`Akko II. The 1991–1998 Excavations. The Early Periods 9789654066204, 9789654066235, 9654066203

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IAA Reports, No. 60

‘Akko II The 1991–1998 Excavations The Early Periods

Moshe Hartal, Danny Syon, Eliezer Stern and Ayelet Tatcher

With contributions by

Andrea M. Berlin, Yael Gorin-Rosen, Nadav Kashtan, Natalya Katsnelson, Natalie Messika, Orit Shamir and Peter J. Stone

ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES AUTHORITY JERUSALEM 2016

IAA Reports Publications of the Israel Antiquities Authority Editor-in-Chief: Judith Ben-Michael Series, Volume and Production Editor: Ann Roshwalb Hurowitz Production Coordinator: Lori Lender Front Cover: Pottery from the Courthouse Site (photographer, Danny Syon) Back Cover: The sea at ‘Akko (photographer, Daphna Stern); the brazier from the Courthouse Site (photographer, Danny Syon) Color Plates: Photographer, Danny Syon Cover Design and Production: Ann Abuhav Layout and Typesetting: Ann Abuhav Illustrations: Natalya Zak Printing: Art Plus Ltd., Jerusalem Copyright © 2016, The Israel Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem POB 586, Jerusalem, 9100402 ISBN 978-965-406-620-4 eISBN 978-965-406-623-5 www.antiquities.org.il

Contents

ABBREVIATIONS

iv

PREFACE

v 1

CHAPTER 1: ʽAKKO-PTOLEMAIS—A MARITIME CITY AT THE CROSSROADS OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS UNTIL ROMAN TIMES

Nadav Kashtan

1

PART I: EXCAVATIONS AT THE COURTHOUSE SITE CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

Moshe Hartal

11

CHAPTER 3: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: THE GLASS FROM AREAS TB AND TC

Natalya Katsnelson

65

CHAPTER 4: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: LOOMWEIGHTS AND WHORLS

Orit Shamir

91

CHAPTER 5: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN REMAINS

Eliezer Stern

99

CHAPTER 6: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN GLASS VESSELS

Yael Gorin-Rosen

115

CHAPTER 7: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: TERRACOTTA FIGURINES

Natalie Messika

121

CHAPTER 8: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: BALLISTA BALLS

Ayelet Tatcher

127

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

Andrea M. Berlin and Peter J. Stone

133

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

Danny Syon

203

CHAPTER 11: THE GEOGRAPHY OF HELLENISTIC ‘AKKO-PTOLEMAIS

Eliezer Stern

227

PART II: EXCAVATIONS IN THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND

PART III: FINDS AND STUDIES

iv

Abbreviations

AASOR ABSA ADAJ AJA AJN ‘Akko I ‘Akko III ‘Akko IV ‘Atiqot (ES) ‘Atiqot (HS) BA BAR Int. S. BASOR BCH BMB ESI HA HA–ESI IAA Reports IEJ INJ JEA JFA JGS JRA LA NEAEHL OIP QDAP RDAC RN SAOC

Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research Annual of the British School at Athens Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan American Journal of Archaeology American Journal of Numismatics E.J. Stern. ‘Akko I: The 1991–1998 Excavations; The CrusaderPeriod Pottery 1, 2 (IAA Reports). Jerusalem 2012 E. Stern and D. Syon. ‘Akko III: The 1991–1998 Excavations; The Late Periods (IAA Reports). Jerusalem Forthcoming G. Finkielsztejn. ‘Akko IV: The 1991–1998 Excavations; The Stamped Amphora Handles (IAA Reports). Jerusalem Forthcoming English Series Hebrew Series Biblical Archaeologist British Archaeological Reports (International Series) Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth Excavations and Surveys in Israel Hadashot Arkheologiyot Hadashot Arkheologiyot–Excavations and Surveys in Israel (from 1999) Israel Antiquities Authority Reports Israel Exploration Journal Israel Numismatic Journal Journal of Egyptian Archaeology Journal of Field Archaeology Journal of Glass Studies Journal of Roman Archaeology Liber Annuus E. Stern and A. Lewinson-Gilboa eds. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land 1–4. Jerusalem 1993 Oriental Institute Publications Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities of Palestine Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus Revue numismatique Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization

v

Preface

The present volume is the second of several volumes presenting the results of four excavations that took place within and just outside of the Old City of ‘Akko between 1991 and 1998. The first was the Courthouse Site excavation, a five-month dig which began during the First Gulf War (January 1991) and required us to work with our gas masks within reach. The largest and longest was that of the Hospitaller Compound, begun in 1991 and continued well into the 2000s. The smallest excavation was on the ‘Messika Plot’, an empty lot adjacent to the Turkish hammam built by Jazzar Pasha, conducted for one month in late 1994. Immediately following it was the ‘Knights’ Hotel’ site excavation, on a parking lot in the northeastern corner of the Old City, conducted through most of 1995. The vast majority of the material from these excavations (except for the Courthouse Site) is Crusader, and more specifically, from the thirteenth century. However, all of the excavations, but especially the Courthouse Site, yielded other material as well, most notably Hellenistic, but also Roman, Byzantine and Early Islamic. Because of the vast quantity of material, it was decided by the Israel Antiquities Authority in 2000 to pool the remaining financial resources of all four excavations into one publication project, dubbed ‘Akko Ha-Gadol, i.e., ‘Big ‘Akko’. This move served the dual purpose of presenting a more complete picture of ancient ‘Akko within the present-day Old City and just outside of it, and a more efficient use of resources. At this stage it was also decided to divide the publication into two: the Early Periods—including the substantial Hellenistic and the meager Roman and Byzantine remains—and the Late Periods, encompassing the meager Early Islamic and the substantial Crusader remains (Table 1). However, by this time much material from the Courthouse Site had already been written and published. The Crusader remains from this excavation (Area TA)

appeared in ‘Atiqot 31 (1997), as did the reports on the coins and glass from this area. Also included there were the reports on the Hellenistic terracotta figurines and the Phoenician seal impressions, both of which were ready for publication (see Table 1). In 2006 it was realized that the sheer volume of Crusader pottery and Hellenistic stamped amphora handles would necessitate publishing these as independent volumes (Table 1). In addition, the coin reports for all four excavations were prepared according to the original publication scheme. They were later partly combined and now comprise three separate articles (Table 2). The coins from the Knights’ Hotel excavation, as the only Hellenistic and Roman finds yielded at that site, are included in the report presented here, rather than having them stand alone in the volume on the late periods. In sum, this volume, in combination with the relevant reports in ‘Atiqot 31, represents the final report on the early periods found in the excavations at the Courthouse Site and the Hospitaller Compound, and includes as well the coins from the early periods from the Knights’ Hotel. Although the arrangement of this and the following volume on the late periods is far from ideal, it was the best possible under the circumstances and reflects the dynamics of the workflow and administrative decisions over the course of twenty years (Table 1). This volume opens with a survey of the status of ‘Akko-Ptolemais in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, providing the setting for the subsequent chapters. Part I details the Courthouse Site excavations, the glass and a rather surprising number of spindle whorls and loomweights. Part II details the substantial Hellenistic and meager Early Roman strata in the Hospitaller Compound. The Early Roman period remains discussed are architecture, glass and terracotta figurines. This part includes also a report on a group of ballista balls found in the Hospitaller Compound. Part III contains chapters that include finds from

‘Akko IV: 1991–1998; The Stamped Amphora Handles (IAA Reports, forthcoming)

‘Akko III: 1991–1998; The Late Periods (IAA Reports, forthcoming)

‘Akko II: 1991–1998; The Early Periods (this volume)

‘Akko I: 1991–1998; The Crusader-Period Pottery (IAA Reports 51)

‘Atiqot 31 (1997)

Publication

Site

Site

Early Islamic period (pottery and coins); Crusader period (stratigraphy and all architectural aspects, glass, metal, coins, epigraphy, 14 C dates); Ottoman period (tobacco pipes, gunflints, a child burial)

‘Akko III: 1991–1998; The Late Periods (IAA Reports, forthcoming)

Hospitaller Compound

Messika Plot

Early Islamic and Crusader periods (architecture, stratigraphy, coins)

Messika Plot

Early Islamic to Ottoman coins

Hellenistic to Byzantine coins

Coins from Area TA

Courthouse Site

Knights’ Hotel

Early Islamic period (pottery and coins); Crusader period (stratigraphy, architecture, functional analysis, glass, metal, coins, epigraphy); Ottoman period (burials)

Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine coins

Crusader pottery

Knights’ Hotel

Table 2. The Coin Publication Scheme

Hellenistic stamped amphora handles

‘Akko II: 1991–1998; The Early Periods (this volume, Chapter 10)

‘Atiqot 31 (1997)

Publication

Hellenistic period (stratigraphy, glass, terracotta figurines, ballista balls)

Hellenistic pottery Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine coins

Hellenistic period (stratigraphy, glass, whorls and loom weights)

Hospitaller Compound

Table 1. Publication Scheme of the Four Excavations

Hellenistic figurines and Phoenician seal impressions; Crusader period (architecture and stratigraphy, well, pottery, petrography, glass, coins); Ottoman period (well; a siege trench of Bonaparte)

Courthouse Site

Hellenistic stamped amphora handles

Crusader period (historical background, survey of archaeological research, ballista balls)

The borders of Hellenistic ‘AkkoPtolemais

Other Sites in ‘Akko

vi

vii both major excavations. The Hellenistic ceramic material from the Courthouse Site and the Hospitaller Compound was combined to provide a comprehensive picture of the Hellenistic pottery of ‘Akko-Ptolemais in context. The coin chapter integrates the reports for the two major sites, as well as the Knights’ Hotel excavation. The concluding chapter presents the physical extent of Hellenistic ‘Akko as best as can be reconstructed at present. Acknowledgements The Courthouse Site The excavation at the Courthouse Site (Permit No. A-1763/1991) was carried out from January to May 1991, on behalf of the IAA and financed by the Ministry of Justice and the Municipality of ‛Akko. It was di­rected by Moshe Hartal and Danny Syon with the par­ticipation of Ayelet Tatcher (supervisor, Area TA); Anat Yehiav (supervisor, Area TB); Howard Smithline (supervisor, Area TC); and Leea Porat (recorder and pottery restorer). Workmen were provided by the ‘Akko municipality. Danny Syon was field photographer and operated the metal detector. The Crusader ceramic material was researched by Edna J. Stern, while the Hellenistic pottery was studied first by Dalit Regev and Ayelet Tatcher (whose analysis served also as the basis for the stratigraphic report) and later by Andrea M. Berlin and Peter J. Stone; the glass vessels by Yael Gorin-Rosen and Natalya Katsnelson; the coins by Danny Syon; the loomweights by Orit Shamir; the artifacts from Napoleon Bonaparte’s time by Ariel Berman; the fabric by Tamar Schick; the figurines by Natalie Messika; the Phoenician stamped amphora handles by Joseph Naveh; and the Greek stamped amphora handles by Gerald Finkielsztejn. The wells were studied by Ya‘acov Nir of the Israel Geological Service. The skeletal material was analyzed by Joe Zias. Petrographic analysis of the pottery was carried out by Yuval Goren. Radiocarbon analyses were undertaken by Israel Carmi and Dror Segal. The plans and surveying were done by Valentin Shor and Nissim Kolella. The balks were drawn by Natalie Messika, the pottery by Hagit Tahan-Rosen, the Phoenician stamps by Ada Yardeni, and the glass vessels by the late Michael Miles. The object photographs were taken by Clara Amit, Howard Smithline and Danny Syon. The metal objects were cleaned by Ella Altmark.

The Hospitaller Compound The excavations in the Hospitaller Compound in the Old City of ‘Akko continued uninterrupted from 1991 until 1998, followed by occasional excavations in subsequent years. They were carried out on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (License Nos. A-1766/1991, G-102/1992, G-52/1993, G-34/1994, G-30/1995, G-14/1996, G-12/1997, G-14/1998) and directed by Eliezer Stern. The excavation was funded by the Government Tourist Corporation, through the agency of the Old Acre Development Company and the Israel Antiquities Authority. The excavations were initiated in order to exploit the resources with potential of attracting tourists in the Old City of ‘Akko, and therefore continued constantly, placing high demands and workloads on all the participants. First and foremost I (E.S.) would like to thank the hundreds of workers who arrived through the government offices of employment and Social Security in Galilee, mostly from ‘Akko itself. These untrained workers, through many years of labor, turned into highly professional and dedicated workers. Through their efforts, the past glory of ‘Akko was uncovered and this in turn was instrumental in the city receiving the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001. A large team of archaeologists participated during various phases of the project, some for short, and others for long periods at a time. The late Miriam Avissar served as co-director from 1991 to 1996. Area supervisors during those years were: Amani Abu-Hamid, Suheir Ayub, Abdallah Muqari, Manal Shalabi-Abbas and Danny Syon. Ayelet Tatcher served as area supervisor throughout this period and prepared an initial pottery analysis that served as the basis of the stratigraphic report. Anastasia Shapiro formally carried out registrar duties throughout the seasons, but her help was invaluable in many—some unexpected—fields. Her talent and industriousness were essential for the many specialists who relied on her to receive accurately and on time the thousands of artifacts in her charge. The specialists involved in researching and publishing the material were Ayelet Tatcher, Andrea M. Berlin and Peter J. Stone—Hellenistic pottery; Ayelet Tatcher—ballista balls and small finds; Danny Syon— numismatics; Yael Gorin-Rosen—glass.

viii Professionals who assisted were Howard Smithline and Tsila Sagiv—photography; Leea Porat—pottery restoration; Hagit Tahan-Rosen—pottery drawing; Vadim Essman, Israel Vatkin, Nissim Kolella, Itzhak Stark, Tatiana Kornfeld, Viaceslav Pirsky and Avraham Hajian—surveying; and Natalia Zak—drafting. The restoration team included Yaacov Schaffer— engineering and supervision; Raanan Kislev— architecture and directing; Arkadi Zazoslavsky, Ofer Cohen and Lilia Sakhanov—documentation and engineering; and the late Boris Lifschitz, Aliza van Zeiden, Ravit Lin, Kimi Maman, Vadim Mordechayev, Sylvia Sabatini, Yotam Carmel and Jacques Neguer— conservators. The metals were treated in the IAA laboratories by Ella Altmark, Raisa Vinitsky, Mary Levin, Olga Lipman, Elena Kupershmidt and Vicky Lodzinsky.

Support and help on many levels were extended by the late Amir Drori and the late Shuka Dorfman, directors of the IAA, and Dr. Zvi Gal, then the Northern District Archaeologist. Special recognition is due to Avner and Amir Gil‘ad, who directed the project on behalf of the Old Acre Development Company, but who were in fact the heart and backbone of the project. Their talent and friendship turned a complex and sometimes dangerous excavation into an enjoyable and safe experience. Finally, we would like to thank the staff of the Old Acre Development Company, headed by director David Harari and executive deputy Ziva Shenhav for their partnership all along the way. Moshe Hartal, Danny Syon, Eliezer Stern and Ayelet Tatcher

M. Hartal, D. Syon, E. Stern and A.Tatcher, 2016, ‘Akko II (IAA Reports 60)

Chapter 1

‘Akko-Ptolemais—A Maritime City at the Crossroads of Ancient Civilizations until Roman Times Nadav K ashtan Among the ancient cities of the Land of Israel, ‘Akko is one of the richest in both history and material culture. Written sources referring to ‘Akko cover about 5000 years from the Early and Middle Bronze Ages to modern times. In 1988 I published an article entitled ‘‘AkkoPtolemais: A Maritime Metropolis in Hellenistic and Early Roman Times” (Kashtan 1988). The present introductory chapter is an opportunity to re-examine the main ideas expressed in that article concerning the dominant status of ‘Akko-Ptolemais in Hellenistic and Roman times. As a background to the following chapters of this volume, which discuss the extensive excavations in ‘Akko, the introduction examines the ever-changing history of ‘Akko until Roman times in broad historical and cultural contexts. To commence, the geographical features of ‘Akko and their implication on its history are dealt with. Then ‘Akko’s destiny in wars and conflicts between various empires and rulers of the Near East becomes the focus. Finally, a more detailed examination of ‘Akko since the Hellenistic period attempts to show why and how ‘Akko acquired its particular position as a maritime city on the crossroads of Phoenician, Greek and Roman civilizations.

Historical Implications of Akko’s Geography The traditional Greek perception, as expressed by Aristotle and Plato, was that natural conditions and geographical features determine the success or failure of the polis. Their model of thought was naturally Athens, but it applied equally to other major poleis, as seen by their history. This is also the case of ‘AkkoPtolemais in Greco-Roman times. The original city was founded on a small hill called today Tell el-Fukhar (Arabic, ‘hill of shards’), Tel ‘Akko or ‘Napoleon’s Hill’, in the northern littoral of the Land of Israel. ʽAkko (Acre) is bordered from the east by the plain of

‘Akko, surrounded in turn by the hills of the Western Galilee, Mount Carmel and the promontory of the Ladder of Tyre. ‘Akko’s proximity to the Via Maris and to seafaring routes undoubtedly contributed to the long-lasting importance of the city and its port. The ancient tell of ‘Akko dominated the plain of ‘Akko and the large territories that were part of its agricultural hinterland. When the city started moving, in Persian times, to its present location on the rocky peninsula, it ensured and strengthened ‘Akko’s status as a powerful maritime city. Maritime factors are crucial to the understanding of ‘Akko throughout its history. Its natural semi-protected bay and peninsula are unique along the coastline of the Land of Israel and are comparable only to those of Tyre, Sidon and other major harbors of northern Phoenicia and the Levant. Therefore, Josephus Flavius emphasizes Akko’s favorable geographical position, adding that the particularities of the coast and the sand near the Belus River (modern Na‘aman) made it suitable for the discovery and production of glass (War of the Jews 2.188–191; cf. Pliny, Natural History IX.138–139; Strabo, Geography 16.2.27). ‘Akko was a prosperous international port from its earliest days and more particularly during the GrecoRoman period. The city later returned to periods of glory under the Crusaders and the Ottomans, proving its persistent cultural role in the history of northern Israel and the Galilee. The history of ‘Akko is marked by repeated phases of conquests and external influences which, when evaluated retrospectively, add to its image as a cosmopolitan city situated on the borders and crossroads of nations and cultures. These phenomena were to become particularly prominent during GrecoRoman times. The Heritage of Wars ‘Akko was a major actor in regional political events and military conflicts since the Early and Middle

2

NADAV KASHTAN

Bronze Ages. Most of the evidence for this period comes from royal lists or written documents such as the Ugarit texts. Archaeological remains from that period are quite limited and consist only of scattered walls and fortifications, but lack direct evidence of significant urban structures. During the second millennium BCE, ‘Akko, as well as large parts of the territory of Cana‘an, lived in the shadow of Egypt, the main military power in the region. ‘Akko is mentioned in several of the el-‘Amarna letters (fourteenth century BCE), in the correspondence between the kings of Egypt and Tyre, which report acts of violence or revolt against the rulers. The letters point out names of cities situated on the maritime route that connected the ports of the Northern Levant to Egypt. The documents of Ugarit support our information about ‘Akko as an active commercial harbor where ships unloaded cargoes of grain sent from Egypt to Phoenicia. The grain from Egypt could then be exchanged for wood and oil from Phoenicia and Syria. These maritime dispatches serve as an early indication of the important part played by Late Bronze ports of the Southern Levant as intermediary stations along the shipping trade-routes. As long as seafaring routes were used for regular shipments of grain in exchange for cargoes of wood or oil, harbors such as ‘Akko fulfilled their commercial vocation. For long centuries, these harbors became the principal connecting link between the Southern and Northern Levant. Archaeologists have had difficulties in proving the validity of information obtained from the written sources concerning the Egyptian relations with ‘Akko. Egyptian rule ended in the brutal destruction of the city which is indicated best by the remains of the Late Bronze Age palace at ‘Akko. The destruction of the gates of ‘Akko by Ramses II in 1296 BCE is, for example, depicted in the battle reliefs of the king’s temple in Karnak. After the end of Egyptian domination and the arrival of new powers between the thirteenth and the twelfth centuries BCE, ‘Akko must have changed its political orientation. This change coincided with several developments related in Biblical texts: its destiny would from now on be much more conditioned by the prevailing empires and powers to the north. An interesting characteristic is the continuing ambivalent attitude of ‘Akko to the larger maritime cities in Phoenicia which were considered to be threatening rivals. ‘Akko could not dissociate itself

from the commercial and military influence of Tyre or Sidon, a fact well-described in the prophecies of Isaiah (23.1–18) and Ezekiel (27–28). However, it could gradually place itself as a stronghold and military base in the northern part of the Land of Israel. ‘Akko’s tendency to act independently and strengthen its autonomy generally resulted in its destruction during the royal campaigns of Assyria and Babylon from the eighth century BCE onward. Acquisition of institutional and economic autonomy became one of the principles of ‘Akko’s policy as a major maritime city constantly fighting for survival between rival empires. The Assyrian period was marked by ‘Akko’s devastation and a reshaping of its affiliations to the leading military and political powers of the age. The city was probably captured and destroyed during the campaign of Sennacherib (704–681 BCE), and the annals emphasize that ʽAkko was then a strong and fortified city under the hegemony of Sidon. ‘Akko may have regained some autonomy and tried to revolt one more time against the weakening Assyrian rule in the first half of the seventh century BCE. However, in 643 BCE the city was re-conquered by King Ashurbanipal who proudly declared that the non-submissive inhabitants of ‘Akko were to be hung on poles placed around their city; others were exiled to Assyria. As previously had happened under Egyptian rule, ‘Akko was punished for disobedience to the dominant military power of the age. The realistic political lesson thereby learned would be to form alliances with other greater cities and empires. Tyre, which persisted in its non-submissive policy, had to pay a much higher price several times in its history. From written sources, relatively little is known about events in ‘Akko during the Persian period (sixth to fourth centuries BCE), which marks a new transition in the identity of ‘Akko. Retrospective accounts of Hellenistic and Roman writers point to a peaceful period and to the stabilization of ‘Akko as one of the active commercial maritime cities in the Southern Levant (Isaeus, On the Estate of Nicostratus 7; Demosthenes, Contra Calippos. 20; Herondas, Pornoboskos 2.16– 17). The growing city was officially chosen as a base of operation for the Persian troops against Egypt. Diodoros, a main historical source for the Persian and Hellenistic periods, tells us that the satrap Pharnabazus, the general of Artaxerxes II, gathered in ‘Akko 22,000 men and many vessels for his campaign (Diodoros, The

CHAPTER 1: ‘AKKO-PTOLEMAIS—A MARITIME CITY AT THE CROSSROADS

Library of History 15.41.3). A force of this size would have required camps, harbor installations, supplies and logistics in the city. This explains why Strabo the geographer emphasized the status of ‘Akko as a Persian base of operations and defines it as a megalopolis (Strabo, Geography 16.2.25). He also mentions, in the same description, that the coast between ‘Akko and Tyre was a site suitable for the glass industry. The identification of ‘Akko-Ptolemais and its coastal environment with this prestigious and profitable industry added, since antiquity, to its image as a rich and strong city, blessed by natural resources. Phoenician, or Canaanite, influences on ‘Akko were of major importance in religion and cult. The penetration of foreign divinities indeed marked for long the pantheon of ‘Akko and contributed to its pagan image in Jewish eyes. Coins and inscriptions from Hellenistic and Roman times show cults for Ba‘al, Melqart, Ashtoret, Tanit and others—all leading Phoenician gods and goddesses. Phoenician influence was so deep that it would be associated with ‘Akko and neighboring sites of the northern Land of Israel for several centuries. The ‘pagan character’ attributed to ‘Akko and its region by later Jewish sources was a perception resulting from Canaanite, Hellenistic and Roman influences throughout its history. ‘Akko-Ptolemais at Its Peak: Hellenistic and Roman Times ‘Akko is known to have been a melting pot of different populations, religions and cultures, and has essentially remained so until today. The multi-cultural character of the city is typically reflected in its different names. The Semitic name ‘kw (‘Akko) appears in the Bible in the list of cities seized by the tribe of Asher, in the territory from which the local populations were not driven away (Judges 1.31). The Greek name Aké, which sounds similar to the Biblical–Semitic name, relates to a significant foundation myth. It is told that Heracles, wounded by Hydra, was ordered by the oracle of Delphi to go east and search for medical plants growing on the banks of a river. He came to the Belus near ‘Akko, where he found the right plant to cure his wounds. It is believed that Heracles consequently decided to found a city there and call it Aké (‘cure’), in recognition of this event. The foundation myth naturally remained in the memory of historians of later generations and

3

appears on its coins. A personification of Belus, the ‘miraculous’ river, in the form of a bearded man, is shown with the inscription Colonia Ptolemais on coins from the Early Roman period. A river situated close to a city was often emphasized by ancient authors and travelers as a significant territorial component in the identity of renowned cities. In the Greek world, foundation stories always contributed to the fame and positive image of important poleis. Among other maritime cities of the Land of Israel, only Iope (Yafo; Jaffa) and Ascalon (Ashqelon) could boast of ancient foundation-myths related to legendary heroes, who also appear on their coins. Ptolemais, however, was the new name given to the city after 280 BCE by Ptolemy II Philadelphus, king of Egypt. Attribution of dynastic and personalized names to cities was widely practiced in Hellenistic times subsequent to Alexander the Great’s conquests. His successors, the Diadochs, especially the Ptolemies and Seleucids, pursued the policy of colonization accompanied by the immortalization of the sovereign. The fact is that ‘Akko was the only maritime metropolis of the Hellenistic Land of Israel to be officially renamed by a famous ruler, the one who rebuilt Alexandria and transformed it into a glorious cultural mega-capital. The new identity of the city was not only a title of a symbolic value; it confirmed ‘Akko-Ptolemais as an outpost of Hellenistic culture and strengthened its cosmopolitan status. Rare evidence about the economic and commercial system of the Ptolemaic regime in the country comes from the third-century BCE Zenon papyri. They are reports on corn supplied to Egypt and prepared in ‘Akko-Ptolemais by Zenon, an official of the royal financial administration, during his visit to the country in 259 BCE (Westermann 1940: Papyri 59004,12; 59008,17; 59698,11). The papyri prove that the city and the harbor of ‘Akko-Ptolemais continued to serve as a maritime station in the grain trade of the Egyptian rulers. Zenon’s journey is an additional piece of the puzzle that helps uncover the economic and political affiliations of Ptolemais in Hellenistic times. The relatively large number of sources from the Greco-Roman period—texts, coins, inscriptions and material evidence—show the circumstances in which ‘Akko regained its position as a major maritime city (Beeri 2004). Political, economic and cultural developments all contributed to ‘Akko’s growth and influence. As a city situated between Egypt and Syria, its sovereignty was

4

NADAV KASHTAN

disputed by the rival dynasties of the Ptolemies and Seleucids, both of whom were interested in establishing their domination along the littorals of the Southern Levant. ‘Akko struggled to ensure its survival, to define an identity vis-à-vis the Hellenistic rulers and to affiliate itself with those who promised autonomy and welfare, whether Ptolemies or Seleucids. In ‘Akko-Ptolemais an active mint existed until Roman times. The coins minted there provide a good mirror of the civic and economic status. They reveal the fundamental city titles of ‘autonomous’, ‘holy’ and ‘inviolable’, typical of a hellenized polis with adequate political and religious institutions. However, the titles appear only from 125 BCE, during the decline of Seleucid power, more than half a century before the Roman conquest of the country. The hellenization of a polis such as ‘Akko had an effect on modes of life of its population and consequently on Jewish attitudes toward paganism in Greek cities. For the Greek merchants, whose presence is attested in ‘Akko since the fifth century BCE, any public institution such as bouleuterion, gymnasion, agora or theatron was normative wherever Greek trade and colonization flourished. Josephus Flavius mentions in fact the existence of a Roman gymnasium in ‘Akko during Herod’s time, together with those at Tripolis and Damascus (Josephus, War 1.422). Unfortunately, excavations in the Hellenistic areas of ‘Akko have not revealed any public building that could be expected to be found in a city of the size and importance of ‘AkkoPtolemais. A theater, or any public building appropriate to a polis, would have confirmed the civil and cultural status of ‘Akko as the main metropolis of the northern coast. The remains of a temple and pottery found at the Post Office site (see Chapter 11: No. 58) indicate the existence of a sanctuary and Greek cults practiced between the third and first centuries BCE (Applebaum 1986). For the Jews, who had settled in ‘Akko and its surroundings since Hellenistic times, ‘hellenization’ meant improved economic opportunities on the one hand, but presented a threat to their religion and civic status on the other. The different cultural affinities and identities of Greeks and Jews in the mixed cities, especially maritime cities such as ‘Akko, became a crucial point in their history. Tensions led to a growing conflict between the opposing communities, which exploded during the Hasmonean period and even more so during the Jewish revolt against the Romans in 66–70 CE.

