Alatzomouri Pefka: A Middle Minoan IIB Workshop Making Organic Dyes (Prehistory Monographs) 9781931534253, 9781623034252, 193153425X

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Alatzomouri Pefka A Middle Minoan IIB Workshop Making Organic Dyes

PREHISTORY MONOGRAPHS 62

Alatzomouri Pefka A Middle Minoan IIB Workshop Making Organic Dyes edited by

Vili Apostolakou, Thomas M. Brogan, and Philip P. Betancourt

with contributions from Vili Apostolakou, Philip P. Betancourt, Thomas M. Brogan, Konstantinos Chalikias, Alison M. Crandall, Joanne Cutler,† Heidi M.C. Dierckx, Andrew Koh, Evi Margaritis, Floyd W. McCoy, Dimitra Mylona, Thomas Palaima, and Marie N. Pareja

Published by INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2020

Design and Production INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia, PA Printing and Binding HF Group – Acmebinding, Charlestown, MA

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Apostolakou, Vili, editor. | Brogan, Thomas M., editor. | Betancourt, Philip P., 1936- editor. Title: Alatzomouri Pefka : a Middle Minoan IIB workshop making organic dyes / edited by Vili Apostolakou, Thomas M. Brogan, and Philip P. Betancourt; with contributions by Vili Apostolakou, Philip P. Betancourt, Thomas M. Brogan, Konstantinos Chalikias, Alison M. Crandall, Joanne Cutler, Heidi M.C. Dierckx, Andrew Koh, Evi Margaritis, Floyd W. McCoy, Dimitra Mylona, Thomas Palaima, and Marie N. Pareja. Other titles: Middle Minoan IIB workshop making organic dyes Description: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : INSTAP Academic Press, 2020. | Series: Prehistory monographs ; 62 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019055096 (print) | LCCN 2019055097 (ebook) | ISBN 9781931534253 (hardback) | ISBN 9781623034252 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Crete (Greece)--Antiquities. | Minoans--Greece--Crete--Antiquities. | Minoans--Greece--Crete-Material culture. | Excavations (Archaeology)--Greece--Crete. | Bronze age--Greece--Crete. | Dyes and dyeing-Textile fibers--Greece--Crete--History. Classification: LCC DF221.C8 A425 2020 (print) | LCC DF221.C8 (ebook) | DDC 667/.2093918--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019055096 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019055097

Copyright © 2020 INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America

Table of Contents

List of Tables..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... vii List of Figures. .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... ix List of Plates. .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... xv Acknowledgments. . ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... xvii List of Abbreviations....................................................................................................... xix 1. Introduction, Vili Apostolakou, Thomas M. Brogan, and Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 1 2. E  xcavation at Pefka, Vili Apostolakou, Thomas M. Brogan, Konstantinos Chalikias, and Philip P. Betancourt...................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 3 3. Rock-Cut Basins: Form and Function, Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 17 4. Pottery, Philip P. Betancourt and Thomas M. Brogan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 29 5. Prism Seal, Thomas M. Brogan. ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 79 6. Chipped and Ground Stone Tools, Heidi M.C. Dierckx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 83 7. Animal Remains, Dimitra Mylona. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 91 8. Archaeobotanical Remains, Evi Margaritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 95 9. Drain Fragments, Philip P. Betancourt................................................................................ 99

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ALATZOMOURI PEFKA: A MIDDLE MINOAN IIB WORKSHOP MAKING ORGANIC DYES

10. Textile Tools, Joanne Cutler† and Thomas M. Brogan.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...103 11. Stone Vessels, Philip P. Betancourt....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 107 12. Suspension Device, Philip P. Betancourt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109 13. O  rganic Residue Studies, Andrew Koh, Vili Apostolakou, Marie N. Pareja, Alison M. Crandall, and Philip P. Betancourt.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 111 14. Geology and Geoarchaeology, Floyd W. McCoy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 119 15. Porphureion and Kalkhion and Minoan-Mycenaean Purple Dye Manufacture and Use, Thomas Palaima.......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 123 16. Discussion and Conclusions, Philip P. Betancourt, Thomas M. Brogan, and Vili Apostolakou.. . . . . ... 129 References.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Concordance of Accession and Catalog Numbers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 155 Index.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Tables Figures Plates

List of Tables

Table 1.

Distribution of chipped and ground stone tools by context.

Table 2.

Uncataloged fragments of pebbles and cobbles without wear marks.

Table 3.

Uncataloged complete pebbles and cobbles without wear marks.

Table 4.

Stone tools from the well or cistern (A1112).

Table 5.

Representation of mammalian remains by taxonomic and anatomical parts.

Table 6.

Dental eruption and wear data.

Table 7. Taxonomic representation of marine mollusks and crustaceans based on counts of minimum number of individuals (MNI). Table 8.

Plant remains retrieved by flotation.

Table 9. Colors of the clay fabrics, heights of the side walls, and widths of the bases (where preservation permits measurements) for the 11 drain sections found at Pefka. Table 10.

Diagnostic compounds from chromatograms in Figures 88A–104B.

Table 11.

Objects analyzed by GC-MS and proposed contents.

Table 12. Record of water retention in basins following filling after heavy rains.

List of Figures

Figure 1.

Map of Crete.

Figure 2. Map of the isthmus of Ierapetra. Figure 3. Plan of the Pefka workshop showing the excavated trenches and section A through the row of basins. Figure 4. Plan of A1101 (Basin 1), A1118 (Basin 4), and vicinity. Figure 5. Plan of A1104 (Basin 5) and vicinity. Figure 6. Plan of part of Trench A1100 with rectangular Basin 2 and nearby areas. Figure 7. Plan of Trenches A1100 and A3000. Figure 8. Plan of A1104, A1115, A1118, and A1119. Figure 9. Vertical section (north–south) of the well or cistern (A1112), facing west. Figure 10. Plan of part of Trench A1100 and vicinity. Figure 11. Plan of Trench A1126. Figure 12.

Plan of Trench A2000.

Figure 13.

Plan of Trench A3000.

Figure 14. Plan of Trench A4000 with A5100 (Basin 8). Figure 15. Plan of Trench A4000 and vicinity.

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ALATZOMOURI PEFKA: A MIDDLE MINOAN IIB WORKSHOP MAKING ORGANIC DYES

Figure 16. Plan of Trenches A15000, A17000, A22000, and A5200. Figure 17. Plan of Trenches A18000 and A19000. Figure 18. Plan of Trenches A20000, A23000, and A24000. Figure 19. Plan of the workshop showing the numbers of the basins (1–9) and other features. Figure 20. Plan of Basin 4 (A1118) and the stone walls. Figure 21. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 1 (A1101). Figure 22. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 2 (A1114). Figure 23. Plan of Basins 4 (A1118) and 5 (A1104) and vicinity. Figure 24. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 3 (A1123). Figure 25. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 4 (A1118). Figure 26. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 5 (A1104). Figure 27. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 6 (A2010). Figure 28. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 7 (A4002). Figure 29. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 8 (A5100). Figure 30. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 9 (A5200). Figure 31. Plan and cross-sections of Feature 11 (A23002). Figure 32. Plans and east–west cross-sections of Mortars 1–3. Figure 33. Open vessel (1), shallow bowls (2, 9–15, 17, 18), rounded cups (3–5), offering table (6), closed vessel (7), and plate (8). Figure 34.

Shallow bowl (19), tall conical cups (20–22), bowls (23–30), and possible basin (31).

Figure 35. Basins and bowls (32–40). Figure 36.

Basins (41–49), bowl (50), and basin with scoring inside (51).

Figure 37.

Basins with scoring inside (52–55) and straight-sided cups (56–68).

Figure 38.

Straight-sided cups (69–84).

Figure 39.

Straight-sided cups (85–114).

Figure 40.

Straight-sided cups (115–133) and straight-sided or conical cups (134–144).

Figure 41. Straight-sided or conical cups (145–150), cylindrical cups (151–160), rounded cup (161), and semiglobular cups (162, 163). Figure 42.

Semiglobular cups (164–167) and carinated cups (168–181).

Figure 43. Carinated cups (182–199). Figure 44. Carinated cups (200–209), carinated cup with low carination (210), carinated cup with scalloped rim (211), carinated cup with spout (212), and miscellaneous cups (213–219). Figure 45. Lamp (220), kantharoi with undulating rims (221, 222), carinated kantharos (223), tall carinated vessel (224), open vessels (225, 226), semiglobular cup/jug (227), and holemouthed jars (228–230).

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 46.

Hole-mouthed jars (231–236).

Figure 47. Bridge-spouted jars (237–243) and jars of various classes (244, 245). Figure 48. Jars of various classes (246–259). Figure 49.

Jars of various classes (260–266) and jugs (267–269).

Figure 50. Jugs (270–279). Figure 51.

Jugs (280–289).

Figure 52.

Jugs (290–298).

Figure 53.

Wide-mouthed jugs (299, 301), carinated jugs (303–306), and amphorae (307, 308).

Figure 54. Amphorae (309–319). Figure 55. Miniature vessels (320–327) and pithoi (328–335). Figure 56. Pithoi (336–345) and tripod jug (346). Figure 57.

Tripod jar (347), triple vessel (348), pyxides (349, 350), and closed vessels (351–359).

Figure 58.

Closed vessels (360–371).

Figure 59.

Closed vessels (372–383).

Figure 60. Closed vessels (384–405). Figure 61.

Closed vessels (406–422).

Figure 62.

Closed vessels (423–432).

Figure 63. Closed vessels (433–438), jar with tripod legs (439), rhyton (440), cylindrical stand (441), pyxis-like vessel (442), and covers (443–448). Figure 64.

Covers (449–451), lids (452–458), and cooking dish (459).

Figure 65.

Cooking dishes (460–468) and tripod offering stands (469–472).

Figure 66. Tripod offering stands (473–479). Figure 67.

Tripod offering stands (480–486).

Figure 68. Tripod offering stands (487–491), tripod kalathoi (492, 493), kernos (494), four-legged offering stand (495), and miniature tripod (496). Figure 69.

Trays and tripod trays (497–507) and tripod bowls (508–511).

Figure 70. Tripod bowl (512), tripod brazier (513), tripod cup (514), and tripod cooking pots (515–523). Figure 71.

Tripod cooking pots (525–527, 529–535).

Figure 72.

Tripod cooking pots (536–545).

Figure 73. Tripod cooking pots (546–558). Figure 74. Tripod cooking pots (559–570). Figure 75. Tripod cooking pots (571–576), heating stands (577, 578), and Hellenistic open vessel (579).

xi

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ALATZOMOURI PEFKA: A MIDDLE MINOAN IIB WORKSHOP MAKING ORGANIC DYES

Figure 76. Prism seal (580), faces a–c; obsidian tools (581–583); ground stone tools: pounders (584, 588), pounder-abraders (585, 586), abrader (587), and grinder (589). Figure 77. Ground stone tools: whetstones (590–592), weight (593), pounders (594, 595, 597–600, 603), hammerstone (596), pounder-abraders (601, 602), and grinder (604). Figure 78. Ground stone tools: pounders (605, 608–611, 614, 615), abraders (606, 613, 616), and hammerstones (607, 612, 617). Figure 79. Ground stone tools: hammerstones (618, 629, 630), grinder (619), pounders (620–623, 626, 627), pounder-abraders (624, 625), and abrader (628). Figure 80. Ground stone tools: pounder-abraders (631, 632, 635), pounders (633, 634, 639), abraders (636–638), pestle (640), polisher (641), and pounding platform (642). Figure 81. Ground stone tools: querns (643–645), whetstones (646–653), weights (655–660), and mace head (661). Figure 82. Size distribution of limpets (Patella sp.). Figure 83. Size distribution of whole purple shellfish (Hexaplex trunculus). Figure 84.

Drain fragments (662–664).

Figure 85.

Drain fragments (665–670).

Figure 86.

Drain fragments (671, 672) and stone vessels (677, 678).

Figure 87.

Clay suspension device with double handles (679).

Figure 88A.

Bowl 50: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2873.

Figure 88B. Bowl 50: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2873 showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 89A. Carinated kantharos 223: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1553. Figure 89B. Carinated kantharos 223: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1553 showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 90A. Hole-mouthed jar 228: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2843. Figure 90B. Hole-mouthed jar 228: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2843 showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 91A. Hole-mouthed jar 231: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1515. Figure 91B. Hole-mouthed jar 231: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1515 showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 92A. Carinated jug 306: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1445. Figure 92B. Carinated jug 306: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1445 showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 93A. Oval-mouthed amphora 308: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1698. Figure 93B. Oval-mouthed amphora 308: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1698 showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 94A. Triple vessel 348 (front vessel): GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1717b.

LIST OF FIGURES

xiii

Figure 94B. Triple vessel 348 (front vessel): GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1717b showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 95. Triple vessel 348 (left rear vessel): GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2728. Figure 96A. Triple vessel 348 (right rear vessel): GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2734. Figure 96B. Triple vessel 348 (right rear vessel): GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2734 showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 97A. Tripod offering stand 484: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1654b. Figure 97B. Tripod offering stand 484: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1654b showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 98A. Tripod offering stand 485: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1659b. Figure 98B. Tripod offering stand 485: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1659b showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 99A. Four-legged offering stand 495: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2878b. Figure 99B. Four-legged offering stand 495: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2878b showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 100A. Tripod cooking pot 516: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1462b. Figure 100B. Tripod cooking pot 516: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1462b showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 101A. Tripod cooking pot 517: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2882b. Figure 101B. Tripod cooking pot 517: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2882b showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 102A. Tripod cooking pot 526: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2469. Figure 102B. Tripod cooking pot 526: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2469 showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 103A. Tripod cooking pot 571: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1601b. Figure 103B. Tripod cooking pot 571: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1601b showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 104A. Heating stand 577: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1554b. Figure 104B. Heating stand 577: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1554b showing total ion current (TIC). Figure 105. Generalized lithologic and stratigraphic section in the area surrounding Pefka mapped from exposures in fields, road cuts, quarries, and sea cliffs. Figure 106. Topography of the area at and nearby the industrial area. Figure 107. Plan showing archaeological remains on Alatzomouri Hill.

List of Plates

Plate 1A.

Aerial view of the workshop at Alatzomouri Pefka.

Plate 1B. The grove of pines that conceals the workshop at Alatzomouri Pefka, as seen from the next higher terrace on Alatzomouri Hill. Plate 2A. Road leading to the village of Pacheia Ammos from just west of the site of Pefka, looking north. Plate 2B. Pile of unworked stones from the destruction of storage sheds built by the Italian army during World War II, looking west. Plate 2C.

Basin 1 (A1101), looking north.

Plate 3A. Relationship between Basin 1 (A1101), and Basin 4 (A1118) with its channel (Channel 1, A1115) leading out of its northeast corner (looking north). Plate 3B.

Large rectangular carved depression (Basin 2, A1102), looking east.

Plate 4A. Cylindrical cutting (a well or cistern, A1112) in the south side of Basin 2 (A1122) during excavation, looking north. Plate 4B.

Basin 3 (A1123), showing the roots that damaged it, looking north.

Plate 5A.

Basin 4 (A1118), looking north.

Plate 5B. Detail of the channel (Channel 1, A1115) at the northeast corner of Basin 4 (A1118), looking north.

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ALATZOMOURI PEFKA: A MIDDLE MINOAN IIB WORKSHOP MAKING ORGANIC DYES

Plate 6A. The relationship between Basins 1, 2, 4, and 5, showing Channel 1 leading from Basin 4 to Basin 2, looking north. Plate 6B. Aerial photograph of the eastern side of the workshop, looking north. Plate 7A.

Basin 5 (A1104), looking north.

Plate 7B. Rubble wall and fallen stones between Basins 4 and 5 (A1118 and A1104, respectively), looking north. Plate 8A. Mortar 1 (A1117) between Basin 2 (A1122) and Basin 5 (A1104), looking south. Plate 8B.

Basin 6 (A2010), looking north.

Plate 9A. The long trough leading into Basin 6 (A2010) from the west, looking northwest. Plate 9B. Natural shallow depression in Trench A3000 (Feature 10, A3001), located southwest of Trench A1100. Plate 10A. Basin 7 (A4002) and the triangular trough at its western side, looking north. Plate 10B.

Basin 8 (A5100), looking south.

Plate 11A. Basin 9 (A5200) in 2007 before the trench to the east was excavated, looking north. Plate 11B. Irregular side of Basin 9 (A5200) cut to allow dyed wool to drain into the vat. Plate 12 Rounded cups (3, 4), shallow bowls (9, 11, 17), tall conical cups (20, 21), and basins and bowls (23, 33, 35). Plate 13. Bowl (36), basins (37, 43), straight-sided cups (57, 59–64, 72, 74, 77, 81, 97, 104, 106, 128, 129), straight-sided or conical cup (137), cylindrical cup (158), rounded cup (161), semiglobular cups (163, 165), and carinated cups (168, 176, 180, 184, 197, 211). Plate 14. Carinated cup with spout (212), lamp (220), carinated kantharos with two handles (223), and hole-mouthed jars (228, 230). Plate 15. Hole-mouthed jar (231), bridge-spouted jars (237, 239), and jugs (263, 267–272). Plate 16.

Jugs (273, 274, 279, 280, 282, 289, 290, 299–302).

Plate 17. Jug (303) and amphorae (307–311). Plate 18. Amphorae (312, 314), miniature vessel (320), pithoi (328, 336), triple vessel (348), and closed vessels (351, 392, 436). Plate 19. Cylindrical stand (441), pyxis-like vessel (442), cover (447), tripod offering stands (469 [from above], 473, 475, 476, 483), kalathos (492), kernos (494), four-legged offering stand (495), miniature tripod (496), tripod tray (497), tray (503), and tripod cooking pot (515). Plate 20.

Tripod cooking pots (517, 519, 521–527).

Plate 21. Tripod cooking pots (528–532, 536–539). Plate 22. Tripod cooking pots (540, 542, 552). Prism seal 580: seal faces (a–c) and impressions (d–f). Plate 23. Murex shell fragments found in pithos 328 (a); flax seed (b); discoid loomweights 674–676 (c–e); Linear B tablet X 976 from Knossos (f); Linear B tablet V 832 from Knossos (g).

Acknowledgments

Many people and several institutions deserve thanks for helping to bring this project to completion. Excavation was conducted under the auspices of the 24th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities (EPCA). The work was directed by Vili Apostolakou, who was then the Director of the Ephorate. The trench supervisor was Konstantinos Chalikias. Financial support for some of the work was provided by the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP) and the Tyler School of Art and Architecture of Temple University, Philadelphia. Work of study was supported by the staff of the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete (INSTAP SCEC) in Pacheia Ammos, and Thomas M. Brogan, Director. Many members of the staff of the Study Center assisted with the preparation of the objects for publication. Eleanor J. Huffman assisted in numerous ways. Stephania Chlouveraki and Matina Tzari were the conservators. Photographs were taken by Chronis Papanikolopoulos. Drawings were made by Doug Faulmann, Konstantinos Chalikias, and Lily Bonga. Registrar was Mary A. Betancourt. Matina Papadaki operated the water separation instrument and sorted the water-sieved samples. The geological work was conducted partly at the Wiener Laboratory of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA) and at the University of Hawaii. Thomas Palaima extends thanks to Deborah Ruscillo, Marie-Louise Nosch, José L. Melena, Maurizio del Freo, Anne Chapin, Cassandra Donnelly, Paula Perlman, Rabun Taylor, Sara Kimball, Kevin Pluta, Joann Gulizio, and Philip P. Betancourt for their generous help with many aspects of Chapter 15.

List of Abbreviations

ARCHEM Archaeochemistry in the Eastern Mediterranean ASCSA American School of Classical Studies at Athens cm centimeter(s) cm/sec centimeters per second CV column volume d. diameter dim. dimension EBA Early Bronze Age EDM electronic distance measurement EFT elliptic Fourier transform EM Early Minoan EPCA Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities est. estimated F. Time final time (tF) FN Final Neolithic g gram(s) GC-MS gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GPR ground-penetrating radar h. height

HM Herakleion Museum I. Time initial time (tI) IGME Institute for Geology and Mining Exploration INSTAP Institute for Aegean Prehistory INSTAP SCEC Institute for Aegean Prehistory Study Center for East Crete km kilometer(s) kPa kilopascal(s) kV kilovolt(s) L. length LM Late Minoan m asl meters above sea level max. maximum MBA Middle Bronze Age min minute(s) min/sample minute(s) per sample ml milliliter(s) μl microliter(s) MM Middle Minoan mm millimeter(s) μm micrometers

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ALATZOMOURI PEFKA: A MIDDLE MINOAN IIB WORKSHOP MAKING ORGANIC DYES

MNI minimum number of individuals mybp million years before present m/z mass-to-charge ratio NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology PAI Pacheia Ammos Industrial Area pres. Preserved PS Pseira rest. restored

R. Time retention time (tR) sec second(s) th. thickness THF tetrahydrofuran TIC total ion current UPLC-MS ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry w. width wt. weight

1

Introduction by Vili Apostolakou, Thomas M. Brogan, and Philip P. Betancourt

East Crete was heavily inhabited during the Minoan period (Fig. 1). An especially large number of archaeological sites have been recorded in the region of the modern village of Pacheia Ammos at the eastern side of the Gulf of Mirabello. The area is near the northern terminus of the isthmus of Ierapetra (Fig. 2), at the narrowest part of the south Aegean island where the Gulf of Mirabello cuts into the landscape of the island from the north. The isthmus is a low area between mountain ranges that forms the only easy passage north and south across Crete. The landscape near the isthmus was already settled during the Neolithic period before 3000 b.c., and by the Middle Bronze Age (MBA; after about 2000 b.c.), it had over 20 villages and towns. The largest MBA site on the north coast of the isthmus was Gournia, located just west of the northern end of the north–south route across Crete (Hawes et al. [1908] 2014; Soles 1991; Watrous 2000, 2012a, Watrous et al. 2012). A Middle Minoan (MM) IIB workshop for making natural dyes and using them to color fabrics was discovered in 2007 near Pacheia Ammos.

It was located on a natural terrace above the town, not far from the modern national highway that traverses Crete’s north coast from east to west (Fig. 3). The level area with the workshop is one of several terraces that rise above the village on its southwest side. The nearest modern building is a house built by pioneer archaeologist Richard Seager in 1909 on the same terrace as the dye workshop (Becker and Betancourt 1997, 89, 97–98). Except for some shallow depressions that would later be found to be rock-carved basins (Pl. 1A), little of the site was visible aboveground before the excavation began. The archaeological site lies on one of the most picturesque of the level terraces on the northeast slope of the hill named Alatzomouri. The terrace is bounded on the north and south by stone retaining walls constructed to create level areas for agriculture and other purposes. These walls were probably built in the Ottoman period. The site is set back away from the main road, and this area is planted with pine trees (Pl. 1B). When archaeological work began on this terrace in May of 2007, several of the terraces were planted

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with olives (Olea europaea). No olives grew on the archaeological site, but many olive trees were present both uphill and lower on the slopes of Alatzomouri. A large agave (Agave americana), a plant with large spiked leaves that was imported into Greece from Mexico and now grows wild in its adopted territory, grew on the next lower terrace. The terrace with the archaeological site and Seager’s house is known locally as Pefka, a name that means “a stand of pines” (from pefko [πεύκο], pine tree). Pinus brutia (Turkish pine) is native to Crete, and it grows widely in East Crete. Other trees in the vicinity in 2007 included the fig tree (Ficus carica) and the juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus). Several other plants were present. Many pistachio shrubs (Pistacia lentiscus) grew nearby, along with several flowers (the pale violet geranium Geranium molle, the wild chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum coronarium, the acanthus Acanthus spinosus, and the attractive Cistus creticus with its five-petalled red flowers). The cactus Opuntia ficus-barbarica and many clumps of thyme (Thymus capitatus) were also present. A large caper plant with its white and violet blossoms (Capparis spinosa) greeted visitors who approached the small grove of pines by turning off the paved highway onto the dirt track that led 20 m to the archaeological site. In this idyllic setting, the 24th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities

(EPCA) uncovered one of the most important sites for the early history of dyeing ever found in Minoan Crete. The site was discovered when a bulldozer unearthed a Minoan burial and the upper part of a small cave called a rock shelter in 2007 (Apostolakou 2008; Apostolakou, Betancourt, and Brogan 2007–2008, 35; 2010, 150; Apostolakou, Brogan, and Betancourt, eds., 2017). Subsequent investigation in the general area revealed several depressions in the modern ground surface, and they were investigated to see if they were additional tombs. When the character of the site became clear (Fig. 3), it was excavated under the direction of the director of the Ephorate, Vili Apostolakou. The work began in 2007, and it was completed in 2008. Several preliminary reports have been published (Apostolakou 2008; Apostolakou, Betancourt, and Brogan 2010, 150; Apostolakou, Brogan, and Betancourt 2012; Betancourt et al. 2014; Betancourt 2015; Crandall et al. 2015; Apostolakou et al. 2016; Betancourt, Brogan, and Apostolatou 2016; Koh et al. 2016; Pareja et al. 2016). This workshop was producing organic dyes from several materials. Red was made from madder and Echium (viper’s bugloss). Yellow was made from weld. Purple was produced from the mollusk (Hexaplex truculus) whose common names are murex and purple shellfish.

2

Excavation at Pefka by Vili Apostolakou, Thomas M. Brogan, Konstantinos Chalikias, and Philip P. Betancourt

The site of Pefka, located on the hill of Alatzomouri near the village of Pacheia Ammos in northeast Crete, was discovered in 2007. It was found as a result of the surface examination of the landscape near a Bronze Age burial and a nearby rock shelter uncovered by a bulldozer on the edge of the highway west of the village (Apostolakou, Betancourt, and Brogan 2007–2008; 2010, 150; Apostolakou 2008; Apostolakou, Brogan, and Betancourt, eds., 2017). Before its excavation, the site consisted of a series of depressions in the ground that looked like tombs. The depressed areas were not tombs but rather artificial basins carved out of the soft limestone bedrock as the main feature for a workshop making organic dyes (Fig. 3; Pl. 1A). The pottery shows that the site was destroyed at the end of MM IIB. Pefka is the only excavated workshop with rockcut basins known from Middle Minoan Crete. It is of great importance for the history of Bronze Age technology as well as for the light it sheds on what was clearly a major Minoan industry. The evidence provides information both for the making of dyes

and for the broader issue of the economic foundation for Minoan trade in fabrics during the period of the Old Palaces (Militello 2007).

