιτ̣ῆ̣σ̣α̣ι̣ τὸ ἕτοιμον ἐνε ̣[ - 9 - τοῦ ἀδελ-] φοῦ Σιύχιος τὸ ἀκκουβιτά̣λιον [ ] παράγγειλον δὲ αὐτοῖς ὅ̣λοις ι[ ] μ̣εν ἐν κινδύνῳ καὶ Νῖνον̣ καὶ Πεκῦσιν καὶ Σιῦγχιν. ἔνεγκον δὲ τὸ ἄλλων καὶ τὸ ὀλίγο̣ν̣ τροχίσκον καὶ εἴ τι πάλιν χρείαν ἔχομεν ἀ̣ρεῖν εἰς Αἴ̣γυπτον. πρόπεμψον δὲ πρὸς μὲ̣ ἄρτι, ἀλλ’ ἄρτι τὸν ἀδελφ[ὸ]ν Πεκ̣[ῦσιν ̣ ̣ ̣] ἔνεγκον πάλιν τὴν κα̣νδήλαν καὶ̣ τὴν κ̣ατήναν̣. γράφω δὲ σοί, ὦ ἀ̣δελφὲ Πανᾶ, ὅτι ὅσα ἐνεχειρησάμην σοὶ [ταχέ]ως ποίησον ἕως πέμψω ἐφ’ ὑμᾶς καὶ μὴ ἀμελήσητε ἐν οὐδενί.

Concave (at top, parallel to convex) [ - ca. 15 - τὸν] ἀδελφὸν Σαραπίωνα To his lords brothers Iulianus (and) Philippos, Serenos, greetings. . . . one marion of oil. Look, I wrote . . . and the jugs, and I gave . . . four . . . and the marion of oil . . . until . . . I come down to . . . to collect whatever is ready . . . and our brother Siynchis the coverlet . . . Instruct all of them to . . . in danger, and Ninos and Pekysis and Siynchis. And bring that of the others and the little wheel, and anything else we need to take back to Egypt. Send ahead to me right away, and also right away to our brother Pekysis . . . Bring also the torch and the chain. I’m writing to you, brother Panas, so that do quickly what I entrusted to you before I send for you, and do not be neglectful in anything. (Concave side) . . . our brother Sarapion. Convex 1 Serenos’s name is restored on the basis of the handwriting, see introduction, p. 98. For Iulianus and Philippos, well-attested members of Serenos’ circle, see Introduction, pp. 96 and 97.

Occupation Levels

151

3 Read ἐλαίου. 4 προπινάριον is defined as “jug” by LSJ s.v., citing P.Oxy. 10.1297.8, where the published text reads προ̣ ̣ε̣ινάριον; the suggested reading has never been recorded in BL. Its contents were oil. An oasis provenance for this text is suggested at O.Douch 3.245.5n. on the basis of the appearance of the marion measure. Another example, containing garum, appears in SB 18.13593.24, of unknown provenance, the editor of which (note ad loc. in Hellenika 36 [1987] 279) noted LSJ’s correction to the Oxyrhynchos papyrus. An oasis may also be proposed in this case, where a camel-driver is to deliver olives and dates. What shape or capacity vessel is intended, we cannot say; the derivation ultimately from Latin popina, a term for a lower-status eating place, does not help. 8 ἀκκουβιτάλιον: See Cervenka-Ehrenstrasser and Diethart 1996: 56. They define it as a covering for a dining couch or a bed; one might even imagine it as a covering for the stibadium standing in the covered street next to Serenos’s house. 10 For the name Σιῦγχις, see 53. The same Ninos is attested in 288 and 299. Cf. 84. 11 The expression τὸ ἄλλων is strange, but we cannot see any more transparent reading; only alpha seems uncertain. Perhaps it is intended to conceal the meaning from any casual reader. τροχίσκος is masculine, cf. LSJ s.v. and Supplement, p. 297. It is not evident what sort of circular item it denotes here, perhaps better a pendant (cf. Supplement) or a disk or lozenge of medicine, as the referee suggests. The definite article before ὀλίγον is hard to understand if it has the meaning “a little” or “some.” 12 Going to Egypt, εἰς Αἴ̣γυπτον, means going to the valley. 14 κανδήλα: LSJ (with Supplement) cites a couple of occurences s.v. κανδήλη. We suppose “torch” more likely than “candle” as a meaning here. 15 κατήναν: Absent from LSJ and Supplement; see PSI 8.959.29 (382–83), recording a price of 4500 talents for one. One supposes that as in Latin the meaning is “chain,” but why the loan-word is used is unclear. The sudden appearance of a man named Πανᾶς is surprising. It is possible that he was addressed in the lacuna in line 1. The name is otherwise unattested in Amheida. Concave 1 Sarapion is not mentioned anywhere in the surviving text, and his name in the accusative here does not suggest an addressee. Probably this is an afterthought. The Sarapion may be the man attested as exaktor in several of our ostraka (524, 525, 528).

152

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

532. Letter of Theotimos to Makarios. 3 December 362. TM# 372150. Inv. 16132. Area 2.3, B7, Room 11, DSU 85, FN 46. 7.5 × 6.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

8

τῷ ἀ̣γ̣απητῷ υἱῷ Μακαρίῳ Θεότιμος χαίρεν. πέμ̣ψ̣ο̣ν εἰς Τρίμιθιν ἀχύρου μώ̣ιον ἓν τοῖς ὀφφ(ικιαλίοις) Ὡρίωνι̣ καὶ Τιθοῆτι. Χοιὰκ ζ̅ ϛ̅ ἰνδικ(τίωνος). ἐρρῶσθ̣αί σε εὔχ̣ομαι.

To my beloved son Makarios, Theotimos (sends) greetings. Send to Trimithis one moion of chaff for the officiales Horion and Tithoes. Choiak 7, 6th indiction. I pray for your health. 2 Neither addressee nor sender can be identified with anyone else known from our texts. 3 Read χαίρειν. πέμψον is heavily corrected, but we cannot tell from what. 4 The first iota of Ὡρίωνι̣ appears to be corrected. 5 ἑν ostr. The spiritus asper is used in documents normally to avoid confusion, in this case with the preposition ἐν. Other examples of its use in texts from Dakhla include O.Kellis 61.2 and 96.10; P.Kellis 1.23.8, 63.14, 72.21, 47; 4.96.10 et passim. The elegiac verses found on the walls of the schoolroom at Trimithis show that learning accents and breathings was part of the local curriculum, see Cribiore, Davoli, and Ratzan 2008. 5–6 These officiales do not appear in other texts. 6 χοϊακ ostr. 7 The 6th year of the indiction cycle beginning 357/8 was 362/3; Choiak 7 is 3 December 362. The ostrakon comes from a context of fill from construction in the south annex to the church, suggesting that this part of the building was the latest part. 533. Fragment of letter. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372151. Inv. 13088. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297, FN 50. 3.8 × 6.7 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1a.

Occupation Levels

4

153

- - - ατ ̣[ κερ(άμια) ̣[ καὶ Πετρ ̣[ δὸς̣ σ̣εαυτ̣[ῷ κερ(άμια) ε

. . . keramia . . . and Petr[ . . . give yourself 5 keramia. 4 It is unclear how much, if anything, is missing after omega.

10. Writing Exercises and School Texts 534. Alphabet? Ca. 350–370. TM# 372152. Inv. 12025. Area 1.3, DSU 37, Rm. 6. 6 × 3.9 cm. Written on concave side. A11. Orientation uncertain, probably 1 line with 4 large letters; middle one ζ: εζηθ? An alphabet as school exercise?

11. Jar Inscriptions 535. Jar inscription? Ca. 350–370. TM# 372153. Inv. 13250. Area 2.1, Room 23, DSU 329, FN 83. 12.0 × 9.9 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1b. κρ( ) λ ̣[ Probably a jar inscription. κρ(έως) is the most likely resolution. Whether the following lambda is a quantity or the beginning of λί(τρας) we cannot be sure.

12. Miscellaneous 536. List of ingredients. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372154. Inv. 14055 + 14056. Area 2.1, S3, DSU 386, FN 52 + 53. 5 × 3.8 cm; on convex side. Complete or broken at right? A1a.

154

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4

χαλκοῦ ̣κεκαυμέ̣[νου] δρ(αχμὰς) β̅ ἀμμωνιακοῦ θυμιάματος δρ(αχμὰς) β̅

2 dr. of smelted copper. 2 dr. of Ammoniac incense. This short list of ingredients gives no direct indication of its purpose. But there are many passages in Galen, chiefly in his de compositione medicamentorum secundum locos and de compositione medicamentorum per genera, in which these two substances occur in close collocation in the listing of ingredients for salves and plasters. (Derivative, later authors also contain many such recipes.) It seems highly likely that the present ostrakon represents a (partial) list of needed components for some medicine.

13. Uncertain 537. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372155. Inv. 12026 [2007]. Area 2.1, Room 9, DSU 212. 4.8 × 4.5 cm; on convex side. Broken at bottom and right(?). A1. θε[

538. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372156. Inv. 13019. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273, FN 22. 4.0 × 4.5 cm. State indeterminate. Written on convex side. A1b. Surface slip largely lost. Remnants of 2 (+?) lines, no text recoverable. 539. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372157. Inv. 13029. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273. 2.9 × 2.0 cm. Fragment. Written on convex side. A11. Faint traces of one or more lines, none of which is readable.

Occupation Levels

155

540. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372158. Inv. 13030. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273. 3.4 × 1.7 cm. Fragment. Written on convex side. A1b. Faint traces of writing. 541. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372159. Inv. 13028. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 273. 6.0 × 3.7 cm. Complete? Written on convex side. A1b. Faded at left. Perhaps part of a memorandum about delivery. ]α̣νῳ κριθ(ῆς) μ(άτια) ξ Traces to . . .]anus, 60 matia of barley. 542. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372160. Inv. 13224. Area 2.1, north of Rooms 19 and 23, DSU 289. 5.4 × 4.5 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A1b. τ]ῷ̣ υἱῷ Ἀμμω(νίῳ) ] to my son Ammonios. 543. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372161. Inv. 13089. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297. 2.6 × 3.1 cm. Broken at left and perhaps top. Written on convex side. A5. - - - ] σίτ(ου) κ̅β̣̅ μ̣έτ(ρῳ) ] ̣ Θ̣εοδώ̣ρ̣ῳ̣ . . . of wheat by the 1/22 measure . . . to Theodoros. 2 The horizontal line clearly visible at the end of line 1 may have begun already near the left edge of the ostrakon, above the raised tau. Near the end of the line

156

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

read either μ̣̅ε̅τ̅ (for μέτρῳ) or μ̅ε̅ followed by the sign for artaba; the former looks more likely to us. For the measurement found here, cf. 490 and 493, the latter also directed to Theodoros. 3 On Theodoros cf. 491, 493. 544. The letter alpha. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372162. Inv. 13097. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297, FN 63. This and the following three ostraka were all found in the same room. Their purpose is obscure to us. 4.4 × 5.9 cm. Complete. Written on convex side in white gypsum. A1a. A

545. The letter alpha. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372163. Inv. 13098. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297, FN 66. 3.9 × 5.0 cm. Complete. Written on convex side in white gypsum. A1a. A

546. The letter alpha. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372164. Inv. 13095. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 312, FN 62. 4.5 × 5.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side in white gypsum. A1a. A

547. The letter alpha. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372165. Inv. 13096. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 312, FN 61. 4.0 × 7.0 cm. Complete. Written on convex side in white gypsum. A1a. A

548. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372166. Inv. 13200. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297, FN 67.

Occupation Levels

157

2.0 × 2.0 cm. Broken at bottom, left and perhaps right. Written on convex side. B3b. ]μ̣α̣ ̣ ( ) [ ] ̣ ̣ α̣[ - - - -

549. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372167. Inv. 13202. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297, FN 65. 2.3 × 1.1 cm. Fragment; orientation unclear. Written on convex side. A5. ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ 1 Possibly ὕδ(ρευμα), if it is that way up. 550. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372168. Inv. 13234. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 297. 3.3 × 2.3 cm. Broken at left. Written on concave side. A11. ] traces ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ του ] ̣ Σερῆνος . . . Serenos 3 Before the name the traces look X-shaped, but whether this is an abbreviation of σεσημείωμαι in some fashion or a letter is not clear. The text is not written in Serenos’s hand. 551. Receipt? Ca. 350–370. TM# 372169. Inv. 13071 + 13072. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 306, FN 48+47. 8.6 × 5.8 cm. Missing a bit at upper right. Written on convex side. A1b. δι(ὰ) ̣ ̣ ω ̣ β ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ κα̣ὶ̣ εἰς Τρί̣μιθ̣(ιν) ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ω ̣ και

158

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4

̣ ̣ ἐ̣ξ̣εδόμη̣ν̣ [ traces Ψάις ̣ ̣ traces

Through . . . and to Trimithis . . . I issued . . . Psais . . . . 3 The verb suggests that this was a receipt. 552. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372170. Inv. 13235. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 320, FN 78. 6.0 × 4.5 cm. Complete?. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

μ̣ ̣κα ̣ ̣ ̣ε̣πηκοον ̣ ̣ ̣θ ̣ο̣σ̣ ̣ ̣

553. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372171. Inv. 13236. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 320. 8.0 × 5.7 cm. Broken at top. Written on convex side. A1b. -----] ̣ι̣κ̣( ) 1 The traces could instead be taken as a large epsilon. 554. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372172. Inv. 14023. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 350, FN 10. 4.1 × 2.9 cm. Broken and surface degraded. Written on convex side. A1b. - - - - - - - - ] νι ̣ ̣ ̣ ] δότε ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ] traces . . . give . . .

Occupation Levels

159

555. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372173. Inv. 14051. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 350. 2.4 × 1.7 cm. Broken below and left. Incised on convex side of clay tablet and unfired clay. ] α ̣ νη ] ε̣ τ̣ι̣ - - - - - - Two better-preserved clay tablets found at Amheida are 24 and 62. See also P.Bingen 116 from Kellis. 1 Perhaps xi at the start. 556. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372174. Inv. 14091. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 350, FN 43. 2.9 × 4.6. Broken at top and right. Written on convex side. A1b. - - - δ̣ι̣[ λιβ[

557. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372175. Inv. 14308. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 360, FN 185. 5.5 × 5.7 cm. Broken at left. Written on concave side. A1a.

4

] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ] traces ρω̣τ ] traces νος ] traces βṢ

558. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372176. Inv. 14045. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 364. 2.9 × 4 cm. Broken at left. Written on concave side. A1b.

160

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

] ̣ ̣ ] ̣ ] ε ̣[ 1 Possibly read (ἀρτάβας) β? 559. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372177. Inv. 14046. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 364. 2.8 × 3.4 cm. Broken at left. Written on concave side. A11. 3 lines, illegible. 560. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372178. Inv. 14047. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 364. 3.8 × 3.8 cm. Broken at left. Written on concave side. A1a. ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ]τ̣η̣ν ] ὑπ(ὲρ) τρ`ο´φῶ(ν) . . . on account of provisions. 1 Πμο(υν) is possible and perhaps most likely, but we cannot exclude σω or εω. 3 The raised omicron seems rather an omission added after the fact than a letter raised to abbreviate what precedes. We do not know what the word (“provisions” generally) signifies here; perhaps animal fodder or bedding, cf. 837.3n. 561. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372179. Inv. 14150. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 364. 1.7 × 2.1 cm. Broken at right and below. Written on both sides. A1b. Convex side - - - - πθ [ traces [

Occupation Levels

Concave side ερ ̣[ πα̣[ ̣ ̣[ - - - - -

562. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372180. Inv. 14057. Area 2.1, S3, DSU 386, FN 51. 9.5 × 6.4 cm. Complete (but slip flaking off). Written on convex side. A1a. δ̣ι̣(ὰ) Ψάι̣[τ(ος)] Παστῶτ̣ι [ ] ἄ̣νδ(ρες) ι̣ζ̣ ΄ κ Through Psais to Pastos men 17, 20 563. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372181. Inv. 14135. Area 2.1, S3, DSU 387, FN 58. 6.8 × 6.4 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A1b. Α]ὐρ̣ή̣λι̣ος ]ι̣χις Aurelius . . .-ichis 564. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372182. Inv. 14137. Area 2.1, S3, DSU 387, FN 57. 2.2 × 2.5 cm. Broken at left, top and bottom. Written on convex side. A5.

4

- - - ] ̣ ]ω ] ̣αιτ ] ̣ ̣μ ] ̣τ( ) - - - -

161

162

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

565. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372183. Inv. 14077. Area 2.2, Room 24, DSU 10, FN 6. 3 × 3.1 cm. Breakage uncertain. Written on convex side. A1a. ̣β ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣

566. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372184. Inv. 15605. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 32, FN 60. 2.8 × 3.5 cm. Broken on all sides. Written on convex side. A1a. - - - - ]οσ ̣ ̣[ ]μαρ̣[ ]ε̣[ - - - - - -

567. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372185. Inv. 15573. Area 2.2, B6, Room 28, DSU 47. 2.2 × 2.6 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A1b. ] Π̣εκύσιος Πισή]χθιος . . . of Pekysis . . . of Pisechthis. 568. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372186. Inv. 15598. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 56, FN 25. 4.7 × 6.5 cm. Probably broken at left. Written on convex side. A1b. ]̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ]ουπ̣α̣λ̣ι̣α̣ ] traces 569. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372187. Inv. 15599. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 56, FN 28.

Occupation Levels

163

2.7 × 4.0 cm. Broken at top, left, and right. Written on convex side. A1a. - - - - ] ̣ ̣[ ] υ( ) Πμ(ουν) [ ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ . . . Pmoun. . . 2 It is natural to suspect ὕδ(ρευμα) here, but it is not clear that delta was written above the upsilon. 570. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372188. Inv. 15658. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 56, FN 42. 3.7 × 2.4 cm. Broken at right and bottom. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

χω(ρίου) Ἀλκιβιάδ[ου καὶ Ἑρμοκλάμμ(ωνος) [ καὶ ε ̣δου ̣( ) ̣ ̣[ [ ] ̣ει̣ ̣ ι̣ - - - - - - - - - -

Vineyard of Alkibiades . . . and Hermoklammon . . . . 1 Apart from the Arsinoite strategos Alkibiades alias Sarapion, the name is attested in Roman Egypt in only a couple of documents. 2 Ἑρμοκλάμμων is a curious formation, for which there are no attestations in TM. It appears to be modeled on Ἡρακλάμμων; but Herakles is a god, and Hermokles is a human proper name, known in the oasis from 668 and P.Kellis 1 Gr. 49. 3 καί: κ ex υ or ο? Or read κλ? 571. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372189. Inv. 14559. Area 2.3, DSU 1, FN 11. 5.2 × 3.7 cm. Broken at left, right, and above (?). Written on convex side. A1a. - - - - ]μηλ[

164

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

572. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372190. Inv. 16257. Area 2.3, B7, Room 2, DSU 102, FN 55. 5.8 × 2.9 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. + Βηκ̣ε ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ Bekis . . . . 1 This form is not elsewhere attested as a “Coptic” version of Βῆκις, but we do not have another explanation for it. The name Bekis occurs in several other Trimithis ostraka, largely in the context of dumped material, cf. 26.4, 10, 86.4, 573.3, 574conv.1, 825.2.

2. Ostraka from Dumped Material Included in this section is material from Area 2 dumped under construction levels.

1. Accounts and Lists 573. Account. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372191. Inv. 14080. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 40. 10.9 × 10.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

5

8

Ἀπολλῶς Πλο̣υ̣β̣ Ψενπνούθης Κυσίτις Ψενα̣μ̣ο̣ῦς Βῆκις Ῥουπών̣ις Τιθοέους Hd. 2 Θ̣εσ̣κ̣ῆμις Ἥρων Σα̣μῶτος Παστῶς Κελιβεα

α α α 〚 ̣〛γ̣ γ α γ ϛ

Apollos son of Ploub Psenpnouthes from Kysis Psenemous son of Bekis Rufonius son of Tithoes 165

1 1 1 3

166

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Theskemis Heron son of Samos Pastos Kelibis

3 1 3 6

1 Πλουβ does not appear in TM. Πλουια cannot be read. 2 Read Κυσίτης; from Kysis in the Kharga Oasis. 3 Ψενε̣μ̣ο̣υς is also possible. Read Βήκιος. 4 Nu is extremely difficult; the faint remains look rather like chi. But no name Rupochis is known, whereas Rufonius is attested. The number appears to have been cancelled and rewritten. 5 If our reading is correct, this is an otherwise unknown name. For the opening, one might (with hesitation) compare the name Tȝ-ḥs-n[t]r.t cited by TM from Graff.Dodec.Philae 312; TM’s suggested vocalization is Thesnetjeret. 8 We take Κελιβεα as a form of Κελιβις, interpreted by TM as a by-form of Κελεβιν (Κελεπιν).The numeral could also be γ. 574. Account of grain. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372192. Inv. 14083. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 33. 8.8 × 4.4. Broken at bottom. Written on both sides in an unpracticed hand. A2a. Convex κγ Βῆκις (ἀρτάβην) α κδ Ὀδοντας `(ἀρτάβας)´ ς traces of 2 lines - - - - - - - - - 23, Bekis 1 art. 24, Odontas 6 art. 2 We have not been able to identify a known name here. Initial omicron appears to be corrected. Turned 90 counter-clockwise: 5 lines of Demotic, broken at right. Concave Drawing of two human heads.

Dumped Material

167

575. Account of wine? Ca. 275–350. TM# 372193. Inv. 14593. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 4. 6.3 × 5.7 cm. Perhaps broken at right. Written on convex side. Faded. A1b.

4

ὁμοί(ως) κερ(άμια) μ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ηρων̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ι κερ(άμια) δ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ανος κε̣ρ̣(άμια) δ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ Πετεχ( ) traces

Likewise, 40 keramia . . . 4 keramia . . . 4 keramia . . . Petech( ). . . 576. Account. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372194. Inv. 14621. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 9. 3.7 × 2.5 cm. Fragment. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

- - - - - - ] ̣ξ̣η̣σ̣ ̣ ̣[ ] ̣ξ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ μ(άτιον) α Δωρ]ο̣θέῳ ση̣σ̣(άμου) μ(άτιον) α ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ - - - - - - - - -

. . . 1 mation, to Dorotheos 1 mation of sesame . . . 3 See 282 for another possible appearance of sesame in the Trimithis ostraka. Concave side: slight traces 577. Account. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372195. Inv. 14622. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 10. 3.7 × 4.0 cm. Fragment; broken at left and on bottom. Written on both sides. A1b. Convex ] ̣ μ(άτιον) α ]σε ̣ φ traces?

168

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

3

]εῳ ὀφ(φικιαλίῳ) ἐλαίο(υ) α

Concave ] ̣ ̣ ] ̣ ̣ ] 4

̣( )ζ ̣ μ(άτια) δ̣ μ(άτι- ) ̣ ] ἐλ̣α̣ί̣(ου) ζ̅ ἐλ]α̣ί̣(ου)

- - - (Convex) . . . mation . . . to NN the officialis 1 of oil. (Concave) . . . 4 matia . . . matia . . . 7 of oil . . . of oil. Convex 3 The phi makes one suspect that ὀφ( ) should be read here as in the next line, but we cannot see a plausible omicron before it. The letter looks rather like a ν or π. 4 There appear to be traces below and to the left of the alpha at the end of this line. Possibly the writer omitted a measure and tried to insert it below the line. Concave 4f. ἐλα̣ί̣(ου) in both lines is highly uncertain. 578. Account of chretai. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372196. Inv. 14594. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 4, FN 30. 9 × 10.4 cm. Complete, but surface abraded. Written on convex side. A1a.