As for ‘Akko-Ptolemais during Maccabean times (mid-second century BCE), our approach may be biased since it is founded mainly on accounts reported from the Jewish point of view. Nevertheless, the historical evidence we have shows that the Maccabean princes became more and more hellenized in their personal conduct and political orientations. Jonathan, who was slain in ‘Akko in 143 BCE, and his brother Simon, appear in the Book of Maccabees and in Josephus’ writings both as military commanders and as leaders who had complex political relations with the Seleucid rulers of their time. In between campaigns, celebrations and festive meetings of the Maccabeans, one gathers information about ‘Akko-Ptolemais as a fortified city and a base for troops and fleets; it may have also served as the seat of a startegos tes paralias, a commander in control of the entire littoral down to Gaza (2 Maccabees 13.24– 26). Such an official post alludes to the role of ‘Akko as the headquarters of the Seleucid kings and to the priority given to their direct control of the coast and the maritime cities. ‘Akko-Ptolemais of Roman times, at least until the Jewish uprising of 66 CE, probably maintained its features of the Hellenistic age, albeit in larger dimensions. However, the historical record may be misleading: it is principally based on the works of Josephus Flavius, and, to a lesser extent, on Roman authors, coins or other material sources. The lack of significant archaeological finds from the Roman period, in both land and underwater excavations, leaves us again with doubts as to the historical picture drawn in written sources. Nevertheless, literary and archaeological sources from the first century BCE onward reflect a culmination in the activity and status of a maritime city comparable only to its heyday under the Crusaders, many centuries later. A few examples display the features of ‘AkkoPtolemais as a major maritime city under Roman rule. Similarly to its early days, ‘Akko-Ptolemais acquired under the Romans a dominant position as a military and political stronghold and as a major commercial port. The Roman formal policy of encouraging the autonomy of cities was practiced after the conquest by Pompey in 63 BCE, marking the beginning of the Roman era in the country. ‘Akko benefited from its reinforced status of civitas libera, as known from its coins. The series from ‘Akko’s mint reflects prosperity and political association with Republican leaders of the

CHAPTER 1: ‘AKKO-PTOLEMAIS—A MARITIME CITY AT THE CROSSROADS

civil war and later with the emperors, who bestowed benefits on it. ‘Akko-Ptolemais welcomed, among others, Julius Caesar, when he disembarked at the port in 48/47 BCE, minting a special series in honor of his visit. The lessons of non-recognition of conquering powers, as in the early days of Egyptian rule, had become well-assimilated. The tragic consequences of a repeated refusal to submit to foreign rule, and the total destruction of neighboring Tyre by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE, were well-remembered in ‘Akko. Like Julius Caesar, Octavian-Augustus was received by Herod in Ptolemais in 30 BCE, sign of their personal relationship and proof of the pro-Roman attitude of the king of Judaea and his circles. ‘Akko-Ptolemais became the northern headquarters of Roman legions in its full meaning: camps, gathered troops, paved Roman roads (viae) and supplies. Campaigns departed from the city to the Galilee, as well as in the direction of Jerusalem, along the coastal road. As a growing city, a military base and an active port, Ptolemais had by the first century CE most features of a capital and principal city on the coast of the Western Galilee. During that period, illustrious persons disembarked at the port and visited the city, and these include Paul, who, according to Acts, arrived

5

from Tyre on his third journey (Acts 21.7) and remained there for one day. The city grew in population and may have numbered, in times of intensive commercial and military activity, thousands of citizens. As a military base, regional market and active port, it attracted a heterogeneous population of traders, artisans and various public professions. However, information during Roman times refers mostly to the dramatic events of the Jewish revolt and less to daily life. In summary, ‘Akko-Ptolemais appears in Hellenistic and Roman times as a major maritime city whose international ties place it at the crossroads of political powers and economic interests. This intensive chapter of ‘Akko’s history was to return, under completely different circumstances, during the Crusader and Ottoman periods. The relatively poor condition of the architectural remains and sparse finds of the Hellenistic–Roman periods, repeatedly destroyed or re-used, presented an obstacle, as well as a challenge, to the field archaeologists. The archaeological expeditions reflect successive empires, armies and cultures that conquered, dominated, destroyed and rebuilt ‘Akko. The results reported in this book make ‘Akko a rich historical and archaeological laboratory for the study and comprehension of the heritage of ancient cities.

References Applebaum S. 1986. Excavations of the New Post Office Site in ‘Akko. In M. Yedaya ed. The Western Galilee Antiquities. Tel Aviv. Pp. 261–265 (Hebrew). Beeri R. 2004. ‘Akko—An Historical and Archaeological Survey from the Bronze Age until the Arab Conquest. In A.E. Killebrew ed. Shared Heritage of Akko: Preliminary Draft Report I. Haifa. Pp. 103–117. Herondas, Pornoboskos: In J. Rusten and I.C. Cunningham transls. Theophrastus Characters, Herondas Mimes, Sophron and Other Mime Fragments (Loeb Classical Library 225). New York 2003. Pp. 206–215.

Kashtan N. 1988. Akko-Ptolemais: A Maritime Metropolis in Hellenistic and Early Roman Times, 332 BCE–70 CE, as Seen through the Literary Sources. In I. Malkin and R.L. Hohlfelder eds. Mediterranean Cities: Historical Perspectives. London. Pp. 37–53. Westermann W.L. 1940. Zenon Papyri: Business Papers of the Third Century B.C., Dealing with Palestine and Egypt II (Columbia Papyri, Greek Series 4). New York.

PART I Excavations At the Courthouse Site

1

2

3

Color Pl. 1. Courthouse Site: (1) fresco fragments from Floor 513 (Stratum 9), under kurkar layer (L508, Stratum 8); looking east; (2) fresco fragments on Floor 501, looking west; (3) fresco fragments on Floor 233 (Stratum 6), looking west.

4

5

6

7

8

9

Color Pl. 2. Courthouse Site: (4) on right, marbled fresco fragment; bottom and left, backside of fresco fragments, showing the impression of reeds that were used to hold the fresco to the wall or ceiling; (5) colored stucco fragments; (6) fresco fragments with painted designs; (7) large fresco fragment with marble imitation; (8) fragments of WestSlope ware; all from mixed contexts; (9) Roman discus lamp with a lion found within W20 (L268, Stratum 5).

M. Hartal, D. Syon, E. Stern and A.Tatcher, 2016, ‘Akko II (IAA Reports 60)

Chapter 2

The Courthouse Site: Architecture and Stratigraphy of Areas TB and TC Moshe Hartal Introduction

The excavation area was divided into three (Plan 2.1): Area TA in the southwestern corner, which contained remains from the Crusader period; Area TB in the south and Area TC in the north, both of which yielded remains from the Hellenistic through the Byzantine periods, as well as rather unexpected remains from the late eight­eenth century CE. Ten strata were distinguished (Tables 2.1–2.3; Plan 2.2).

Following plans to construct a new courthouse in ‛Akko, a rescue excavation was conducted in the winter of 1991 at the proposed site, an empty lot on Kaplan Street (Fig. 2.1), where a synagogue, a twostoried house and a citrus orchard had been removed prior to the excavation.

Table 2.1. Stratigraphic Chart, the Courthouse Site

Yeho s

n St.

Old City

0

500 m

Fig. 2.1. Location of the Courthouse Site.

A

B

Recent (nineteenth and twentieth centuries CE)

Stratum 2

Ottoman (eighteenth–nineteenth centuries CE)

Stratum 3

Crusader (thirteenth century CE)

Stratum 4

Byzantine (fourth–sixth centuries CE)

Stratum 5

Early Roman (early first century CE)

Stratum 6

Late Hellenistic/Early Roman (first century BCE)

Stratum 7

Late Hellenistic (mid–late second century BCE)

Stratum 8

Middle Hellenistic (late third–mid-second centuries BCE)

Stratum 9

Early Hellenistic (third century BCE)

Stratum 10

Early Hellenistic (third century BCE)

hafat

Kapla

St.

The Site

Stratum 1

C

D

E

F

G

H

J

K

L

6

Area TC

6

Turkish Well

5

5

4

4

Area TA Arched Wall

3

3

Crusader Tower

Crusader Moat

Area TB French Siege Trench

2 0

1 A

B

C

D

E

F

5 m G

Hellenistic and Early Roman Structures H

J

Plan 2.1. General plan of the Courthouse Site excavation areas.

2

1 K

L

12

MOSHE HARTAL

G

J

H

13

6

K

L

6

Area TC

W68

15

W69

15

11

W67

5

14

12

12

14 10

W54

13

W 55

W56

7

6

4

5

4

11

7

9 8

9

6

10

8

3

5

Area TB 2

4

3

Area TA

W41

3

2

2

5

1

3

G

H

J

1

2

1

1

m

4

4

W20

W16

0

K

L

Plan 2.2. Areas TB and TC. General plan and sections.

12.00

11.00

10.00 W16 9.00

8.00

L227 L243

W20

L232 L236 W17 L240

W46

L202

L206 L237 W59

L203

L266

7.00

L280

L208 L277 L502 L507 L508 L514

W4

L229 L215 W20

1-1

10.00 L302 9.00

L330

L303

L207 L272 L273

W41

9.00 9.00 9.00

8.00 8.00 8.00

13 W4 W4 W4

W11 W11 W11

L244 L244 L244 L515b L517 L515b L515b L519 L517 L517 L519 L519

L512 L512 L512

7.00 7.00 7.00

W33 W33 W33

2-2

10.00 10.00 10.00 L203 L203 L203

9.00 9.00 9.00

8.00 8.00 8.00

7.00 7.00 7.00

W33 W33 W33

L298 L298 L298 L516 L516 L516

W12 L218 W12 W12 L218 L218 L241 L241 L241 L501 L515a L501 L501 L515b L515a L515a L517 L515b L515b L519 L517 L517 L519 L519

L512 L512 L512

3-3

10.00 10.00 10.00

9.00 9.00 9.00

8.00 8.00 8.00

L217 L217 L217 L222 L225 L222 L222 L244 L225 L225 L244 L244

W32 W32 W32

L510 L510 L510

W33 W33 W33

W40 W40 W40 L509 L509 L520 L509 L520 L520

7.00 7.00 7.00

L202 L206 L202 L202 L208 L206 L209 L206 L208 L208 L209 L209 L277 L203 L203 L277 L279 L203 L277 L279 L279 L502 L502 L502 L507 L507 L508 L507 L513 L508 L508 L513 L514 L513 L514 L514

4-4 10.00

L202 L207

9.00

L219

L272

L221 L273 8.00

L229

L234

L284 W43

L288 L285

L299

W31 L526

7.00

5-5

L522

W60

L382

L333 L344

L335

9.00 8.00

14

L333

L333

L382

L335 L399

8.00 L382

L344

W52

L333 L399 L419

W52

L419

L333 L344

L335 L433

8.00 7.00

L433 L399

7.00

W65 W52 W65

L419 L433

7.00

W65

6-6 9.00 9.00 L344 9.00 8.00 8.00

L453

L344

L453

W52 W52

W52

7.00

L354

L313

W48

L342

L321 L313 L376 L376

8.00 7.00

W48

7.00

8.00

7.00 7.00

L313 L322

L342

L321 W48

8.00

W52

7-7

L313

8.00

7.00

W52

W65

9.00 8.00

9.00

W52 L368

W54

W65

L313

9.00

W54

L453

L354 9.00 7.00 9.00

L368

L337

W65

8.00 7.00

L368

L337

W54

L354 L344

L337

L352 L355 L352 L355 L342 W27 W27

L321 W47 W47 8-8 L376 L313

L352 L355

L349 L349 L372 L372 L406 L406

L321

L313 W50 L360 L322W50 L360 L321

L349 W50

L372 W27

L406 L321 L342 L313 W47 L352 L355 L321 L321 L342 L356 W27 L376 L352 L349 W23 L355 L417 L356 W37 W27 L372 L376 L349 W23 W38 L417 L418 W37 L372 W47 W38 L418 W47

L321

L322

L321

L360

9-9 9.00

L313 9.00

L321 L391

L387 8.00

L387 8.00

7.00 7.00

L395 L403

L313 L313 L321 L391

L423 L423 L395 L426 L403 L427

L321 W23

L423 L423 10-10 L426 L427

L313

L377 W48 L321 L380 W23

L377 L380

W48

9.00

L449

15

L330 L368

L330

L333

L343

L441

W56

8.00

L368

11-11

9.00 L378 9.00 9.00

W68

L378 L378

8.00 W67 8.00 8.00

W67 W67

7.00

W69

W68 W68

W66

L432

W66 W66

12-12

L432 L432

7.00 9.00 7.00

L434 W69 W69

L434 L434

L378 9.00 9.00

L428

L450

8.00 W68

L450 L450

8.00 8.00

9.00

8.00

7.00

L243

W56 W56

L312 L447

W16 9.00 L227 W20 9.00

W66 W66

13-13

9.00

10.00

W56

L434 L434

7.00 7.00

11.00

W66

W69 L434 W69

W68 W68

7.00

12.00

W69 L428 L428

L378 L378

L232 L236 W17

8.00

8.00 8.00

L240

W46

L445 L312 L447 L312 L444 L447

W59 L266W56 L353 L353

L357 L208 L203

W4

L207 L272 L273

L280

L277 L502 L357 L507 L215 L357 L508 W20 L514

L444 L445 L445

W56 W56

L202

L206

L444

L237 L353

W41

L229

14-14

10.00 L302 L330

9.00

8.00

L334

L450 L428

L449

L303 L350

L324

L332

L366 L411

15-15

L316

L364

L437 L314

L310

16

MOSHE HARTAL

The Excavation in Areas TB and TC

their foundations in virgin soil may have already been built in Stratum 10.

Stratum 10 Area TB

Area TC Remains of a 0.65 m wide wall were exposed (W65; Sq J4; Figs. 2.2, 2.4). This east–west wall survived only one course high (Plan 2.2: Sections 6-6, 7-7; Fig. 2.2) in a layer of silt, and is at a different orientation from the walls above it. Half a meter from the western balk of the square, the wall forms a corner to the north. About 1.45 m from the eastern balk, only a plastered

The earliest settlement remains at the site were found as small quantities of pottery from the third century BCE on a silt soil, under the lowest floors of the first surviving structures in Stratum 9 (L514, L523 and L526; Plan 2.3; see Figs. 2.5, 2.7). In Area TB no walls could be attributed with confidence to this stratum; however, walls that were attributed to Stratum 9 with

L335 L390 L397

W52

L400

L344

L419

W65

L430

L436

Fig. 2.2. Square J4. Wall 65, L436 (Stratum 10); W52 (Strata 9–6), L430 (Stratum 9) and Floor 429 (Stratum 8), looking west.

L391 L395 L403 L423 W23 L427

L426

Fig. 2.3. Square K4. Ṭabun 427 and Floor 426 (Stratum 10), looking east.

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

H

G

L

K

J

Area TC

6

6

5

5

L392

6.96

W65

L436 7.21 7.10

7.19 7.13

L426 7.45 7.16

W38

4

7.76 6.92

7.26 7.12

4

L427

Area TA 3

3

Area TB

7.42

L526 7.30

2

1

2

0

7.59 L514 7.29

5 m

G

7.48 L523 7.32

1 H

K

J Plan 2.3. Plan of Stratum 10.

W52

W65

L409

L433

L430

Fig. 2.4. Square J4. Locus 430 (Stratum 9) with scattered amphora fragments, looking north.

L

17

18

MOSHE HARTAL

surface (L436) remained of the wall and after a further 0.5 m it disappeared. A disk loomweight with two holes was found on this surface (see Chapter 4: Fig. 4.1:9). Wall 38, in Sq K4, was in use in Stratum 9, but its foundations were deeper than those of the other walls of this stratum, and therefore may have been built already in Stratum 10. Robbers’ Trench 392, which reached virgin soil next to W38, yielded a coin of Antiochus III (200–187 BCE; see Chapter 10: No. 22). On the other hand, the wall’s orientation was identical to that of the walls in the upper stratum and different from that of W65, so its attribution to Stratum 10 is not certain. Also in Sq K4, Tabun 427 (c. 0.85 m diameter; Figs. 2.3, 2.17; Plan 2.2: Section 10-10) had been sunk into silty soil (L426) that served as the floor of the tabun and extended north of it. The tabun was almost completely destroyed; its northern side, which was preserved better than the other sides, survived 0.1 m high. Inside, traces of fire and soot and many small bones were identified. No dating finds were found in it, but since it was sealed by Floor 423 of Stratum 9, it must belong to Stratum 10. The silty soil (L426) contained third-century BCE pottery. The finds from Stratum 10 indicate that the settlement in the excavation area began in the third century BCE. Only fragments remained from the walls of this stratum, not allowing for a reconstruction of the plan of the buildings here, nor an understanding of the activity at the site in this period.

Stratum 9 Area TB The earliest structures that form some sort of a coherent plan were found in Stratum 9 (Plan 2.4). In Area TB three long east–west walls are connected by north–south walls to form rooms of a structure. The walls were constructed in the Phoenician pierand-rubble technique, in which monolithic piers stand at intervals of 0.7–0.9 m and the space between them is filled with fieldstones or partly dressed stones (see below, discussion). The foundations of W33 were dug into the virgin soil. The wall survived to a height of 1.1 m (Figs. 2.5, 2.6; Plan 2.2: Section 4-4). The wall was covered with a colored fresco whose remains were found on the kurkar Floors 513, 516, 519 and 520, all

of which were laid on virgin soil (Color Pl. 1:1). The eastern segment of the wall (Fig. 2.7) survived only one course high; this segment was in use only in Stratum 9. Wall 61, the parallel wall, was exposed c. 2 m to the north; it survived approximately 0.7 m high (Fig. 2.5). Although its eastern part was robbed (L524), it can be traced for a further 0.8 m eastward. The position of this wall raises a problem. It was attached to the corner of W30/W31 and W32 (presumably later; see below) ran alongside it from the south. On the west it is delimited by a pier in W34 (see below), but the wall’s continuation westward was not preserved and there was no indication in the balk that indeed there was such a continuation. On the other hand, it is clear that W32 and W61 could not function together. Thus, it seems that W61 is the earlier of the two, and it ceased functioning with the construction of W32 in Stratum 8. It seems that there was also another long wall in the north, from which only a segment of W60 was exposed, in the northern balk of Sq J2 (Plan 2.2: Section 5-5). The wall survived along 1.5 m and 0.6 m high. Its width is unknown, because it lay partly under the balk. Some cross wall segments were identified between the long walls: Wall 30 (Figs. 2.5, 2.6) connected W33 and W61, on a north–south axis. Its foundations were in virgin soil. Most of the wall was robbed down to its foundations (Robbers’ Trench 215). A large stone (65 × 40 cm) inserted in the wall created the corner with W31 to the west (Fig. 2.5). Wall 30 was in use during all the periods the site was settled. From the northern end of W30, W31 (preserved height 0.8 m) extended westward (Figs. 2.5, 2.6). Its foundations were in virgin soil and it was constructed without piers. Wall 34 (preserved height 0.65 m; Fig. 2.5) was the continuation of W30 northward, between W31 and W60. Its foundations were in virgin soil. The wall was constructed next to the western pier of W61 and in direct continuation of it; in this case, the pier is not across the wall, but along its western face. Wall 45 extends southward from W33. Only a small segment was exposed (preserved height 0.7 m). The wall’s continuation to the south was robbed. Wall 44 was constructed perpendicular to W33 but was not joined with it. The wall survived one course high, constructed of partly dressed stones, without piers (Fig. 2.7).

H

G

Area TC

6

5

19

L

K

J

6

5

8.30 7.18

W54 L409

3

4

7.55

L423 7.45 7.59 7.07

7.88 7.49

8.26 7.67

Area TA

3

Area TB W60

2

8.39 9.11 7.29 7.33

W33

L513

7.80 7.59

L516

W45

H

G

L520

5

5 m

L524

L21

0

7.45 7.16

7.54 7.42 8.08 7.59 7.27 L519 7.80 7.39 L518 7.29

W61

W30

7.77 8.09 7.42 7.52 8.08 W31 7.31 8.03 7.39 7.83 L521 7.29

7.90 7.69 7.30 7.56 7.75 L528 7.52

W44

W34

L522

2

7.72 7.737.14 7.41

8.18 7.44

1 L

K

J Plan 2.4. Plan of Stratum 9.

W33

L215 W43

0

W30

W4

1

8.30 7.89 7.18 7.22

L418

7.49 L430 7.22

8.13

L386 7.14

W47

W52

L372

8.24 7.25

363 W51 L

4

7.76 6.92

W38

7.76 7.18

7.50 7.09

L520 W31 W32

L524

W61 L526 W34

L510

L528

Fig. 2.5. Square J2. Locus 526 (Stratum 10), W61 (Stratum 9), W31 and W34 (Strata 9, 8), W33 (Strata 9–7), Floors 520 and 528 and Robbers’ Trench 524 (Stratum 9), W32 (Strata 8–6), Floor 510 (Stratum 8), W40 (Strata 7, 6) and W43 (Stratum 6), looking south.

20

MOSHE HARTAL

West of W34, between W60 and W31, two kurkar layers were found, and between them, a layer of brown soil, 5 cm in thickness (L522; Plan 2.2: Section 5-5).

The finds in Stratum 9 were meager. Some loci belonging to this stratum were exposed in Sqs J2 and K2.

L229

W4

2

L215

W33

W43

W 40

W30

L285 W31

L520

W32

L299

W61 L510

W34

Fig. 2.6. Square J2. Wall 61 (Stratum 9), W31 and W34 (Strata 9, 8), W33 (Strata 9–7), Floor 520 (Stratum 9), W32 (Strata 8–6), Floors 285, 299 and 510 (Stratum 8), W40 (Strata 7, 6) and W42 and W43 of Installation 229 (Stratum 6), looking south.

W11

L203

W4

W45 L523

L516

W33

W33

L525

W44

L518

L519

W32

Fig. 2.7. Square K2. Locus 523 (Stratum 10), W44 (Stratum 9), W45 (Strata 9, 8), W33 (Strata 9–7), W32 (Strata 8–6), Floors 516 and 519, and L518 (Stratum 9), W4 (Strata 8–6), L525 (Stratum 8), W11 (Strata 6, 5) and L203 (robbers’ trench of W4), looking south.

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

The upper layer was particularly thick, and some pottery from the third century BCE was found in it; no pottery was recovered from the two lower layers. The two kurkar layers, together with the soil between them, appear to have been the leveling fill of a floor, since they were devoid of finds. Floor 528, consisting of a thick layer of kurkar (Fig. 2.5), was found on the eastern side of W34, between W60 and W61. Although pottery sherds from the Hellenistic period lay on the floor, it cannot be dated more accurately. Close to W33 a dark soil layer (L520) contained Hellenistic pottery. This fill was laid next to the walls’ foundations (Figs. 2.5, 2.6, 2.25). In the fill was a broken figurine of a woman, dated to the third– second centuries BCE (Messika 1997:123, No. 5). On Floor 513 (Fig. 2.8), south of W33 and under the kurkar Floor 508 (Stratum 8), were fresco fragments, decorated with wide red bands, probably the earliest fresco in the excavation (Color Pl. 1:1). No dating material was found on this floor. West of Robbers’ Trench 215, under the opening of Installation 229 (below, Stratum 6), a soil layer was found lying on a kurkar and light colored silt layer, followed by a soil layer with large fragments of plaster and pottery fragments (L521). The plaster probably fell from the walls of a nearby installation. Fragments of ceiling plaster were recovered as well, with impressions of reeds (e.g., Color Pl. 2:4), and pottery of the second century BCE. In Sq K2, kurkar Floor 516, south of W33 and east of W45, was laid on virgin soil. Over it was a layer of heavy soil with few Hellenistic potsherds, which also covered the lower course of W33 (Plan 2.2: Section 3-3). Brown soil was found north of W33 and on it remains of kurkar Floor 519 (Fig. 2.7; Plan 2.2: Section 3-3) with Hellenistic pottery. The floor was laid on dark, clayey soil with no pottery. A soft soil layer containing potsherds and fresco fragments covered W33 (L518; Fig. 2.7). In the southern balk of the square a thin kurkar layer was visible, which did not extend throughout the locus. The finds in the locus were mixed, including Hellenistic and Early Roman pottery, Hellenistic lamps and glassware from the end of the second century–beginning of the first century BCE (see Chapter 3: Nos. 1, 20, Figs. 3.1, 3.3). It seems that only the lower part of the locus belongs to Stratum 9, but the mixed finds do not allow its dating. In Stratum 9, the structures in Area TB were residential in character. The walls were of Phoenician style pier-

21

L209 L277 L279

L502 L507 L508

L513

W33

Fig. 2.8. Square J2. Floor 513 (Stratum 9) and Floor 508 (Stratum 8), looking east.

and-rubble construction, and were covered with colored frescoes. The finds do not allow for an accurate dating. The pottery found is datable to the third century BCE, and practically no vessel allowed for a more precise dating. Since Stratum 8 that covered it was dated to the late third–mid-second centuries BCE, it seems safe to date Stratum 9 to the third century BCE. Area TC Remains of structures that belong to Stratum 9 were found in Area TC as well. In Sq J4 a wall (W52) with an east–west orientation was found. The wall was built over the remains of Stratum 10 W65 (Plan 2.2: Sections 6-6, 7-7), but its orientation is different. Though most of the wall was robbed, it was possible to reconstruct its route according to its robbers’ trench (L409; Fig. 2.9). Silty soil that was found at the bottom of the robbers’ trench covered W65 (Plan 2.2: Section 6-6). Two segments of W52 survived: an ashlar pier exposed in the western balk of Sq J4 (see Fig. 2.2) and its

22

MOSHE HARTAL

1.3 m high continuation visible in a section on the eastern side of the robbers’ trench (Fig. 2.9; Plan 2.2: Section 7-7). Further east only the wall’s top was exposed. Perpendicular to W52 northward, W54 was built; only its top was exposed. The wall is visible in section in Robbers’ Trench 409 (Figs. 2.9, 2.10; Plan 2.2: Section 7-7). Wall 51 lies south of and perpendicular to

Robbers’ Trench 409. Most of the wall was robbed, and was identified as Robbers’ Trench 363. In the trench two piers of W51 were found, with no remains of the wall between them (Figs. 2.10, 2.17). Above the foundations of W65 (Stratum 10) a 0.25 m deep accumulation of ashes and burnt remains was excavated (L430; Figs. 2.2, 2.4), in which a fragment

L416 W54

W52

L453

L363

W51

W50 L344 L409

L419

Fig. 2.9. Square J4. Wall 54 (Strata 9, 8), W51 and W52 (Strata 9–6), L409 (robbers’ trench of W52), W50 (Strata 7–5), Floor 419 (Stratum 8), Floors 344 and 416, and Tabun 453 (Stratum 6) and L363 (robbers’ trench of W51), looking east.

W52 W54 W51

L409

Fig. 2.10. Square J4. Wall 54 (Strata 9, 8), W51 and W52 (Strata 9–6) and L409 (robbers’ trench of W52), looking east.

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

of a large basalt bowl was found, together with thirdcentury BCE pottery (see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.8:1, 2, 4) and a stamped amphora handle dated to the third quarter of the third century BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 4). In Sq K4, two parallel north–south walls were found (W38 and W47; Plan 2.2: Sections 8-8, 9-9). Wall 38 was constructed of dressed stones and survived three courses high. It was better preserved in its northern part (Fig. 2.17), and almost totally ruined in its southern part (Robbers’ Trench 372; not visible in Fig. 2.9 because of the angle of photography); an ashlar lying across the robbers’ trench is the remnant of a monolithic pier from the wall. In the robbers’ trench white plaster and colored fresco fragments were found, testifying that the wall was painted, and that the structure was residential. The finds in Robbers’ Trench 372 were not later than the second century BCE, including a stamped amphora handle from 178–161 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 60). Wall 27, which was built in Stratum 8, partly covered the remains of W38 (Fig. 2.17). The foundations of W38 were the deepest in Area TC, 0.2 m lower than the foundation of W47, also from Stratum 9 (see below). It may be that W38 was built already in Stratum 10; no floors that had joined it survived and it was impossible to date it with any certainty. East of W38, the largely destroyed W47 was found, identified mostly through Robber Trench 418. Surviving segments of it were found in the southern and northern ends, and two small segments in between (Fig. 2.17). Due to its very poor preservation, it is unclear if it was of a pier-and-rubble construction. Floor 423 was the earliest that joined the wall. Some plaster remained that curved onto the floor on one of the bottom stones of the wall. The floor consisted of two kurkar layers with a lime layer in between. At the eastern side of the floor, close to the balk, traces of a fire circle were identified. Third-century BCE pottery was found on the floor. The floor was cut in the north by Robbers’ Pit 386 The distance between W38 and W47 was quite small (0.7 m) and there were no lateral walls that connected them. Thus, it seems that these were walls of two adjacent structures with a narrow alley between them. The fresco fragments found near W38 testify that this area, too, was residential, though the fragmentary remains do not allow reconstructing their plan.

23

Stratum 8 Area TB Stratum 8 is a direct continuation of Stratum 9 (Plan 2.5). Wall 30, W31, W33, W34, W45 and W60, which were built in Stratum 9, continued to serve also in Stratum 8. But there were also changes; some walls were discontinued and new walls were constructed. Wall 32 (Sq J2; preserved height 0.95 m high) superseded W61 and was built with a slight change in orientation (Figs. 2.5, 2.6). Stones in secondary use were identified in the wall, including an architectural element in the form of a gable, decorated on both sides with vegetal patterns (Fig. 2.11), probably part of a Hellenistic tombstone. In the east the wall was completely destroyed. The wall’s course can be reconstructed through Robbers’ Trenches 512 and 527. A small segment of the foundations of W32 was exposed in Sq K2. Floor 528, which joined W61 in Stratum 9 (Fig. 2.5), did not reach all the way to W32. Floors 510 (Figs. 2.5, 2.6) and 515b (see below) were the earliest to join the wall and indicate that it was built in Stratum 8. The eastern segment of the southern wall (W33), as well as W44, was not renewed in Stratum 8. Robbers’ Trench 525 is the remains of a parallel wall that did not survive (Fig. 2.7). Two stamped Rhodian amphora handles dated to after 176 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 45, 47) were found in the trench.

Fig. 2.11. Square J2. A tombstone in secondary use in W32 (Stratum 8), looking north.