Personnel The excavations were conducted in 2007 and 2008 under the direction of Vili Apostolakou, who was then the Director of the 24th EPCA for East Crete. The Field Supervisor was Konstantinos Chalikias. Assistant Field Supervisor was Susan C. Ferrence, Director of the INSTAP (Institute for Aegean Prehistory) Academic Press. Alekos Nikakis, Chief Conservator for the Ephorate, provided technical supervision for the project, assisted by Assistant Conservator Nearchos Nikakis and several workmen. Additional technical assistance was provided by Thomas M. Brogan and personnel from the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete (INSTAP SCEC), and by Philip P. Betancourt of the Tyler School of

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Art and Architecture of Temple University in Philadelphia. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was conducted by Antonia Stamos. Site photographs were made by Philip P. Betancourt, Thomas M. Brogan, and the trench supervisors. Topographic mapping was accomplished by Andrew Insua and Miriam Clinton, who were then graduate students at the University of Pennsylvania (2007, 2008). Trench supervisors included Rachael Fowler (2008), Heather C. Hicks (2007), Allyson McCreery (2008), Judith L. Papit (2007, 2008), Ariel L. Pearce (2007, 2008), and Sarah E. Peterson (2008), then graduate students at Temple University, and Miriam Clinton (2008) and Nurith Goshen (2008), then graduate students at the University of Pennsylvania. Floyd W. McCoy, Professor of Geology at the University of Hawaii, studied the geology. Post-excavation study was conducted in the INSTAP SCEC in Pacheia Ammos between 2007 and 2014. Conservation was conducted by Chief Conservator Stefania Chlouveraki with the assistance of Matina Tzari. Chronis Papanikolopoulos made the object photographs and the aerial photography. The water separation machine (for water sieving) was operated by Matina Papadaki. Drawings of objects and computer processing of the images were undertaken by a series of staff members including Doug Faulmann, Konstantinos Chalikias, Lily Bonga, Philip P. Betancourt, Susan C. Ferrence, Nurith Goshen, and Andrew Insua. Recording of cataloged objects using a database (Access 2007) was supervised by Registrar Mary A. Betancourt with the assistance of Jeanine Beckman (2009), Lily Bonga (2009–2012), Florence S.C. Hsu (2011–2013), Rachael Fowler (2008, 2009), Allyson McCreery (2008, 2009), Rebecca Mullin (2009), and Marie N. Pareja (2012, 2013). Objects were accessioned and numbered sequentially on the object and on the records, and the objects were described and measured. Names of colors followed the Munsell system (Kollmorgen Instruments Corporation 1992). The preliminary records were checked by specialists and then copied onto the database. Stone objects were cataloged, drawn, and studied by Heidi M.C. Dierckx. Further computer processing was conducted at the Digital Archaeological Laboratory in the Tyler School of Art and Architecture at Temple University by Judith L. Papit, Florence S.C. Hsu, Marie N. Pareja, and Amie Gluckman.

Site Location The Pefka workshop is located on the northeast slope of the hill of Alatzomouri, overlooking the village of Pacheia Ammos and the shore of the Gulf of Mirabello. The site is on a slight slope that inclines toward the northeast, which is one of several terraces on Alatzomouri. It is approached from a narrow road that leads east from the Greek national highway toward the house once owned by Richard Seager. The site is situated at the north of the road, within a small grove of pines (Pl. 1B). The sea is about a half kilometer away (Pl. 2A). This region was a heavily populated part of Crete during the Bronze Age. The nearest archaeological site is a Late Minoan (LM) III chamber tomb excavated by Stylianos Alexiou situated ca. 60 m east of the earlier workshop (Alexiou 1954). Other LM III tombs were excavated by Harriet Boyd Hawes at unknown locations on the same part of the hill (Hawes et al. [1908] 2014, 45–46), and several other chamber tombs are located across the main highway. A rock shelter filled with Early Minoan (EM) III pottery and a nearby burial were found at a location near the main highway (Apostolakou, Betancourt, and Brogan 2007–2008, 35; Apostolakou, Brogan, and Betancourt, eds., 2017). The dye workshop cannot be associated with certainty with any specific nearby settlement, but several possibilities exist. The cemetery of Pacheia Ammos, excavated by Seager on the beach at the village (Seager 1916), may belong to a sizeable unexcavated community on the hill of Alatzomouri at the settlement called Survey Site 17 in the intensive surface survey around Gournia (Watrous 2012b, 111, no. 17, tables 2–5, map 2:transects 165–168, 179, 180, 13, 14, 17, 20–21, 23, 24). Another village, called Pera Alatzomouri, was located at Survey Site 10 in the Gournia survey. All of these sites, including the dyeing workshop, used pottery made with Mirabello Fabric (for references and discussion, see p. 76). A seal found at the workshop was probably manufactured at Malia, so a more distant association of some type cannot be excluded (see this vol., Ch. 5). The workshop itself is not within any community. It must have been isolated within the countryside, and it was closer to places chosen for burials than to habitation locations.

EXCAVATION AT PEFKA

The most likely possibility, however, is that the workshop belonged to the large town of Gournia located about 1 km to the west (Hawes et al. [1908] 2014; Betancourt and Silverman 1991; Soles 1991; Watrous and Blitzer 1999; Watrous 2000; 2012b; Watrous and Heimroth 2011; Watrous et al. 2012). Gournia was a major center during the MBA, and its pottery workshops provided a substantial amount of the ceramics used across the entire region. Economically, Gournia must have had a number of industrial enterprises to support it, and the large scale of the dye workshop would have required a major support system to provide the wool as raw material and to use the dyed materials as a part of a major effort to produce textiles. The site is named after the grove of modern pine trees that surround it (pefka [πεύκα] is the modern Greek word for a stand of pines). The excavated archaeological location is small (5 x 8.5 m; see Figs. 6, 9, 22), however, did not find evidence for a prehistoric groundwater lens in terms of secondary carbonate deposits. An indication of prepumping groundwater levels may be in the well nearby at Richard Seager’s former house, unless this feature was used as a cistern—access to the well was not provided to answer this question.

Summary The dye works utilized an area of unique geological factors that provided a setting where the exposed surface rock, the Pefka layer: (1) had low porosity and permeability; (2) was thick enough for excavating deep basins; and (3) was exposed in a large enough area to allow numerous basins. Here, a series of watertight basins could be carefully excavated so that they did not break through the uppermost subunit of the Pefka layer (Figs. 105– 107). Where subsurface drainage was desired, the pit was dug deeper into the more porous and permeable underlying rocks—the two lower subunits of the Pefka layer, such as apparently at Basin 2 (Pl. 3B). No geological evidence for water resources, such as from groundwater springs, is obvious in the contemporary landscape to suggest a source of fresh water in antiquity. The industrial area was created within a stratigraphic succession that records one of the most significant geological events in the history of the Mediterranean Sea and surrounding area with global impact—the Messinian salinity crisis—when this sea evaporated, depositing huge thicknesses of salts, followed by its aftermath of refilling from the Atlantic Ocean. The rocks at the Pacheia Ammos industrial area record that refilling with the Pefka layer being one of the pages in that geological record.

15

Porphureion and Kalkhion and MinoanMycenaean Purple Dye Manufacture and Use by Thomas Palaima

The purpose of this contribution is to support, by reference to specific textual evidence in the Linear B documents relating to the manufacture and dyeing of cloth, the arguments that the MM IIB rock-cut basins and depressions at Alatzomouri Pefka and associated excavated materials (including mortars, tripod vessels for heating, crushed marine shells, and organic residues of murex purple, madder, and weld) do form part of a small industrial workshop operation for manufacturing organic dyes and then coloring fibers. Presented here are new arguments from the clay tablet records for there being two stages of work taking place in separate outlying localities. As discussed in Chapter 3, the rather small amounts of crushed murex shells (Hexaplex trunculus) and the number of basins (9) and depressions for washing of wool suggest that various dyes were being used in separate basins and that the manufacture of the murex dye per se was not taking place on the spot—the shell remains being residue from the first and main stages of actual production of the dye somewhere else, perhaps

closer to the shore. The isolation of the Alatzomouri Pefka site would suit the identification of the remains as given over to dyeing. A new interpretation is proposed here of a Linear B term ka-zo, which occurs in a general context that relates to cloth manufacture. In this interpretation, it most likely identifies a location specifically for the production of the dye proper from the murex and is to be contrasted with the term long identified as having to do with the application of the purple murex dye: po-pu-re-jo = porphureio-. One site (da-*83-ja) in the Linear B tablets (tablet X 976; Pl. 23:f; see below, p. 128) from Knossos is explicitly connected with the purple-dye industry. The Mycenaean term po-pu-re-jo identifies either (neuter singular) a “purple-dye workshop” (porphureion) or (masculine plural) “purple-dye specialists” (porphureioi; Nosch 2004, 33). The term po-pu-re-jo is associated with the term wana-ka-te-ro, meaning respectively either wanakteron (modifying the workshop) or wanakteroi (modifying the workers) “of the wanax or high king,” thereby indicating somehow a primary

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royal interest in or monopoly over the installation or specialist personnel and laborers involved. I believe that the layout of the text on X 976 makes it preferable (I will not say literally more probable, because the matter is beyond “proof”) to propose that po-pu-re-j.ọ[ is porphureion, literally “place of purple dye,” that is, “purple workshop,” and not porphureioi, “purple-dye men.” The term po-pu-re-j.ọ[ is raised above the rule line so that it follows upon the place name da-*83ja. This makes it more likely that wa-na-ka-te-ro, which is written in shorter and smaller characters along the main rule line, modifies the men who are designated as to-so, “so many.” Otherwise, I would expect that the scribe would have written po-pu-re-j.ọ [ directly after to-so or on the same line as wa-na-ka-te-ro. The text we have thus reads: at da-*83-ja at the porphureion SO MANY royal The drawing of this tablet in John Chadwick et al. 1986 (p. 404) is not quite accurate. The long vertical stroke of the da is actually written on the tablet above the rightmost portion of the upper horizontal of the na (and not to the right of it, as mistakenly in the drawing); it seems to intersect the upper horizontal of the na a bit. So da-*83-ja was written after wa-na-ka-te-ro. All these observations suggest that the sequence of writing the sign groups was: .1 to-so .2 wa-na-ka-te-ro .3 da-*83-ja .4 po-pu-re-jọ The order of .3 and .4 could be switched. The text of X 976 then reads, in our interpretation: “This many royal specialists are located at the purple workshop at da-*83-ja.” Its purpose is to keep track of the workforce, without specifying the many reasons the central administration could have for doing so: from making sure that the required number of workers are at hand to knowing that so many workers are there in case they are needed elsewhere, or to reckon what provisions are needed both to maintain efficiently steady industrial work at hand and to sustain and reward the workers with foodstuffs as a kind of wages. On Knossos tablet X 976, the porphureion is located in the area known as da-*83-ja. Marie-Louise

Nosch (2004, 34) argues that “it is tempting to locate da-*83-ja at the shore, and far from inhabited centers, since purple dyeing is a very foul-smelling craft.” We would add that even Royal Purple dyeing would meet these conditions for the placement of sites near to the marine resources necessary for producing the dyes proper and then for using them to dye cloth. Such installations should be in localities away from sizable and higher-status settlements. In the Linear B tablets from Knossos, da-*83ja is taken as a feminine ethnic adjective used as a place-name designation derived from a basic place name with the distinctive Minoan spelling da-*83 (where *83 is a sign probably created and most likely used in Linear B to capture a nonGreek sound value in an original Cretan toponym; for discussion of this sign as occurring at Knossos and Pylos, see Melena 2014, 62–63, 82–83, 87–89). We may compare the three ways of referring to the main religious sanctuary site in the Linear B records from the palatial center at Pylos: (1) the basic noun pa-ki-ja-na (with pre-Greek -ānā toponymic suffix) represents Sphagiānā or the like; (2) the ethnic plural form pa-ki-ja-ne represents Sphagiānes or the like; (3) an adjectival ethnic form, morphologically parallel to da-*83-ja, namely pa-ki-ja-ni-ja, represents Sphagiāniā or the like. Other activities located at the site da-*83-ja are sheep herding (KN Dv 1086.B with 100 male sheep and female sheep in a missing quantity) and a shipment of olive oil to a hieron (sanctuary or holy place). Both activities are consistent with an outlying rural area. Nosch (2004, 34) follows Pierre Carlier (1984, 52) in being tempted to identify the list of single men each identified by name on what is now known as Knossos tablet V 832 (Pl. 23:g; see below, p. 128) with individuals working at some stage of purple-dye manufacture, handling, and use. The two fragmentary tablets, X 976 and V 832, are assigned to the same scribal hand (225), and both come from the Spiral Cornice Room (I2). This circumstance increases the likelihood that they deal with a shared subject. The temptation is even stronger when one considers the other tablets coming from this area of the palatial center at Knossos.

PORPHUREION AND KALKHION AND MINOAN-MYCENAEAN PURPLE DYE MANUFACTURE AND USE

The five tablets Ak 780–784 from the Spiral Cornice Room (I2) are fragmentary, but they each have ample portions of texts preserved. They all deal with women cloth workers (in one instance identified as of ne-ki-ri-de type: Ventris and Chadwick 1973, 562; Aura Jorro 1985, 469, s.v.) who are associated, as on other cloth-worker texts, with groups of girls and boys, designated as older and younger, in these Ak texts in a “schooling” situation (di-daka-re = didaskalei: Aura Jorro 1985, 171). The passing down of cloth-manufacturing skills from older women to younger, including daughters, is well attested in other Linear B tablets from Crete and the mainland. Compare the designation tu-ka-te (thugatēr; Aura Jorro 1993, 374) and abbreviation tu (“daughter”; Melena 2014, 131) at Knossos and Mycenae (Olsen 2014, 162–201, 320–329). Tablets Ld 785, 786 and 788 from the Spiral Cornice Room refer to cloth that is ki-ri-ta (khrista; subject to the well-attested process of “anointing” fine cloth), ke-ro-ta (geronta; old or heirloom cloth), po-ki-ro-nu-ka (poikilonuka; with edging of variegated colors), and e-ru-ta-ra-pi (eruthraphi; with red coloring). The Dl tablets from this area make reference to flocks of sheep made up of animals of different specified genders and ages at the site of e-ko-so. This site has been located by patterns of toponymic grouping in so-called geographic group I, located theoretically partially in the Mesara Plain and at least “at one remove from the Center at Knossos” (Bennet 1985, 239, ill. 4). This associational context improves the chances that Knossos V 832 lists individuals as “royal” workers located at the porphureion at the site of da-*83-ja on Knossos tablet X 976. One of the individuals bears the name u-ta-jo. An individual with this name is known as a major “collector” (Olivier 2001, 142–143). Collectors are high-status economic agents, so designated because of their involvement in “collections” (a-ko-ra) of economically important livestock. Collectors play a significant role in the economic sector of the palatial center at Knossos and at other palatial centers. The collector u-ta-jo is recorded over 50 times in the Knossos Da-Dg series. It is not to be ruled out that the individual on V 832 is the same collector (see below). Other names on V 832 are hapax (e.g., si-ra-pe-te-s. ọ or si-ra-pe-te-m  ẹ and ta-u-ro) or, attested infrequently, for example, ja-sa-ro and

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ru-ro. This circumstance increases the likelihood that they are individuals living, or at least based, at a remote location and bearing non-elite names, Minoan-derived like si-ra-pe-te-X or Greek-based nicknames like ta-u-ro (Tauros, bull) and ru-ro (Luros, a masculine formation of the loan word λύρα meaning lyre). One other significant suggestion needs to be made here. The fragmentary first line of V 832 ends with traces of a sign consistent with the Linear B sign we. There are no indications that this sign is followed by another sign or by the number sign for “1”, as in all seven fully preserved entries on lines .2 to .7. This strengthens the possibility that: (1) line 1 functions as a heading for the tablet; and (2) the final word of the text of this heading ends -we. The word ending in -we likely defines and identifies, from an administrative record-keeping perspective, who the individual men listed on the rest of the tablet, each followed by the numeral 1, are. We might compare a tablet like Pylos Jn 832. Its fourth section has a heading line (.13) that reads: a-ta-ra-si-jo, ka-ke-we—that is, atala(n) sioi khalkēwes (“bronzesmiths without a ta-ra-sija” of bronze to work). Other headings with similar structure are: si-to-ko-wo (“grain-pourers”) on Pylos An 292; ko-ri-si-jo ta-te-re (“Korinthian statēres”), a term whose precise meaning is unknown, on Pylos An 209; and, with the noun form first and then followed by descriptive terms, to-kodo-mo de-me-o-te (“wall-builders about to build”) on An 35 and e-re-ta a-pe-o-te (“rowers being absent”) on An 724. If V 832 line .1 is such a header with the same structure—that is, containing a designation of location and/or status followed by the occupational term that defines what role the single individuals play in the economy—then one might propose here a designation such as po-pu-re-we, the plural form of historically attested porphureus, a worker in purple murex dye. The -eus noun suffix, which has the import “having to do with,” is highly productive of such designations in the Mycenaean period, including

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even personal names (Ventris and Chadwick 1973, 100–101). For crafts specialists with Berufsbezeichnungen in -eus, see, for example (Bartoněk 2003, 279–285, with other categories by extension): knapheus, “fuller” or “felter”; plekeus, “braider” or “plaiter” (“having to do with the Greek verbal action plek-”); histeus, “loom specialist” (“having to do with the histos, standing or upright loom”); kerameus, “potter” (“having to do with keram-, the pre-Greek root for potter’s clay”); khalkeus, “bronzesmith” (“having to do with khalkos”); w g asileus (later basileus), “chieftain”; hiereus, “priest” (“having to do with holy things”); wrīneus, “leatherworker” (“having to do with leather”); and (h)armo(s)teus, “wheel-joiner” (“having to do with the joined product,” i.e., a wheel). Likewise, the form porphureion is most likely formed parallel to the noun *porphureus, just as as (h)armoteiōn “wheel-joining workshop” is formed parallel to (h)armo(s)teus. We may note that many of these terms for specialist crafts persons are derived from basic non-Indo-European roots for materials used in production: keram-, khalk- and porphur-ā; and also that the first three terms in the above list (knapheus, plekeus, histeus) are in the sphere of cloth manufacture (for -eus and feminine -eia craft specialists in ceramics, clothworking, bronze-working, and horn-working, see Bennet 2008, 159). Given the scale of cloth manufacture on Crete attested in the Linear B records (Bennet 2007), and the presence of cloth in the Cretan Hieroglyphic and Linear A ideographic repertories (Hieroglyphic logogram *163 on medallion #103.b: Godart and Olivier 1996, 426; Linear A composite logograms A 535 and A 536 on tablet HT 38.3: Godart and Olivier 1976, 72–73; 1985, 222–223; Petrakis 2012, tables XXVI, XXVII), it is reasonable to assume that every effort would have been made to maximize exploitation of the natural resources for dye manufacture and use, wherever those resources existed on the island. This textual attestation of interest in colored cloth production for trade, gift exchange, and socioeconomic differentiation

during all phases of the Minoan and Mycenaean palatial system on Crete (from MM II into LM III) coincides with widespread indications of the use of murex dye from MM II onward (for early evidence in East Crete at Palaikastro and Kouphonisi and at MM IB/II Kommos, see Ruscillo 2006, 802–803). Vassilis Petrakis (2012, 84–85) joins Maria Alberti (2007a, 251) in seeing the Knossian textile industry that is well attested in the Linear B tablets as “the adaptation of a pre-existing Neopalatial industry by Mycenaean administrative forms.” John Bennet (2008, 157) emphasizes the “deep history” of textile production on Crete and argues that in the Mycenaean phase, the palatial “capture” of this industry was producing even more ligatured variants of cloth than in the Neopalatial period (for more detail on the Minoan and Mycenaean phases of palatially monitored cloth manufacture, see also Burke and Chapin 2015, 34–38). Our argument here then is that the Linear B evidence is relevant to and suggestive of earlier Minoan practices for textile production, including dyeing, as attested in the material record at Alatzomouri Pefka. The fundamental Minoan nature of the murex purple-dye industry is underscored by the form of the basic root that is used to designate the dye, the sea mollusk from which it is extracted, and the specialist personnel who work with the murex and the dye and within the dyeing process. Porphurā has no convincing Indo-European etymology, and the proposal by Pierre Chantraine (2009, 896–897, s.v.)— that it is likely a Semitic borrowing (albeit source unknown) from the Near East—is derived historically from the first edition of Chantraine’s Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque (1968), published at the stage of scholarly research when the origin of the purple-dye industry was generally associated with the Phoenicians, and before the early existence of the Cretan dye industry was well documented. In fact, no convincing Semitic source word has been suggested. We should note that Robert Beekes (2010, vol. 2, 1223–1224, s.v.) considers the word as coming from a Mediterranean language. In fact, the root has a feature that strongly suggests that it is Minoan in origin—reduplication in its morphology: pV1r - phV2r (Palaima and Bibee 2014, 354). The existence of a second term likely derived from an “Aegean” substrate leaves porphur- as a good candidate for “Minoan” origin.

PORPHUREION AND KALKHION AND MINOAN-MYCENAEAN PURPLE DYE MANUFACTURE AND USE

Furthermore, the adjectival derivatives of this word attested in Linear B (porphuryon and porphureion) suggest that it was not yet commonly used as a feminine alpha-stem in the Mycenaean period when those forms were derived and used. As we discussed above, forms in -eion derive originally parallel to the noun form in -eus, a suffix that is commonly used with non-IndoEuropean roots. (Later the full locational ending may be used by analogical extension.) And the form in -ion with rapid pronunciation -yon (popu-ro2) forms directly from the stem. A derivative from a form in long alpha would yield a Mycenaean spelling -a-jo, which is unattested. So far we have been concentrating on the Knossian Linear B material. But ample records and a rich vocabulary relating to the cloth-production industry and its personnel and their locations are found also at mainland sites (for an analysis of Greek cloth-making terms and their etymological sources, see Barber 1991, 278–280, tables 12.1– 12.4; for the technical and occupational vocabulary regarding cloth manufacture at Thebes and other sites, see Alberti et al. 2012, 99–102, pl. XXIXa; for an overview of purple-dye sites in the Aegean, see Vykukal 2011, 26–43; for the murex dye production at Mitrou on the Euboean Gulf northeast of Thebes, see Vykukal 2011, 10–12, 71–84). Within the Thebes tablets (see Nosch 2001–2002), we have records of cloth finishers, spinners, fullers, weavers, and specialist makers of cloth or cloth elements known as te-pa and o-nu-ke. Most significantly in regards to the royal purple-workers on Knossos tablet X 976, we have references to royal cloth finishers (asketriai wanak[terai), cloth finishers working in the woikos (“house”) of the mistress goddess potnia, and groups of women identified by feminine adjective forms of the names of prominent collectors (ko-ma-we, pu2-ke-qi-ri, and ma-rine-u). The textual evidence leads to the conclusion that “at Thebes, just as in other palatial centers, the textile production was partly decentralized and controlled by separate authorities closely linked to the palace” (Alberti et al. 2012, 102). Shipments of wool are recorded as going a-ma-ru-to-de, with the common allative suffix -de designating movement toward a specific destination, here “to Amarunthos,” reasonably identified with the toponym later attested on the island of Euboea (Palaima 2011,

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68–69, 72, 74, 75, fig. 1), and to a coastal site called Aigihaliā. Among the Thebes tablets there is a text Av 104 [+] 191 (Aravantinos et al. 2005, 6; see below, p. 128) that tracks the movement of groups of men being sent out to or perhaps already at specific locations. The extant numbers of men vary from 6 to 20. The header of the whole text, ka-zo-de, is written on the first line in majuscule signs followed by what looks like the occupational name designation that applies to all the men in the various entries on the tablet: sito-ko[-wo “grain-pourers” or perhaps “grain-watchers”—that is, guards of the grain supplies. The word ka-zo-de is certainly parallel in its morphology to the form with rapid pronunciation ka-za on Knossos tablet Sp 4452, interpreted correctly there as *khalk-yā (“of bronze”; Melena [2014, 45] cites ka-zo-de as a parallel, and Del Freo [2001, 85] also links ka-zo-de with the site of Khalkis). Given the predominance in the Thebes texts of references to: (1) cloth manufacture, cloth specialists, and cloth groups connected with collectors; and (2) coastal sites in Boeotia and on Euboea, and the absence of references to bronze, however, we think it is more likely here that the ka-zo-de should be interpreted as *kalkh-yonde, from the loan word kalkhā (historical Greek κάλχη) used both for the murex, the marine mollusk, and for the purple dye which is extracted from it (Chantraine 2009, 469, s.v.; cf. Beekes 2010, 629, s.v.). The late adjectival formation kalkhion is used for the purple dye. A metathesized form of this word, identical then in its stem to khalk-os, is attested. If this proposal is accepted—and it is even more probable that the later famous coastal site of Khalkis derived its name originally from the root meaning the marine mollusk kalkh- (Kiepert 1878, 255 n. 1; pace Bürchner 1899, 2079), an etymology that was forgotten and replaced by association with the much more common and widely used word and material khalk-os (“bronze”)—we would have within the Mycenaean lexicon exactly the dichotomy of production locations called for by the archaeological remains at Alatzomouri Pefka: (1) porphureion, the place where the dye itself could be handled, refined, and/or used by specialists called porphureioi (or porphurēwes); and

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(2) kalkhion, the place where the actual marine mollusks are harvested and crushed in the first stage of dyeing within the cloth production industry. This two-stage, two-location dichotomy would match what the material remains at Alatzomouri Pefka in the Minoan early palatial period suggest. It is also fitting that the rich vocabulary connected with cloths and dyes in the Linear B tablets reaches back to Minoan language stock and has, as we would expect, terms with Mediterranean substrate roots, borrowings from Near Eastern cultures, and particular Greek terms that reflect the rich history of inter-cultural transmission and adaptation connected with this culturally and economically important industry.

Transcriptions of the Three Main Linear B Texts Subscript dots mean that there are traces of a sign consistent with the proposed reading, which is, however, not completely certain. The term vacat means that a portion of the tablet is “empty,”—that is, in its final text, that part of an undamaged text surface that could have been written upon has no writing preserved. A square bracket means that the tablet or tablet surface is missing from the position where

the bracket is placed and in the direction toward which the bracket opens up or faces. So, for example, in Knossos V 832 (Pl. 23:f), the second sign group on line .4 begins with a sign read as ạ, because there are traces of writing consistent with the sign a. The tablet surface is no longer preserved immediately to the right of this sign. Knossos X 976 .1a da-*83-ja po-pu-re-j.ọ [ .1b to-so / wa-na-ka-te-ro [ .2 vacat [ Knossos V 832 .1 vest.[ ] vest. [ ]w.ẹ .2 si-ra-pe-te-s.ọ 1 ka-pu-ro 1 .3 ka-na-po-to 1 pi-ma[ .4 ru-ro 1 ạ[ .5 ta-u-ro 1 [ .6 u-ta-jo , 1 [ .7 ja-sa-ro 1 the remaining part of tablet below line .7 is without rule lines; the tablet is deliberately scored/cut at bottom Thebes Av 104 [+] 191 .1 ka-zo-de , / si-to-ko[ ]ro-na-de VIR 20 .2 po-to-a2-ja-de VIR[ ]d.ẹ VIR 10 te-re-ja de VIR 10 .3 o-ke-u-ri-jo V.ỊR.[ ]de VIR 6 .4 ] vacat [ ] vacat the tablet is deliberately cut below; the entire tablet is written over an erased text

16

Discussion and Conclusions by Philip P. Betancourt, Thomas M. Brogan, and Vili Apostolakou

In 2007, before the discovery of the workshop at Pefka, Pietro Militello published a well-reasoned survey of what was known about Middle Minoan and later Cretan textile manufacture based on the knowledge available at that time (2007). His suggestions were a very proper conclusion based on what was understood before the discovery of this workshop. He wrote that in Minoan Crete, “wool and linen processing . . . took place at a household level, outside direct Palatial control,” and that no large workshops for a Minoan textile industry existed before LM I when (2007, 44): Exchange and gifts inside and outside Crete caused this craft to develop and led to the creation of Palatial workshops. These, probably located inside the large central buildings, would not have been created for the production of a surplus. It is probable that specialized craftsmen simply produced what people in the palace needed for private use and for ceremonial and diplomatic activity.

