All you need to SPEAK ENGLISH CORRECTLY: Quick Visual Reference Guide

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Simple Tenses

English Grammar in Templates by Den Snowell

All you need to speak English correctly Essential Grammar Guide in Templates

Never be wrong Build you skills Sharpen your style

Book 1 Past, Present and Future Simple tenses

English Grammar in Templates NO MORE GRAMMAR RULES AND THICK BOOKS! English grammar is presented in the Grammar Templates which visually illustrate the correct construction of English sentences on any topic of grammar. In order to compose any English sentence, you just need to read the template from left to right. Each template provides multiple options for constructing sentences and sufficient vocabulary to use English for everyday communication. Each template is provided with a short explanation and has a "key" - variants of sentences that can be constructed with this template (see Appendices). In the Book 1, we only consider the Simple tenses (Past Simple, Present Simple and Future Simple) in the active voice. Simple tenses are used in 85% of conversations. The other types of tenses, as well as the passive voice and all grammar topics related to other types of tenses, will be presented in the second part of this book. THE PRINCIPLE OF GRAMMAR TEMPLATES Any language is based on 3 main parts:

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple CONTENT

1.

Verb TO BE - forms and usage in statements and general questions.

2.

Verb TO HAVE - forms and usage in statements and general questions, countable and uncountable nouns.

3.

Verb TO DO and other verbs - forms and usage in statements and general questions, regular and irregular verbs.

4.

General Tag Questions

5.

Indirect General Questions

6.

Special Questions – Part 1

7.

Special Questions – Part 2

8.

Indirect Special Questions

9.

Infinitive – Statements

10. Infinitive – Questions 11. Complex Object with Infinitive 12. Complex Object with Zero Infinitive and Participle 1 13. There is / There are 14. Degrees of Comparison – Adjectives

1.

Personal pronouns

2.

The most frequently used verbs TO BE, TO HAVE, TO DO and constructions based on them

16. Conditional 1 - Statements

3.

Vocabulary (minimum 500 frequency words)

17. Conditional 1 - Questions

The verbs TO BE and TO HAVE are the most commonly used verbs in the English language and have specific features in usage. The verb TO DO represents all verbs (except modal) of the English language and the rules for their use.

15. Degrees of Comparison – Adverbs

18. Conditional 1 – Other Cases Grammar Keys •

To Be, To Have, To Do

•

General Questions

•

Special Questions

•

Infinitive

•

Complex Object

•

There is / There are

•

Comparison Of Adjectives

• Question words – black. black

•

Comparison Of Adverbs

• Time markers – orange. orange

•

Conditional 1

Therefore, in each topic of grammar, we consider these 3 verbs and their constructions. For convenience of visual perception, these structures are highlighted in color: 1.

TO BE and adjectives – green. green

2.

TO HAVE and nouns – brown. brown

3.

TO DO (and other verbs) – blue. blue

Complementary colors: • Adverbs – yellow. yellow

1. TO BE – Statements And General Questions AFFIRMATIVE

Past

Pres.

I

Future

Name Time

am

Simple Tenses

Age Ordinals

Nationality Colors

Profession Occupation

Location He She It Everybody Nobody

in here at home at the hospital in hospital on leave on sick leave

was is will be

We You They

were

are

out there at school at the airport in Italy on holiday on pension

away near at work at the station in London on duty on vacation

back far at Jone’s at the stop in prison on strike on a business trip

Appearance NEGATIVE

Past

Pres. am not

I

is not

We You They

were not

Pres.

I

Is

he she It everybody nobody

Will

Past

Pres.

Future

I

Isn’t

he she It everybody

Won’t

beautiful slender bald

tall thin pale

we you they

born young deaf divorced (from) strong healthy hungry (for) late (for) hot worried (about) disappointed drunk mistaken in trouble in a hurry

new (to) old dumb married (to) weak ill/insane thirsty (for) tired (of) cold exited (about) satisfied (with) lucky wrong in power in safety

sure poor pregnant a bachelor happy (with) crazy (at) angry (with) busy (with) lonely annoyed (with) nervous afraid (of) right in love (with) in despair

sleepy rich blind single famous (of) sick (with) upset (with) free sad scared (of) bored (with) sober ready (for) in debt in danger

honest (with) kind (to) witty cultured reliable enterprising emotional

modest decent frank calm brave wise proud (of)

Positive features be

well-bred polite (to) merry prudent sincere careful educated

clever generous cheerful patient sociable earnest faithful (to)

Negative features

-QUESTION

Aren’t

Aren’t

very too rather somewhat a bit quite

we you they

Are

Wasn’t

Weren’t

+QUESTION

Am Was

Were

won’t be

are not

Future

short slim pretty

Conditions

was not

He She It Everybody

Past

handsome fat ugly

Future

ill-bred frivolous fussy jealous (of) moody

silly naughty greedy selfish nosy

stupid lazy impudent tiresome cross

rude (to) mean sly boring shy

be in the morning in the evening in the afternoon in 2 hours

in 1999 in winter in October on October 15th on Monday

now (then) at 6 o’clock 2 days ago next week last year

?

2. TO HAVE – Statements And General Questions

Simple Simple Tenses Tenses a lot of | enough | some

POSITIVE

Past

Pres.

I We You They

Future

both … and … either … or … neither … nor … not only… but also …

have

a / the many

has

Singular

SIMPLE NEGATIVE

Past

Pres.

I We You They

Past

(without a(n))

Future

didn’t have

won’t have doesn’t have

Pres.

Future

Do --------Don’t Did -------Didn’t

no

don’t have

He She It Everybody Nobody

Count

a (n)+ friend

NEGATIVE

Does --------Doesn’t

Will -------Won’t

QUESTION I we you they

have he she it everybody nobody

Actions or Conditions a+ wonderful terrible good bad nice

dance rest walk smoke drink row fight quarrel talk chat

little a little (too) much

any | enough

will have

had

He She It Everybody Nobody

few a few (too) many

word meal trip party ball feast argue dream bath shower

nap shave snack break baby day off swim run sleep wash

with (someone)

toothache headache head cold cold fever cough wedding honeymoon cup of tee cup of coffee

enemy relative brother sister niece nephew uncle aunt family husband wife daughter son fiancé fiancée lover kid neighbor car house umbrella book ticket idea date thing problem fault asset duty right debt doubt answer question holiday impression illusion suggestion suit shirt hat coat skirt dress

much

Plural

+s

?