4–5

8

̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ανῳ ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ε̣ν χρ(ηται) δ ] χρ(ηται) δ κερ(άμια) β no traces visible λόγ(ος) χρητ(ῶν) ιβ ιε ε δ γ(ίνονται) λϛ ἀταλ( ) χρ(ηται) λϛ γ(ίνονται) οβ (ὧν) δ δ

6–9: Account of chretai: 12, 15, 5, 4; total, 36. Atal( ) chretai 36; total 72. From which, 4, 4. 1 -βιανω? 2 See Wagner 1993 on the chretes or chretis, the correct grammatical form of

Dumped Material

169

which is uncertain. Wagner suggests that it was of the same size as a marion, but this would not explain why it coexists with the marion in the oasis. The marion contained 20 sextarii, or 10.8 liters (KAB, p. 49). Line 3 of the present account would suggest that 2 keramia were less than a chretes; if so, the chretes would be more than 36 sextarii (or 19.5 liters). 8 ἀτάλαντος means “equivalent,” which would be appropriate for the fact that the amount in question, 36 chretai, is the same as the total up to that point. But the intention and meaning of the entry is obscure to us, and possibly something entirely different is intended. 579. Account or list of names. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372197. Inv. 15657. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 23. 7.5 × 8.2 cm. Broken at upper right. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

8

Πμουν [ Ψεναμοῦνις̣ [ υἱὸς Ἀ̣[ Παθ(ώτης) [ Πετοσί[ρ]ιο(ς) Ψεναμ(ούνιος) [ Σαραπά̣μ̣μ̣(ωνος) τοῦ Σαραπάμμω(νος) Σεραπᾶς Δι̣ο̣ν̣υσίου Pmoun [ Psenamounis [ Son of A[ Pathotes [ Petosiris son of Psenamounis [ Sarapammon son of Sarapammon. Serapas son of Dionysios.

4 Ψε ex Π 580. Account or list of names. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372198. Inv. 15666. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 26, FN 137. 2.3 × 3.7 cm. Fragmentary. Written on both sides. B10.

170

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Convex

4

- - - ] ̣ ] δ̣ ] κα ]κ ] ̣α̣ - - - -

Concave ]ερ Πλουτογ(ένους) ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ - - - - - - - Concave 1 For discussion of the name Ploutogenes, see above p. 104 581. List of names. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372199. Inv. 16075. Area 2.2, B6, Room 35, DSU 112, FN 7. 4.6 × 7.0 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

[ ̣ ̣]ς Ἀρείου Ὥρου [Πα]θ̣ώτ(ης) Πετοσ(ίριος) Ἰμούθ(ου) [?Ἡρα]κλ( ) Ψάιτ(ος) Πετοσ(ίριος) Ἰμούθ(ου) [ ̣ ̣] ̣λ( ) Ἀμμω(νίου) Παθ̣(ώτου) Κολάνθ(ου) [ ̣ ̣] ̣ Πετοσ(ίριος) υἱο(ῦ) Ἀμ̣μ̣(ωνίου)

– –, son of Areios, grandson of Horos Pathotes son of Petosiris, grandson of Imouthes ?Herakl( ) son of Psais, grandson of Petosiris, great-grandson of Imouthes – –, son of Ammonios, grandson of Pathotes, great-grandson of Kolanthes – –, son of Petosiris son of Ammonios 4 A name beginning Ἡρακλ( ), as in the previous line, is possible here, too, although the letter below lambda is not obviously a kappa. 582. List of names. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372200. Inv. 14144. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 3.1 × 5.1 cm. Written on both sides. A1a.

Dumped Material

171

Concave. Broken at right and top. - - - - - ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ Ὥρου [ __________ β̅ Πετ̣ε̣χ ̣( ) ̣ [ 4 Πε̣τ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ι̣ς̣ 〚Φ̣ι̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣〛 Φιλάμμων 〚Ψ̣ε̣ν̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣ ̣〛 8 traces Πιῦρις Β̣ῆκ̣ις̣ Πισή[χθιος __________ Convex. Broken at left. Μ]εσοβίτης ] Μ̣εσοβίτης Concave:

. . . of Horus __________ On the 2nd. Petech( ) [ PetPhiPhilammon PsenPiyris Bekis son of Pisechthis __________ Convex: . . . the Mesobite . . . the Mesobite

Horizontal lines divide the list into sections on the concave side, and two of the names have been cancelled. Concave 9 For the name Piyris, see 690 with note.

172

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Convex 1–2 Mesobe was a toparchy capital, probably to the east of Kellis. For discussion see KAB, pp. 73–74. This is its first appearance in a Trimithis ostrakon. 583. Account of oil? Second–third century. TM# 372201. Inv. 14183. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 137. 4.3 × 4.1 cm. Fragmentary. Written on both sides. A1a. Convex:

4 lines of Demotic.

Concave

4

- ] ̣ ̣ ]ος ] ̣ ̣ ] ̣ ̣ ] ] - -

- - - ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣

χό(ες) χό(ες) λ̣β̣ ̣δḶ

- - - -

584. Account of cheeses. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372202. Inv. 14283 + 14285. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 169 + 164 . 7.5 × 6.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣]ς τυρίων [Π]ε̣τοσ(ῖρις) . . . . ( ) κε Φατρῆ̣ς̣ κα̣ Ὧρος ι̣ϛ Παλᾶς κϛ

Account (?) of cheeses. Petosiris . . . 25; Phatres 21; Horos 16; Palas 26. 1 Perhaps [λόγο]ς, but this is only a conjecture. 2 A Petosiris son of Tithoes is attested in 147, a well tag of year 2 (285/6?). While we considered the idea that a form of the name Tithoes was written after Petosiris in this text, we decided that traces did not conform enough to the name to warrant printing it.

Dumped Material

173

2. Well Tags: Pmoun (and Moun) formula 585. Well tag. 296/7 or 318/9. TM# 372203. Inv. 13653. [2009] Area 2.1, Rooms 4/9, FSU 19 (stuck in wall). 2.2 × 2.6 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμο(υν) Ψ[ωι] Πετεν[εφώτης] ιγ (ἔ̣τ̣ο̣υ̣ς̣) Pmoun Psoi. Peten[ephotes], 13th year. 3 L ostr. 586. Well tag. 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. TM# 372204. Inv. 14254. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 351, FN 149. 3.5 × 2.9. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμουν Ψωι Πν̣αμε ιε (ἔτους) Pmoun Psoi. Pname, 15th year. 2 For the name, cf. 596. TM registers, from Karanis, Πναμ and Πναμις. 3 L ostr. 587. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372205. Inv. 14251. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 355, FN 148. 3.7 × 2.8 cm. Chipped at left? Written on convex side. A1a. Πμο(υν) Ψωι Ε̣ὐτυχίδ(ης) Πετήσιο(ς) Pmoun Psoi. Eutychides son of Peteesis. 2 The person is not previously attested. We do not see any traces of a year below this.

174

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

588. Well tag. 301/2, 309/10, or 323/4. TM# 372206. Inv. 14226. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 355, FN 146. 4.6 × 3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2a. Πμο(υν) Ἀμελ̣οίτου Ἰμούθης Ψεναμ(ούνιος) ιη (ἔτους) Pmoun Ameloitou. Imouthes son of Psenamounis, 18th year. 1–2 See, with ὕδ(ρευμα) at the start, 655. Possibly Ἀμε[ in 118 should be restored on the model of these two tags. 3 L ostr. 589. Well tag. 293/4 or 315/6. TM# 372207. Inv. 14053. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 367. 4.8 × 2.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. (ἔτους) ι Πμ̣ο̣(υν) Ψω Ὧρος Τιθ̣ο̣έ̣ο̣υ̣ς traces? Year 10, Pmoun Pso. Horos son of Tithoes. 1 L ostr. 2 Reading uncertain, but the individual appears also in 675 (year 14) and 658 (year 17). 590. Well tag. 294/5 or 316/7. TM# 372208. Inv. 14043. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 367, FN 19. 3.8 × 3.0 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Cancellation at the beginning of the line? 〚υδ〛 Π̣μ̣ο̣υν Ψω Ἥρων ια (ἔτους) Πινά̣χ̣θ(ου)

Dumped Material

175

Pmoun Pso. Heron son of Pinachthes, 11th year. 1 Pi was apparently written over the canceled letters. 3 S ostr. It appears that the patronymic was written here as an afterthought. 591. Well tag. 285/6? TM# 372209. Inv. 14070, Area 2.1, S2, DSU 367, FN 21. 2.7 × 3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2a.

4

Πμουν Ψω Πετοσῖρις Πινά̣χθο̣υ̣ β (ἔτους)

Pmoun Pso. Petosiris son of Pinachthes, 2nd year. 2–3 Cf. 593, where the same man may occur. 4 L ostr. 592. Well tag. 301/2, 309/10, or 323/4. TM# 372210. Inv. 14071. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 367, FN 22. 3.4 × 2.9 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1b. Πμουν Ταμ(ετρα) ιη (ἔτους) Pmoun Tametra, 18th year. 1 Cf. 126.1n., 600, 632 for the well. 2 L ostr. 593. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372211. Inv. 14068. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 24. 3.9 × 2.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

176

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Μουν Ἁραυ Πετοσῖρ(ις) Π ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ χ( ) Moun Harau. Petosiris . . . . 1 The same well is found in 615 and 793, cf. O.Trim. 1, p. 34. 3 Perhaps Πινάχ(θου); this would be the same man as in 591. But the letters between pi and chi are not easy to read. 594. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372212. Inv. 14069. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 3.3 × 2.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2a. Μουν Ψωι̣ Πετοσῖρις Π̣ουώρι̣ο(ς) Moun Psoi. Petosiris son of Pouoris. Πουῶρις also occurs in 86.6, a list of names found in dumped debris in Area 2.1, Room 9, DSU 215. 595. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372213. Inv. 14067. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 2.6 × 2.2 cm. Complete? Written on convex side. A2a. [Π]μο(υν) ̣ ̣ ̣ [Πε]τεμεῖνι[ς] Pmoun . . . Peteminis. 1 The well could be Ψωι, but we cannot read this with confidence. 596. Well tag. 298/9, 306/7, or 320/321. TM# 372214. Inv. 14076. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 29. 5.3 × 2.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

Dumped Material

177

Πμουν Ψωι Πν̣αμε ιε (ἔτους) Pmoun Psoi. Pname, 15th year. 2 Cf. 586. L ostr. 597. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372215. Inv. 14079. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 26. 4.1 × 4 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμουν Βε(ρρι) Πετοσῖ(ρις) Πα̣ραιτίο(υ) Pmoun Berri. Petosiris son of Paraitios. 1 For the well see O.Trim. 1, p. 34. 3 Cf. 605 and 608 for this name, sometimes written Παραίθης (116). 598. Well tag. 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. TM# 372216. Inv. 14087. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 41. 3.8 × 2.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. (ἔτους) ιδ Πμουν̣ Ψω Σελλῆς Year 14, Pmoun Pso. Selles. 1 L ostr. 2 Selles appears in many tags in O.Trim. 1, without a year number or well name. Cf. Introduction, p. 94. 599. Well tag. 300/1, 308/9, or 322/3. TM# 372217. Inv. 14089. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 34. 3.2 × 2.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

178

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4

Πμουν Ψωι ὁ ἀπὸ Διδύμων ιζ (ἔτους)

Pmoun Psoi. The man from Didymoi, 17th year. This text is identical, both in words and in layout, to 123, a well tag discovered in foundation fill (DSU 214) below Room 4. See also 641, a tag from year 15 featuring the same property and tenant. This group remains unique in our documentation in identifying someone with a phrase of this type rather than a name. 4 L ostr. 600. Well tag. 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. TM# 372218. Inv. 14104. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 133. 3.4 × 3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. Set in stopper. A1a. Πμουν Ταμετ̣ρα ιε (ἔτους) Pmoun Tametra, 15th year. 2 Cf. 126.1n., 592, 632. 3 S ostr. 601. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372219. Inv. 14109. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 128. 4 × 3 cm. Complete? Written on convex side. A1a. Μουν Ψωι Τιθ̣ο̣έο̣υ̣ς̣ traces? Moun Psoi. Tithoes . . .

Dumped Material

179

602. Well tag. 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. TM# 372220. Inv. 14110. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 126. 4.1 × 3.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. Set in stopper. A1a.

4

Πμου̣ν Ψω Ἀμμώνις Τιθοέο(υς) ι̣ε (ἔτους)

Pmoun Pso. Ammonios son of Tithoes, 15th year. This is a near-duplicate of 115, also year 15. The present text confirms the earlier date offered there. For the individual see also 701, year 13, and 723, as well as p. 92. 4 S ostr. 603. Well tag. 294/5 or 316/7. TM# 372221. Inv. 14111. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 112. 4.4 × 2.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμουν Ψωι Σαρ̣απάμ(μων) ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣( ) (ἔτους) ια Pmoun Psoi. Sarapammon son of ---, year 11. 3 L ostr. 604. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372222. Inv. 14113. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 101. 3.9 × 2.2 cm. Broken at bottom. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμουν Ψω ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ - - - - Pmoun Pso.

180

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

605. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372223. Inv. 14117. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 4 × 3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Μουν Ψω Παραίτις Moun Pso. Paraitios. 2 Read Παραίτιος. Cf. 597 and 608 for this name. 606. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372224. Inv. 14118. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 2.5 × 2.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμο(υν) Ψωι̣ Πετ̣ο̣σῖρ̣ι̣ς Ψενα̣ ̣ ̣ Pmoun Psoi. Petosiris son of Psena . . . 3 One naturally expects Ψεναμοῦνις, and a Petosiris son of Psenamounis is known from 579, but the letter after alpha does not seem to be mu, rather nu or pi, with nu more probable. 607. Well tag. 288/9? TM# 372225. Inv. 14119. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 120. 3.1 × 2.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

Πμουν̣ Ψ̣ω̣ Τιθοῆς Πισῶτος ε (ἔτους)

Pmoun Pso. Tithoes son of Pisos, 5th year. 3 Cf. 703 for the name. 4 L ostr.

Dumped Material

181

608. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372226. Inv. 14120. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 119. 3.5 × 3.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2a. Πμο(υν) Ψω Π̣α̣ρ̣αίτι̣ο(ς) Pmoun Pso. Paraitios. 2 Cf. 597 and 605 for the name. 609. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372227. Inv. 14124. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 117. 3.7 × 3.6 cm. Broken at left and right. Written on convex side. A1a. Π̣μουν Πακει`ρ΄ Pmoun Pakeir. 1 Cf. 625, 631, and 145 (where the name of the Pmoun is read with final lambda, but rho is more likely in light of the additional evidence). 610. Well tag. 320/1? TM# 372228. Inv. 14125. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 124. 3.3 × 2.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a Μουν Ψωι Τιθοῆς Παστῶς ιε (ἔτους) Moun Psoi. Tithoes son of Pastos, 15th year. 2–3 Read Παστῶτος. A Tithoes son of Pisos appears in 607, but the name Παστῶς is found also in 573; they thus appear to be different individuals. 3 L ostr.

182

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

611. Well tag. 288/9? TM# 372229. Inv. 14128. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 127. 3.5 × 2.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Πμουν Ἑρμων Φῖβις ε (ἔτους) Pmoun Hermon. Phibis, 5th year. 1 For this well name see too 623, 790 and 797 (ὕδ. Πμ.). It is not evident if this is the genitive plural of Hermes or should be interpreted otherwise. 2 For Phibis see the list of tenants above, p. 93. 3 S ostr. 612. Well tag. 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. TM# 372230. Inv. 14133. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 47. 3.1 × 1.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμ̣ο(υν) Βαιο̣[ς] Ὥ̣ρ̣ο̣υ̣ (ἔτους) ιδ Pmoun Baios. Horos, year 14. 1 For the well, see 829. 2 Read Ὧρος. L ostr. For Horos, see the list of tenants above, p. 92. 613. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372231. Inv. 14134. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 115. 3.3 × 2.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμουν Ψ̣ω̣ι Πρεμε̣μ̣ο̣ῦ̣ρις Pmoun Psoi. Prememouris. 2 Cf. 120 and 132 for the name, which is associated in both cases with Pmoun Psoi; these tags also come from dumped fill in Area 2.1.

Dumped Material

183

614. Well tag. 286/7? TM# 372232. Inv. 14136. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 109. 4.5 × 2.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμουν Ψωι Ψεναμοῦ(νις) Πετεύ̣ριος γ (ἔτους) Pmoun Psoi. Psenamounis son of Peteuris, 3rd year. 2 For the individual see 142, year 7, and 798, year 8. 3 L ostr. 615. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372233. Inv. 14140. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 3.5 × 3.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Πμο(υν) Ἁραυ Ψεννήσιο(ς) Ὀννώφριο(ς) Pmoun Harau. Psennesis son of Onnophris. 1 For this well, see O.Trim. 1, p. 34, and 593. 2 Read Ψεννῆσις. 616. Well tag. 295/6 or 317/8. TM# 372234. Inv. 14141. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 49. 4.3 × 3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

Πμουν Ψω Παθώτης Παρ̣αι̣τ̣ί(ου) ιβ̣ (ἔτους)

Pmoun Pso. Pathotes son of Paraitios, 12th year. 2–3 Cf. 116 (the same man in year 15), 624 (year 5), and 693 (year 11), as well as the list of tenants, above p. 93.

184

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4 L ostr.; or read ιε. 617. Well tag. 286/7? TM# 372235. Inv. 14153. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 3.4 × 2.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1. Πμουν Ψωι 〚τ〛Σελλῆς Πετοσίρι(ος) γ (ἔτους) Pmoun Psoi. Selles son of Petosiris, 3rd year. 2 Cf. 628 (year 9) and 673 (year 7). 3 L ostr. 618. Well tag. 319/20? TM# 372236. Inv. 14275. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 162. 3.6 × 2.8 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1a. Πμουν Ολοβ̣ου Πετοσῖρις Ψενπ ̣ ̣χο( ) ιδ (ἔτους) Pmoun Olobou. Petosiris son of Psenpeuch( ), 14th year. 1 Or Ὀλορου? The well is not previously attested. 3 Reading πετεχο( ) is not easy here, but we have not arrived at any other satisfactory reading of these letters either. L ostr. 619. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372237. Inv. 14276. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 160. 3.1 × 2.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2a.

4

Πμου̣ν̣ Η̣σ̣ε̣ Ὧρος traces

Dumped Material

Pmoun Ese. Horos . . . 620. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372238. Inv. 14277. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 161. 4.3 × 3.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμο(υν) Ψωι Πετοσῖ(ρις) Ψενπ̣νούθ(ου) Pmoun Psoi. Petosiris son of Psenpnouthes. 2–3 See 622 for the individual. 621. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372239. Inv. 14284. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 168. 3.2 × 2.2 cm. Broken at right and below. Written on convex side. A1b. Πμο[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ ------1 Traces at start, possibly υδ( )? 622. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372240. Inv. 14287. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 158. 3.3 × 2.8 cm. Complex. Written on convex side. A1a. Μουν Ψ̣ω̣ι̣ Πετοσῖρι(ς) Ψεν̣π̣ν̣ούθ(ου) Moun Psoi. Petosiris son of Psenpnouthes. 2–3 See 620 for the individual.

185

186

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

623. Well tag. 284/5? TM# 372241. Inv. 14290. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 155. 4.5 × 2.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Μουν ῾Ερμων α (ἔτους) Moun Hermon, 1st year. 1 For the well, see also 611 and 790. 2 L ostr. 624. Well tag. 288/9? TM# 372242. Inv. 14305. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 175. 3.9 × 2.4 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμουν Ψωι Παθ̣ώτης Παραιτίου ε (ἔτους) Pmoun Psoi. Pathotes son of Paraitios, 5th year. 2–3 The same individual appears in 116, 616, and 693, also Pmoun Psoi. 3 S ostr. 625. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372243. Inv. 14312. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 179. 3.3 × 2.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2a. Μουν Πακιρ Moun Pakir. 1–2 Cf. 609, 631, and 145 (on which, see the list of corrections below).

Dumped Material

187

626. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372244. Inv. 14316. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 170. 3.5 × 2.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Πμουν Βερρι Ψεντασῆμ̣[ις]̣ Pmoun Berri, Psentasemis. 2 Ψεντασῆμις (Pȝ-šr-n-ta-Ḏmȝ), “the son of the woman from Jeme,” is cited by TM from a half-dozen texts, all but one, unsurprisingly, from the area of Jeme/Armant on the Theban West Bank. The second line here is almost entirely faded, and the ending may well have been written. 627. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372245. Inv. 14230. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 374, FN 145. 3.2 × 3.2 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A1a. [Πμ(ουν)] Ψωι [Ψ]ενῆ̣σ̣ι̣ς̣ [Πι]ν̣άχθου Pmoun Psoi. Psenesis son of Pinachthes. 1 Given the length of the lacunas in lines 2 and 3, it seems unlikely that ὕδ(ρευμα) stood here. Whether to restore Πμουν or Μουν, however, cannot be determined. 628. Well tag. 292/3? TM# 372246. Inv. 14288. Area 2.1, S3, DSU 395, FN 68. 2.7 × 3.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1. Σελλῆς Πε̣τοσί(ριος) θ (ἔτους) Selles son of Petosiris, 9th year.

188

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

1–2 Cf. 617 and 673. 3 L ostr. 629. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372247. Inv. 14317. Area 2.1, S3, DSU 395. 2.5 × 1.6 cm. Broken on right. Written on convex side. A1a. Παρα̣ί̣τι̣[ος Paraitios. 630. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372248. Inv. 14311. Area 2.1, S3, DSU 395, FN 70. 3.8 × 3.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Μουν Ψ̣ωι Πετεῦρις Moun Psoi. Peteuris. 2 Cf. 639 and the list of tenants, above p. 93. 631. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372249. Inv. 14337. Area 2.1, S3, DSU 395. 4.9 × 4.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Μουν Πακει̣ρ̣ Moun Pakeir. 1 Cf. 145, 609, and 625. 632. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372250. Inv. 14344. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 402. 4.3 × 3.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

Dumped Material

Μουν Ταμε̣τρα Moun Tametra. 1–2 Or Ταμα̣τρα? Cf. 126.1n, 592, 600. 633. Well tag. 319/20? TM# 372251. Inv. 14346. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 406, FN 191. 3.7 × 3.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

(ἔτους) ιδ Πμουν Ψω Τιθοῆς Ψενε̣θύ(μιος) ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣

Year 14, Pmoun Pso. Tithoes son of Psenethymis . . . 1 L ostr. 3 We take this name, difficult to read, as a variant of Ψενατῦμις. 634. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372252. Inv. 15810. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 83, FN 66. 4.7 × 3.4 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πμο(υν) Ψωι Ἁρυώ(της) Παραι̣τ(ίου) Pmoun Psoi. Haryotes son of Paraitios. 635. Well tag. 285/6? TM# 372253. Inv. 14575. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 4, FN 14. 5.2 × 3.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. β (ἔτους) αὐτουργ( ) Πμο(υν) Ἡρακλᾶ

189

190

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

2nd year, self-worked, Pmoun of Heraklas. 1 S/ ostr. For the term αὐτουργός, see above p. 108. 2 The well was not previously attested. 636. Well tag. 295/6 or 317/8. TM# 372254. Inv. 14599. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 4, FN 27. 3.5 × 2.4 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1a.

4

ιβ (ἔτους) Πμουν Θαυτ υἱὸς Σίριος Ἀπολλων̣ί̣ο̣υ̣

12th year, Pmoun Thaut. Son of Siris son of Apollonios. 1 S΄΄ ostr. 2 Cf. 105, 644, 646, 652, 830. 637. Well tag. 286/7? TM# 372255. Inv. 15901. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 39, FN 5. 3.7 × 3.0 cm. Complete? Or broken at upper right. Written on convex side. A1a. γ (ἔτους) Πμουν Πα[ χω(ρίου) υἱοῦ Ἀλέξανδρο̣ς̣ 3rd year, Pmoun Pa[. For the vineyard of the son of Alexandros. 1 S ostr. It is not clear if the sherd is broken at upper right; there is no loss in line 2. But we would expect a longer well name, like Πα[κειρ or Παλ( ). There is no trace of an abbreviation. 3 Read Ἀλεξάν|δρου.

Dumped Material

191

638. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372256. Inv. 14611. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 8. 4.4 × 3.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. α̅ Πμουν Ταμετρα χωρί(ου) Ἀμμωνίου 1. Pmoun Tametra. Vineyard of Ammonios. 1–2 For Pmoun Tametra, cf. 126.1n., 592, 600. The “1” at the start presumably refers to a vat number. 639. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372257. Inv. 15515. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 14. 3.0 × 2.6 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1b. Πμο(υν) Ψωι Πετεῦρι(ς) Pmoun Psoi. Peteuris. 2 Cf. 630. 640. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372258. Inv. 15538. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 21. 4.1 × 2.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Μουν Π ̣ ̣ ̣ Τιθοῆς Τι̣θ(οέους) ̣ (ἔτους) Moun P- . . . Tithoes son of Tithoes, year . . 1 Πκης, known from 157, is possible, but we cannot read it securely. 3 L ostr.