The picture has been dramatically changed by the discovery of this workshop. The large MM IIB

free-standing industrial installation at Pefka was only a small part of what was obviously a gigantic industry producing textiles for export. The organization of this industry must have been divided into small specialized segments that each performed one part of the total output: gathering and processing the murex shells and sending them to the dyeing workshop; gathering the plants to be used; raising the sheep on their grazing land, penning them up and plucking the wool, and delivering the unprocessed wool to the washing and dyeing installations; and carding and spinning the thread, weaving the textiles, and distributing the finished products both within Crete and overseas by ship (for more discussion of this manufacturing system, see Betancourt et al. 2014). The surplus from this industry would have provided some of the trade goods that East Crete needed, like the copper, tin, silver, gold, and lead that supplied the workshops at Gournia and elsewhere with raw materials, as well as the prestige products that maintained the public images of the elites. The many large deposits of

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crushed murex shells that occur throughout East Crete (see below) are an indication of the extensive tradition of making dyes from the murex gastropod that existed as early as the Middle Bronze Age. Such a large industry, with many small sections contributing to the whole, can only have been administered by a palatial administration in order to create a large surplus. Pefka was engaged in the manufacture of large quantities of colored dyes, some of which were used to dye wool on the spot and others that were a surplus that was placed in jars in preparation for shipment elsewhere. This workshop did not raise the sheep or pluck the wool from them. It did not spin the thread or weave the textiles or distribute the finished goods. The arrangement follows the same concept of specialization visible in the Mycenaean Linear B texts where groups of workers receive their food and other needs and labor under a supervisor to achieve the quotas of manufactured goods required by the palace. The Mycenaean specialization was extreme: some women only spin, others only weave, and some make only headbands (Killen 1964, 1966, 1984, 2007). The Middle Minoan version was probably not that specialized, but it was far from simple. The identification of the archaeological site at Alatzomouri Pefka as a dye workshop is proved by several types of evidence. Analysis by gas chromatography shows that vessels contained both organic dyes and the natural oil from wool called lanolin. Red from madder, yellow from weld, and purple from murex have been identified by their organic residues. The making of purple dye is attested as well by the presence of crushed murex shells. The configuration of the workshop, with a well or cistern, a series of specialized vats with troughs to allow liquid to run back into them, and shallow basins suitable for washing wool, agrees with the normal configuration of an ancient dye works. The finds include the necessary artifacts for such a facility, including an unusually large number of tripod pots for heating liquids and many stone pounders for crushing various materials. The pottery assemblage is industrial in composition, with many amphorae, jars, basins, and jugs and fewer cups and fine vessels than is usual for a Minoan domestic household. The large quantity of storage vessels found at Alatzomouri Pefka raises the possibility that some

installations for Minoan dyeing did not manufacture their own dyes. Many of the storage vessels are transport shapes (such as the amphorae). Some of the dyes, like the murex purple, were made with complex and specialized techniques, and perhaps some weavers would rather import the dye instead of making their own. A good example of this situation is the town on Pseira, which has no evidence at all for murex purple production but considerable evidence for weaving in the form of loomweights in many different houses (Betancourt 1995a, 10; 1995b, 128; 1998a, 33; 1998b; 1999a, 109; 1999b, 281; 1999c, 54; 1999d; 1999e, 204; 1999f, 36; 1999g; 1999h; 2009a). Weaving on a warp-weighted loom was clearly a common household task. The sheep to provide the wool are attested at Pseira by the presence of their bones (Reese 1998a, 1998b, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c, 2009). The evidence from Pseira suggests that weaving wool was a normal household activity. The Pseirans lived on an offshore island with limited resources, and they had to import many commodities from Crete, including all of their pottery. Although it cannot be proved, they probably imported some colored dyes from the nearby workshop. It is possible that this workshop was one of several similar installations at Alatzomouri. Hawes excavated tombs about 75 m southwest of the dye workshop in 1904, and she reported a row of five pits about 80 cm2 in area and 30 cm deep, spaced about 2 m apart (Hawes et al. [1908] 2014, 46). They were empty except for some sherds, which she did not publish or describe. Two residents of Pacheia Ammos reported that these pits were visible in the 1950s, but a search could no longer locate them. The description sounds very similar to the Pefka workshop, suggesting that the scale of the operation in this region was larger than a single installation.

Bronze Age Deposits of Murex Shells in Eastern Crete Bronze Age sites on Crete contain some of the earliest extant evidence for the production of purple dye in the Mediterranean and point to the island’s fundamental role in developing what would

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

remain a major industry in the wider region throughout antiquity (Forbes 1964, 1966; Kardara 1961; Reese 1987, 2000; Ziderman 1990; Karmon 1993; Stieglitz 1994; Koren 2005; Hughes 2007; Militello 2007; Boesken Kanold and Haubrichs 2008; Macheboeuf 2008; Puybaret, Borgard, and Zérubia 2008; Marzano 2013). The finds on Crete primarily consist of crushed murex shells that were first reported by Robert Bosanquet in large numbers at Palaikastro and Kouphonisi (Bosanquet and Dawkins 1902–1903, 276–277). Since then, many other discoveries of this type of shell deposit have been made, and it is clear that East Crete was a center of production for the industry that manufactured purple dyes from this marine creature (Brogan, Betancourt, and Apostolakou 2012). Sites with large enough quantities of murex shells to suggest the presence of purple dye production now include the following: (1) Chryssi (Apostolakou, Brogan, and Betancourt 2012) (2)  Karoumes Siteias (Vokotopoulos 2006, 349–350) (3) Kato Zakros (Platon 1971, 251) (4) Kouphonisi (Bosanquet and Dawkins 1902– 1903; Guarducci 1940, 104; Reese 1987, 204; Stieglitz 1994, 50) (5) Makrygialos (Reese 1987, 204; Poursat 2013, 185) (6) Malia (Reese 1987, 204) (7) Mochlos (pers. comm., D. Reese) (8) Nisi-Eloundas (pers. comm., S. Beckmann) (9) Palaikastro (Bosanquet and Dawkins 1902– 1903, 321; Reese 1987, 204; Stieglitz 1994, 50) (10) Papadiokampos (pers. comm., C. Sofianou) (11) Petras (pers. comm., M. Tsipopoulou) (12) Vai-Itanos (pers. comm., J. Moody, O. Rackam, and T. Brogan) At several sites, the murex remains have been recovered together with EM III–MM II material, indicating a late Prepalatial and Protopalatial date for the earliest developments of this Minoan industry. The Protopalatial finds come from settlements like Petras, Palaikastro, and Malia, farmsteads at Karoumes, Vai-Itanos, and perhaps Nisi-Eloundas, and, finally, remote locations like the cove on the northeastern coast of Kouphonisi.

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At Palaikastro, what was probably the same deposit identified by Bosanquet was still visible in 1981. More crushed murex shells were found in 1963, and a sample of the deposit (64 shells) was studied by David Reese (1987, 204). The species of murex reported from these sites is typically Hexaplex trunculus, though the spiny bodied Haustellum brandaris variety is noted in large numbers at Vai-Itanos and Karoumes. Crushed murex shells have also been reported at Neopalatial sites in East Crete, particularly in LM IB contexts, including houses at Mochlos, Palaikastro, Papadiokampos (early Neopalatial), and Chryssi, the villa at Makrygialos, and the palace at Kato Zakros. At these sites, Hexaplex trunculus is always the predominant species. Purple dye from the island is also mentioned in a Cretan inscription IC III vi 7.6 dated to the early third century b.c. Together, this evidence demonstrates the widespread, longstanding, and significant role the purple dye production played in the Bronze Age economy of eastern Crete. Parallels for dyeing workshops also exist from later times. A workshop for making purple dye from murex shells has been excavated at Mitrou, in Locris on the Greek mainland (Vykukal 2011). The date is Late Protogeometric. In addition to quantities of murex shells, the excavations discovered many cooking pots and stone tools, including querns, and these artifacts could have been used in the manufacture of the dye. An installation from the Hellenistic period on the Rachi, a hill near Isthmia, was a workshop engaged in textile making including the preparation and use of dyes (Broneer 1958; Kardara 1961). The site had several cisterns for storing water as well as a 45-m deep well. Four small establishments consisted of a shallow rectangular basin and a pair of circular vats carved into bedrock. The comparison with the rectangular basin and the smaller vats at Pefka is very interesting, and it suggests a similar function, almost certainly the washing and dyeing of wool. Another possible dye works from this period is the Citadel House at Mycenae (Bowkett 1995). Although the excavators regarded the building as a domestic complex with facilities for making wine or olive oil, Laurence Bowkett considered the presence of plaster floors and evidence for drainage as more likely signs of dyeing fabrics. He also noted

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the presence of spindle whorls and spools as a sign of spinning and weaving. The absence of large numbers of vats at this site might be explained by the use of portable basins. He also suggested that features like presses, usually regarded as signs of the manufacture of wine or olive oil, could be used to press the excess dye out of fibers. Other possibilities also exist. They include an installation at Halieis (Jameson 1969, 322–324), regarded as a dye works by Bowkett on more limited evidence (1955). All of these post-Minoan establishments are slightly different, and they may not all be dye works, but the identifications are based on the presence of a few of the many features that are all present at Pefka: drains leading to containers, access to water, multiple basins or vats, large numbers of cooking pots, many jars and other containers for liquids, stone pounders and grinders, and mills or mortars. None of these post-Minoan workshops have vast numbers of crushed murex shells or evidence from the scientific analyses of organic traces that confirm the presence of dyes or lanolin. For the configuration of an ancient dyeing establishment from somewhat later, an especially good comparison for the installation at Pefka is offered by a Roman workshop at Athribis, in Egypt (Petrie 1908, 11, pl. 35 [bottom left]). The Athribis workshop was near Hellenistic and Roman buildings, but like the facilities at Isthmia and Pefka, it was isolated from the local community. It had many points in common with the Minoan workshop. The facility at Athribis included a well, a large shallow basin near the well that would be suitable for washing wool, and a number of smaller vats to accommodate more than a single color at the same time (red and blue colors were noted as stains inside different vats). These various parallels indicate that the technology of dyeing required a specific set of features, so it is not surprising that installations from various periods often share several points in common.

Probable Relation to Gournia The large size of the installation at Pefka and the likelihood that a second such workshop was nearby leave little doubt that the output of the facility at Pefka was more than a household production.

The recent discovery that the palace at Gournia had already been constructed in MM IIB (Buell and McEnroe 2017, 8) provides good evidence for the probable authority that managed the installation. Most of the pottery from the workshop matches the style of ceramics made at Gournia (see this vol., Ch. 4). The other finds at the workshop (including the stone tools and the clay drains) are too general to associate with a specific site, but their classes are also common at Gournia. The most likely hypothesis is that the dye works was managed by the palatial authority located nearby, and that it helped provide the goods that supported the palatial state.

Comments on the Colors Produced The production and use of organic dyes is a worldwide activity. Thousands of natural materials produce pigments, and their adoption and independent development must have occurred many times in the history of the world. Organic dyes differ from the pigments made by grinding up colored, nonorganic materials like red ocher and yellow ocher in that they are soluble in water, and they can penetrate and color fabrics easily. Some of them are more stable than others, and they can provide useful colors that do not fade much with exposure to light and air. In Crete, the Minoan development and use of colorants is only a short chapter in the history of colored fabrics in the island. Traditional dyeing and weaving was practiced in Crete as a household industry until the early 20th century (Fragkaki 1974). The production of fabrics, especially for carpets and clothing, was a normal part of the domestic economy of many households. Like other parts of the world, natural dyes formed an important aspect of the craftwork tradition. Madder, which grows wild in Crete and is easy to use to produce a variety of red tones, may be one of the dyeing practices handed down from the Bronze Age (Sandberg 1994, 77). It has been an important aspect of the craftwork tradition in Crete until modern times (Fragkaki 1974, 93–94). Although the polychromy of Minoan clothing as depicted in wall paintings suggests that several additional dyes were used in Crete, evidence at Pefka was only discovered for four colors: yellow

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

from weld, red from madder, red from bugloss, and the purple made from the murex gastropod. Based on the wall paintings, it would not be surprising if the yellow of crocus, blue from indigo, and other colors may have been made here as well. A different class of red dye is made from Kermococcus vermilio, an insect that lives on an oak species that grows in Crete (Quercus coccifera; Warren 1972, 262). Red dye can also be made from the root of alkanet (Anchusa tinctoria), and this plant also grows in Crete (Warren 1972, 263). Dried stigmas of the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus) make a yellow dye, and crocus is known from Linear B. In spite of these possibilities, only four dyes can be positively associated with this workshop based on our present level of knowledge and limited analyses. The ways that these colors are made are well known, and it is useful to compare the methodologies with what was available in the workshop. For all these colors, the wool to be dyed would need to be washed first. The presence of lanolin as a residue in pottery (see this vol., Ch. 13) indicated that the oil removed from the wool in the washing process was retained as a useful product. It was probably produced in substantial quantities.

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temperature and alkalinity or acidity of the water, and other factors (Sandberg 1997, 84). The color is fairly colorfast, but mordants increase its permanence. Everything necessary for making dye from the madder plant is present in the workshop. Stone tools could be used to macerate the roots. The water would come from the well or cistern. The many tripod vessels could be used for the heating operation, but as this system would only yield small quantities of finished fabrics, more likely several tripods would be used to prepare the dye, and their contents would be poured into a vat where large quantities of the wool could be immersed.

Echium (Bugloss) Seeds of the plant named Echium (commonly called viper’s bugloss) were identified from carbonized remains (see this vol., Ch. 8). Several species of the plant grow wild in Crete (Huxley and Taylor 1984, 119; Sfikas 1987, 188–189). Echium grows about 25–40 cm high, and each plant has many flower-bearing stems that are covered with white hairs. Blue or violet flowers grow on the stems. A red dye can be manufactured by heating the root.

Madder The presence of madder is confirmed by analysis using gas chromatography (see this vol., Ch. 13). Madder dye is produced from Rubia tinctorum, a plant that grows wild in Greece (Warren 1972, 263). The madder plant is easily recognizable because it has pairs of leaves that sprout from the stem. It has small yellow flowers. Because the root is what is used for the dye, the madder must be dug up, and it is cut into small pieces and crushed. The pieces can be soaked overnight, and the resulting red mixture is then heated in water (but not boiled) along with the washed wool (McRae 1993, 75–76; Sandberg 1997, 85). Alternatively, the hot liquid could be poured into a vat, and the wool could be immersed. The red color comes from the pigment alizarin. The color derived from madder can vary considerable in hue from a yellowish red to a deep and clear red to dark brownish violet. Many factors affect these different variations, including the mineral content of the soil where the plant grew, the

Murex Purple Both analyses of vessel contents (see this vol., Ch. 13) and pieces of crushed murex shells indicate that purple was one of the dyes produced at this facility (for the chemistry, see Fouquet and Bielig 1971; Baker 1974; Michel and McGovern 1987; McGovern, Lazar, and Michel 1990; 1991; Michel, Lazar, and McGovern 1992; Clark and Cooksey 1999; Cooksey 2001; for additional bibliography, see Koren 2005, 136–149). Thomas Palaima may be correct when he suggests that some of the initial stages could have been performed nearby at the seashore, but that would still be a part of the same workshop (see this vol., Ch. 15). The analysis proves that murex purple was present in several containers at the site. Before this project, murex purple in Crete was identified chemically only from later workshops

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(McGovern and Michel 1984, 67; McGovern and Michel 1985, 1514A; McGovern, Lazar, and Michel 1990, 1991; Karmon 1993; Koren 2008). Modern replication has duplicated the process (Bruin 1967, 306; Ruscillo 2005). Among the many mollusks with glands that secrete a chemical that can be made into a permanent purple dye are three different species of the Mediterranean members of the Muricidae Family (commonly called murex shells). They include Stramonita haemastoma, an Atlantic species that is less common in the Aegean, and two other gastropods that are more common in the Mediterranean, Hexaplex trunculus and Bolinus brandaris. Murex shells make up a large family of gastropods with about 1,000 individual species. They live in both temperate and tropical seas around the world. The animals are carnivorous, and many species feed on other mollusks. The murex drills a hole through its prey’s shell with a radiating extension called the radula, and the drilling action is assisted by the secretion of acid from a special gland. Because murex shells do not have many predators (aside from man), colonies can grow until they consist of many thousands of individuals if an abundant food supply is available nearby. The production of dyes in various hues and intensities by using these and other marine shells is well understood (Michel and McGovern 1987). Although Pliny the Elder provides the best ancient description of the production of dye from marine shells (HN 22.2–3), purple dyes and their history and technology are discussed by other ancient writers as well (the most important references are: Arist. Hist. an. 5.15.22–25; Poll. Onom. 1.45–49). A chemical in the animal’s hypobranchial gland that opens into the animal’s mantle cavity can be extracted as a milky fluid that changes color when it oxidizes. Many thousands of shells are required in the process of making the dye because of the small amount of fluid secreted by each murex gastropod. Pliny describes catching the mollusks with baited traps (HN 9.125, 133; see also Poll. Onom. 1.4), a collection process repeated in experiments by Deborah Ruscillo (2006, 809–813). The finds of murex shells at Pefka were mostly small pieces resulting from crushing, but only a few hundred were found. This amount is a small number for murex purple production, suggesting that the

main crushing probably occurred closer to the sea, and that most of the animals were brought to the workshop after preliminary processing to avoid transporting the weight of the whole shells. Crushing is normal for Aegean workshops where the shells were usually broken to remove the animals along with their fluid (good descriptions are provided by Reese [1980] and Ruscillo [2006, 813– 814]). The bodies were crushed, mixed with salt water, and allowed to steep for three days before heating the fluid for several days (Pliny recommended nine days of heating in lead cauldrons). Modern replications of the dyeing process contribute important information on the results (Koren 2005; Ruscillo 2006). Final colors varied from pale violet to red to blue depending on different additives and on variations in the process of manufacture. For the blue color, for example, the fabrics were dipped before the liquid was allowed to steep (Ruscillo 2006, 814). Boiling during the heating process produced gray rather than violet (Ruscillo 2006, 814). An obvious secondary product consisted of vast numbers of crushed shells, and they were occasionally removed from the workshop for new purposes like floor packing (for Thera, see Karali-Yannacopoulou 1990, 413–414; for Kommos, see Ruscillo 2006, 802–803; for general considerations, see Alberti 2008).

Weld Weld is a plant that can grow almost 2 m high (McRae 1993, 80–81). Its scientific name is Reseda luteola. Weld contains luteolin, which is a yellow pigment. Its shiny leaves grow in rosettes, and pale yellow flowers appear on spiky stalks. It blooms early in the summer. The entire plant is used for the dye, and leaves can be picked so that the plant continues to grow, or the entire plant including the roots can be harvested. The color derived from weld is variable in hue, ranging from yellow to reddish yellow to greenish yellow. The dye does not require a mordant because it is colorfast. The plant can be used either fresh or dried. The plant is cut into pieces and heated in water to create the luteolin dye. Repeated stirring is necessary because the dye sinks to the bottom of

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

the pot. The washed wool must be soaked to absorb the yellow, and it can be dried and immersed again for a deeper color.

Ceremonial Activity A surprisingly large body of evidence indicates that the workers at the installation performed many ceremonies is association with their manufacture of dyes (Betancourt, Brogan, and Apostolakou 2016). So many factors affect the final colors that result from organic dyes that it is easy to see how supernatural powers might be invoked in the transformation of materials from items like madder root into permanent red color or a gastropod from the sea into Royal Purple. The association of MM IIB ceremonial pottery with places where crafts were manufactured is not limited to the site of Alatzomouri Pefka. In addition to its evidence for workshops and domestic quarters, Quartier Mu at Malia also had offering tables and tubular stands that suggest ceremonial activities (Poursat and Knappett 2005, 146, pl. 54: 1186–1194; Poursat 2013, 135). Excavation of the Middle Minoan craft workshop area at Poros also discovered evidence for ceremonial activity including figurines, bull horns, and “sheep bells” (DimopoulouRethemiotaki 1993, 451, pls. 140:c, 141:b). The invoking of divine assistance in craft production may not have been unusual. The following items from Pefka can be placed in the ceremonial category: (1) A triple vessel (348) and a matching rhyton (440) (2) A kernos consisting of several miniature tripods attached to the rim of another vase (494) (3) A series of open tripod offering stands decorated with small cups or tiny circles in their interiors (469–491) (4) Two tripod kalathoi (492, 493) (5) A four-legged offering stand (495) (6) A cylindrical stand (441) This evidence suggests that several different ceremonial practices were performed at the site.

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Liquid libations involving the changes in visible color caused by mixing different liquids can be envisioned for the triple vessel and its matching rhyton. Burned offerings are indicated by the open tripod bowls by the evidence of carbon inside them. No evidence survives to explain how the kernos was used. The cylindrical stand would have held a cup with an unburned offering. Each of these practices is discussed separately.

Liquid Offerings A rhyton (440) and a compound vessel consisting of three small jars joined together (348) are painted solid black and decorated with white dots and splashes on the exterior. They were both found smashed in the well. The rhyton belongs to a specialized class of vessel with two holes, one at the top for filling and another at the base to allow liquid to stream out (Koehl 2006, 269–271). Unless the hole at the base was blocked, any liquid poured in at the top would flow out immediately. The example from Pefka has an almost conical shape with a wide mouth, a tiny hole at the base, and a convex profile from rim to lower tip. A good parallel is a similarly shaped vessel made of stone found at Akrotiri on Thera (Warren 1979, 89). Rhyta with wide mouths and no feet could have functioned either as rhyta or as funnels for filling vases with small mouths. Koehl discussed the class in detail in his monumental volume on the subject (2006). He suggests that the vessel cannot be a funnel if its lower opening is so small that it would clog easily and it does not have a constriction near the tip to make it easy to fit inside a vase’s mouth. Both of these conditions apply to the example from Pefka. Koehl proposes the use of rhyta of this design in passing liquid from one location to another. This practice must be the case with the example from Pefka because it seems to form a set with the triple vessel. Like the rhyton, the three joined containers have an allover coat of dark slip with a decoration of white dots. The two items are the only ones from the site with this decoration. The triple vessel is manufactured as three small, rounded

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vases with a spout at the front and two jars without any spout at the back. A handle rises above the group. Openings exist from each back vessel to the spouted jar at the front, but no opening connects the jars at the back. The arrangement of openings allows two different liquids to be mixed in the front jar by tipping the vessel forward. The mixture could then be poured out of the spout at the front. The analysis by gas chromatography contributes information on how this vessel was used (see this vol., Ch. 13). The front jar and the left rear jar contained murex purple. The right rear jar contained uric acid or a urate, indicating the presence of urine. This evidence indicates that the ceremony involved mixing urine and murex purple dye and pouring it out the front. Pliny describes this mixing from Roman workshops, stating that the mixing improved the appearance of the purple color (HN 9.64). Ammonium hydroxide probably is the active ingredient in the urine. It and other additives, such as lichens, can be mixed with the purple to alter its color more toward red, which might be regarded as improving it. The triple vase would mix only a small amount of dye. If the goal were only to mix colors, of course, one would not need a fancy triple vessel and a matching rhyton. One could simply pour the liquids into another container. These special vessels were surely ritual items designed to seek divine assistance in the successful transformation of raw materials into useable dyes.

Burned Offerings The offering stands that can be probably associated with burned offerings at Pefka are of several types. The first type is too poorly preserved for a complete vase to be reconstructed. The evidence consists of two surviving miniature tripod vessels that were attached to the rim of another clay container, producing a kernos (494). Tripod vessels are regularly associated with fire, so it is possible that these miniatures were intended as offering receptacles. The second class is preserved in over 20 examples. The vessels consist of open bowls supported on tripod legs. A large group has either tiny cups or small, three-dimensional clay rings or impressed circles in their interiors (469–491). All of

the bowls are made of the red-firing clay associated with cooking vessels and other vases designed to be in contact with fire. They seem to form a series, from vessels with actual cups inside them to bowls holding symbolic images, with the majority having only impressed circles in the interior of the open bowl. All of them survive only as fragments (mostly found in the well or cistern). The offering stands incorporate aspects of three different classes of Minoan ceremonial equipment. The kalathos, an open bowl with a flaring rim, is one of the few pieces of Bronze Age cult equipment that was still being used for offerings in the Greek Archaic period (Prent 2005, 419). This shape forms the main part of the form. The three legs on the offering stands reference the Minoan tripod offering table, a ceremonial vessel that was often made of stone (Nilsson 1949, 14). Minoan offering tables had three legs that supported a shallow open container. They could be very elaborate, with plaster covering the surface and painted as a fresco (Doumas 1983, pl. 60). The addition of multiple images of a small vessel inside the bowl, a form often called a kernos, is also a common piece of Minoan cult equipment (for a stone offering stand decorated on the interior with drilled tiny circles, see Karetsou 2014, 144, pl. 6:3 [Kophinas]). The kernos is a multiple vessel, often consisting of many miniature containers attached inside a larger one. The offering stands from Pefka are all burned in the interior instead of the exterior, in contrast with the case for cooking vessels. The analysis of 484, a sherd with good surviving evidence for the burning inside the bowl, revealed the presence of dibromoindigo, indicating the presence of murex purple (see this vol., Ch. 13). Most likely dyed wool was burned inside the offering stand. Burning and fire are common in rituals that consecrate offerings to supernatural powers in the ancient Aegean (Nilsson 1949, 95–96; Burkert 1985, 60–64). Burning dyed wool has not been noted before, but it seems a fitting offering for this class of workshop.