Non-count work time news glory love courage happiness progress experience patience success power strength freedom money fun joy pity mercy shame currency wine water food fruit milk meat fish sugar salt bread butter coal oil cotton wool wood cattle poultry petrol iron breakfast lunch Dinner

3. TO DO – Statements And General Questions POSITIVEE

Past

I We You They

Pres.

will ...

or V2

always never often usually seldom

. . . +s

Past

Pres.

smile + ed look arrive work wait borrow live die return listen complain describe propose dedicate reply apologize talk travel dance quarrel

Future

don’t ... didn’t ...

He She It Everybody Nobody

won’t ... doesn ’t ...

Pres.

Future

QUESTION I we you they

Do --------Don’t Does --------Doesn’t

Will --------Won’t

+ ed cure envy bother admire spoil hire help respect invite owe cook

he she it everybody nobody

lough + ed shout stay play look conceal study cure cry toast lie explain prove belong repeat save boast agree smoke argue

always never often usually seldom

V2

pay give lend bring

paid gave lent brought

read write sell send sing tell get

read wrote sold sent sang told got

build buy find make draw get

built bought found made drew got

it / something

me her him us you them

me her him us you them

some / more

said

money milk sugar bread water

a / another

say

letter ticket song story flower

a / another

in the morning in the evening in the afternoon in 2 hours in 1999 in winter in October on October 15th on Monday now (then) at 6 o’clock 2 days ago next week last year

pour promise deceive answer refuse show hate miss divorce scold rape

tease betray punish obey annoy adore join treat call charm blame

fire receive offer greet invite order follow save ask respect kiss

regular with prepositions

I We You They

Did -------Didn’t

love need marry believe praise rob offend kill arrest warn amuse

...

NEGATIVE

Past

regular

Future

. . .+ed

He She It Everybody Nobody

Simple Simple Tenses Tenses

house job dress flower ticket

to

for

at at at / in / with at / for for from in / with of / from / in to / for to to to to to to to / for to /about to / with with with / about

irregular

V2

take do drink eat learn lose spend choose wear win catch become forget know see feed leave meet teach come stand go run sit sleep swim dream think speak

took did drank ate learnt lost spent chose wore won caught became forgot knew saw fed left met taught came stood went ran sat slept swam dreamt thought spoke

me her him us you them everybody nobody

each of us none of us my friend her father his wife our parents your kids your sister their friends Jack

? SOMETHING NOTHING

ANYTHING (- / ?)

SOMEONE NO-ONE ANYONE (- / ?)

SOMEWHERE NOWHERE ANYWHERE (- / ?)

Grammar Templates’ Keys

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

1. TO BE. The most often used verb, has different forms for present and past tenses. We can talk about Location, Appearance, Conditions, Positive and Negative features. We can add Adjectives for emotional enhancement and Time markers to indicate the time of the action. These Time markers indicate Simple Tenses. If you say or mean one of the listed Time marker, you should use Simple tenses (Past, Present or Future). We can use contractions (Affirmative: am = I’m, she is = she’s. And negative: he is not = he isn’t, we are not = we aren’t) in everyday speech and informal writing. Contractions are usually not appropriate in formal writing. We use contractors in Negative Questions.

DESCRIBE A PERSON • She is Lily. She is 25 (years old). • Lily is American. She is an artist. • She is a dress designer. Her dress is yellow. • It is 4 P.M. + STATEMENTS (positive) • I am at home. • She is at school today. • They are at work now. • He was very handsome two years ago. • You were too short. • We will be in London next week. - STATEMENTS (negative) • I am not rather young. • Everybody is not quite sure. • We are not very rich. • She wasn’t polite to me yesterday. • We were not happy 2 days ago. • You won’t be worried about me in 2 weeks.

+ QUESTIONS (positive) • Am I right? • Is he very silly? • Are we too nosy? • Was she divorced from him last year? • Were we ready for the new job last week? • Will they be ready tomorrow at 5? - QUESTIONS (negative) • Aren’t I stupid? • Isn’t she pregnant? • Aren’t you busy now? • Wasn’t he rather careful? • Weren’t they somewhat sad? • Won’t he be mistaken tomorrow? Note! • Everybody is / was … • Nobody is / was … “Nobody” - only in positive statements but means negative: “Nobody is here”.

2. TO HAVE. The second most often used verb, can create simple negative sentences with “no”. We use it when we talk about what we have or don’t have. And in some cases it means actions (to have a break = to make a break) or conditions (to have a headache = to feel pain in your head). Is used with countable (can be count) nouns and uncountable (can’t be count) nouns. QUANTITY In positive sentences we use universal adjectives (a lot of, some, enough) to talk about quantity. And: • few, many - for countable. • little, much - for uncountable In negative sentences and questions we use universal adjectives (any, enough). And: • many - for countable. • much - for uncountable “Have got” is used in British English and not described in this book.

SINGULAR vs PLURAL Singular countable: add article “a(n)” or “the”. Plural countable: add ending “s”.

Use auxiliary verb “to do” (modal verb “will” for future tense) to create negative sentences and questions.

+ STATEMENTS (positive) • She has a friend. • I had a lot of success. • She has few enemies. • We will have too much freedom. • They have too many ideas. SIMPLE NEGATIVE Just add particle “no” after the verb ”have” (have no, has no, had no, will have no). In this case we don’t use article. • I have no dog. • They will have no families. • She had no time.

- STATEMENTS (negative) • He does not have much money. • She won’t have many assets. • I don’t have any time. • I do not have fame. • She didn’t have any problems. • We didn’t have enough glory.

CONJUNCTIONS She has both many friends and much money. I will have either few friends or lot of money. We had neither time nor glory.