24

MOSHE HARTAL

H

G

L

K

J

Area TC

6

6

5

5 W54 W38

8.10

7.76 6.92

L418

L372

L400 7.76 L419 7.33

W47

L409

W52

363 W51 L

4

4 7.57 7.13

Area TA Area TB

3

W60 8.39 7.77

W32

0

G

H

L527

L512

L508

J

7.64 7.22

2

7.93 7.54

W33

8.39 8.30 7.29 7.59 9.56 7.33

5 m

7.72 7.14

7.68 L515b 8.00 7.64 7.89 7.59 L517

W45

8.62 7.77

L215

1

L510

8.13 7.75

W30

W31 L285

2

7.80 7.30

L525

W34

L299

3

L203

L505 8.98 7.37 W4

1 K

L

Plan 2.5. Plan of Stratum 8.

A new pier-and-rubble wall (W4) was constructed on virgin soil in Stratum 8. The piers are arranged in two levels, one above the other and the ‘rubble’ part constructed of dressed stones (Figs. 2.7, 2.12, 2.27). Kurkar Floor 505 (Fig. 2.12) is the earliest to join the wall; on the floor were found a coin of Ptolemy III (see Chapter 10: No. 10) and late third– mid-second-century BCE pottery (Figs. 9.10:1, 4–6; 9.11:1, 3–7, 9), as well as a fragment of a highquality cast glass bowl with an uncertain date (see Chapter 3: No. 19). Room 299 in the west is enclosed by walls on three sides and its floor was made of kurkar (Fig. 2.6; Plan 2.2: Section 5-5). On the floor large amounts of late third–mid-second-century BCE pottery (see Chapter 9:

Fig. 9.10:12) were found, as well as lamps, a fragment of a grotesque mask dated to the third–second centuries BCE (Messika 1997:124, No. 11) and a coin of Antiochus IV (see Chapter 10: No. 42). South of W31, on kurkar Floor 285 (Fig. 2.6; Plan 2.2: Section 5-5) an 0.8 m deep accumulation was excavated. This accumulation reached higher than the surviving top of W31 and contained late third–mid-second-century BCE pottery (see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.10:7). North of W32, on the beaten-earth Floor 510 (Figs. 2.5, 2.6), fragments of a collapsed colored fresco were collected. The finds on this floor included a stamped amphora handle dated 153–138 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 96), late third–mid-second-century BCE pottery (see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.10:8, 15) and a cast

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

25

Area TC

W4 W11

L203

L516

W33

L505

L515b

L512

Fig. 2.12. Square K2. Wall 33 (Strata 9–7), Floor 516 (Stratum 9), W4 (Strata 8–6), Floors 505 and 515b (Stratum 8), W11 (Strata 6, 5), L203 (robbers’ trench of W4) and L512 (robbers’ trench of W32), looking south.

Most of Area TC was not excavated under the remains of Stratum 7. All the walls in Sqs J2 and K2 were the continuation of the walls of Stratum 9 (see Plan 2.5). The changes in Stratum 8 were expressed mainly by the raising of floors. In the room enclosed by W51 and W52, a kurkar floor was laid (L419, Sq J4; Figs. 2.9, 2.16). Although the northern part the floor was damaged, a pottery concentration lay on it at a uniform elevation (see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.9:5, 6, 10). The southern part of the floor was better preserved, and sections of a smooth plaster paving were found in the southeastern corner. An ashlar block similar to the piers of the walls was placed in its center, its function unclear. Above Floor 419 lay a 0.3–0.4 m thick layer of brown soil (L400) rich in pottery. In the western part, and especially in the western balk of Sq J4, a large concentration of late third–mid-second-century BCE sherds was collected (see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.9:1, 3, 4, 7–9). These included lamp and glass fragments, as well as stamped amphora handles, one dated to 244– 236 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 2) and the other a Phoenician seal dated 157 BCE (Naveh 1997:115, No. 1).

Stratum 7 glass bowl dated to the first half of the first century BCE (see Chapter 3: No. 21). The finds in this locus are apparently contaminated by a robbers’ trench, because in Floor 506 above it (Stratum 7) the finds are dated from the mid–late second century BCE. Kurkar Floor 515b in Sq K2 (Fig. 2.12; Plan 2.2: Section 3-3) was laid over a 0.1 m thick leveling fill (L517) made of kurkar mixed with pebbles. It is the same floor as Floor 505 (above). Here the floor stretches between the robbers’ trench of W32 and W33 and passes below W11 (Stratum 6; Plan 2.2: Section 2-2). Toward the east the floor ends along a straight line that indicates a completely destroyed wall (Robbers’ Trench 525). Thus, in Area TB in Stratum 8 a domestic structure continued to exist, constructed in Phoenician pier-andrubble technique. Its walls were plastered, mostly with colored frescoes. The finds date this structure to the late third–mid second centuries BCE.

Area TB Stratum 7 saw considerable changes in the building in Area TB (Plan 2.6). As in previous strata, some walls continued, some disappeared, and a new wall was added. The building continued to be bounded on the north by W32 and its associated Robbers’ Trenches 512 and 527. Other walls that continued from Stratum 8 were W33 and W4 in an east–west direction, and W30 perpendicular to them. Wall 40, the new addition to the array of walls, was inserted perpendicular to W32 and W33 (Figs. 2.13, 2.25; Plan 2.2: Section 4-4) and may have continued south of W33 into an unexcavated area. The most important unit is the room enclosed by W30, W32, W33 and W40 (Fig. 2.13) with kurkar Floor 509 (Plan 2.2: Section 4-4). Its entrance did not survive and may have been in the north or west. The accumulations on this floor (L297) contained many fragments of colored fresco, indicating that the room

26

MOSHE HARTAL

was part of a domestic building. The finds on the floor included a rich repertoire of local and imported pottery, a lamp and part of a brazier (Back Cover). The ceramic assemblage is dated mid–late second century BCE (see Chapter 9: Figs. 9.12–9.14). The latest coin was one of Antiochus VIII (121–114 BCE; see Chapter 10: No. 58) and the latest stamped Rhodian amphora handle was dated 130 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming:

SAH 127). Also found were a figurine of a male face dated to the third–second centuries BCE (Messika 1997:123, No. 8) and a glass drop from the late Hellenistic period (See Chapter 3: No. 67). To the east lies Floor 501, enclosed by W40, W33 and by Robbers’ Trench 512 on the north, and a small section of Floor 298 (Fig. 2.14) which was apparently laid in a deliberate break in W33. Floor 501, too, yielded

W40 W33

L226 L509 L510

L215

W32 W30

W34

W42

Fig. 2.13. Square J2. Floor 509 (Stratum 7) and Floor 510 (Stratum 8), W34 (Strata 9, 8), W33 (Strata 9–7), W30 (Strata 9–4), W32 (Strata 8–6), W40 (Strata 7, 6), W42 (Stratum 6), L215 (robbers’ trench of W30) and L226 (robbers’ trench of W32), looking east.

L501

W11

W33

L298

L203

Fig. 2.14. Square K2. Floor 298 (Stratum 7) laid in the break in W33, looking north.

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

H

G

Area TC

6 L432

8.31

8.17

W68

L434

8.75 7.91

8.00 7.89

L360

8.06 7.36 8.11 7.47

7.47

8.11 L395 7.84

7.51 6.96

W27

W37

8.27 7.21 8.17 7.89 7.46 7.22

L392

L405

W50 8.11

7.93

4

L403 7.51

8.19

7.58 W23 L377 8.17 7.89 W48

8.22 7.62

Area TB

3

8.47 8.07

8.29 7.90

L503 8.00 7.89

L527 L512 7.78 8.55 L515a 7.68 7.73

W40

W32 L297 L509

L215

2

W30

8.03 7.39 8.50 8.13 7.80

3

8.50 8.12

L506

L288

W33 8.45 8.30

5 m

G

H

8.17

L501 7.77 8.14 L298 7.77

L507 0

5

L357

L404

L354

L397 8.18 8.10

8.02 8.30

363 W51 L

W52

9.04 7.54

8.41 9.08 7.29

W56

L402

W54

8.33 L414 8.39 7.97 7.19 8.67 L393 7.48 8.44 L351 7.97

Area TA

L437 8.43 8.70 7.29

8.42

7.19

9.02 8.31

4

6

L435 8.80 8.35

W69

W67

W66 L378

5

1

L

K

J

J

L203

2

W4

1 K

L

Plan 2.6. Plan of Stratum 7.

large amounts of fresco fragments (Fig. 2.15; Color Pl. 1:2), but otherwise only pottery from the mid–late second century BCE. Under Floor 501 was Floor 515a (Plan 2.2: Section 3-3). The material on Floor 515a is similarly dated, and thus belongs in Stratum 7. The southern rooms were small and very poorly preserved. A small section of a plaster floor (L507; Plan 2.2: Section 4-4) abutted W33 on the south. The finds included a small amount of pottery dated to the Hellenistic period and a coin of Ptolemy II (285–246 BCE; see Chapter 10: No. 7). Area TB continued as a domestic area in Stratum 7, but with some changes in its plan. The Phoenician

Fig. 2.15. Square K2. Fresco fragments on Floor 501 (Stratum 7), looking west.

27

28

MOSHE HARTAL

pier-and-rubble technique continued to be used and the walls were covered, at least in part, with colored frescoes. Based on the latest finds, it should be dated to the late second century BCE. Area TC W50

Several walls from Stratum 8 continued into Stratum 7 (Plan 2.6): Wall 54, W51 and W52, which was mostly robbed (Robbers’ Trench 354). North of these a long wall (W56) was built and south of them, W50, mostly robbed (Figs. 2.10, 2.16), was connected to W52 by the two transverse walls, W51 and W37, the latter a new construction in Stratum 7. The space enclosed by these walls is thin plaster Floor 397. The most profound changes were in Sq K4. Previous W38 and W47 went out of use and new walls were built parallel to them: Wall 37 and W27, with its perpendicular W23 and W48. Wall 27 was constructed mostly of dressed stones but without piers (see Figs. 2.17, 2.18; Plan 2.2: Section 9-9). The wall had continued north in what is Robbers’ Trench 392, and possibly 357. Wall 37 survived 1.1 m high, constructed of dressed stones with two piers. Each pier carries a perforation c. 20 cm in diameter (Fig. 2.18; Plan 2.2: Section 9-9). The foundations of W23 were laid in a trench that cut kurkar Floor 423 from Stratum 9 (Fig. 2.19; Plan 2.2: Section 10-10). The wall survived 0.85 m high

L416

L363 L419 W51

L453

L344

W54

Fig. 2.16. Square J5: Floor 344 and Tabun 453 (Stratum 6), W54 (Strata 9, 8). Square J4: Wall 51 and W52 (Strata 9–6), Floor 419 (Stratum 8) and Floor 416 (Stratum 6), looking south.

W47 W27

W23

W37 L418

L427

L426

L386

W52

L409

W38

Fig. 2.17. Square K4. Wall 38 (Strata 10, 9), W47 (Strata 9, 8), W27 (Stratum 7), W37 (Stratum 7), W23 (Strata 8–6) and L418 (robbers’ trench of W47), looking south.

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

29

L386 L370 L391 W37

W23 W27

L376

L360

Fig. 2.18. Square K4. Wall 27 and W37 (Stratum 7), W23 (Strata 8–6), Floor 360 (Stratum 7), Floor 391 (Stratum 6) and L376 (robbers’ trench), looking north.

L427 W23

L423

L418

Fig. 2.19. Square K4. Wall 23 (Strata 8–6), looking east. Its foundations were dug into Floor 423 (Stratum 9).

(Figs. 2.18, 2.19; Plan 2.2: Sections 9-9, 10-10). The 0.4 m thick Floor 403 joins the wall on its north face. On it a large quantity of ash was found, as well as traces of several foci of a fierce fire that turned the soil black. The finds inside the makeup of the floor included Hellenistic pottery, a brazier fragment and an Ephesus lamp, and are dated to the mid–late second century BCE (see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.20: 2, 3). The accumulations over this floor (L395) contained much ash mixed with earth, little pottery but many bones (Fig. 2.20; Plan 2.2: Section 10-10). The pottery in the accumulation dates to the second century BCE, a date corroborated by a coin of Antiochus III (see Chapter 10: No. 31). Floor 380, between W23 and W48, was found covered with a layer of sand and kurkar (L377) in which coins were found, the latest an autonomous coin of Tyre dated 125– 98 BCE (see Chapter 10: No. 69). Floor 393 (Sq J5) was found to be very thick and composed of several layers that represent renewing of the floor surface. It was made of hard kurkar with embedded plaster fragments and potsherds. It clearly joins W54 on the east but does not reach W56 on the north. The floor was found covered by a burnt layer containing coins of Antiochus III and IV (223–164 BCE; see Chapter 10: Nos. 24, 36) and stamped amphora handles from the first half of the second century BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 32, 161, 175),

30

MOSHE HARTAL

L313

L321 L387 L391

L386

L395 L403 L423

Fig. 2.20. Square K4. Floor 391 (Stratum 6) cut by Robber Pit 386 and its backfill (L387), looking east. W56

L402

W54

L405

L404

Fig. 2.21. Square J5. Basin 402, Floor 404 and Channel 405 (Stratum 7), looking north.

as well as lamps and pottery datable to the second century BCE (see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.20:9, 10). In the northeastern corner lay many collapsed plaster fragments (L414). To the west of this series of floors, a compacted soil layer was found with traces of burning—possibly a floor (L351; see Figs. 2.48, 2.49). It contained five stamped amphora handles (SAH 48, 109, 145, 147, 150), ranging in date from the beginning of the second century BCE to the end of that century. Over it a 0.2 m thick accumulation contained small and medium-sized stones and gray plaster fragments

Basin 402 (0.7 × 2.0 m; Fig. 2.21 was excavated east of W54, in the corner formed with W56; both walls served as sides of the basin. The southern side was constructed of dressed stones; the eastern side remains unexcavated under the balk. The inside was plastered with a dark gray plaster, rich in ashes. The basin was sealed by Installation 388 of Stratum 6 and was joined from the south by kurkar Floor 404 (Fig. 2.21). A small segment of a partially preserved drainage channel (L405; inner width 0.2 m) was excavated from the southwestern corner of the basin leading southeast. It passes under the basin and cuts

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

Floor 404, but on the whole it appears that it is contemporary with the floor and basin. The finds in the basin and on the floor date them to the second century BCE.

sides (L432 + L434; Figs. 2.22–2.24, 2.52; Plan 2.2: Sections 12-12, 13-13). The cylinder is 0.68 m high, its outer diameter, 0.90 m and its walls, 0.10–0.12 m wide, and in its northern side there is a 0.25 m wide opening that appears to be deliberate. The pier on which the cylinder stands (W66) is constructed of ashlars and the central part of its top side is higher than the perimeter. The pier was plastered with a gray plaster.

Installation 378 In Sqs H5 and J5 a complex installation was found, adjoining W56. It includes a vertical stone cylinder (L378) standing on a pier surrounded by a basin on three

L334 L450

W68

W69 L378

W67

L434

L432

W56

L393

Fig. 2.22. Squares H5–J5. Installation 378 (Strata 7, 6), W56, W67, W68, W69, L432, L434 and Floor 393 (Stratum 7) and Channel 450 (Stratum 6), looking south.

L378

W56

W67

W66

L434 L428

W69

31

L432 W68

L450

Fig. 2.23. Squares H5–J5. Installation 378 (Strata 7, 6), W56, W66, W67, W68, W69, L432 and L434 (Stratum 7), Channels 428 and 450 (Stratum 6), looking north.

32

MOSHE HARTAL

6

W5

L378

W

67

L432 L434 W69

68

W

L450

34

L3

Fig. 2.24. Squares H5–J5. Installation 378 (Strata 7, 6), W56, W67, W68, W69, L432 and L434 (Stratum 7), Channels 428 and 450 (Stratum 6) and Channel 334 (Stratum 5), looking west.

From the top of the pier, a shallow channel descends along each of its faces. The eastern and western channels pass underneath the cylinder through arched openings (12 cm high, 8–10 cm wide) cut in its bottom part. The northern channel passes through the open part of the cylinder and the southern channel reaches the side of the cylinder but does not pass through. The eastern and western channels drained into the basin, whose walls were constructed of excellent quality ashlars except on the south, where its wall is formed by W56, which was plastered. At a depth of c. 0.8 m the plaster is thicker, and it seems that the original floor of the basin was at this depth. Here the soil contained many small stones, probably also part of the floor; under this there was a layer of nearly sterile silt. The function of the installation is unclear, though it certainly served in a manufacturing process that involved liquids. The cylinder itself could not have contained liquids but liquids could have passed through it. It may have been part of a textile dyeing installation, where the textile was laid to absorb the pigment and release the excess liquid back into the basins. Near the installation to the east large quantities of murex shells were discovered, suggesting a purple-dye manufactory nearby.

East of Installation 378 a series of floors was uncovered. The lowest (L435) consisted of a hard substrate on which there was a deposit of ash, followed by two layers of sand with a layer of scattered pottery sandwiched between them. This unit is 0.26 m thick and the finds within are dated to the mid–late second century BCE (see Chapter 9: Figs. 9.17–9.19). Area TC underwent a considerable change in Stratum 7. The walls were not covered in frescoes as in the previous stratum and the building in the neighboring Area TB. It seems that this area became an industrial area, including Installation 378 and Basin 402. This trend will be seen to continue in the following strata.

Stratum 6 Area TB The arrangement of the walls in this stratum follows that of Stratum 7 with some modifications (Plan 2.7). Wall 33 was no longer in use, and Installation 229 was built in Sq J2, bounded by two narrow walls on the north and east (W42, W43; Figs. 2.6, 2.25, 2.26; Plan 2.2: Section 5-5). The installation is square and was

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

H

G

L

K

J

Area TC

6

L337

8.95 L341 8.26 L335 9.06 8.18 L390 8.22

8.24 7.50

8.35

W8

9.08 8.25 L305 8.90 8.23

8.78 7.36 8.13 7.14 L391 8.15 7.91

9.02 8.34

9.08 7.29 8.78 L442 8.49 8.64 8.37

5

L448 L440 8.96 8.44

8.15 7.91

L327 L328

L35

63 W51 L3

W52

4

6

8.54

L316 8.40 8.63 L350 L408

W10

8.82 L366 8.58 8.84 L412 8.72 8.96 8.56 0 5 L4 L332 8.69 L439 8.73 8.82 8.12 8.87 L411 L381 8.65 8.19 L340 8.59 8.88 L428 7.86 L416 8.37 8.59 8.75 L353 8.69 L422 L454 8.76 3 4 3 L378 L 8.86 8.75 L312 8.02 8.54 9.02 L383 8.25 8.20 8.06 8.34 8.94 L311S L385 8.50 8.35 L388 8.26 8.73 8.90 8.62 8.55 7.55 L387 L344 8.61 8.26 7.76 8.46 L386 7.18 L453 8.32 4

5

33

8.70 7.28

4

W23

W50

Area TA Area TB

3

H

K

J

3

2

G

8.68 8.17

W21 W2

5 m

L248 8.58 8.05

2

W11

0

W40

1

8.60

L275 8.20

8.26 L247 8.10 L244 8.43 8.08 8.80 L293 8.60 L289 8.29 8.12 L527 8.63 L234 8.42 L512 8.80 7.60 W32 L230 8.71 8.69 8.42 8.55 L233 8.05 8.72 7.73 L241 L284 8.62 8.45 W43 L290 8.08 L279 7.83 8.158.99 8.98 4 7.62 8.55 W 8.72 L229 7.53 L203 8.87 7.53

5 L21 W30W42

2

8.66 8.17

L265 8.71 8.60

1 L

Planof2.7 Plan 2.7. Plan Stratum 6. paved with stones. It had an opening on the east, found blocked by a stone collapse. The opening is somewhat problematic, because it touches Robbers’ Trench 215, which had been W30. The installation was full of collapsed stones with meager pottery finds, dated to the first century BCE. The collapse was sealed by a 1 cm thick deposit of burnt material, devoid of pottery. North of the installation a 0.1 m thick layer of burnt soil (L284) was found, level with the top of Installation 229. In it, first-century BCE pottery was collected, including a stamped Rhodian amphora handle dated to the third quarter of the second century BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 124). A three-room building was located in Sqs J2 and K2. In the western room of the structure was kurkar

Floor 279 (Fig. 2.26). The large amounts of pottery and the lamps enable the dating of the assemblage to the first half of the first century BCE (see Chapter 9: Figs. 9.21, 9.22). A fragment of a figurine of a youth (Messika 1997:123, No. 6) was also found mixed-in. A new wall, W11 (see Figs. 2.7, 2.12, 2.27, 2.28), parallel to W40, enclosed the central room. Wall 11 abuts W4 but its foundations are considerably higher; it also passes over and supersedes W33. The wall survived 1.35 m high; two pairs of piers are embedded in it at two levels, separated by a course of dressed stones (Plan 2.2: Section 2-2). In contrast to W4, in which the two levels of piers stand one above the other, in W11 they are staggered. When viewed from the west, it appears that the wall was constructed in two phases. The upper one

34

MOSHE HARTAL

L215 W40

W42

W33

L229

L520 W43

W30 W32 W31

L510 W34

L299

Fig. 2.25. Square J2. Wall 31 and W34 (Strata 9, 8), W33 (Strata 9–7), W30 (Strata 9–4), Floor 520 (Stratum 9), Floors 299 and 510 (Stratum 8), W42 and W43 of Installation 229 (Stratum 6) and L215 (robbers’ trench of W30), looking east.

L209

L221

L227 W42

L229

L215

L279

L234

W43 W30

L285 L288

W31 W42

L299

Fig. 2.26. Square J2. Wall 31 (Strata 9, 8), W30 (Strata 9–4), Floors 285 and 299 (Stratum 8), W42 and W43 of Installation 229 and Floor 279 (Stratum 6) and L215 (robbers’ trench of W30), looking south.

contains dressed stones of a better workmanship than the lower. This might be a repair or addition to the wall when it was connected with W12 in Stratum 5 (see below).

In the central room a crushed kurkar floor with some plastered segments was found (L241; Fig. 2.27). The floor is adjacent to the foundations of W11 and is lower

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

35

L203 L241

W59

W12

W4

L244

W11 L249 L233

Fig. 2.27. Square K2. Floor 233 (Stratum 6), W4 (Strata 8–6), W11 (Strata 6, 5) and W59 (Stratum 5), looking southwest. W11

L203

W59

W4

L233

Fig. 2.28. Square K2. Room 233 (Stratum 6), looking west.

than the foundations of Stratum 5 W12 (Plan 2.2: Section 3-3). Colored fresco fragments were found on the floor. The eastern space is larger than the others and may have been a courtyard; its eastern side was not excavated. In the courtyard were two floors, one above the other. On the first floor (L290), made in part of kurkar, large fragments of colored fresco were found near W11. In the northeastern corner lamps and pottery vessels were found on a layer of small stones, c. 0.1 m

above floor level; they are dated to the first half of the first century BCE (see Chapter 9: Figs. 9.21:3, 12, 13, 19, 9.22:7, 13). Above Floor 290 a beaten-earth and pebble floor (L233; Figs. 2.27, 2.28) was laid. Many fragments of fresco, painted yellow, red and purple, as well as fragments of ceiling plaster with reed impressions were found near W11 (Color Pl. 1:3). On the floor, two complete amphorae were found: one from Knidus,

36

MOSHE HARTAL

L233

Fig. 2.29. Square K2. Amphora in situ on Floor 233 (Stratum 6), looking south.

W59 W4

L233

Fig. 2.30. Square K2. The amphora in Fig. 2.29 covered by collapsed ashlars, looking south.

dated by a stamped handle to 167–146 BCE (Figs. 2.29, 2.30) and the other from Kos, from the second half of the first century BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 166, 169. A wealth of pottery found in the room included local and imported wares: cooking pots, jars, casseroles and juglets, dated to the second half of the first century BCE (see Chapter 9: Figs. 9.23, 9.24). The latest coin is one of Herod (37–4 BCE; see Chapter 10: No. 104) and supports the dating, though earlier coins and stamped amphora handles were recovered as well. In the room a pile of well-dressed ashlars was found, including a doorjamb(?), from the collapse of one or more of the walls. The stones crushed some of the vessels in the room and protected others (Fig. 2.30). According to the ceramic evidence, the floor was laid in the first century BCE at the latest, and was destroyed toward the end of the same century. North of the structure, i.e., north of W32 and its Robbers’ Trenches 512 and 527, a series of loci was excavated (L230, L234, L244, L247, L289, L293; Plans 2.2: Section 3-3, 2.7) with many fragments of red, yellow and blue fresco, and pottery dating the loci to the first century BCE. In Sqs K3 and L3 a segment of a kurkar floor (L265) was identified immediately below the layers removed by the mechanical excavator, as well as large expanses of small kurkar stones with large amounts of fresco fragments and ceiling plaster (L275). The finds included stamped Rhodian amphora handles dated to the third and second centuries BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 3, 10, 63, 78), glass vessels from the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods (see Chapter 3: Nos. 4, 22, 44, 47) and a Bes figurine from the second century BCE (Messika 1997:123, No. 9). The excavation in this sector was not finished and only two walls were discovered (W21, W22). Wall 22 itself was cut by Bonaparte’s siege trench (L250, Stratum 2) and W21, constructed of small fieldstones, was damaged by Robbers’ Pit 248. Because of the proximity to the surface, the finds were mixed, with a predominance of Hellenistic and Early Roman pottery. Since Stratum 6 is the last one to show extensive use of fresco, this sector was assigned to this stratum. The extensive use of fresco and ceiling stucco indicates that the structure in Area TB was residential; the rich assemblage in L233 suggests a well-to-do family. The finds help date it to from the first half of the first century BCE to the second half of that century.

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

Area TC The majority of the walls in Stratum 6 did not survive and can be reconstructed only through the robbers’ trenches that remained. The only major change happened in the northwestern part of the area, in Sqs H5 and J5. Installation 378 In Stratum 6, the installation underwent considerable changes. The basin of the installation went out of use and was buried; the area was covered by a hard, black fill of earth (L422) that also covered part of Robbers’ Trench 343 of W56, indicating that by that time the western edge of W56 was not in use any more. Over the fill an unidentified amphora was found. Finkielsztejn (forthcoming: SAH 176) dated it to the second half of the second century BCE on the strength of another stamped handle found in the locus and dated to 181–175 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 38), but on the evidence of the other finds in the locus—comprising

many imported vessels and lamps—the locus should be dated to the first century BCE. The northern opening in Cylinder 378 led now into Channel 428 (1.7 m long, 0.3 m wide) which connected with the covered Channel 450 (see Figs. 2.23, 2.24; Plan 2.2: Section 15-15). The channel passed over the filled-in basin. Channel 428 is of a much inferior workmanship than the original installation of Stratum 7. It was originally covered, as evidenced by some large, dressed covering stones found thrown on either side of the channel (L439), at the same level as the cover stones of Channel 450. Square J5 In Sq J5, east of Installation 378, the fragmentary remains of kurkar Floor 416 were found (Fig. 2.31, at left), with Hellenistic ceramic material on it, including a brazier fragment. A new kurkar floor (L340) was laid over Floor 416 and the Early Roman glass that was the latest find on it dates it to the first century BCE.

L334

L449

L411 L416

W56

L343

L435 L449

W56

L383

L343

L368

L365 L383

L375

L368 L346

Fig. 2.31. Square J5. Floor 435 (Stratum 7), Installation 383, Floors 411 and 416 (Stratum 6), Channels 334, 368 and 449, Floor 346 and ‘Block’ 365 (Stratum 5), looking north.

37

Fig. 2.32. Squares H5–J5. Installation 383 and L375 (Stratum 6), Channels 368 and 449 (Stratum 5) and L343 (robbers’ trench of W56), looking north.

38

MOSHE HARTAL

Above this unit remains of a c. 0.2 m thick kurkar floor were found (L411; Fig. 2.31); the floor had been raised in stages. Each floor-lifting consisted of a layer of kurkar mixed with potsherds and plaster fragments. Between these layers were thin deposits of gray sand with tiny potsherds. A second-century BCE coin of ‘Akko was found embedded inside (see Chapter 10: No. 86), as well as a stamped Rhodian amphora handle from the early second century BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 23). On the top level of the floor (L332) a fire circle was excavated. It contained burnt remains, fragments of plaster and Hellenistic pottery vessel fragments, mainly cooking pots. Installation 383 A new installation was constructed over Basin 402 from Stratum 7. Its foundation consisted of a layer of soil (L388) laid over the accumulations in L402. Over this a layer of kurkar (L385), containing many potsherds and fragments of plaster, was laid. The uppermost layer consisted of a 6 cm thick plaster floor (L383), bounded on the south by a line of stones (Figs. 2.31, 2.32). The floor was cut in the west by Drainage Channel 368 from Stratum 5 and in the north it reached Robbers’ Trench 343. A large kurkar block is embedded in the kurkar foundation on the eastern side. The function of the installation is not clear but it evidently replaces Basin 402. The very few datable pieces that could be identified came from L388 and include Hellenistic pottery and a stamped amphora handle from the late third century BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 43). Square K5 Further to the east, in Sqs J5 and K5, W56 had gone out of use and Kiln 312 was built partly over its course (below, Sq K5; Fig. 2.35). Contrary to most other robbers’ trenches, no late pottery was found in Robbers’ Trench 343; thus, it is possible that the kiln was built after the partial dismantling of the wall but before the robbers’ trench was cut. Kiln 312 This is the largest kiln found in the excavation. It is 1.5 m in diameter and its 3 cm thick walls survived 2.5 cm high (Fig. 2.33). The walls were built on a foundation of bricks arranged in a circle (Fig. 2.34). A cross-section of the kiln shows a rather elaborate construction sequence (Plan 2.2: Section 14-14): the

lowest layer (L445) was one of earth mixed with a wealth of potsherds, especially fragments of large vessels (Hellenistic period) that were purposely carried here. The second layer (L444) was of yellow sand bounded by large stones. Over the sand three identical layers were found, each consisting of a very thin deposit of burnt, red sand overlying a very thin deposit of white ash. The potsherds collected in these layers were very brittle as a result of the intense heat. These layers are surrounded by bricks arranged in a circle in three layers, separated by thin deposits of ashes. It seems that the substrate of the kiln was raised three times. The brick layer surviving from the last firing cycle indicates that each time a cycle was finished the floor of the kiln was leveled and a new kiln was built over a new layer of bricks. The intense heat affected the bricks, and they had to be replaced. It is possible that the burnt bricks were reused in the brick circles of the subsequent cycle. Three cycles L357

L311S

Fig. 2.33. Square K5. Kiln 312 and L311S (Stratum 6), looking west.