Unburned Offerings Unburned offerings must represent a very different class of ritual. In this Minoan practice, an offering is placed in a bowl that rests on a cylindrical

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

stand. The exact meaning is still unclear. The earliest examples seem to be from MM I–IIB (Betancourt et al. 2003b, 46, no. 4.57 [Pseira]). Many of the examples (but not all) have cutout sections and no solid base, indicating that they are stands rather than cylindrical containers. They have a rich bibliography (see, e.g., Cadogan 1973; 2009; Gesell 1976; Betancourt et al. 1983; Varouhakis 2011). The use of the tubular clay stands is proved by an example with the bowl in place on its upper end from Kommos (Watrous 1992, pl. 42:1652). Its purpose was clearly to hold a vessel. The purpose of the base is apparently to elevate the vessel above the ground. The ritual function is underscored by a series of elaborately decorated tubes from LM IIIB and later. The later stands are embellished with various symbols of the Minoan religion, including horns of consecration and birds. Snakelike raised clay moldings are present on some of the examples. By the end of the Bronze Age, the stands were set up inside small shrines (Gesell 1976).

The End of the Workshop The workshop at Pefka was a short-lived site. The pottery is almost all from a single period, at the end of MM IIB. A single Final Neolithic fragment (1) and one fragment from EM III (2) are casual pieces from before the workshop was founded. Five vessels are from EM III to MM I (3–7). One Hellenistic sherd was also discovered (579). These isolated fragments that have no joins with other sherds probably washed down the slope from the agricultural field uphill to the south, where the use of manure for fertilizer probably brought in many fragments of pottery from various periods (for an extensive bibliography for the practice of manuring, see Betancourt 2006, 245). The pottery has many parallels from MM IIB, leaving no doubt about its stylistic affinities. It is most similar to the ceramics from Gournia (Hawes et al. [1908] 2014; Betancourt and Silverman 1991; Soles 1991; Watrous 2000, 2012a). The sealstone carved in a prism shape from a soft stone is from the same period (580). The final date of the workshop is MM IIB.

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The violent destruction of the workshop coincides with a long series of other destructions in East Crete at this time. The large town of Gournia was destroyed (Hawes et al. [1908] 2014, pl. VI). Malia has a massive destruction at the same time (Poursat and Knappett 2005). The town on the offshore island of Pseira was destroyed, and its cemetery was abandoned (Betancourt 2003, 138–139). Refugees escaping from the lowland towns took refuge at Monastiraki Katalimata, a high site on a narrow cliff overlooking the isthmus of Ierapetra (Nowicki 2008). The most likely interpretation for these destructions is warfare. People do not seek refuge on high cliffs from the threat of earthquakes or other natural disasters.

Final Comments Minoan cloth was multicolored (Barber 1991, 314–315). Any survey of the wall paintings of Bronze Age Crete and nearby regions shows that the costumes of both men and women used complex fabric designs in red, yellow, blue, white, and purple (Immerwahr 1990; Doumas 1992; Morgan, ed. 2005; Jones 2015; Pareja et al. 2016). These coloristic effects must have been a major contribution to the reason that textiles were important as Minoan exports (Burke 1999; Militello 2007). The foundation for an industry using many dyes has to have been supported by workshops that dyed fibers using the various colors necessary for this practice. The later steps in the preparation of cloth are not attested at this workshop. Evidence like spindle whorls and loomweights are not present in the archaeological record in sufficient numbers to suggest an industry. The implication is that this was a specialized workshop engaged in only one part of the long process from raising sheep to marketing finished woolen goods. The evidence supports the observation of Brendan Burke that in Minoan Crete, “each phase of cloth manufacture tends to be specialized and concentrated within workshop contexts” (Burke 1999, 77). When the evidence for dye manufacture from this site is considered along with the evidence furnished by the site of Chryssi Island (Apostolakou,

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Betancourt, and Brogan 2010; Apostolakou et al. 2014), the picture of Minoan dye manufacture is much more complete. The settlement on Chryssi Island south of eastern Crete engaged in collecting murex shells in large quantities from MM II to LM IB, in order to produce purple dye in local workshops. By contrast, the quantity of murex shells discovered at Pefka suggests that only a tiny amount of the gastropods were delivered to the site as residue from the production of purple dye, which took place elsewhere (e.g., on Chryssi; see this vol., Ch. 7). The evidence strongly supports a two-step process, with the marine creatures harvested and processed near the shore at various locations and

shipped to the workshops in quantity for manufacture into dyes. The same conclusion is suggested by the Mycenaean evidence from the Linear B texts that use two different words for the two classes of workshop (see this vol., Ch. 15). Workshops for making dyes like the one at Alatzomouri Pefka may have been common, but their location outside the Minoan settlements makes them rare as archaeological sites. They must be included in any analysis of the Cretan economy, however, because they will have provided the necessary materials to support the elaborate coloristic effects that made Minoan cloth a distinctive product in the Aegean.

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Sackett, L.H., and M. Popham. 1970. “Excavations at Palaikastro VII,” BSA 65, pp. 203–242.

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Sakellarakis, Y., and E. Sapouna-Sakellaraki. 1997. Archanes: Minoan Crete in a New Light, 2 vols., Athens.

Shaw, J.W., and M.C. Shaw, eds. 1996. Kommos I: The Kommos Region and Houses of the Minoan Town. Part 2: The Minoan Hilltop and Hillside Houses, Princeton.

Sandberg, G. 1994. Purpur, koschenill, krapp: En bok om röda textilier, Stockholm.

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Soles, J.S. 1991. “The Gournia Palace,” AJA 95, pp. 17–78. . 1992. The Prepalatial Cemeteries at Mochlos and Gournia and the House Tombs of Bronze Age Crete (Hesperia Suppl. 24), Princeton. Soles, J.S., and C. Davaras. 1992. “Excavations at Mochlos, 1989,” Hesperia 61, pp. 413–445. Soles, J.S., C. Davaras, J. Bending, T. Carter, D. Kondopoulou, D. Mylona, M. Ntinou, A.M. Nicgorski, D.S. Reese, A. Sarpaki, W.H. Schoch, M.E. Soles, V. Spatharas, Z.A. Stos-Gale, D.H. Tarling, and C. Witmore. 2004. Mochlos IC: Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans’ Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Small Finds (Prehistory Monographs 9), J.S. Soles and C. Davaras, eds., Philadelphia. Sotirakopoulou, P. 2008. “Akrotiri Thera: The Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Phases in Light of Recent Excavations at the Site,” in Horizon: A Colloquium on the Prehistory of the Cyclades (McDonald Institute Monographs), N. Brodie, J. Doole,

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Concordance

Accession and Catalog Numbers

Successive preliminary accession numbers preceded by the letters PAI (for Pacheia Ammos Industrial Area) were assigned to the cataloged objects and used in the database, accession sheets, and drawing and photography lists. This concordance relates the PAI numbers to the publication catalog numbers used in this volume.

PAI 024, 53 PAI 025, 558 PAI 026, 453 PAI 027, 2 PAI 028, 39 PAI 029, 559

PAI 043, 226 PAI 044, 356 PAI 045, 31 PAI 046, 357 PAI 047, 515 PAI 049, 267 PAI 050, 358

PAI 001, 513

PAI 013, 327

PAI 030, 164

PAI 002+159, 443

PAI 014, 340

PAI 031, 191

PAI 003, 1

PAI 015, 48

PAI 032+423, 43

PAI 004, 496

PAI 016, 452

PAI 033, 330

PAI 005+160+173, 441

PAI 017, 204

PAI 035+048, 662

PAI 006, 556

PAI 018, 243

PAI 036, 208

PAI 007+362+520, 329

PAI 019, 263

PAI 037, 86

PAI 008, 244

PAI 020, 292

PAI 038, 469

PAI 009, 557

PAI 021, 341

PAI 039, 9

PAI 010, 245

PAI 022+460, 49

PAI 040, 353

 AI 056+061+ P part of 268+ part of 270, 348

PAI 011+213, 351

PAI 023+435+448, 302

PAI 041, 354

PAI 057, 342

PAI 042, 355

PAI 058, 363

PAI 012, 322

PAI 051, 359 PAI 052, 87 PAI 053, 360 PAI 054, 362 PAI 055+699, 494

156

ALATZOMOURI PEFKA: A MIDDLE MINOAN IIB WORKSHOP MAKING ORGANIC DYES

PAI 059, 364

PAI 105A, 578

PAI 144, 507

PAI 187, 386

PAI 060, 560

PAI 105B, 503

PAI 145, 379

PAI 188, 100

PAI 062+071, 495

PAI 106, 373

PAI 146, 97

PAI 189, 387

PAI 063+097, 52

PAI 107, 567

PAI 147, 349

PAI 190, 388

PAI 064, 268

PAI 108, 248

PAI 148+651, 168

PAI 191, 313

PAI 065, 561

PAI 109+506, 51

PAI 149, 133

PAI 192, 225

PAI 066, 88

PAI 110, 568

PAI 150, 17

PAI 193, 569

PAI 067, 497

PAI 111, 338

PAI 151, 68

PAI 194, 478

PAI 068, 365

PAI 113, 673

PAI 152, 69

PAI 195, 101

PAI 069, 19

PAI 114, 29

PAI 153, 98

PAI 196, 499

PAI 072+747, 517

PAI 115, 374

PAI 154, 307

PAI 197, 389

PAI 073, 228

PAI 116, 213

PAI 155+452, 271

PAI 198, 70

PAI 074, 492

PAI 117, 91

PAI 156, 380

PAI 199, 546

PAI 075, 269

PAI 118, 249

PAI 157, 514

PAI 200, 214

PAI 076, 23

PAI 119, 490

PAI 158, 663

PAI 201, 84

PAI 077, 50

PAI 120, 323

PAI 161, 250

PAI 202, 331

PAI 078+234, 518

PAI 121, 83

PAI 162+168, 99

PAI 203, 390

PAI 079, 366

PAI 122, 375

PAI 163, 193

PAI 204, 102

PAI 080, 367

PAI 123, 460

PAI 164, 312

PAI 207, 103

PAI 081, 60

PAI 124, 188

PAI 165, 381

PAI 208, 324

PAI 082, 20

PAI 125, 92

PAI 166, 382

PAI 210, 205

PAI 083, 444

PAI 126, 221

PAI 211, 391

PAI 084, 562

PAI 127, 326

PAI 167+250+261 +264, 308

PAI 085, 414

PAI 128, 93

PAI 169, 192

PAI 214, 392

PAI 086+087, 368

PAI 129, 520

PAI 088, 563

PAI 130, 280

PAI 089, 369

PAI 131, 237

PAI 090, 266

PAI 132, 376

PAI 091, 26

PAI 133, 377

PAI 093, 293

PAI 134, 294

PAI 094, 370

PAI 135, 236

PAI 095, 371

PAI 136, 94

PAI 096, 519

PAI 137, 277

PAI 098, 372

PAI 138, 95

PAI 099, 564

PAI 139, 510

PAI 100, 246

PAI 140, 545

PAI 101, 247

PAI 141, 40

PAI 102, 565

PAI 142, 378

PAI 103, 566

PAI 143, 96

PAI 170+255, 498 PAI 171+590, 170 PAI 172, 509 PAI 174+182+184, 383 PAI 175, 240 PAI 176, 543 PAI 177+220+278 +513, 231 PAI 178, 445 PAI 179, 347 PAI 180, 278 PAI 181, 279 PAI 185, 384 PAI 186, 385

PAI 212, 104 PAI 215, 304 PAI 216+484, 295 PAI 217+288, 309 PAI 218, 105 PAI 219, 135 PAI 221, 85 PAI 222, 206 PAI 223, 194 PAI 224, 241 PAI 225, 479 PAI 226, 393 PAI 227, 161 PAI 228, 394 PAI 229, 511

CONCORDANCE OF ACCESSION AND CATALOG NUMBERS

PAI 230, 395 PAI 231, 106 PAI 232, 396 PAI 233, 480 PAI 236, 27 PAI 237, 475 PAI 238, 481 PAI 239, 476 PAI 240, 570 PAI 241, 215 PAI 242, 664 PAI 243, 195 PAI 244, 325 PAI 245, 107 PAI 246, 108 PAI 247+521+ 523, 270 PAI 249+258, 397 PAI 251+459+ 609+633, 230 PAI 252+260, 275 PAI 253, 491 PAI 254, 482 PAI 256, 41 PAI 257, 398 PAI 259, 399 PAI 262, 400 PAI 263, 296 PAI 265, 242 PAI 266, 401 PAI 267, 203 PAI 268, 402 PAI 269, 209 PAI 271+619, 483 PAI 272, 58 PAI 273, 59 PAI 274, 32 PAI 275, 24

157

PAI 276+486+500, 521

PAI 315, 321

PAI 356+447, 33

PAI 277, 129

PAI 316, 166

PAI 358, 668

PAI 317, 255

PAI 359+370, 220

PAI 318, 454

PAI 360, 314

PAI 319, 334

PAI 361, 416

PAI 320, 409

PAI 363, 446

PAI 321, 256

PAI 364+390, 447

PAI 322, 462

PAI 365A, 173

PAI 323, 504

PAI 365B, 172

PAI 324, 109

PAI 366, 522

PAI 325, 544

PAI 367, 174

PAI 326, 572

PAI 368, 56

PAI 327, 573

PAI 369, 57

PAI 328, 484

PAI 371, 21

PAI 329, 410

PAI 372+386, 165

PAI 330+332, 151

PAI 373, 675

PAI 331, 667

PAI 374, 212

PAI 333, 8

PAI 375, 61

PAI 334, 674

PAI 376+424, 328

PAI 335, 171

PAI 377+393, 223

PAI 336, 411

PAI 378, 22

PAI 337, 54

PAI 379, 64

PAI 338, 412

PAI 380, 523

PAI 339, 549

PAI 381, 524

PAI 340, 485

PAI 382, 34

PAI 341, 42

PAI 383+548, 336

PAI 342, 455

PAI 384, 65

PAI 343, 14

PAI 385, 661

PAI 344, 505

PAI 387, 162

PAI 345, 486

PAI 388, 175

PAI 346, 574

PAI 389, 35

PAI 347, 335

PAI 391, 140

PAI 349, 413

PAI 392, 282

PAI 351, 110

PAI 394+396, 577

PAI 352, 111

PAI 395, 417

PAI 353, 235

PAI 397, 283

PAI 355, 415

PAI 398, 136

PAI 279+469+ 490+499+502+ 510+516, 516 PAI 280+283, 169 PAI 281, 232 PAI 282, 131 PAI 284, 571 PAI 285, 403 PAI 286, 404 PAI 287, 233 PAI 289, 405 PAI 290, 332 PAI 291, 665 PAI 292B, 343 PAI 293+585, 251 PAI 294, 406 PAI 295B, 344 PAI 296B, 461 PAI 297, 407 PAI 298, 186 PAI 299, 547 PAI 300, 281 PAI 301, 548 PAI 302, 345 PAI 303, 252 PAI 304B, 5 PAI 305, 219 PAI 306, 666 PAI 307, 297 PAI 308, 408 PAI 310, 28 PAI 311, 253 PAI 312, 339 PAI 313, 254 PAI 314, 333

158

ALATZOMOURI PEFKA: A MIDDLE MINOAN IIB WORKSHOP MAKING ORGANIC DYES

PAI 399, 418

PAI 444, 315

PAI 504, 160

PAI 553, 431

PAI 400, 112

PAI 445, 115

PAI 505, 190

PAI 554, 55

PAI 401, 15

PAI 446, 63

PAI 507, 424

PAI 555, 432

PAI 402, 152

PAI 449, 528

PAI 508, 146

PAI 556, 676

PAI 403, 62

PAI 451, 421

PAI 557, 25

PAI 404, 113

PAI 453, 198

PAI 509+part of 511+518, 552

PAI 405+434, 299

PAI 454, 130

PAI 512, 303

PAI 560, 648

PAI 406, 71

PAI 455, 422

PAI 407, 72

PAI 456, 116

PAI 408, 456

PAI 458, 117

PAI 409, 201

PAI 461+471+474, 118

PAI 410, 137

PAI 462+473, 119

PAI 411, 73

PAI 463, 320

PAI 412, 74

PAI 464+465, 199

PAI 413, 284

PAI 466, 154

PAI 414, 114

PAI 467+475, 142

PAI 415, 285

PAI 468, 200

PAI 416, 286

PAI 470, 143

PAI 417, 311

PAI 476, 575

PAI 418, 79

PAI 477, 144

PAI 419, 216

PAI 478, 145

PAI 420, 442

PAI 479, 227

PAI 421, 196

PAI 480, 576

PAI 422, 75

PAI 481, 457

PAI 425, 525

PAI 482, 287

PAI 426+622, 526

PAI 483+485+488, 155

PAI 538, 316

PAI 487, 423

PAI 540+579, 167

PAI 489, 288

PAI 541, 80

PAI 491, 550

PAI 542, 470

PAI 492, 132

PAI 543, 428

PAI 493, 551

PAI 544, 44

PAI 495, 120

PAI 545, 125

PAI 496, 121

PAI 546, 429

PAI 497, 264

PAI 547, 430

PAI 498, 265

PAI 550, 276

PAI 501+sherd of 511, 156

PAI 551, 176

PAI 427, 153 PAI 428, 419 PAI 429, 141 PAI 430, 67 PAI 432, 128 PAI 433, 477 PAI 436, 669 PAI 437, 420 PAI 438, 197 PAI 439, 189 PAI 440, 527 PAI 441, 310 PAI 443, 76

PAI 503, 122

PAI 514, 123 PAI 515, 305 PAI 517, 147 PAI 519+525, 346 PAI 522, 425 PAI 524, 157 PAI 526, 337 PAI 527, 148 PAI 528, 487 PAI 529, 217 PAI 530, 218 PAI 531, 426 PAI 532, 77 PAI 533, 361 PAI 534, 149 PAI 535, 78 PAI 536, 427 PAI 537, 124 PAI 539, 488

PAI 552, 45

PAI 559, 579 PAI 561, 597 PAI 562, 595 PAI 563, 603 PAI 564, 656 PAI 565, 657 PAI 566, 593 PAI 567, 655 PAI 568, 596 PAI 569, 599 PAI 570, 612 PAI 571, 615 PAI 572, 602 PAI 573, 591 PAI 574, 647 PAI 575, 677 PAI 576B, 670 PAI 577B, 671 PAI 578B, 672 PAI 580, 7 PAI 581, 16 PAI 582, 207 PAI 583+602, 37 PAI 584, 451 PAI 586, 553 PAI 587+589, 222 PAI 591, 139 PAI 592+597, 529 PAI 593, 36 PAI 595, 274 PAI 596, 433 PAI 598, 150

CONCORDANCE OF ACCESSION AND CATALOG NUMBERS

159

PAI 599, 471

PAI 643, 588

PAI 679, 630

PAI 718, 82

PAI 600, 224

PAI 644, 594

PAI 680, 586

PAI 719, 183

PAI 603, 458

PAI 645, 459

PAI 681, 583

PAI 720, 163

PAI 604, 450

PAI 646, 606

PAI 682, 581

PAI 722, 184

PAI 605, 301

PAI 647, 614

PAI 683, 582

PAI 723, 185

PAI 606, 530

PAI 648, 641

PAI 684, 638

PAI 724, 440

PAI 607, 472

PAI 649, 649

PAI 685, 616

PAI 726B, 187

PAI 608, 531

PAI 650, 646

PAI 686, 628

PAI 727B, 202

PAI 610+620, 300

PAI 651, 622

PAI 687, 613

PAI 728, 463

PAI 611, 532

PAI 652, 629

PAI 688, 637

PAI 729, 501

PAI 612, 533

PAI 653, 650

PAI 689, 636

PAI 730, 464

PAI 613, 272

PAI 654, 658

PAI 690, 607

PAI 731, 352

PAI 614, 38

PAI 655, 660

PAI 691, 10

PAI 732, 257

PAI 615, 473

PAI 656, 626

PAI 692, 448

PAI 733, 535

PAI 616, 534

PAI 657, 617

PAI 693, 178

PAI 734, 258

PAI 617, 234

PAI 657B, 6

PAI 694, 179

PAI 735, 289

PAI 618, 500

PAI 658, 653

PAI 695, 512

PAI 736, 238

PAI 623, 177

PAI 659, 624

PAI 696, 11

PAI 737, 317

PAI 624, 126

PAI 660, 631

PAI 697, 678

PAI 738, 536

PAI 625+769, 541

PAI 661, 652

PAI 698, 4

PAI 739, 290

PAI 626, 134

PAI 662, 659

PAI 700, 211

PAI 740, 537

PAI 627, 643

PAI 663, 621

PAI 701, 12

PAI 741, 3

PAI 628, 589

PAI 664, 651

PAI 702, 89

PAI 742, 319

PAI 629, 609

PAI 665, 635

PAI 703, 435

PAI 743, 273

PAI 629B, 474

PAI 666, 633

PAI 704, 138

PAI 744, 502

PAI 630, 642

PAI 667, 634

PAI 705, 449

PAI 745, 554

PAI 631, 604

PAI 668, 623

PAI 706, 90

PAI 746, 439

PAI 632, 592

PAI 669, 639

PAI 707, 436

PAI 748, 318

PAI 633, 608

PAI 669B, 434

PAI 708, 180

PAI 749, 259

PAI 634, 590

PAI 670, 620

PAI 709, 158

PAI 750A, 465

PAI 635, 610

PAI 671, 618

PAI 710, 127

PAI 751, 508

PAI 636, 600

PAI 672, 625

PAI 711, 181

PAI 752, 466

PAI 637, 605

PAI 673, 627

PAI 712, 210

PAI 753, 467

PAI 638, 585

PAI 674, 584

PAI 713, 81

PAI 754, 306

PAI 639, 587

PAI 675, 632

PAI 714, 182

PAI 755, 46

PAI 640, 611

PAI 676, 619

PAI 715, 66

PAI 756, 468

PAI 641, 598

PAI 677, 644

PAI 716, 13

PAI 757, 555

PAI 642, 640

PAI 678, 645

PAI 717, 159

PAI 758, 489

160

ALATZOMOURI PEFKA: A MIDDLE MINOAN IIB WORKSHOP MAKING ORGANIC DYES

PAI 759, 260

PAI 764, 493

PAI 770, 542

PAI 775, 47

PAI 760, 261

PAI 765, 437

PAI 771, 679

PAI 776, 350

PAI 761, 18

PAI 766, 262

PAI 772, 291

PAI 777, 239

PAI 762, 538

PAI 767, 229

PAI 773, 30

PAI 778, 506

PAI 763, 539

PAI 768, 540

PAI 774, 438

PAI 779, 298

Index

acanthus, 2 Achladia, 33, 63–65, 69 agave, 2 agrimi, 80 Akrotiri. See Thera alkanet, 133 almond, 95–97 amphora main discussion, 54 animal remains. See faunal remains Aphrodite’s Kephali, 118 archaeobotanical remains main discussions, 95–97 Archanes, 31, 99 Athribis, Egypt, 22, 132 barley, 95–97 basin(s) Basin 1 excavation, 5 main discussions, 19, 27 Basin 2. See also well or cistern excavation, 6, 7, 11–12 main discussion, 19

Basin 3 excavation, 12 main discussion, 19 Basin 4 excavation, 11 main discussions, 19–21, 27 Basin 5 excavation, 7–8 main discussion, 20 Basin 6 excavation, 12–13 main discussion, 20 Basin 7 excavation, 12–13 main discussion, 20 Basin 8 excavation, 13 main discussion, 20 Basin 9 excavation, 13, 15 main discussion, 20 and bowls, clay main discussion, 33

162

ALATZOMOURI PEFKA: A MIDDLE MINOAN IIB WORKSHOP MAKING ORGANIC DYES

basin(s), cont. with scoring inside main discussion, 35–36 bedstraw, 97 beehives. See basins with scoring inside boat. See ship bovine or ovid-caprid, 80 Bramiana, 66 Brandeis University, 111–112 breccia, 120 bridge-spouted jar main discussion, 49 bronze, 127 bugloss. See viper’s bugloss buildings at the site. See stone walls bull, 125. See also cattle, livestock burned offerings. See ceremonial activity cactus, 2 calcarenite, 120 caper, 2 carinated cup main discussion, 44 with scalloped rim main discussion, 46 cattle, 91, 84. See also livestock cereals. See barley ceremonial activity at the workshop main discussion, 135–137 Chalinomouri, 63 Chamaizi, 69 chamber tombs, 4 chamoising. See leather working Chania, 71 channel(s) Channel 1, 6, 20 excavation, 10–11 main discussions, 19–21 Channel 2 excavation, 13 main discussion, 21 Channel 3 excavation, 15 main discussions, 21, 27 charcoal. See archaeobotanical remains charonia. See trumpet shell cherry tree, 97 chipped stone. See stone tools chrysanthemum, 2 Chrysokamino, 30, 35, 66 Chryssi Island, 26, 95, 131, 137–138 cistern. See well or cistern at Archanes, 99 Cistus creticus, 2

colors of dyes produced. See madder, murex, weld conical cup main discussions, 33, 76–77 contents of vessels. See organic residue studies cooking dish main discussion, 65 cooking pot. See tripod cooking pot copper, 129 cover main discussion, 63 crab, 80 crocus, 133 crustaceans. See faunal remains cult. See ceremonial activities cylindrical stand main discussions, 62, 135–137 dating the workshop main pottery discussions, 31–32 destruction of the site, 17, 28 discoid weights. See loomweights dog, 80 drains main discussions, 99–101 placed on buildings, 18 Drakaina cave, 97 dwarf elder, 97 Egypt. See Athribis, Egypt elite items main discussions, 25–26, 76–77, 107–108 Euboea, 127 excavation history, 5 fallen stones excavation, 7 faunal remains main discussions, 91–94 Feature 10, 20–21 Feature 11, 21, 27 fig tree, 2 fishing, 25 flax, 22, 95–97 oil from flax, 97 floral remains. See archaeobotanical remains flotation. See water, water separation fruits. See olive funnel, 62 geranium, 2 goat hair, 22 goat. See agrimi gold, 129

INDEX

Gournia, 1, 4–5, 17, 31–33, 36, 42–43, 47, 51, 53–54, 57, 63–64, 69–72, 76, 80, 129, 137 discussion as manager of workshop, 142 grain. See barley grape, 9, 95–97 ground penetrating radar, 4 ground stone. See stone tools Hagia Triada, 63 Hagios Charalambos Cave, 31 Halieis, 132 hammers. See stone tools Haustellus brandaris, 131 heating stand main discussion, 75 residue analysis, 117 Hellenistic sherd, 12, 76, 137 Hexaplex trunculus. See murex Hiero Koriphis tou Brysina, 32, 42, 54, 69 hieroglyphic inscription, 81 hole-mouthed jar main discussion, 48 residue analysis, 114 indigo, 133 Isatis tinctoria. See woad Isthmus of Ierapetra, 1 Italian army. See World War II jug main discussion, 51 on seal, 79–80 juniper, 2 kalkhion, 123–128 Kamares Ware, 9, 25, 42, 77 kantharos contents, 113–114 main discussion, 47 Karoumes Siteias, 131 Karpathos, 35 Kasos, 35 Kastelli Chania, 22 Kato Syme, 35 Kato Zakros, 131. See also Zakros Kavousi, 65, 80 Kermococcus vermilio, 133 kernos main discussions, 68, 135–137 Knossos, 31, 65, 72, 97, 99, 104, 123–128 Kommos, 32, 35, 43, 63, 65–66, 69, 72, 104, 137 Kouphonisi, 131