+ QUESTIONS (positive) • Do you have a job? • Does he have much strength? • Did we have many duties? • Will they have any questions? • Does she have a rest? - QUESTIONS (negative) • Don’t you have enough time? • Doesn’t he have much wine? • Didn’t we have many books? • Didn’t you have breakfast?

2. TO DO. And all other verbs (excluding modals). REGULAR vs IRREGULAR VERBS Regular – create past form with ending “ed” • love - loved Irregular – with 2-nd form (V2) • go – went HOW TO USE TEMPLATE Put any verb into the grammar table – it will show you the correct way to use verbs in sentences. Use auxiliary verb “to do” to create questions.

+ STATEMENTS (positive) • I always believe you. • She never loved me. • He respects his parents. • They will come tomorrow. • We spent all money yesterday. • He built me another house. - STATEMENTS (negative) • He didn’t usually pay me. • She doesn’t give some money to him. • We didn’t invite them. • I won’t send you a letter. • I don’t meet anyone here.

+ QUESTIONS (positive) • Did he drink anything? • Do you believe me? • Will you find a job for me? • Will he find me a job next week? • Does she know someone in the city? • Does he usually borrow money from you? - QUESTIONS (negative) • Don’t you always teach her English? • Doesn’t she betray him? • Didn’t they catch anything? • Didn’t he tell us a wonderful story?

4. General Tag Questions < I He She It We You They I He She It We You They

was

= am

>

kind is

isn’t

wasn’t

pretty

= aren’t isn’t

ugly very too rather somewhat a bit quite

are

am not wasn’t




weak weren’t

aren’t

were

greedy

are

? < I We You They

He She It




have will have

had

He She It I We You They

=

has

didn’t have

don’t have

a (n)+

enough some any won’t have

(a) few

(a) little

(too) many

(too) much

relative husband son illusion ticket duty suit fault

+s

joy shame courage pity power strength water wine

=

>

haven’t hadn’t

won’t hasn’t

he she it

have

I we you they

had

doesn’t have

I we you they

will

he she it

has

? < I We You They

. . .+ed

He She It

V2

I We You They He She It

= ...

regular will ...

or . . . +s

don’t ...

didn’t ...

won’t ... doesn’t ...




respect praise answer dance marry play study divorce

irregular

V2

teach sell tell feed eat wear sing go

taught sold told fed ate wore sang went

=

>

don’t

didn’t

won’t

he she it

doesn’t

do did

will does

I we you they

I we you they he she it

5. Indirect General Questions < I He She It Everybody Nobody We You They

I We You They

He She It Everybody Nobody

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple = am

was is will be

were

are




wonder

asks

If

wonders

whether

Could you tell me Do you know I’d like to know I am wondering

I We You They He She It Everybody Nobody

silly greedy lazy jealous (of) moody impudent selfish

very too rather somewhat a bit quite

>

a (n)+

have will have

had

enough some

any has

a (n)+

break talk breakfast

walk party lunch

at school at work at home at Jon’s on duty on leave on pension

(a) few

(a) little

(too) many

(too) much

house fault problem idea thought job choice

drink argue dinner

+s

quarrel dream tea

regular

< I We You They He She It Everybody Nobody

always never often usually seldom

=

>

... . . .+ed will ...

or V2

. . . +s

wait (for) refuse treat marry cure envy die

irregular teach learn lose drink find swim think

luck progress success freedom sugar love work

(with) coffee

+ ed smoke divorce respect call (up)(on) smile (at) look (at) laugh (at)

V2 taught learnt lost drank found swam thought

Grammar Templates’ Keys

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

4. GENERAL TAG QUESTIONS. A special construction in English - it is a statement followed by a mini-question. TO BE (+) • I am wrong, aren’t I? • She is very pretty, isn’t she? • They are a bit ugly, aren’t they? • He was at work, wasn’t he? • They were lazy, weren’t they? • We will be happy, won’t we?

TO BE (-) • I am not greedy, am I? • She isn’t strong, is she? • We aren’t very modest, are we? • He wasn’t greedy, was he? • They weren’t cheerful, were they? • He won’t be rather kind, will he? Answering tag questions Answer a tag question according to the truth of the situation. Your answer reflects the real facts, not the question. • Sugar is sweet, isn’t it? - Yes (it is). • Sugar isn’t sweet, is it? - Yes it is! • Sugar is bitter, isn’t it? - No it isn’t! • Sugar isn’t bitter, is it? - No (it isn’t).

TO HAVE (+) • I have enough duties, haven’t I? • He has many friends, hasn’t he? • We have a little pity, haven’t we? • They had much wine, hadn’t they? • She will have some water, won’t she?

TO DO (+) • I study well, don’t I? • She always answers you, doesn’t she? • He divorced her, didn’t he? • They sang poorly, didn’t they? • We will eat some fish, won’t we?

TO HAVE (-) • You don’t have any relatives, have you? • She doesn’t have much joy, has she? • You didn’t have many faults, had you? • He won’t have much courage, will he?

TO DO (-) • I don’t praise them, do I? • He doesn’t dance a lot, does she? • We didn’t wear jeans, did we? • You won’t go, will you?

Attention! The adverbs never, rarely, seldom, hardly, barely and scarcely have a negative sense. We treat statements with these words like negative statements, so the question tag is normally positive: • He never saw you, did he? • She seldom comes in time, does she? Specific cases: The basic structure of tag questions is positive-negative or negative-positive. Sometimes it is possible to use a positive-positive or negative-negative structure to express interest, surprise, anger etc, and not to make real questions: •

She is really wonderful, is she?

5. INDIRECT GENERAL QUESTIONS. A part of reported speech – when we tell someone what another person asks or wonders. TO BE • I wonder if he is at home now. • They ask if you are in London. • We ask whether they were busy yesterday. • She asks if we will be very greedy. • Everybody wonders whether you are away. • He asks if she was at work last night. • Could you tell me if she is single.