L312

W56

Fig. 2.34. Square K5. Cross section of Kiln 312 (Stratum 6) above W56, looking south.

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

were evident inside the kiln as well, characterized by the alternating thin deposits of burnt sand and ash. The definition of the installation as a kiln and not a tabun rests on the intense heat that seems to have been generated in it. Since the northern side of the stone foundation of the kiln was built partly over L353, which is the robbers’ trench of W56 (Figs. 2.34, 2.35), it is possible that the kiln was built after the wall was dismantled, but before the stones were robbed. South and west of Kiln 312 was a collapse of stones and earth (L311S; Fig. 2.33), with large fragments of white and colored ceiling plaster, carrying reed impressions and bands of red and black paint. The

latest finds in the collapse, not including material that may have fallen in from the robbers’ trenches, included glass dated to from the late second–the first centuries BCE. It seems that the collapse is the remains of a structure that existed before Kiln 312 and whose stones were taken for reuse. The finds suggest that the dismantling of this structure took place in the days of Stratum 6. Courtyard 366 Slightly north of Kiln 312, beyond Robbers’ Trench 353, remains of a courtyard with installations was excavated (Figs. 2.35, 2.36). Kurkar Floor 366 is made up of extremely hard material with many tiny L312 L357

W56

L353 L454 L381

L366

Fig. 2.35. Square K5. Courtyard 366, Paving 381, Installation 454 and Kiln 312 (Stratum 6), L353 (robbers’ trench of W56) and L357 (robbers’ trench of W27), looking south. W56

L381

39

L353

L312

L366 L454

L357L357

Fig. 2.36. Square K5. Courtyard 366, Paving 381, Installation 454 and Kiln 312 (Stratum 6), L353 (robbers’ trench of W56) and L357 (robbers’ trench of W27), looking east.

40

MOSHE HARTAL

potsherds and plaster fragments; the floor surface was found covered with a thin deposit of coarse sand. In the western part, an installation (L454) was discovered (Figs. 2.35, 2.36). It consisted of a round pit dug in the ground and lined with stones, with heavy burning marks in its center. A grinding stone was found inside. East and north of the installation the substrate of a fieldstone paving was excavated; only a small part of the actual paving remains (L381; Figs. 2.35, 2.36). The finds on the courtyard included pottery from the first century BCE, a complete lamp (see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.25:7, 10, 11, 13–16) and a stamped Rhodian amphora handle dated to the third quarter of the second century BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 100).

On the floor were an intact lamp (see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.25:17), a coin of Ptolemy IX or X (114/3–111 BCE; see Chapter 10: No. 63) and a stamped Rhodian amphora handle dated to 171–147 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 62). Kilns 442 and 448 East of W10 in Sq L5 were two kilns smaller than Kiln 312. Only the western side of Kiln 442 was preserved. It was built on a foundation of plaster with pebbles, laid on flat stones. The wall, of tabun material, was placed directly on the foundation; there was no floor from tabun material. The kiln evidently reached a very high temperature—the foundation pebbles were

Square L5 To the east, in Sq L5, W8 was built over W56, and perpendicular to it, W10; both walls were of the Phoenician pier-and-rubble technique (Fig. 2.37) and the southern part of W10 was subsequently robbed (Robbers’ Trench 328). Locus 305 is enclosed by these walls and contained collapsed plaster and small stones, in which was mixed first-century BCE pottery including West Slope Ware (Color Pl. 2:8), as well as a coin of Ptolemy IX or X dated 114/3–103 BCE (see Chapter 10: No. 65) and a stamped amphora handle dated 120–119 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 135). North of W8 segments of a hard plaster floor were found (L316, L350; Fig. 2.38, Plan 2.2: Section 15-15).

W8 W10

Fig. 2.37. Square L5. Wall 8 and W10 (Strata 6, 5) L303 (Stratum 5), looking west.

L303

W8

L303

L316

Fig. 2.38. Square L5. Wall 8 (Strata 6, 5) and Floor 316 (Stratum 6), looking west.

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

cracked from the heat, and burnt red soil and ash were found in it. The few potsherds recovered from within the kiln could not contribute to its dating. Kiln 448, 1.2 m in diameter, was built on the southern part of the Kiln 442. Its walls are made of tabun material, 3–5 cm thick, and they survived to height of 10 cm. The bottom of the kiln is built on stones, made very brittle from the heat, and covered with a thick layer of ash. Under the stones was a filling of soil with a large quantity of pottery. The eastern part of the kiln was cut by Bonaparte’s siege trench (L309, Stratum 2). The Hellenistic pottery found in the kiln, unfortunately, was not saved. Floor 408, lying between Kiln 442 and W10 and W8, was covered with a thin layer of ash. In it was a large amount of ceramics, mainly fragments of large Hellenistic vessels, and a stamped amphora handle dated to c. 120 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 115). The floor continued southward (L440), but the material on it there does not allow precise dating. There probably were more kilns in this area, but they were not preserved due to Bonaparte’s siege trench. Surface 327, adjacent to Robbers’ Trench 328 (W10) in Sq L4, provides evidence for such an additional kiln. Largely destroyed by Bonaparte’s siege trench, it survived across 0.5 × 1.0 m only. The entire surface is burnt, with red-orange sand, and cracked stone, plaster and pebbles. Everything indicates that a kiln had existed, but the kiln itself was not preserved. Square J4 In the southwestern corner of the area, in Sq J4, a room was surrounded by walls that apparently continued from Stratum 7, but were robbed (W50, W51, W52). Kurkar Floor 390 was laid in the room, and comprised several layers, indicating periodic renewal. The upper layer (L335) was particularly hard, with many embedded potsherds and plaster fragments. Traces of fire in the southwestern corner may be evidence of a cooking installation. The finds on the floor consisted of first-century BCE pottery; together with similarly dated pottery within the floor, the floor should be dated to this century. Noteworthy among the finds on the floor are a Rhodian amphora with both handles preserved and stamped from the last quarter of the second century BCE or early first century BCE (Fig. 2.39; Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 139), a complete fish plate (Fig. 2.40),

41

one black and one gray lamp and glass vessels dated 170– 50 BCE. In the eastern corner a stone trough was found, broken into three pieces (45 × 45 cm; Fig. 2.41); it lay on top of a 5 cm high deposit of potsherds and soil above the floor (L341). South of it a northern holemouth jar was found in situ, as well as lamps, glass vessels, a stamped Rhodian amphora handle (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 11) and a coin of Antiochus VIII (121–96 BCE; see Chapter 10: No. 57). A collapsed pile of medium and large stones with fresco fragments and pottery above Floor 341 probably originated in the dismantling of the walls around the space. It is difficult to assess whether this space was a room or a courtyard. The fresco suggests a room but the trough suggests an open space. In the northwestern corner of Sq J4 lies kurkar Floor 344. In the southeastern corner of the floor a small tabun was found (L453; 0.3 m in diameter; Figs. 2.17, 2.41). A collapse on the floor contained building stones mixed with a large amount of pottery, especially Northern holemouth jars and amphorae. Square K4 To the east, in Sq K4, Floor 391 (Figs. 2.18, 2.20; Plan 2.2: Section 10-10) is made up of three distinct layers: the topmost is made of a 2 cm thick smoothed white plaster with embedded potsherds. The middle layer is an 8–10 cm thick gray concrete and the lowermost layer is 12 cm thick, made up of small and medium-sized stones bound in brown mortar. On the south the floor reached W23 and was cut by the latter’s robber’s trench (Plan 2.2: Section 10-10). In the north the floor was cut by Robbers’ Pit 386 (see Fig. 2.20). The floor slopes slightly to the north. All finds date to the Hellenistic period, although a more refined dating was not possible. Area TC continued in Stratum 6 as an industrial area, but with considerable changes. The basin of Installation 378 of Stratum 7 was filled and the installation was connected to a new covered channel (L450). Installation 383 was constructed over Basin 402 and it is possible that this, too, was a basin. In the northeastern part of the area, kilns were built with paved areas near them. Some paved areas further south may have been parts of industrial installations as well.

42

MOSHE HARTAL

L335

Fig. 2.39. Square J4. Amphora on Floor 335 (Stratum 6), looking south.

Fig. 2.40. Square J4. Fish plate fragments scattered on Floor 335 (Stratum 6), looking east.

L368

L337

L363

L453

L344

L354

L341

L335

Fig. 2.41. Square J4. Floors 335, 341 and 344 and Tabun 453 (Stratum 6), Channel 368 (Stratum 5), L337 (robbers’ trench of W54), L354 (robbers’ trench of W52) and L363 (robbers’ trench of W51), looking east.

Stratum 5 Area TB Wall 11 continued in use in Stratum 5 (Plan 2.8). Wall 12 was constructed perpendicular to W11 (see Fig. 2.27), but its foundations are higher. The two walls may have formed a corner, but this is not certain because the presumed corner was robbed (L249). Floor 218 joins W12 (Plan 2.2: Section 3-3) and belongs therefore to

Stratum 5 (see below). The other walls from Stratum 6 have not been preserved, but apparently continued in use from Stratum 6 to Stratum 5. The floors that approach Robbers’ Trench 215 from the west are different from those that approach from the east (see Fig. 2.26; Plan 2.2: Section 1-1), indicating that W30 continued into Stratum 5. Over the earlier W4 a new wall (W59) was now built, constructed of dressed stones held in mortar (see

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

H

G

L

K

J

Area TC

6

6 L320

9.30 9.20

L 334

8.79 L449 8.25

5

L343

L368

7.81 7.27

L410 L336

5

L306

L346

8.77 8.70 8.63 8.41

7.82

4

L374

W8

W10

8.63

8.63

9.20 8.78 8.75 L324 9.20 8.75

9.05 8.63

8.81 8.33

L365 L348 8.85 8.83

L303 9.28

L304

L302 9.38

8.85 8.50

43

8.68 8.62

7.92

L370 7.54

8.63 8.42

L339

L321

4

8.62 8.06

8.75 8.36

8.95 8.32

W50

Area TA

8.69

Area TB

3

8.83 L246

8.81 8.39

3

8.55

L248 8.58 8.05

8.70 L287 8.60

8.39

8.98

L203

8.83 8.54

W59

9.56 L205 9.20

K

J

L266 9.20 9.13

9.68 9.28 9.14 8.61 8.53

2

L269 8.85 8.65

L268 W20

L277 9.12

8.88 8.83 8.69 L220 9.22 9.02 8.26 8.68

/W17

H

L224 9.07

W12 9.01 L218

W46

G

8.62 8.10

W11

8.79 L280 8.75

5 m

215

0

9.59 9.12

0) L

1

L273 9.27 8.66

(W3

2

8.92 8.44

L249

L209 L282

L232 L236 L240 L271

L274 9.69 9.26

L236

8.75 9.28 8.36 9.14 8.77 8.51L243 9.19 8.87

1

L

Plan 2.8. Plan of Stratum 5.

Fig. 2.27; Plan 2.2: Section 1-1); only the mortar and a single course survived. Wall 20 was constructed in Sq L2, of which three fieldstone courses from the western face were visible in the balk. In L271, below the wall’s foundation, a coin from the mid-first century BCE was found (see Chapter 10: No. 99). During the dismantling of the wall (L268), a complete discus lamp with an image of a gladiator and a lion was found (Color Pl. 2:9; see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.26:13). West of W20 and parallel to it is W46, constructed of dressed stones. Its western face is vertical, but its eastern face is convex, covered with mortar showing clear marks of having been spread with the fingers (Figs.

2.42, 2.43; Plan 2.2: Section 1-1). This wall appears to be unrelated to any other wall or installation. The lower part of the mortar spreads out westward, possibly the edge of a floor that did not survive; Robbers’ Trench 266 (Fig. 2.43) destroyed any evidence of this. Between W20 and W46 lies L240 (Figs. 2.42, 2.43), which consisted of loose, dark-brown soil with much Hellenistic–Early Roman pottery, including two Herodian lamps, a fragment of a late Hellenistic glass bowl and a beaker dating to the late first–second centuries CE (see Chapter 3: Nos. 3, 31). Wall 17 was built over W46, separated from it by a layer of hard soil (L274). Wall 17 was constructed of medium-sized fieldstones (Figs. 2.42, 2.43). It survived

44

MOSHE HARTAL

three courses high; above and between its stones a great quantity of ashes and other burnt material was found. In the burnt layer (L232), a complete Kefar Hananya Type 4B cooking pot was discovered, dated from the middle of the first to the middle of the second centuries CE (Adan-Bayewitz 1993:126–128). In the lower layer of the burnt material (L236), Early Roman pottery was found, as well as a Herodian lamp and a fragment of a shallow mosaic-glass bowl dated to the end of the first century BCE or the first decades of the first century CE (see Chapter 3: No. 27). The wall is sealed by Stratum 4 Floor 231 (Fig. 2.42). Near the southern balk of Sq K1 a pocket of loose brown soil was excavated (L205); it contained a collapse of building stones to which pieces of coarse white plaster with small stones were still adhering. This plaster was apparently on the outer face of a building that faced south. In the western part of the locus, fragments of red, green, yellow, black and white fresco with geometrical and vegetal patterns were found. Early Roman pottery, as well as a coin of Agrippa I dated 41/2 CE (see Chapter 10: No. 105), were recovered from the collapse. In the southwestern corner L205 is cut by Robbers’ Trench 203, which included Byzantine pottery and glass vessels dated to the end of the fourth century CE (see Chapter 3: No. 36).

L232 L237

L236

W17 L274

W4

L240 W46

Fig. 2.43. Square L2. Wall 46 and above it W17 (Stratum 5) and L266 (robbers’ trench of W46),looking south.

L231

2

W17 L23

L266

L274 W46

L236

L240

Fig. 2.42. Square L2. Wall 46 and above it W17 (Stratum 5), looking west.

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

Tabun 220 was built on a stone foundation near L205 (Fig. 2.44) and its southern part is partly destroyed. Its 0.15 m thick walls were formed from two layers of burnt clay with soil in between; traces of fire were observed on the inner side. West of Tabun 220 a dark-brown beaten-earth floor (L224) was found, with a chunk of lime on it (Fig. 2.44) and pottery dated to the early first century CE. The Byzantine-period pottery and glass found here may have arrived from Robbers’ Trench 203, which damaged the corner of the room. Floor 218 in the western part of Sq K2 joined the upper part of W11 and W12. Though the accumulations over the floor contained mainly second–first-century BCE material, stratigraphically it could be determined that it belongs in Stratum 5. In Sq J2 a channel, constructed of dressed stones and paved with flat stones (L282), was found. The single coverstone that survived indicates that it was covered (Fig. 2.45). The inside of the channel is 0.24 m wide and 0.4 m deep. In the southwest it was cut by Robbers’ Trench 215, so its relation to W30 could not be determined. In the northeast the channel ends in line with W40 (Strata 7–6) and it is possible that it passed above its course, as well as above the course of W33 (Strata 9–7); evidently these walls were no longer in use when the channel was constructed. The material inside the channel was relatively early, and contained pottery, coins and glass from the third to the first centuries BCE. Since it was constructed

45

above Stratum 6, which is dated to the first century BCE, its construction date must be later. On a plaster floor above the channel (L209; Fig. 2.46) were chunks of plaster and fresco fragments, painted black, green and red. The latest finds consisted of Kefar Hananya cooking wares of Types 1A and 4B, dating the floor from the end of the first to the middle of the second centuries CE (Adan-Bayewitz 1993:88–91, 124–128). In Sq K3 a 1.8 m long section of a built channel was found (L246), with only the foundation (0.75 m wide) and vestiges of the sides (0.14 m high) surviving. The channel itself was very narrow (0.25 m). Area TB saw considerable changes in Stratum 5. It appears that the residential building that occupied the area during Strata 9–6 went out of use. A drainage channel passed now in the western part, apparently under a courtyard. Of the old walls, only W11 continued to exist, to be joined by W12; it is not clear whether or not these were walls of a residential building. Only W46 of the installation at the eastern part of the area survived. This is the last stratum that appeared throughout Area TB. Small segments of two walls (W17 and W20), found near the southern boundary of the excavation, while technically above the walls of Stratum 5, were nevertheless assigned to this stratum, based on the strength of the finds, which could not be chronologically distinguished from those of Stratum 5.

L220

L224

Fig. 2.44. Square K2. Floor 224 and Ṭabun 220 (Stratum 5), looking north.

46

MOSHE HARTAL

W42 W30

L20 L20 6 8 L20 9

L215

W32

L279

L2

L27 7

82

L279

Fig. 2.45. Square J2. Channel 282 (Stratum 5) cut into Floor 279 (Stratum 6). The channel was cut by L215 (robbers’ trench of W30). At right, W32, looking west.

L202

L206

L207

L208 L209

Fig. 2.46. Square J2. Floor 209 (Stratum 5), Floors 202, 206, 207 and L208 (Stratum 4). The table is put down on top of Robbers’ Trench 215 of W30, looking south.

Area TC Considerable changes took place in this area as well. The buildings of Stratum 6 went out of use and Channel 368 was constructed above them. The channel was identified at W50 and sloped gently northward along 10 m (Plan 2.2: Section 11-11).

Three separate sections of the channel were excavated. The southern section (3.5 m) is constructed of stones and is well-plastered (Fig. 2.47) and two of the coverstones survived in situ. Most finds within were of the Byzantine period, but because the channel stood open over extended periods, these finds do not necessarily reflect its date. Robbers’ Trench 410 destroyed part of the channel,

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

but beyond the disturbance, its walls survived to their full height (3 courses, 0.5 m high; inner depth 0.4–0.5 m). The floor of the channel was founded on a layer of stones. Where it passed over Stratum 6 Installation 383, it was founded on its now unused wall and over a leveling fill inside the installation (Figs. 2.48, 2.49). In this section the channel is covered with large, flat stones 10–15 cm thick. Further north the channel is cut once more, this time by Robbers’ Trench 343 (Fig. 2.49; see Plan 2.7). This is the only point where the channel was found filled with stones, probably those dismantled by Trench 343. The floor plaster of the channel is clearly visible in the section of the robbers’ trench. Apart from the Byzantine finds, the material recovered from the channel included first-century CE pottery, a fragment of a large Roman lamp, the spout of a Herodian lamp and a fragment of a glass bowl from the turn of the era (see Chapter 3: No. 25). The channel was not excavated beyond Robber’s Trench 343, but its section (L449) was clearly visible. As visible in this section, the channel was constructed of large, U-shaped ashlars (1.00 × 0.48 × 0.30 m; Figs. 2.50, 2.52; Plan 2.2: Section 15-15). Between the ashlars and the coverstones an additional layer of fieldstones was laid rather carelessly (Fig. 2.51). The inside of the channel is 0.18 m wide and 0.26 m high to the coverstones and was plastered. Adjacent to

47

Channel 368 on the west was Channel 334 (Fig. 2.52; Plan 2.2: Section 15-15), constructed over the remains of the earlier W57. This channel, too, flows to the north and was excavated along 3.2 m. Its sides were constructed of large stones, and traces of plaster indicate that it was plastered. At its northernmost cleared point, a large coverstone was found in the section; here the channel widens to 0.45 m and descends steeply. A masonry ‘block’ (L365) was found next to the western side of Channel 368. It is composed of a lower course of three ashlars standing on end followed by a second course of two stones lying flat (see Figs. 2.31, 2.48, 2.49). On the west a further group of stones adheres to the ‘block’ with mortar, and the western edge of these served as a cooking installation (L348). A Roman-period cooking pot was found in the corner, supported by stones and carrying burn marks (Fig. 2.53). The block is evidently later than W54, and probably dates to Stratum 5 because of its relation to Channel 368. East of Channel 368, the fragmentary plaster Floor 346 was excavated. It was damaged by a robbers’ pit full of stones (L374). A thin ash deposit, from which fragments of Hellenistic baking tray were collected, was observed on the floor. The pottery and finds date this floor to the first century BCE. The eastern half of Area TC yielded hardly any remains from Stratum 5. It is possible that loci

L375

L368

L337

L453

L354

Fig. 2.47. Squares J4 and J5. Channel 368 and one of its cover stones (Stratum 5), L375 and L453 (Stratum 6), L337 (robbers’ trench of W54) and L354 (robbers’ trench of W52), looking east.

48

MOSHE HARTAL

L341

L368 L375

L365 L351

L383

Fig. 2.48. Square J5. Channel 368 and ‘Block’ 365 (Stratum 5), Installation 383, L375 and Floor 341 (Stratum 6) and L351 (Stratum 7), looking south.

L368 L365 L375 L351 L383

L343

L411

L340

Fig. 2.49. Square J5. Channel 368 and ‘Block’ 365 (Stratum 5), Installation 383, Floors 340 and 411, and L375 (Stratum 6), L351 (Stratum 7) and L343 (robbers’ trench of W56), looking south.

immediately under the surface, such as L321, belong to this stratum, but these are very disturbed and could not be accurately analyzed. Only in Sq L5 were there some remains, including W8 and W10, which

continue from Stratum 6, and scattered pottery north of W8 (L303; see Figs. 2.37, 2.38; Plan 2.2: Section 15-15). The finds included amphora fragments and stamped handles dated to the last quarter of the second

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

W56

L449

L449

L435

Fig. 2.50. Square J5. A section across Channel 449 (Stratum 5), looking north.

Fig. 2.51. Square J5. The eastern wall of Channel 449 (Stratum 5) and Floor 435 (Stratum 7), looking west.

L334

L450

67

W W66

W68

L378 L434

W69

W56 L449

L435

L393

Fig. 2.52. Squares H5–J5. Channels 449 and 334 (Stratum 5), Channel 450 (Stratum 6), Installation 378 (Strata 7, 6), W56, W66, W67, W68, Floors 393 and 435 (Stratum 7), looking west.

century BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 113, 119, 122). Slightly west was an ash layer (L324) with mixed finds: a large amount of pottery and discus lamps from the first–second centuries CE, a lamp from the late second–early first centuries BCE (see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.28:6) and a cast glass bowl (see Chapter 3: No. 8).

Fig. 2.53. Square J5. ‘Block’ 365, at its lower part a cooking ► pot. In front, Floor 348 (Stratum 5). Looking east.

L365

L348

49

50

MOSHE HARTAL

In the corner formed by W8 and W10 was Tabun 306 (Plan 2.8), built over Kilns 442 and 448 (Stratum 6). It is c. 1 m in diameter, and only a 6 cm high fragmentary segment remained on the western side, as well as part of its floor, made of red, baked material. Much of the tabun was destroyed by Bonaparte’s Trench 309 (Stratum 2). The tabun could not be dated because it contained mixed material down to the Byzantine period. On strength of the fact that it was built over the kilns from Stratum 6, it is likely from Stratum 5 and thus dated to the first century CE. In the northeastern part of the area, immediately below the surface, fragments of a floor (L302) were excavated with a deposit of soft earth rich in ashes (Plan 2.2: Section 15-15). The finds included sawn bones, murex shells and pottery from the early first century CE (see Chapter 9: Fig. 9.26:1–6), as well as glass from the first century CE (see Chapter 3: No. 32) and a stamped amphora handle, 162–147 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 88) and a lamp. Slightly to the northeast, four segments of a ceramic pipe were discovered (L320; Fig. 2.54). The joints were sealed with a very hard, white mortar. The entire pipe was laid in a bed of mortar and small stones, which in turn lies on a thick deposit of ash (L304). Stratum 5 was the last one with architectural remains of any coherence in Area TC. Because it lay immediately below the surface, it was greatly damaged. Noteworthy are the water installations that consist of built stone channels and the ceramic pipe, but the remains are not sufficient for the understanding of the function of this area in the first century CE.

Stratum 4 Area TB Because of the extensive digging operations in the nineteenth century, most of the Byzantine levels had been removed. Only fragmentary remains from this period were identified near the southern edge of the excavation area in a c. 0.8 m wide strip, not conducive to an understanding of the nature of the area in this period (Plan 2.9). Not a single wall survived from this stratum, and the only trace of a probable wall is in Robbers’ Trench 215, which is joined by floors from all strata from Stratum 4 to virgin soil (Plan 2.2: Section 1-1). Two floors, one above the other, were identified west of the trench. The upper (L202) was plastered, while the lower (L207) was made of small fieldstones with traces of white plaster with black pebbles (Fig. 2.55). In the accumulation (L213) below this floor, a fourth-century CE coin was found (see Chapter 10: No. 130), together with Byzantine pottery and a broken glass bracelet from the Late Roman–Byzantine periods (see Chapter 3: No. 71). East of the trench a two-layered plaster floor (L206) was found, devoid of finds between the layers (Fig. 2.56). Over the floor lay a thin sand deposit with seashells. At the eastern edge of the area a small segment of a plaster floor survived (L231), and in the accumulations nearby (L238), Byzantine pottery, including imported Late Roman Red Ware (LRRW) and local types dated to the fourth–sixth centuries CE, was found. Further support for the dating are a coin dated 383–392 CE (see Chapter 10: No. 131) and a glass bowl dated to the third–fourth centuries CE (see Chapter 3: No. 41).

L202

L320

L207 L304

Fig. 2.54. Square K5. Pipe 320 on L304 (Stratum 5), looking north.

Fig. 2.55. Square J2. Floor 207 and above it, Floor 202 (Stratum 4), looking south.

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

H

G

L

K

J

Area TC

6

51

6 W9

5

5 W

L328

L311

L337

4

4

Area TA Area TB

3

3

8.99 8.04

2

H

L203 10.03

L201 9.56

K

J

9.61

6

G

2 L206 9.90 9.71 L208 9.59

L26

5 m

5

0

10.03 L202 9.46 9.54 L207 9.48 L213 8.98

L21

1

9.90

L256 9.61

L226

L238 8.77

L231 9.80 9.68

1

L

Plan 2.9. Plan of Stratum 4.

did not yield a coherent plan. However, the absence of second- and third-century CE material is noteworthy. It would seem that this area of ‘Akko was deserted for nearly two centuries and was resettled only in the fourth century. L206

Fig. 2.56. Square J2. Floor 206 (Stratum 4), looking south.

It appears that Stratum 4 includes several sub-phases, evident in floor-raising. As in Stratum 5, the remains

Area TC The only wall fragment possibly belonging to Stratum 4 is W9 (Fig. 2.57). Since it cut the ceramic pipe (L320) from Stratum 5, it is obviously later, from either Stratum 4 or 3. A partial reconstruction of the walls can be done through the robbers’ trenches, which were the result of stone robbing that started from the surface that was current at the time the robbing started. The stone

52

MOSHE HARTAL

W9 L353

W56

L324

Fig. 2.57. Square K5. Wall 9 (Stratum 4) and L324 (Stratum 5), looking east.

robbing caused some damage to the strata and floors that joined the wall being robbed and material from these strata fell into the trench. Thus, the latest finds in the trenches date the latest floors that joined with the robbed wall. Most robbers’ trenches contained Byzantine material, indicating that the robbed walls were still in use at that time. Plan 2.9 shows a partial plan of the structures from Stratum 4, according to the robbers’ trenches. The rich finds that filled the trenches tell of a lively community that existed here in the Byzantine period.

Stratum 3 Stratum 3 dates to the thirteenth century CE (the Crusader period; Plan 2.10) and was identified only in Area TA. Here part of a tower in the outer wall of Frankish ‘Akko with a moat in front of it was excavated (Hartal 1997c:7–21). The moat and its counterscarp (W41) were dug into ancient remains, and as the area beyond the moat did not contain material later than the Byzantine period, it obviously lay outside the Crusader city.

Stratum 2 Under the surface some remains from the late Ottoman period were discovered (Plan 2.10). In Area TA, an accumulation of stones was identified, probably the result of extensive leveling operations that took place in the nineteenth century, in connection with the fortifications of ‘Akko in the east (Hartal 1997c:3–7). A well (L301) from this period was also discovered and excavated (Nir 1997b). In Areas TB and TC, the surface layer was removed by mechanical means; remains associated with this stratum were found only in the eastern part. These remains were trenches dating to the siege of Napoleon Bonaparte (1799), dug into the ancient remains. In Area TB (L250, L270) skeletons of four of Bonaparte’s soldiers, lead bullets and an iron cannon shell were discovered (Berman 1997); the continuation of the trench was found in Area TC (L309, L310, L326, L364; Plan 2.2: Section 15-15). It seems that the majority of the stone-robbing activity of the walls from the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods occurred in this period as well, as part of the

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

H

G

L

K

J

Area TC

6

53

6

L301

5

5

L309

4

4 L326

W41

Area TA

L250

3

3

Area TB 9.28 7.09

L270

2

1

2

0

5 m

G

1 H

K

J

L

Plan 2.10. Plan of Strata 3 and 2.

urban renewal of ‘Akko in the middle of the eighteenth century following several centuries of abandonment. The fortification works in the nineteenth century also took their toll. Guérin, who visited the city in 1875, saw many robbers’ trenches north of the old city (Guérin 1880:507–508; Hartal 1997b:112–113).