163

lamps, 9, 25, 33, 42, 71 main discussions, 47, 108 lanolin, 22, 27, 130, 133 residue analysis, 112, 116–117, 132–133 layout of the workshop, 24–25 lead, 129 leather working, 27 Lebena, 31 lentils. See pulses lid (flat) main discussion, 64 limestone, 120–121 Linear B, 123–128, 139 linen. See flax liquid offerings, 125–137 livestock, 25, 125. See also cattle loomweights, 6, 10, 22, 25 main discussions, 103–105 mace head, 89 Macedonia, 97 maceration of dye materials, 22 madder, 2, 21–22, 24, 26, 97, 124, 132 residue analysis, 113–118, 123, 130, 133 Makrygialos, 131 Malia, 4, 8, 30–33, 36, 42, 47–49, 51, 53–54, 57, 63–66, 69–70, 77, 105, 108, 131, 135 manure in agriculture, 30 marine shells main discussions, 91–94 marls, 120–121 masonry techniques, 18 Mavro Selli, 108 Mesara. See Kamares Ware Messinian Stage dessication, 119–121 Middle Minoan Dark-on-Light Style, 77 miniature vessels main discussion, 55 miniature tripod main discussion, 68 Mirabello Fabric, 4, 63, 69, 76, main discussion, 76 Mitrou, 131 Mochlos, 31–33, 36, 43, 48, 51, 54, 63–64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71–72, 81, 91, 118, 131 Mohenjo-daro, 117 mollusks main discussions, 92–94 Monastiraki Katalimata, 31, 57, 137 mordants, 117 mortar(s) Mortar 1 discussion, 21

164

ALATZOMOURI PEFKA: A MIDDLE MINOAN  IIB WORKSHOP MAKING ORGANIC DYES

mortar(s), Mortar 1, cont. excavation, 11 Mortar 2 discussion, 21 excavation, 15 Mortar 3 discussion, 21 excavation, 14–15 mud mortar, 99 mudbrick, 18 murex catching techniques, 93, 134 contained in pithos, 9 main discussions, 91–94, 96, 115, 128–130, 133–137 murex purple, 21–22, 24–26, 67, 91–94, 97, 123–137 residue analysis, 112–118, 125 murex shell deposits in the Aegean main listing, 131 Mycenae, 25, 101, 125, 131 Citadel House at Mycenae, 131–132 Myrsini, 31 Myrtos, 31, 36, 43, 51, 54, 63, 66, 70, 72 Nerokourou, 36, 48, 54–55, 69–70, 72 nettle, 22 Nirou Chani, 72 Nisi-Elounda, 131 obsidian, 6, 25, 83 offering stand, 68 residue analysis discussion, 117–118 offering table from EM IIA main discussion, 31 oil from flax, 97 oil from sheep. See lanolin olives, 2, 95, 124, 132 organic residue studies, 111–118 oval lamp. See lamps ovicaprid, 91–92, 94 oyster, 92–93 Pacheia Ammos, 1, 3–4, 17, 48, 80, 120 Palaikastro, 30, 32–33, 42–43, 46–49, 51, 54, 63–64, 66, 69–70, 72, 131 Papadiokampos, 97, 131 papyrus flowers, 81 Pefka layer, 120 Pera Alatzomouri, 4, 17 Pera Galini, 43 Petras, 31–33, 36, 43, 45, 54, 63, 65, 69–70, 72, 97, 131 Phaistos, 30, 32–33, 36, 42–43, 48–49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 62– 64, 69–70, 77, 104 phases of the workshop, 27

Phoenicians, 117 pig, 91–92, 94 pines, 1, 5, 6, 25 pistachio, 2 pithos containing murex shells. See murex main discussion, 56 plaster, 23, 25 Platanos, 31 plate main discussion, 32 Pliny the Elder, 134 Pompeii, 24 porphureion, 123–128 Minoan word origin, 126–127 Prasa, 72 Priniatikos Pyrgos, 30, 51, 76 prism seal. See seal Pseira, 30–31, 33, 36, 48–49, 51, 56, 63, 66, 69–70, 72, 80–81, 137 pulses, 95–97 pumice, 9 purple. See murex, murex purple purple shellfish. See murex Pylos, 124–125 Pyrgos Cave, 31 pyxis main discussion, 58 Rachi, 131 raisins, 97 reconstruction of duration of workshop, 26–27 of dyeing practices, 24 of economic structure, 25 of preparation of fibers for dyeing, 22–23 religious activity. See ceremonial activity Reseda luteola. See weld rhyton, 9, 57 main discussion, 62 rock shelter excavation, 2, 3, 4 roof drainage, 16 rounded cup main discussions, 30, 42 Rubia tinctorum. See madder scalloped rim. See carinated cup, with scalloped rim sea urchins main discussion, 84 Seager, Richard, 1, 2 seal, 4, 77, 79–81, 137 seashells. See marine shells

INDEX

165

semiglobular cup main discussion, 42 serpentinite, 79, 107–108 shallow bowl main discussions, 30, 32 shearing and plucking of wool, 25 sheep, 22, 25–26, 91–92, 124–125, 129 ship, 80–81 silk, 22 silver, 129 social stratification, 25 soil at the excavation summary, 5 Sphaka Pigi, 36, 47, 66 Sphoungaras, 30–31, 54 spindle whorls, 22, 97, 132 spinning and weaving, 22, 35 spools, 132 star blossoms, 81 stone tools main discussions, 83–89, 133 stone vessels, 107–108 stone walls, 17, 18, 23 straight-sided cup main discussion, 36 supervisor at workshop discussion of evidence, 25 survey of Gournia, 4 suspension device, 9, 109

Trench excavations, cont. A16000, 14 A17000, 14 A18000, 14 A19000, 14 A20000, 14 A21000, 15 A22000, 15 A23000, 15 A24000, 15 triple vessel excavation, 5 main discussions, 57, 135–137 results of analysis for contents, 114–115, 117–118 tripod vessels bowls main discussion, 70 brazier main discussion, 71 cooking pot discussion of residue analysis, 116 main discussion, 71 kalathoi main discussions, 56, 135–137 offering stands. See ceremonial activities trumpet shell, 92–93 tufa, 121 Tutankhamen, 117 Tyler School of Art and Architecture, 3, 4

tartan motif on pottery, 11 textile(s) textile industry main discussion of reconstruction, 129–130 textile tools. See loomweights Thebes, 127 Thera, 22, 62, 99, 117 Thermi, 97 thyme, 2 tin, 129 tombs, 4 Topcon EDM, 5 topography of the site, 4, 17–18 Trapeza Cave, 31 Trench excavations A1000, 5–12 A1127 (natural depression), 12 A2000, 12–13 A3000, 13 A4000, 13 A5000, 13 A15000, 14

unburned offerings. See ceremonial activities undulating rim. See kantharos University of Hawaii, 4 University of Pennsylvania, 4 urine, 67 residue analysis, 114, 115, 118, 136–137 Vai-Itanos, 131 Vasiliki, 30–31, 43, 51, 53–54 Vathy Langkadi, 80 vessel contents. See organic residue studies viper’s bugloss, 95–97, 116, 133 Vokastro, 72 warp-weighted loom, 130 water conservation of, 18 waste, 19, 27, 99–100 water separation (water sieving), 4 water table at site, 19, 22, 24–25, 27 waterfowl, 80–81

166

ALATZOMOURI PEFKA: A MIDDLE MINOAN  IIB WORKSHOP MAKING ORGANIC DYES

weld, 21–22, 26, 124, 139 main discussion of dye, 117–118, 134–135 well or cistern collar excavation, 11 depth, 22 evidence for site destruction, 17 excavation, 6–12 geology, 121 main discussions, 19, 26–27, 29, 79, 83, 85, 93, 99– 100, 130 willow tree, 97

woad, 118 wool, 5, 22, 26, 130, 133 workshop work schedule, 24–26 workshop layout, 22–23 World War II, 5, 18 Zakros, 32–33, 48, 69, 72 Zou, 69

Tables

TABLES 1 AND 2 Ground Stone Tools Tools

Broken without Wear

Complete without Wear

Chipped Stone Tools

A1101

—

—

1

1

A1102

1

—

1

—

A1106

—

—

1

—

A1112

68

29

32

1

A1118

1

—

—

—

A1119

1

—

—

—

A1120

4

—

1

—

A1124

1

—

—

—

A1125

1

—

—

—

A1126

—

—

1

—

A2000

—

—

—

1

A2010

—

1

—

—

A3000

—

3

—

—

A6000

—

1

—

—

A15001

1

—

2

—

Total

78

34

39

3

Context

Table 1. Distribution of chipped and ground stone tools by context.

Context

Object Number

Material

Max. Dim. (cm)

Thickness (cm)

Comments

A1112.1.1

1

Crystalline limestone

8.23

—

Fragment

A1112.1.1

1

Crystalline limestone

7.90

—

Flake with pecked end

A1112.10.1

28

Calcareous schist

11.00

8.02

Half preserved

A1112.13.2

89

Crystalline limestone

8.87

6.81

Intact

A1112.17.1

129

Crystalline limestone

9.20

—

Flake

A1112.17.3

141

Conglomerate

11.22

—

Quern fragment

A1112.18.7

199

Crystalline limestone

8.92

7.75

Intact; triangular rounded

A1112.18.7

205

Calcareous sandstone

8.29

—

Quern fragment

A1112.21

219

Calcareous schist

6.37

6.25

Half preserved; flat

A1112.21

221

Crystalline limestone

5.70

—

Flake with pecking on margin

A1112.21

223

Crystalline limestone

5.55

5.16

Half preserved

A1112.21

224

Crystalline limestone

6.81

5.57

Intact

A1112.22

225

Crystalline limestone

8.27

—

Flake

A1112.26

233

Limestone conglomerate

4.88

4.09

Half preserved

A1112.26

235

Crystalline limestone

7.89

—

Flake

A1112.26

239

Crystalline limestone

9.20

5.60

Half preserved

A1112.31

288

Sandstone

7.59

—

Flake

Table 2. Uncataloged fragments of pebbles and cobbles without wear marks.

TABLES 2 AND 3

Context

Object Number

Material

Max. Dim. (cm)

Thickness (cm)

Comments

A1112.31

290

Crystalline limestone

6.21

—

Flake with pecked face

A1112.32

297

Crystalline limestone

5.83

5.00

Half preserved

A1112.42

358

Crystalline limestone

8.54

—

Flake

A1112.45

373

Crystalline limestone

8.52

5.00

Fragment

A1112.45

379

Crystalline limestone

7.73

—

Flake

A1112.47

384

Calcareous sandstone

7.09

—

Rim piece of mortar?

A1112.49

390

Limestone

9.07

—

Flake

A1112.52

405

Crystalline limestone

9.94

—

Flake

A1112.68

436

Crystalline limestone

4.29

—

Flake

A1112.68

440

Calcareous schist

3.84

3.47

Fragment; oblong

A1112.68

442

Crystalline limestone

8.45

—

Flake

A1112.68

443

Crystalline limestone

5.77

5.63

Intact

A2010.2.11

1

Crystalline limestone

2.73

—

Flake

A3000.1.3.1

1

Crystalline limestone

10.9

—

Flake

A3000.1.4.1

2

Crystalline limestone

6.70

4.87

Half preserved

A3000.1.4.1

3

Calcareous sandstone

5.11

—

Flake

A6001.23

—

Crystalline limestone

5.06

3.78

Half preserved

Table 2, cont. Uncataloged fragments of pebbles and cobbles without wear marks.

Context

Object Number

Material

Max. Dim. (cm)

Thickness (cm)

Comments

A1101.1.1

1

Calcareous schist

6.78

1.53

Oblong

A1102.1.2

1

Limestone

7.77

5.26

—

A1106.1.1

2

Chert

7.10

4.71

—

A1112.2.1

2

Crystalline limestone

7.72

6.80

Triangular rounded

A1112.2.1

5

Calcareous sandstone

10.00

7.70

Flat

A1112.7.1

20

Crystalline limestone

9.56

7.98

—

A1112.8.1

24

Crystalline limestone

6.40

5.37

Triangular rounded

A1112.8.1

25

Calcareous sandstone

12.98

9.42

Flat

A1112.13.1

87

Crystalline limestone

8.80

3.93

Oblong

A1112.17.6

149

Sandstone

7.44

5.24

Flattish

A1112.18.2

160

Crystalline limestone

10.86

8.85

—

A1112.18.5

181

Crystalline limestone

4.89

5.28

—

A1112.18.7

198

Crystalline limestone

8.38

8.10

—

A1112.18.7

204

Crystalline limestone

6.84

5.92

—

A1112.20

34

Limestone

6.22

4.73

—

A1112.21

218

Crystalline limestone

6.49

4.40

—

Table 3. Uncataloged complete pebbles and cobbles without wear marks.

TABLES 3 AND 4

Context

Object Number

Material

Max. Dim. (cm)

Thickness (cm)

Comments

A1112.21

220

Crystalline limestone

6.44

4.84

—

A1112.26

232

Crystalline limestone

7.38

4.80

—

A1112.26

234

Calcareous sandstone

4.50

4.10

—

A1112.27

241

Basalt

5.02

4.56

—

A1112.30

295

Crystalline limestone

13.12

5.87

—

A1112.34

313

Crystalline limestone

7.17

4.56

Flattish

A1112.39

349

Crystalline limestone

7.89

5.61

—

A1112.40

350

Crystalline limestone

8.17

5.76

Flattish

A1112.40

352

Calcareous schist

7.98

6.34

Flat

A1112.43

366

Crystalline limestone

5.72

4.41

—

A1112.45

374

Crystalline limestone

5.62

5.16

Flattish

A1112.46

381

Crystalline limestone

8.58

8.00

—

A1112.52

402

Chert

5.48

4.13

—

A1112.52

403

Crystalline limestone

3.85

3.40

—

A1112.52

404

Calcareous sandstone

5.47

4.93

—

A1112.57

416

Crystalline limestone

5.24

3.56

—

A1112.74

457

Crystalline limestone

6.78

5.65

—

A1112.75

459

Crystalline limestone

7.59

4.38

Flattish

A1112.75

460

Calcareous sandstone

7.64

4.76

Flattish

A1120.2.1

5

Crystalline limestone

8.00

7.21

—

A1126.3.1

1

Sandstone

8.77

5.92

—

A15001.1

2

Calcareous schist

5.29 (d.)

—

Flat

A15001.1

3

Calcareous sandstone

8.49

6.45

—

Table 3, cont. Uncataloged complete pebbles and cobbles without wear marks.

Level in Context A1112

Stone Tools

Broken without Wear

Complete without Wear

Total

Level in Context A1112

Stone Tools

Broken without Wear

Complete without Wear

Total

1

—

2

—

2

13

—

1

1

2

2

1

—

2

3

14

3

—

—

3

6

1

—

—

1

16

3

—

—

3

7

1

—

1

2

17

7

2

1

10

8

1

—

2

3

18

8

2

4

14

9

2

—

—

2

19

1

—

—

1

10

—

1

—

1

20

1

—

1

2

11

3

—

—

3

21

3

4

2

9

12

3

—

—

3

22

1

1

—

2

Table 4. Stone tools from the well or cistern (A1112).

TABLES 4 AND 5

Level in Context A1112

Stone Tools

Broken without Wear

Complete without Wear

Total

Level in Context A1112

Stone Tools

Broken without Wear

Complete without Wear

Total

24

1

—

—

1

44

1

—

—

1

25

2

—

—

2

45

2

2

1

5

26

3

3

2

8

46

—

—

1

1

27

—

—

1

1

47

—

1

—

1

28

1

—

—

1

49

—

1

—

1

29

1

—

—

1

51

1

—

—

1

—

1

3

4

—

1

30

1

—

1

2

52

31

4

2

—

6

56

1

—

32

1

1

—

2

57

—

—

1

1

1

—

—

1

33

1

—

—

1

58

34

—

—

1

1

68

1

4

—

5

35

1

—

—

1

69

1

—

—

1

1

—

—

1

37

1

—

—

1

73

39

—

—

1

1

74

—

—

1

1

40

—

—

2

2

75

—

—

2

2

42

2

1

—

3

43

1

—

1

2

Total

68

29

32

129

Table 4, cont. Stone tools from the well or cistern (A1112). Type of Mammal Pig

Ovicaprid

Type of Parts

Number of Parts

Mandible

1

Mandibular teeth

2

Pelvis

1

Metatarsals

2

Ulna

1

Horn-core base

1

Mandibles

4

Maxillae

4

Maxillary teeth

7

Tibiae

3

Mandibles

3

Sheep Total Identifiable Parts Medium-sized mammal

29 Long bones

12

Ribs

16

Vertebrae

10

Flat bones

9

Teeth, indeterminate

12

Cranial bones

4

Various, indeterminate

14

Total Unidentifiable Parts

Table 5. Representation of mammalian remains by taxonomic and anatomical parts.

77

TABLES 6 AND 7 Taxon

Anatomical Part

Sheep

Dental Sequence

Wear Stage

M3

11G

M2

9A

M1

15A

Mandible

Sheep

Mandible

Ovicaprid

Mandibular tooth

Ovicaprid

Mandibular tooth

4–6 years

P4

—

M3

11G

M2

9A

M1

15A

dp4

14L

M1

9A

Permanent incisor

Unworn

ca. 12–18 months ≥27–36 months

Mandible

Sheep

Age at Death

4–6 years

A little younger than 21–24 months

P3

Indeterminate

dp2

— —

Ovicaprid

Mandible

dp3

—

dp4

23L

Ovicaprid

Mandibular tooth

Milk incisor

Indeterminate

21–24 months

Ovicaprid

Mandibular tooth

M1/2

2A

—

Ovicaprid

Mandibular tooth

P4

Indeterminate

≥21–24 months

Ovicaprid

Mandibular tooth

M3

Indeterminate

≥18–24 months

Ovicaprid

Mandibular tooth

M3

Indeterminate

≥18–24 months

Table 6. Dental eruption and wear data.

Taxon

MNI

Percentage (%)

Taxon

MNI

Percentage (%)

Spondylus gaederopus

2

Patella sp.

71

0.3

Euthria cornea

33

4.2

9.0

Hinia incrassata

1

0.1

Gibbula sp.

2

0.3

Tarantinea lignaria

3

0.4

Phorcus sp.

22

2.8

Pisania sp.

12

1.5

Cerithium vulgatum

1

0.1

Cyclope donovani

1

0.1

Bittium sp.

3

0.4

Pinna nobilis

5

0.6

Charonia tritonis

7

0.9

Crustaceans

1

0.1

Tonna galea

2

0.3

Sea urchins

17

2.1

Hexaplex trunculus

604

76

Serpulidae

2

0.3

Columbella rustica

5

0.6

Total

794

100

Table 7. Taxonomic representation of marine mollusks and crustaceans based on counts of minimum number of individuals (MNI).

TABLES 8, 9, AND 10

Context Samples

Plant Remains (Complete/Fragmented)

Context Samples

Plant Remains (Complete/Fragmented)

A1112.61

Hulled barley 0/3

A1120.1.1

Grape 0/3; flax 1/5

A1110.2.1

Olive 0/9

A1112.6.1

Olive 0/3

A1106.1.1

Almond 0/11; olive 0/3

A1112.8.1

Grape 0/7

A1112.14.1

Grape 0/8

A8000.1.7

Olive 0/5

A1122.1.1

Grape 0/2, 1 grape stalk

A1112.66

Olive 0/6; grape 0/2

A3000.1–3

Olive 0/7; barley 0/4

A1112.51

Accellular 0/7; viper’s bugloss 6

A1124.3.1

Lentil 0/6

A1112.35

Olive 0/5; almond 0/7

Table 8. Plant remains retrieved by flotation.

Catalog Number

Color of Clay Fabric

Height of Sides

Width of Base

662

Reddish yellow

6.8 cm

Unknown

663

Pink

6.3 cm

10.0 cm

664

Reddish yellow

5.9–6.4 cm

Unknown

665

Reddish yellow

7.4 cm

Unknown

666

Yellowish red

5.3 cm

6.5 cm

667

Reddish yellow

6.0 cm

Unknown

668

Reddish brown

5.3 cm

4.5–6.5 cm

669

Dark reddish gray

4.0–6.0 cm

Unknown

670

Reddish yellow

5.2 cm

Unknown

671

Very pale brown

6.7 cm

Unknown

672

Very pale brown

9.6 cm

Unknown

Table 9. Colors of the clay fabrics, heights of the side walls, and widths of the bases (where preservation permits measurements) for the 11 drain sections found at Pefka.

Compound

Likely Ancient Source

Alizarin

Madder

Purpurin

Madder

Luteolin

Weld

Bromoindigotin

Murex

Dibromoindigo

Murex

Indigotin

Murex

Indirubin

Murex

Lanolin

Wool grease

Lanosterol

Wool grease

Lanostan

Wool grease

Uric acid

Urine

Urate

Urine

Derivatized urea

Urine

Table 10. Diagnostic compounds from chromatograms in Figures 88A–104B.

TABLES 11 AND 12

Catalog Number

ARCHEM Sample Number

Shape

Context

Contents

50

2873

Bowl

A1112.23

Alizarin, purpurin, dibromoindigo

223

1553

Carinated kantharos

A1112.17.1, A1112.18.1

Alizarin, purpurin, lanostan, dibromoindigo

228

2843

Hole-mouthed jar

A1112.34

Indigotin, alizarin, purpurin, dibromoindigo

231

1515

Hole-mouthed jar

A1106.1.1, A1112.2.1, A1120.1.1, A1120.2.1

Alizarin, purpurin, derivatized urea

306

1445

Carinated jug

A1120.2.1

Dibromoindigo

308

1698

Oval-mouthed amphora

A1106.1.1

Dibromoindigo

348

1717b

Triple vessel (front)

A1106.1.1, A1112.35, A1120.1.1, A1120.2.1

Dibromoindigo

348

2734

Triple vessel (right rear)

A1106.1.1, A1112.35, A1120.1.1, A1120.2.1

Uric acid or urate

348

2728

Triple vessel (left rear)

A1106.1.1, A1112.35, A1120.1.1, A1120.2.1

Bromoindigotin, bromoindigo, indirubin, dibromoindigo

484

1654b

Tripod offering stand

A1112.9.1

Dibromoindigo

485

1659b

Tripod offering stand

A1112.4.1

Alizarin, purpurin, dibromoindigo

495

2878b

Four-legged offering stand

A1112.32, A1112.35

Lanosterol

516

1462b

Tripod cooking pot

A1112.2.1, A1119.1.1, A1120.1.1, A1120.2.1

Alizarin, purpurin

517

2882b

Tripod cooking pot

A1112.35

Lanostan, dibromoindigo

526

2469

Small tripod cooking pot

A1112.8.3, A1112.14.1, A1112.17.4, A1112.18.6, A1112.18.7

Luteolin

571

1601b

Tripod cooking pot

A1112.5.1

Alizarin, purpurin, dibromoindigo

577

1554b

Heating stand

A1112.16.2

Alizarin, purpurin, dibromoindigo

Table 11. Objects analyzed by GC-MS and proposed contents. Basin Number

Pefka Lithology Exposed in the Basin*

Water Depth in Basin (cm)**

Water Depth in Basin after 24 hours (cm)

1***

P

15+–13+ (south side)

0–4

2

P, T, B

1.8 m below brim

0

3

P

0

0

4

P

34+

34

5

P

31

8

6

P

15

3

7

P

15

9

8

P

12

0

9

T

10

0

Table 12. Record of water retention in basins following filling after heavy rains. *Three statigraphic units within the Pefka layer were noted, listed in stratigraphic position, top to bottom: P = dense unit; T = transitional unit; B = brecciated unit (for further discussion, see p. 120). **Symbol (+) denotes that rain water completely filled the basin to either the brim or to a sill. ***Basin 1 has a shallow area in its southern portion.

Figures

Gavdos

Vraskas Lakoudia

Melidoni Apokoronou

Souda

Gavdopoula

Nea Roumata

Platyvola

Perivolia Debla

Lera

Gerani

Rethymnon

Figure 1. Map of Crete. Drawing P. Betancourt.

Kastelli

Chania

Nerokourou

Vryses Kydonias

Ellenes

Vrysinas

Tylissos

Vorou

Lebena

Hagios Kyrillos

Platanos Porti Koumasa

Libyan Sea

Kaloi Limenes

Phaistos

Hagia Triada

Malia

Kanli Kastelli

Trapeza

Milatos

0

Viannos

Myrtos

20

Chryssi Island

40 km

Hagia Photia

N

Kouphonisi

Ziros Makrygialos

Alatzomouri Pefka Episkopi Ierapetra Myrtos Phournou Koriphi

Siteia Mochlos

Gulf of Mirabello Pseira

Kaminaki Gournia Arkalochori Aphrodite’s Kephali

Hagios Charalambos

Archanes

Gournes

Amnissos Pyrgos

Knossos

Poros

Partira Kalathiana

Marathokephalo

Aegean Sea

Kato Kastellas Zakros Kokkino Froudi

Palaikastro

FIGURE 1

FIGURE 2

N

Gulf of Mirabello

Vouno

Cha Gorge

Koutsounari Karphi

Figure 2. Map of the isthmus of Ierapetra. Contour interval 100 m. Drawing A. Insua and P. Betancourt.

A1104

A1102

A 4002

Figure 3. Plan of the Pefka workshop showing the excavated trenches and section A through the row of basins. Drawing A. Insua, N. Goshen, and P. Betancourt.