TO HAVE • Everybody asks if you have many ideas. • We wonder if he has enough freedom. • She asks whether you had a job last year. • They wonder whether we will have much work next month. • I wonder whether he had a house. • Do you know whether she has a husband.

TO DO • They ask if you smoke much. • We wonder if she envies us. • He asks whether she will marry him. • She wonders if he drank much yesterday. • They wander if he often smiles at me. • I wonder if you learnt English at school. • Could you tell me if she found a new job.

TO BE (-) • He doesn’t ask if you are busy. • She asks whether they are not rich. • Could you tell me whether they are not in a hurry.

TO HAVE (-) • We don’t wonder whether they have little progress. • I’d like to know if she has no job. • She asks whether he doesn’t have any shame.

TO DO (-) • She doesn’t wonder if you love her. • They ask whether you don’t love her. • I am not wondering whether she lost her mind.

Attention! There is no question mark at the end of the indirect question.

Reported (Indirect) Questions in the Past We need to change tense: • She said: “Is he free?” - She asked if he was free. • They said: “Does he like tea?” - They wondered if he liked tea. • He said:” Will you be happy?” - He asked if you would be happy. • He said: ”Does she love him?” – He wondered if she loved him.

“if” and “whether” have the same meaning. "Whether" is a little more formal and more usual in writing.

6. Special Questions – Part 1 Past

Why Where When

Was --------Wasn’t

What

Pres.

Future

Am Aren’t

I

Is --------Isn’t

he she It everybody nobody

Will

Won’t

How

Whom

Were --------Weren’t

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

Are --------Aren’t

be

we you they

(not) patient calm lonely hungry cheerful very right ready too cross rather wise a bit bald quite thirsty moody wrong young

lazy kind pretty strong generous frank modest sly afraid (of) jealous (of) weak greedy mean impudent

in love in a hurry in despair in debt in Paris in China in prison at school at work at home at Jon’s on duty on leave on pension

enough some few Past

Pres.

I we you they

do --------don’t did -------didn’t

does --------doesn’t

many

will -------won’t

a (n)+ car

have he she it everybody nobody

house fault problem question idea enemy thought job choice

asset kid answer doubt friend thing debt right

a (n)+ break

walk party

talk breakfast

Past

Pres.

Future I we you they

do --------don’t did -------didn’t

Who

does --------doesn’t

will --------won’t

he she it everybody nobody

was

is

will be

had

has

will have

…+ed / v2

…+s

will …

always never often seldom usually

+…

little

any

Future

drink argue

lunch

regular live study work love hate earn ask warn dance kiss

+s

dinner

help play invite promise borrow travel wait (for) refuse treat marry

money time power desire glory future joy hatred hope quarrel dream tea

irregular do go come meet see eat drink speak sing sleep

much

luck progress success freedom wine bread sugar love work (with) coffee

V2 did went came met saw ate drank spoke sang slept

no

?

7. Special Questions – Part 2

How

How much

old wide late free pretty busy silly cold exited lucky drunk hungry ill happy

young long poor new rich tired clever hot lonely famous scared sure nervous angry

money time power desire

future joy hatred hope

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

hungry thirsty merry calm kind polite careful shy sly greedy stupid silly fussy nosy

luck progress success freedom

Past

Pres.

Future

am

I

is

he she It everybody nobody

was will

were

wine sugar love work

Past

did

I we you they will

+s

How many

car asset answer doubt

friend thing debt right

Past

Pres.

was

is

Where

Which

are

+s son daughter kid parents relatives children

+s car house room things papers books

does

enemy thought job choice

he she it everybody nobody

?

earn spend waist buy solve build

Future

will were

Whose

house fault problem question

have

Future

do

What (kind of)

?

we you they

are

Pres.

be

my his her our yours their

Past

Pres.

was

is

desk ball bike

are

Past

Pres.

was

is

Future

are

it this that they these those

be

Future

will be were

?

be

pants boots glasses

will were

+s

mine his hers yours ours theirs

?

?

in the morning in the evening in the afternoon in 2 hours in 1999 in winter in October on October 15th on Monday now (then) at 6 o’clock 2 days ago next week last year

Grammar Templates’ Keys

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

6-7. SPECIAL QUESTIONS. A questions with question words at the beginning of the General Questions. TO BE • Why am I too lonely? • Where is she now? • When will they be on pension? • What was cold? • What is it? • How were they? • How are you? • Whom were you in prison with? • Whom is she in love with?

TO HAVE • Why do they have a problem? • Where does she have a house? • When will he have many friends? • When did she have much money? • When do you have free time? • What did you have? • What does he have? • Whom did they have a break with?

TO DO • Why do you learn English? • Why does he never earn enough money? • Where does he live? • When did they meet you? • When will I see you? • What do you usually drink? • What did she often ask? • How does she kiss? • How do you treat your dog?

TO BE (-) • Why is he not wise? • Why aren’t they on duty? • When won’t she be wrong?

TO HAVE (-) • Why didn’t we have lunch together? • When won’t she have much hatred? • What won’t I have in my life? • Whom doesn’t she have an argue with?

TO BE (Who) • Who was young? • Who is very busy today? • Who will be too hungry soon?

TO HAVE (Who) • Who had a break 2 hour ago? • Who has much freedom? • Who will have many thoughts?

TO DO (Who) • Who loved you so much? • Who saw me in the hospital? • Who works with you? • Who will travel abroad next week?

TO BE (How) • How old are you? • How cold is it? • How hungry was he? • How lucky were they? • How drunk is she? • How angry will everybody be?

TO HAVE (How much/many) • How much time does she have? • How much hope do they have? • How much joy will we have? • How many enemies did they have? • How many cars does he have? • What kind of car do you have? • What question does she have?

TO DO • How much money did you spend? • How much time did we waist? • How many houses will you build? • How many problems did she solve? • What car will you buy? • What kind of house will you build?

• • • • •

Where is my desk? Where was his home? Where are her glasses? Where were our boots? Where will their pants be?

• • • • • • • •

Whose son is he? Whose sons are they? Whose car is it? Whose house was this? Whose kids were these? Whose parents are they? Whose children were these? Whose relatives will they be?