Stratum 1 The top layer, about 1 m thick, was removed with a mechanical excavator. It was excavated only in Area TA (Hartal 1997c:3, Fig. 1).

54

MOSHE HARTAL

Discussion The excavation at the Courthouse Site in ‛Akko exposed a section of the city in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. The new city between the tell and the sea was established already at the end of the Persian period (Dothan 1976:39), but in the excavation area the settlement started only during the third century BCE. In the third to the first centuries BCE, the excavated area was a residential quarter and the structures were built in the pier-and rubble technique. This construction method was typical of Phoenician construction, beginning in the Iron Age and until the Hellenistic period (Sharon 1987; Stern 1998). However, the construction technique of the walls exposed in the excavation is different from that at most other sites along the Phoenician coast. The piers were monolithic ashlars, built across the wall’s width and not piers constructed with ashlars laid in headers and stretchers (Sharon 1987:27–28, Fig. 2:d1–d3). This construction method was common at sites of the western Mediterranean basin (Sharon 1987:35), but was also found at Dor, in a structure from the Persian and Hellenistic periods (Stern 1998:379, Fig. 2 and Photograph 1). The exterior and interior of the houses’ walls were plastered. The plaster remnants were found indeed only in collapses, but enable distinguishing between crude external plaster and high quality colored fresco covering the internal walls. Some plaster fragments indicate that the ceilings were also plastered, mostly with white plaster. According to the fragments that were found, the fresco was of the First Pompeian Style (Ling 1991:12–22). Only a few short wall segments from the first settlement in this area (Stratum 10) were found. The finds are too meager to understand the character of the settlement. In Stratum 9, throughout the third century BCE, there were residential structures in both excavation areas. In Area TB, residential structures, with frescoes and rich vessel assemblages, continued to exist until the first century BCE (Stratum 6). In Area TC there were changes, starting in Stratum 7 in the mid–late second century BCE. In this stratum the use of the area changed from domestic to an industrial. Manufacturing installations were found, including pools and a unique installation that served perhaps in the dyeing industry.

Many murex shells and sawn bones were also found in this area, their use unclear. In Stratum 6, dating to the first century BCE, Area TC continued to serve as an industrial zone, with some alterations. Kilns, which produced intense heat, were constructed, but it is unclear what was being manufactured in the area at this time. In Stratum 5, the first century CE, the residential structures in Area TB went out of use. In this stratum, the area included courtyards, a tabun and an installation of unclear nature. The few wall segments that survived from this period were not enough to reconstruct the structure. A drain channel was found in the western part of the area. Other channels were found also in the northern part of Area TB and especially in Area TC. It seems that at this time the area was outside the densely settled area of the city, and its use as an industrial area ended as well. At the end of the second century and during the third century CE, the area remained unused. The town re-expanded to this area only in the Byzantine period. From this period, only small sections of floors were found, and only at the southern edge of the excavation. Remains of the Byzantine period were found neither in Area TC, nor in the excavation that was conducted northwest of the present excavation area, in the courthouse parking lot (Avshalom-Gorni 1999). In the robbers’ trenches in Areas TB and TC, large quantities of pottery from the Byzantine period were found, testifying to a well-established settlement in that period. The Byzantine stratum was removed at a later stage in the site’s history. The excavation’s area was outside the city area from the end of the Byzantine period until the twentieth century CE. In the Early Islamic period, and in the twelfth century CE, the city was reduced in size to that of the present-day Old City, close to the port. In the thirteenth century, the town expanded eastward and northward. A tower with a moat was built in this period, their remains found in Area TA (Hartal 1997c). The Crusader constructions severely damaged the remains of the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. Areas TB and TC, being outside the Crusaders fortifications, were not damaged and were discovered immediately outside the moat’s counterscarp. Thus, it seems that in thirteenth century, too, these areas were outside the built-up area of ‘Akko. After the Crusader city was taken in 1291, ‛Akko remained abandoned for several centuries. When the

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

settlement was renewed in the seventeenth century, the inhabited area decreased again to the present area of the Old City. Even when the Ottoman city walls were built, the excavation area remained outside. At the end of the eighteenth century, the area served as the combat zone to Bonaparte’s army, and one of his siege trenches was exposed in the eastern part of the

55

excavation (Berman 1997). After Bonaparte’s failure to capture ‘Akko, Jazzar Pasha constructed new fortifications that included a wall and a moat. It was probably at this stage that the robbers’ trenches were dug to find the stones for the construction. It might be that at this stage the Byzantine stratum also was destroyed (Hartal 1997a).

Table 2.2. Locus List Locus No.

Stratum

Area

Square

201

4

TB

202

4

TB

203

Robbers’ trench

205

Elevation (m)

Locus

Description

Top

Bottom

Above

Below

K2

10.03

9.56

Surface

203–205

Floor

J2

10.03

9.46

Surface

206, 207, 213

Floor

TB

K2

9.56

7.33

201

Virgin soil

Robbers’ trench of W4

5

TB

K2

9.46

9.15

201

212

Collapse of plastered building blocks

205

5

TB

K1

9.56

9.20

201

212

Collapse of plastered building blocks

206

4

TB

J2

9.90

9.71

202

208

Floor

207

4

TB

J2

9.54

9.48

202

213, 272

Floor

208

4

TB

J2

9.70

9.59

206

209

Hamra layer beneath Floor 206

209

5

TB

J2

9.59

9.12

208

277

Floor

210

4

TB

K1

10.00

9.60

Surface

211

Stone collapse

211

4

TB

K1

9.60

9.54

210

214

Stone collapse

212

5

TB

K2

9.20

8.83

205

218, 224

Accumulations

213

4

TB

J2

9.48

8.98

207

229

Accumulations

214

4

TB

K1

9.25

9.11

211

216

Accumulations

215

Robbers’ trench

TB

J2

9.11

7.33

213

Virgin soil

Robbers’ trench of W30

216

5

TB

K1

9.15

8.78

214

W4

Plaster layer over W4

217

Surface

TB

K2

8.96

8.52

Surface

222

Layer mixed by the tractor

218

5

TB

K2

8.83

8.45

212

241, 291

Floor

219

Mixed

TB

J2

9.08

8.72

Surface

221

Layer mixed by the tractor

220

5

TB

K2

9.07

8.88

205

233

Tabun

221

Mixed

TB

J2

8.72

8.63

219

226, 287, 289

Mixed locus over robbers’ trench of W32

222

Mixed

TB

K2

8.52

8.46

217

225

Layer mixed by the tractor

223

Surface

TB

N3

8.49

8.40

Surface

-

Layer mixed by the tractor

224

5

TB

K2

8.83

8.69

212

233

Floor

225

Mixed

TB

K2

8.46

8.26

222

244, 247

Accumulations with mixed material

226

Robbers’ trench

TB

J2

8.99

8.04

221

W32

Robbers’ trench of W32

227

Surface

TB

L2

10.03

9.71

Surface

231

Surface

228

6

TB

J2

8.63

8.62

221

229, 230, 284

Ash layer over Installation 229

229

6

TB

J2

8.72

7.53

213

-

Installation

230

6

TB

J2

8.71

8.42

221

285

Fresco collapse

231

5

TB

L2

9.80

9.68

227

232

Floor

232

5

TB

L2

9.68

9.28

231

236

Ashes and burnt remains

233

6

TB

K2

8.69

8.05

224

290

Floor

56

MOSHE HARTAL

Table 2.2 (cont.) Locus No.

Stratum

Area

Square

234

6

TB

J2

235

Mixed

TB

236

5

TB

237

Mixed

238

4

239

Elevation (m) Top

Locus

Description

Bottom

Above

Below

8.63

8.42

228

288

Fresco collapse

L3

8.80

8.43

Surface

242, 250, 253

Mixed layer

L2

9.28

9.14

232

240, 241

Accumulations

TB

L2

9.63

9.51

Surface

-

Mixed layer

TB

K3

9.61

8.77

Surface

243

Accumulations

Surface

TB

K3

8.80

8.66

Surface

245, 246, 248

Layer mixed by the tractor

240

5

TB

L2

9.14

8.61

236

271

Accumulations

241

6

TB

K2

8.45

8.14

218

298

Floor

242

6

TB

L3

8.43

8.21

235

-

Accumulations

243

5

TB

L2

8.77

8.51

238

-

Accumulations

244

6

TB

K2

8.43

8.08

225

206, 501

Fresco collapse

275

6

TB

K3

8.66

8.57

239

262, 264, 265

Fresco collapse

246

5

TB

K3

8.81

8.39

239

-

Channel

247

6

TB

K2

8.26

8.10

225

295

Fresco collapse

248

Robbers’ pit

TB

K3

8.58

8.05

239

249

5

TB

K2

8.62

8.10

225

244, 296

Stone collapse

250

2

TB

L3

8.59

8.17

235

-

Bonaparte’s trench

251

Mixed

TB

L3

8.56

8.34

235

261

Layer mixed by the tractor

252

Mixed

TB

L2

8.60

8.47

Surface

267, 270

Layer mixed by the tractor

253

6

TB

L3

8.71

8.53

235

W21

Stone collapse above W21

254

4

TB

L2

8.79

8.47

Surface

276

Stone collapse

255

4

TB

K2–L2

10.03

9.90

-

256

Balk removal; combined with L233

256

4

TB

K2–L2

9.90

9.61

255

257

Balk removal

257

4

TB

K2–L2

9.61

9.49

256

258, 259

Balk removal

258

4

TB

K2–L2

9.49

9.06

257

260

Balk removal

259

4

TB

K2–L2

9.61

9.24

256

260

Balk removal

260

Robbers’ trench

TB

K2–L2

9.24

8.74

258

263

Robbers’ trench of W46

261

6

TB

L3

8.34

8.22

251

-

Many small kurkar stones

262

6

TB

K3

8.57

8.20

245

-

Fresco collapse

263

4

TB

K2–L2

8.98

8.87

260

266

Accumulations above Tabun 220

264

6

TB

K3

8.54

8.39

245

-

Fresco collapse

265

6

TB

K3

8.71

8.60

245

275

Floor

266

Robbers’ trench

TB

K2–L2

8.77

8.50

263

-

Robbers’ trench of W46

267

Mixed

TB

L2

8.84

8.34

252

-

Layer mixed by the tractor

268

5

TB

L2

9.22

8.85

236

269

Dismantling of W20

269

5

TB

L2

8.85

8.65

268

271

Accumulations.

270

2

TB

L2

8.41

8.06

252

-

Bonaparte’s trench

271

5

TB

L2

8.56

8.53

240, 269

-

Accumulations

272

4

TB

J2

9.45

9.27

207

273

Accumulations

273

5

TB

J2

9.27

8.66

272

229, 280

Accumulations

274

5

TB

L2

9.20

9.13

W17

W46

Accumulations

275

6

TB

K3

8.60

8.20

265

504

Fresco collapse

-

Robbers’ pit

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

Table 2.2 (cont.) Locus No.

Stratum

Area

Square

276

Surface

TB

J3

277

5

TB

278

Robbers’ trench

TB

279

6

280 281

Elevation (m) Top

Locus

Description

Bottom

Above

Below

9.12

8.91

Surface

-

Layer mixed by the tractor

J2

9.12

8.98

209

278, 282, 283

Accumulations

J2

8.98

8.81

277

281

Robbers’ trench of W32.

TB

J2

8.98

8.55

277

502

Floor

5

TB

J2

8.79

8.75

273

229

Stone collapse

6

TB

J2

8.84

8.77

277, 278

286

Floor

282

5

TB

J2

9.01

8.39

279

297

Channel

283

6

TB

J2

9.00

8.85

277

286

Floor

284

6

TB

J2

8.72

8.62

228

285

Ashes and burnt remains

285

8

TB

J2

8.62

7.77

284

-

Floor

286

6

TB

J2

8.85

8.61

283

294

Floor

287

Mixed

TB

J2

8.70

8.60

221

293

Mixed locus

288

7

TB

J2

8.47

8.07

234

299

Ashes and burnt remains

289

6

TB

J2

8.80

8.29

221

293, 506

Fresco collapse

290

6

TB

K2

8.08

7.83

233

505

Floor

291

4

TB

K2

8.92

8.50

218

292

Dismantling of W12

292

6

TB

K2

8.50

8.12

291

501

Accumulations

293

6

TB

J2

8.60

8.12

287

503

Burnt layer

294

6

TB

J2

8.61

8.50

286

297

Floor

295

Mixed

TB

K2

8.15

7.70

247

505

Mixed material above the robbers’ trench of W64

296

Mixed

TB

K2

8.18

7.80

244, 249

512

Mixed locus

297

7

TB

J2

8.50

8.13

282, 294

509

Living surface

298

7

TB

K2

8.14

7.77

241

515

Floor

299

8

TB

J2

8.20

7.77

288

522

Floor

301

2

TC

H5–H6

11.57

4.67

Surface

-

Ottoman well

302

5

TC

K5

9.38

8.78

Surface

304, 320, 366

Floor

303

5

TC

L5

9.28

8.63

Surface

309, 310, 350

Potsherd accumulation

304

5

TC

K5

9.20

8.75

302

311, 317, 324

Accumulations

305

6

TC

L5

8.90

8.23

Surface, 303

-

Stone collapse

306

5

TC

L5

8.68

8.62

Surface

442

Tabun

307

Mixed

TC

K5

8.96

8.64

304

-

Stone collapse

308

Mixed

TC

L5

8.78

8.30

Surface

305

Layer mixed by the tractor

309

2

TC

L5

8.66

8.30

303

364

Bonaparte’s trench

310

2

TC

L5

8.70

8.43

303

364

Bonaparte’s trench

311

Surface

TC

K5

8.96

8.75

Surface

311S, 311W, 312

Surface

311S

6

TC

K5

8.90

8.55

311

379

Stone collapse

311W

Robbers’ trench

TC

K5

8.90

8.46

311

319

Robbers’ trench

312

6

TC

K5

8.94

8.73

304, 311

447

Kiln

313

Surface

TC

K4

8.82

8.56

Surface

321, 322

Surface

314

6

TC

L5

8.61

8.54

303

315, 316

Floor

57

58

MOSHE HARTAL

Table 2.2 (cont.) Locus No.

Stratum

Area

Square

315

6

TC

316

6

317

Robbers’ trench

319

Elevation (m)

Locus

Description

Top

Bottom

Above

Below

L5

8.55

8.41

314

437

Floor

TC

L5

8.54

8.40

314

437

Floor

TC

K5

8.92

8.54

304

353

Robbers’ trench

Robbers’ trench

TC

K5

8.65

8.46

311W

357

Robbers’ trench

320

5

TC

K5

9.30

9.20

302

324

Pipe

321

Mixed

TC

K4

8.62

8.06

313, 322

345, 349, 356, 376, 391

Mixed locus

322

Mixed

TC

K4

8.76

8.40

313

321

Mixed locus

323

Surface

TC

L4

8.80

8.40

Surface

325–329

Surface

324

Mixed

TC

K5

9.20

8.75

304, 320

366

Ash layer

325

Mixed

TC

L4

8.73

8.63

323

-

Stone collapse

326

2

TC

L4

8.50

8.30

323

-

Bonaparte’s trench

327

6

TC

L4

8.70

8.28

323

-

Kiln remains

328

Robbers’ trench

TC

L4

8.74

8.10

323

-

Robbers’ trench of W10

329

Robbers’ trench

TC

L4

8.75

8.26

323

-

Robbers’ trench of W10

330

Surface

TC

J5

9.29

8.74

Surface

324, 332, 340, 343, 346–348

Surface

331

Surface

TC

J5

9.50

9.35

Surface

-

Surface

332

6

TC

J5

8.96

8.69

330

411, 412

Floor

333

Surface

TC

J4

9.07

8.48

Surface

-

Surface

334

5

TC

J5

8.85

8.50

330

-

Channel

335

6

TC

J4

8.95

8.26

333

341, 382, 390

Floor

336

5

TC

J4

8.95

8.32

333

359, 362, 363

Accumulations above Robbers’ Trench 363

337

Robbers’ trench

TC

J4

8.62

7.55

333

410, W54

Robbers’ trench of W54

368

5

TC

J4

8.63

8.42

333

444

Channel

339

5

TC

J4

8.75

8.36

333

444

Accumulations

340

6

TC

J5

8.87

8.59

330

416

Floor

341

6

TC

J4

9.06

8.22

333

363, 382, 390

Floor

342

5

TC

K4

8.82

8.32

313

352

Dismantling of W14

343

Robbers’ trench

TC

J5

8.86

8.25

330

373

Robbers’ trench of W56

344

6

TC

J4

8.61

8.26

333

354, 390

Floor

345

Robbers’ trench

TC

K4

8.28

7.56

321

370

Robbers’ trench

346

5

TC

J5

8.77

8.63

330

375

Floor

347

Robbers’ trench

TC

J5

8.88

8.23

330

351, W55

Robbers’ trench of W55

348

5

TC

J5

8.83

8.63

330

351

Cooking installation

349

7

TC

K4

8.06

7.80

321

353, 360, 371, 372

Floor

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

Table 2.2 (cont.) Locus No.

Stratum

Area

Square

350

6

TC

351

7

352

6

353

Elevation (m)

Locus

Description

Top

Bottom

Above

Below

L5

8.63

8.35

303

437

Floor

TC

J5

8.67

8.48

348

384

The leveling fill of Floor 348

TC

K4

8.32

8.06

342

355

Soil layer between W14 and W7

6

TC

K5

8.75

8.20

302, 304, 317

W56

Robbers’ trench of W56

354

Robbers’ trench

TC

J4

8.24

7.50

344

409

Robbers’ trench of W52

355

Wall’s head

TC

K4

8.10

8.00

352

W27

The head of W27

356

Robbers’ trench

TC

K4

8.08

7.94

321

376

Robbers’ trench between W23 and W27

357

Robbers’ trench

TC

K5

8.75

7.91

302, 311, 319

-

Robbers’ trench of W27

358

7

TC

K5

8.82

8.62

302, 324

-

Floor

359

6

TC

J4

8.32

8.29

336

362

Destroyed floor

360

7

TC

K4

8.06

7.36

321, 349

-

Floor

361

Disturbed

TC

L4

8.82

8.59

323, 325

-

Stone collapse

362

8

TC

J4

8.33

8.30

336, 359

-

Floor

363

Robbers’ trench

TC

J4

8.26

7.67

336, 341

421

Robbers’ trench of W51

364

2

TC

L5

8.40

8.24

308, 310

-

Bonaparte’s trench

365

5

TC

J5

8.85

7.82

330, 348

339, 414, W55

Masonry ‘block’

366

6

TC

K5

8.82

8.58

302, 324

-

Courtyard

367

7

TC

K5

8.97

8.74

312

-

Thickening of Kiln 312

368

5

TC

J4–J5

8.81

8.33

330

398

Channel

369

Wall’s head

TC

K4

8.18

8.00

321, 349, 360

W37

Wall head W37

370

Disturbed

TC

K4

7.92

7.54

349, 345

392, 376

Stone collapse

371

8

TC

K4

7.87

7.65

349

392, 376

Robbers’ trench of W27

372

9

TC

K4

7.88

7.49

349

406, 38W

Robbers’ trench of W38

373

Robbers’ trench

TC

J5

8.54

8.06

343

434, 56W

Robbers’ trench of W56

374

Robbers’ pit

TC

J5

9.05

8.63

330

375

Robbers’ pit

375

6

TC

J5

8.63

8.20

346, 374

383

Leveling fill of Floor 346

376

Robbers’ trench

TC

K4

8.18

7.55

356, 370

413, 417, 418

Robbers’ trench

377

7

TC

K4

8.17

7.89

321

380

Living surface

378

7, 6

TC

H5

9.02

8.34

Surface

W66

Installation

379

Disturbed

TC

K5

8.72

8.47

311

-

Accumulations

380

7

TC

K4

7.89

7.64

377

-

Floor

381

6

TC

K5

8.82

8.65

366

-

Stone paving

382

Robbers’ trench

TC

J4

8.24

7.73

335, 336, 341

399, 421, 424

The robbers’ trench of W50

383

6

TC

J5

8.56

8.50

375

385

Plastered installation

384

7

TC

J5

8.48

8.22

351

393

Floor

59

60

MOSHE HARTAL

Table 2.2 (cont.) Locus No.

Stratum

Area

Square

385

6

TC

386

Robbers’ pit

387

Elevation (m)

Locus

Description

Top

Bottom

Above

Below

J5

8.50

8.35

383

388

Floor

TC

K4

8.13

7.14

321

-

Robbers’ pit

Robbers’ pit

TC

K4

8.78

7.36

313

-

Back fill

388

6

TC

J5

8.35

8.26

385

402

Installation

389

5

TC

J4

8.79

8.50

333, 336

443

Western side of Channel 368

390

6

TC

J4

8.26

8.18

335, 341, 344

399, 397

Floor

391

6

TC

K4

8.15

7.91

321

395

Floor

392

Robbers’ trench

TC

K4

7.51

6.96

370, 371

Virgin soil

Robbers’ trench of W27

393

7

TC

J5

8.44

7.97

384

407

Floor

394

5

TC

J5

8.97

8.28

330

402, 405

Eastern side of Channel 368

395

7

TC

K4

8.11

7.84

391

401, 403

Living surface

396

5

TC

J5

8.80

8.25

330, 346

W55

Western side of Channel 368

397

7

TC

J4

8.18

8.10

390

400

Floor

368

5

TC

J5

8.33

8.24

368

402, 405

Bottom of Channel 368

399

Disturbed

TC

J4

8.01

7.65

382, 390

419

Crushed paving

400

8

TC

J4

8.10

7.76

397

415

Pottery rich brown soil

402

7

TC

J5

8.28

8.02

383

-

Plastered basin

403

7

TC

K4

7.93

7.51

395

423

Floor

404

7

TC

J5

8.20

8.00

375

-

Floor

405

7

TC

J5

8.15

7.84

402

-

Channel

406

Robbers’ trench

TC

K4

7.55

7.39

372

W38

Robbers’ trench of W38

407

8

TC

J5

8.10

7.98

393

-

Accumulations

408

6

TC

L5

8.87

8.32

306

-

Floor

409

Robbers’ trench

TC

J4

7.50

7.09

354

436

Robbers’ trench of W52

409

Robbers’ trench

TC

J4

7.81

7.27

337

-

Robbers’ trench of W52, cut Channel 368

411

6

TC

J5

8.88

8.59

3221

435

Floor

412

6

TC

J5

8.72

8.65

332

411

Accumulations

413

Robbers’ trench

TC

K4

7.55

7.33

376

W47

Robbers’ trench of W47

414

7

TC

J5

8.33

7.97

365

-

Plaster collapse in corner of W54 and W56

415

8

TC

J4

7.76

7.61

400

419

Floor

416

6

TC

J5

8.59

8.37

340

422, 434

Floor

417

Robbers’ trench

TC

K4

7.48

7.39

376

W47, 418

Robbers’ trench

418

Robbers’ trench

TC

K4

7.59

7.07

376

W47

Robbers’ trench of W47

419

8

TC

J4

7.76

7.33

415

433

Plaster floor with L424 and L429

420

6

TC

J5

8.48

8.28

340, 416

434

Floor

421

8–6

TC

J4

7.85

7.67

363

W51

Southern pier of W51

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

Table 2.2 (cont.) Locus No.

Stratum

Area

Square

422

6

TC

423

9

424 425

Elevation (m)

Locus

Description

Top

Bottom

Above

Below

J5

8.76

8.02

340, 373, 416

W57, W69

Accumulations

TC

K4

7.55

7.45

403

426

Floor

8

TC

J4

7.67

7.57

382

429

Plaster floor with L419 and L429

7

TC

H5

9.00

8.08

Surface

432

Western basin in Installation 378

426

10

TC

K4

7.45

7.16

423

427

Accumulations

427

10

TC

K4

7.26

7.12

423

-

Tabun

428

6

TC

H5

8.53

7.95

-

-

Channel in Installation 378

429

8

TC

J4

7.55

7.44

399, 415, 419, 424

430

Plaster floor with L419 and L424

430

9

TC

J4

7.49

7.22

419, 429

436

Ashes and burnt remains

431

10

TC

K4

7.45

7.16

423

-

Floor

432

7

TC

H5

8.15

7.19

425

-

Western basin of Installation 378

433

10

TC

J4

7.42

7.16

419

436

Ashes and burnt remains

434

7

TC

J5

8.33

7.30

416, 420

-

Eastern basin of Installation 378

435

7

TC

J5

8.80

8.35

411, 412

451

Floor

436

10

TC

J4

7.21

7.10

409, 430, 433

W65

Robbers’ trench of W65

437

8

TC

L5

8.43

8.41

315, 316, 350

-

Floor

438

Surface

TC

H5

9.00

8.30

Surface

W67, W68, 450

Excavation of western part of Installation 378 by a tractor

439

6

TC

H5

8.73

8.12

Surface

W68 ,434

The coverstones of Channel 428

440

6

TC

L5

8.96

8.44

306

408

Floor

441

5

TC

J4

8.70

8.41

333

443

Channel

442

6

TC

L5

8.78

8.49

306

-

Kiln

443

Wall’s head

TC

J4

8.40

8.31

338, 339, 441

W53

Wall head W53

444

6

TC

K5

8.60

8.45

447

445

Sand layer of Kiln 312

445

6

TC

K5

8.45

8.28

444

-

Infrastructure of Kiln 312

446

7

TC

K5

8.41

8.17

304

-

Potsherd layer east of Kiln 312

447

7

TC

K5

8.73

8.60

312

444

Infrastructure of Kiln 312

448

6

TC

L5

8.64

8.37

306

-

Kiln

449

5

TC

J5

8.79

8.25

330

-

Channel—not excavated

450

6

TC

H5

8.66

8.66

438

-

Channel—not excavated

451

7

TC

J5

8.54

8.28

411, 412, 435

-

Floor

452

7

TC

J5

8.42

8.25

435

-

Floor

453

6

TC

J4

8.46

8.32

333

-

Tabun

454

6

TC

5K

8.69

8.75

366

-

Installation

500

Robbers’ trench

TB

K2

7.90

7.48

295

-

Robbers’ trench

501

7

TB

K2

8.17

7.77

241, 244

515a

Floor

502

6

TB

J2

8.64

8.39

279

507

Floor

503

7

TB

J2

8.50

8.12

293

510

Floor with L506

504

6

TB

K3

8.40

8.23

275

-

Fresco collapse

61

62

MOSHE HARTAL

Table 2.2 (cont.) Locus No.

Stratum

Area

Square

505

8

TB

506

7

507

7

508 509

Elevation (m)

Locus

Description

Top

Bottom

Above

Below

K2

7.93

7.54

290

518

Floor

TB

J2

8.29

7.90

286

W34

Floor with L503

TB

J2

8.45

8.30

502

508

Floor

8

TB

J2

8.30

7.59

507

513

Floor

7

TB

J2

8.13

7.80

297

520

Floor

510

8

TB

J2

8.13

7.75

503

524, 528

Floor

511

6

TB

K2

8.60

7.70

225

505

Accumulations

512

Robbers’ trench

TB

K2

7.80

7.30

501

Virgin soil

Robbers’ trench of W32

513

9

TB

J2

7.80

7.59

508

514

Floor

514

10

TB

J2

7.59

7.29

513

Virgin soil

Accumulations

515a

7

TB

K2

7.78

7.68

501

515b

Kurkar floor

515b

8

TB

K2

7.68

7.64

515a

517

Kurkar floor = Floor 505

516

9

TB

K2

7.73

7.41

298

Virgin soil

Floor

517

8

TB

K2

7.64

7.59

515b

519

Floor foundation

518

9

TB

K2

7.54

7.42

505

525, 523

Accumulations

519

9

TB

K2

7.59

7.27

517

Virgin soil

Floor

520

9

TB

J2

7.80

7.29

509

Virgin soil

Floor

521

9

TB

J2

7.83

7.39

-

-

Plaster collapse

522

9

TB

J2

7.77

7.42

299

526

Floor

523

10

TB

K2

7.48

7.32

518

Virgin soil

Accumulations

524

9

TB

J2

7.69

7.56

510

W61

Robbers’ trench of W61

525

8

TB

K2

7.42

7.05

518

Virgin soil

Robbers’ trench

526

10

TB

J2

7.42

7.30

522

Virgin soil

Accumulations

527

Robbers’ trench

TB

K2

7.64

7.22

Virgin soil

Robbers’ trench of W32

528

9

TB

J2

7.75

7.52

-

Floor

510

Table 2.3. Wall List Wall No.

Stratum

Area

Square

Founding Elevation (m)

Top Elevation (m)

4

8–6

TB

K2

7.37

8.98

8

6, 5

TC

K5

7.29

9.08

9

4

TC

K5–L5

8.98

9.32

10

6. 5

TC

L5

8.25

9.08

11

6, 5

TB

K2

7.62

8.99

12

5

TB

K2

8.44

8.92

17

5

TB

L2

9.26

9.69

20

5

TB

L2

8.87

9.19

Remarks

CHAPTER 2: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: ARCHITECTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF AREAS TB AND TC

Table 2.3 (cont.) Wall No.