192

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

641. Well tag. 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. TM# 372259. Inv. 15811. Area 2.2, B6, Room 31, DSU 77, FN 62. 2.2 × 2.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

Πμουν Ψωι ὁ ἀπὸ Διδύμων ιε (ἔτους)

Pmoun Psoi. The man from Didymoi, 15th year. 4 The nu appears to be corrected; the year numeral and sign (L) are squeezed in above the end of the line. Cf. 599 and 123. 642. Well tag. 286/7? TM# 372260. Inv. 14624. Area 2.3, Room 1, DSU 4, FN 39. 4.5 × 2.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. γ (ἔτους) Μου(ν) Ψω̣ Παθώτης Ψάιτ̣(ος) 3rd year, Moun Pso. Pathotes son of Psais. 1 L ostr. 643. Well tag. 285/6? TM# 372261. Inv. 14625. Area 2.3, Room 1, DSU 5, FN 40. 3.8 × 3.7 cm. Broken at upper right. Written in a rough hand on convex side. A1b. β̣ (ἔτους) Πμο(υν) Βε̣ρ̣[ρι] χω(ρίου) Σαραπᾶ 2nd year, Pmoun Berri. Vineyard of Sarapas. 1 S/ ostr. The beta is very thin. While the letter could possibly be interpreted

Dumped Material

193

as a theta (cf. the Pmoun Thaut mentioned alongside a chorion of Sarapas in 646), the long descending stroke of the third letter favors Βε̣ρ̣[ρι]. 2–3 A vineyard of Sarapion occurs in 110, 114, 214, 235, and 244; it could be the same. 644. Well tag. 286/7? TM# 372262. Inv. 15635. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 23. 4.2 × 3.4 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. γ (ἔτους) Πμο(υν) Θ̣αυ̣τ χω(ρίου) Ἀγαθάμμωνος 3rd year, Pmoun Thaut. Vineyard of Agathammon. 1 Cf. 105, 636, 646, 652, 830. Θ̣αυ̣τ’ ostr. 645. Well tag. 294/5 or 316/7. TM# 372263. Inv. 15656. Area 2.3, Room 1, DSU 23. 3.7 × 2.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. ια (ἔτους) Πμο(υν) Ἰμούθ(ου) Ἀμμώ(νιος) Σαμαρίτ̣(ου) 11th year, Pmoun of Imouthes. Ammonios son of Samarites. 1 S΄΄ ostr. 2–3 If Samarites is a personal name, it is very unusual. The ethnic “Samaritan” is known mainly from late papyri (e.g., P.Herm. 29 and 40); see especially P.Sorb. 2.69, p. 65. 646. Well tag. 296/7 or 318/9. TM# 372264. Inv. 15662. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 23, FN 134. 4.1 × 2.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a, with pitched inner surface.

194

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

ιγ (ἔτους) Πμο(υν) Θαυτ χω(ρίου) νεοφύ̣το̣υ̣ Σαραπᾶτο̣(ς) 13th year, Pmoun Thaut. Newly-planted vineyard of Sarapas. 1 S΄΄ ostr. For the well see 105, 636, 644. 3 For a vineyard with the same name, see 643. 647. Well tag. 284/5? TM# 372265. Inv. 15668. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 24, FN 142. 3.7 × 3.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. α (ἔτους) Πμουν Οὐσιρε Παθώτ(ης) Β̣ονίπιος 1st year, Pmoun Ousire. Pathotes son of Bonipis. 1 L ostr. 2 For the Pmoun O(u)sire, see O.Trim. 1, p. 35. It gets referred to also in 466.2, 661.1 (ὕδρ. Πμ. Ὀσιρε), and 831.1–2 (ὕδρ. Πμ. Ὀσιρε). 3 Βανίπις is the usual spelling of the name, as in 127, where it is the patronymic of Monis. 648. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372266. Inv. 16115. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 114, FN 10. 4.6 × 2.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2a. Πμουν Βερρι Τιθοῆς Ταῆτος̣ Pmoun Berri. Tithoes son of Taes. 2 The female name (Ta-ḥȝ.t) is widely attested in various spellings, including once as Ταεις at Douch, cf. TM.

Dumped Material

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649. Well tag. 293/4 or 315/6. TM# 372267. Inv. 16133. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 0, FN 42. 5.7 × 2.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Context insecure. ι (ἔτους) Πμο̣(υν) Τκ(ηλε) Ἀπολλώ(νιος) Σαραπίω(νος) 10th year, Pmoun Tkele. Apollonios son of Sarapion. 1 S/ ostr. For Pmoun Tkele, see 17. 2 An Apollon son of Sarapion appears in 12, which comes from the house to the south of that of Serenos. 650. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372268. Inv. 16207. Area 2.3, B7, Room 11, DSU 85, FN 48. 5.5 × 3.6 cm. Broken at right? Written on concave side. A1a. γ΄ Φιλοσάρα[πις] Ψεναμο̣ῦ̣νις ἀπὸ Μουν Π̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ 3 (year? vat?). Philosarapis son of Psenamounis, from Moun P---. 1 There is only a diagonal stroke after the gamma, without either of the usual indications of a year number (L or S). There is thus some likelihood that this is not a regnal year but the number of the ληνός. 2 Read Ψεναμούνιος. 3 Perhaps Παμ[ω. 651. Well tag. 292/3 or 314/5. TM# 372269. Inv. 16240. Area 2.2, B6, Room 33, DSU 126, FN 21. 4.3 × 3.7 cm. Broken at lower right. Written on convex side. A5. From surface cleaning. θ (ἔτους) Πμο(υν) Ψω Παθ̣[ώτης] Πεκύ̣[σιος]

196

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

9th year, Pmoun Pso. Pathotes son of Pekysis. 1 L ostr. 652. Well tag. 294/5 or 316/7. TM# 372270. Inv. 16258. Area 2.3, B7, Room 11, DSU 85. 4.5 × 4.0 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. ια (ἔτους) Πμουν Θαυτ Πμου(ν) Σαραπᾶ 11th year, Pmoun Thaut. Pmoun Sarapas. 1 S/ ostr. 2 Θαυτ’ ostr. 3 This is the first instance of a well called Sarapas. A vineyard by the same name is however known, see 643 and 646. 653. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372271. Inv. 16280. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, FSU 14, FN 60. 4.2 × 3.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Probably a chinking sherd, as it was likely embedded in wall F14. γ/ Πμο̣υ̣ν̣ Ψω̅ Ὧρος Ψάις 3 Pmoun Pso. Horos son of Psais. 1 Whether the gamma is a year or vat number is not clear; there is no distinctive year marker (L or S), so we incline to the vat. 2 The reason for the supralinear stroke over the right part of the omega is unclear to us. 3 Read Ψάιτος.

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3. Well Tags: Hydreuma Pmoun formula 654. Well tag. 303/4 or 325/6. TM# 372272. Inv. 13207. Area 2.1, Room 23, DSU 304, FN 71. 3.8 × 2.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμο(υν) Ψοει̣ν δι(ὰ) Ψεναμο(ύνιος) κ (ἔτους) Hydreuma Pmoun Psoein. Through Psenamounis, 20th year. 1 Πμουν Ψωιν appears in 39; we suppose this to be the same. Whether they are in fact simply variants of Ψω(ι), we cannot say; the nu at the end seems distinctive. 2 The nu of Ψεναμο(ύνιος) is corrected. 3 S ostr. 655. Well tag. 299/300, 307/8, or 321/2. TM# 372273. Inv. 14052. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 355. 3.6 × 2.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμο(υν) Ἀμε̣λ̣ο̣ί̣το(υ) Ἰμούθ(ης) Ψεναμ(ούνιος) ις (ἔτους) Hydreuma Pmoun Ameloitou. Imouthes son of Psenamounis, 16th year. 1 πμοο ostr.; for the well see 588, where its name is written rather more clearly. 2 See for this person also 588, year 18. 3 S ostr. 656. Well tag. 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. TM# 372274. Inv. 14189. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 144. 4.2 × 3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

198

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμουν Βερρι ιε (ἔτους) Hydreuma Pmoun Berri, 15th year. 1–2 See O.Trim. 1, p. 34, and 659, 660, 664, 666. 3 S ostr. 657. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372275. Inv. 14202, Area 2.1, S2, DSU 372. 4.9 × 1.7 cm. Broken at bottom. Written on convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμο(υν) Φιβ Σελ̣λ̣ῆ̣ς̣ - - - - - - - - - Hydreuma Pmoun Phib. Selles . . . 1 See O.Trim. 1, p. 36. 2 For Selles, see above, p. 94. 658. Well tag. 300/1, 308/9, or 322/3. TM# 372276. Inv. 14253. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 374, FN 151. 4.3 × 3.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμο(υν) Ψωι Ὧρος Τιθοέο(υς) ιζ (ἔτους) Hydreuma Pmoun Psoi. Horos son of Tithoes, 17th year. 2 See the note to 589.2 for this person, and cf. 675. 3 L ostr. 659. Well tag. 290/1? TM# 372277. Inv. 14438. Area 2.2, Room 26, DSU 23, FN 2.

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5.5 × 3.9 cm. Complete. On convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμουν Βερρι χωρίον αὐτουργ( ) (ἔτους) ζ// Hydreuma Pmoun Berri. Self-worked vineyard, year 7. 1 See note to 656. 2 For the term αὐτουργός, see above p. 108. 3 L ostr. 660. Well tag. 300/1, 308/9, or 322/3. TM# 372278. Inv. 14439. Area 2.2, Room 26, DSU 23, FN 3. 5 × 3.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. ὕδ(ρευμα) Μο(υν) Βε(ρρι) χω(ρίον) αὐτουργ( ) ιζ (ἔτους) Hydreuma Moun Berri. Self-worked vineyard, 17th year. 1 See note to 656. For the term αὐτουργός, see above p. 108. 2 L ostr. 661. Well tag. 285/6? TM# 372279. Inv. 14595. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 6. 5.8 × 3.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμο(υν) Ὀσιρε Ψενα̣μ(οῦνις) Πα̣να( ) β (ἔτους) Hydreuma Pmoun Osire. Psenamounis son of Pana( ), 2nd year. 1 For Pmoun O(u)sire, see O.Trim. 1, p. 35. It gets referred to also in 466.2, 647.1–2, and 831.1–2 (ὕδρ. Πμ. Ὀσιρε). 2 Perhaps resolve Πανα(μέως). 3 L ostr.

200

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

662. Well tag. 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. TM# 372280. Inv. 14613. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 7. 5.8 × 4.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμο(υν) Πκης Ψ̣εμο( ) Πετοσ(ίριος) ιε (ἔτους) Hydreuma Pmoun Pkes. Psemo( ) son of Petosiris, 15th year. 1 For the well, cf. 157. 2 We cannot identify a name known locally with this beginning. TM records Ψεμοῦχις from O.Berenike 1.5, but also variant spellings of Ψεν- names. Reading the initial letter as phi is even less promising. 3 S ostr. 663. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372281. Inv. 14629. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31. 5.9 × 3.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμο(υν) Ηλ[ μ( ) λ τ̣ι ̣ μ( ) ε Hydreuma Pmoun El–. . . . 1 This is the first appearance of this well. 2–3 μ( ) appears like a myriads symbol with a dot in the middle. We do not know what it means in this context, where one does not expect reference to cash amounts. 664. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372282. Inv. 15512. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 19. 5.2 × 4.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμ(ουν) Βερρι Ψενή̣σ̣ιο(ς) ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣

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Hydreuma Pmoun Berri. Of Psenesis. . . . 1 For the well see note to 656. 665. Well tag. 301/2, 309/10, or 323/4. TM# 372283. Inv. 15813. Area 2.2, B6, Room 31, DSU 79, FN 65. 4.1 × 3.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμουν Ψω Ἁρπαῆσ(ις) ιη (ἔτους) Hydreuma Pmoun Pso. Harpaesis, 18th year. 2 For Harpaesis, see the list of tenants above p. 93. 3 L ostr. 666. Well tag. 284/5? TM# 372284. Inv. 14587. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 4, FN 19. 5 × 3.4 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμο(υν) Βερρι Μάτρων α (ἔτους) Hydreuma Pmoun Berri. Matron, 1st year. 1 See note to 656. 2 Μάτρων: The omega is written in a sharp-bottomed, up-trending slur that could be taken for upsilon. But Matron is a known name, and Matrun is neither known nor plausible. 3 S// ostr. 667. Well tag. 291/2? TM# 372285. Inv. 15510. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 4, FN 66. 4.9 × 4.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b.

202

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμ(ουν) Θοτομη Ἀμμώνιο(ς) Βανίπιο(ς) η (ἔτους) Hydreuma Pmoun Thotome. Ammonios son of Banipis, 8th year. 1 The abbreviated name of the well in 163 is no doubt to be resolved Θοτομη on the basis of the present tag. Θοτομης is, according to TM, a Greek rendering of Ḏḥwty-m-ḥȝ.t, for which TM cites four Demotic instances but none in Greek; cf. 714 and 795. 2 This is perhaps the same person as Monis son of Banipis in 127, given that Monis is a short form of Ammonios used in the oases. But that seems to be dated considerably later. Another son of Banipis, Pathotes, appears in 647. 3 S// ostr. 668. Well tag. 333/4 or 352/3. TM# 372286. Inv. 16001. Area 2.2, B6, Room 34, DSU 101. 5.0 × 3.4 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμο(υν) Πτακε Ἑρμοκλῆς κη (ἔτους) Hydreuma of Pmoun Ptake. Hermokles, 28th year. 1 Τπακε is a well-known toponym of the oasis, but we do not think that is what the scribe wrote; perhaps this is just a slip of metathesis. 3 S// ostr.

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4. Tags: Other 669. Tag for chickens. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372287. Inv. 12021. Area 2.1, Room 9, DSU 151. 6 × 4.1 cm. Uncertain if broken. Written on convex side. A1a. ὀρ(νίθια)

β

2 chickens. 670. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372288. Inv. 13251. Area 2.1, Room 22, DSU 324, FN 81. 3.3 × 3.1 cm. Breakage uncertain (possibly complete). Written on convex side. A1a. Very faint. [ ̣ ̣] Ψε̣ν̣χ( ) Τιμο̣θ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ π traces? . . . Psench( ), Timotheos. . . 1 Perhaps [Πμ(ουν)] Ψε̣ν̣χ(ώνσιος). 671. Tag. 294/5 or 316/7. TM# 372289. Inv. 13635. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 348, FN 10. 3.7 × 3.7 cm. Broken at lower right. Written on concave side. A1b. This ostrakon comes from collapse and could well have been a chinking sherd rather than belonging to an occupational level. ια (ἔτους) Ψάις Πισή̣χ̣[θιος 11th year, Psais son of Pisechthis. 1 L ostr.

204

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

672. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372290. Inv. 14008. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 351. 4.7 × 3.5 cm. Broken at top and right. Written on convex and concave sides. A1b. Convex - - - - - - - - ̣ερ̣[ 1 Σ̣ερ̣[ῆνος? seems doubtful given the context. Concave: Drawing of standing human figure. 673. Tag. 290/1? TM# 372291. Inv. 14221. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 351. 2.5 × 2.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Σελλῆς Πετοσί(ριος) ζ (ἔτους) Selles son of Petosiris, 7th year. 1–2 Cf. 617 and 628. 3 L ostr. 674. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372292. Inv. 14255. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 355, FN 147. 2.3 × 2.2 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A1a. ]μ̣ο̣υ Σ]ελλῆ ] ̣α (ἔτους) 1 Not enough survives to say if these letters belong to a personal name or to Πμου(ν). 3 L ostr. It is not clear if this is year 1 or 11.

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675. Tag. 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. TM# 372293. Inv. 14074. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 30. 3.9 × 2.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ὥρου Τιθοέους ιδ (ἔτους) γ̅ ληνο(ῦ) Of Horos son of Tithoes, 14th year, 3rd wine-press. 1–2 See 589.2n. for the individual, and cf. 658. 2 L ostr. 3 See introduction, p. 92, for the wine-presses. 676. Tag. 284/5? TM# 372294. Inv. 14081. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 36. 3.7 × 2.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ψενπλαεῦς Πινάχθης (ἔτους) α Psenplaeus son of Pinachthes, year 1. 1 For the name see note to 686, with references. 2 Read Πινάχθου. 3 L ostr. 677. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372295. Inv. 14084. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 44. 3.1 × 3.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. α Ἁρυώτης 1. Haryotes.

205

206

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

1–2 Cf. 184 and 704 for similar tags. A vineyard bears the same name in 829; the number presumably refers to the vat. 678. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372296. Inv. 14086. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 32. 4.3 × 3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a? α Ὧρος 1. Horos. 2 Similar tags are 181, 185, 218, and 224. 679. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372297. Inv. 14090. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 35. 4.5 × 2.6. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. β Ψεννῆσις 2. Psennesis. 1 Similar tags are 177, 180, and 188; see the list of tenants above p. 94. 680. Tag. 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. TM# 372298. Inv. 14101. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 132. 3 × 1.9 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. Set in jar stopper. A1a. Τχαλεμσαψε α̅ ιε (ἔτους) Tchalemsapse, 1. 15th year. 1–2 Cf. 223, 681, 687, 691, 755, 802, and (without initial tau) 702. 3 L ostr.

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681. Tag. 299/300, 307/8, or 321/2. TM# 372299. Inv. 14102. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 123. 3.8 × 2.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. Set in jar stopper. A1a. Τχαλεμσαψε ιϛ̣ (ἔτους) Tchalemsapse, 16th year. 1–2 See 680.1–2n. for references. 3 L ostr. 682. Tag. 296/7 or 318/9. TM# 372300. Inv. 14105. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 125. 4.3 × 2.9 cm. Complete except for chip. Written on convex side. Set in jar stopper. ιγ (ἔτους) Πεκῦσι̣[ς] α̅ 13th year, Pekysis, 1. 1 L ostr. 2 This is presumably a vat number. 683. Tag. 289/90? TM# 372301. Inv. 14106. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 103. 4.1 × 1.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. Set in stopper. A1b. (ἔτους) ζ Ὧρος Παθώτου Year 7, Horos son of Pathotes. 1 L ostr. 1–2 A Horos son of Pathotes occurs in 1.2, found on the surface in Area 1, and in 697.

208

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

684. Tag. 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. TM# 372302. Inv. 14107. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 129. 2.7 × 1.9 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πετεύρ̣ιος ιδ (ἔτους) Of Peteuris, 14th year. 1–2 Same name and year in 712, both from the same DSU; cf. 708. 2 L ostr. 685. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372303. Inv. 14114. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 102. 4 × 3.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2b. β̣ Ψεναμοῦνις Φάφι̣ος 2. Psenamounis son of Phaphis. 1 The vat numeral is not well made; delta is also possible. 2 The patronymic is an aspirated variant of Πάφις, cf. 713, where we find the same individual. 686. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372304. Inv. 14138. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 4 × 2.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. α Ψενπαπ̣λ̣(αεῦς) 1. Psenpaplaeus. 1 This name is very similar to Psenplaeus, without the element –pa-, which is found in 676, and is cited by TM only from two texts from the Kharga Oasis, both from Kysis: P.Grenf. 2.71 and O.Douch 4.473.

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687. Tag. 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. TM# 372305. Inv. 14142. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 48. 2.7 × 3.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Τχ̣α̣λ̣ε̣μσαψα ιδ (ἔτους) Tchalemsapsa, 14th year. 1–2 See 680.1–2n. for references. This is the one instance with termination in alpha. 3 L ostr. 688. Tag. 299/300, 307/8, or 321/2. TM# 372306. Inv. 14143. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 3.3 × 1.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1. Ὧρος Ο̣ὐε̣νῶτος ιϛ (ἔτους) Horos son of Ouenos, 16th year. 1–2 There is no listing in TM for Οὐενῶς. 3 S ostr. 689. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372307. Inv. 14145. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 3.9 × 2.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ψενταμῖν̣ι̣ς̣ Psentaminis. 690. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372308. Inv. 14147. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368.

210

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

2.8 × 2.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πιῦρις Piyris. 1 The name also appears in 582. It was, of course, the name of the god of the rock-cut sanctuary at Ain Labakha. 691. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372309. Inv. 14148. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 3.2 × 3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Τχανε`μ΄σαψε β/ Tchanemsapse, 2. 1–2 Elsewhere Tchalemsapse. Cf. 680.1–2n. for references. Interchange of liquids and nasals is common in Greek texts of Egypt and in Coptic; see Gignac 1976: 109–110. 3 This could be a year number, but in 680 there is a low number following the place-name as well as a year number. The low number there is probably a vat, a ληνός, cf. 675.3. Here the beta is also probably a vat rather than a year. 692. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372310. Inv. 14149. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 4.4 × 2.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πισῆχθις Pisechthis. 693. Tag. 294/5 or 316/7. TM# 372311. Inv. 14171. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368.

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4.1 × 2.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A5. Πα̣θ̣ώ̣της Παραίθου ια (ἔτους) Pathotes son of Paraithes, 11th year. 1–2 For the individual see 116, 616, and 624. 3 L ostr. 694. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372312. Inv. 14172. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 2.9 × 2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Π̣αθώτ(ης) μίσ(θιος) Pathotes the hireling. 1 Cf. 101 (see corrections below, p. 300) and 154. 695. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372313. Inv. 14173. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 4 × 2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. γ Σελλῆς 3. Selles. 1 Cf. 598.2n. 696. Tag. 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. TM# 372314. Inv. 14174. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 3.4 × 2.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ὡρι( ) μεταλ(λικός ?)

211

212

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Πμουν ̣ ̣ ̣ ριο ̣ ιδ (ἔτους) traces Hori( ) the miner(?), Pmoun . . . 14th year . . . 1 One might also read μεγαλ( ), but the name Megas is rare at this date, and the letter looks more like tau than gamma to us. 2 Possible well names might be Βερρι (followed by a couple of characters) or Οὐσιριο. 3 L ostr. 697. Tag. 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. TM# 372315. Inv. 14179. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 139. 3.2 × 3.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ὥρου Παθώτου ιδ (ἔτους) Of Horos son of Pathotes, 14th year. 1–2 Horos son of Pathotes appears in 1.2, found in surface cleaning in area 1.1, and in 683. 3 L ostr. 698. Tag. 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. TM# 372316. Inv. 14180. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 135. 4.4 × 2.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. Set in jar stopper. A1a. Πετ̣ε̣ῦ̣ρ̣ις ιε (ἔτους) Peteuris, 15th year. 1 The same name but year 14 instead of 15 in 684 and 712; cf. the name alone in 708. 2 L ostr.

Dumped Material

213

699. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372317. Inv. 14181. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 136. 4.2 × 2.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. δ Τιθ̣ο̣ῆ̣ς̣ Ψεν̣αμ̣(ούνιος) 4. Tithoes son of Psenamounis. 700. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372318. Inv. 14182. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 135. 4.2 × 3.6 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1a. γ̣εωργοῦ Ψεντουάνιος Of Psentouanis the cultivator. 2–3 The name is not recorded in TM. It seems less likely, however, given its formation, that it should be taken as a place-name. 701. Tag. 296/7 or 318/9. TM# 372319. Inv. 14126. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 108. 3.5 × 3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ἀμμώνις Τιθοέους ιγ (ἔτους) Ammonios son of Tithoes, 13th year. 1–2 For the individual, see 602 (with note), 723, and 115. 3 S ostr.

214

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

702. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372320. Inv. 14127. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 113. 2.3 × 1.9 cm. Written on convex side. A1b. Χαλε[μ-] σαψ̣ε̣ ̣ ̣ 1–2 See 680.1–2n. for the place, otherwise spelled with initial article (tau). 3 Probably either the (ἔτους) sign L followed by one or two numerals or a vat number, cf. note to 691.3. 703. Tag. 289/90? TM# 372321. Inv. 14129. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 110. 3.4 × 1.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Τιθοῆς Πισῶτος ϛ (ἔτους) Tithoes son of Pisos, 6th year. 1–2 Cf. 607. 3 L ostr. 704. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372322. Inv. 14130. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 130. 2.7 × 1.8 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A2b. ] Ἁρυώτου . . . (son of?) Haryotes. 1 See 184 and 677 for similar tags. 705. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372323. Inv. 14131. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 104.

Dumped Material

3 × 1.9 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ψ̣ε̣ν̣αχθάλμις Psenachthalmis. We have not found any other example of this name. 706. Tag. 296/7 or 318/9. TM# 372324. Inv. 14132. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 4.5 × 3.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A2a. Ὧρος Πετήσιο(ς) ιγ (ἔτους) Horos son of Petesis, 13th year. 2 L ostr. 707. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372325. Inv. 14286. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 3.1 × 2.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ψάις Π̣άφιο(ς) Psais son of Paphis. 708. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372326. Inv. 14292. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 166. 3.6 × 2.9 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πετεῦρις Peteuris.