• • • • • •

Which car is mine? Which things are his? Which book was hers? Which houses were yours? Which friends are ours? Which papers will be theirs?

TO DO (-) • Why didn’t we travel much? • Where doesn’t she dance? • When doesn’t he work? • What won’t you ask me? • Whom don’t you wait for?

We use this, that, these and those to point to people and things. This and that are singular. These and those are plural. Singular it this that

Plural they these those

- object is near - object is far

8. Indirect Special Questions


am was

is will be

were

are

was

is

will be




in love in a hurry in despair in debt in Paris in China in prison

at school at work at home at Jon’s on duty on leave on pension

ask wonder

why I We You They

where

asks wonders

when what

Could you tell me Do you know I’d like to know I am wondering

how whom

He She It Everybody Nobody

who

will have

enough some any

has

had

has

a (n)+

(a) little (too) much

a (n)+ house

have had

(a) few (too) many

+s

fault problem idea thought job choice

will have

how much

money he earns

break talk

how many

ideas they have

breakfast

walk party lunch

drink argue dinner

quarrel dream tea

regular < I We You They He She It Everybody Nobody

always never often usually seldom

who what

=

>

... . . .+ed will ...

or V2

…+ed / v2

. . . +s

…+s

luck progress success freedom sugar love work

will …

wait (for) refuse treat marry cure envy bother irregular teach learn lose drink find bring think

(with) coffee

+ ed smoke divorce (from) respect call (up)(on) smile (at) look (at) laugh (at) V2 taught learnt lost drank found brought thought

Grammar Templates’ Keys

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

8. INDIRECT SPECIAL QUESTIONS. Just add question word instead of “if” or “whether” in the Indirect General Questions (Part 5). TO BE • I wonder why he is on duty. • They ask where she was 2 days ago. • We ask when they were in prison. • She asks what it is. • Everybody wonders whom you are jealous of. • Could you tell me why she is in despair. TO BE (-) • He doesn’t ask when you will be in Paris. • She asks why they are not rich. • Could you tell me whom she was in love with.

TO HAVE • Everybody asks why she has much luck. • We wonder where he had a house. • She asks when you will have some progress. • They wonder what we will have tomorrow. • I wonder whom he had a talk with. • Do you know when she had a problem.

TO HAVE (-) • We don’t wonder why they have many choices. • I’d like to know when she had a husband. • She asks why he doesn’t have breakfast.

TO DO • They ask why you always drink much. • We wonder where she met you last week. • He asks when she lost money. • She wonders how he dances. • They wander whom I told the truth. • I wonder what you learn English for. • Could you tell me when she bought a car. TO DO (-) • She doesn’t wonder why he hates her. • They ask when you didn’t miss a train. • I am not wondering where they live.

TO BE (Who, What) • They wonder who was at home last week. • He asks who is very impudent. • Do you know who will be quite silly. • She asks what is very hot. • They wonder what will be there.

TO HAVE (Who, What) • I wonder who has too many doubts. • He asks who had much money. • Could you tell me who will have some success. • She wonders what he has. • They ask what you will have.

TO DO (Who, What) • He asks who will teach him English. • They wonder who looked at us. • We ask who sleeps well. • She ask who drinks a lot. • I wonder what brings you here. • She asks what bothers you.

TO BE (Where, Whose, Which) • Nobody wanders where your car is. • He asks where my parents are. • They wonder whose house it is. • He asks whose children they are. • I wonder which clothes were hers.* • She wonders which room will be theirs.*

TO HAVE (How much/many) • He wonders how much time she has. • He asks how many friends they had. • We ask how much work they have. • She asks how many thoughts I will have.

TO DO (How much/many) • They ask how much money you waste. • She wonders how many goods he sold. • He asks how much freedom we deserve. • I wonder how many ideas you have.

Attention! There is no question mark at the end of the indirect question.

Reported (Indirect) Special Questions in the Past We need to change tense: • She said: “When Is he free?” - She asked when he was free. • They said: “Why does he like tea?” - They wondered why he liked tea. • He said:” When will you be happy?” - He asked when you would be happy. • He said: ”Who loves him?” – He wondered who loved him.

* no change in words order compared to Direct Special Questions (7)

9. Infinitive – Statements < I

He She We You They

was -------wasn’t

were -------weren’t

=

>

am -------am not is -------isn’t

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

able glad/sad happy proud sorry surprised

will be -------won’t be

are -------aren’t

(not)

to

right married ready busy here new sad in love in a hurry in despair in debt in Paris in China in prison

be

going

It

was -------wasn’t

< I We You They

had -------didn’t have

He She It

is -------isn’t

= have -------don’t have has -------doesn’t have

difficult easy simple possible (un)real nice

will be -------won’t be

>

(no) will have -------won’t have

a+

chance desire wish opportunity attempt

I We You They

He She It

. . .+ed or V2 -------didn’t ...

= ... -------don’t ... . . . +s -------doesn’t ...

(not)

to

>

will ... -------won’t ...

a lot of enough some

enough some any

anything anyone

like want agree decide learn manage fail hope plan pretend refuse try forget know how would (not) like

do go come meet see eat leave

(not)

to

(a) few

(a) little

(too) many

(too) much

a (n) car

have -

(any) something nothing someone no one




has

will -------won’t

did -------didn’t

Who

. . .+ed or V2

= do -------don’t does -------doesn’t

. . . +s

desire wish opportunity attempt

(not)

to

have

-

enough some any

(any)

will have

would (not)


will -------won’t

wrong single funny free there old merry at school at work at home at Jon’s on duty on leave on pension

? a (n)




old rich hot big soft tall thin low weak sharp wide deep warm slim dim gentle clear cheep fresh fast sweet loud calm large new wet sad clean dull mild long hard ripe sour late

am -------am not is -------isn’t

will be -------won’t be

are -------aren’t

is -------isn’t

will be -------won’t be

Why

young poor cold small hard short thick high strong blunt narrow shallow cool fat bright cruel vague dear stale slow bitter quiet mad minor clever old dry keen neat severe short simple green sweet

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple the …+iest

less … angry busy chilly crazy fussy fuzzy greedy happy healthy heavy juicy lazy Lucky dirty tiny silly (than)

messy naughty noisy nosy pretty shy sly spicy tasty ugly witty funny merry early salty

more …

the most …

less …

the least …

active attractive careful comfortable complicated convenient delicious difficult excited expensive famous handsome indifferent important interesting possible probable profitable serious significant terrible awesome upset wonderful worried endless lifeless helpless (than)

boy / girl lady driver flat job chair food task person look writer man sight issue book chance solution business question event day dress parents night mother story body child

among us / them (spoken English)

(than) me us you them him her

any of us / them

When

anyone else

Whom

(formal English) I

Past

Pres.