Feature 11

N

FIGURE 3

FIGURES 4, 5, AND 6

0 15 30

60

90

120 cm

A1102 (Basin 2)

33.52

A1101 (Basin 1)

Channel 1

A1119

33.38 33.38

33.71

33.40

33.25 33.88

33.61

33.79

33.73

A1117 (Mortar 1)

33.68

A1104 (Basin 5)

A1115 (Channel 1)

33.79

A1114, A1112 (Well or Cistern)

33.78 33.40

A1118 (Basin 4)

33.67

33.72

33.71

A1114

33.57

33.72

33.79

33.45 33.79 33.74 0 15 30

60

90

120 cm

Figure 5. Plan of A1104 (Basin 5) and vicinity. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

Figure 4. Plan of A1101 (Basin 1), A1118 (Basin 4), and vicinity. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

0

50

100 cm

(Well or Cistern)

A2010 (Basin Basin 6) 6

Figure 6. Plan of part of Trench A1100 with rectangular Basin 2 and nearby areas. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

FIGURES 7 AND 8

Trench A1100 33.48

33.86

33.38

33.91

33.44

A1101 (Basin 1) 33.79

A1123 (Basin 3)

A1115 (Channel 1)

33.81

A1118 (Basin 4) 33.58

A1105 A1108

33.98 34.52 34.38

A1103 A1107

Trench A3000

34.03

34.23

34.52 34.92

N 34.47 34.79

m

Figure 7. Plan of Trenches A1100 and A3000. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

N

A1115 (Channel 1)

33.82

A1118 (Basin 4)

33.71 33.67

34.06

33.72

33.67

33.40

33.69

33.73

33.78

A1119 A1117 34.07

33.68

33.85 33.74 33.73 33.86 0 15 30

60

90

120 cm m

33.71

(Mortar 1) 33.722

33.57

A1104

(Basin 5)

33.79

Figure 8. Plan of A1104, A1115, A1118, and A1119. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

FIGURE 9 33.764

33.061

A

B C

D

E

F

G H I J K L

M Q

N P

O S

R T

U W

V

X

Y 30.96

Z Aa Ab Ac Ad Ae Af Ag Ah Ai Aj Ak Al Am An Ao Ap Aq Ar As At Au

Av

Aw

Ax Ay Az Ba Bb Bc

Bd Be Bf Bg Bh Bi Bj Bk Bl Bm Bn Bo

Bp Bq Br Bs Bt Bu Bv Bw Bx By Bz Ca

A: A1112.1.1 B: A1112.2.1 C: A1112.3.1 D: A1112.4.1 E: A1112.5.1 F: A1112.6.1 G: A1112.7.1 H: A1112.8.1 I: A1112.9.1 J: A1112.10.1 K: A1112.11.1 L: A1112.12.1 M: A1112.13.2 N: A1112.13.1 O: A1112.14.2 P: A1112.14.1 Q: A1112.15.1 R: A1112.16.2 S: A1112.16.1 T: A1112.17.6 U: A1112.17.1/2/34/5 V: A1112.18.2 W: A1112.18.1/3/4/5/6/7/8 X: A1112.19.1 Y: A1112.20 Z: A1112.21 Aa: A1112.22 Ab: A1112.23 Ac: A1112.24 Ad: A1112.25 Ae: A1112.26 Af: A1112.27 Ag: A1112.28 Ag: A1112.29 Ai: A1112.30 Aj: A1112.31 Ak: A1112.32 Al: A1112.33 Am: A1112.34 An: A1112.35 Ao: A1112.36 Ap: A1112.37 Aq: A1112.38 Ar: A1112.39 As: A1112.40 At: A1112.41 Au: A1112.42 Av: A1112.43 Aw: A1112.44 Ax: A1112.45 Ay: A1112.46 Az: A1112.47 Ba: A1112.48 Bb: A1112.49 Bc: A1112.50 Bd: A1112.51 Be: A1112.52 Bf: A1112.53 Bg: A1112.54/55 Bh: A1112.56 Bi: A1112.57 Bj: A1112.58 Bk: A1112.59 Bl: A1112.60 Bm: A1112.61 Bn: A1112.62 Bo: A1112.63 Bp: A1112.64 Bq: A1112.65 Br: A1112.66 Bs: A1112.67 Bt: A1112.68 Bu: A1112.69 Bv: A1112.70 Bw: A1112.71 Bx: A1112.72 By: A1112.73 Bz: A1112.74 Ca: A1112.75 Cb: A1112.76

Cb 25.05

Figure 9. Vertical section (north–south) of the well or cistern (A1112), facing west. Scale 1:40. Drawing S. Peterson.

FIGURES 10 AND 11

Trench A1100

34.08 33.55 33.54

33.63 33.44

34.23

33.74

34.10

A1118 Basin (Basin4 4) 33.90

A1123

(Basin 3)

33.79

33.79

0 15 30

60

90

120 cm

Figure 10. Plan of part of Trench A1100 and vicinity. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

33.98

33.70

Trench A1126 Trench A1126

33.54

34.51 0

30

50

75

100 cm

Figure 11. Plan of Trench A1126. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

FIGURES 12 AND 13

33.73

33.86

33.71

33.59

A2010

(Basin 6)

33.67

Trench A2000

N cm

Figure 12. Plan of Trench A2000. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

34.38

N

Trench A3000

34.10 34.52

A3001 Feature 10 (Shallow depression)

cm

33.47

Figure 13. Plan of Trench A3000. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

FIGURE 14

Trench A4000

A4002 (Basin 7) 33.36 33.15

33.47 33.47 33.12

A5100

33.62 33.13

(Basin 8)

33.31

33.76

33.34 33.55

33.13 32.21

33.39

33.68

33.53 0

50

100 cm

33.46

Figure 14. Plan of Trench A4000 with A5100 (Basin 8). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

FIGURE 15

N

33.09

33.12

33.06

31.97

33.17 33.72

Trench A4000 Trench A4003 33.47

33.72 33.73

33.44

33.56 33.45

33.59

33.66

Trench A2000

33.12

Trench A5000

33.47

33.71 33.90

33.34 33.75

33.55 33.83

33.71

33.75 33.12 34.18

Trench A18000 0

0.5

1

1.5

2m

m

Figure 15. Plan of Trench A4000 and vicinity. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

0

0.5

(A5200)

Basin Basin9 9

33.25

1

33.11

1.5

33.11

32.62

33.03

m2 mm

32.88

33.01

33.02

32.68

32.85

32.83

A15000

(A5300)

Channel 2

32.12

32.77

A22000

32.73

32.45

32.26

32.39

32.33

(A17001)

Mortar 3

32.03

A17000

Figure 16. Plan of Trenches A15000, A17000, A22000, and A5200. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

33.32

32.45

A16000

32.45

32.28

FIGURE 16

FIGURES 17 AND 18

A5100

(Basin 8)

34.05

N

Trench A5000

33.97

Trench A18000

33.96 33.87

34.26

Trench A19000

34.09

33.69

34.33

34.54

33.73

34.36

34.65

34.44

34.19

A18001 Mortar 2 (Mortar 2) 34.49 34.48

0

0.5

1

2m

1.5

m

34.58

m

Figure 17. Plan of Trenches A18000 and A19000. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. 35.54

Trench A24000

Trench A23000 A23001 (Channel 3) 35.42

35.79

N

35.65

35.72 33.83

35.78 35.25 35.92

26.09

Feature 11 35.97

Trench A20000 36.94

0

0.5

1

1.5

35.99

35.30

35.73

35.55

2m m

m 35.76

Figure 18. Plan of Trenches A20000, A23000, and A24000. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

Channel 3 A23000

A20000

m

Feature 10

Mortar 2

Mortar 1

Channel 2

Well or Cistern in Basin 2

Mortar 3

Figure 19. Plan of the workshop showing the numbers of the basins (1–9) and other features. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

Natural Depression

Feature 11

A24000

Channel 1

N

FIGURE 19

FIGURES 20 AND 21

33.817

N

Basin 4 Channel 1

33.665

34.062

3.688

34.068 33.847

Walls

33.743 33.711 33.726

cm

33.860

Figure 20. Plan of Basin 4 (A1118) and the stone walls. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

N 33.38

33.52

33.38

33.40 33.25

Basin 1, A1101

Figure 21. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 1 (A1101). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

FIGURES 22 AND 23

N

Well or Cistern

Mortar 1

Basin 2, A1114

Figure 22. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 2 (A1114). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence. Basin 1 Basin 2

N

Trough 33.82

Channel 1

Basin 4 33.72 33.67

34.06

33.67

33.40

33.69

33.73

33.78

Mortar 1

34.07 33.68

33.85

Walls

Basin 5

33.74 33.73

33.722

33.71

33.86 cm

Figure 23. Plan of Basins 4 (A1118) and 5 (A1104) and vicinity. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

FIGURES 24–27

N

N

Basin 4, A1118 Basin 3, A1123

Figure 24. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 3 (A1123). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

N

Basin 5, A1104

Figure 26. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 5 (A1104). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

Figure 25. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 4 (A1118). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

N

Basin 6, A2010

Figure 27. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 6 (A2010). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

FIGURES 28–31

N

33.47 33.3

33.45

33.31

33.2 33.03

33.61

33.53

33.36 33.16

33.55

33.26

33.73

33.61

33.35 33.19

33.74

33.48

33.40

33.50

33.29 33.19

33.10

32.95

32.93

33.06

33.03

33.25

35.5

33.48

33.44

32.95

33.02

33.13 33.43

33.66

33.25

33.34

N

33.68 33.52

33.42

33.44

33.43 33.12

33.25

33.34

33.08

33.16

33.09

Basin 7, A4002

32.95

Figure 29. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 8 (A5100). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

Channel 3

N N

35.64

33.05 33.07

33.0

Basin 8, A5100

Figure 28. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 7 (A4002). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

Channel 2

32.88

35.42 35.63

33.04

33.11

33.14

35.77

32.62 35.72 33.15

33.25 33.00 32.85

32.97 32.90 32.70

33.05

32.82

32.60

35.64 35.74

33.65 33.62

33.59

35.77

33.57

35.64

33.61

35.59 35.53

33.20

33.01 32.62 32.58

35.64

33.02

33.97 32.96

33.26

32.99

32.86

33.07 33.06

Basin 9, A5200

Feature11,11, A23002 Feature A23002

32.59

Figure 30. Plan and cross-sections of Basin 9 (A5200). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

Figure 31. Plan and cross-sections of Feature 11 (A23002). Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

FIGURE 32

N

Mortar 2

Mortar 1 A1117

Mortar 3

Figure 32. Plans and east–west cross-sections of Mortars 1–3. Drawing P. Betancourt, A. Insua, N. Goshen, and S. Ferrence.

FIGURE 33

Figure 33. Open vessel (1), shallow bowls (2, 9–15, 17, 18), rounded cups (3–5), offering table (6), closed vessel (7), and plate (8). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 34

Figure 34. Shallow bowl (19), tall conical cups (20–22), bowls (23–30), and possible basin (31). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 35

Figure 35. Basins and bowls (32–40). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 36

Figure 36. Basins (41–49), bowl (50), and basin with scoring inside (51). Scale 1:6. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 37

Figure 37. Basins with scoring inside (52–55) and straight-sided cups (56–68). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 38

Figure 38. Straight-sided cups (69–84). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 39

Figure 39. Straight-sided cups (85–114). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 40

Figure 40. Straight-sided cups (115–133) and straight-sided or conical cups (134–144). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 41

Figure 41. Straight-sided or conical cups (145–150), cylindrical cups (151–160), rounded cup (161), and semiglobular cups (162, 163). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 42

Figure 42. Semiglobular cups (164–167) and carinated cups (168–181). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 43

Figure 43. Carinated cups (182–199). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 44

Figure 44. Carinated cups (200–209), carinated cup with low carination (210), carinated cup with scalloped rim (211), carinated cup with spout (212), and miscellaneous cups (213–219). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 45

Figure 45. Lamp (220), kantharoi with undulating rims (221, 222), carinated kantharos (223), tall carinated vessel (224), open vessels (225, 226), semiglobular cup/jug (227), and hole-mouthed jars (228–230). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 46

Figure 46. Hole-mouthed jars (231–236). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 47

Figure 47. Bridge-spouted jars (237–243) and jars of various classes (244, 245). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 48

Figure 48. Jars of various classes (246–259). Scale 1:6. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 49

Figure 49. Jars of various classes (260–266) and jugs (267–269). Scale 1:6. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 50

Figure 50. Jugs (270–279). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 51

Figure 51. Jugs (280–289). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 52

Figure 52. Jugs (290–298). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 53

Figure 53. Wide-mouthed jugs (299, 301), carinated jugs (303–306), and amphorae (307, 308). Scale 1:6. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 54

Figure 54. Amphorae (309–319). Scale 1:6. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 55

Figure 55. Miniature vessels (320–327) and pithoi (328–335). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 56

Figure 56. Pithoi (336–345) and tripod jug (346). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 57

Figure 57. Tripod jar (347), triple vessel (348), pyxides (349, 350), and closed vessels (351–359). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 58

Figure 58. Closed vessels (360–371). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 59

Figure 59. Closed vessels (372–383). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 60

Figure 60. Closed vessels (384–405). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 61

Figure 61. Closed vessels (406–422). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 62

Figure 62. Closed vessels (423–432). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 63

Figure 63. Closed vessels (433–438), jar with tripod legs (439), rhyton (440), cylindrical stand (441), pyxis-like vessel (442), and covers (443–448). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 64

Figure 64. Covers (449–451), lids (452–458), and cooking dish (459). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 65

Figure 65. Cooking dishes (460–468) and tripod offering stands (469–472). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 66

Figure 66. Tripod offering stands (473–479). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 67

Figure 67. Tripod offering stands (480–486). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 68

Figure 68. Tripod offering stands (487–491), tripod kalathoi (492, 493), kernos (494), four-legged offering stand (495), and miniature tripod (496). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 69

Figure 69. Trays and tripod trays (497–507) and tripod bowls (508–511). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 70

Figure 70. Tripod bowl (512), tripod brazier (513), tripod cup (514), and tripod cooking pots (515–523). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 71

Figure 71. Tripod cooking pots (525–527, 529–535). Scale 1:6 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 72

Figure 72. Tripod cooking pots (536–545). Scale 1:6. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 73

Figure 73. Tripod cooking pots (546–558). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 74

Figure 74. Tripod cooking pots (559–570). Scale 1:3. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 75

Figure 75. Ttripod cooking pots (571–576), heating stands (577, 578), and Hellenistic open vessel (579). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings L. Bonga.

FIGURE 76

a

c

b 580

581 (1:1)

584

587

582 (1:1)

585

583 (1:1)

586

588 589

Figure 76. Prism seal (580), faces a–c; obsidian tools (581–583); ground stone tools: pounders (584, 588), pounder-abraders (585, 586), abrader (587), and grinder (589). Scale 1:3 except as marked. Drawings D. Faulmann and H. Dierckx.

FIGURE 77

591

592

593

590

594

597

595

596

598

601

600

603

599

602

604

Figure 77. Ground stone tools: whetstones (590–592), weight (593), pounders (594, 595, 597–600, 603), hammerstone (596), pounder-abraders (601, 602), and grinder (604). Scale 1:3. Drawings H. Dierckx.

FIGURE 78

605

606

607

608

610

609

611

612

613

615 614

616

617

Figure 78. Ground stone tools: pounders (605, 608–611, 614, 615), abraders (606, 613, 616), and hammerstones (607, 612, 617). Scale 1:3. Drawings H. Dierckx.

FIGURE 79

618

619

620 621

622

623

624

625

626

627

629 628

630 Figure 79. Ground stone tools: hammerstones (618, 629, 630), grinder (619), pounders (620–623, 626, 627), pounderabraders (624, 625), and abrader (628). Scale 1:3. Drawings H. Dierckx.

FIGURE 80

631

632

633

634

635

636

637

638

640 639

641 642

Figure 80. Ground stone tools: pounder-abraders (631, 632, 635), pounders (633, 634, 639), abraders (636–638), pestle (640), polisher (641), and pounding platform (642). Scale 1:3. Drawings H. Dierckx.

FIGURE 81

643

646

647

650

645

644

649

648

652

651

653

656

655

657

658 659

660

661

Figure 81. Ground stone tools: querns (643– 645), whetstones (646 – 653), weights (655– 660), and mace head (661). Scale 1:3. Drawings H. Dierckx.

FIGURES 82, 83, AND 84

25 25

10 10

MNI MNI

12 12

20 20 15 15

8 8 6 6 4 4

10 10

2 2

5

0

0 0

00

5

10 10

15 15

20 25 20 25 Height in mm

30 30

35 35

40 40

10

1–

5.

.1

10

.1

15

–2

.1

20

–3

.1

25

5

–3

.1

30

0

–4

.1

35

0

5

–4

.1

40

–5

.1

45

5

–5

.1

50

0

–6

.1

55

0

5

–6

.1

60

–7

.1

65

mm Height in (mm)

Height (mm)

Height (mm)

Figure 82. Size distribution of limpets (Patella sp.).

–2

0

5

0

5

–1

5. 1– 1 10 0 .1 –1 15 5 .1 –2 20 0 .1 –2 25 5 .1 – 30 30 .1 –3 35 5 .1 –4 40 0 .1 –4 45 5 .1 –5 50 0 .1 –5 55 5 .1 – 60 60 .1 –6 65 5 .1 –7 0

Width (mm) Width (mm)

14 14 30 30

Figure 83. Size distribution of whole purple shellfish (Hexaplex trunculus).

Figure 84. Drain fragments (662–664). Scale 1:3. Drawing P. Betancourt.

FIGURE 85

Figure 85. Drain fragments (665–670). Scale 1:3. Drawing P. Betancourt.

FIGURE 86

677

678

Figure 86. Drain fragments (671, 672) and stone vessels (677, 678). Scale 1:3. Drawing L. Bonga.

FIGURE 87

INTERIOR

EXTERIOR

679

Figure 87. Clay suspension device with double handles (679). Scale 1:3. Drawing L. Bonga.

Figure 88A. Bowl 50: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2873. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 88A

FIGURE 88B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

6.662

6.500

7.233

226052

14624

15.46

4.23

2

10.942

10.800

11.167

229078

27263

8.40

4.28

3

15.469

15.333

15.567

163019

39416

4.14

3.05

4

19.000

18.933

19.433

41973

2562

16.38

0.78

5

19.782

19.633

19.867

197026

39682

4.97

3.68

6

21.708

21.433

21.833

43364

3854

11.25

0.81

7

22.975

22.767

23.333

45247

3532

12.81

0.85

8

23.794

23.500

24.000

267175

52140

5.12

5.00

9

25.567

25.333

25.733

41205

3862

10.67

0.77

10

25.902

25.733

26.000

71940

7249

9.92

1.35

11

26.304

26.000

26.367

93314

8031

11.62

1.74

12

26.709

26.367

26.867

83158

4095

20.31

1.55

13

26.998

26.867

27.067

39478

6521

6.05

0.74

14

27.139

27.067

27.300

52535

6130

8.57

0.98

15

27.402

27.300

27.500

59692

8347

7.15

1.12

16

27.604

27.500

28.867

422271

63781

6.62

7.90

17

28.533

28.033

28.600

51586

2894

17.83

0.96

18

29.133

28.867

29.200

73081

6339

11.53

1.37

19

29.467

29.200

29.800

143898

6294

22.86

2.69

20

29.900

29.800

30.100

112335

6599

17.02

2.10

21

30.162

30.100

30.233

71711

11838

6.06

1.34

22

30.362

30.233

30.900

185168

9233

20.06

3.46

23

31.430

31.100

31.600

90751

7576

11.98

1.70

24

32.600

32.467

32.700

44485

4538

9.80

0.83

25

32.830

32.700

32.933

225775

34035

6.63

4.22

26

33.004

32.933

33.200

77318

7359

10.51

1.45

27

33.400

33.200

33.533

92817

4947

18.76

1.74

28

33.767

33.700

33.967

41784

7012

5.96

0.78

29

34.062

33.967

34.367

61776

4282

14.43

1.16

30

34.433

34.367

34.700

41336

3075

13.44

0.77

31

35.491

34.967

35.800

118028

4573

25.81

2.21

32

36.167

36.033

36.300

42181

4524

9.32

0.79

33

36.433

36.300

36.500

34247

3556

9.63

0.64

34

36.737

36.500

36.833

57910

5372

10.78

1.08

35

37.067

36.833

37.600

163611

6027

27.15

3.06

36

37.765

37.600

37.967

74127

8454

8.77

1.39

37

38.333

37.967

38.433

72657

4924

14.76

1.36

38

38.600

38.433

38.700

37240

2913

12.78

0.70

39

38.967

38.700

39.033

39231

4586

8.55

0.73

40

39.467

39.033

39.567

70957

4387

16.17

1.33

41

39.900

39.567

39.967

60966

6507

9.37

1.14

42

40.247

39.967

40.433

342124

29266

11.69

6.40

43

40.667

40.433

40.767

97555

5892

16.56

1.82

44

40.967

40.767

41.033

66161

7152

9.25

1.24

45

41.181

41.033

41.367

192806

15882

12.14

3.61

46

41.759

41.367

42.467

182299

4546

40.10

3.41

47

43.087

42.467

43.233

82776

3653

22.66

1.55

48

43.733

43.233

43.867

98435

5833

16.88

1.84

49

44.199

43.867

44.267

54931

4286

12.82

1.03

50

44.621

44.267

44.833

69404

4756

14.59

1.30

Figure 88B. Bowl 50: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2873 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 89A. Carinated kantharos 223: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1553. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 89A

FIGURE 89B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

7.047

6.867

7.600

82333

3392

24.27

1.58

2

8.867

8.800

9.333

73024

2867

25.47

1.40

3

9.432

9.333

9.800

71910

5994

12.00

1.38

4

11.133

11.033

11.533

91633

4853

18.88

1.76

5

11.948

11.667

12.367

154162

5271

29.25

2.96

6

12.628

12.367

12.767

69738

5021

13.89

1.34

7

13.074

12.767

13.267

138424

9332

14.83

2.66

8

13.467

13.267

13.667

62252

4899

12.71

1.20

9

17.774

17.633

18.133

58735

3910

15.02

1.13

10

19.791

19.733

19.867

61051

14520

4.20

1.17

11

21.991

21.867

22.267

86797

4530

19.16

1.67

12

22.388

22.267

22.500

62902

5795

10.85

1.21

13

22.667

22.500

22.767

61413

5291

11.61

1.18

14

23.367

22.767

23.467

149399

7464

20.02

2.87

15

23.567

23.467

23.700

71504

6712

10.65

1.37

16

23.794

23.700

23.867

136089

29293

4.65

2.61

17

24.629

24.200

24.700

133506

7724

17.28

2.56

18

25.141

24.867

25.233

150859

10811

13.95

2.90

19

25.494

25.367

25.567

75576

9997

7.56

1.45

20

25.764

25.567

26.000

211333

14063

15.03

4.06

21

26.169

26.000

26.267

148576

11343

13.10

2.85

22

26.367

26.267

26.467

59510

6971

8.54

1.14

23

27.273

26.900

27.400

99782

5928

16.83

1.92

24

27.567

27.400

27.667

67387

6650

10.13

1.29

25

28.629

28.033

28.967

194201

7521

25.82

3.73

26

29.333

28.967

29.433

134637

8602

15.65

2.58

27

30.033

29.633

30.133

139598

9337

14.95

2.68

28

30.365

30.133

30.500

120948

8848

13.67

2.32

29

31.076

30.700

31.200

149244

8594

17.37

2.87

30

32.014

31.200

32.100

213727

7211

29.64

4.10

31

32.267

32.100

32.400

75452

8644

8.73

1.45

32

32.980

32.567

33.133

146730

6137

23.91

2.82

33

33.996

33.700

34.133

92407

7533

12.27

1.77

34

35.430

35.233

35.500

63266

5187

12.20

1.21

35

35.971

35.900

36.133

71258

8218

8.67

1.37

36

36.735

36.600

36.867

75109

8415

8.93

1.44

37

37.032

36.867

37.100

88013

13710

6.42

1.69

38

37.169

37.100

37.233

61415

11580

5.30

1.18

39

37.400

37.233

37.667

89322

5058

17.66

1.71

40

37.805

37.667

38.100

93549

7735

12.09

1.80

41

38.426

38.333

38.700

60166

4277

14.07

1.16

42

39.625

39.567

39.867

66841

7530

8.88

1.28

43

40.072

39.867

40.133

69000

8608

8.02

1.32

44

40.278

40.133

40.433

225465

21421

10.53

4.33

45

40.780

40.433

40.867

164484

9949

16.53

3.16

46

41.300

41.000

41.400

69136

5368

12.88

1.33

47

42.604

41.933

42.733

115309

5050

22.83

2.21

48

43.382

42.900

43.533

118542

8297

14.29

2.28

49

44.125

43.533

44.200

92695

5276

17.57

1.78

50

44.845

44.733

44.967

40520

7014

5.78

0.78

Figure 89B. Carinated kantharos 223: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1553 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 90A. Hole-mouthed jar 228: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2843. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 90A

FIGURE 90B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

8.336

7.900

8.400

104959

8785

11.94

1.36

2

9.067

9.000

9.833

76780

6161

12.46

1.00

3

12.567

12.433

13.433

205686

5427

37.90

2.67

4

13.500

13.433

13.800

137499

15440

8.90

1.79

5

14.151

13.967

14.767

178477

8306

21.48

2.32

6

16.472

16.400

16.933

76250

3501

21.77

0.99

7

17.569

17.200

17.667

63368

6018

10.52

0.82

8

18.762

18.300

18.867

113346

9840

11.51

1.47

9

19.333

18.867

19.633

256056

6870

37.27

3.33

10

19.746

19.633

19.867

142105

14637

9.70

1.85

11

21.656

21.533

21.867

74523

6593

11.30

0.97

12

22.100

21.867

22.200

66531

6075

10.95

0.86

13

22.298

22.200

22.433

66211

7098

9.32

0.86

14

22.700

22.433

22.867

143869

7151

20.11

1.87

15

23.167

22.867

23.233

108551

8372

12.96

1.41

16

23.785

23.667

23.867

121171

16287

7.43

1.57

17

24.300

23.867

24.367

77845

4691

16.59

1.01

18

25.333

25.267

25.933

82608

3754

22.00

1.07

19

29.033

28.833

29.300

120402

6175

19.49

1.56

20

29.369

29.300

29.467

65366

9398

6.95

0.85

21

29.692

29.467

29.800

96758

11584

8.35

1.26

22

31.667

31.467

32.000

82334

2090

39.39

1.07

23

32.067

32.000

32.467

109216

5136

21.26

1.42

24

32.871

32.633

33.067

141449

8801

16.07

1.84

25

33.400

33.067

33.533

219903

12187

18.04

2.86

26

33.667

33.533

33.833

131727

14098

9.34

1.71

27

34.000

33.833

34.100

144034

11639

12.37

1.87

28

34.170

34.100

34.667

266476

14152

18.82

3.46

29

34.733

34.667

34.900

128587

13244

9.70

1.67

30

35.068

34.900

35.233

178779

17736

10.08

2.32

31

35.503

35.233

35.667

252440

18608

13.56

3.28

32

35.933

35.667

36.100

408564

25779

15.84

5.31

33

36.260

36.100

36.333

241298

27284

8.84

3.13

34

36.413

36.333

36.800

204649

15987

12.80

2.66

35

37.168

36.800

37.233

180028

11806

15.24

2.34

36

37.334

37.233

37.500

88422

10828

8.16

1.15

37

37.833

37.500

37.967

135511

7119

19.03

1.76

38

38.313

37.967

38.633

285112

12081

23.60

3.70

39

39.033

38.633

39.100

117473

8160

14.39

1.53

40

39.233

39.100

39.400

80634

9153

8.80

1.05

41

39.967

39.833

40.167

104554

7002

14.93

1.36

42

40.300

40.167

40.367

182181

19827

9.18

2.37

43

40.772

40.367

40.933

306409

12307

24.89

3.98

44

41.033

40.933

41.100

117220

14097

8.31

1.52

45

41.164

41.100

41.367

124042

11240

11.03

1.61

46

41.467

41.367

41.633

187979

20677

9.09

2.44

47

42.033

41.633

42.100

185856

6440

28.85

2.41

48

42.200

42.100

42.567

138272

8451

16.36

1.80

49

43.599

42.567

43.767

359879

11933

30.15

4.67

50

44.287

43.767

44.567

216594

11754

18.42

2.81

Figure 90B. Hole-mouthed jar 228: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2843 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 91A. Hole-mouthed jar 231: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1515. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 91A