215

216

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

1 Cf. 684, 698, 712. 709. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372327. Inv. 14306. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 3.4 × 3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. β Τιθοῆς Πε̣τ̣ο̣(σίριος) 2. Tithoes son of Petosiris. 1–2 A man of the same name appears in 83.2,6,10 and 85.7, both from dump layers in Room 9. These should be dated pre-340. 710. Tag. 295/6 or 317/8. TM# 372328. Inv. 14310. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 173. 3.7 × 2.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ἀμμώ(νιος) Πισῶτ(ος) ιβ̣ (ἔτους) Ammonios son of Pisos, 12th year. 3 L ostr. 711. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372329. Inv. 14313. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 178. 3.1 × 2.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ψά̣ις Ἁρπ̣α̣ή̣σιο(ς) Psais son of Harpaesis.

Dumped Material

217

712. Tag. 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. TM# 372330. Inv. 14315. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 176. 3.2 × 2.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Πετεῦρις ιδ̣ (ἔτους) Peteuris, 14th year. 1 The same name and year occur in 684. The name appears alongside a different year in 698; cf. 708 2 L ostr. 713. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372331. Inv. 14320. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 180. 3.2 × 2.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. Set in jar stopper. A1a γ Ψεναμ(οῦνις) Φ̣άφιος 3. Psenamounis son of Phaphis. 1–2 Cf. 685 for this individual. The numeral denotes the vat. 714. Tag. 284/5? TM# 372332. Inv. 14194. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 372, FN 145. 2.6 × 3.5 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A1a. [Πμ]̣ο(υν) Θοτομη [ ] πρεσβύτ(ερος) [ ] α (ἔτους) Pmoun Thotome . . . presbyteros . . . 1st year. 1 See 667 for this well. It is possible that, as there, ὕδ(ρευμα) should be restored at the start, allowing more room for a name in line 2.

218

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

2 Whether πρεσβύτερος refers to the church office or simply means “the elder” is unclear. 3 S/ ostr. 715. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372333. Inv. 14116. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 106. 4.5 × 3.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ὥρου Τιθοέους ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣τ( ) ληνο(ῦ) Of Horos son of Tithoes . . . vat. 2 τ̅ at the end of the unread string is apparently not a number, but the end of an abbreviated word. 716. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372334. Inv. 14122. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 122. 3.9 × 2.4 cm. Written on convex side. A1a. γ̅ Ψάις Ταλ( ) 3. Psais . . . . 1 A close parallel to this text is found in 319, where only the vat number at the start is different (1 instead of 3). The suggestion there that a number after ταλ( ) is now lost seems less plausible in light of the present text, where abundant and well-preserved surface shows no signs of a numeral. It should be a patronymic or an occupational term; we do not know of any likely instance of the latter, but the personal name Ταλαεις or Ταλαευς, known from O.Kellis 96.1 (see note ad loc.) and Bagnall and Worp 2011: 236, would be a reasonable possibility for a parent’s name: perhaps a metronymic, in fact, as the name seems feminine in its known instances. 717. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372335. Inv. 14123. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 116.

Dumped Material

219

3.2 × 3.1 cm. Complete? Written on convex side. A1a. β Τιθοῆς Ψενπαοῦ(τος) 2. Tithoes son of Psenpaous. 2 The name Psenpaous is rare, but occurs in O.Kellis 101, an account of tiphagia. 718. Tag. 287/8? TM# 372336. Inv. 14027. Area 2.1, S3, DSU 385, FN 50. 4.7 × 3.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ὡρίωνος (ἔτους) δ̣ Of Horion, year 4. 2 L ostr. 719. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372337. Inv. 15814. Area 2.2, B6, Room 31, DSU 77. 3.0 × 2.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Παστῶς̣ Ὥρου Pastos son of Horos. 1 The final sigma is chipped on the edge. 2 The rho is blotted so that it looks like a beta. 720. Tag. 290/1? TM# 372338. Inv. 16069. Area 2.2, B6, Room 35, DSU 112. 1.8 × 2.5 cm. Broken at left and right. Written on convex side. A1a.

220

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4

[(ἔτους)] ζ̣ // [ὕδρευμα] [Ἀλε]ξάνδ(ρου) [ [Σα]ραπα[ [ ̣ ̣ ̣] απ ̣[

Year 7, Hydreuma of Alexandros. Vineyard of (?) Sarapas (?). 2 The delta is raised to indicate abbreviation. For this hydreuma see 836, dated to year 1. The word Πμουν does not appear there, and we have restored the present text on analogy. But it is of course possible that ὕδρ(ευμα) Πμο(υν) was written here. 2–3 Again on analogy of 836, we might expect a vineyard name, thus [χωρ(ίου) | Σα]ραπᾶ or Σα]ραπά[μμωνος]. But too little is preserved to make this secure. For the first of these possibilities cf. 643. 4 A brief space is blank before alpha, and it is possible that nothing stood in the lacuna. 721. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372339. Inv. 16076. Area 2.2, B6, Room 35, DSU 112. 3.7 × 2.0 cm. Broken at top? Written on convex side. A1a. Ψεναμοῦ(νις) Σαραπίω(νος) Psenamounis son of Sarapion. 722. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372340. Inv. 16098. Area 2.2, B6, Room 34, DSU 101, FN 8. 5.3 × 2.7 cm. Broken at top, right, and bottom (?). Written on convex side. A1a. - - - - ̣ ̣ Ψάιτ(ος) π̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣( ) [ . . . of Psais . . . . 2 Ἀμμω( )?

Dumped Material

221

723. Tag. 296/7 or 318/9. TM# 372341. Inv. 15513. Area 2.2, B6, Room 28, DSU 29. 3.5 × 2.4 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ἀμμωνίου̣ Τιθοέους ιγ (ἔτους) Of Ammonios son of Tithoes, 13th year. 1–2 Cf. 115, dated to either 320/1 or 356/7. The man also appears in 602 and 701, both from S2, DSU 368, and thus dumped material. It thus seems certain that 115 must be dated to 320/1 rather than 356/7. 3 L ostr. 724. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372342. Inv. 15664. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 23, FN 135. 3.5 × 2.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. α// χω(ρίου) Ἡρακλάμ(μωνος) 1. Of the vineyard of Heraklammon. 1 The numeral could be either a year or a vat number, more likely the latter. 725. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372343. Inv. 15660. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 24, FN 133. 7.6 × 4.9 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Μεγχῆς Μύρω(νος) κερ(άμια) η Menches son of Myron, 8 keramia. 1 Possibly the same man appears in the fragmentary 730.

222

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

726. Tag. 285/6? TM# 372344. Inv. 15663. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 24, FN 141. 3.8 × 2.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex. A1a. β (ἔτους) Παθώτου Πετεχῶντος 2nd year, Pathotes son of Petechon. 1 S/ ostr. 727. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372345. Inv. 15902. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 31, FN 6. 4.0 × 4.5 cm. Broken at right. Written on concave side. A1a. χ̣ω̣(ρίου) Κλ̣α̣υ̣δ̣[ίου ] ̣ νίο̣υ̣ Of the vineyard of Claudius . . . 1–2 The vineyard of Ammonios son of Claudius is well known from tags 191, 192, and 225. It would be possible to restore and read Ἀμμ]|ω̣νίο̣υ̣ to give the reverse sequence, but the reading is hardly secure in either line. 728. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372346. Inv. 15903. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 39, FN 8. 6.0 × 3.5 cm. Complete? Or broken at left or right? Written on concave side. A2b. traces ρεπ traces The ink is very faint. There may be remains of a line before this. Just possibly read π]ρεπο̣σ̣[ιτ--. 729. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372347. Inv. 16052. Area 2.3, B7, Room 7, DSU 68, FN 29. 6.5 × 6.0 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a.

Dumped Material

223

δι(ὰ) Ἀγάθους Δ(αίμονος) Ἁρυώθ(ου) πλίνθ(ους) λβ Through Agathos Daimon son of Haryothes, 32 bricks. 1 There is a small ghost of delta over the upsilon in Ἀγάθους (l. Ἀγάθου), as if the writer’s first instinct was for the correct form, then he erased the delta and added the superfluous sigma. 730. Tag. 287/8? TM# 372348. Inv. 16053. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 0, FN 28. 2.5 × 2.3 cm. Broken at left and right, perhaps also at top. Written on convex side. A1b. ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ρ̣[ ] Μ̣ύρωνο[ς ] (ἔτους) δ̣// [ . . . of Myron . . . year 4 . . . 1 Three letters are clearly written, but apparently with tops decapitated, leaving uncertainty of reading: τηι, ιτι, ληι, and other readings are possible. 2 Cf. Menches son of Myron in 725. 3 L ostr. What we are taking as the year sign may be partly overwritten by the tail of rho from the previous line; the reading is not clear. 731. Label. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372349. Inv. 16054. Area 2.3, B7, Room 11, DSU 67, FN 26. 7.4 × 5.5 cm; stamp area 4.7 × 3.4 cm. Stamped area on jar stopper. ΠΑΘ̣ In the current condition of the object, the theta is not completed at right and looks more like an epsilon with slight curvature downward in the upper right part. It seems most likely, however, that Παθώτης is intended.

224

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

732. Tag. 285/6? TM# 372350. Inv. 14615. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 4. 4.5 × 2.3 cm. Complete. On concave side. A1a. β (ἔτους) ὕδ(ρευμα) ἐρεοξ( ) χω(ρίου) Ψάιτος Κολάνθου 2nd year, Hydreuma of cotton, of the vineyard of Psais son of Kolanthes. 1 S/ ostr. The well is new; one supposes that ἐρεοξ(ύλου) is the proper expansion, but it could be plural. 733. Tag. 287/8? TM# 372351. Inv. 15536. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 14, FN 81. 3.1 × 2.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. δ (ἔτους) χωρίο(υ) Ψάιτος Νείλου 4th year, vineyard of Psais son of Neilos. 1 S ostr. 734. Tag. 296/7 or 318/9. TM# 372352. Inv. 15669. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 23, FN 131. 3.1 × 2.8 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1a. ιγ (ἔτους) Ψενα̣[μ(οῦνις)] Παθ(ώτου) Ψάιτ(ος) [ 13th year, Psenamounis son of (?) Pathotes, grandson of Psais. 1 S// ostr. There is a Psenamounis son of Pathotes in 1.9.

Dumped Material

225

735. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372353. Inv. 15667. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 26, FN 143. 3.0 × 2.7 cm. Uncertain if complete. Written on concave side. A1a. Πετοσ(ῖρις) Ὥρ(ου) Petosiris son of Horos. 736. Tag. 329/30 or 339/40. TM# 372354. Inv. 16208. Area 2.3, B7, Room 11, DSU 85, FN 49. 3.5 × 3.7 cm. Complete? Written on convex side. A1a. κδ̣ (ἔτους) ο̣φιλ( ) Ψεναμ(οῦνις) Πι̣σή̣(χθιος) 24th year. . . . Psenamounis son of Pisechthis. 1 L ostr. We do not know what ο̣φιλ( ) can represent.

6. Memoranda 737. Memorandum. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372355. Inv. 13231. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 307, FN 79. 8.1 × 6.0 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. δι(ὰ) Πανύρεως ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣( ) α κόμματα δύο Through Panyris, . . . 1 . . , 2 lengths. 1 There may be additional traces before the pi; whether they are significant is unclear. 2 Although κόμμα can have a variety of meanings (see LSJ and Wörterbuch s.v.), it seems most likely that it refers to lengths of rope, as shown by Habermann 2000: 200–01. Particularly suggestive among his references is P.Bodl. 1.7,

226

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

where it clearly (cf. note to line 4; the suggestion goes back, as the editor notes, already to Reil) refers to ropes for use in water-lifting from a cistern. 738. Memorandum on delivery of wine. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372356. Inv. 15511. Area 2.2, B6, Room 28, DSU 29, FN 18. 10.0 × 6.0 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. Ζώιλος Παμου̣ρ κερ(άμια) μ εἰς κέλλη γυναι̣κ̣(ὸς) Πετ̣ε̣ή̣σι(ος) Zoilos son of Pamour, 40 keramia to the storeroom of the wife of Peteesis. 1 The name Pamouris appears in 37.4 and 365.2, both from occupational levels in Area 2.1. 2 Read κέλλαν. 739. Memorandum for delivery of grain and wine. Ca. 350–375. TM# 372357. Inv. 14590. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31. 6.9 × 6.7 cm. Complete. On convex side. A1a.

4

Ἀμμώ(νιος) Ὥρου σίτ(ου) (ἀρτάβας) ι̣ μ(άτια) [ ̣ ε]ἰς τὴ̣ν οἰκίαν̣ Θεοδώρῳ καὶ Ὡρίων κερά(μια) τη

Ammonios son of Horos, 10 art. [–] matia of wheat, to the house for Theodoros. And Horion, 308 keramia. 1 For Ammonios, see 41 and 44, both from occupation levels in B1 and in the case of 41 dated to an indiction that is likely 358/9. 2 The number of artabas could be rho, 100, instead of iota, 10. The apparent mention of matia following might plead in favor of the smaller number. 3 For Theodoros, see note to 491.

Dumped Material

227

740. Memorandum for delivery of hay. Ca. 275–370. TM# 372358. Inv. 16131. Area 22, B6, Room 34, DSU 119, FN 13. From join of two pieces. 5.5 × 5.6 cm. Broken at top, right, and perhaps left. Written on convex side. A1a. - - - - - ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣( ) υἱο( ) ̣[ δέσ(μας) λ̣ . . . 30 bundles. 741. Memorandum for delivery of oil. Ca. 275–370. TM# 372359. Inv. 14588. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 4, FN 22. 2.9 × 3.9 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

δι᾿ Ἁτρῆ[τος ἐ̣λα̣ί̣ο̣υ̣ κεράμ̣[ι̣ ̣ ̣ τ̣ ̣ [ τ ̣[ ἐν Τριμί̣[θει

Through Hatres . . . keramia of oil . . . in Trimithis.

8. Receipts 742. Receipt for rent? After 312. TM# 372360. Inv. 16276. Area 2.2, B6, Room 38, DSU 132, FN 22. 4.0 × 7.6 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1a. Found lodged in baked-brick rubble in B6, the Roman bath, the ostrakon was likely used as a chinking sherd during some stage of renovation in the 4th c. 1–4 5 6 7–9

faint traces ὑπὲρ γενή[ματος ἰνδικτίον[ος faint traces

228

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

. . . for the harvest . . . of the indiction. . . 6 ϊνδικ- ostr. Appearance of this word indicates a date after 312, and in fact the use of indiction reckoning is rare in the oasis before the middle of the fourth century, see O.Trim. 1, p. 20.

9. Letters, Orders, and Notes 743. Order from the exaktor. Ca. 300–350. TM# 372361. Inv. 14610. Area 2.3, B7, Room 1, DSU 4, FN 35. 10 × 6.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b. π(αρὰ) τοῦ ἐξ(άκτορος) εἰ̣ρη̣ν̣ά̣ρχ(οις) κώμ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ α̣τ̣ρ̣η̣ traces traces From the exaktor to the eirenarchs of the village . . . 1 Cf. P.Stras. 5.309r. 744. Letter. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372362. Inv. 14630. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 12. 4.2 × 2.9 cm. Broken at top. Written on both sides. A1a. Concave

4

- - - - - - ̣ ̣ εὐ̣χα̣ριστ( ) ̣ π̣ε̣μ[ τῷ ἄνω ἐλθόν(τι) μετὰ Ἀμμο(νίου) καὶ Πιύ(ριος) μ(άτιον) α

Convex: traces? ξ̣ Ἑρμησί̣α̣ . . we are thankful. Send(?) to him who is going up together with Ammonios and Piyris 1 mation. (Convex) . . . 60 Hermesias.

Dumped Material

229

Concave 1 εὐχαριστοῦμεν? If so, this is probably the end of a sentence. The scant traces following may begin a request to send the mation mentioned in line 4 with someone coming up with Ammonios and Piyris. We do not think that in lines 2–4 there is anything lost at left or right, although it is impossible to be certain. In both 2 and 3 there are signs of abbreviation at right that suggest the edge was near, and in lines 3 and 4 there seems to be blank margin at left. Concave 3 Read Ἀμμωνίου. Convex 1 Οr ξ(έσται)? Cf. 836 where a vineyard named Hermesias appears. 745. Letter. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372363. Inv. 14574. Area 2.3, Room 1, DSU 4, FN 15. 4.0 × 4.0 cm. Broken at top, left, and right. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

- - - - - - ] ̣ ̣[ ]τον ἐν τῇ [ ] ̣ιον ἐπεὶ ὀνοχλεῖ μοι Ἔρα̣σ̣τος

3–4 Read ἐνοχλεῖ: “Since Erastos is bothering me . . .” We owe the reading of the name to a referee. It appears in CPR 19.64.4 (a “Mauros”) and P.Leid.Inst. 35.4, where the editor noted its novelty in the papyri. Published volumes of LGPN (database consulted 18 October 2014), however, show 40 examples.

10. Writing Exercises and School Texts 746. Writing exercise. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372364. Inv. 13632. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 351, FN 9. At street level in F308. 6.6 × 5.3 cm. Written on both sides. A1b. Concave: Scattered characters, not in lines. An exercise with the letter mu written many times in different sizes. Convex: Remains of 2–3 lines below and on the carination, tiny and extremely faded.

230

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

747. Alphabet with chalinos. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372365. Inv. 14050. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 367. 8.1 × 6.8 cm. Complete. Written on both sides. A1b. This ostrakon contains a complete alphabet in the first four lines, which is followed by a so-called χαλινός. The convex part of the ostracon includes only part of the verse that continues on the back leaving then an unwritten space. Taken together, the verse reads: Βωμὸν ὅ γ’ ἧψε θεοῖς ζαμενὴς δὲ πυρὸς κέχυτο φλόξ “He kindled the altar for the gods and the flame of fire gushed forth very strongly.” Chalinoi were alphabets in scrambled order and pseudo-epic hexameters that contained all the letters of the alphabet. They are mentioned by Quintilian (Inst. 1.1.37) and supposedly helped pronunciation since they combined harsh sounds. The ending (κέχυτο φλόξ) of this pseudo-epic verse occurs in Homer, Il. 16.123. It should be noticed that the form the student uses, ζαμενής, is the standard one, while in O.Claud. 1.182, where the same chalinos appears, the adjective is ζαμενη intended as the feminine of ζαμενός. The hand of this exercise is thick and a bit coarse being that of a student and should be dated to the middle of the fourth century. Most of the time, however, chalinoi were part of teachers’ models or were used in scribal education. In P.Oxy. 31.2604, for example, the line is repeated three times in different styles by a very practiced scribe. On chalinoi, cf. Cribiore 1996: 39–40 and nos. 48, 56, 60, 61, 79, and 287; Hagedorn 1968; Fournet 2000; and P.Pintaudi, pp. 262–264. Convex:

4

ΑΒΓΔΕΖ ΗΘΙΚΛΜΝ ΞΟΠΡΣΤ ΥΦΧΨΩ̣ ΒΩΜΟ ΝΟΓΗ̣

Dumped Material

8

231

ΨΕΘΕ ΟΙΣΖΑ

Concave:

4

ΜΕΝ ΗΣΔΕ̣Π̣ ΥΡΟΣΚ ΕΧΥΤΟ ΦΛΟΞ

748. Exercise. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372366. Inv. 14271. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 367. 6.7 × 5.2 cm. Written on convex side. A1b. Drawing or practice letters. 749. Exercise. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372367. Inv. 15597. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 58, FN 26. 5.2 × 3.9 cm. Written on concave side. A1a. If the writer wanted to make sense, this escapes us. What is evident is his or her desire to ligature letters and do some writing even if the hand is very immature and shows every kind of problem. There are 2 lines, plus one wandering around the edge. It is possible that this was an exercise in alignment, which resulted in failure. The number of stray strokes makes the reading uncertain. γρθη Πμ(ουν)

232

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

12. Miscellaneous 750. Drawing. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372368. Inv. 14054. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 367. 7 × 6.6 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. Drawing: a geometrical design, not very well executed; it is unclear if it is intended to represent something. 751. Drawing. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372369. Inv. 14355. Area 2.1, S3, DSU 399. 2.1 × 4.3 cm. Fragmentary. Written on convex side. A1a. Part of a drawing: another geometrical design, somewhat better drawn than 750.

13. Uncertain 752. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372370. Inv. 15816. Area 2.2, B6, Room 27, FSU 109. 8.0 × 7.4 cm. Written on the convex side. ΑΒ The alpha is oriented perpendicular to the beta. This context is the mud floor of a phase of the baths rather than, strictly, dumped material. 753. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372371. Inv. 13206. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 307, FN 69. 7.5 × 9.4 cm. Broken at left, upper right, and top. Written on concave side. A1b. The surface is lost below line 6. - - - - - - - ] ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] Ψεν[ ]ς Ἀμμω[

Dumped Material

4

233

] ̣ου τοφ̣[ ]ος ] ̣ δω( ) ] ̣ωλαρ( )

754. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372372. Inv. 13208. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 307. 9.1 × 7.1 cm. Broken at least at right. Written on convex side in lower right corner. A1a. Ἡλιοδω̣[ρ Heliodor755. Uncertain text: Tag? 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. TM# 372373. Inv. 13225. Area 2.1, Room 19C, DSU 307, FN 74. 4.7 × 3.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. ιδ (ἔτους) Τχα̣λ(εμσαψε) Ψ̣άις Σελλ̣ή̣ο̣(υς) 14th year, Tchalemsapse. Psais son of Selles. 1 S ostr. For the place see note to 680. 2 Possibly compare 716 for this man. 756. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372374. Inv. 14025. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 354, FN 14. 6.7 × 4.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Ἀμμώ(νιος) Ὥρο̣υ̣ καὶ Ὧρο̣ς̣ ̣ ̣ traces Ammonios son of Horos and Horos . . . .

234

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

2 Perhaps Ψ̣ά̣ι̣τ̣ο̣ς.̣ 757. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372375. Inv. 14309. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 366, FN 184. 2.6 × 3.7 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A1a. ἐλθό]ντι σο̣ι ]τηκεν

758. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372376. Inv. 14078. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 28. 4.7 × 3 cm. Broken at right (convex). Written on both sides. A1a. Convex α Ψεναμούνιο(ς) Ψ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ 1. Of Psenamounis . . . . Concave Remains of 2 lines, broken at left, of uncertain contents. 759. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372377. Inv. 14088. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 45. 2.5 × 4.8 cm. Broken at top, left and right. Written on convex side. A1a. - - - - - - ] ̣ε ̣[ ] κερ̣μ̣[

760. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372378. Inv. 14100. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 131. 12.3 × 6.1 cm. Broken at top. Written on convex side. A1a.

Dumped Material

235

The surface of the sherd is largely lost at right, and with it any hope of making connected sense. If our reading of line 2 is correct, it is a form of ὠτίον, probably in the sense of “handle.” Given the loss of surface, it is probably not to be connected closely with what could be the preposition “with” in the preceding line.

4

8

- - - - - - συν̣ [ ὠτίων κεράμια̣ Πετοσῖρις Παραιτ̣ί̣ο̣(υ) Ἁρπαῆσις ̣ ̣τ ̣ ̣θ ̣ ̣ ̣ το ̣ο ̣ traces ] traces ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣α

ll. 3–5: keramia Petosiris son of Paraitios Harpaesis 3 If a number of keramia was given, it is no longer visible. 761. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372379. Inv. 14103. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 121. 3 × 2.5 cm. Written on convex side. Set in jar stopper. A1b. Entirely faded. Perhaps γ̅. 762. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372380. Inv. 14108. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 111. 6.3 × 3.6 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1a. ιλαρ ὀ〚τ〛στέα αὐγαί

236

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

In an uncontrolled hand, with wobbly lines slopping across one another, presumably an exercise. There are some traces in the lower right corner that may possibly belong to the conclusion of whatever the writer intended in line 1. 763. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372381. Inv. 14121. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 114. 4.9 × 3.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. καινά Ὧρος new jars (?) Horos 1 Whether we are to understand καινά or κενά is unclear; probably referring to jars in either case. We prefer καινά because κουφά would normally be used for empties. 764. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372382. Inv. 14139. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 3.2 × 3.6 cm. Broken at lower right. Written on convex side. A1b. λ̣ 30 Less likely is α̣. 765. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372383. Inv. 14146. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. 4.3 × 6.3 cm. Broken at left (convex)? Written on both sides. A1a. Convex ] ̣κ̅ζ̣̅ ὡς τοῦ λίνου ] ἐκ ματίου καὶ ποτ( ) Lα̣

Dumped Material

237

Concave Σεντλελα . . . 27th at the rate for flax . . . per mation, and . . . Year 1. (Concave) Sentlela. Conv 3 Or Lε̣? Conc 1 It is not evident if this is a name of a person or of a place. 766. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372384. Inv. 14289. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 159. 4.8 × 5 cm. Broken at lower left. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

Ἁθὺρ ε̅ παράγωσις [πα]ρ̣ὰ Ψεναμο(ύνιος) ] ̣ ̣σιος

Hathyr 5. paragosis from Psenamounis . . . . 2 The word should derive from παράγω, but is otherwise unattested. 767. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372385. Inv. 14291. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 156. 3.2 × 2.8 cm. Complete? Written on convex side. Slip flaking off. A2a Scattered traces. Apparently 2 lines. 768. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372386. Inv. 14293. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368. FN 157. 3.9 × 2.8 cm. Broken at left and bottom. Written on concave side. A1a.