Future

we/you/they

Am Aren’t

Was --------Wasn’t

Were --------Weren’t

he/she

?

was were

am is

will

are

I

exceptions Is --------Isn’t Are --------Aren’t

Will

Won’t

he she It we you they

be

(a) good better bad worse far farther far further little less old elder (than)

the… best worst farthest furthest least eldest

Grammar Templates’ Keys

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

14. DEGREES OF COMPARISON - ADJECTIVES. Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives. One-syllable

Most two-syllable and three or more syllables

Type 1A – add suffixes: Comparative degree: …+er Superlative degree: …+est

Type 1B – add suffixes: Comparative degree: …+ier Superlative degree: …+iest

Type 2 – add: Comparative degree: more … Superlative degree: the most …

(comparative +) • She was younger. • It was hotter yesterday. • She will be weaker than I (will). • This knife is sharper than that one. • They are fatter than their sister. • She was richer than any of us.

(comparative +) • I am angrier today than she was yesterday. • He is busier than anyone else. • They were happier 2 days ago. • It will be juicier in 3 weeks. • She was either greedier or crazier than I. • We will be both luckier and busier than you.

(comparative +) • It is more important than my business. • He was more handsome than his brother. • It will be more interesting. • He is more upset today then he was yesterday. • We were more excited about your book.

(comparative -) • We are not taller than he (is). • She is not cleverer than he (is). • It won’t be sweeter than honey. • It is less wide. • We are less calm than you are. • I am less strong today. (superlative +) • This river is the deepest and the longest. • I am the oldest among us. • He was the richest among them. • They were the greatest actors. (superlative -) • He is not the slowest runner. • I am not the cleverest. • Tesla model 3 wont be the cheapest car. • We were not the latest.

(?) • • • • • • • • •

Am I slimmer than he (is)? Was she shorter than I? Were they higher? Will we be faster? Aren’t I louder than everybody (is)? Isn’t he quieter than we are? Isn’t it wetter? Is it less green? Was she less sad?

(special ?) • Why is it fresher than that? • Why are you fatter than we are? • When will you be louder? • Whom were you taller? • Whom is she weaker? • Who is the coolest? • Who was bigger than you? • What is the dirtiest? • What is less dry? • Which wine is less sweet? • Which car is the cheapest? Note! Black knife less sharp than green = Green knife is sharper than black.

(comparative -) • She is not healthier than her father. • We were not uglier than he (was). • He was not luckier than I am. • I am neither uglier nor wittier than she. • We were less lucky than you are now. (superlative +) • This box is the heaviest. • It was the tastiest dish in the restaurant. • I am the craziest among us. • He is both the happiest and the healthiest. (superlative -) • He is not the noisiest man. • I am not the laziest among then. • She was not the busiest. • We were not the prettiest. (?) • • • • • • • •

Is she happier than we are? Was he lazier than I? Will he be busier than you? Are they messier than anyone else? Is he less lucky? Aren’t you the strongest? Wasn’t she less happy? Will they be less noisy?

(special ?) • Why is it heavier than stone? • Why are you busier than your friends? • Why were they the nosiest? • Whom are you crazier? • Whom am I luckier? • Who will be angrier? • Who was the ugliest among us? • What is juicier: apple or pear? • What will be the tastiest? • Which apple is tastier? • Which man was the heaviest? • Which dish will be the cheapest? Exceptions • She is better than I. She is the best. • It was worse. It was the worst. • This city is farther then you think. • We study further. • He is elder son in the family.

(comparative -) • She is not more serious. • I am not more famous than you (are). • It is less expensive than that. • It is less terrible. • She is not more wonderful than you. (superlative +) • This artist is the most famous in the West. • She is the most important person. • He was the most serious boss. • She will be the most worried mother. (superlative -) • He is not the most handsome man. • It was not the most interesting book. • I am not the most careful driver. • It is the least difficult task. • It will be the least expensive look. (?) • • • • • • •

Are you more reliable? Isn’t she more worried? Was he more famous? Were they the most terrible? Will we be the most handsome? Is it the least possible chance? Am I less upset than you?

(special ?) • Why is she more wonderful today? • Why was he more attractive? • Why will we be the most terrible workers? • When will they be the most worried? • When was it more convenient? • Whom is she more interesting? • Who is more lifeless? • Who was the most careful? • What is more important? • What was the most complicated? • Which book was more interesting? • Which car is the most expensive? Note! the least expensive = the cheapest

15. Degrees of Comparison - Adverbs < I We You They

He She It

Who

=

>

... -------don’t ...

. . .+ed or V2 -------didn’t ...

. . . +s -------doesn’t ...

. . .+ed or V2

. . . +s

will ... -------won’t ...