Stratum

Area

Square

Founding Elevation (m)

Top Elevation (m)

Remarks

21

6

TB

L3

8.17

8.66

22

6

TB

L3

8.17

8.68

23

7, 6

TC

K4

7.58

8.19

27

7

TC

K4

7.47

8.11

30

9–4

TB

J2

7.39

8.03

31

9, 8

TB

J2

7.31

8.08

32

8–6

TB

J2

7.33

8.28

33

9–7

TB

J2

7.29

8.39

34

9, 8

TB

J2

7.36

8.09

37

7

TC

K4

7.46

8.17

38

10, 9

TC

K4

6.92

7.76

39

10, 9

TC

K4

6.92

7.51

40

7, 6

TB

J2

7.73

8.55

41

3

TA

H1–H4

7.09

9.28

Counterscarp of Crusader moat

42

6

TB

J2

7.56

8.87

Eastern wall of Installation 229

43

6

TB

J2

7.59

8.00

Northern wall of Installation 229

44

9

TB

K2

7.16

7.45

45

9, 8

TB

K2

7.44

8.18

46

5

TB

L2

8.26

9.22

47

9, 8

TC

K4

7.13

7.57

48

7

TC

K4

7.62

8.22

49

8

TC

K4

7.57

8.07

50

7–5

TC

J4

7.54

9.04

51

9–6

TC

J4

7.22

7.89

52

9–6

TC

J4

7.25

8.24

53

9, 8

TC

J4

7.21

8.27

54

9–7

TC

J4

7.18

7.76

55

9–6

TC

J5

7.18

8.30

56

7

TC

J5

7.19

8.39

57

6

TC

J5

7.30

8.54

58

7

TC

K5

7.29

8.70

59

5

TB

K2

8.68

9.02

60

9, 8

TB

J2

7.30

7.90

61

9

TB

J2

7.39

8.08

62

9–7

TB

K2

7.14

7.72

Central segment of W33

63

9

TB

K2

7.14

7.72

Eastern segment of W62

64

9, 8

TB

K2

7.02

7.56

65

10

TC

J4

7.19

7.13

66

7

TC

H5

7.19

8.31

Pier under Installation 378

67

7

TC

H5

7.19

8.30

Western wall of Installation 378

68

7

TC

H5

7.19

8.17

Northern wall of Installation 378

69

7

TC

J5

7.19

8.42

Eastern wall of Installation 378

East face of W38

Convex concrete wall

Renewal and widening of W4

63

64

MOSHE HARTAL

R eferences Adan-Bayewitz D. 1993. Common Pottery in Roman Galilee: A Study of Local Trade. Ramat Gan. Avshalom-Gorni D. 1999. ‘Akko, the Courthouse Parking Lot. ESI 19:12*–14*. Berman A. 1997. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: A Siege-Trench of Bonaparte’s Army in Areas TB and TC. ‘Atiqot 31:91–103. Dothan M. 1976. Akko: Interim Excavation Report First Season, 1973/4. BASOR 224:1–48. Finkielsztejn G. 2004. Interests and Limits of Amphorae to Date Other Pottery Contexts. In Στ’ Επιστημονικη Συναντηση για την Ελληνιστικη Κεραμικη. Athens. Pp. 279–288. Finkielsztejn G. Forthcoming. ‘Akko IV: The 1991–1998 Excavations; The Stamped Amphora Handles (IAA Reports). Jerusalem. Goren Y. 1997. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: Preliminary Petrographic Analyses of the Ceramic Assemblage. ‘Atiqot 31:71–74. Gorin-Rosen Y. 1997. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: Medieval Glass Vessels (Area TA). ‘Atiqot 31:75– 85. Guérin V. 1880. Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine III: Galilée I. Paris. Hartal M. 1997a. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: Introduction. ‘Atiqot 31:1–2.

Hartal M. 1997b. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: Summary and Historical Discussion. ‘Atiqot 31:109–114. Hartal M. 1997c. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: The Architecture and Stratigraphy in Area TA. ‘Atiqot 31:3–30. Ling R. 1991. Roman Painting. Cambridge. Messika N. 1997. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: The Hellenistic Terracotta Figurines from Areas TB and TC. ‘Atiqot 31:121–128. Naveh J. 1997. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: Phoenician Seal Impressions. ‘Atiqot 31:115–119. Nir Y. 1997a. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: The Crusader-Period Well in Area TA. ‘Atiqot 31:31–34. Nir Y. 1997b. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: The Turkish Well in Area TC. ‘Atiqot 31:105–107. Sharon I. 1987. Phoenician and Greek Ashlar Construction Techniques at Tel Dor, Israel. BASOR 267:21–42. Stern E. 1998. New Phoenician Elements in the Architecture of Tel Dor, Israel. In J. Magness and S. Gitin eds. Hesed Ve-Emet: Studies in Honor of Ernest S. Frerichs (Brown Judaic Studies 320). Atlanta, Ga. Pp. 373–388. Stern E.J. 1997. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: The Pottery of the Crusader and Ottoman Periods. ‘Atiqot 31:35–70. Syon D. 1997. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: The Coins from Area TA. ‘Atiqot 31:87–90.

M. Hartal, D. Syon, E. Stern and A.Tatcher, 2016, ‘Akko II (IAA Reports 60)

Chapter 3

The Courthouse Site: The Glass from Areas TB and TC Natalya K atsnelson1

Eight hundred and twenty-four glass fragments were found in the course of excavations at the Courthouse Site in ‘Akko (Areas TB and TC). Only 71 diagnostic fragments were selected for discussion, presenting most of the vessel types found (Figs. 3.1–3.10). These vessels comprise chiefly tableware, unadorned or with various types of decoration, as well as cosmetic flasks, oil lamps and a few small objects. The remainder was mostly unidentifiable body fragments. No complete vessels were found, and often the fragments were too small for proper classification. The finds are divided into two prominent groups, according to production method and chronology: pre-blown vessels of the late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods, and blown vessels from the Early Roman to the late Byzantine periods. Fragments from both groups were found mixed and scattered throughout Areas TB (548 fragments) and TC (276 fragments). Only very few fragments may be assigned to a secure context of buildings. Much glass was found in fills and dumps with no stratigraphic significance. A few fragments, all found in Area TC, belong to the medieval period. Medieval glass found in Area TA was studied and published previously (see Gorin-Rosen 1997). Glass fragments were also found in the adjacent excavations in courthouse parking lot, conducted by Avshalom-Gorni (1999:17–21, Fig. 22). Traces of glass production activities, consisting of small chunks, wasters and deformed fragments of vessels, were registered in both Areas TB (L209, L215, L248, L250, L252, L256, L259) and TC (L304, L307, L317, L337, L339, L340, L341, L357, L404). The numerous ancient literary sources and the chemical analyses of sand from the plain of ‘Akko, as well as the abundance of glass artifacts from the region, testify that the northern coast of the Eastern Mediterranean was one of the most important centers of glass manufacture during the late Hellenistic–

Byzantine periods (see discussion, Brill 1988:266– 269, Israeli 2003:94, Jackson­-Tal 2004:11–13). Comparable rich glass corpora, combining pre-blown and blown vessels of a long chronological span, are known from several sites in Israel, including Caesarea (Israeli 2008; Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2015) and Jerusalem (Gorin-Rosen 2003; 2006), as well as Beirut (Jennings 2006).

Pre-Blown Vessels Core-Formed Vessels Two small fragments of core-formed vessels were found at the site. One is too small to enable a more precise discussion of shape or dating (Fig. 3.1:1). The other is a small knob-base of brown transparent glass (Area TB, L266; not illustrated), which belongs to the latest class of core-formed vessels, occurring in the Eastern Mediterranean from the first century BCE to the beginning of the first century CE. Among a few parallels from Syro-Palestine is an almost complete amphoriskos, possibly deposited as an heirloom, from a mid–late firstcentury CE tomb near Kibbutz Mishmar Ha-‘Emeq in the Jezreel Valley (see discussion and further references therein, Jackson-Tal 2004:13–16; Israeli and Katsnelson 2015: Fig. 1). Other regional finds are less certain. They include a couple of small body fragments coming from a salvage excavation at ‘Akko (courtesy of Amani Abu Hamid and Rachel Pollak, A-4846/2006, A-5548/2008) and a Persian–Roman settlement near Mount Carmel (Burdajewicz 2009: Fig. 1:1), as well as the Herod’s Circus group at Caesarea, deposited not later than the first quarter of the first century CE (Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2015: Fig. 6.1). A few core-formed pieces, which have been recently published from Hasmonean and Herodian palatial complexes at Jericho and Cypros, are also worth mentioning (Jackson-Tal 2013a: Pl. 3.1:1; 2013b: Pl. 6.1:1).

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NATALYA KATSNELSON

1. Area TB, L518, B4121, Stratum 9. Uncertain shape, very small body fragment. Dark blue glass decorated with opaque white and yellow threads, dull, enamel-like dark weathering and sandy impurities on interior; pitted. Wall thickness: 2 mm. Cast Glass Vessels Cast bowls (Figs. 3.1:2–7, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5) constitute the most important assemblage at the site, representing almost all the common types of the monochrome castglass industry of the Eastern Mediterranean during the late second–first centuries BCE, as well as some examples of the early first century CE. All the vessels are monochrome except for one mosaic-glass bowl (Fig. 3.5:27). Natural colors or clear (decolorized) glass, pure or with slight shading, occur together with deep-colored glass such as cobaltblue, peacock-blue or emerald-green. The thickness of the glass also varies. The surface varies from dull and pitted, covered with layers of black and silver weathering and iridescent film, to almost unweathered. The shapes range from conical to hemispherical. Most of the bowls have wheel-cut or tooled decorations; very few are completely unadorned. The vessels often have prominent marks of tooling, indicative of various stages of their production process (regarding techniques, see Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994:47–48). The bowls are classified according to decoration and forms. Frequently, the proper reconstruction of a type was problematic, due to the small sizes of the fragments. Late Hellenistic Vessels Bowls with Interior Grooves Grooved monochrome bowls are characteristic of late Hellenistic finds throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, and especially in Syro-Palestine, where they were probably manufactured. They date chiefly from the late second– early first centuries BCE and are very well-published (for classification and comprehensive bibliography, see Grose 1979; Nenna 1993, 1999; Jackson-Tal 2004; Israeli 2014). Finds of this type are characteristic of almost every local site yielding Hellenistic or Herodian contexts. Tel Anafa in Upper Galilee (150–75 BCE), excavated in the late 1960s, is still the richest in the region in quantity and variety of material (Weinberg 1970; Grose 2012).

It can be compared only to Delos, an Aeagean site from the same period (125–69 BCE); both are considered to be probable areas of glass production in Hellenistic times (Nenna 1993; 1999). Cast bowls from different sites at Caesarea compose other important comparable groups revealed from the central coast (Israeli 2008:370–372; Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2015). Several additional rich groups have been published during the last two decades from the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem from late Hellenistic–Early Roman contexts, prior to 70 CE (Gorin-Rosen 2003, 2006; Israeli and Katsneslon 2006; Israeli 2014). Interesting groups of various types of cast bowls include the Samaritan site of Mount Gerizim (not later than 113/111 BCE; courtesy of Lev Arie Kapitaikin), Maresha (not later than 112/111 BCE; Jackson-Tal 2005) and Jaffa, in an Early Roman context (courtesy of Eti Brand). The vessels found in ‘Akko represent a group of deep conical (Fig. 3.1:2–7) and hemispherical (Fig. 3.2:8, 9) bowls with a convex base. All have rounded rims, ground and polished on both sides, sometimes up to the edge (No. 2). Their diameters range from 130 to 180 mm. The bowls are thick walled (3 to 9 mm) with interior horizontal wheel-cut grooves below massive, often irregularly finished rims. The rim and upper part of the wall are usually thicker than the lower part of the body. These characteristics, as well as rotary scratches on the interior and tooling marks on the exterior of the rim, support the assumption that the vessels were sagged on an inverted mold (see Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994:70). The conical shape is dominant (Nos. 2–7). The grooves are organized in bands of two, three or more and vary in depth and method of wheel cutting. Most of these bowls, except No. 7, came from unstratified contexts. Another small colorless fragment of such a bowl was found on Floor 341, where a coin dated c. 120 BCE was also discovered (see Chapter 10: No. 57). Close parallels to conical-shaped bowl Nos. 2, 6 and 7 were found at the Citadel in Jerusalem in a context dating no later 100 BCE (Johns 1950:139, Fig. 10: a). Hemispherical bowl No. 8, distinguished by very thick walls and a single groove beneath the slightly incurving rim, has a counterpart at Ashdod, well-dated to not earlier than the mid-second century BCE (Barag 1971:202, Fig. 105:1).

CHAPTER 3: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: THE GLASS FROM AREAS TB AND TC

67

1

2

3

4

5 6

7 0

4

Fig. 3.1. (1) Core formed vessel; (2–7) late Hellenistic cast vessels.

It is notable that these two main forms of the grooved cast bowls, both conical and hemispherical, occur in Jerusalem simultaneously up to the last third of the first century BCE (see discussion, Israeli 2014:290).

deep horizontal grooves 5 mm below the rim. Rotary scratches on the interior and horizontal tool marks on the exterior of the rim. Greenish glass, dull, silver patches of weathering, iridescent film. Rim diameter: c. 150 mm.

2. Area TC, L323, B5225, Surface. Grooved conical bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Pointed rim, polished on both sides. Band of two

3. Area TB, L240, B3311, Stratum 5. Grooved conical bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Tapered rim, polished on both sides. Band of two

68

NATALYA KATSNELSON

horizontal, unevenly cut grooves 5 mm below the rim. Pale greenish glass, dull, patches of blackish-silver weathering, iridescent film, severe pitting. Rim diameter: 180 mm. 4. Area TB, L275, B3464, Stratum 6. Grooved conical bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Rim, ground on the edge. Band of three horizontal grooves 5 mm below the rim (very deep and wide groove flanked by two thin shallow bands). Rotary scratches on the interior. Colorless glass with greenish tinge, dull, blackish and silver weathering, iridescence. Rim diameter: c. 180 mm. 5. Area TB, L248, B3445, Robbers’ Pit. Grooved conical bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Rim, ground on the edge. Wall slightly concave on the interior of the rim. Band of three horizontal shallow grooves 6 mm below the rim. Rotary scratches on the interior. Color uncertain, silver patches of weathering, iridescence, pitted. Rim diameter: c. 130 mm. 6. Area TB, L254, B3491, Stratum 4. Grooved conical bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Rim, polished on both sides. Band of three

groups of two horizontal shallow grooves on the on the interior, starting 9 mm below the rim (5 mm apart). Rotary scratches on the interior. Colorless glass with greenish tinge, silver and blackish weathering, iridescence, severely pitted. Rim diameter: c. 120 mm. 7. Area TB, L506, B3980, Stratum 8. Grooved conical bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Rim, ground on the edge. Wall, slightly concave outside on the rim. Band of two horizontal grooves 6 mm below the rim and two horizontal grooves lower down, 6 mm apart. Rotary scratches on the interior and fire polishing on the exterior. Partly bluegreenish, partly yellow-greenish glass, silver blackish weathering, iridescent film. Rim diameter: 160 mm. 8. Area TC, L324, B5313, Stratum 5. Grooved hemispherical bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Rim, ground on the edge. Deep, 4 mm wide horizontal groove 5 mm below the rim. Rotary scratches on the interior and fire polishing on the exterior. Yellowish-green glass, patches of silver weathering, iridescent film. Rim diameter: 170–180 mm.

8

9

0

4

Fig. 3.2. Late Hellenistic cast bowls.

CHAPTER 3: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: THE GLASS FROM AREAS TB AND TC

Fragment No. 9 is a convex base, flattened in the center, probably belonging to a hemispherical bowl. It has three pronounced exterior grooves cut around the center of the underside. The type is rare. A shallow hemispherical bowl of olive-green glass from the Wolf Collection (the Württembergisches Landesmuseum, Stuttgart) has a very similar base (Stern and SchlickNolte 1994:290, No. 82), as does a deep bowl of light greenish glass from the Toledo Museum of Art collection (Grose 1989:206, No. 219). More common are plain bases or bases with small concentric incisions or shallow grooves around the center of the bowl, mostly on the exterior, e.g., base fragments from Tel Anafa (Weinberg 1970:19, Fig. 3), as well as the mid-first-century BCE workshop’s refuse at Jerusalem (Israeli and Katsnelson 2006: Pls. 21.17 and 21.18:GL169, GL171). 9. Area TC, L342, B5619, Stratum 5. Grooved hemispherical bowl. Fragment of convex flattened bottom. On the exterior in the center, three deep, 5 mm wide, circular grooves cut in a band around the shallower central groove. Rotary scratches on the interior and fire polishing on the exterior. Light green glass, dull, small patches of iridescence, iridescent film on interior, pitted. Diameter of largest circle: 28 mm.

Decolorized Bowls This small group is characterized by colorless glass, with a slight olive or yellowish tinge, of very good quality (Fig. 3.3:10–12). The fragments belong to rather large bowls (diameter of rims 150–180 mm; thickness of wall 3 to 6 mm), either unadorned (No. 10) or bearing very few decorations. Bowl Nos. 11 and 12, in high quality glass, with very clear transparency, stepped rims and a single delicate interior groove—probably imitating the rims of silver luxury vessels—resemble the colorless examples of the Canosa groups from Italy (Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994:246–250, Nos. 63–65), but the fragments are too small for conclusive identification.2 Bowl No. 11 was found together with coins dated from 200 to 125 BCE (see Chapter 10: Nos. 55, 78), while fragment No. 12 came from a sealed deposit together with the civic coins of ‘Akko-Ptolemais dated to 169– 164 BCE or later (see Chapter 10: Nos. 43, 70). Three shallow cast bowls, of similar fine colorless glass (see Chapter 6: Fig. 6.1:3–5), were found in the Hospitaller Compound and are hypothesized as being good-quality regional products (see Chapter 6:116). 10. Area TC, L353, B5730, Stratum 6. Bowl, probably deep. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Rim, ground on the edge, polished on both sides.

10

11

12

0

69

4

Fig. 3.3. Late Hellenistic cast bowls.

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NATALYA KATSNELSON

Colorless glass, bubbly, iridescence and pitting. Rim diameter: 180 mm. 11. Area TC, L346, B5835 Stratum 5. Bowl, probably hemispherical. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Slightly incurving rim, ground and polished to form a triangular edge, profiled on the interior by a delicate horizontal groove. Rotary polishing on both sides. Colorless glass, tiny round bubbles, small patches of silver weathering. Rim diameter: c. 170 mm. 12. Area TC, L435, B6275, Stratum 7. Bowl, probably hemispherical. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Triangular rim, formed by deep grinding just below the ridge. Rotary polishing on both sides. Colorless glass, small round bubbles, small patches of silver-blackish weathering, pitted. Rim diameter: c. 170 mm. Late Hellenistic Bowls with Exterior Decoration Bowl Nos. 13–20 (Fig. 3.4) are examples of various luxury types, dated to the late Hellenistic period. Fragment No. 13 is a small rim and wall fragment of a large, probably footed bowl. Similar in shape, decoration and color are footed bowls from the Corning Museum collection, dated to the late third–first centuries BCE (Goldstein 1979:135, No. 279), and the Toledo Museum (Canosa group) dating from the mid– late third century BCE (Grose 1989:198, No. 183). An example with a similar rim, footed, was found in a woman’s tomb at Ascoli Satriano in Salapia, southern Italy, dated to the second half of the second century BCE (Mazzei 1991: Fig. 33:5). A similar vessel, said to be found in Syro-Palestine, is a part of the Moses collection (displayed in the Glass Pavilion of the EretzIsrael Museum, Tel Aviv). 13. Area TC, L313, B5150, Surface. Bowl, probably footed. Small fragment of rim and part of wall. Flaring rim, profiled on the interior by a deep and wide horizontal groove, finished near the edge with a cut ridge. Walls tapered down, apparently forming a deep hemispherical body. A band of three horizontal cut-in ridges decorates the exterior of the body 20 mm beneath the rim. Rotary polishing on both sides. Colorless glass with slight greenish-yellow tinge, dull, patches of silver-blackish weathering, iridescence, severely pitted. Rim diameter: 184 mm.

Vessel No. 14 is a rim and wall fragment of a large, colorless, hemispherical bowl with an upright rounded rim, decorated on the exterior with a pair of deep narrow horizontal grooves. The fragment was found together with coins dated to the third and second centuries BCE (see Chapter 10: Nos. 5, 84). A similarly decorated large hemispherical bowl, made of greenish glass, was found in a tomb at Ascoli Satriano, dated to the second half of the second century BCE (Mazzei 1991:191, Fig. 33:4). 14. Area TB, L282, B3932, Stratum 5. Hemispherical bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Rim, ground on the edge. On the exterior, 3 mm below the edge, a band of two horizontal grooves cut with a ridge in between. Rotary scratches or polishing on the interior. Colorless glass, strong enamel-like weathering, severely pitted. Rim diameter: c. 180 mm. Fragment No. 15 is the stem fragment of a footed base. Made of bright emerald-green glass, it is a short, broad cylindrical stem (diameter 2.7 cm), spreading out to a domed foot, with remains of a small pointed cavity in the center of the underside. It is probably part of a cast bowl like one the described above. However, such a shade of green is not typical of the Hellenistic era. The color and fabric are very similar to bowl No. 22 (see below, No. 22). 15. Area TB, L235, B3248, Mixed Layer. Footed bowl. Fragment of stem-base, foot and part of bottom. Massive, solid cylindrical stem spreading out to a domed foot and part of a convex bottom. Deep green (emerald) glass, broken in many places, silver iridescence. Stem diameter: 27 mm, Vessel No. 16 is a thick-walled, deep, probably ovoid bowl, characterized by a fine rim and grooved decoration and naturally colored yellowish-green glass with blue strikes. A large variety of deep ovoid bowls with similar exterior grooves cut in bands was recovered at Delos, dated to the late second–early first centuries BCE (Nenna 1999: Pls. 16:C112–C117; 17:C122, C124, C126). A deep bowl with similar external grooves below the rim was found in the Hospitaller Compound (see Chapter 6: Fig. 6.1:1) and a conical-shaped

CHAPTER 3: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: THE GLASS FROM AREAS TB AND TC

71

13

14

16

15

17

18

19

20 0

4

Fig. 3.4. Late Hellenistic cast bowls.

example was discovered in the excavations in the courthouse parking lot (Avshalom-Gorni 1999: Fig. 22:2). An additional specimen was recovered from Ashdod, Stratum 4, dated to the second century BCE (Barag 1971:203, Fig. 105:4). Several bowls bearing bands of fine external grooves were found at Beirut, unfortunately insecurely dated (Jennings 2006: Fig. 2.7).

16. Area TC, L311S, B5143, Stratum 6. Grooved bowl, probably ovoid. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Rim with tapered edge, polished on both sides. On the exterior a band of two horizontal grooves cut just below the rim; another shallow horizontal groove, or probably a band of grooves, starts 20 mm below (not illustrated). Rotary polishing on both sides. Yellowish-green with strikes of light bluish glass, dull, iridescent film, pitted. Rim diameter: 130 mm.

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Bowl No. 17, of richly colored dark aquamarine glass, has a delicate flaring rim with grooved decorations on the interior, and on the exterior beneath the rim. A fragment of a thin-walled bowl with a similar decorated flaring rim, classified as a fluted bowl, is mentioned at Sidi Khrebish, Bengazi (North Africa), and dated to the mid-second–early first centuries BCE (no color mentioned; Price 1985:290, Fig. 24.1:14). A small thick and grooved fragment of a deep aquamarine bowl, assigned to the Hellenistic–Early Roman periods, was found in a bathhouse at ‘Akko (Gorin-Rosen 2013:109, Fig. 1:1). 17. Area TC, L432, B6265, Stratum 7. Grooved bowl, probably hemispherical. Small fragment of rim and part of wall. Flaring rim. Band of two horizontal delicate grooves (ground in between) on the interior just below the edge (upper groove slightly wider) and beginning of two grooves 3 mm apart, 10 mm below the rim on the exterior. Rotary polishing on both sides. Aquamarine glass, film of iridescence, pitted. Rim diameter: c. 120 mm. No parallels were found for the two colorless bowls, Nos. 18 and 19, which have flaring rims and slanting walls. The fabric and quality of the ground decoration are very fine. 18. Area TC, L432, B6265, Stratum 7. Grooved bowl. Small fragment of rim and part of wall. Rim with two horizontal delicate grooves (ground in between) on the exterior just below the rim. Rotary polishing on both sides. Colorless glass, dull, small patches of iridescence, pitted. Rim diameter: c. 140 mm. 19. Area TB, L505, B4042, Stratum 8. Grooved bowl. Small fragment of rim and part of wall. Flaring rim, ground on the edge, two delicate horizontal grooves cut with ridges on the exterior just below the rim. Rotary scratches or polishing on the interior. Colorless glass, thick silver-blackish crust of weathering, iridescent film. Rim diameter: c. 140 mm. Shard No. 20 is a small rim fragment of a bowl with a cut vegetal design. The fragment was found together with remains of glass production waste. It has a

thickened, rounded, upright and slightly incurving rim and curving sides, probably of a hemispherical profile. Bowls of this type are usually deep and often have a rosette decoration on a convex or flattened bottom. A cut design of long petals, flanking a central vertical rib, extends to the edge of the bowl (only two petals are preserved in our example). This type of decoration is rather rare. The ‘Akko example is probably a simpler version of the well-known late Hellenistic bowls with short massive bosses between or above the petals, e.g., a vessel from the Antikythera shipwreck, dated to the very beginning of the first century BCE (Weinberg 1992:104, No. 61) and two other examples excavated in Anatolia, with no exact date (Lightfoot 1990: Figs. 1, 2). A few variations of the type, with or without bosses, were published by the French expedition at Delos (Nenna 1993:17–18, Fig. 9: a–d). A similar bowl of light yellowgreen glass was found in a Hellenistic–Roman context in the Unexplored Mansion site at Knossos (Price 1990:28, Fig. 1:8). Another, similarly designed bowl, with a flaring rim, is mentioned among finds from the House of Livia (Rome), and dated to the late Republic and early Augustan periods (Grose 1977:22, Fig. 5:1). Bowls decorated with a petal (vegetal) design are quite rare in Israel. A few so far known parallels include Maresha (third- and second-century BCE contexts), Nessana (first century BCE–first century CE), Jaffa (unstratified) and the Hasmonean and Herodian palaces at Jericho (see discussion and further references therein, Jackson-Tal 2013a:102, Pl. 3.1:3). Cut or engraved floral motifs characterize several bowl fragments that were found in the refuse of the glass workshop from Jerusalem, well-dated to the mid-first century BCE (Israeli and Katsnelson 2006: 422–423, Nos. GL187–GL191), as well as from Stratum 3, Area J in the Jewish Quarter, dated to the second half of the first century BCE (Israeli 2014: Pl. 11.2:G18). 20. Area TB, L518, B4136, Stratum 9. Bowl with cut floral design. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Slightly incurving rim, ground on the edge, profiled on the interior by a horizontal, groove 7 mm below the edge. Relief-cut petal or ‘lotus’ design extending up to the edge, engraved with a medial vertical line. Colorless glass with greenish tinge, dull, small round bubbles, silver iridescence on interior and exterior, pitted. Rim diameter: c. 160 mm.

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Late Hellenistic–Early Roman Vessels Brightly Colored Monochrome Vessels These two bowls (Fig. 3.5:21, 22), though related in shape and technique to the Hellenistic vessels discussed above, apparently belong to the Early Roman period. Although the deep, rich translucent materials characteristic of this group were available already in Hellenistic times, cast vessels in bright monochrome colors such as peacock blue (No. 21) and emerald green (No. 22) were new developments of the early Imperial period. They occurred in the last years of the first century BCE and predominantly in the first half of the first century CE throughout the Roman Empire, but chiefly in Italy (Grose 1989:254–256; 1991:1–2, 8–9). Published examples from excavations in Israel are scant, including single fragments from the Herod’s Circus deposit at Caesarea (Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2015:CG53, CG55). A few fragments of deep colored cast glass were found at Beirut, all dated to the first half of the first century CE and attributed to imports from Italy (Jennings 2006:51–52, Fig. 2.22). 21. Area TB, L510, B4091, Stratum 8. Small grooved bowl. Small fragment of rim and part of wall. Pointed rim. Two delicate horizontal grooves cut on the exterior 4 mm below the rim. Rotary polishing on both sides. Peacock blue glass, bubbly, no weathering. Rim diameter: c. 100 mm, very thin glass—less than 2 mm. 22. Area TB, L275, B3642, Stratum 6. Plain bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Upright triangular rim, polished on both sides. Near vertical sides. Emerald-green glass, small round bubbles, small patches of silver weathering, pitted. Rim diameter: 150 mm. Ribbed Monochrome Bowls Vessel Nos. 23 and 24 (Fig. 3.5) are fragments of ribbed bowls. Shallow or deep ribbed bowls with slightly concave or flattened bottoms were the most popular and wide-spread type joining late Hellenistic and early Imperial glass traditions. Starting below the rim, the ribs usually taper down the side toward the base, often with horizontal grooves added on the interior of the rim or on the exterior, below the rim (No. 23). The type, which originated in Syro-Palestine around the middle of the

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first century BCE, became extremely popular, but only kept its typical Hellenistic peculiarities up to the last decades of the first century BCE, almost disappearing by the beginning of the first century CE. In the late first century BCE the same type inspired a Roman version, ‘pillar-molded’ bowls, chiefly made in Italy and generally not produced after the seventies of the first century CE (isolated examples are known in Western Europe up to the beginning of the second century CE, see Grose 1979:161–163; Cool and Price 1995:16). It is not easy to distinguish the Hellenistic from the Roman types (see Stern and Schlick-Nolte 1994:308 for a full discussion). However, both bowl No. 23, with unevenly formed shallow irregular ribbing, and bowl No. 24, with a more regular and prominent ribbed pattern, are probably local Syro-Palestinian versions and can be dated to the late first century BCE–beginning of the first century CE. The closest parallels from the region are ribbed bowls found at Meiron (unstratified; Meyers, Strange and Meyers 1981: Pl. 9.9:6) and at Tell Qiri, in a context of the late first century BCE–early first century CE (Barag 1987: Fig. 6:5). Among general examples are several types found in the City of David in Jerusalem, in Early Roman Stratum 5 (Ariel 1990:150, Fig. 28:16–20). An interesting assemblage of versions of ribbed bowls has been found in Caesarea (Israeli 2008; Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2015:115–122), as well as Beirut (Jennings 2006:37–42). 23. Area TC, L343, B5760, Robbers’ Trench. Ribbed bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Pointed rim, polished on the exterior. One horizontal groove on the interior, 7 mm below the rim. On the exterior, rounded irregular ribs set slightly diagonally. Rotary scratches on the interior. Signs of tooling on the exterior below the rim. Greenish-blue glass, dull, silver and blackish patches of weathering, iridescent film, pitted. Rim diameter: 120 mm. 24. Area TC, L357, B5762, Robbers’ Trench. Ribbed hemispherical bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Pointed rim, polished on the exterior. On the exterior, prominent straight rounded ribs. Rotary scratches on the interior and rotary polishing on the exterior below the rim. Greenish-blue glass, blackishsilver enamel-like weathering on the exterior of the rim, iridescent film on the interior, pitted. Rim diameter: c. 120 mm.