4

]οτι ] Πμουν ] Ψενπατα ] ̣τις - - - - - - -

238

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

. . . Pmoun . . . Psenpata . . . 3 No name with this beginning appears in TM. 769. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372387. Inv. 14307. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 171. 4.4 × 3.9 cm. Written on convex side. A1b. Traces of three to four lines of writing, of uncertain orientation. 770. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372388. Inv. 14314. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 177. 3.1 × 2.6 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1a. δ̣ι̣(ὰ) το(ῦ) ̣[ Πε̣το̣[ traces? 771. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372389. Inv. 14318. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 368, FN 172. 4.1 × 3.7 cm. Broken at top, left, and perhaps right. Written on convex side. A1a. - - - - - ] ̣αδε̣λ̣φ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ] traces 772. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372390. Inv. 14252. Area 2.1, S2, DSU 374, FN 150. 5.1 × 4.4 cm. Broken at upper right, left. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

- - - - - ]̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ ] ̣ ̣λ̣α̣ ̣ ̣[ ] traces [ ] ̣ ̣ μν(αῖ) κη̅

Dumped Material

2 ξ(έσται) at start? 773. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372391. Inv. 14442. Area 2.2, Room 26, DSU 23, FN 6. 2.5 × 2.9 cm. Fragmentary. Written on convex side. A1a. Traces of 2 lines, presumably Greek. 1

] ̣υν ̣[

774. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372392. Inv. 14444. Area 2.2, Room 26, DSU 23. 3 × 2.3 cm. Fragmentary. Written on concave side. A1a. Perhaps more than one line; the reading uncertain. μ̣α̣τ̣( ) ̣

775. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372393. Inv. 14445. Area 2.2, Room 26, DSU 23. 2.6 × 2.5 cm. Broken at left. Written on concave side. A1a. ] Π̣μουν Αμησ( ) ] ̣ (stroke probably from year tick) . . . Pmoun of Ames( ) 776. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372394. Inv. 14596. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 5. 3.2 × 2.4 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1b. Παμ[ ̣[ ̣[

239

240

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

2 Probably κ or β. 3 A small horizontal trace. 777. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372395. Inv. 14614. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31. 1.8 × 3.5 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1b. ̣ ̣ ̣[ τρι ̣ ̣[ ρος [

778. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372396. Inv. 14623. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 11. 4 × 4.5 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A5. ] ̣ ̣ αφε ̣ Ψ]ε̣ν̣νήσιο(ς) ] Ὀ̣ννώφρ̣ιο(ς) . . . of Psennesis . . . of Onnophris. 779. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372397. Inv. 30038. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31. 11.5 × 9.4 cm. Jar rim. A1b. κρ( ) γ̣ [

780. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372398. inv. 15581. Area 2.2, B6, Room 29, DSU 31, FN 23. 4.9 × 3.2 cm. Broken. Written on both sides. A1a. Convex Γαιανὸς [ τῇ μητ(ρὶ) Τ[

Dumped Material

241

] ̣ ̣ [̣ - - - - Concave

4

ς̅ Ἀμμ( ) ̣ ̣[ εὐχαρι̣[ δω̣[ ̣[ - - - - -

Gaianos . . . to his (?) mother . . . . (Concave) The 6th . . . . 781. Uncertain text concerning hay. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372399. Inv. 16031. Area 2.2, B6, Room 36, DSU 89. 3.5 × 4.5 cm. Broken at left. On convex side. A5. From a surface layer of pottery, thus of no definite context. ].ωμεριος δ]έσμ(ας) ξ . . . 60 bundles. 782. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372400. Inv. 16021. Area 2.3, B7, Room 9, DSU 52. 5.0 × 4.3 cm. Broken at top, perhaps at left. Written on convex side. B3b. - - - - - ] Παψάιτ̣[ο]ς̣ Of Papsais. 1 For the name cf. 364. 783. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372401. Inv. 16130. Area 2.2, B6, Room 34, DSU 119, FN 16. 4.2 × 2.0 cm. Broken at left (?), right, and bottom. Written on convex side. A1a.

242

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

] Κολ[άνθ— Kolanth– 784. Uncertain text. Ca. 275-350. TM# 372402. Inv. 16129. Area 2.2, B6, Room 34, DSU 119, FN 14. 3.9 × 2.7 cm. Broken at left, right, and top (?). Written on convex side. A1b. ̣ ̣ ̣ Πεκ[

785. Uncertain text. Ca. 275-350. TM# 372403. Inv. 13221. Area 2.1, Room 23, DSU 304. 3.1 × 2.2 cm. Broken at left and top (?). Written on convex side. A1a. - - - - ̣ εν

3. Ostraka from Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60 1. Accounts 786. Account of barley. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372404. Inv. 15796 + 15801. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 53 (right) + 56 (left). 4.7 × 5.5 cm. Broken at lower right. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

κε̣ν̣ώ̣ματα ἓξ ἐν Θιω κριθ(ῆς) (ἀρτάβας) β [ ἐν Μ[

6 empty vessels at Thio, 2 artabas of barley . . . at M2 The place-name Θι or Θιω is attested in Greek and Coptic texts from Kellis, see KAB, p. 75. 787. Account of wheat and barley. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372405. Inv. 15783 + 15784. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 54 + 55. 6.2 × 4.5 cm. Broken at top, right, and bottom. Written on convex side. A1b.

243

244

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4

- - - - - - - - [ ̣ ̣] ̣[ ] ̣[ Ψάις Του σίτ(ου) (ἀρτάβας) [ Εὐαγγέλλῳ [ σίτ(ου) (ἀρτάβην) α κρ(ιθῆς) (ἀ̣ρ̣τ̣.) [̣ ̣ ] - - - - - - - - Psais son of Tou, – art. of wheat. To Evangelos 1 art. of wheat, [– art. ] of barley

2 Ψαϊς ostr. 3 Read Εὐαγγέλῳ. 788. Account of grain. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372406. Inv. 15802. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 57. 3.0 × 3.8 cm. Broken at left, right, and bottom? Written on convex side. A1b. This is a close match to 787, but it does not join them. ] (ἀρτάβας) η ] θησαυρ( ) . . . 8 artabas . . . storehouse. 789. Account of grain and oil or wine. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372407. Inv. 15603. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60. 7.3 × 5.8 cm. Broken at bottom. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

δι(ὰ) Κολλο(ύθου) μ(άτια) η δι(ὰ) Ψά̣ι̣τ̣(ος) ὀνηλ(άτου) ὥστε Νικήτ(ῃ) μ̣ά̣ρ(ια) ιδ ]ζ - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Through Kollouthos, 8 matia; through Psais the donkey-driver, for Niketes, 14 maria.

Ostraka from Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60

245

2. Well Tags: Pmoun (and Moun) formula 790. Well tag. 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. TM# 372408. Inv. 15807. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 49. 3.4 × 2.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a with white wash. β Πμουν Ἑρμων ιε (ἔτους) 2. Pmoun Hermon, 15th year. 1–2 For the well see 611 and 623. The numeral 2 is presumably a vat number. 3 L ostr. 791. Well tag. 291/2? TM# 372409. Inv. 15636. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 39. 3.6 × 2.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a with white wash.

4

Πμουν Ψωι Ψεναμοῦνις Πετεύ̣ρ̣εος η̣ (ἔτους)

Pmoun Psoi. Psenamounis son of Peteuris, 8th year. 2–3 Cf. 142, of year 7, 614. 4 S ostr. 792. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372410. Inv. 15639. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 33. 4.8 × 2.4 cm. Complete but faded. Written on convex side. A1b. Πμο̣υ̣ν̣ Ψω Ὧρος Ὀν[ώφ]ρ̣ιος traces (?)

246

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Pmoun Pso. Horos son of Onnophris. 2 There is probably not enough space for Ὀν[νώφ]ρ̣ιος. 3 Perhaps a year number. 793. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372411. Inv. 16032. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 118, FN 4. 3.4 × 2.5 cm. Broken at bottom. Written on convex side. A1b. Πμουν Ἁραυ Φῖβις Πετεχ̣(ῶντος) [ ̣] (ἔτους) Pmoun Harau. Phibis son of Petechon, -th year. 1 For this well, see 593, 615, and O.Trim. 1, p. 34. 3 L ostr. (only top part preserved). 794. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372412. Inv. 16034. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 118, FN 6. 3.0 × 1.9 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Μουν Ψωι Ψεναμοῦνις Moun Psoi. Psenamounis.

3. Well Tags: Hydreuma Pmoun formula 795. Well tag. 288/9? TM# 372413. Inv. 15782. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 60. 3.4 × 2.8 cm. Broken at right? Written on convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμο(υν) Θοτ(ομη) Ἀμμώ(νιος) Ψενα(μούνιος) [ (ἔτους) ε

Ostraka from Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60

247

Well of Pmoun Thot(ome). Ammonios son of Psenamounis, 5th year. 1–2 It is not certain whether anything is lost at right. The patronymic in line 2 is not obviously abbreviated, but this name is often abbreviated after alpha; and nothing more is required in line 1. See note to 667 for the well. 3 L ostr. 796. Well tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372414. Inv. 15634. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 38. 4.3 × 3.4 cm. Complete but surface flaked. Written on convex side. A1a. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμουν Ψ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ Πρ̣ε̣με̣μο(ῦρις) ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ traces Hydreuma Pmoun . . . Prememouris . . . 1 Not Ψωι. 2 Cf. 613. 797. Well tag. 288/9? TM# 372415. Inv. 15641. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 34. 3.7 × 2.8 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a with white wash. ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμουν Ἑρμω(ν) (Hd. 2?) ε (ἔτους) Hydreuma Pmoun Herm(on). 5th year. 1 For the well cf. 611, 623, 790. 2 L ostr.

4. Tags: Other 798. Tag. 288/9? TM# 372416. Inv. 15770. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 43.

248

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4.4 × 3.4 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. (ἔτους) ε̣S// Νείλου Year 5, from Neilos. 799. Tag. Ca. 275–350, possibly 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. TM# 372417. Inv. 15809. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 50. 3.2 × 3.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a, with white washes. Παθώτ(ης) Παραίθ(ου) ι̣ ̣ (ἔτους) Pathotes son of Paraithes, 14th(?) year. 2 This is probably the same person as in 116, 616, 624, and 693. 3 ιδ? L ostr. 800. Tag. 303/4 or 325/6. TM# 372418. Inv. 15812. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 64. 2.7 × 2.4 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a with cream slip. Ὧρος Πινάχθου (ἔτους) κ Horos son of Pinachthes, year 20. 1–2 The individual also appears in 801. 3 L ostr. 801. Tag. 295/6 or 317/8. TM# 372419. Inv. 15637. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 36. 4.2 × 4.3 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b.

Ostraka from Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60

249

Ὧρος Πινάχθου ιβ (ἔτους) Horos son of Pinachthes, 12th year. 1–2 The individual also appears in 800. 3 L ostr. 802. Tag. 296/7 or 318/9. TM# 372420. Inv. 15638. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 37. 3.0 × 2.4 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

νεοφύτου Τχαλεμσαψε ιγ (ἔτους)

Newly-planted (vineyard) of Tchalemsapse, 13th year. 1 Sc. χωρίου. 2–3 See note to 680. 4 L ostr. 803. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372421. Inv. 15640. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 35. 4.4 × 3.6 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a with white wash. Παᾶς Paas. 1 TM shows no Roman examples of this name south of Oxyrhynchos, although it is attested at Thebes in the Ptolemaic period.

250

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

804. Tag. 294/5 or 316/7. TM# 372422. Inv. 16033. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 118, FN 5. 2.8 × 1.7 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. Τιθοῆς Θαήσιος ια (ἔτους) Tithoes son of Thaesis, 11th year. 1–2 This man is known from 148, where he is connected with Pmoun Psoi.

6. Memoranda 805. Memorandum for delivery of hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372423. Inv. 15670. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 56. 10.4 × 9.9 cm. Complete (from 2 joining fragments). Written on convex side. A1b. Πεβῶς Λουσαϊ δέσ(μας) ξ ὑπ(ὲρ) Πμ(ουν) Τλαβησ̣ε Ἑρμάμμων(ος) Pebos son of Louisai, 60 bundles for Pmoun Tlabese, of Hermammon. 2 The well is attested also in 806–809; all these ostraka were found in B6, Room 30. A Pmoun Talebe is found in O.Kellis 116.6; cf. 126.1n. 3 For Hermammon see 494, with references. 806. Memorandum for delivery of hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372424. Inv. 15794. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 51. 12.0 × 7.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a/A1b, gray thick core. Joins 807, a separate text at a different angle, but written in the same hand. Λουισυ̣ ̣ου δέσ(μας) λ ὑπ(ὲρ) Πμο(υν) Τλαβησε̣ Φιλίππου

Ostraka from Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60

4

251

Ὧρος Καλλίστ(ου) δέσ(μας) λ Φιλίππου ὑπ(ὲρ) Πμο(υν) Τλαβησε̣

Louisu—30 bundles for Pmoun Tlabese, of Philippos. Horos son of Kallistos, 30 bundles, of Philippos, for Pmoun Tlabese. 3,5 For Philippos, probably a fellow bouleutes with Serenos, see O.Trim. 1, p. 38. 807. Memorandum for delivery of hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372425. Inv. 15795. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 48. 8.1 × 6.1 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a/A1b, gray thick core. Joins 806, a separate text at a different angle, but written in the same hand. Ἰωάννης Μέρσ(ιος) δέσ(μας) λ ὑπ(ὲρ) Πμου(ν) Τλαβησε Φιλίππου Ioannes son of Mersis, 30 bundles, for Pmoun Tlabese, of Philippos. 808. Memorandum for delivery of hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372426. Inv. 15803. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 52. 5.1 × 6.5 cm. Broken at left. Written on convex side. A1a. [ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣]τ( ) Ἀγαθ(άμμωνος) δέσ(μας) λ [ὑπ(ὲρ) Πμο]υ(ν) Τλαβησ(ε) [ Φιλ]ίππου NN son of Agathammon, 30 bundles, for Pmoun Tlabese, of Philippos. 1 Cf. 644 for another Agathammon (not the same person). 809. Memorandum for delivery of hay. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372427. Inv. 15900. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 93, FN 1. 5.0 × 3.8 cm. Broken at left and right, perhaps top. Written on convex side. A1a.

252

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

[ ]χ( ) Πεβῶτ(ος) δ[έσ(μας) - ] [ὑπ(ὲρ) Πμου(ν)] Τλαβησε [ Ἑρμάμ]μ̣ωνος̣ NN son of Pebos, - bundles, for Pmoun Tlabese, of Hermammon.

9. Letters 810. Letter. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372428. Inv. 15604. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 31. 4.8 × 3.7 cm. Broken at upper left. Written on concave side. A1a.

4

]ις Ψελθίτ(ης) ποι]ι̣ χαίρειν ] μάρια ἕνα ] κερ(άμια) η ] η - - - - - - - - -

. . . the Pselthite . . . greetings. (Send) one marion and 8 keramia, 8. 1 For Pselthis, cf. O.Trim. 1, p. 37 and 818. 3 Read μάριον ἕν.

10. Writing Exercises and School Texts 811. Writing exercise. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372429. Inv. 15805 + 15806. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 46 + 47. 7 × 5.7. Written on convex side. A11. 6–7 lines of pen trials, in sawtooth writing.

11. Jar inscriptions 812. Jar inscription. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372430. Inv. 15929. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 93. 8.2 × 14.0 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1a.

Ostraka from Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60

253

ΤΟΥΤΕΟ[

813. Jar inscription. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372431. Inv. 15928. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 93. 11.0 × 14.0 cm. Broken at left and right. Written on convex side. A1b. ] . ΛΟΛΛΟ[ It is not clear if this alternation of lambdas and omicrons represents a text or simply the use of the letters as decorative elements.

12. Miscellaneous 814. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372432. Inv. 15771. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 44. 4.9 × 5.9 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

εχο̣μ̣ ̣ ̣[ Πετενεφω[ Ἀμμω( ) τ̣α̣ω ̣[ vacat 2 lines Ψ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ευρις ̣[ ̣μφι ̣ ̣ [ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[

3 We suppose that the uncertain letters are part of another name, but we have not been able to identify it. 815. Uncertain text. Ca. 350–370? TM# 372433. Inv. 15790. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 58. 12.5 × 8.4 cm. Written on the convex side of a rim sherd. A1a. traces? α ε Σερήνου κ ̣ ̣ 2 κε̣ρ̣(άμια)?

δ

254

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

816. Uncertain text. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372434. Inv. 15808. Area 2.2, B6, Room 30, DSU 60, FN 59. 2.1 × 2.6 cm. Fragment. Written on convex side. A1b. ] ] -

̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ -

- ̣ια[ ̣[ - -

4. Ostraka from Area 4 without Stratigraphic Position 1. Accounts and lists

817. Account. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372435. Inv. 13220. Area 4.1, DSU 12. 5.4 × 4.4 cm. Broken at bottom. Written on concave side. A1b.

4

traces Πολυδεύκ(ης) ̣ Ἔρως ̣ Σαραπίω(ν) δ [Γ]ερόντιο(ς) δ̣ ] ̣[ - - - - - - - - Polydeukes Eros Sarapion Gerontios

4 4

5. For Gerontios see 456.3 and above, p. 96. He is connected to the circle of Serenos.

255

256

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

818. Account of oil or wine. Third–fourth century. TM# 372436. Inv. 13249. Area 4.1, DSU 123, FN 72. 8.5 × 7.8 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1a.

4

8

Ψέλθεως Ἀμμό(νιος) νεώτερος μ̣ά̣ρ̣(ια) ̣ Ὧρος Ὡρ̣ι̣γένου(ς) μάρ(ια) ιδ Μ̣ενδ̣ήσιον μάρ(ια) ϛ Ὧρος Ψάιτ(ος) Ἰούλις μάρ(ια) β [Π]ι̣σῆχ̣θ(ις) ἀπὸ Π̣μουν̣ Ἐ̣μ̣β̣ω̣ο(υ) μάρ(ια) β Ζώσιμος μάρ(ια) δ̣ Εὐθύδημος μάρ(ια) ζ̣ Ψεναμοῦνις Πεμσ̣ᾶτο(ς) μάρ(ια) ι Ψεναμοῦ(νις) ̣ ̣[ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣ μά̣ρ̣(ια) δ̣ Pselthis Amonios the younger Horos son of Horigenes Mendesian Horos son of Psais grandson of Iulius Pisechthis from Pmoun Emboou Zosimos Euthydemos Psenamounis son of Pemsas Psenamounis . . .

– maria 14 maria 6 maria 2 maria 2 maria 4 maria 7 maria 10 maria 4 maria

1 For Pselthis, cf. O.Trim. 1, p. 37 and 810. 4 μενδησϊον ostr. It is not clear if a person or a measure (of wine) is referred to. 5 ιουλϊς ostr.; read Ἰουλίου. 6 For Pmoun Emboou, see O.Trim. 1, p. 34. The reading here, however, is anything but secure; the writer has squeezed in the name, running short of space, and the letters are very difficult to distinguish. Despite the lack of a descender for the rho, a name beginning in Ἑρμ- is not completely excluded. 819. Account. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372437. Inv. 13253. Area 4.1, DSU 123, FN 82. 6.9 × 11.0 cm. Complete? Written on convex side. Very faded. A1b.

Ostraka from Area 4

4

8

257

ὁ πατὴρ Ἀμμ[ώνιος Ζώ̣[σιμ]ος Κομη[ Ζώ̣σ[ιμος Β̣ακη̣[ Ἀμμώ[νι]ο̣ς̣ Ἰακωβ Ἀθανάσ̣ιος Φιλοκύριος Εὐτρόπιος Κλαδιος

Father Amm[; Zosimos; Kom[; Zos[imos]; Bake[; Ammonios; Iakob; Athanasios; Philokyrios; Eutropios; Claudius. 1 πατήρ is not used in any secular title that we know of from this period; cf. Bagnall and Cribiore 2012: 409–416 for the suggestion that it is here an ecclesiastical or monastic title, as in the Pachomian use of “father” of a monastery (μονή). Father Ammonios appears again receiving wine in inv. 16596 (unpublished), found in association with other material of the period of occupation of B1. The mention in the line preceding his name in that ostrakon of wine given “for Sunday” (εἰς τὴν κυριακήν) may strengthen the likelihood that this is a monastic title. “Father” also appears as a title, although following the name, in O.Kellis 120.1, Ἡλιόδωρος πατήρ. 820. Account of money and wine. Third century? TM# 372438. Inv. 14429. Area 4.1, AO50, DSU 153. 5.2 × 6.5 cm. Broken at left (on concave side). Written on both sides. A29. Convex side. Eight lines, very faint, not readable. Concave side

4

π̣(αρὰ) Σαραπίω(νος) (δραχμὰς) σ ] vac. ̣ε̣π̣τω ]κ̣ ̣̅ (δραχμὰς) σ ] ̣ ̣τ̣ ̣ ̣ οἴ(νου) χ(όας) ε ] ιγ̅ οἴ(νου) χ(όας) δ

258

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

] ̣ ̣Παῦν(ι) ι̣ ̣̅ ------------From Sarapion 200 dr. . . . 200 dr. . . . 5 choes of wine . . . 4 choes of wine . . . Pauni 10+. 821. Account of money. Fourth century. TM# 372439. Inv. 13629. Area 4.1, AQ 48, DSU 147. 3.3 × 5.9 cm. Broken at left and right. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

[ [ [ [ [ [ [ -

] ̣ ] ] ] ] ]

τάλ(αντα) ̣[ τάλ(αντα) φ[ τάλ(αντα) /Ατ̣ [ τάλ(αντα) φ/κ τάλ(αντα) ω/ν [ τάλ(αντα) /Α ̣ [ τά]λ̣(αντα) [ - - - - - - - - - - -

822. Account. Third–fourth century. TM# 372440. Inv. 14564. Area 4.1, AP 48, DSU 159, FN 1. 6.0 × 7.3 cm. Broken at upper right. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

8

- - - - / [ / Α ̣[ / Λαμ ̣ ̣ [ / Ἀκουσί̣λ̣[αος / Τιμόθ(εος) [ / γυνὴ Πεκύ[σιος / ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣[ / ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ρ ̣[ / ε ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ κ[ / φ̣ ̣[

. . . Akousilaos . . . Timotheos . . . wife of Pekysis . . .

Ostraka from Area 4

259

823. Account of barley. Third–fourth century. TM# 372441. Inv. 14589. Area 4.1, AP 48, DSU 159, FN 9. 3.2 × 5.3 cm. Broken at right (on convex side). Written on both sides. A1b.

4

Convex σ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ς[ Χερ ̣ ̣ ς κρι[θῆς ̣ ̣ ̣ ον [ Ψάις νο[ Παῦλο[ς υἱὸ(ς) Φ[ Concave χρόνους χρον ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣αις

. . . of barley . . . Psais . . . Paulos . . . son of . . . (concave) time . . . Concave 2 Ψάις? It is not evident what the concave side contained; perhaps only an exercise? 824. Account. Third century. TM# 372442. Inv. 14591. Area 4.1, AO 50. 5.1 × 10 cm. Written on convex side. A1b (Dyn. 26?). The upper part of the sherd was either left blank or has now completely faded.