…+(i)er regular study work live earn borrow

+ed

will ...

high fast easy late long near slow 2 (than)

V2

speak eat drink drive learn sing read come lose win go become

(the*) …+(i)est less …

answer cook walk dress behave

irregular

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

spoke ate drank drove learnt sang read came lost won went became

low slow hard early loudly soon quick 2

exceptions bad(ly) well far far little much

worse better farther further less more (than)

more …

(the*) most …

less …

(the*) least …

often seldom quietly brightly silently frankly slowly 2 (than)

wisely proudly properly happily simply carefully quickly 2

(the*)…

or

worst best farthest furthest least most

of all

among us / them (spoken English)

exceptions 2

slow – slower – (the) slowest slowly – more slowly – (the) most slowly

2

quick – quicker – (the) quickest quickly – more quickly – (the) most quickly

any of us / them

me us you them him her

* Article (the) is optional in superlative form

anyone else

(formal English)

I/we/you/they he/she

do

did

does

will

Why When Whom < I We You They

=

had -------didn’t have

He She It

>

have -------don’t have has -------doesn’t have

(a) will have -------won’t have

good bad little few much many

better worse less fewer

the… best worst least fewest

more

most

(than)

as much … as … much more …

as many … as … many more …

much less …

far fewer …

joy rest time work food lunch power glory meat

car kid flat hope book talk thing house enemy

future money choice memory freedom business industry voice produce

any of us / them among us / them

anyone else

Who

had

has

will have

I/we/you/they he/she

had

have has

will

income friend problem thought condition question holiday fault asset

+s

Grammar Templates’ Keys

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

15. DEGREES OF COMPARISON - ADVERBS. Comparative and superlative forms of adverbs. Most two-syllable and three or more syllables

One-syllable Type 1A – add suffixes: Comparative degree: …+er Superlative degree: …+est

Type 1B – add suffixes: Comparative degree: …+ier Superlative degree: …+iest

Type 2 – add: Comparative degree: more … Superlative degree: the most …

(comparative +) • He goes higher than she (does). • I worked faster than you (do). • They speak English easier. • I play longer than you.

(comparative +) • She usually comes earlier then I (do). • She walks easier.

(comparative +) • I drink more seldom then you. • We study more properly. • She reads the book more carefully.

(comparative -) • She doesn’t work harder than any of us. • I won’t come earlier than any of them. • He didn’t learn longer than I (do).

(superlative +) • He woke up (the) earli0est this morning. • It will be the easiest question.

(superlative +) • She sings (the) most brightly among them. • I drive (the) most quickly. • We will win it (the) most simply.

(superlative +) • She eats (the) slowest among them. • I enjoyed (the) longest day in my life. Exceptions – comparative form • She sings worse then he. • I speak English better than you. • They live farther then their parents. • We will work further. • They drank less yesterday. • We spent more money than you.

Exceptions – superlative form • She sings (the) worst. • I speak English best of all. • They live (the) farthest among them. • He will go (the) furthest. • They drank least of all yesterday. • I earn (the) most among us.

(?) • Does she speak English better than I (do)? • Do you study harder than she? • Did we run faster? • Will he earn more than any of us? • Do you sing (the) best? • Does he eat most of all? • Did they come (the) latest?

(?) • Does she learn easier? • Did he come earlier? (special ?) • Who works easier? • Why did they wake up earlier? • When will you come the earliest?

(special ?) • Who played tennis better? • Who reads less? • Who will sing (the) best? • Why does she answer faster? Countable nouns

(comparative -) • He doesn’t live more happily then we. • They didn’t drive more slowly. • They dove less carefully.

(?) • Does he borrow money more often this year? • Do you drive more carefully than she (does)? • Did he dress more quickly? • Will we run (the) most slowly? (special ?) • Who loses money more simply? • Who will play more brightly? • Who spoke more proudly? • Who came (the) most silently? • Why did he cook more carefully then she? • When will she behave more properly?

Non-countable nouns

(comparative +) • He has a better house than I (have). • She had more friends. • We have fewer problems than you (have). • I will have many more things than you. • She has as many kids as I have. • You will have far fewer enemies.

(comparative +) • He has better life than we (have). • They will have more money. • I had less time than you (had). • We had much more work than they (had). • I have as much glory as she (has). • We had much less freedom.

(superlative +) • She had the best books in the class. • We have the worst incomes.

(superlative +) • I have the best future among them. • He has the worst time with her.

(?) • Did he have a better holiday yesterday? • Do they have fewer thoughts than we?

(?) • Do you have less money then she? • Did she have more work?

(special ?) • Who has more cars? • Who had a worse house?

(special ?) • Who will have better memory? • Who has the worst voice?

Note! Adverbs (mostly adverbs of manner and some adverbs of other types) can form degrees of comparison in the same way as adjectives. The comparative degree of adverbs is used more widely than the superlative degree. The definite article (the) before the superlative form of adverbs is often omitted. Note! • Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form: bad, high, fast , hard, low, etc. • Article (the) is optional in superlative form. • In spoken English you can say “She speaks better than me/him/her/us/them”. But in formal – “She speaks better than I/he/she/ we/they”

16. Conditional One - Statements

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

= I

am -------am not

He She

is -------isn’t

We You They

are -------aren’t

very too a bit quite right married ready busy here new sad

wrong single late free there old merry

If When Even if As soon as Once In case Till Until While Unless

be

,

=

I We You They

have -------don’t have

He She It

has -------doesn’t have

a (n) house

He She It

... -------don’t ... . . . +s -------doesn’t ...

live study work love hate earn warn

will

a (n)

+s

+

money time power desire glory future work

-

sell pay spend lend feed read teach

wrong single funny free there old merry at school at work at home at Jon’s on duty on leave on pension

(won’t)

fault problem idea thought job choice

= I We You They

I he she it we you they

right married ready busy here new sad in love in a hurry in despair in debt in Paris in China in prison

a lot of enough some

have enough some any

(a) few

(a) little

(too) many

(too) much

car asset kid house fault problem question doubt friend thing debt idea enemy thought job

+s

money time power desire glory future joy luck progress success freedom wine bread sugar love

do go come meet see eat leave

drink speak sing sleep teach learn lose

sell pay spend lend feed read write

live study work love hate ask warn

play invite promise borrow travel wait (for) refuse

smoke divorce respect cure envy look (at) laugh (at)

17. Conditional One - Questions right married ready busy here new sad in love in a hurry in despair in debt in Paris in China in prison

be

Why What

When Where How

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

wrong single funny free there old merry at school at work at home at Jon’s on duty on leave on pension