FIGURE 91B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

4.400

4.333

5.133

18544

984

18.84

1.33

2

5.200

5.133

5.567

14516

655

22.16

1.04

3

5.633

5.567

6.367

20186

1263

15.98

1.44

4

12.700

12.567

13.033

11262

647

17.40

0.81

5

13.146

13.033

13.333

14548

1827

7.96

1.04

6

15.600

15.533

16.067

29990

1267

23.67

2.15

7

16.167

16.067

16.600

27068

1645

16.45

1.94

8

16.933

16.600

17.167

29452

1582

18.61

2.11

9

17.263

17.167

17.433

22264

2169

10.26

1.59

10

17.633

17.433

17.700

18048

1667

10.82

1.29

11

17.773

17.700

17.967

15418

1523

10.12

1.10

12

19.067

19.000

19.400

13046

1744

7.48

0.93

13

19.600

19.533

19.700

9825

1802

5.45

0.70

14

19.788

19.700

19.900

48704

11238

4.33

3.49

15

21.110

20.667

21.200

31222

1930

16.17

2.23

16

22.233

22.000

22.667

34320

1951

17.59

2.46

17

22.805

22.667

22.900

9510

963

9.87

0.68

18

23.333

23.133

23.433

18476

1894

9.75

1.32

19

23.792

23.433

24.067

159241

35883

4.43

11.40

20

25.432

25.333

25.567

16260

2946

5.51

1.16

21

25.867

25.733

25.933

12419

1796

6.91

0.89

22

26.053

25.933

26.133

16341

2012

8.12

1.17

23

26.786

26.667

26.967

17532

1329

13.19

1.25

24

27.296

26.967

27.467

21662

1277

16.96

1.55

25

28.282

27.567

28.433

28838

1561

18.47

2.06

26

30.837

30.467

30.900

24983

2616

9.55

1.79

27

30.960

30.900

31.500

44034

2669

16.49

3.15

28

31.633

31.500

31.733

15890

2220

7.15

1.14

29

32.133

31.733

32.200

25345

3248

7.80

1.81

30

32.533

32.200

32.600

23548

949

24.81

1.69

31

32.767

32.600

32.933

13650

710

19.22

0.98

32

33.200

32.933

33.733

36999

968

38.22

2.65

33

33.800

33.733

33.967

11880

1635

7.26

0.85

34

34.033

33.967

34.367

11279

1249

9.03

0.81

35

34.444

34.367

34.600

16135

2206

7.31

1.15

36

34.833

34.600

35.033

23266

1523

15.27

1.66

37

35.502

35.033

35.600

29745

1955

15.21

2.13

38

35.700

35.600

35.767

13749

2039

6.74

0.98

39

35.924

35.767

36.233

32292

2000

16.14

2.31

40

36.317

36.233

37.067

21291

1894

11.24

1.52

41

38.025

37.833

38.700

73063

2904

25.15

5.23

42

39.133

38.700

39.333

27368

1601

17.09

1.96

43

39.454

39.333

39.667

34658

2819

12.29

2.48

44

40.285

39.933

40.433

120117

13670

8.78

8.60

45

40.667

40.433

40.733

16931

1316

12.86

1.21

46

41.400

41.100

41.467

12895

956

13.48

0.92

47

43.033

42.967

43.700

53480

1350

39.61

3.83

48

43.876

43.700

43.933

13791

1532

9.00

0.99

49

44.033

43.933

44.200

21698

2208

9.82

1.55

50

44.330

44.200

44.633

20647

1413

14.61

1.48

Figure 91B. Hole-mouthed jar 231: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1515 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 92A. Carinated jug 306: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1445. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 92A

FIGURE 92B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

17.207

17.033

17.300

65171

6482

10.05

1.39

2

18.767

18.700

18.933

27359

3749

7.30

0.58

3

19.000

18.933

19.700

136849

3513

38.96

2.92

4

19.839

19.700

20.000

132958

25187

5.28

2.84

5

20.200

20.000

20.833

63662

4291

14.84

1.36

6

20.900

20.833

21.333

33798

4677

7.23

0.72

7

21.400

21.333

21.733

62225

5489

11.34

1.33

8

21.983

21.733

22.133

87178

6791

12.84

1.86

9

22.300

22.133

22.367

30068

3547

8.48

0.64

10

22.729

22.567

22.800

56199

7077

7.94

1.20

11

23.200

22.800

23.267

96194

6550

14.69

2.05

12

23.336

23.267

23.467

61640

10348

5.96

1.32

13

23.831

23.467

23.933

218798

48044

4.55

4.67

14

26.233

26.167

26.367

62881

6510

9.66

1.34

15

26.477

26.367

26.667

136754

11597

11.79

2.92

16

27.067

26.667

27.200

191474

6078

31.50

4.09

17

27.467

27.200

27.833

164851

7092

23.24

3.52

18

27.914

27.833

28.100

70911

6658

10.65

1.51

19

28.200

28.100

28.367

42409

3967

10.69

0.90

20

28.500

28.367

28.833

82298

7292

11.29

1.76

21

28.894

28.833

29.267

109422

8922

12.26

2.33

22

29.433

29.267

29.500

68415

8509

8.04

1.46

23

30.532

30.400

30.633

65272

10397

6.28

1.39

24

30.706

30.633

30.867

74751

9669

7.73

1.60

25

32.067

32.000

32.233

61617

6050

10.18

1.31

26

32.333

32.233

32.400

78936

10267

7.69

1.68

27

32.535

32.400

33.033

361923

18382

19.69

7.72

28

33.133

33.033

33.333

88473

9101

9.72

1.89

29

34.033

33.900

34.100

25150

4107

6.12

0.54

30

34.167

34.100

34.267

26350

4843

5.44

0.56

31

34.333

34.267

34.700

81877

6279

13.04

1.75

32

34.800

34.700

34.967

56059

6384

8.78

1.20

33

35.125

34.967

35.200

122115

13283

9.19

2.61

34

35.400

35.200

35.500

128365

8030

15.99

2.74

35

35.800

35.500

35.867

130724

8938

14.63

2.79

36

36.033

35.867

36.100

75756

8220

9.22

1.62

37

36.232

36.100

36.333

60083

10609

5.66

1.28

38

36.733

36.333

36.800

101183

7626

13.27

2.16

39

37.059

36.800

37.200

143812

9224

15.59

3.07

40

38.067

38.000

39.033

157962

3926

40.23

3.37

41

39.107

39.033

39.333

50725

6781

7.48

1.08

42

39.900

39.333

40.167

128256

8141

15.75

2.74

43

40.307

40.167

40.500

246882

24265

10.17

5.27

44

40.667

40.500

40.733

58387

5185

11.26

1.25

45

40.801

40.733

40.967

58794

7040

8.35

1.25

46

41.033

40.967

41.100

38834

8724

4.45

0.83

47

42.434

41.800

42.533

142250

6269

22.69

3.04

48

42.767

42.700

42.933

27126

4992

5.43

0.58

49

43.031

42.933

43.200

61667

7484

8.24

1.32

50

44.497

44.300

44.600

31512

3988

7.90

0.67

Figure 92B. Carinated jug 306: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1445 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 93A. Oval-mouthed amphora 308: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1698. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 93A

FIGURE 93B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

5.967

5.833

6.433

84291

5129

16.43

2.00

2

7.387

6.867

7.467

95426

3834

24.88

2.26

3

7.965

7.467

8.033

62465

3674

17.00

1.48

4

8.659

8.333

8.967

88443

4157

21.27

2.10

5

9.431

9.367

9.800

70907

4898

14.47

1.68

6

10.367

10.100

10.433

65172

4350

14.98

1.54

7

10.933

10.433

11.000

77007

3541

21.74

1.82

8

12.033

11.933

12.333

53831

3313

16.24

1.28

9

13.437

12.567

13.567

158109

5865

26.95

3.75

10

14.591

14.400

14.900

71746

4505

15.92

1.70

11

15.333

14.900

15.600

75201

2868

26.22

1.78

12

16.400

16.233

16.733

81487

4156

19.60

1.93

13

16.800

16.733

17.533

109037

4221

25.83

2.58

14

18.200

17.767

18.300

82255

3431

23.97

1.95

15

18.706

18.300

18.833

93202

3794

24.56

2.21

16

20.067

19.867

20.267

47958

3818

12.56

1.14

17

21.573

21.400

21.733

55952

4802

11.65

1.33

18

23.033

22.967

23.467

48157

3046

15.80

1.14

19

23.796

23.467

23.967

161153

32116

5.01

3.82

20

24.233

23.967

24.467

62189

3417

18.19

1.47

21

25.401

24.967

25.500

86585

5408

16.01

2.05

22

25.933

25.733

26.000

59121

4406

13.41

1.40

23

26.498

26.000

26.567

93692

4380

21.39

2.22

24

28.229

28.100

28.667

87709

5835

15.03

2.08

25

29.000

28.667

29.133

58078

4466

13.00

1.38

26

29.644

29.333

29.767

74993

4773

15.71

1.78

27

30.136

29.967

30.200

50013

4778

10.46

1.18

28

30.433

30.200

30.500

64613

5068

12.74

1.53

29

30.893

30.500

30.967

120514

5069

23.77

2.85

30

31.337

31.167

31.400

81355

8527

9.54

1.93

31

31.461

31.400

31.633

62025

8097

7.66

1.47

32

32.130

31.900

32.533

99195

4482

22.13

2.35

33

33.000

32.533

33.100

115536

3561

32.44

2.74

34

33.300

33.100

33.433

84627

6051

13.98

2.00

35

33.787

33.600

34.100

96316

5460

17.64

2.28

36

34.460

34.333

34.667

69564

7964

8.73

1.65

37

35.137

34.667

35.233

143268

9931

14.42

3.39

38

35.400

35.233

35.567

60096

4324

13.89

1.42

39

35.633

35.567

36.033

78145

3885

20.11

1.85

40

36.533

36.200

36.800

93402

3676

25.40

2.21

41

37.100

37.000

37.267

50111

6221

8.05

1.19

42

37.437

37.267

37.533

67801

6804

9.96

1.61

43

38.133

37.967

38.300

51158

4524

11.30

1.21

44

38.473

38.300

38.567

59129

6862

8.61

1.40

45

39.033

38.567

39.467

211323

6724

31.42

5.01

46

40.278

40.100

40.400

108056

11462

9.42

2.56

47

40.953

40.767

41.100

129456

16298

7.94

3.07

48

41.733

41.600

41.967

54650

2485

21.99

1.29

49

42.107

41.967

42.600

87206

3937

22.15

2.07

50

43.027

42.867

43.300

79814

5966

13.37

1.89

Figure 93B. Oval-mouthed amphora 308: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1698 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 94A. Triple vessel 348 (front vessel): GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1717b. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 94A

FIGURE 94B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

5.300

5.233

6.033

100806

3599

28.00

1.33

2

7.031

6.433

7.100

106313

5004

21.24

1.40

3

8.514

8.200

8.600

85252

5510

15.47

1.12

4

10.599

10.500

11.067

106919

7707

13.87

1.41

5

12.828

12.700

13.400

225724

9854

22.90

2.97

6

13.633

13.400

13.900

118614

5656

20.97

1.56

7

13.961

13.900

14.400

116679

10735

10.86

1.53

8

14.800

14.433

15.200

345187

10074

34.26

4.54

9

15.611

15.467

15.767

164718

14048

11.72

2.17

10

16.373

16.133

16.700

286076

9997

28.61

3.76

11

17.133

16.867

17.333

217808

10135

21.49

2.87

12

17.497

17.333

17.633

161002

16391

9.82

2.12

13

18.333

17.867

18.600

247364

10291

24.03

3.25

14

19.469

19.233

19.600

90292

11820

7.63

1.19

15

19.798

19.733

19.933

101671

16952

5.99

1.34

16

20.930

20.733

21.033

109820

7875

13.94

1.44

17

21.366

21.033

21.533

169034

14976

11.28

2.22

18

22.028

21.767

22.133

106186

9650

11.00

1.40

19

22.533

22.133

22.633

95506

5851

16.32

1.26

20

23.033

22.633

23.267

222239

7939

27.99

2.92

21

23.567

23.267

23.633

170772

12610

13.54

2.25

22

23.796

23.633

23.933

246684

31500

7.83

3.24

23

24.000

23.933

24.467

162854

7121

22.86

2.14

24

24.615

24.467

24.800

142372

9608

14.81

1.87

25

24.966

24.800

25.033

131167

20496

6.39

1.73

26

25.767

25.400

25.900

196582

9366

20.98

2.59

27

26.034

25.900

26.333

160465

13907

11.53

2.11

28

27.065

26.633

27.167

165709

13087

12.66

2.18

29

27.702

27.333

27.800

186491

26346

7.07

2.45

30

28.229

27.800

28.300

179300

12289

14.59

2.36

31

29.891

29.800

30.300

197619

10184

19.40

2.60

32

30.417

30.300

30.533

96197

12193

7.88

1.27

33

30.763

30.533

30.833

98241

10610

9.25

1.29

34

32.399

32.233

32.533

90719

18192

4.98

1.19

35

34.000

33.667

34.167

86455

7802

11.08

1.14

36

34.242

34.167

34.467

118170

15031

7.86

1.55

37

35.231

34.667

35.300

173064

8954

19.32

2.28

38

37.100

36.667

37.167

165561

9989

16.57

2.18

39

37.600

37.167

37.667

122002

7289

16.73

1.60

40

37.723

37.667

38.267

138245

9358

14.77

1.82

41

38.540

38.267

38.667

110588

12850

8.60

1.45

42

39.697

39.400

39.800

92789

7492

12.38

1.22

43

39.933

39.800

40.033

85324

12004

7.10

1.12

44

40.265

40.033

40.367

170916

15597

10.95

2.25

45

40.667

40.500

40.767

108050

8838

12.22

1.42

46

40.928

40.767

41.133

248773

17125

14.52

3.27

47

41.667

41.500

41.733

118927

20158

5.89

1.56

48

42.222

41.733

42.367

191537

8671

22.08

2.52

49

42.630

42.500

42.700

99896

15123

6.60

1.31

50

44.463

44.300

44.567

169503

30368

5.58

2.23

Figure 94B. Triple vessel 348 (front vessel): GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1717b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

FIGURE 95

Figure 95. Triple vessel 348 (left rear vessel): GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2728.

Figure 96A. Triple vessel 348 (right rear vessel): GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2734.

FIGURE 96A

FIGURE 96B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

2.120

2.109

2.142

439

335

1.31

0.15

2

2.176

2.154

2.198

343

352

0.97

0.12

3

2.209

2.198

2.254

222

182

1.22

0.08

4

2.265

2.254

2.287

101

152

0.66

0.04

5

2.342

2.309

2.376

1396

1250

1.12

0.48

6

9.475

9.453

9.497

473

710

0.67

0.16

7

10.408

10.364

10.453

80349

65317

1.23

27.59

8

10.530

10.464

10.586

7661

4624

1.66

2.63

9

12.641

12.597

12.686

118305

93657

1.26

40.63

10

12.708

12.697

12.741

834

1088

0.77

0.29

11

12.797

12.774

12.819

106

159

0.67

0.04

12

14.663

14.619

14.708

62230

51533

1.21

21.37

13

14.808

14.785

14.830

205

307

0.67

0.07

14

16.507

16.474

16.541

16896

14649

1.15

5.80

15

16.752

16.718

16.785

545

343

1.59

0.19

16

18.385

18.363

18.407

108

162

0.67

0.04

17

20.407

20.373

20.440

999

834

1.20

0.34

Figure 96B. Triple vessel 348 (right rear vessel): GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2734 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 97A. Tripod offering stand 484: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1654b. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 97A

FIGURE 97B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

8.934

8.100

9.033

83760

3870

21.64

3.19

2

10.567

10.200

10.633

37017

2940

12.59

1.41

3

11.660

11.467

11.733

27590

3202

8.62

1.05

4

11.900

11.800

12.167

28704

3034

9.46

1.09

5

12.229

12.167

13.167

82766

3353

24.68

3.15

6

13.467

13.167

13.600

42090

3327

12.65

1.60

7

13.704

13.600

13.900

43712

4488

9.74

1.66

8

14.400

13.900

14.600

87454

3005

29.10

3.33

9

14.718

14.600

14.800

31139

4272

7.29

1.19

10

19.046

18.833

19.233

30782

3694

8.33

1.17

11

19.778

19.700

19.933

57856

11070

5.23

2.20

12

21.333

21.233

21.500

27731

3191

8.69

1.06

13

21.561

21.500

21.633

20559

4225

4.87

0.78

14

22.033

21.633

22.233

42826

2876

14.89

1.63

15

23.125

22.233

23.200

84131

3215

26.17

3.20

16

23.270

23.200

23.400

29761

6710

4.44

1.13

17

23.786

23.400

23.900

114394

20504

5.58

4.35

18

24.436

23.900

24.533

83354

4557

18.29

3.17

19

24.692

24.533

24.867

22710

3456

6.57

0.86

20

25.600

25.533

25.800

25304

2327

10.87

0.96

21

25.867

25.800

26.467

48057

2758

17.42

1.83

22

26.533

26.467

27.100

74618

2834

26.33

2.84

23

27.163

27.100

27.233

22785

4304

5.29

0.87

24

27.500

27.233

27.567

46346

3510

13.20

1.76

25

27.833

27.567

27.933

48652

2696

18.05

1.85

26

28.100

27.933

28.167

28608

3172

9.02

1.09

27

29.367

29.267

29.567

38981

3829

10.18

1.48

28

29.658

29.567

29.967

60780

3989

15.24

2.31

29

30.937

30.733

31.133

49412

4311

11.46

1.88

30

32.039

31.967

32.200

29453

5158

5.71

1.12

31

32.571

32.400

33.467

134466

4089

32.88

5.12

32

33.633

33.467

33.767

35137

3955

8.88

1.34

33

34.100

33.767

34.167

42140

3212

13.12

1.60

34

35.089

35.000

35.267

43697

4123

10.60

1.66

35

35.336

35.267

35.467

40017

5250

7.62

1.52

36

35.547

35.467

35.700

39048

4183

9.33

1.49

37

36.000

35.700

36.400

69391

2626

26.42

2.64

38

36.494

36.400

36.867

51624

4531

11.39

1.97

39

37.013

36.867

37.100

27840

2922

9.53

1.06

40

37.296

37.100

37.533

57789

4899

11.80

2.20

41

37.967

37.767

38.100

27560

3041

9.06

1.05

42

39.311

39.233

39.500

33606

3822

8.79

1.28

43

40.262

40.100

40.600

189738

17592

10.79

7.22

44

41.467

41.400

42.333

63853

2337

27.32

2.43

45

42.424

42.333

42.567

22796

3260

6.99

0.87

46

42.900

42.567

42.967

89443

4812

18.59

3.40

47

43.033

42.967

43.133

33186

5781

5.74

1.26

48

43.233

43.133

43.600

76519

6145

12.45

2.91

49

43.961

43.600

44.333

81784

3371

24.26

3.11

50

44.449

44.333

44.533

16020

2263

7.08

0.61

Figure 97B. Tripod offering stand 484: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1654b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 98A. Tripod offering stand 485: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1659b. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 98A

FIGURE 98B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

4.867

4.800

5.500

79672

2192

36.34

1.70

2

6.167

6.100

6.833

74023

2190

33.80

1.58

3

6.969

6.833

7.467

63542

3334

19.05

1.35

4

9.695

9.400

9.900

70989

4382

16.20

1.51

5

10.433

10.300

10.967

75636

3464

21.83

1.61

6

11.567

11.267

11.767

86435

4860

17.78

1.84

7

12.267

12.000

12.900

126861

5214

24.33

2.70

8

13.000

12.900

13.333

65679

4248

15.46

1.40

9

13.394

13.333

13.667

72512

5994

12.09

1.54

10

13.880

13.667

13.967

66126

6238

10.60

1.41

11

14.133

13.967

14.500

95261

5144

18.51

2.03

12

14.986

14.900

15.267

66964

6457

10.37

1.43

13

15.700

15.267

15.767

85860

3606

23.81

1.83

14

16.192

15.967

16.267

84532

8878

9.52

1.80

15

16.867

16.500

17.400

189126

7732

24.46

4.03

16

19.256

19.100

19.400

63438

6340

10.00

1.35

17

19.774

19.400

19.867

189999

20117

9.44

4.05

18

20.058

19.867

20.133

75081

6867

10.93

1.60

19

20.752

20.300

21.267

128393

4246

30.23

2.74

20

21.600

21.467

21.933

60464

4149

14.57

1.29

21

23.772

23.567

23.900

121318

28064

4.32

2.58

22

24.206

24.100

24.600

82701

5773

14.32

1.76

23

27.333

26.800

27.533

109776

5255

20.88

2.34

24

28.233

28.067

28.600

77436

5154

15.02

1.65

25

28.833

28.767

29.000

62919

6651

9.46

1.34

26

29.067

29.000

29.333

83261

6967

11.95

1.77

27

29.833

29.700

30.200

78019

3371

23.14

1.66

28

30.967

30.600

31.033

65310

5602

11.65

1.39

29

31.577

31.300

31.733

126848

8456

15.00

2.70

30

33.174

32.667

33.333

61979

3417

18.13

1.32

31

34.601

34.433

34.767

62196

5027

12.37

1.33

32

36.067

35.633

36.133

82208

4257

19.31

1.75

33

36.567

36.133

36.733

83558

2488

33.58

1.78

34

37.143

36.733

37.233

84607

5980

14.14

1.80

35

37.608

37.233

37.733

95255

6525

14.59

2.03

36

38.091

37.733

38.267

94261

3626

25.99

2.01

37

38.600

38.267

38.700

60950

4615

13.20

1.30

38

39.067

38.700

39.800

195304

4805

40.64

4.16

39

39.928

39.800

40.100

74468

6555

11.36

1.59

40

40.242

40.100

40.467

227752

22311

10.20

4.85

41

41.075

40.733

41.133

108609

7693

14.11

2.31

42

41.500

41.333

41.633

67958

5638

12.05

1.45

43

41.800

41.633

41.900

58884

5218

11.28

1.25

44

42.324

42.133

42.400

67954

6954

9.77

1.45

45

42.777

42.567

43.000

160556

11429

14.04

3.42

46

43.345

43.000

43.467

147853

11217

13.18

3.15

47

43.800

43.467

43.867

74487

6084

12.24

1.59

48

43.936

43.867

44.100

70285

10647

6.60

1.50

49

44.229

44.100

44.367

102508

10352

9.90

2.18

50

44.439

44.367

44.567

83883

11192

7.49

1.79

Figure 98B. Tripod offering stand 485: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1659b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 99A. Four-legged offering stand 495: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2878b. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 99A

FIGURE 99B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

7.305

7.100

7.900

79818

3830

20.84

1.32

2

8.000

7.900

8.867

111691

3165

35.29

1.84

3

10.446

9.833

10.767

114958

4450

25.83

1.90

4

11.739

11.400

11.933

70308

3852

18.25

1.16

5

12.909

12.400

13.233

115635

3989

28.99

1.91

6

13.373

13.233

13.867

94810

5243

18.08

1.56

7

14.600

14.467

15.400

126113

3059

41.23

2.08

8

15.904

15.600

16.033

93927

6686

14.05

1.55

9

16.133

16.033

16.900

100029

4310

23.21

1.65

10

21.647

21.567

22.067

109129

7526

14.50

1.80

11

22.633

22.467

22.700

83749

6537

12.81

1.38

12

23.036

22.700

23.133

101260

7587

13.35

1.67

13

23.769

23.433

23.833

158965

10028

15.85

2.62

14

23.933

23.833

24.100

96164

7754

12.40

1.59

15

24.177

24.100

24.367

96580

11944

8.09

1.59

16

24.601

24.500

24.733

83288

8747

9.52

1.37

17

24.933

24.733

25.000

84397

7579

11.14

1.39

18

25.794

25.467

26.000

152849

8045

19.00

2.52

19

26.276

26.000

27.233

258773

6870

37.67

4.27

20

28.036

27.900

28.367

97359

5408

18.00

1.61

21

28.767

28.367

28.867

92175

4431

20.80

1.52

22

30.040

29.733

30.167

143282

9333

15.35

2.36

23

30.843

30.567

31.167

217424

8404

25.87

3.59

24

31.567

31.333

31.667

172867

10828

15.96

2.85

25

31.756

31.667

31.900

119437

12901

9.26

1.97

26

32.403

32.067

32.467

122061

8951

13.64

2.01

27

32.542

32.467

32.933

168513

8095

20.82

2.78

28

33.233

32.933

33.300

97362

4713

20.66

1.61

29

34.033

33.767

34.200

125853

7610

16.54

2.08

30

34.267

34.200

34.433

68815

7776

8.85

1.13

31

34.532

34.433

34.667

95914

10885

8.81

1.58

32

34.728

34.667

35.833

354719

8986

39.47

5.85

33

36.433

36.367

36.967

165316

7514

22.00

2.73

34

37.027

36.967

37.233

75833

9552

7.94

1.25

35

37.400

37.233

37.600

107337

8361

12.84

1.77

36

37.870

37.767

38.133

127357

11069

11.51

2.10

37

38.222

38.133

38.267

86242

16145

5.34

1.42

38

38.301

38.133

38.533

196747

8916

22.07

3.24

39

38.600

38.533

38.767

83490

10023

8.33

1.38

40

38.867

38.767

39.200

122096

6820

17.90

2.01

41

39.333

39.200

39.500

112193

9675

11.60

1.85

42

39.571

39.500

39.767

83852

9730

8.62

1.38

43

39.967

39.767

40.033

72016

6405

11.24

1.19

44

40.239

40.033

40.500

358898

25532

14.06

5.92

45

40.926

40.800

41.200

87162

5823

14.97

1.44

46

41.261

41.200

41.567

74461

5769

12.91

1.23

47

42.333

42.200

42.900

73993

3418

21.65

1.22

48

43.333

43.267

43.567

70881

6720

10.55

1.17

49

43.633

43.567

43.967

73083

6667

10.96

1.21

50

44.279

43.967

44.433

84096

4774

17.62

1.39

Figure 99B. Four-legged offering stand 495: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2878b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 100A. Tripod cooking pot 516: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1462b. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 100A