4

ζ̅ οἰκ( ) δεσπ( ) λ οἰκ( ) υἱο(ῦ) δεσπ( ) ζ = .... ξ (τετρώβολον) μ( ) . . ς ἀργ(υρίου) (δραχμὰς) η

2–3 Are we to suppose οἰκ(ία) or οἶκ(ος) (or the dative or genitive of either), followed by δεσπ(ότου)? Or, more radically with internal abbreviation, οἰκ(ο)δέσπ(οινα)? Line 3 makes that less likely. 3–4 The presence of obols and drachmas shows that this text cannot be later than the latter part of the third century.

260

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

825. Account or list. Third–fourth century. TM# 372443. Inv. 14597. Area 4.1, AP 48, DSU 162, FN 18. 5.5 × 9.3 cm. Written on convex side; possibly also traces on the concave. A1b.

4

8

traces, abraded or crossed out? Βῆ̣κ̣ι̣ς traces, abraded or crossed out? Ἀμμών(ιος) Φαμ( ) Πλουια Πλουια Πλουια traces ?

. . . Bekis . . . Ammonios son of Pham( ), Plouia, Plouia, Plouia. 5–7 For the name Plouia see above, p. 106. 826. Account of ingredients with prices. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372444. Inv. 14612 + 14628. Area 4.1, AP 48. 14612 = DSU 159, FN 22; 14628 = DSU 166, FN 28. 10.5 × 9.3 cm. Written on both sides. A1b. The convex side is badly flaked. The appearance of sandarach, arsenic, and purple in this ostrakon tempts us to see it as an account of materials for pigments. But aloe vera and the opium poppy, also included, have no such uses that we know of, nor does balsam of Mecca. Purple dye, on the other hand, seems out of place if the list is of ingredients for medical use (cf. 536). It does occur to a limited degree in medical authors like Aetius, but it is far less common than any of the others as a recipe ingredient.

4

Concave ἀλόης (οὐγκία) α τάλ(αντα) /Αχ σανταρ(άκης) (οὐγκίαι) β τάλ̣(αντα) υ ἀρσενικ(οῦ) (οὐγκίαι) β τάλ(αντα) φ ὀπιομήκ(ωνος) (οὐγκία) α τάλ(αντα) /Αφ τιμ(ῆς) πορφύρ(ας) τάλ(αντα) /ϛχ γί(νονται) ταλ(άντων) (μυριάδες) γ /Ζχ

Ostraka from Area 4

2–7

261

Convex ἀπ̣ο̣βαλσάμ(ου) traces illegible

For 1 ounce of aloe, 1600 talents; for 2 ounces of sandarach, 400 tal.; for 2 ounces of arsenic, 500 tal.; for 1 ounce of opium poppy, 1500 tal.; for price of purple, 6600 tal. Total, 37,600 tal. Balsam of Mecca . . . Concave 1 Aloe vera. 2 Read σανδαράκης, defined by LSJ as “red sulphide of arsenic, realgar” or “an orange pigment.” It is widely used in medical recipes as well. 3 “Yellow orpiment” according to LSJ. This is an arsenic sulphide, which can be a byproduct of the decay of realgar. Highly toxic, it was prized as a bright yellow pigment. It appears in medical writers, sometimes in conjunction with sandarach, but is largely absent from Galen’s works. 4 φ ex π. Both ὄπιον and μήκων occur in Greek to refer to the opium poppy, but the compound used here is not previously attested, as far as we can see. It occurs widely in medical writers in recipes. Convex 1 We owe the reading to a referee. It is an alternative form for ὀποβάλσαμον, the juice of the balsam tree. There may have been additional washed-out text below. 827. Account in money. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372445. Inv. 15804. Area 4.1, AN 50, DSU 1. 4.9 × 4.6 cm. Broken at left and below right. Written on convex side. A1b graybrown, with cream slip.

4

Κ]λ̣αυδίου ] ̣ιανου ] ̣ιου ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ] ̣ οι̣[ - - - - - - - -

τάλ(αντα) /Α τάλ(αντα) /Β τάλ(αντα) [ τάλ(αντα) [ - - - - -

262

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

2. Tags: Pmoun Formula 828. Well tag. 295/6 or 317/8. TM# 372446. Inv. 15582. Area 4.1, AP 48, DSU 172, FN 54. 3.8 × 2.5 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. A1a. ιβ (ἔτους) Μουν Παμω μικροῦ χωρίου Ἀμμωνᾶτος 12th year, Moun Pamo. For the small vineyard of Ammonas. 1 S ostr. 829. Well tag. 288/9? TM# 372447. Inv. 15583. Area 4.1, AP 48, DSU 172, FN 53. 5.1 × 3.0 cm. Complete. Written on concave side. A1a. ε (ἔτους) Π̣μο(υν) Βαιος χωρίου Ἁρυώτου 5th year, Pmoun Baios. For the vineyard of Haryotes. 1 S/ ostr. For the well, cf. 612. The name means “palm branch” in Coptic, cf. Crum, Coptic Dictionary, 27b. 3 A tag with the same name and a vat number appears under 677. 830. Tag. 284/5? TM# 372448. Inv. 16020. Area 4.1, AR 49, DSU 189. 3.2 × 3.2 cm. Complete. Written on convex side. B10. α (ἔτους) Πμουν Θαυτ χωρ(ίου) Πετοσ(ίριος) Ανγελ̣ 1st year, Pmoun Thaut. Vineyard of Petosiris . . .

Ostraka from Area 4

263

1 What we have resolved as (ἔτους) here is difficult to interpret; it resembles neither the L sign nor the S sign, but it is followed by two short diagonal strokes, as often with the S. Instead of S, what stands on the ostrakon looks more like zeta or an upsilon of that shape (very different from the upsilons in this text). We have considered but rejected αὐ(τουργός) as a reading. A possible alternative would be α ὕδ(ρευμα), with the alpha representing a vat number. But it would have no numeral marking, and the supposed delta is more than doubtful. 1–2 For a Pmoun of the same name, see 105, 636, 644, 646, 652. 3 We do not know what the last item here represents. There is no reason to think that the sherd is broken at right in lines 1–2. TM records no case of Ἄγγελος as a name.

3. Tags: Hydreuma Pmoun Formula 831. Tag. 299/300, 307/8, or 321/2. TM# 372449. Inv. 14631. Area 4.1, AP 48, DSU 166, FN 27. 4.4 × 4.3 cm. Broken at bottom. Written on convex side. A1a.

4

ὕδ(ρευμα) Πμουν Ὀσιρε Ὧρος Π̣αθ(ώτου) ιϛ (ἔτους)

Hydreuma Pmoun Osire. Horos son of Pathotes (?), 16th year. 1–2 For Pmoun O(u)sire, see O.Trim. 1, p. 35. It gets referred to also in 466.2, 647.1–2, and 661.1 (ὕδρ. Πμ. Ὀσιρε). 3 The patronymic is read with considerable doubt, as the second vertical stroke of pi is hardly visible. If it is correct, the individual is also attested in 683 and 697 as well as perhaps 1.2. 4 L ostr.

4. Tags: Other 832. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372450. Inv. 13247. Area 4.1, DSU 123, FN 75. 3.1 × 2.1 cm. Probably broken at left. Written on concave side. A1b.

264

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Σιῦγχις Siynchis. 1 See 53.3 and 531 for this name. 833. Tag. 287/8? TM# 372451. Inv. 14598. Area 4.1, AP 48, DSU 162, FN 17. 2.6 × 2.3 cm. Complete? Written on convex side. A1b. δ (ἔτους) χωρίον Σαρᾶτος 4th year, vineyard of Saras. 1 S// ostr. 834. Tag. Ca. 275-350. TM# 372452. Inv. 15514. Area 4.1, AP 48, DSU 168. 2.6 × 2.0 cm. Complete. On concave side. A1b. Παπν(ούθης) Ἀμμω(νίου) Τιθο(έους) Papnouthes son of Ammonios, grandson of Tithoes. 1–3 This may be the son of the man attested in 602 and 701. 835. Tag. Ca. 275–350. TM# 372453. Inv. 15584. Area 4.1, AP 48, DSU 173, FN 55. 4.1 × 2.4 cm. Complete. On convex side. A1a. Πλο̣υια̣ καὶ Ἄμμωνος

Ostraka from Area 4

265

Plouia and Ammon. 1 The alpha at the end of Πλο̣υια̣ is very difficult, and epsilon is not excluded, although this spelling of the name is not otherwise attested. 836. Tag. 288/9? TM# 372454. Inv. 15602. Area 4.1, AO 49, DSU 183, FN 61. 4.5 × 3.0 cm. Broken at right. Written on convex side. A1b.

4

α (ἔτους) ὑδρεύματ(ος) Ἀλεξάνδ(ρου) χω〚 ̣〛ρί(ου) Ἑρμησί(α) πίθου̣ ν̣η

1st year, Hydreuma of Alexandros. Vineyard of Hermesias, pithos 58. 1 S/ ostr. 3 If our view that nothing is lost at right is correct, the writer began this line by writing some letter that we can not now recover, effaced it somewhat, then finished χωρίου; there is a line over the iota. 4–5 The term pithos, once reserved for an earthenware vessel, comes to be used from the third century on to refer to the vat, the permanent structure that received the juice from grapes. This usage is particular to the Hermopolite, Oxyrhychite, and Aphrodite, according to the detailed study by Dzierzbicka (2005: 61–73), who established the meaning beyond doubt. If the reading here is correct, the vineyard of Hermesias had at least 58 such vats, which would suggest a grand scale.

9. Letters, Orders, and Notes 837. Order for delivery. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372455. Inv. 14257. Area 0.0, DSU 1 (Temple Hill, SW part, surface find). 6.5 × 6.7 cm; on convex side. Complete. A1a. Σαρ̣απίω̣ν̣ ἐπιμε[λ]η̣(τὴς) ἀχύρου Τριμίθεως

266

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4

δὸς Ἐ̣ρ̣αβίῳ τρ(οφῆς) Ὡριγένης ἱππ(έως) κ̣(απιτὰ) δεκαπέντε γ(ίνεται) ιε ὑ(πὲρ) φ ̣ ̣ ̣ν Ὡριγ(ένους) Χολλ(ῶς?)

4 Ὡριγένους ? Sarapion epimeletes of chaff of Trimithis: give to Erabios for supply of Horigenes, cavalryman, fifteen capita, total, 15, for . . . of Horigenes. Chollos. 1 The reading of the title is difficult. We have considered the epiktes as a possibility, but the term is not palaeographically satisfying. (For the epeiktai, cf. Lewis 1997: 24. He gives the chronological range of the office as ca. 250–358. Although chaff is not one of the circumscriptions Lewis lists, wheat is.) The epimeletes, on the other hand, is the standard official found in receipts for military provisions in the fourth- and fifth-century ostraka from the oases. The major difficulty in the reading is the apparent absence of lambda, and the presence of an indistinct vertical stroke under the right side of mu. But overall we think this reading is to be preferred. 3 For Erabios see 295.5. We expect some expression to explain the appearance of Horigenes in line 4. We cannot read ὑπέρ, and in fact we would expect a term or title linking Erabios to Horigenes. The second letter is clearly a rho with a diagonal stroke of abbreviation through it; the first seems to be tau in preference to gamma or sigma. The resolution τρ(οφῆς) appears to impose itself, cf. the discussion of capita in the note to line 4. The term is commonly used in contexts of the supply of necessities for animals, both in the military and in ordinary life. It appears also in 560.2. 4 κ̣(απιτά): κ΄ ostr. The term appears in a number of ostraka from Douch; see the long note to O.Douch 1.45 for the complex history of the word. It denotes rations for animals and is the counterpart to annona for humans. In measuring chaff, as is the case in all of the Douch ostraka, capita come in multiples of five in most instances, as here. See also Mitthof 2001: 232–234. It is conceivable that instead of ἱππ(έως) we should resolve ἵππ(ων), but word order favors the former. 6 There is a tick after upsilon suggesting abbreviation; we have resolved ὑ(πέρ), although this is not the typical form of abbreviation of this preposition. We do not know what follows. It is not a form of Φλάουιος. The most attractive reading to our eyes would be φαγίων, which would derive from an otherwise unat-

Ostraka from Area 4

267

tested form φαγίον. The existence of such a word was suggested in O.Douch 1.34.5n. as “substantivation par hypercorrectitude de l’infinitif φαγεῖν.” That suggestion was made in an attempt to explain a reading τοφαγια, which was later recognized to be an error for τιφάγιον, a term of still-unknown meaning and derivation discussed in ZPE 80 (1990) 239–242 and ZPE 122 (1998) 173–188. φαγίον would mean, presumably, “rations” or something close to that. 7 A variant spelling of Χολῶς, cf. 471? 838. Letter. Ca. 350–370. TM# 372456. Inv. 15539. Area 4.1, AP 48, DSU 173. 7.5 × 3.5 cm. Slight loss at right; perhaps broken below. Written on both sides. A1b.

4

Convex one line abraded τῷ ἰδίῳ Σαραπίωνο[ς ] χαίρειν. καλῶς ποιήσει̣[ς ] τὸν κύριν κ̣ό̣μιζε υἱὸν Δωρό[θεον ] traces ---------------Concave . . . . . . . τον ε . . . . . [.]ετησιν δοὺς . . . . . ς μάτια σίτου . . . . . . . . - - - - - - - - - - -

. . . to his Sarapion, greetings. Please . . . bring (your?) son Dorotheos . . . Conv 2 Read Σαραπίωνι. Men of this name in official positions appear in 525 and 528 (exaktor) and 837 (epimeletes). Conv 4 Read κύριον. Conc 1–2 ἀπ]έτησιν, read ἀπαίτησιν? 839. Letter. Fourth century. TM# 372457. Inv. 15587. Area 4.1, AO 50, DSU 158, FN 57. 4.8 × 5.5 cm. Written on convex side. Local fabric, red with gray core.

268

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

4

8

[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ] ἀ̣δ̣ε̣λ[φῶ]ι̣ Διονύσις [χαί]ρειν καὶ ἐρρῶσθαι. [ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ τὸ γρα̣μμά̣[τιον] εἰς τὸ̣ κερμη[ [ ̣ ̣ ̣] διε ̣ ̣ ̣ ορφην εἰς ̣[ [ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ δισλίας τετρα[κοσίας] ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ χ ̣ ̣ ̣ ω [ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ν ̣ ̣ ̣ - - - - - - - - - - - -

Dionysios to his brother. . . greetings and good health. . . . the contract(?) . . . 2400 . . . 1 Read Διονύσιος.

10. Writing Exercises and School Texts 840. Exercise. Third–fourth century. TM# 372458. Inv. 13248. Area 4.1, DSU 115, FN 73. 3.3 × 3.7 cm. Breakage uncertain. Written on concave side. A1b. α α α̣ Two alphas and perhaps the beginning of a third.

13. Uncertain 841. The letter tau. Third–fourth century. TM# 372459. Inv. 13603. Area 4.1, DSU 142, AQ 48. 1.5 × 3.2 cm. Complete? Written on convex side. A29. τ 842. Uncertain text. Third–fourth century. TM# 372460. Inv. 13604. Area 4.1, DSU 143, AQ 48, FN 1. 7.9 × 5.2 cm. Broken at upper right. Written on concave side. A1a.

Ostraka from Area 4

4

269

- - - - - - Σ̣α̣ρ traces θ̣ι̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ δουσ̣ traces ̣ ο̣υ̣δ ̣ ̣ ̣ σ̣ traces ̣ ζητ ̣ ν ̣ ̣ traces

843. Uncertain text. Third–fourth century. TM# 372461. Inv. 13626. Area 4.1, AQ 48, DSU 142. 13.0 × 8.0 cm. Written on convex side. A1b. Faint traces of 3+ lines of writing, scattered. 844. Alphas. Third–fourth century. TM# 372462. Inv. 15537. Area 4.1, AP 48, DSU 167, FN 45. 15.5 × 11.3 cm. Written on convex side. A1b gray-brown. ααα The second alpha is slightly raised. After the three alphas, there may be traces at right on the break. 845. Uncertain text. Third–fourth century? TM# 372463. Inv. 14375. Area 4.1, AO 50, DSU 151, FN 1. 4.3 × 5 cm. Written on convex side. A1b. Traces of ink, evidently Greek. It is not clear that all characters are oriented in the same direction. 846. Uncertain text. Date uncertain. TM# 372464. Inv. 14443. Area 4.1, DSU 153, Sq. A050, FN 6. 3.5 × 3.2 cm. Fragmentary. Written on convex side. A1a. Remains of 3 lines. Orientation, language, and character unclear.

Indexes I. Years and Indictions Year 1 623.2, 647.1, 666.3, 674.3n., 676.3, 714.3, 765conv.3(?), 830.1, 836.1 Year 2 591.4, 635.1, 643.1, 661.3, 726.1, 732.1 Year 3 614.3, 617.3, 637.1, 642.1, 644.1, 650.1(?) Year 4 718.2, 730.3, 733.1, 833.1 Year 5 607.4, 611.3, 624.3, 765conv.3(?), 795.3, 797.2, 798.1, 829.1 Year 6 703.3 Year 7 659.3, 673.3, 683.1, 720.1 Year 8 667.3, 791.4 Year 9 628.3, 651.1 Year 10 589.1, 649.1 Year 11 590.3, 603.3, 645.1, 652.1, 671.1, 674.3n., 693.3, 804.3 Year 12 616.4, 636.1, 710.3, 801.3, 828.1 Year 13 585.3, 646.1, 682.1, 701.3, 706.2, 723.3, 734.1, 802.4

Year 14 598.1, 612.2, 618.3, 633.1, 675.2, 684.2, 687.3, 696.3, 697.3, 712.2, 755.1, 799.3(?) Year 15 586.3, 596.2, 600.3, 602.4, 610.3, 641.4, 656.3, 662.3, 680.3, 698.2, 790.3 Year 16 655.3, 681.3, 688.3, 831.4 Year 17 599.4, 658.3, 660.2 Year 18 588.3, 592.2, 665.3 Year 1[ ̣] 799.3 Year 20 654.3, 800.3 Year 22 489.2 Year 24 736.1 Year 28 668.3 ς ἰνδικτίων 532.7 θ ἰνδικτίων 527.4 – ἰνδικτίων 742.6

II. Months Θώθ 525conc.2 Φαῶφι 528.1 Ἁθύρ 766.1 Χοιάκ 507.1, 513.1, 515.1, 517.1, 519.1, 520.1, 532.6 Τῦβι 505.1, 508.1, 510.1

Φαμενώθ 516.1 Φαρμοῦθι 503.1, 524conv.1 Παῦνι 820conc.6 Ἐπείφ 456.1, 476.1, 512.1, 514.1, 518.1, 522.1 Μεσορή 506.1 271

272

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

III. Names of persons ]αδιος 468.2 ]αλειτ 473.6 ]ανος 541.1, 575.4, 578.1 ]δωρος 470.2 ] ̣ιανός 827.2 ]πάμων 473.7 ̣ ριων s. Ῥοδίνος 498.1 Ἀγαθάμμων 808.1; see also Index IV, χωρίον Ἀγαθάμμωνος Ἄγαθος Δαίμων s. Ἁρυώθης 729.1 Ἀγα[θ- f. Ψεναμοῦνις 497.1 Ἀθανάσιος 819.8 Ἀκουσίλαος 822.4 Ἀλέξανδρος ὀπτίων Ἀσφύνεως 528.4 Ἀλέξανδρος 637.2–3; see also Index IV, χωρίον υἱοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου Ἄμμων 835.2 Ἀμμωνᾶς see Index IV, χωρίον Ἀμμωνᾶτος Ἀμμώνιος s. Βανίπις 667.2 Ἀμμώνιος s. Κλαύδιος, see Index IV, χωρίον Ἀμμωνίου Κλαυδίου Ἀμμώνιος s. Παθώτης, gs. Κολάνθης 581.4 Ἀμμώνιος s. Πισῶς 710.1 Ἀμμώνιος s. Σαμαρίτης 645.2 Ἀμμώνιος s. Σῖρις 464.2 Ἀμμώνιος s. Τιθοῆς 602.2, 701.1, 723.1, 834.2 (f. Παπνούθης) Ἀμμώνιος s. Φαμ( ) 825.4 Ἀμμώνιος s. Ψεναμοῦνις 795.2 Ἀμμώνιος s. Ὧρος 739.1, 756.1 Ἀμμώνιος f. Παπνούθης 834.2 Ἀμμώνιος f. Πετοσῖρις 581.5 Ἀμμώνιος f. Σαραπίων 465.1 Ἀμμώνιος f. Σύρος gf. Πεβῶς 474conc.2 Ἀμμώνιος νεώτερος 818.2 Ἀμμώνιος, πατήρ 819.1 Ἀμμώνιος 455conv.1, 542.1, 744conc.3, 819.1,6; see also Index IV, χωρίον Ἀμμωνίου Ἀμμώνιος (?) 474conv.5, 722.2n., 753.2, 780conc.1, 814.3 Ἀμμ- 467.4

Ἀμ- 467.1 Ανγελ 830.3 Ἀνοῦφις 474conv.4 Ἀπίων 460.4 Ἀπολλώνιος s. Σαραπίων 649.2 Ἀπολλώνιος f. Σῖρις 636.3–5 Ἀπολλώνιος f. Ψάις 473.3 Ἀπολλῶς s. Πλουβ 573.1 Ἄρειος s. Ὧρος 581.1 Ἁρπαῆσις f. Ψάις 711.2 Ἁρπαῆσις 665.2, 760.4 Ἁρποκρατίων 460.2 Ἁρυώθης f. Ἄγαθος Δαίμων 729.1 Ἁρυώτης s. Παραίτιος 634.2 Ἁρυώτης 677.1–2, 704.1; see also Index IV, χωρίον Ἁρυώτου Ἄρων 509.1 Ἁτρῆς 741.1 Αὐρήλιος 563.1 Βακη[ 819.5 Βανίπις f. Ἀμμώνιος 667.2 Βηκε (?) 572.1 Βῆκις s. Πισῆχθις 582conc.10 Βῆκις f. Ψεναμοῦς 573.3 Βῆκις 574conv.1, 825.2 Βονίπις f. Παθώτης 647.3 Γαιανός 780conv.1 Γερόντιος 456.3, 817.5 Διονύσιος f. Σεραπᾶς 579.8–9 Διονύσιος 839.1 Δωρόθεος 576.3, 838conv.4 Ἐράβιος 837.3 Ἔραστος 745.4-5 Ἑρμάμμων 494.3, 805.3, 809.3 Ἑρμησίας 744conv.1; see also Index IV, χωρίον Ἑρμησί(α) Ἑρμοκλάμμων 570.2 Ἑρμοκλῆς 668.2 Ἔρως 817.3 Εὐάγγελος 787.3 Εὐήθιος 455conv.2

Indexes Εὐθύδημος 818.8 Εὐτρόπιος 819.10 Εὐτυχίδης s. Πετῆσις 587.2 Ζώιλος s. Παμουρ 738.1 Ζώιλος 456.4 Ζώσιμος 818.7, 819.2,4 Ἠλίας 514.1, 524conc.3 Ἡλιόδωρος 754.1 Ἡου 502.4n. Ἡρακλάμμων see Index IV, χωρίον Ἡρακλάμμωνος Ἡρακλᾶς see Index IV, Πμουν Ἡρακλᾶ Ἡρακλείδης 530.2–3 Ἡράκλειος 529.2 Ἡρακλ( ) s. Ψάις, gs. Πετοσῖρις, ggs. Ἰμούθης 581.3 Ἥρων s. Πινάχθης 590.2 Ἥρων s. Σαμῶς 573.6 Θαῆσις m. Τιθοῆς 804.2 Θαῆσις 488.2 Θα[ 524conc.4 Θεόδωρος 491.3, 493.3, 543.2, 739.3 Θεότιμος 532.2 Θεσκῆμις 573.5 Ἰακωβ 819.7 Ἰμούθης s. Ψεναμοῦνις 588.2, 655.2 Ἰμούθης f. Πετοσῖρις, gf. Παθώτης 581.2 Ἰμούθης f. Πετοσῖρις, gf. Ψάις, ggf.(?) Ἡρακλ( ) 581.3 Ἰμούθης see also Index IV, Πμουν Ἰμούθου Ἰουλιανός 456.2,7,8, 531conv.1 Ἰούλιος f. Ψάις gf. Ὧρος 818.5 Ἰσίδωρος f. Ψάις 504.1 Ἰωάννης s. Μέρσις 807.1 Ἰωάννης 457.5 Κάλλιστος f. Ὧρος 806.4 Κελιβις 573.8 Κλαύδιος f. Ἀμμώνιος, see Index IV, χωρίον Ἀμμωνίου Κλαυδίου