= I

am -------am not

He She

is -------isn’t

We You They

are -------aren’t

very too a bit quite right married ready busy here new sad

wrong single late free there old merry

?

will (won’t)

I he she it we you they

(a) few (too) many

+

a (n) a lot of enough some

have Who

will

enough

some any

car asset kid house fault problem question doubt friend thing debt idea enemy thought job

(a) little (too) much

+s

money time power desire glory future joy luck progress success freedom wine bread sugar love

do go come meet see eat leave

drink speak sing sleep teach learn lose

sell pay spend lend feed read write

live study work love hate ask warn

play invite promise borrow travel wait (for) refuse

smoke divorce respect cure envy look (at) laugh (at)

a (n) house =

, if when even if as soon as once in case till until while unless

I We You They

He She It

have -------don’t have has -------doesn’t have

+s

fault problem idea thought job choice money time power desire glory future work

= I We You They

... -------don’t ...

He She It

. . . +s -------doesn’t ...

live study work love hate earn warn

sell pay spend lend feed read teach

18. Conditional One – Other Cases

If

I we you they he she one

like(s)

dance live cook play lie look (at) walk kiss sing speak +s teach ran swim sleep feed

I we you they

don’t

the way

he she one

doesn’t

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

happy single busy free there clever merry

be

a

be

don’t

If

I we you they he she one

let help(to) me make her want him ask us tell you +s see them hear feel

have

near away here free rich ready lazy

,

a (n) kid

to

have

will

invite praise wait (for) refuse force offer advise tell buy teach pay warn prefer hire fire

+s

run draw leave walk stay argue laugh

+ing

If

it doesn’t

rain snow freeze melt +s happen get dark get warmer get colder

serious good great nice easy clear fine bad

job health fame future life choice taste luck

(won’t)

house car money happiness love

do go come smile shout breath cry

doesn’t

I he she it we you they

angry nervous upset in trouble in despair in danger sad

will , there (won’t)

be

a lot of plenty of enough some

me her him us you them

love joy luck time money success freedom water snow ice thing hope idea dream

+s

Grammar Templates’ Keys

Simple Tenses Tenses Simple

16-18. CONDITIONAL 1. Real condition in future - it's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. (+/-) • If you are right, she will be very happy. • If she is busy tomorrow, I will be at work • If you are single, you will have a lot of free time. • If she is rich, she will have enough things. • If we are in a hurry, we will work faster. • Even if she is married, I will love her. • When he is back, he will tell me about his journey. • Till you are here, I will go to the shop. • Until we are not clever, we won’t earn much money. • Once everybody is happy, I will have success. • Even if you are in trouble, she will love you. • Unless he is hungry, he will walk further.

(+/-) • If I have a lot of money, I will be happy. • If he has a problem, he won’t be at home. • If you have no time, you won’t have much freedom. • If they have some debts, they will have a lot of questions. • If I have enough progress in English, I will work for Apple. • If she has a job, she will invite us to the party. • Till you have no friends, you won’t have success in life. • While you don’t have much power, they will teach you. • Unless I have some wine, I will be rather sober.

(+/-) • If I sell a car, I won’t be in debt. • If you eat well, you will be healthy. • If you spend money, you won’t have a bright future. • If she earns a lot, she will have a lot of friends. • If you live near, you will come earlier. • If they read more, they will speak better. • If it rains tomorrow, I won’t come. • When you come, I will feed you. • As soon as she divorce him, we will get married. • Once they see hem, they will offer him a job. • In case you are ill, we will help you. • Till she is away, I will take care of her dog. • Until he comes back, she will have free time.

No comma: • She will be happy if you are at home. • I will be there if she comes in time

No comma: • We will warn you if she has problems. • I will hate her if she has more lovers.

No comma: • I will come if you are in trouble. • She will love him if he is rich.

(?) • Will you be sad, if she is not here? • Will she be in love with me, if I am not rich? • Will they be ready, if they have no future? • Will you be right, if we don’t have any questions? • Will she be in despair, if he wastes all money? • Will you be lucky, if she promises you a great love? • Won’t I am glad, once she promises me to be with me?

(?) • Will you have enough courage, when she is free? • Will he have too much desire, as soon as she enters the room? • Will they have some wine, in case they meet friends? • Won’t you have much glory, in case they hire you? • Won’t I have many enemies, when I start a new project?

(?) • Will we travel a lot, while the weather is good? • Won’t she invite me, even if I am not very polite? • Will she refuse him, if he has no future? • Will we play the piano, if they have a DJ? • Will he wait for me, until I finish my work? • Will we learn English, if we don’t go to the United States?

(special ?) • Who will be at home, when she comes? • Who will be ready, when we are there? • Why will they be happy, if I am not right? • What will you have, if you have a lot of time? • When will he look at me, if I am in the red dress? • Where will she be, if she has not any desire?

(special ?) • Who will have a house, if it is cold? • Who will have many assets, if there is no money? • Who will have happiness, if she doesn’t smoke? • Why will I have a dog, if I don’t like to walk?

(special ?) • Who will be in China, when everybody is ill? • Who will study well, if we have no money? • How will you teach us, if you don’t know English? • Where will you live, if you divorce him? • When will they work, as soon as we hire them?

Other cases • • • •

If you like the way she dances, she will be nervous. If he likes the way I sing, I will have a great future. If you don’t like the way he speaks, we won’t buy his book. If he doesn’t like the way she looks at him, she won’t have a serious job.

• • • • • • •

If she let me be free, I will prefer her to my wife. If they don’t help her (to) have a house, she will refuse them. If you want me to be rich, you will advise me. If she asks him to have a kid, he will force her to be healthy. If she sees me coming, they will have an easy life. If I feel you crying, I will give you a candy. If she hears me laughing at her, I will be in danger.

• • • • • •

If it rains, there will be a lot of water. If it snows, there won’t be enough joy. If it doesn’t frees, there won’t be much ice. If it happens, I will offer him to leave. If it gets colder, they will be cold. If it doesn’t get dark, we will go for a walk.