FIGURE 100B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

6.700

6.633

7.433

27550

1605

17.16

1.48

2

7.700

7.633

8.100

18028

1260

14.30

0.97

3

9.036

8.533

9.167

27288

1619

16.85

1.46

4

9.533

9.467

10.033

28368

935

30.34

1.52

5

10.100

10.033

10.400

26630

2872

9.27

1.43

6

11.433

11.367

12.000

18264

1276

14.31

0.98

7

13.454

12.967

13.633

17642

1280

13.78

0.95

8

15.297

15.167

15.567

19502

1906

10.23

1.05

9

19.786

19.733

19.933

44000

7788

5.64

2.36

10

22.167

22.033

22.233

22093

2128

10.38

1.19

11

22.300

22.233

22.500

23130

2105

10.98

1.24

12

23.267

22.833

23.400

35174

2165

16.24

1.89

13

23.633

23.400

23.700

20692

1528

13.54

1.11

14

23.782

23.700

23.933

93560

19258

4.85

5.02

15

24.475

23.933

24.600

40774

2142

19.03

2.19

16

25.439

24.600

25.567

72410

2355

30.74

3.88

17

26.003

25.567

26.267

40719

3607

11.28

2.18

18

26.600

26.267

26.700

29979

2192

13.67

1.61

19

27.367

26.933

27.433

36738

1878

19.56

1.97

20

27.604

27.433

27.667

22942

2890

7.93

1.23

21

28.064

27.667

28.400

38112

2638

14.44

2.04

22

29.333

29.133

29.767

24533

1344

18.25

1.32

23

30.066

29.767

30.367

30548

1631

18.72

1.64

24

30.998

30.867

31.100

19241

2273

8.46

1.03

25

31.630

31.333

31.967

47849

2512

19.04

2.57

26

32.112

31.967

32.200

20496

2265

9.04

1.10

27

32.542

32.200

32.633

37447

3176

11.79

2.01

28

32.867

32.633

33.233

38104

2626

14.51

2.04

29

33.500

33.433

33.867

32671

2266

14.41

1.75

30

33.940

33.867

34.067

18186

2571

7.07

0.98

31

34.333

34.067

34.433

21808

1910

11.41

1.17

32

34.567

34.433

34.967

25314

1307

19.36

1.36

33

35.033

34.967

35.933

65024

1918

33.90

3.49

34

36.565

36.267

36.900

48485

2876

16.85

2.60

35

37.267

36.900

37.533

63245

3298

19.17

3.39

36

37.833

37.767

38.233

32391

1906

16.99

1.74

37

38.345

38.233

38.500

22838

2269

10.06

1.23

38

38.767

38.500

38.967

38753

1954

19.83

2.08

39

39.292

38.967

39.367

57066

3329

17.14

3.06

40

39.833

39.367

39.967

45579

1778

25.63

2.45

41

40.268

40.100

40.467

157487

18246

8.63

8.45

42

40.712

40.633

40.867

21846

2535

8.61

1.17

43

40.992

40.867

41.133

24468

2259

10.83

1.31

44

41.367

41.133

41.433

39591

3319

11.92

2.12

45

41.667

41.433

41.933

55017

1909

28.81

2.95

46

42.176

41.933

42.300

30981

2322

13.34

1.66

47

42.794

42.300

43.000

70029

2285

30.64

3.76

48

43.200

43.000

43.267

23307

2197

10.60

1.25

49

43.947

43.700

44.100

29139

2096

13.90

1.56

50

44.260

44.100

44.367

18927

2414

7.84

1.02

Figure 100B. Tripod cooking pot 516: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1462b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 101A. Tripod cooking pot 517: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2882b. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 101A

41.167

FIGURE 101B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

6.967

6.500

7.200

113441

4442

25.54

1.88

2

9.167

9.033

9.800

124732

3388

36.82

2.07

3

10.677

10.400

10.833

91777

5934

15.47

1.52

4

14.133

14.033

14.467

85000

5244

16.21

1.41

5

17.164

16.767

17.467

148328

7018

21.14

2.46

6

18.763

18.300

18.833

173950

10105

17.21

2.88

7

18.989

18.833

19.233

306968

21020

14.60

5.09

8

19.400

19.233

19.600

114490

9755

11.74

1.90

9

20.300

19.833

21.167

201180

4052

49.65

3.33

10

21.407

21.167

21.567

114028

10475

10.89

1.89

11

21.932

21.567

22.067

83712

7107

11.78

1.39

12

22.600

22.067

22.767

167694

5186

32.34

2.78

13

23.409

22.767

23.800

150998

4329

34.88

2.50

14

24.220

24.033

24.300

62863

6332

9.93

1.04

15

26.000

25.533

26.067

125732

5882

21.38

2.08

16

26.230

26.067

26.300

62366

7474

8.34

1.03

17

26.400

26.300

26.467

72915

10059

7.25

1.21

18

26.603

26.467

26.900

155490

8740

17.79

2.58

19

27.067

26.900

27.133

84049

10022

8.39

1.39

20

27.202

27.133

27.333

74503

10784

6.91

1.23

21

27.767

27.333

27.833

92175

3551

25.96

1.53

22

27.916

27.833

28.067

65029

7138

9.11

1.08

23

28.198

28.067

28.400

120258

10395

11.57

1.99

24

28.917

28.767

29.100

76243

5737

13.29

1.26

25

29.833

29.367

30.033

89071

2826

31.52

1.48

26

30.532

30.233

30.700

89741

6170

14.54

1.49

27

30.833

30.700

31.700

204601

7038

29.07

3.39

28

31.818

31.700

32.733

283872

10648

26.66

4.70

29

32.933

32.733

33.133

123276

10338

11.92

2.04

30

33.241

33.133

33.367

83445

9048

9.22

1.38

31

33.466

33.367

33.533

90368

16459

5.49

1.50

32

34.461

34.233

34.633

120165

6841

17.57

1.99

33

34.836

34.633

34.933

93534

10639

8.79

1.55

34

35.006

34.933

35.200

112001

9986

11.22

1.86

35

35.406

35.333

35.567

93969

10045

9.35

1.56

36

35.833

35.567

36.000

145830

6067

24.04

2.42

37

36.537

36.400

36.833

139679

7665

18.22

2.32

38

37.157

37.067

37.367

74801

6727

11.12

1.24

39

37.875

37.500

37.967

111105

12235

9.08

1.84

40

38.600

38.267

38.800

104874

6163

17.02

1.74

41

39.011

38.933

39.133

67805

8216

8.25

1.12

42

39.200

39.133

39.433

107569

7133

15.08

1.78

43

39.568

39.433

39.867

131794

6271

21.02

2.18

44

40.031

39.867

40.100

75068

9277

8.09

1.24

45

40.567

40.233

40.633

86960

5817

14.95

1.44

46

40.704

40.633

40.833

63128

7219

8.74

1.05

47

41.167

40.833

41.767

287513

11318

25.40

4.77

48

42.233

42.167

42.867

174114

5067

34.36

2.89

49

43.989

43.667

44.200

174864

9785

17.87

2.90

50

44.442

44.367

44.533

36364

6108

5.95

0.60

Figure 101B. Tripod cooking pot 517: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2882b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 102A. Tripod cooking pot 526: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 2469. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 102A

FIGURE 102B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

6.763

6.600

6.933

46030

4302

10.70

1.22

2

7.094

6.933

7.667

79784

4040

19.75

2.12

3

7.932

7.867

8.433

49606

3334

14.88

1.32

4

9.433

9.367

10.267

67167

2892

23.23

1.79

5

10.667

10.533

11.200

84557

3538

23.90

2.25

6

11.467

11.200

11.733

65013

4826

13.47

1.73

7

12.874

12.167

13.067

76189

3271

23.29

2.03

8

13.470

13.067

13.567

45003

2827

15.92

1.20

9

14.300

14.233

14.733

62622

1671

37.48

1.66

10

15.631

15.500

16.667

75994

3067

24.78

2.02

11

17.363

16.700

17.467

84593

3928

21.54

2.25

12

17.906

17.767

18.000

42832

5257

8.15

1.14

13

18.194

18.000

18.267

49108

4692

10.47

1.31

14

18.580

18.267

18.700

78296

5885

13.30

2.08

15

18.800

18.700

19.233

83202

4247

19.59

2.21

16

19.766

19.633

19.867

46708

6206

7.53

1.24

17

20.533

20.100

20.633

74228

2937

25.27

1.97

18

21.033

20.833

21.167

98407

11080

8.88

2.62

19

21.400

21.300

21.567

45215

5486

8.24

1.20

20

21.867

21.767

22.600

118557

4456

26.61

3.15

21

22.667

22.600

23.067

56142

4822

11.64

1.49

22

23.467

23.067

23.567

56213

3328

16.89

1.49

23

24.299

24.167

24.600

70624

3914

18.04

1.88

24

26.204

25.267

26.367

234169

7733

30.28

6.23

25

26.737

26.367

26.833

79279

4860

16.31

2.11

26

27.067

26.833

27.133

57077

3176

17.97

1.52

27

27.700

27.533

28.200

96147

4746

20.26

2.56

28

28.267

28.200

28.633

55353

3702

14.95

1.47

29

29.133

28.933

29.233

47560

4019

11.83

1.26

30

29.633

29.233

29.700

87275

5413

16.12

2.32

31

30.307

29.700

30.433

119264

5489

21.73

3.17

32

31.472

31.367

31.567

81834

11668

7.01

2.18

33

31.940

31.567

32.067

71957

4306

16.71

1.91

34

32.633

32.200

32.700

70466

2981

23.64

1.87

35

33.433

33.367

34.167

114851

4671

24.59

3.05

36

34.233

34.167

34.533

65684

4526

14.51

1.75

37

35.433

35.200

35.500

70905

5909

12.00

1.88

38

35.567

35.500

36.200

180686

5993

30.15

4.80

39

36.567

36.367

36.700

85826

5732

14.97

2.28

40

37.229

36.700

37.300

79592

3526

22.57

2.12

41

39.500

39.100

39.633

42603

3576

11.91

1.13

42

40.282

40.133

40.500

165384

13908

11.89

4.40

43

40.673

40.500

40.767

60579

7095

8.54

1.61

44

40.867

40.767

41.000

47996

5714

8.40

1.28

45

41.113

41.000

41.233

42068

5046

8.34

1.12

46

41.433

41.233

41.500

54634

4094

13.34

1.45

47

41.867

41.667

42.000

60029

7011

8.56

1.60

48

42.961

42.833

43.533

104579

7118

14.69

2.78

49

44.413

44.367

44.567

19808

2633

7.52

0.53

50

44.501

44.433

44.567

9954

2611

3.81

0.26

Figure 102B. Tripod cooking pot 526: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 2469 showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 103A. Tripod cooking pot 571: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1601b. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 103A

FIGURE 103B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

5.733

5.400

6.533

137762

2499

55.13

2.36

2

7.667

7.300

7.933

80634

5228

15.42

1.38

3

8.733

8.200

8.867

86767

5293

16.39

1.48

4

12.835

12.467

12.933

83034

6660

12.47

1.42

5

13.276

12.933

13.333

79886

5613

14.23

1.37

6

13.598

13.333

13.733

113757

6860

16.58

1.95

7

14.014

13.733

14.500

178571

7103

25.14

3.05

8

15.100

14.833

15.300

79490

3271

24.30

1.36

9

15.662

15.300

16.500

160502

4493

35.72

2.74

10

16.867

16.500

17.000

80054

4720

16.96

1.37

11

19.367

19.067

19.700

105133

4745

22.16

1.80

12

19.775

19.700

19.900

72373

12956

5.59

1.24

13

20.131

19.900

20.200

72886

7783

9.36

1.25

14

20.344

20.200

20.500

84522

9217

9.17

1.45

15

21.351

21.200

21.500

60989

5531

11.03

1.04

16

21.567

21.500

21.900

65655

4127

15.91

1.12

17

22.033

21.900

23.000

186623

6452

28.92

3.19

18

23.571

23.200

23.633

92026

6271

14.67

1.57

19

23.776

23.633

23.933

213179

38360

5.56

3.65

20

24.689

24.333

25.167

169627

7299

23.24

2.90

21

25.546

25.400

25.933

117141

5274

22.21

2.00

22

26.400

26.300

26.633

75285

5877

12.81

1.29

23

27.500

27.267

27.667

97363

6373

15.28

1.66

24

27.867

27.667

28.100

83686

5851

14.30

1.43

25

28.526

28.100

28.600

99348

5873

16.92

1.70

26

28.807

28.600

28.967

70208

4436

15.83

1.20

27

29.097

28.967

29.167

69620

7721

9.02

1.19

28

29.667

29.167

29.933

169074

3902

43.33

2.89

29

30.508

30.067

30.633

132932

7160

18.57

2.27

30

30.733

30.633

30.900

74162

5788

12.81

1.27

31

31.567

31.467

31.733

72366

6263

11.55

1.24

32

32.080

31.733

32.200

147507

9692

15.22

2.52

33

32.633

32.200

32.833

166674

7009

23.78

2.85

34

33.130

32.833

33.267

82987

5988

13.86

1.42

35

33.375

33.267

33.500

60859

7254

8.39

1.04

36

34.400

33.967

34.467

109753

4998

21.96

1.88

37

34.567

34.467

34.700

66070

6262

10.55

1.13

38

34.836

34.700

35.267

225286

9165

24.58

3.85

39

36.540

36.233

36.700

140289

7946

17.66

2.40

40

36.946

36.700

37.333

222158

8721

25.47

3.80

41

37.499

37.333

37.733

173648

12483

13.91

2.97

42

38.308

37.967

38.400

121220

6194

19.57

2.07

43

38.767

38.667

39.600

256209

4364

58.71

4.38

44

40.278

39.900

40.400

199604

19596

10.19

3.41

45

40.767

40.400

40.833

85042

4223

20.14

1.45

46

41.632

41.300

41.700

82055

6574

12.48

1.40

47

42.041

41.700

42.233

178797

9592

18.64

3.06

48

42.357

42.233

42.833

135876

7833

17.35

2.32

49

43.000

42.833

43.100

66585

5853

11.38

1.14

50

44.433

44.267

44.500

62714

7763

8.08

1.07

Figure 103B. Tripod cooking pot 571: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1601b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

Figure 104A. Heating stand 577: GC-MS chromatogram for ARCHEM no. 1554b. TIC = total ion current.

FIGURE 104A

FIGURE 104B

Peak

R. Time

I. Time

F. Time

Area of Peak Height of Peak

(minutes)

Area/Height

Concentration (%)

(counts)

1

4.657

4.500

5.200

63390

3155

20.09

1.19

2

11.433

11.333

11.567

61525

6599

9.32

1.15

3

13.800

13.733

14.267

68808

4938

13.93

1.29

4

15.300

15.133

15.900

117655

5043

23.33

2.20

5

16.169

16.067

16.333

81627

8716

9.37

1.53

6

18.041

17.667

18.100

75521

4823

15.66

1.41

7

18.200

18.100

18.333

60673

7331

8.28

1.13

8

18.408

18.333

18.600

64462

7255

8.89

1.21

9

18.667

18.600

19.100

131818

7726

17.06

2.47

10

19.791

19.667

19.967

31678

11180

2.83

0.59

11

20.433

20.267

21.000

76974

3366

22.87

1.44

12

21.761

21.400

21.867

83614

8639

9.68

1.56

13

23.046

22.967

23.367

67170

3720

18.06

1.26

14

23.533

23.367

23.700

70973

5707

12.44

1.33

15

23.780

23.700

23.867

124099

26199

4.74

2.32

16

24.832

24.533

24.900

75052

6017

12.47

1.40

17

25.362

25.167

25.467

109940

9369

11.73

2.06

18

25.753

25.467

26.100

187542

8071

23.24

3.51

19

26.898

26.333

27.200

363610

6754

53.84

6.80

20

27.758

27.367

27.833

107172

7511

14.27

2.00

21

28.167

27.833

28.267

90564

4600

19.69

1.69

22

28.633

28.267

28.700

73182

5129

14.27

1.37

23

29.167

28.933

29.333

103487

8843

11.70

1.94

24

29.435

29.333

29.567

63148

6275

10.06

1.18

25

29.698

29.567

29.833

74978

9483

7.91

1.40

26

30.033

29.833

30.300

116553

4808

24.24

2.18

27

30.469

30.300

30.800

150276

8197

18.33

2.81

28

30.971

30.800

31.100

70859

6951

10.19

1.33

29

31.733

31.367

31.800

111513

6793

16.42

2.09

30

32.000

31.800

32.133

101947

3733

27.31

1.91

31

32.239

32.133

32.300

74983

9756

7.69

1.40

32

32.461

32.300

32.567

68525

5205

13.17

1.28

33

33.304

32.733

33.367

134711

8573

15.71

2.52

34

33.733

33.667

34.100

82118

4568

17.98

1.54

35

35.006

34.767

35.067

69018

6099

11.32

1.29

36

35.343

35.067

35.400

152366

6305

24.17

2.85

37

35.596

35.400

36.000

124888

6818

18.32

2.34

38

37.400

37.333

37.667

63079

4083

15.45

1.18

39

38.135

38.067

38.700

159719

6249

25.56

2.99

40

39.363

38.833

39.467

131130

5133

25.55

2.45

41

39.533

39.467

39.733

86367

5602

15.42

1.62

42

39.794

39.733

39.900

65922

9456

6.97

1.23

43

40.067

39.900

40.133

82513

6526

12.64

1.54

44

40.240

40.133

40.533

261856

21358

12.26

4.90

45

40.903

40.533

41.000

141502

8240

17.17

2.65

46

41.126

41.000

41.733

136668

6726

20.32

2.56

47

42.059

41.967

42.300

101786

7873

12.93

1.90

48

43.096

42.700

43.533

326657

15733

20.76

6.11

49

43.833

43.533

43.900

85325

8028

10.63

1.60

50

44.475

44.433

44.567

17238

4253

4.05

0.32

Figure 104B. Heating stand 577: GC-MS peak report for ARCHEM no. 1554b showing total ion current (TIC). R. Time = retention time (tR), I. Time = initial time (tI), and F. Time = final time (tF). Retention time represents the elapsed time between the time of sample injection and elution of the peak maximum of an analyte. Area of peak is proportional to the amount of analyte present. Concentration is the percentage of total area for a given peak.

FIGURE 105

Quaternary

Pefka Layer 0

Pliocene

10 20 m

Unconformity Fossil shells Wavy lamina Sand and silt Pebbles and cobbles

Miocene

Angular boulders Chalk

Cretaceous

Limestone

Figure 105. Generalized lithologic and stratigraphic section in the area surrounding Pefka mapped from exposures in fields, road cuts, quarries, and sea cliffs. This figure is a diagrammatic depiction of the sedimentary succession, with relative thicknesses of individual rock layers indicated by variable thicknesses of sketched layers on the diagram. The Pefka layer is noted. Lithologic symbols are defined by McCoy (2013; 2017, 6). Closely spaced wavy lines depict thin laminae; wavy lines with broader spacing indicate sediment slumps and folds. The uppermost section is of earliest Pliocene age; the lowermost section of limestone (straight lines with short vertical lines) is of Cretaceous age. The wavy line separating lower rock layer from the upper layers denotes an unconformity that may represent a hiatus related to the Messinian salinity crisis. Drawing F. McCoy and A. Parisky.

FIGURE 106

N

Figure 106. Topography of the area at and nearby the Pefka industrial area. Solid straight lines denote the archaeological grid at Pefka in the lower right of the map. The dark patch in the upper left denotes the Alatzomouri Rock Shelter; solid straight lines depict archaeological trench grids (see also McCoy 2017, fig. 4). The Pefka layer is exposed in irregular patches throughout this area, with the largest exposure occurring at the Alatzomouri Pefka industrial area between the two field roads (depicted with wavy dashed and solid lines). Boundaries of the Pefka exposure have been obliterated by construction of roads, a small quarry to the south (off map), and other modern constructions. Contour interval is 1 m. The curving lines with hachures at upper left describe small escarpments, with hachures indicating the side with lower elevations. Map A. Insua, F. McCoy, A. Stamos, and D. Faulmann.

FIGURE 107

N

Na

n tio

al

H

i gh

y wa

Pefka

m Figure 107. Plan showing archaeological remains on Alatzomouri Hill. Chamber tombs excavated by H.B. Hawes at upper left (World War II pillbox installations at highest point on hill). Chamber tomb excavated by S. Alexiou at lower right among GPR grid squares. R. Seager’s house not depicted. Map A. Insua, F. McCoy, A. Stamos, and D. Faulmann.

Plates

PLATE 1

Plate 1A. Aerial view of the workshop at Alatzomouri Pefka. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos.

Plate 1B. The grove of pines that conceals the workshop at Alatzomouri Pefka, as seen from the next higher terrace on Alatzomouri Hill. Photo P. Betancourt.

PLATE 2

Plate 2A. Road leading to the village of Pacheia Ammos from just west of the site of Pefka, looking north. Photo P. Betancourt (26 May 2008).

Plate 2B. Pile of unworked stones from the destruction of storage sheds built by the Italian army during World War II, looking west. The stones came originally from Minoan rooms erected at Pefka. Photo P. Betancourt (4 June 2008).

Plate 2C. Basin 1 (A1101), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt.

PLATE 3

Plate 3A. Relationship between Basin 1 (A1101), and Basin 4 (A1118) with its channel (Channel 1, A1115) leading out of its northeast corner (looking north). Photo P. Betancourt.

Plate 3B. Large rectangular carved depression (Basin 2, A1102), looking east. Photo P. Betancourt.

PLATE 4

Plate 4A. Cylindrical cutting (a well or cistern, A1112) in the south side of Basin 2 (A1122) during excavation, looking north. Photo P. Betancourt.

Plate 4B. Basin 3 (A1123), showing the roots that damaged it, looking north. Photo P. Betancourt.

PLATE 5

Plate 5A. Basin 4 (A1118), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt.

Plate 5B. Detail of the channel (Channel 1, A1115) at the northeast corner of Basin 4 (A1118), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt.

PLATE 6 Basin 2

Basin 1

Basin 5

Basin 4

Plate 6A. The relationship between Basins 1, 2, 4, and 5, showing Channel 1 leading from Basin 4 to Basin 2, looking north. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos.

Basin 1 Basin 2

Basin 4

Basin 5

Basin 6

Basin 7

Basin 9 Basin 8

Plate 6B. Aerial photograph of the eastern side of the workshop, looking north. Photo C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 7

Plate 7A. Basin 5 (A1104), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt.

Plate 7B. Rubble wall and fallen stones between Basins 4 and 5 (A1118 and A1104, respectively), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt.

PLATE 8

Plate 8A. Mortar 1 (A1117) between Basin 2 (A1122) and Basin 5 (A1104), looking south. Photo P. Betancourt.

Plate 8B. Basin 6 (A2010), looking north. Photo P. Betancourt.

PLATE 9

Plate 9A. The long trough leading into Basin 6 (A2010) from the west, looking northwest. Photo P. Betancourt.

Plate 9B. Natural shallow depression in Trench A3000 (Feature 10, A3001), located southwest of Trench A1100. Photo P. Betancourt.

PLATE 10

Plate 10A. Basin 7 (A4002) and the triangular trough at its western side, looking north. Photo P. Betancourt.

Plate 10B. Basin 8 (A5100), looking south. Photo P. Betancourt.

PLATE 11

Plate 11A. Basin 9 (A5200) in 2007 before the trench to the east was excavated, looking north. Photo P. Betancourt.

Plate 11B. Irregular side of Basin 9 (A5200) cut to allow dyed wool to drain into the vat. Photo P. Betancourt.

PLATE 12

4

3

11

9

20

21

17

23 17

33

35

Plate 12. Rounded cups (3, 4), shallow bowls (9, 11, 17), tall conical cups (20, 21), and basins and bowls (23, 33, 35). Scale 1:4. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 13

36

37

57

43

64

104

161

62

61

72

106

59

74

128

163

81

77

165

63

97

158

137

129

60

168

176

180 184 197 211 Plate 13. Bowl (36), basins (37, 43), straight-sided cups (57, 59–64, 72, 74, 77, 81, 97, 104, 106, 128, 129), straightsided or conical cup (137), cylindrical cup (158), rounded cup (161), semiglobular cups (163, 165), and carinated cups (168, 176, 180, 184, 197, 211). Scale 1:4. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 14

212

220

223

228

230 (1:2) Plate 14. Carinated cup with spout (212), lamp (220), carinated kantharos with two handles (223), and hole-mouthed jars (228, 230). Scale 1:4 except as marked. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 15

231

237

239

263

268

269

267

271

270

272

Plate 15. Hole-mouthed jar (231), bridge-spouted jars (237, 239), and jugs (263, 267–272). Scale 1:4. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 16

274

280

279 289 273 282

290

299

301

300

302

Plate 16. Jugs (273, 274, 279, 280, 282, 289, 290, 299–302). Scale 1:4. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 17

303

307

308

309 (1:6)

310 311 Plate 17. Jug (303) and amphorae (307–311). Scale 1:4 except as marked. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 18

312

314

320

336

328

351

348

392

436

Plate 18. Amphorae (312, 314), miniature vessel (320), pithoi (328, 336), triple vessel (348), and closed vessels (351, 392, 436). Scale 1:4. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 19

447

442

469

441 (1:6) 473

476

503

494

492

483

495

475

496

497

515

Plate 19. Cylindrical stand (441), pyxis-like vessel (442), cover (447), tripod offering stands (469 [from above], 473, 475, 476, 483), kalathos (492), kernos (494), four-legged offering stand (495), miniature tripod (496), tripod tray (497), tray (503), and tripod cooking pot (515). Scale 1:4 except as marked. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 20

519

521

517

524

522

525

523

526

527 Plate 20. Tripod cooking pots (517, 519, 521–527). Scale 1:4. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 21

529

530

528

531

537 (1:6)

532

538

536

539

Plate 21. Tripod cooking pots (528–532, 536–539). Scale 1:4 except as marked. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 22

542

540

552

c

b

a 0

2 cm

d

f

e 2 cm

0

580 Plate 22. Tripod cooking pots (540, 542, 552). Prism seal 580: seal faces (a–c) and impressions (d–f). Scale 1:4 except as marked. Photos C. Papanikolopoulos.

PLATE 23

5 mm

0

b 0

5 cm

a

674 c

675 d

676 e

f

g Plate 23. Murex shell fragments found in pithos 328 (a); flax seed (b); discoid loomweights 674–676 (c–e; scale 1:2); Linear B tablet X 976 from Knossos (f); Linear B tablet V 832 from Knossos (g). Photos C. Papanikolopoulos (a–e); J. Melena, by permission of the Herakleion Archaeological Museum (f, g).