273

Κλαύδιος 476.1, 819.11, 827.1; see also Index IV, χωρίον Κλαυδίου Κολάνθης f. Παθώτης, gf. Ἀμμώνιος 581.4 Κολάνθης 783.1(?); see also Index IV, χωρίον Ψάιτος Κολάνθου Κολλοῦθος 789.1 Κόλοβος 461.3 Κομη[ 819.3 Κόραξ s. Ὀννῶφρις 500.1 Κόραξ s. Ψάις 496.1 Κόραξ f. Μέρσις 473.4 Λαμ ̣ ̣[ 822.3 Λουισαι f. Πεβῶς 805.1 Λουισυ ̣ ου 806.1 Λουιχανς 491.1 Λουι ̣ 457.3 Μαθθαῖος 455conv.4 (Μαθθ ος) Μακάριος 532.2 Μάρων 474conv.2 Μάτρων 666.2 Μεγχῆς s. Μύρων 725.1 Μέρσις s. Κόραξ 473.4 Μέρσις f. Ἰωάννης 807.1 Μουσῆς s. Ψενπνούθης 478.1 Μύρων f. Μεγχῆς 725.1 Μύρων 730.2 Νεῖλος 798.2; see also Index IV, χωρίον Ψάιτος Νείλου Νικήτης 789.4 Νικοκλῆς 527.3–4, 529.3 Νῖνος 531conv.10 Ὀδοντας 574conv.2 Ὀννῶφρις f. Κόραξ 500.1 Ὀννῶφρις f. Ψεννῆσις 615.3 Ὀννῶφρις f. Ὧρος 792.2 Ὀννῶφρις 778.3 Οὐαι f. Πετοσῖρις 495.1 Οὐενῶς f. Ὧρος 688.1–2 Πα ̣[ 487.1

274

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Παᾶς 803.1 Παγ[ 487.1n. Παγενας f. Πλουια 489.1 Παγενας f. Ψάις 484.1 Παγοραῦς 471.1 Παθώτης s. Βονίπις 647.2 Παθώτης s. Κολάνθης f. Ἀμμώνιος 581.4 Παθώτης s. Παραίτιος 616.2, 624.2, 693.1 (Παραίθου), 799.1 (Παραίθου) Παθώτης s. Πεκῦσις 651.2 Παθώτης s. Πετεχῶν 726.1 Παθώτης s. Πετοσῖρις gs. Ἰμούθης 581.2 Παθώτης s. Ψάις 642.2 , 734.2 (f. Ψεναμοῦνις) Παθώτης f. Ψάις 464.1 Παθώτης f. Ὧρος 683.1–2, 697.1–2, 831.3(?) Παθώτης 579.4, 694.1, 731.1(?) Παλᾶς 584.5 Παλεβ 488.1 Παμ[ 776.1 Παμουν s. Σαραπίων 465.2 Παμουρ f. Ζώιλος 738.1 Πανᾶς 531conv.15 Πανα( ) f. Ψεναμοῦνις 661.2 Πανῦρις 477.1–2, 737.1 Παπ[ 487.1n. Παπνούθης s. Ἀμμώνιος gs. Τιθοῆς 834.1 Παπνούθης 502.2 Παραίθης see Παραίτιος Παραίτιος f. Ἁρυώτης 634.2 Παραίτιος f. Παθώτης 616.3, 624.2–3, 693.2 (Παραίθου), 799.2 (Παραίθου) Παραίτιος f. Πετοσῖρις 597.3, 760.4 Παραίτιος 605.2, 608.2, 629.1 Παστῶς s. Ὧρος 719.1 Παστῶς f. Τιθοῆς 610.2–3 Παστῶς 562.1, 573.7 Παῦλος 823conv.5 Πᾶφις f. Ψάις 707.1 Παψάις 782.1 Πα- 467.3 Πεβῶς s. Λουισαι 805.1

Πεβῶς s. Σύρος gs. Ἀμμώνιος 474conc.2 Πεβῶς f. Ψάις 493.1 Πεβῶς f. ]χ( ) 809.1 Πεκῦσις s. Ὧρος 472.1 Πεκῦσις f. Παθώτης 651.2 Πεκῦσις 455conv.5, 531conv.10,13, 567.1, 682.1, 784.1(?), 822.6 Πεμσᾶς f. Ψεναμοῦνις 818.9 Πετεῆσις: γυνὴ Πετεήσιος 738.3 Πετεμῖνις 595.2 Πετενεφώτης f. Ψεναμοῦνις 479.2 Πετενεφώτης 585.2, 814.2(?) Πετεῦρις f. Ψεναμοῦνις 614.2, 791.3 Πετεῦρις 630.2, 639.2, 684.1–2, 698.1, 708.1, 712.1 Πετεχῶν f. Παθώτης 726.2 Πετεχῶν f. Φῖβις 793.2 Πετεχ( ) 575.5 Πετεχ ̣( ) 582conc.3 Πετε- 498.4 Πετ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ις 582conc.4 Πετῆσις f. Εὐτυχίδης 587.2 Πετῆσις f. Ὧρος 706.1 Πετορζμῆθις (Πετορζσμῆ[θις]) 483.1–2 Πετοσῖρις s. Ἀμμώνιος 581.5 Πετοσῖρις s. Ἰμούθης 581.2 (f. Παθώτης),3 (f. Ψάις gf.(?) Ἡρακλ( )) Πετοσῖρις s. Οὐαι 495.1 Πετοσῖρις s. Παραίτιος 597.2, 760.4 Πετοσῖρις s. Πινάχθης 591.2, 593.2(?) Πετοσῖρις s. Πουῶρις 594.2 Πετοσῖρις s. Ψεναμοῦνις 579.5 Πετοσῖρις s. Ψενα ̣ ̣ 606.2 Πετοσῖρις s. Ψενπ ̣ ̣ χο( ) 618.2 Πετοσῖρις s. Ψενπνούθης 620.2, 622.2 Πετοσῖρις s. Ὧρος 735.1 Πετοσῖρις f. Σελλῆς 617.2, 628.2, 673.2 Πετοσῖρις f. Τιθοῆς 709.2 Πετοσῖρις f. Ψεμο( ) 662.2 Πετοσῖρις f. Ψεναμοῦνις 486.1 Πετοσῖρις 584.2; see also Index IV, χωρίον Πετοσίριος Πετο( ) 770.2 Πετρ ̣ [ 533.3 Πινάχθης f. Ἥρων 590.3 Πινάχθης f. Πετοσῖρις 591.3, 593.3(?)

Indexes Πινάχθης f. Ψενῆσις 627.3 Πινάχθης f. Ψενπλαεῦς 676.2 Πινάχθης f. Ὧρος 800.1–2, 801.1–2 Πισῆχθις s. Πρητ 461.1 Πισῆχθις f. Βῆκις 582conc.10 Πισῆχθις f. Ψάις 671.2 Πισῆχθις f. Ψεναμοῦνις 736.2 Πισῆχθις 567.2, 692.1, 818.6 (ἀπὸ Πμουν Ἐμβωο(υ)) Πισῶς f. Ἀμμώνιος 710.1–2 Πισῶς f. Τιθοῆς 607.3, 703.1–2 Πιῦρις 582conc.9, 690.1, 744conc.3 Πλουβ f. Ἀπολλῶς 573.1 Πλουια s. Παγενας 489.1 Πλουια 825.5–7, 835.1 Πλουτάμμων f. Του 490.1 Πλουτογένης s. Το.ρι 473.2 Πλουτογένης 580conc.1 Πναμε 586.2, 596.2 Πολυδεύκης 817.2 Πουῶρις f. Πετοσῖρις 594.3 Πρεμεμοῦρις 613.2, 796.2 Πρητ f. Πισῆχθις 461.1 Π- 467.2 Ῥοδίνος f. ̣ ̣ ̣ριων 498.1 Ῥουπώνις s. Τιθοῆς 573.4 Σαβεῖνος 516.3 Σαλην f. Ψάις 473.5 Σαμαρίτης f. Ἀμμώνιος 645.2–3 Σαμῶς f. Ἥρων 573.6 Σαν ̣ [ 499.1 Σανμοῦς 499.1n. Σαντᾶς 481.1 Σαρ ̣ [ 482.1, 842.1 Σαραπάμμων s. Σαραπάμμων 579.6 Σαραπάμμων f. Σαραπάμμων 579.6–7 Σαραπάμμων 473.7n., 603.2, 720.2–3n. Σαραπᾶς 472.3, 720.2–3n.; see also Index IV, Πμουν Σαραπᾶ, χωρίον Σαραπᾶ Σαραπίων ἐξάκτωρ 524conc.1,5, 525conv.4, 528.6 (title omitted) Σαραπίων ἐπιμελητής 837.1

275

Σαραπίων s. Ἀμμώνιος 465.1 Σαραπίων f. Ἀπολλώνιος 649.2 Σαραπίων f. Παμουν 465.2 Σαραπίων f. Ψεναμοῦνις 721.2 Σαραπίων 460.1,5, 531conc.1, 817.4, 820conc.1, 838conv.2 Σαρᾶς see Index IV, χωρίον Σαρᾶτος Σελλῆς s. Πετοσῖρις 617.2, 628.1, 673.1 Σελλῆς f. Ψάις 755.2 Σελλῆς 598.2, 657.2, 674.2, 695.1 Σεντλελα (person?) 765conc.1 Σεραπᾶς s. Διονύσιος 579.8 Σεραπίων 524conc.1, 5 (ἐξάκτωρ); cf. Σαραπίων Σερᾶς 472.4 Σερῆνος 460.3, 462.1, 472.2, 476.5, 490.4, 495.5, 505.3, 506.3, 507.3, 508.2, 509.4n., 510.4, 511.4, 512.3, 513.3, 514.3, 516.4, 517.3,5, 520.3, 521.5, 522.3, 523.2, 525conv.2, 528.2, [531conv.1], 550.3, 672.1(?), 815.2 Σερπι s. Ψάις 492.1 Σερπι f. Ψενπνούθης 502.3 Σιλᾶς 472.5 Σῖρις s. Ἀπολλωνίου 636.3 Σῖρις f. Ἀμμώνιος 464.2 Σιῦγχις 531conv.8,10, 832.1 Σόλων 471.3 Σύρος s. Ἀμμώνιος f. Πεβῶς 474conc.2 Ταῆς m. Τιθοῆς 648.2 Ταλαευς m. Ψάις 716.1n. Τιθοῆς s. Θαῆσις 804.1–2 Τιθοῆς s. Παστῶς 610.2 Τιθοῆς s. Πετοσῖρις 709.1 Τιθοῆς s. Πισῶς 607.2, 703.1 Τιθοῆς s. Ταῆς 648.2 Τιθοῆς s. Τιθοῆς 640.2 Τιθοῆς s. Ψεναμοῦνις 699.2 Τιθοῆς s. Ψενεθῦμις 633.2 Τιθοῆς s. Ψενπαοῦς 717.1 Τιθοῆς f. Ἀμμώνιος 602.3, 701.2, 723.2, 834.3 (gf. Παπνούθης) Τιθοῆς f. Πετοσῖρις 584.2 Τιθοῆς f. Ῥουπώνις 573.4

276

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Τιθοῆς f. Τιθοῆς 640.2 Τιθοῆς f. Ὧρος 589.2, 658.2, 675.1–2, 715.1 Τιθοῆς ὀφφικιάλιος 532.6 Τιθοῆς 601.2 Τιμόθεος 670.2, 822.5 Το.ρι f. Πλουτογένης 473.2 Του s. Πλουτάμμων 490.1 Του f. Ψάις 787.2 Φαμ( ) f. Ἀμμώνιος 825.4 Φατρῆς 584.3 Φαυστιανός 476.2 Φᾶφις f. Ψεναμοῦνις 685.2 Φῖβις s. Πετεχῶν 793.2 Φῖβις 611.2 Φιλάμμων 582conc.6 Φίλιππος 509.3, 531conv.1, 806.3,5, 807.3, 808.3 Φιλοκύριος 819.9 Φιλοσάραπις s. Ψεναμοῦνις 650.1 Φιλοσάραπις 455conv.3 Χολλῶς 837.7 Χολῶς νεώτερος 471.2 Ψάις s. Ἀπολλώνιος 473.3 Ψάις s. Ἁρπαῆσις 711.1 Ψάις s. Ἰούλιος f. Ὧρος 818.5 Ψάις s. ᾿Ισίδωρος 504.1 Ψάις s. Κολάνθης see Index IV, χωρίον Ψάιτος Κολάνθου Ψάις s. Νεῖλος see Index IV, χωρίον Ψάιτος Νείλου Ψάις s. Παγενας 484.1 Ψάις s. Παθώτης 464.1 Ψάις s. Πᾶφις 707.1 Ψάις s. Πεβῶς 493.1 Ψάις s. Πετοσῖρις gs. Ἰμούθης f.(?) Ἡρακλ( ) 581.3 Ψάις s. Πισῆχθις 671.1 Ψάις s. Σαλην 473.5 Ψάις s. Σελλῆς 755.2 Ψάις s. Ταλαευς 716.1n. Ψάις s. Του 787.2

Ψάις f. Κόραξ 496.1 Ψάις f. Παθώτης 642.2 Ψάις f. Παθώτης gf. Ψεναμοῦνις 734.2 Ψάις f. Σερπι 492.1 Ψάις f. Ὧρος 653.3, 756.2n., 818.5 Ψάις 457.1, 502.4, 524conv.3, 551.4, 562.1, 716.1, 722.1, 789.3, 823conv.4, conc.2(?) Ψεμο( ) s. Πετοσῖρις 662.2 Ψεναμοῦνις s. Ἀγα[θ- 497.1 Ψεναμοῦνις s. Παθώτης gs. Ψάις 734.1 Ψεναμοῦνις s. Πανα( ) 661.2 Ψεναμοῦνις s. Πεμσᾶς 818.9 Ψεναμοῦνις s. Πετενεφώτης 479.1 Ψεναμοῦνις s. Πετεῦρις 614.2, 791.2 Ψεναμοῦνις s. Πετοσῖρις 486.1 Ψεναμοῦνις s. Πισῆχθις 736.2 Ψεναμοῦνις s. Σαραπίων 721.1 Ψεναμοῦνις s. Φᾶφις 685.2, 713.1 Ψεναμοῦνις f. Ἀμμώνιος 795.2 Ψεναμοῦνις f. Ἰμούθης 588.2, 655.2 Ψεναμοῦνις f. Πετοσῖρις 579.5 Ψεναμοῦνις f. Τιθοῆς 699.2–3 Ψεναμοῦνις f. Φιλοσάραπις 650.2 Ψεναμοῦνις 579.2, 654.2, 758conv.1, 766.3, 794.2–3, 818.10 Ψεναμοῦς s. Βῆκις 573.3 Ψεναχθάλμις 705.1–3 Ψενα ̣ ̣ f. Πετοσῖρις 606.3 Ψενεθῦμις f. Τιθοῆς 633.3 Ψενῆσις s. Πινάχθης 627.2 Ψενῆσις 664.2 Ψεννῆσις s. Ὀννῶφρις 615.2 Ψεννῆσις 679.1, 778.2 Ψενπαπλαεῦς 686.1 Ψενπαοῦς f. Τιθοῆς 717.2 Ψενπατα[ 768.3 Ψενπ ̣ ̣ χο( ) f. Πετοσῖρις 618.2–3 Ψενπλαεῦς s. Πινάχθης 676.1 Ψενπνούθης s. Σερπι 502.3 Ψενπνούθης f. Μουσῆς 478.2 Ψενπνούθης f. Πετοσῖρις 620.3, 622.3 Ψενπνούθης Κυσίτης 573.2 Ψενταμῖνις 689.1 Ψεντουάνις γεωργός 700.2–3

Indexes Ψεντασῆμις 626.2 Ψενχ( ) 670.1 Ψεν[ 753.1 Ὠρι( ) 696.1 Ὡριγένης f. Ὧρος 818.3 Ὡριγένης 837.4,6 Ὡρίων f. Ὧρος 503.2–3 Ὡρίων, ὀφφικιάλιος 532.5 Ὡρίων 718.1, 739.4 Ὧρος s. Κάλλιστος 806.4 Ὧρος s. Ὀννῶφρις 792.1 Ὧρος s. Οὐενῶς 688.1 Ὧρος s. Παθώτης 683.1, 697.1, 831.3(?) Ὧρος s. Πετῆσις 706.1

277

Ὧρος s. Πινάχθης 800.1, 801.1 Ὧρος s. Τιθοῆς 589.2, 658.2, 675.1, 715.1 Ὧρος s. Ψάις 653.2, 756.2n., 818.5 (gs. Ἰούλιος) Ὧρος s. Ὡριγένης 818.3 Ὧρος s. Ὡρίων 503.2 Ὧρος f. Ἀμμώνιος 739.1, 756.1 Ὧρος f. Ἄρειος 581.1 Ὧρος f. Παστῶς 719.2 Ὧρος f. Πεκῦσις 472.1 Ὧρος f. Πετοσῖρις 735.2 Ὧρος 474conv.3, 494.1, 582.conc.2, 584.4, 612.2, 619.3, 678.2, 756.2, 763.2

IV. Geography Αἴγυπτος 531conv.12 Ἀλκιβιάδου, see χωρίον Ἀλκιβιάδου Ἁραυ see Μουν, Πμουν Ἀμμώνιον, ὕδρευμα τὸ 527.1 Ἀμμωνίου see χωρίον Ἀμμωνίου, χωρίον Ἀμμωνίου Κλαυδίου Ἀσφῦνις 528.4–5 Δίδυμοι 599.2–3, 641.3–4 ἐρεόξυλον see ὕδρευμα ἐρεοξυλ( ) Θιω 786.2 Ἱβίτης 476.3 Ἱερατικ( ): ὕδρευμα Ἱερατικ( ) 465.3 κάστρα 491.2 Κλαύδιος see χωρίον Ἀμμωνίου Κλαυδίου Κυσίτης 573.2 Λακαμ see Πμουν Μενδήσιον 818.4 Μεσοβίτης 582conv.1,2 Μουν Ἁραυ 593.1 Μουν Βερρι 660.1 (ὕδρ.) Μουν Ἑρμων 623.1 Μουν Πακειρ 625.1–2 (Πακιρ), 631.1 Μουν Παμω 650.3n., 828.1 Μουν Πκης 640.1n. Μουν Π . . . 640.1, 650.3 Μουν Ταμετρα 632.1–2

Μουν Ψω 605.1, 642.1 Μουν Ψωι 594.1, 601.1, 610.1, 622.1, 630.1, 794.1 Μῶθις 481.2, 493.2, 496.3, 786.4(?) Οὐσιρε: Πμουν Οὐσιρε 466.2 Πακειρ see Μουν, Πμουν Παλεβ 488.1 Παλ( ) see Πμουν Παμω see Μουν Πμουν Ἀμελοίτου 588.1, 655.1 (ὕδρ. Πμ.) Πμουν Αμησ( ) 775.1 Πμουν Ἁραυ 615.1, 793.1 Πμουν Βαιος 612.1, 829.1 Πμουν Βερρι 597.1, 626.1, 643.1, 648.1, 656.1–2 (ὕδρ.), 659.1 (ὕδρ.), 664.1 (ὕδρ.), 666.1 (ὕδρ.), 696.2n. Πμουν Ἐμβωου 818.6 Πμουν Ἑρμων 611.1, 790.1–2, 797.1 (ὕδρ.) Πμουν Ηλ[ 663.1 (ὕδρ.) Πμουν Ἡρακλᾶ 635.2 Πμουν Ἠσε 619.1–2 Πμουν Θαυτ 636.1–2, 644.1, 646.1, 652.1–2, 830.1–2 Πμουν Θοτομη 667.1 (ὕδρ.), 714.1, 795.1 (ὕδρ.)

278

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Πμουν Ἰμούθου 645.1 Πμουν Λακαμ 501.2 Πμουν Ολοβου 618.1 Πμουν Οὐσιρε 466.2, 647.1–2, 661.1 (ὕδρ. Πμ. Ὀσιρε), 696.2n., 831.1–2 (ὕδρ. Πμ. Ὀσιρε) Πμουν Πα[ 637.1 Πμουν Πακειρ 609.1 Πμουν Παλ( ) 501.1 Πμουν Πκης 662.1 (ὕδρ.) Πμουν Πτακε 668.1 (ὕδρ.) Πμουν Σαραπᾶ 652.2–3 Πμουν Ταμετρα 592.1, 600.1–2, 638.1–2 Πμουν Τκηλε 649.1 Πμουν Τλαβησε 805.2, 806.2,6, 807.2, 808.2, 809.2 Πμουν Τσαλεμ 466.3 Πμουν Φιβ 657.1 Πμουν Ψενχ( ) 670.1n. Πμουν Ψοειν 654.1 (ὕδρ.) Πμουν Ψω 589.1, 590.1, 591.1, 598.1, 602.1, 604.1, 607.1, 608.1, 616.1, 633.1–2, 651.1, 653.1–2, 665.1 (ὕδρ.), 792.1 Πμουν Ψωι 585.1, 586.1, 587.1, 595.1n., 596.1, 599.1, 603.1, 606.1, 613.1, 614.1, 617.1, 620.1, 624.1, 627.1, 634.1, 639.1, 641.1–2, 658.1 (ὕδρ.), 791.1 Πμουν 560.1n., 569.2, 579.1, 595.1, 621.1, 674.1n., 696.2, 749.2, 768.2 Πμουω 455conc.1 Σεντλελα (place?) 765conc.1 Τεντυρίτης 525conc.3 Τρίμιθις 490.3, 493.2, 498.3, 500.2, 503.2, 510.2(?), 532.4, 551.1, 741.5, 837.2 Τσαλεμ: Πμουν Τσαλεμ 466.3 Τχαλεμσαψε 680.1–2, 681.1–2, 687.1–2 (-ψα), 755.1, 802.2–3

Τχανεμσαψε 691.1–2 ὕδρευμα Ἀλεξάνδρου 720.1–2, 836.1–2 ὕδρευμα ἐρεοξ( ) 732.1 ὕδρευμα Ἱερατικ( ) 465.3 ὕδρευμα Μουν Βερρι 660.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Ἀμελοίτου 655.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Βερρι 656.1–2, 659.1, 664.1, 666.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Ἑρμ(ων) 797.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Ἠλ[ 663.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Θοτομη 667.1, 795.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Ὀσιρε 661.1, 831.1–2 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Πκης 662.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Πτακε 668.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Φιβ 657.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Ψοειν 654.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Ψω 665.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Ψωι 658.1 ὕδρευμα Πμουν Ψ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ 796.1 ὕδρευμα τὸ Ἀμμώνιον 527.1 Χαλεμσαψε 702.1–2 χωρίον Ἀγαθάμμωνος 644.2–3 χωρίον Ἀλκιβιάδου 570.1 χωρίον Ἀμμωνᾶτος, μικρόν 828.2–3 χωρίον Ἀμμωνίου 638.2–3 χωρίον Ἀμμωνίου Κλαυδίου 485.1–3 χωρίον Ἁρυώτου 829.2–3 χωρίον Ἑρμησί(α) 836.2–3 χωρίον Ἡρακλάμμωνος 724.1–2 χωρίον Κλαυδίου (Ἀμμωνίου?) 727.1–2 χωρίον Πετοσίριος 830.3 χωρίον Σαραπᾶ 643.2–3, 720.2–3n.; χωρίον νεόφυτον Σαραπᾶτος 646.2–3 χωρίον Σαρᾶτος 833.1–2 χωρίον υἱοῦ Ἀλεξάνδρου 637.2–3 χωρίον Ψάιτος Κολάνθου 732.2–3 χωρίον Ψάιτος Νείλου 733.2–3 χωρίον 488.2n., 659.2, 660.1 Ψέλθις 466.1, 818.1 Ψελθίτης 810.1 Ψω, Ψωι see Μουν, Πμουν

Indexes

279

V. Money δραχμή 820conc.1,3, 824.6 τάλαντον 821.1–7, 826conc.1–6,

827.2–5 (τετρώβολον) 824.4

VI. Measures ἀρτάβη 461.2–4, 470.1–5, 481.1, 486.2, 490.2, 491.1,2, 493.2, 495.2, 496.2, 498.2, 500.3, 502.3,4, 505.2, 574.1,2, 739.2, 786.3, 787.2,4, 788.1 δέσμη 456.1–8, 457.1,[2–5], 458.1,2, 459.1,2, 468.4–12, 476.1–4, 484.2, 494.2, 506.2, 510.2,3, 511.2,3, 512.2, 514.2, 516.2,3, 517.2,4, 519.3, 521.3,4, 522.2, 740.3, 781.2, 805.2, 806.1,4, 807.2, 808.1, 809.1 δραχμή 536.2,5 καπιτόν 837.4 κεράμιον 462.4, 471.2,3, 504.2, 533.2,5, 575.1,3,4, 578.3, 725.2, 738.2, 739.4, 741.2, 760.3, 810.4, 815.2(?) λίτρα 469.3, 529.1, 535.1n. μάριον 530.4, 531conv.3, 5, 789.4,

810.3, 818.2–10 μάτιον 463.2,3, 492.2, 493.2, 496.2,3, 503.4, 505.2, 507.2, 508.2, 509.2, 513.2, 520.1,2, 524conv.2, 541.1, 576.2,3, 577conv.1, conc.2,3, 739.2, 744conc.4, 765conv.2, 789.2, 838conc.3 μέτρον: κ̅β̅ (sc. ματίων?) μέ(τρῳ?) 490.2 (n.), 493.2, 543.1 μνᾶ 772.4 μόδιος 525conv.3, 528.3 μώιον 472.1–5, 532.4–5 μ( ) 663.2,3 ξέστης 772.2n. οὐγκία 826conc.1–4 χοῦς 583conc.4,5, 820conc.4,5 χρητης 578.2,3,6,8

VII. Official Terms ἀννῶνα 524conc.2, 525conv.2, 528.2 εἰρήναρχος 743.1 ἐξάκτωρ 524conc.5, 525conv.5, 743.1 ἐπιμελητής 837.1

ἱππεύς 837.4 καστρησιανός 518.2 ὀπτίων Ἀσφύνεως 528.4 ὀφφικιάλιος 511.3, 532.5, 577conv.3

VIII. Occupations γναφεύς 470.5δρομαδάριος 470.4 ἰατρός 520.2 κεραμεύς 456.5

μεταλλικός 696.1(?) ὀνηλάτης 789.3 σακκοφόρος 474conc.1

IX. Greek Words ἀγάπητος 532.1 ἀδελφός 502.1, 509.2–3, 525conv.1, 528.1–2,3, 531conv.1,7–8,13,15, conc.1, 771.1(?), 839.1 αἴρω 531conv.12 ἀκκουβιτάλιον 531conv.8 ἀλλά 531conv.13 ἄλλος 531conv.11

ἀλόη 826conc.1 ἀμελέω 531conv.18 ἀμμωνιακός 536.3 ἀνήρ 562.2 ἀννῶνα see Index VII ἄνω 744conc.2 ἀπαιτέω 531conv.7 ἀπαίτησις 838conc.2(?)