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Linear-Cut Bowls Bowl Nos. 25 and 26 (Fig. 3.5), termed linear-cut vessels, are presumably of the same type as the abovedescribed ribbed bowls, with obvious similarity of shape, relatively thin walls (1.5 to 4 mm) and a concave base. Like the ribbed bowls, they occur in light bluishgreen, royal blue, purple and yellow and were common in the Eastern Mediterranean in the late first century BCE and the very beginning of the first century CE, but no later than the Augustan period (Grose 1979:63, No. 9, 10). A few linear-cut bowls similar to those found at ‘Akko were found at Tell Qiri, in a context of the Augustan period (Barag 1987: Fig. 6:1, 4). This subtype is also associated with Syro-Palestinian factories, but seems to have been less prominent in the region in comparison to grooved and ribbed bowls. The largest group so far known from Israel, mainly of yellow-brown glass, comes from a Herodʼs Circus context at Caesarea (Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2015:122–128). It is interesting to note that similar linear-cut bowls also form the most prominent cast group at Beirut, occurring there up to 60–70 CE alongside early blown glass (Jennings 2006:42–46). Hemispherical bowl No. 26 may be also of an earlier class (see discussion above, bowl No. 8). The vessel was found on the floor with a coin of Ptolemy IX or X (see Chapter 10: No. 64) and pottery dated to the late second–early first centuries BCE, including stamped amphora handles dated 120–119 and 105–85 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming). 25. Area TC, L368, B5884, Stratum 5. Grooved hemispherical bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Pointed rim, ground on the edge. Tooling marks on the exterior below the rim. Band of three horizontal interior grooves, one 5 mm below the rim, and two others, more prominent, 22 mm lower down. Rotary polishing on both sides. Deep blue glass, small bubbles, small patches of silver weathering, iridescent film. Rim diameter: 150 mm. 26. Area TC, L304, B5047, Stratum 5. Grooved hemispherical bowl. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Upright rim, ground on the edge. Band of two interior abraded horizontal lines 10 mm below the rim, 8 mm apart. Rotary polishing on both sides, fire polishing on the exterior. Greenish glass, bubbly, patches of blackish-silver weathering, iridescent film. Rim diameter: c. 130 mm.

Polychrome Mosaic-Glass Bowl Mosaic-glass vessels were an important part of the Hellenistic, and especially the Early Roman, luxuryglass industry. The single mosaic fragment found at the site belongs to the Early Roman group (Fig. 3.5:27). This rather large carinated bowl, made of short translucent and opaque floral canes, is probably a western version of early Imperial cast vessels, dated to the late first century BCE–early decades of the first century CE, and produced mainly in the western Mediterranean region (see discussion and further references therein, Cottam and Price 2009:190–192, Pl. 1:28), although some examples are known from Egypt and the Levant (Grose 1989:257; Meyer 1992:36, Pl. 13:311). Vessels made from polychrome mosaic canes are quite rare in Israel. A similar, smaller mosaic patella, made of blue, white and yellow canes, was found in Jerusalem, in Early Roman Stratum 5 of the City of David excavations (Ariel 1990:155–156, Fig. 29). Other parallels include a large ribbed purple bowl with opaque white spiral design, which was found in the Jewish Quarter, Jerusalem (Katsneslon 2011), a poorly preserved bowl or inlay found in a Hasmonean fill at Jericho (Jackson-Tal 2013a:101, Pl. 3.1:2, see further references to Kibbutz Ha-Gosherim, Masada and the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem therein) and a tiny mosaic fragment of unclear colors from the Herod’s Circus deposit at Caesarea (Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2015:111, n. 2). 27. Area TB, L236, B3239, Stratum 5. Mosaic-glass carinated bowl. Small fragment of rim and part of wall. Upright rim, ground on the edge. Main color of glass uncertain, canes of yellow, red and probably green. Blackish, enamel-like weathering, silver iridescence, severe pitting. Rim diameter: c. 150 mm. Monochrome Colorless Cast Vessel Fragment No. 28 (Fig. 3.5) probably belongs to the horizontal rim of a cast plate or tray. The closest parallel for grooved rim fragments of colorless glass vessels was found in the Roman colony of Augusta Raurica (Augst), dated to the first century CE (Rütti 1991: Pl. 40:837–839). Colorless ceramic-form glass vessels replaced, in general, polychrome mosaic and bright colored cast vessels soon after 70 CE, and are characteristic of the late first–early second centuries CE. However, their occurrence is rather rare in the

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21

22

23

24

25

26

28 27 0

4

Fig. 3.5. Late Hellenistic/Early Roman cast vessels.

West (Cool and Price 1995:14–15). The type was especially common in Egypt, found at sites such as Karanis and Quseir al-Qadim (for further references, see Meyer 1992:19–21). Variations of colorless cast bowls with horizontal rims are known in Syria at DuraEuropos (Clairmont 1963:19–24, Pl. 2:66–71, 76); some were found in Spain, probably imported from an Alexandrian workshop of the second century CE

(Alarcão and Alarcão 1965:168). Among the latest parallels a rim fragment of an oval bowl or a plate3 from a rich Early Roman glass assemblage at Fréjus (Var), south of France, is noteworthy (Cottam and Price 2009:199, Pl. 4:107). No exact parallels are known in Israel. However, this type of Early Roman cast bowl, decorated or unadorned, does occur, mostly in the Judean Desert

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sites in the late first–early second centuries CE (for futher references, see Jackson-Tal 2016:36–37).

glass, blackish and silver weathering, iridescence. Rim diameter: c. 120 mm.

28. Area TC, L311S, B5112, Stratum 6. Probably a plate or tray. Small fragment of rim. Horizontally splayed and tapering rim, polished on the edge. Band of three deep horizontal grooves (the middle one wider than the other two) on the upper side 7 mm from the rim. Rotary polishing on the interior. Colorless glass with light greenish tinge, dull, iridescent film, severely pitted. Rim diameter uncertain.

Beakers Linear wheel-cut decorations on various open and closed forms of vessels are very common in both the East and the West from the first to the second centuries CE: in North Africa, in Asia Minor, in Sardis, in Cyprus and in the western Roman Empire. Three fragments (Fig. 3.6:31–33) belong to various types of thin-walled beakers decorated with fine wheel-cut horizontal lines on the exterior, usually with a plain concave thickened base or pushed-in ringbase. The cut pattern is repetitive: very fine double or triple horizontal lines, occasionally in bands. All three beakers are colorless, very thin walled, and feature delicate cracked-off, and in two cases (Nos. 31, 32), unworked, rims. Beaker No. 31 has a rim curved upward and tapering walls. Similar beakers were found in the Machaerus Fortress on the east bank of the Dead Sea, dating no later than the year 68 CE (Loffreda 1980:401, Pl. 97:71–73). Beaker Nos. 32 and 33, with slightly flaring rims, have curving walls and probably sack-shaped bodies. Similar vessels with rounded sides and bands of linear-cut grooves were unearthed in the Burnt House in the Old City of Jerusalem, in Stratum 2 dated to the third quarter of the first century CE (Israeli 2010:224–225, Nos. G20–G23, with further references within), as well as at Caesarea, in fill deposited not later than 40 CE (Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2015: CG62– CG67). A greenish glass beaker similar to No. 33 was found at Cyrene in Libya in a first-century CE context (Oliver 1990:97, Fig. 2:107).

Blown Vessels Various types of blown vessels dating from the Early Roman period to the medieval period were found in Areas TB and TC. The vessels discussed below are classified in typological and chronological order. Early Roman Vessels Bowls Bowl Nos. 29 and 30 (Fig. 3.6) are two small fragments of bowls with crimped coil decorations at the rim, applied to both sides. They belong to small and medium-sized deep bowls, usually on a low tubular base-ring. A number of intact and complete versions of such bowls were excavated in the north, including at Horbat Castra, on the Carmel coast, in Early Roman tombs (Castra 1999:18, bottom). These bowls were widely distributed all over Israel, occurring in contexts of the late first–early second centuries CE (see full discussion and further references therein, Winter 2006:77–79, Fig. 1:14–16, including Baniyas, Capernaum, Bet She’an, Dor, Caesarea and the Judean Desert, as well as tombs or burial caves at Pella). 29. Area TB, L270, B3657, Stratum 2. Bowl with crimped trail. Fragment of rim. Flaring outfolded rim, applied crimped trail tapering at the edge. Bluish glass, many small round and elongated bubbles inside the fold, silver weathering, iridescence. Rim diameter: c. 160 mm. 30. Area TB, L250, B3688, Stratum 2. As No. 29. Very small fragment. Folded rim with small circular hollow and applied crimped trail. Greenish

31. Area TB, L240, B3460, Stratum 5. Beaker with cracked-off rim. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Flaring upcurved rim, unworked. Four horizontal cut lines on the upper part of the body, starting 18 mm below the rim. Colorless glass, bubbly, blackish and silver patches of weathering, iridescent film. Rim diameter: 110 mm. 32. Area TC, L302, Stratum 5. Beaker with cracked-off rim. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Slightly flaring rim, unworked. One horizontal cut line immediately below the rim and two others 40 mm lower down, on the middle of the body.

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29

30

31

32

33

34 0

4

Fig. 3.6. Early Roman blown vessels.

Colorless glass, patches of silver and black weathering, pitted. Rim diameter: 100 mm. 33. Area TB, L353, B5694, Stratum 6. Beaker with cracked-off rim. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Slightly flaring rim, unworked. Wall tapers upward. Two broad horizontal cut lines 18 mm below the rim. Marks of wheel polishing below the rim. Colorless glass with greenish tinge, iridescent film. Rim diameter: 60 mm. A Bottle This fragment (Fig. 3.6:34) belongs to a rather thickwalled bottle with an infolded, flattened and slightly smoothed-down rim. Such bottles vary greatly in form and in the thickness of the glass. They were common throughout the Roman Empire and especially dominant in the second century CE. A globular, thick-walled (3 mm) bottle with a very similar rim was found in Syria near Damascus in a Roman tomb (Tomb B; Al-Maqdissi 1987:281, Fig. 4). Versions of this type of the rim dated to late first century CE were found in the Burnt House in Jerusalem (Israeli

2010:225–226, Nos. G40–G42, see further references therein), as well as at Quseir al-Qadim, assigned mainly to the second century CE (Meyer 1992: Pl. 9:176–189). 34. Area TB, L235, B3224, Mixed Layer. Bottle. Fragment of rim and part of neck. Infolded, flaring flattened rim. Cylindrical neck. Bluish-green glass, patches of silver and blackish weathering, iridescent film, pitted. Rim diameter: 34 mm. Late Roman Vessels Fragments of this period (Figs. 3.7, 3.8) are presented mainly by bowls and beakers. Their well-known Galilean types occur in many local sites dated from the late third to the early fifth centuries CE, including other regions in Israel. Fragment Nos. 38, 42, 45 and 46 belong to some of the most diagnostic vessels of the fourth century CE. Large quantities of similar items were unearthed from the late fourth-century CE glass factory dump at Jalame (Weinberg and Goldstein 1988). However, they could probably have been made

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in a local workshop near the site, as are the fourthcentury CE glass vessels excavated at Horbat ‛Uza (Gorin-Rosen 2009:98). Bowls These are variations of bowls with folded or rounded rims (Fig. 3.7). Deep or shallow, they are made of greenish and bluish glass and usually have a pushedin ring-base (e.g., No. 44). Bowls were the dominant shape among glass assemblages from the Late Roman Galilee. Among various published sites, the richest in similar shapes are the third–mid-fourth-century CE tomb at Hanita, the second half of the fourth-century CE glass factory at Jalame and the fourth-century CE examples from H. ‘Uza (see discussion and further references therein, Gorin-Rosen 2009:79–88). Bowl Nos. 35–41 are fragments of various types of bowls with folded rims. Fragment Nos. 35 and 36 are of deep and shallow bowls with a common type of out-folded flaring rim. Bowl Nos. 37–41 are characterized by collar-like rims, thickened or folded at the edge. Bowl No. 38 has a single broad fold clamped to the wall, drawn almost to the bottom of the vessel. The rims of Nos. 39 and 40 are double-folded, forming two or more (No. 40) hollows. Rim No. 41 is horizontally folded, tooled outward from the wall. This fragment was discovered with a coin dated to 383–392 CE (see Chapter 10: No. 131). All these variations were found at Jalame (see for references, Weinberg and Goldstein 1988: Figs. 4–8 [for our Nos. 37, 39, 40]; 4-14 [for our No. 41], and bowls with broad collars [for our No. 38]), and were also probably produced there (Weinberg and Goldstein 1988:47–48, 56, Fig. 4-7). They appear frequently, chiefly in the Galilee (see discussion and further references therein, Gorin-Rosen 2009:82–83, Fig. 2.50:12). Important parallels from other regions in Israel include the site at Khirbat el-Ni‘ana in the south of Lod, where a glassmaking center contemporary with the factory at Jalame was probably operating during the fourth–early fifth centuries CE (Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2007: Fig. 2). Bowl No. 42 features a rounded rim with a horizontal ridge tooled out below it. Common to these vessels are marks of exterior wheel polishing beneath the rim and above the ridge. Bowls of this type are usually shallow, with a tubular base-ring. More

than 200 similar fragments, which were unearthed in the factory dump at Jalame, indicate its local manufacture. Excavations of the two last decades have clarified how popular these vessels were in the Galilee and continued to be used during the fifth century CE (see discussion and further references therein, Gorin-Rosen 2009:83, Fig. 2.51). Parallels from Kh. el-Ni‘ana confirm such a late date (GorinRosen and Katsnelson 2007: Fig. 1:6–9). Bowl No. 43 is another, probably later, version of the bowl-type with a folded-collar rim. The rim is decorated with horizontal, marvered-in trails in dark red, almost brown. Trailed decoration first appeared in a fourth–fifthcentury CE context. Several bowls with trails in greenish-blue (not marvered-in) beneath rounded rims are mentioned at Jalame (Weinberg and Goldstein 1988:55–56, Fig. 4–17). Many versions of similar bowls with rounded rims, with blue and turquoise trails, dated to the fourth–fifth centuries CE, were found at Kh. elNi‘ana (Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2007: Fig. 5). The infolded type of bowl No. 43, its fabric and the color of its trails support the later dating, of the Byzantine period. However, no exact parallel has been found. 35. Area TB, L256, B3517, Stratum 4. Bowl with out-folded rim. Probably deep. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Flaring outfolded rim. Greenishblue glass, small, elongated bubbles, iridescence. Rim diameter: 220 mm. 36. Area TB, L203, B3864, Robbers’ Trench. Shallow bowl with infolded rim. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Flaring rim folded inward with a large hollow. Greenish glass, patches of silver weathering, iridescence, severely pitted. Rim diameter: 260 mm. 37. Area TB, L270, B3657, Stratum 2. Bowl with folded collar-rim. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Incurving rim, folded outward and then back to a curving wall, forming a ridge. Bluish glass, small round and elongated diagonal bubbles on the upper part of rim, iridescence. Rim diameter: 160 mm. 38. Area TB, L309, B5057, Stratum 2. Shallow bowl with folded collar-rim. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Incurving rim, folded outward, forming one long (6 mm) flat hollow in the upper fold

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and one narrow (3mm) hollow in the lower fold, which turns upward. Bluish-green glass, silver weathering, iridescent film. Rim diameter: c. 260 mm.

39. Area TB, L270, B3657, Stratum 2. Bowl with double-folded collar-rim. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Out-splayed rim, folded out, down and

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44 0

79

4

Fig. 3.7. Late Roman blown vessels.

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up with two hollows. Bluish-green glass, small round bubbles, silver weathering on interior. Rim diameter: 180 mm. 40. Area TB, L227, B3180, Surface. Bowl with double-folded collar-rim. Fragment of rim and the very beginning of wall. Outsplayed rim, folded outward and then back to wall, forming two flat hollows on the top and a small tubular flange on the exterior of the rim. Bluish-green glass, silver weathering, iridescent film, pitted. Rim diameter: c. 200 mm. 41. Area TB, L238, B3332, Stratum 4. Bowl with tooled-out fold. Fragment of rim and part of wall, mended outsplayed rim, with fold tooled-out 11 mm below the rim. Bluish green glass, silver and brownish weathering, pitted. Rim diameter: 130 mm. 42. Area TB, L215, B3122, Robbers’ Trench. Large bowl with horizontal rib. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Flaring rounded rim, with shallow horizontal rib 10 mm below the rim, with concavity inside. Rotary-polishing on the exterior below the rim. Greenish-blue glass, small round bubbles, silver weathering, iridescence. Rim diameter: c. 280 mm. 43. Area TC, L353, B5670, Stratum 6. Bowl with trailed, folded collar-rim. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Incurving rim, folded outward and then back to a convex wall. Long flat hollow in the upper fold, none in the lower, which turns inward. Marvered-in trail, wound six times around the rim. Bluish-green glass with dark red trails, iridescence, pitted. Rim diameter: 170 mm. 44. Area TB, L245, B3383, Stratum 6. Bowl. Base fragment. Pushed-in hollow base-ring, flaring outward. Greenish-blue glass, small round and elongated diagonal bubbles, silver weathering, iridescent film. Base diameter: 90 mm. Beakers Conical beakers with cut-off rims and applied blue blobs on the body are another very common type of the fourth century CE (Fig. 3.8:45, 46). The variety of the vessels, their function and their distribution have been fully discussed by Weinberg. Many were found at the Jalame factory, together

with their typical production leftovers (Weinberg and Goldstein 1988:87–91, Fig. 4-46). Published finds in the region are few, but include vessels from the hot baths at Hammat Gader, excavated in the main pool of Area TB (Cohen 1997:408, Pl. 3:6), and several fragments that were retrieved from Stratum 8 at H.‘Uza, dated to 340–410 CE (Gorin-Rosen 2009:90, Fig. 2.53:10–13, see further references therein). 45. Area TC, L361, B5709, Disturbed. Conical beaker. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Rim slightly flaring, cut-off and polished. Wide (6 mm) horizontal groove on exterior 5 mm below the rim. Walls decorated with six small round and oval blobs in a grape-cluster pattern. Rotary polishing on the exterior below the rim. Greenish glass, cobalt blue blobs, small round and elongated bubbles around the rim, small blackish patches of weathering, iridescence. Rim diameter: 145 mm. Beakers or cups with a solid base, like No. 46, have a very wide distribution throughout Israel and particularly in the Galilee. The beakers usually have rounded rims and straight walls, curving under toward a solid, probably applied, base. A horizontal trail around the upper part of the body is common. The main characteristic of these vessels is the contrast between the thin walls and the massive, easily recognizable bases. Another such base was found during the excavations in the courthouse parking lot (Avshalom-Gorni 1999: Fig. 22:4). Examples of the type are retrieved from almost every excavation that has a fourth-century CE context and are good dating material (see discussion and further references therein to Jalame and other Galilean sites, Gorin-Rosen 2009:88–89, Fig. 2.53:1–9). 46. Area TB, L215, B3184, Robbers’ Trench. Beaker with solid base. Base and part of wall. Solid base with concave floor and flat bottom, beginning of upcurving, straight sides. Pontil circle mark. Greenish glass, silver patches of weathering, iridescence. Base diameter: 44 mm; diameter of pontil mark: 11 mm. Miscellaneous Vessels Vessel No. 47 (Fig. 3.8) is a flask or bowl, with a ‘toed’ base. A few parallels from the region occur in the courthouse parking lot site (Avshalom-Gorni 1999: Fig. 22:3), in a surface level at Jalame and in the third–early fourth-century CE burial at Nahariyya (see

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discussion and further references therein, Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2007:108, Fig. 15:3). 47. Area TB, L275, B3316, Stratum 6. Bottle or bowl. Fragment of base and part of wall. Thickened convex toed base (five toes on the fragment, two of them broken), drawn out from the bottom. Tapering walls. Greenish-blue glass, blackish enamellike weathering. Base diameter: c. 60 mm. Number 48 is a solid-footed base, probably of a jug or a footed bowl. The type is common in Israel, especially in the Galilee, and has been found in fourth– fifth-century CE contexts, for example at H. ‘Uza

(see discussion and further references therein GorinRosen 2009:88, Fig. 2.52:14, 15). A very similar base, dated to the fifth–sixth centuries CE, was found in the Shave Ẓiyyon church excavations (Barag 1967:68, Fig. 16:18). 48. Area TB, L205, B3029, Stratum 5. Jug, bowl or beaker. Footed base and part of bottom. Flattened bottom, short solid cylindrical stem spreading out to a concave circular base with uneven edges. Pronounced tooling-marks. Prominent pontil scar with traces of glass from the pontil. Greenish-blue glass, small round and oval bubbles on the base, silver patches of weathering, iridescent film. Base diameter: 50 mm.

45

47

46

49

50

48

51

52 0

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Fig. 3.8. Late Roman blown vessels.

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Bottles Fragment No. 49 (Fig. 3.8) belongs to a bottle or a juglet. The type usually has a piriform body, a pushedin tubular base and a rounded handle. Juglets with a funnel-shaped mouth and a single trail beneath a rounded rim are typical of the fourth–fifth-century CE Galilee, and many fragments were found at Jalame (see discussion and further references therein, Gorin-Rosen 2009:92, Fig. 2.54:3–6). Close parallels are provided by the third–early fifth-century CE tomb group from Zippori (Israeli 2005). 49. Area TC, L343, B5650, Robbers’ Trench. Juglet(?). Fragment of rim, mouth and neck. Funnelshaped mouth with rounded rim. Cylindrical neck. Applied uneven horizontal trail of turquoise glass beneath rim. Greenish glass, silver weathering, iridescence. Rim diameter: 40 mm. Shard Nos. 50–52 (Fig. 3.8) are fragments of moldblown bottles. Mold-blown ribbing decoration was very popular in the Late Roman period both in the East and in the West. Vessels with similar decoration, dated to the late fourth–fifth centuries CE, were discovered at Jalame in the factory dump, and in other tomb groups in Israel such as at Hanita, Nahariyya and elBassa, assigned to the second half of the fourth century CE (Weinberg and Goldstein 1988:79–80, Fig. 4-38, see further references therein). Base No. 51, with high-quality shallow but very distinctive ribbing, has no exact parallels. This fragment belongs to a rather thick-walled bottle, probably with a piriform body and flattened base, but the fragment is too small to be conclusive. A comparable base of a possibly cylindrical mold-blown jug/bottle was found at the fourth–seventh-century CE Horbat Raqit settlement, on the Carmel (Jacobson 2004: Pl. X:7). Variations of differently shaped vessels, mainly flasks, with spiral-ribbing similar to No. 50, were found in fourth–fifth-century CE tomb-groups in the Galilee, e.g., a flask found in Cave 3 at Kisra (Stern 1997: Fig. 7), and others from Tirat Ha-Carmel (JacksonTal and Katsnelson, in prep.), and the H. Castra tombs (unpublished, courtesy of Ze’ev Yeivin and Gerald Finkielsztejn), including a base from Raqit (Jacobson 2004: Pl. X:6) and a medium-sized bottle from H. ‘Uza (Gorin-Rosen 2009: Fig. 2.55:2). The tradition continued into the Byzantine period, e.g., a fragment of a similar bottle, mentioned in the fifth–seventh-century CE

church at Shave Ziyyon (Barag 1967: Fig. 16:6), and a neck-fragment from the Byzantine city wall at Caesarea (Peleg and Reich 1992: Fig. 18:6). However, Byzantine mold-blown patterns usually underwent re-blowing and are not as distinct as the patterns on the ‘Akko fragments. Shard No. 52 is a base fragment of another moldblown bottle, made of light purple glass. The design of a mold-blown rosette on the underside, made in a sunken outline, has no exact parallels. 50. Area TB, L224, B3127, Stratum 5. Bottle. Small neck fragment. Mold-blown pattern of closely set diagonal ribs in high relief and an applied horizontal thread in the same color. Greenish glass, silver weathering, iridescent film. 51. Area TB, L309, B5034, Stratum 2. Bottle(?). Small fragment of wall and base. Upcurving sides. Mold-blown broad, prominent vertical ribbing, extending from the bottom. Greenish glass, iridescent film, pitted. Base diameter: c. 60 mm. 52. Area TC, L309, B5057, Stratum 2. Small bottle. Fragment of base. Concave bottom with mold-blown pattern of rosette with radial lines (or leaves) and small round depressions between them. Pontil scar. Light purple glass, elongated and round small bubbles, iridescent film. Base diameter: c. 30 mm. Byzantine/Early Islamic Vessels Suspended Bowl-Shaped Oil-Lamps and Wineglasses This group represents the two most persistent and long-lived local types: suspended bowl-lamps and wineglasses (Fig. 3.9:53–60). Suspended bowl-lamps were most common in Israel during the Byzantine period (Barag 1970:184–185, Pl. 40:12–14), including in the Jordan Valley (Dussart 1998:82–85, Pls. 14:18–27; 15:1–5), especially in the fifth and sixth centuries CE, continuing however up to Umayyad and post-Umayyad times (Meyer 1989: Fig. 1; Hadad 1998; Winter 2011:350–352). The examples from ‘Akko seem to be dated to the late Byzantine–Umayyad periods. They show two main subtypes: (1) bowl-lamps with suspension handles and (2) stemmed bowl-lamps. Lamp Nos. 53 and 54 present the variations of deep bowl-lamps with outfolded rims and three handles (for references, see Hadad 2005:28–29, Pl. 22:413–423).

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53. Area TB, L202, B3025, Stratum 4. Handled bowl-lamp with folded rim. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Straight outfolded rim with long flat hollow in the upper part. Remains of a handle on the edge of the rim. Greenish glass, milky and silver weathering, iridescence. Rim diameter: 130 mm. 54. Area TB, L257, B3521, Stratum 4. Handled bowl-lamp with folded rim. Fragment of rim and part of wall. Straight outfolded broad rim with long

hollow in the upper fold, edge turned outward. Slightly tapering sides. Remains of a handle on the edge of the rim. Greenish glass, patches of white and silver weathering, iridescence. Rim diameter: 110 mm. Vessel No. 55 is another type of Byzantine bowllamp, with a rounded rim and a stem (for a complete shape, but with a hollow stem, see Gorin-Rosen and Katsnelson 2007: Fig. 22:6).

53 54

55

56

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Fig. 3.9. Byzantine/Early Islamic blown vessels.