280

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

ἀπό 455conc.1, 599.2, 641.2–3, 650.3, 818.6 ἀποβάλσαμον 826conv.1 ἅπτω 747conv.6–7 ἀργύριον 824.6 ἀρσενικός 826conc.3 ἀρτάβη see Index VI ἄρτι 531conv.13 ἄρτος 462.2 ἀταλ( ) 578.8 αὐγή 762.3 αὐτός 517.5, 531conv.9 αὐτουργός 465.2, 494.1, 635.1, 659.2, 660.1 ἄχυρος 532.4, 837.2

ἑβδομήκοντα 503.4–5 ἐγχειρέω 531conv.16 ἐγώ: μου 490.3, 495.4; μοι 745.4; με 531conv.13 εἰ 531conv.11 εἰρήναρχος see Index VII εἰς 481.2, 490.3, 491.2, 492.3, 493.2, 495.3, 496.3, 498.2,3, 499.2, 500.2, 502.1, 503.2, 531conv.1, 12, 532.3, 551.1, 738.2, 739.2, 839.4,5 εἷς 530.4, 531conv.3, 532.5, 810.3 ἐκ 765conv.2 ἐκδίδωμι 551.3 ἔλαιον 531conv.3,5, 577conv.3, conc.4,5, 741.2 ἐν 468.4,5, 531conv.10,19, 741.5, 745.2, βωμός 747conv.5–6 786.2,4 ἐνοχλέω 745.3–4 γάρ 531conv.3 ἕξ 786.2 γε 747conv.6 ἐξάκτωρ see Index VII γένημα 742.5 ἐπεί 745.3 γεωργός 700.1 ἐπί 531conv.6,17 γίνομαι 578.7,8, 826conc.6, 837.5 ἐρεόξυλον see Index IV γναφεύς see Index VIII ἔριον 469.1n., 529.1 γραμμάτιον 839.3 ἔρχομαι 744conc.2, 757.1 γράφω 531conv.3,15 ἕτοιμος 531conv.7 γυνή 738.3, 822.6 ἔτος see Index I εὐχαριστάω 744conc.1(?), 780conc.2 δέ 468.5, 531conv.9,11,13,15, 747conc.2 εὔχομαι 532.8 δέκα 509.2, 511.2,3 ἔχω 531conv.12 δεκαπέντε 837.5 ἕως 531conv.6,17 δέσμη see Index VI δεσπότης 824.2,3(?) ζαμενής 747conv.8–conc.1 διά 462.1, 492.1, 503.2, [509.1], 524conc.1, 525conv.1, 528.1, 529.2, ἡμέρα 466.1–3 551.1, 562.1, 654.2, 729.1, 737.1, 741.1, 770.1, 789.1,3 θεός 747conv.7–8 δίδωμι 531conv.4, 533.4, 554.2, 837.3, θησαυρός 788.2 838conc.2 θυμίαμα 536.4 δισχίλιοι 839.6 δραχμή see Indexes V and VI ἰατρός see Index VIII δρομαδάριος see Index VIII ἴδιος 838conv.2 δύο 737.3 ἰνδικτίων see Index I δώδεκα 517.2 ἱππεύς see Index VII

Indexes καινός 763.1(?) καίω 536.1 καλῶς 838conv.3 κανδήλα 531conv.14 καπιτόν 837.4 κάστρα see Index IV καστρησιανός see Index VII κατέρχομαι 531conv.6 κατήνα 531conv.15 κέλλα 738.2 κενός 763.1(?) κένωμα 786.1 κεραμεύς see Index VIII κεράμιον see Index VI κίνδυνος 531conv.10 κληρονόμος 460.4 κομίζω 468.3, 838conv.4 κόμμα 737.2 κρέας 535.1n. κριθή 481.1, 486.2, 491.2, 493.1, 495.2, 498.2, 505.2, 507.2, 508.1, 509.2n., 513.2, 515.2, 519.2, 520.1, 524conv.1, 525conv.3, 528.2, 541.1, 786.3, 787.4, 823conv.2 κτῆνος 456.1,6, 465.1,2, 468.[6–8],9– 12, 476.4, 501.1,2, 505.1, 506.1, 508.1, 510.1, 511.1, 512.2, 513.1, 516.1,5, 517.1, 521.1, 522.1, κύριος 490.3, 495.4, 531conv.1, 838conv.4 κώμη 743.2(?) ληνός 675.3, 715.2 λίνον 765conv.1 λινόσπερμα 492.2 λίτρα see Index VI λόγος 578.6, 584.1n. μάριον see Index VI μάτιον see Index VI μετά 744conc.3 μεταλλικός see Index VIII μέτρον see Index VI μή 531conv.18 μήν 525conc.1

281

μήτηρ 780conv.2 μικρός 828.2 μίσθιος 472.5, 694.1 μνᾶ see Index VI μόδιος see Index VI μώιον see Index VI μυριάς 826conc.6 νεόφυτον 646.2, 802.1 νεώτερος 471.2, 818.2 ξέστης see Index VI ξύλον 501.1,2 οἰκία 495.3, 502.1, 505.2, 739.2–3, 824.2,3(?) οἰκοδέσποινα 496.4, 521.2, 824.2,3(?) οἶκος 824.2,3(?) οἶνος 462.4, 820conc.4,5 ὀλίγος 531conv.11 ὅλος 531conv.9 ὁμοίως 575.1 ὀνηλάτης see Index VIII *ὀπιομήκων 826conc.4 ὀπτίων see Index VII ὁράω 531conv.3 (ἰδού) ὀρνίθιον 527.2, 669.1 ὅσος 531conv.16 ὀστέον 503.3, 762.2 ὅτι 531conv.16 οὐγκία see Index VI οὐδείς 531conv.19 ὀφφικιάλιος see Index VII πάλιν 531conv.12,14 παρά 743.1, 766.3, 820.1 παραγγέλλω 531conv.9 *παράγωσις 766.2 πατήρ 476.2, 509.1, 819.1 πέμπω 531conv.17, 532.3, 744conc.1(?) περιστερών 492.3 πίθος 836.4 πλεῖστα 468.2 πλίνθος 729.2 ποιέω 531conv.2,17, 838conv.3

282

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

πορφύρα 826conc.5 ποτ( ) 765conv.2 πρεσβύτερος 714.2 προπέμπω 531conv.12 προπινάριον 531conv.4 πρός 531conv.13 πτύκιον 497.2 πῦρ 747conc.2–3 ῥώννυμι 532.7, 839.2 σακκοφόρος see Index VIII σανδαράκη 826conc.2 σεαυτοῦ 533.4 σημειόωμαι 476.5, 503.5, 505.3, 506.2, 507.2, 508.2, 509.3, 510.3, 511.3, 512.3, 513.2, [514.3], 515.4, 516.4, 517.2,5, 520.2, 521.4, 522.3, 524conv.2, conc.5, 525conv.4, 526.1, 527.3, 528.5, 529.3, 530.3–4 σήσαμον 576.3 σιτόκριθον 491.1, 500.2 σῖτος 461.2,4, 490.2, 543.1, 739.1, 787.2,4, 838conc.3 σύ 531conv.15,16, 532.8, 757.1 συμφ[ωνέω?] 461.2,3 τάλαντον see Index V ταχέως 531conv.16 τέσσαρες 531conv.5 τετρακόσιοι 839.6–7 τετρώβολον 824.4 τιμή 826conc.5 τις, τι 531conv.11 τιφάγιον 462.3, 527.2 τοκάς 517.4 τρεῖς 517.4 τροφή 560.3, 837.3

τροχίσκος 531conv.11 τυρίον 584.1 ὕδρευμα see Index IV υἱός 455conv.1–3, 457.4, 460.[1],2, 472.2, 481.1, 482.1, 488.2, 490.4, 507.1, 516.3, 532.1, 542.1, 579.3, 581.5, 636.2, 637.2, 740.2, 823conv.6, 824.3, 838conv.4 ὑμεῖς 531conv.2,17–18 ὑπέρ 465.3, 525conc.1, 528.1, 560.3, 742.5, 805.2, 806.2,6, 807.2, [808.2], [809.2], 837.6 φέρω 531conv.11,14 φλόξ 747conc.5 φοῖνιξ 496.2 χαίρω [468.3], [531conv.1], 532.3, 810.2, 838conv.3, 839.2 χαλκός 536.1 χέω 747conc.3–4 χόρτος 506.2, 510.2, 511.1, 512.2, 514.1, 516.2, 517.1, 521.3, 522.2 χοῦς see Index VI χρεία 531conv.12 χρητης see Index VI χρόνος 823conc.1 χωρίον see Index IV ὦ 531conv.15 ὡς 765conv.1 ὥστε 525conc.2, 789.4 ὠτίον 760.2 Not indexed: the definite article, relative pronouns, numerals other than years and indictions, καί, εἰμί.

Concordance Inventory 12021 12025 12026 12031 13001 13002 13003 13004 13006 13007 + 13633 13008 13009 13010 13011 13012 13013 13014 13015 13016 13017 13018 13019

O.Trim. 669 534 537 504 455 505 506 524 507 531 508 509 456 510 511 460 525 512 476 513 457 538

Inventory 13020 13021 13022 13023 13024 13025 13026 13027 13028 13029 13030 13036 13037 13047 13048 13070 13071 + 13072 13072 13085 13086 13087 13088 283

O.Trim. 514 526 515 458 459 516 520 477 541 539 540 517 518 478 519 461 551 see 13071 491 527 492 533

284

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Inventory 13089 13090 13091 13092 13094 13095 13096 13097 13098 13099 13200 13201 13202 13204 13205 13206 13207 13208 13220 13221 13222 13223 13224 13225 13230 13231 13232 13233 13234 13235 13236 13247 13248 13249 13250 13251 13253 13408

O.Trim. 543 493 462 463 494 546 547 544 545 479 548 464 549 490 465 753 654 754 817 785 495 466 542 755 480 737 496 467 550 552 553 832 840 818 535 670 819 497

Inventory 13601 13603 13604 13625 13626 13628 13629 13631 13632 13633 13635 13653 14001 14002 14008 14023 14024 14025 14026 14027 14043 14044 14045 14046 14047 14048 14050 14051 14052 14053 14054 14055 + 14056 14056 14057 14067 14068 14069 14070

O.Trim. 468 841 842 498 843 528 821 521 746 see 13007 671 585 523 484 672 554 469 756 481 718 590 482 558 559 560 499 747 555 655 589 750 536 see 14055 562 595 593 594 591

Concordance

Inventory 14071 14074 14075 + 14082 14076 14077 14078 14079 14080 14081 14082 14083 14084 14085 14086 14087 14088 14089 14090 14091 14100 14101 14102 14103 14104 14105 14106 14107 14108 14109 14110 14111 14113 14114 14115 14116 14117 14118 14119

O.Trim. 592 675 470 596 565 758 597 573 676 see 14075 574 677 483 678 598 759 599 679 556 760 680 681 761 600 682 683 684 762 601 602 603 604 685 500 715 605 606 607

Inventory 14120 14121 14122 14123 14124 14125 14126 14127 14128 14129 14130 14131 14132 14133 14134 14135 14136 14137 14138 14139 14140 14141 14142 14143 14144 14145 14146 14147 14148 14149 14150 14153 14154 14171 14172 14173 14174 14179

285

O.Trim. 608 763 716 717 609 610 701 702 611 703 704 705 706 612 613 563 614 564 686 764 615 616 687 688 582 689 765 690 691 692 561 617 485 693 694 695 696 697

286

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Inventory 14180 14181 14182 14183 14189 14194 14201 14202 14221 14226 14230 14251 14252 14253 14254 14255 14256 14257 14271 14275 14276 14277 14283 + 14285 14284 14285 14286 14287 14288 14289 14290 14291 14292 14293 14305 14306 14307 14308 14309

O.Trim. 698 699 700 583 656 714 522 657 673 588 627 587 772 658 586 674 529 837 748 618 619 620 584 621 see 14283 707 622 628 766 623 767 708 768 624 709 769 557 757

Inventory 14310 14311 14312 14313 14314 14315 14316 14317 14318 14320 14337 14344 14345 14346 14355 14375 14429 14438 14439 14442 14443 14444 14445 14559 14560 14561 14562 14564 14574 14575 14587 14588 14589 14590 14591 14593 14594 14595

O.Trim. 710 630 625 711 770 712 626 629 771 713 631 632 471 633 751 845 820 659 660 773 846 774 775 571 475 488 489 822 745 635 666 741 823 739 824 575 578 661

Concordance

Inventory 14596 14597 14598 14599 14610 14611 14612 + 14628 14613 14614 14615 14621 14622 14623 14624 14625 14628 14629 14630 14631 15510 15511 15512 15513 15514 15515 15536 15537 15538 15539 15573 15581 15582 15583 15584 15587 15596 15597 15598

O.Trim. 776 825 833 636 743 638 826 662 777 732 576 577 778 642 643 see 14612 663 744 831 667 738 664 723 834 639 733 844 640 838 567 780 828 829 835 839 473 749 568

Inventory 15599 15602 15603 15604 15605 15608 15634 15635 15636 15637 15638 15639 15640 15641 15656 15657 15658 15659 15660 15661 15662 15663 15664 15666 15667 15668 15669 15670 15770 15771 15777 15782 15783 + 15784 15784 15790 15794 15795 15796 + 15801

287

O.Trim. 569 836 789 810 566 472 796 644 791 801 802 792 803 797 645 579 570 486 725 487 646 726 724 580 735 647 734 805 798 814 474 795 787 see 15783 815 806 807 786

288

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

Inventory 15801 15802 15803 15804 15805 + 15806 15806 15807 15808 15809 15810 15811 15812 15813 15814 15816 15900 15901 15902 15903 15928 15929 16001 16020 16021 16031 16032 16033

O.Trim. see 15796 788 808 827 811 see 15805 790 816 799 634 641 800 665 719 752 809 637 727 728 813 812 668 830 782 781 793 804

Inventory 16034 16052 16053 16054 16069 16075 16076 16098 16000 16115 16116 16129 16130 16131 16132 16133 16134 16207 16208 16209 16240 16257 16258 16276 16280 30038

O.Trim. 794 729 730 731 720 581 721 722 530 648 501 784 783 740 532 649 502 650 736 503 651 572 652 742 653 779

Corrections to O.TRIM. 1 15 and 18 join to form a single ostrakon. New photo made. ἀπὸ μαρ(ίων) ιθ Κύρῳ μάρ(ιον) α δι’ Εὐτυχίου μάρ(ια) δ 4 Ἀματίῳ μάρ̣(ιον) α Ὡρίωνι ταβουλαρ(ίῳ) μά̣ρ(ια) ̣ δι(ὰ) Παίωνος [μάρ(ι- ) ̣] δι’ Ευτυ̣χίου ὁμοί(ως) [μάρ(ι- ) ̣] 8 γυ[[νου]]ναικ(ὶ) τοῦ λ̣ε̣[ Ἀμμωνίου [ τιμ(ῆς) ὀρνιθίου̣ δι(ὰ) Δε̣λ̣μ̣ατ(ίου) μ̣άρ̣(ι- ) [ 12 δι(ὰ) traces δ̣ι(ὰ) . . . . . ].[ - - - - - - - - - - 32: δ/ is likely the day of the month and not the year. The date of the ostrakon should thus be ca. 350–370. 35: The number 13 in line 1 might be the day of the month and not a regnal or indictional year. A sinusoidal curve is not visible after it in the photo. 289

290

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

45 and 85 join to form a single ostrakon, with 45 above 85. The join does not change the text. 86 is from the same vessel but not joining. New photo made.

4

8

Π ̣[ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣( ) Ψενα̣μ̣ο̣ῦ̣νις Πετοσί(ριος) βL Παθώτ(ης) Σαμβᾶς βL Σαμβ̣ᾶ̣ς̣ Ἁ̣ρ̣σ̣ιήσιο̣(ς) βL Π̣α̣θώτη[ς Πετοσίρ(ιος) ̣πη ̣[ Σελλῆ Πετεμ[ Ψάις Τ̣ι̣θ̣ο̣[ήους Πετεχ̣[ῶν Πετοσῖρις [ Τιθ(οῆς) Πετοσίρ(ιος) ̣[

6 The patronymic appears to begin with alpha or epsilon; the last letter before the break is most likely lambda or mu. We have not identified a name likely to occur in this context compatible with these traces. 88, 441, and 444 join to form a single ostrakon, with 88 at upper left, 444 at upper right, and 441 below both of them. Line 1 of 441 follows directly on the last line of 88. New photo made.

4

8

Ἀντίνος Ἡρακλάμμω̣(ν) [ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣ ̣ Ἡ̣ρα̣κλάμ(μων) ἄλ(λος) [ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣] ̣ ̣ ̣ Νικάων [ ] Χο̣ιάκ̣ Τιμό̣θε̣ο̣ς Λου[ Τ̣ι̣μ̣όθεος ἄλλ(ος) [ Σαρα̣π̣ίων ̣ ̣ ̣ Ἑρμάμμων ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ [Μο]υσῆς ἀδε̣λ̣φ(ός) Ψάις Χοιά̣̣κ̣ ι̣[ Ἰουλιανός

96: Year 14 could be 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. 101: μισθ(ωτής) → μίσθ(ιος)

Corrections to O.Trim. 1

291

107: Year 8 could be either 291/2 or 313/4. 108: Year 9 could be either 292/3 or 314/5. 109: Year 10 could be either 293/4 or 315/6. It is probably not an indiction. 110: Year 11 could be either 294/5 or 316/7. It is probably not an indiction. 111: Year 11 could be either 294/5 or 316/7. It is probably not an indiction. 112: Year 14 could be 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. 113: Year 15 could be 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. 114: Year 15 could be 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. 115: Year 15 could be 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. It is probably not an indiction. 116: Year 15 could be 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. 117: Year 16 could be 299/300, 307/8, or 321/2. 118: Year 16 could be 299/300, 307/8, or 321/2. 119: Year 16 could be 299/300, 307/8, or 321/2. 121: Year 16 could be 299/300, 307/8, or 321/2. 122: Year 16 could be 299/300, 307/8, or 321/2. 123: Year 17 could be 300/1, 308/9, or 322/3. 125: Year 20 could be 303/4, 311/2, or 325/6. 126: Perhaps restore Τα[μετρα]. If the numeral signifies the year, which we are not fully confident about, then this ostrakon should probably be dated to 335/6.

292

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

129: The text may now be restored on the basis of new finds as [Π]μουν [Π]α̣κειρ. 145: Read Πακειρ instead of Πακειλ. 148: Year 9 could be either 292/3 or 314/5. It is probably not an indiction. 149: Ἑ̣ρμ̣( ) → Ἑ̣ρμ̣(ων)? 150: Year 13 could be 296/7, 304/5, or 318/9. 151: Year 14 could be 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. 152: Year 14 could be 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. 154: The abbreviation may now be resolved as Πακ(ειρ) on the basis of new finds. In line 3 read ιε instead of ιδ. The alpha at the end of the text is perhaps a vat number. This was probably a chinking sherd from the vault that collapsed; the year 15 could be 298/9, 306/7 or 320/321. 155: Year 20 could be 303/4, 311/2, or 325/6. 156: Year 20 could be 303/4, 311/2, or 325/6. 157: Year 20 could be 303/4, 311/2, or 325/6. 158: Year 20 could be 303/4, 311/2, or 325/6. 163: Θοτ( ) → Θοτ(ομη), cf. 667. 165: Year 27 is probably 332/3. The same Pmoun is attested in 125 and 156, ostraka in pre-occupation layers. 165 was probably a chinking sherd in the collapse from the vault. 178: Year 13 could be 296/7, 304/5, or 318/9. 179: Year 13 could be 296/7, 304/5, or 318/9. 183: Year 16 could be 299/300, 307/8, or 321/2.

Corrections to O.Trim. 1

293

195: Year 10 could be either 293/4 or 315/6. It is probably not an indiction. 199: Year 10 could be either 293/4 or 315/6. It is probably not an indiction. 215: Year 15 could be 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. It is probably not an indiction. 223: Year 13 could be 296/7, 304/5, or 318/9. 228: 345/6 is a more likely date. 233: Year 14 could be 297/8, 305/6, or 319/20. It is probably not an indiction. 237: Given the archaeological context, a date between 350 and 370 cannot be excluded for this piece. 242: Year 15 could be 298/9, 306/7, or 320/1. It is probably not an indiction. 243: Line 1, for Τοσηυλ( ) read ὕδ(ρευμα) Συρο( ). 260: Broken at left rather than top. 273: Written on convex side. 274: Given the archaeological context, a date between 350 and 370 cannot be excluded for this piece. 284: In line 3, instead of Σερ̣[ῆνος it would be possible to read Σερ̣α̣[πίων as in 524. 292: In line 4, instead of Πα̣ή̣σι̣ος we prefer Γ̣ελάσιος for the reading of the signer’s name. 293: In line 4, instead of Παήσιο̣ς we prefer Γελά̣σ̣ιος for the reading of the signer’s name, despite significant compression in the writing of the central part of the name. 298: In line 2, for the name of the addressee read Πεκ̣ύ̣σι instead of Παῆσ̣ι̣ for the addressee.

294

Ostraka from Trimithis 2

308: Written on concave side. 310: The name of the addressee in line 1 may be read ]. . . ῳ.̣ In line 3, instead of ].π̣ιανῶι read Ἰο]υ̣λιανῶι. 311: Written on concave side. 319: The parallel in 716 suggests that Ταλ( ) should be read, as a metronymic, perhaps from Ταλαεύς. No amount is given after it in 716 despite blank space. Date ca. 275–350. 321: Given the archaeological context, a date between 350 and 370 cannot be excluded for this piece. 323: A letter of Serenos. Line 2, read Σ̣ερῆν̣ος̣ in place of ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣ ̣. 367: Broken at left, not right. 414: Written on concave side. 434: Written on concave side.