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55. Area TB, L201, B3006, Stratum 4. Stemmed bowl-lamp. Fragment of rim and part of restored wall. Upright rounded rim. Tapering sides. Colorless glass with greenish-blue tinge, small round and elongated bubbles on the rim and lower down, blackish and silver patches of weathering, iridescence with glass decay. Rim diameter: 110 mm. Fragment Nos. 56 and 57 are solid, partly beaded, stems of bowl-lamps. Such solid beaded stems are usually diagnostic of a late context. They were attached to the bottom of a cup-shaped lamp with a rounded rim, like fragment No. 53 discussed above, and set in a single peg or in a polycandelon. They are found chiefly in late Byzantine–Umayyad contexts, e.g., at Kursi (Barag 1983:37, Fig. 9:10) and Bet She’an (Hadad 2005:68, Fig. 2:16, 27). Many fragments are known from Jordan, especially at Jerash, where they are found mainly in Umayyad, late seventh–early eighth-century loci (Meyer 1988:212–213, Fig. 13: A–C). The type is probably a later version of hollow-stemmed lamps, which were more abundant in the Byzantine period. However, both types may have occurred at the same time during the Byzantine and Umayyad periods (Barag 1967: Fig. 16:24, 25; Tzaferis 1982: Fig. 12:1, 2; Jacobson 1999: Fig. 2:15, 16; Winter 2011: Fig. 12, 2:30-31). 56. Area TC, L353, B5670, Stratum 6. Stemmed bowl-lamp. Fragment of stem and part of bottom. Solid beaded cylindrical stem, end of stem missing. Convex bottom. Greenish-blue glass, large oval bubble in the stem and in the base, silver patches of weathering, iridescence. Stem height: c. 58 mm, stem diameter: 16 mm. 57. Area TC, L353, B5670, Stratum 6. Stemmed bowl-lamp. Fragment of stem. Solid, beaded cylindrical stem. End unevenly cut by pontil. Greenishblue glass, iridescence. Stem height: c. 66 mm, stem diameter: 16 mm. Vessel Nos. 58–60 are wineglasses with short solid stems or hollow stems and pushed-in bases. This type of vessel may also have been used as a footed oil-lamp. Although wineglasses with both types of bases occurred from the sixth century CE onward, parallels with the solid stems are cited mostly from Umayyad-period contexts (see full discussion and

further references therein, Winter 2011:346, Fig. 12.1:4–9). The stemmed bases found at ‘Akko show distinctive marks of tooling, which are typical of the wineglasses of the seventh–early eighth centuries CE (see discussion, Katsnelson 2014:33*, Fig. 6:4, 5). 58. Area TC, L357, B5719, Robbers’ Trench. Wineglass. Footed base and part of bottom. Part of base missing. Flattened bottom with marks of tooling on the exterior surrounding the top of the stem. Solid cylindrical stem spreading to circular concave base with irregular edge. Pontil mark. Greenish glass, small round and elongated bubbles on the base, patches of iridescence, scratches. Base diameter: 44–48 mm. 59. Area TB, L235, B3229, Mixed Layer. Wineglass. Fragment of footed base and part of bottom. Convex bottom with concavity in the center. Short, globular, twisted solid stem, wide spreading high base with tubular edge, folded inward. Pontil scar on the bottom. Yellowish-green glass, iridescent film. Base diameter: 46 mm. 60. Area TB, L202, B3025, Stratum 4. Wineglass. Fragment of footed base. Short, cylindrical, twisted hollow stem, wide spreading base with uneven tubular edge. Marks of tooling on the interior of the bottom. Colorless glass, brownish enamel-like weathering, iridescence, pitted. Base diameter: 58 mm. Bottles Fragment Nos. 61 and 62 (Fig. 3.9) represent two very common types of bottles with an upright infolded or rounded rim, found abundantly at Byzantine sites in Syro-Palestine, for example at H. Raqit (Jacobson 2004: Pl. IX:3, 4, 6, 8). They continued to occur in the Umayyad period (Hadad 2005: Pls. 7, 8). 61. Area TB, L202, B3008, Stratum 4. Bottle. Fragment of rim and part of neck. Upright infolded rim. Cylindrical neck. Bluish glass, bubbly in the fold, iridescence. Rim diameter: 40 mm. 62. Area TC, L309, B5034, Stratum 2. Bottle. Fragment of rim and part of neck. Upright, rounded, uneven rim, funnel neck, wheel-polishing beneath the rim and on the neck. Greenish glass, silver patches of weathering, iridescence. Rim diameter: 70 mm.

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Early Medieval Vessels Early medieval vessels were scarce (Fig. 3.10:63–65). A reconstruction of the complete shape of fragment No. 63 is problematic. It belongs to a vessel with rather delicate walls and could either be a broadnecked bottle, a beaker or a jar. It is very similar to a few vessels from Area TA that have been dated to the thirteenth century CE (see Gorin-Rosen 1997:80, Fig. 1:5, 6, for a full discussion). Many fragments of vessels of this type were also found in the Hospitaller Compound and the Knights’ Hotel sites at ‘Akko (Gorin-Rosen, forthcoming a, b). 63. Area TC, L353, B5694, Stratum 6. Bottle(?). Fragment of rim and part of neck. Rounded thickened rim, flaring almost horizontally, wheelpolished on the exterior. Pale greenish glass, silver weathering, iridescence. Rim diameter: 90 mm. Fragment No. 64 is typical of medieval glass. Similar delicate beakers with trailed bases were found at Quseir al-Qadim, dated to the late twelfth–early fourteenth centuries CE (Meyer 1992:80, Pl. 16:412–421). The type appears in various Crusader contexts at ‘Akko (Gorin-Rosen, forthcoming. a, b). 64. Area TC, L353, B5694, Stratum 6. Beaker. Fragment of base and part of wall. Cylindrical body. Base flattened and thickened, surrounded by an

63

66

applied trail. Greenish glass, dark-green trail, silver weathering, iridescent film. Base diameter: 40 mm. Probable reconstructions of No. 65 are variations of zoomorphic vessels, possibly fish-shaped, made in Egypt, Syria and Iraq, and usually dated to the Late Islamic period (Lamm 1929–1930: Pl. 25:10, 12). 65. Area TC, L325, B5335, Mixed Layer. Zoomorphic vessel. Part of a thick-walled glass convex application, probably a fish-head, and remains of a thin-walled body. Pinched out ‘nose’ and fragment of applied frilled trail. Colorless glass, dark blue trail, blackish weathering, iridescent film, patches of glue(?) on the interior, pitted. Length: 40 mm.

Small objects A small group combining a few inlays, a pendant, a stirring-rod and a bracelet was found at the site (Fig. 3.10:66–71). Molded glass drops Nos. 66–68 are inlays, game pieces or toys. A similar oval inlay of light bluish-green glass dated to the Hellenistic–Early Roman periods was found in a bathhouse at ‘Akko (Gorin-Rosen 2013:109, Fig. 1:2, see discussion and further references therein). Specimen No. 66, as well as another similar piece (not illustrated), was recovered from the floor of a frescoed room that was assigned by the excavator to the mid–late second century BCE (L297; see Chapter 2).

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67

68

65

69 70 0

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Fig. 3.10. Early medieval glass vessels (Nos. 63–65) and small objects (Nos. 66–71).

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Example No. 67 came from a context dated by pottery not later than the first century BCE (see Chapter 2). Three additional items (not illustrated) of colorless, blue and bluish-green glass were excavated in Areas TB (L225) and TC (L303, L321). 66. Area TB, L297, B3746, Stratum 7. Inlay or game piece, oval plano-convex. Pale green glass, white-brownish enamel-like weathering, iridescence. Diameter: 14 mm, height: 7 mm. 67. Area TB, L230, B3207, Stratum 6. Inlay or game piece, circular plano-convex. Bluishgreen glass, silver patches and iridescence, pitted. Diameter: 16 mm, height: 5 mm. 68. Area TC, L341, B5897, Stratum 6. Inlay or game piece, small circular plano-convex. Green-bluish glass, white weathering on the exterior and white enamel-like on the back, iridescence, pitted. Diameter: 8 mm, height: 3 mm. No exact parallels were found for pendant No. 69. Heartshaped pendants were quite common in the Hellenistic period. This example is unusually large and has a perforation in the middle, probably from secondary use. 69. Area TB, L276, B3680, Surface. Pendant or inlay. Heart-shaped. Plano-convex. Large round perforation in the middle. Greenish-blue glass, silver weathering, iridescence, pitted, chipped on the edges. Size: 26 × 22 mm. Fragment No. 70 is a part of a twisted rod, used for stirring cosmetics or liquids. The type continued to be a common functional implement from the Early Roman period onward (see discussion, Israeli 2010:228, No. G49), appearing also in the Umayyad period (Hadad 2005: Pl. 24:464–467). 70. Area TB, L205, B3060, Stratum 5. Stirring rod. Fragment. Circular in section, twisted. Bluish-green glass, silver weathering, iridescent film, chipped on one side. Diameter: 6 mm. Twisted bracelets, such as No. 71, are dated by Spaer in general as pre-Islamic (Spaer 1988:59, Fig. 2). Similar bracelets were found at Giv‘at Yasaf, dated to the Late Roman–Byzantine periods (Gorin-Rosen 1999:137,

Fig. 1:4–5), and in tombs at Tirat Ha-Carmel and Castra. 71. Area TB, L213, B3113, Stratum 4. Bracelet. Fragment. Circular in section, twisted. Greenish glass, silver weathering. Cross-section diameter: 5 mm.

Conclusions The vessels found in Areas TB and TC of the Courthouse Site, and especially the late Hellenistic assemblage, constitute one of several assemblages important to the understanding of glass production in the region. Although the stratigraphy of the site was analyzed and clearly delineated by the excavators, most of the diagnostic glass finds were found unrelated to clear archaeological contexts. The Hellenistic group, comprising plain and adorned cast bowls, and a few small objects, can be attributed to the period from the late second to the early first centuries BCE, the end of the Seleucid reign and the establishment of Hasmonean rule in the Land of Israel. Despite the relatively small number of identifiable fragments, their varied repertoire provides us with further opportunity to study the spectrum of local domestic and luxury ware in Hellenistic times. Several of the types (Nos. 10–19) retrieved at ‘Akko are very rare in this area, adding new perspectives regarding local, or possible imported, ware. A few fragments of production waste uncovered among the finds seem to be of Hellenistic origin (Area TB, L250, L256; Area TC, L357), possibly indicating that most of the group was produced in the vicinity of ‘Akko (see also Gorin-Rosen 1997 for a discussion). The Early Roman period at the site yielded both cast and blown vessels, chiefly typical local types, such as ribbed bowls and blown linear-cut beakers. The cast vessels also include several unique specimens of imported luxury vessels, including deeply tinted glass (Nos. 21, 22) and mosaic techniques (No. 27), apparently made in Italy or Egypt. The majority of the vessels from the Late Roman– Byzantine periods can be attributed to the late fourth or fifth to the early seventh centuries CE. They constitute a group typically found in burial complexes and religious buildings throughout the region. These later types feature typical shapes, decorated and unadorned, including bowls, beakers, bottles, oil lamps,

CHAPTER 3: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: THE GLASS FROM AREAS TB AND TC

wineglasses and small fragments of windowpanes. This group would also seem to be of local production; it includes many of the types represented at Jalame, and has many parallels discovered in the Galilee and elsewhere, at sites west of the Jordan. Medieval finds from Area TC were scarce; none were found in Area TB. The site at ‘Akko has yielded several types hitherto unknown in this region, thus adding new insights

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regarding local production in our region. Glass products of the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods are well-documented from the area, but those of the Late Roman­ –Byzantine periods are so far hardly published, and herein their significance. Thus, it is worth mentioning a late Byzantine glass workshop, which has been recently revealed at the Yehoshafat Street site in the city.4

Notes I thank the excavator Moshe Hartal for the opportunity to study the glass, the late Michael Miles who drew the pieces, and especially Yael Gorin-Rosen for her supervision and Miriam Weingarten for English styling. The basic research for this report was undertaken concurrently with the excavations and updated in 2015. 1

I am grateful to Dr. Marie-Dominique Nenna, who kindly looked through the material in 1997 and suggested this idea. 3 Found in Flavian or later levels. 4 My thanks to Yael Gorin-Rosen for providing me with this still unpublished information. 2

R eferences Alarcão J. and Alarcão A. 1965. Vidros romanos de Conimbriga. Coimbra. Al-Maqdissi M. 1987. Trois tombes de l’époque romaine à Mléha (région de Damas). Syria 64:280–282. Ariel D.T. 1990. Glass. In D.T. Ariel. Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh II: Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory, and Glass (Qedem 30). Jerusalem. Pp. 149–166. Avshalom-Gorni D. 1999. ‘Akko, the Courthouse Parking Lot. ESI 19:12*–14*. Barag D. 1967. The Glass. In M.W. Prausnitz. Excavations at Shavei Zion: The Early Christian Church. Rome. Pp. 65–70. Barag D. 1970. Glass Vessels of the Roman and Byzantine Period in Palestine. Ph.D. diss. The Hebrew University. Jerusalem (Hebrew; English summary, pp. I–VIII). Barag D. 1971. The Glass Vessels. In M. Dothan. Ashdod II–III: The Second and Third Seasons of Excavations 1963, 1965, Soundings in 1967 (‘Atiqot [ES] 9–10). Jerusalem. Pp. 202–205. Barag D. 1983. Glass Vessels. In V. Tzaferis. The Excavations of Kursi-Gergesa (‘Atiqot [ES] 16). Jerusalem. Pp. 37–38, 62–63. Barag D. 1987. The Glass. In A. Ben-Tor and Y. Portugali. Tell Qiri: A Village in the Jezreel Valley; Report of the

Archeological Excavations 1975–1977 (Qedem 24). Jerusalem. Pp. 34–36; 48–50. Brill R.H. 1988. Scientific Investigations of the Jalame Glass and Related Finds. In G.D. Weinberg ed. Excavations at Jalame: Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine. Columbia, Mo. Pp. 257–293. Burdajewicz M. 2009. The Glass Vessels. In A. Segal, J. Młynarczyk and M. Burdajewicz. Excavations of the Hellenistic Site in Kibbutz Sha‘ar-Ha‘Amakim (Gaba) 1984–1998: Final Report. Haifa. Pp. 167–184. Castra: Castra at the Foot of Mount Carmel: The City and Its Secrets (The National Maritime Museum Exhibition Catalogue). Haifa 1999. Clairmont C.W. 1963. Dura Europos IV, V: The Glass Vessels. New Haven. Cohen E. 1997. Roman, Byzantine and Umayyad Glass. In Y. Hirschfeld. The Roman Baths of Hammat Gader: Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 396–431. Cool H. and Price J. 1995. Roman Vessel Glass from Excavations in Colchester, 1971–85 (Colchester Archaeological Report 8). Colchester. Cottam S. and Price J. 2009. The Early Roman Vessel Glass. In C. Goudineau and D. Brentchaloff. Le camp de la flotte d’Agrippa à Fréjus: Les fouilles du quartier de Villeneuve (1979–1981). Paris. Pp. 185–275.

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Dussart O. 1998. Le verre en Jordanie et en Syrie du Sud (Bibliothèque archéologique et historique CLII). Beirut. Finkielsztejn G. Forthcoming. The Courthouse Site. In G. Finkielsztejn. ‘Akko IV: The 1991–1998 Excavations; The Stamped Amphora Handles (IAA Reports). Jerusalem. Goldstein S.M. 1979. Pre-Roman and Early Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass. Corning, N.Y. Gorin-Rosen Y. 1997. Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: Medieval Glass Vessels (Area TA). ‘Atiqot 31:75– 85. Gorin-Rosen Y. 1999. The Glass Vessels from Giv‘at Yasaf (Tell er-Ras). ‘Atiqot 37:137–140 (Hebrew; English summary p. 175*). Gorin-Rosen Y. 2003. Glass Vessels from Area A. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 II: The Finds from Areas A, W and X-2; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 364–400. Gorin-Rosen Y. 2006. Glass Vessels. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 III: Area E and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 239–265. Gorin-Rosen Y. 2009. The Glass Vessels from Strata 9–6. In N. Getzov, D. Avshalom-Gorni, Y. Gorin-Rosen, E.J. Stern, D. Syon and A. Tatcher. Horbat ‛Uza, The 1991 Excavations II: The Late Periods (IAA Reports 42). Jerusalem. Pp. 78–98. Gorin-Rosen Y. 2013. Glass Finds from the Crusader-Period Bathhouse in ‘Akko (Acre). ‘Atiqot 73:109–116. Gorin-Rosen Y. Forthcoming a. The Hospitaller Compound: The Glass Finds. In E. Stern and D. Syon. ‘Akko III: The 1991–1998 Excavations; The Late Periods (IAA Reports). Jerusalem. Gorin-Rosen Y. Forthcoming b. The Knights’ Hotel: The Glass Finds. In E. Stern and D. Syon. ‘Akko III: The 1991–1998 Excavations; The Late Periods (IAA Reports). Jerusalem. Gorin-Rosen Y. and Katsnelson N. 2007. Local Glass Production in the Late Roman–Early Byzantine Periods in Light of the Glass Finds from Khirbat el-Ni‘ana. ‘Atiqot 57:73–154. Gorin-Rosen Y. and Katsnelson N. 2015. The Glass Vessels. In Y. Porath. Caesarea Maritima I: Herod’s Circus and Related Buildings 2: The Finds (IAA Reports 57). Jerusalem. Pp. 111–137. Grose D.F. 1977. Early Blown Glass: The Western Evidence. JGS 19:9–29. Grose D.F. 1979. The Syro-Palestinian Glass Industry in the Later Hellenistic Period. Muse 13:54–67. Grose D.F. 1989. The Toledo Museum of Art: Early Ancient Glass. New York. Grose D.F. 1991. Early Imperial Roman Cast Glass: The Translucent Coloured and Colourless Fine Wares. In M. Newby and K. Painter eds. Roman Glass: Two Centuries of Art and Invention. London. Pp. 1–18 Grose D.F. 2012. The Pre-Hellenistic, Hellenistic, Roman, and Islamic Glass Vessels. In A.M. Berlin and S.C. Herbert eds. Tel Anafa II, ii: Glass Vessels, Lamps, Objects of Metal,

and Groundstone and Other Stone Tools and Vessels. Ann Arbor. Pp. 1–98. Hadad S. 1998. Glass Lamps from the Byzantine through Mamluk Periods at Bet Shean, Israel. JGS 40:63–76. Hadad S. 2005. Islamic Glass Vessels from the Hebrew University: Excavations at Bet Shean (Qedem Reports 8). Jerusalem. Israeli Y. 2003. Ancient Glass in the Israel Museum: The Eliahu Dobkin Collection and Other Gifts (Israel Museum Catalogue 486). Jerusalem. Israeli Y. 2005. The Glass Vessels from Zippori. In A. Druks. Late Roman-Period Burial Complex at Zippori. ‘Atiqot 49: 107*–111* (Hebrew; English summary, pp. 141–142). Israeli Y. 2008. The Glass Vessels. In J. Patrich. Archaeological Excavations at Caesarea Maritima, Areas CC, KK and NN; Final Reports I: The Objects. Jerusalem. Pp. 367–418. Israeli Y. 2010. Glass Vessels. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 IV: The Burnt House of Area B and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 221–235. Israeli Y. 2014. Glass Vessels from Stratum 3, Area J. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 VI: Areas J, N, Z and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 288–301. Israeli Y. and Katsnelson N. 2006. Refuse of a Glass Workshop of the Second Temple Period from Area J. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 III: Area E and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 411–460. Israeli Y. and Katsnelson N. 2015. A Foreign Family’s Tomb?—Reconsidering the Glass Finds from Geva– Abu Shusha. Annales du 19e Congrès de l’association internationale pour l’histoire du verre: Piran 2012. Koper. Pp. 207–214. Jackson-Tal R.E. 2004. The Late Hellenistic Glass Industry in Syro-Palestine: A Reappraisal. JGS 46:11–32. Jackson-Tal R.E. 2005. A Preliminary Survey of the Late Hellenistic Glass from Maresha (Marisa), Israel. Annales du 16e congrès de l’association internationale pour l’histoire du verre: London 2003. Nottingham. Pp. 49–53. Jackson-Tal R.E. 2013a. The Glass Finds from the Hasmonean and Herodian Palaces at Jericho. In R. Bar-Nathan and J. Gärtner. Hasmonean and Herodian Palaces at Jericho. Final Reports of the 1973–1987 Excavations V: The Finds from Jericho and Cypros. Jerusalem. Pp. 100–129. Jackson-Tal R.E. 2013b. The Glass Finds from the Palatial Fortress at Cypros. In R. Bar-Nathan and J. Gärtner. Hasmonean and Herodian Palaces at Jericho. Final Reports of the 1973–1987 Excavations V: The Finds from Jericho and Cypros. Jerusalem. Pp. 165–173. Jackson-Tal R.E. 2016. Glass Vessel Use in Time of Conflict: The Evidence from the Bar Kokhba Refuge Caves in Judaea, Israel (135/136 C.E.). BASOR 376:29–62. Jackson-Tal R.E. and Katsnelson N. In Preparation. The Glass Finds from Tirat Ha-Carmel.

CHAPTER 3: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: THE GLASS FROM AREAS TB AND TC

Jacobson G.L. 1999. The Glass Vessels from Horvat Sumaqa. In S. Dar. Sumaqa: A Roman and Byzantine Jewish Village on Mount Carmel, Israel (BAR Int. S. 815). Oxford. Pp. 333–344. Jacobson G.L. 2004. The Glass Vessels from Horvat Raqit. In S. Dar. Raqit: Marinus’ Estate on the Carmel, Israel (BAR Int. S. 1300). Oxford. Pp. 242–254. Jennings S. 2006. Vessel Glass from Beirut, BEY 006, 007 and 045 (Berytus 48–49). Beirut. Johns C.N. 1950. The Citadel, Jerusalem: A Summary of Work since 1934. QDAP 14:121–190. Katsnelson N. 2011. Glass Vessels from the Early Roman Period. In Y. Billig. Jerusalem, the Jewish Quarter. Final Report. HA–ESI 123 (December 29, 2011) http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng. aspx?id=1919&mag_id=118 (accessed March 29, 2016). Katsnelson N. 2014. The Glass Finds from Bet She‘an (Youth Hostel). ‘Atiqot 77:23*–57*. Lamm C.J. 1929–1930. Mittelalterliche Gläser und Steinschnittarbeiten aus dem Nahen Osten I–II. Berlin. Lightfoot C.S. 1990. Three Cast Vessels from Anatolia. Annales du 11e congrès de l’association internationale pour l’histoire du verre: Bâle 29 août–3 septembre 1988. Amsterdam. Pp. 85–94. Loffreda S. 1980. Alcuni vasi ben datati della fortezza di Macheronte. LA 30:377–402. Mazzei M. 1991. La “tomba delle coppe di vetro” di Ascoli Satriano. Nuovi elementi per lo studio della società e del commercio nella Daunia del II secolo a.C. Annali della sezione di archeologia e storia antica 13 (Istituto universitario orientale). Naples. Pp. 189–208. Meyer C. 1988. Glass from the North Theater Byzantine Church, and Soundings at Jerash, Jordan, 1982–1983. In W.E. Rast ed. Preliminary Reports of ASOR-Sponsored Excavations 1982–1983 (BASOR Suppl. 25). Baltimore. Pp. 175–222. Meyer C. 1989. Byzantine and Umayyad Glass from Jerash: Battleship Curves. ADAJ 33:235–244. Meyer C. 1992. Glass from Quseir al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade (SAOC 53). Chicago. Meyers E.M., Strange J.F. and Meyers C.L. 1981. Excavations at Ancient Meiron, Upper Galilee, Israel 1971–72, 1974–75, 1977 (Meiron Excavation Project III). Cambridge, Mass. Nenna M.-D. 1993. La verrerie d’époque hellénistique à Délos. JGS 35:11–21.

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Nenna M.-D. 1999. Les verres (Exploration archéologique de Délos 37). Athens–Paris. Oliver A. 1990. Glass. In D. White ed. The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya; Final Reports IV. Philadelphia. Pp. 89–107. Peleg M. and Reich R. 1992. Excavations of a Segment of the Byzantine City Wall of Caesarea Maritima. ‘Atiqot 21:137–170. Price J. 1985. Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Vessel Glass at Berenice: A Survey of Imported Tableware Found during Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi In G. Barker, J. Lloyd and J. Reynolds eds. Cyrenaica in Antiquity (Society for Libyan Studies Occasional Papers I/ BAR Int. S. 236). Oxford. Pp. 287–296. Price J. 1990. A Survey of the Hellenistic and Early Roman Vessel Glass Found on the Unexplored Mansion Site at Knossos in Crete. Annales du 11e congrès de l’association internationale pour l’histoire du verre: Bâle 29 août–3 septembre 1988. Amsterdam. Pp. 27–36. Rütti B. 1991. Die römischen Gläser aus Augst und Kaiseraugst (Forschungen in Augst 13/1–2). Augst. Spaer M. 1988. The Pre-Islamic Glass Bracelets of Palestine. JGS 30:51–61. Stern E.J. 1997. Burial Caves at Kisra. ‘Atiqot 33:103–135 (Hebrew; English summary, p. 17*). Stern E.M. and Schlick-Nolte B. 1994. Early Glass of the Ancient World 1600 B.C.–A.D. 50: Ernesto Wolf Collection. Ostfildern. Tzaferis V. 1982. The Ancient Synagogue at Ma‘oz Hayyim. IEJ 32:215–244. Weinberg G.D. 1970. Hellenistic Glass from Tel Anafa in Upper Galilee. JGS 12:17–27. Weinberg G.D. 1992. Glass Vessels in Ancient Greece: Their History Illustrated from the Collection of the National Archaeological Museum, Athens (Publications of the Archaeologikon Deltion 47). Athens. Weinberg G.D. and Goldstein S.M. 1988. The Glass Vessels. In G.D. Weinberg ed. Excavations at Jalame: Site of a Glass Factory in Late Roman Palestine. Columbia, Mo. Pp. 38–102. Winter T. 2006. The Glass Vessels from ‘Ein ez-Zeituna. ‘Atiqot 51:77–84. Winter T. 2011. The Glass Finds. In R. Bar-Nathan and W. Atrash. Bet She’an II: Baysān: The Theater Pottery; Workshop (IAA Reports 48). Jerusalem. Pp. 345–362.

M. Hartal, D. Syon, E. Stern and A.Tatcher, 2016, ‘Akko II (IAA Reports 60)

Chapter 4

The Courthouse Site: Loomweights and Whorls Orit Shamir

Ten loomweights and five whorls, indicating textile production, were found at the Courthouse Site, dating to the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Loomweights serve to weight the warp threads in the warp-weighted loom (Shamir 1996), while whorls are used as weights for spinning fibers into threads. A whorl may be hung on the spindle to weigh it down (Israeli 1962), thus allowing the spindle to turn and twist the fibers together.

Methodology Only loomweights that have been sufficiently wellpreserved were weighed and measured. Presented below are maximal heights and diameters, as well as the minimal perforation diameter and two measurements of conical perforations. The measurements were carried out with a digital caliper. The material is presented typologically.

Loomweights (Table 4.1; Fig. 4.1) Typology Pyramidal Loomweights (Fig. 4.1:1, 2, 4). Eight fired pyramidal loomweights were recovered. The four sides of the pyramid are not always symmetrical. The perforation is horizontal, located in the upper third of the loomweight; the hole is not necessarily centered. One (No. 1) has two holes. The pyramidal loomweights from ‘Akko vary in size, weight and shape (rectangular or square base)—indicating that they were not mass produced in molds as in some of the Hellenistic or Roman Mediterranean assemblages. Their weight range is 115–187 g, averaging 148 ± 28 g. On the upper part of loomweight No. 1 there is an unclear impression in a circle, perhaps that of a scorpion. Disk Loomweights (Fig. 4.1:9, 10). Two fired disk loomweights with vertical perforations were found.

One (No. 9) has two holes. Their weights are 113.7 and 217.8 g. Interpretations of the function of two-holed disk loomweights are numerous and often conflicting, e.g., as indicators of fiscal tax or of religious or apotropaic functions (for a summary and discussion, see Meo 2015:237–239). Material All loomweights are made of fired, local clay; no attempt was made to sift out grits (and see Shamir 1994). Shape and Size of Perforation The perforations’ shape is plain (six examples) or single cone (three examples). Their diameter varies, ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 cm. A loop was passed through the perforation, as an intermediary device between the warp threads and the loomweights (for discussion, see Shamir 1994). Provenance The loomweights found at ‘Akko from the Hellenistic period were discovered in domestic buildings: three on floors and the others in fills or earth accumulations (see Table 4.1). The floors are in rooms that are large enough to handle a loom. Discussion The dominant type of loomweight at ‘Akko in the Hellenistic period was pyramidal. Pyramidal loomweights were in common use throughout the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods (Reisner, Fisher and Lyon 1924:343 and see a list of the sites in Shamir 1994). Apparently, this type appears in Israel from the Persian period (e.g., Ḥorbat Nimra), but elsewhere it

TB

TB

TB

TB

TC

TC

TC

 

TC

 

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Surface

436

Surface

404

350

322

519

513

218

246

Locus

 

6288

 

5994

5633

5185

4152

4080

3132

3374

Basket

 

Robbers’ trench

 

Floor

Floor

Mixed layer

Floor

Floor

Floor

Channel

Context

Perforation Type: P = Plain; S.C. = Single Cone

Area

No.

Fired clay

Fired clay

Fired clay

Fired clay

Fired clay

Fired clay

Fired clay

Fired clay

Fired clay

Fired clay

Material

Disk

Disk

Pyramid

Pyramid

Pyramid

Pyramid

Pyramid

Pyramid

Pyramid

Pyramid

Shape

113.7

217.8

187.5

120.0

-

115.1

139.7

125.6

178.5

173.3

Weight (g)

6.8

7.8

4.7 × 5.0

4.2

-

3.9 × 4.2

3.7 × 4.7

4.1 × 4.6

4.2 × 5.3

5.6

Diameter (cm)

Table 4.1. Loomweights

2.2

3.0

8.2

-

-

6.5

7.4

6.2

8.3

7.2

Height (cm)

0.6

0.6

0.5

-

0.5

0.2

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.8

 

 

 

 

0.35

 

 

0.6

 

Diameter 2

Perforation Diameter 1

S.C.

P

P

-

P

S.C.

P

P

S.C.

P

Perforation Type

 

Two holes

 

 

 

Two holes

 

 

 

Two holes

Comments

92 ORIT SHAMIR

CHAPTER 4: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: LOOMWEIGHTS AND WHORLS

appears earlier (e.g., at Enkomi, Strata 2A–3C, 1425– 1075 BCE—Dikaios 1971:445–474, Pls. 127:19; 134:35, 37–38; 154:9; 155:2, 46, but in Greece not before the seventh century BCE—Davidson and Thompson 1943:73). Disk loomweights are generically dated from the fourth–third centuries BCE (Meo 2015:240). They appear also at Maresha (Hellenistic period; Shamir, in prep.), also in low frequencies. In Cyprus they were found at Salamis (Chavane 1975). They appear also at Maresha (Hellenistic period;

1

4

10 0

13

Shamir, in prep.), also in low frequencies. In Cyprus they were found at Salamis (Chavane 1975). Some loomweights bear impressions (Davidson 1952: Pl. 64); in Israel only a few loomweights, e.g., at Maresha and one at ‘Akko were found with impressions—both that of a scorpion—which also appears on lead slingshots from ‘Akko (Dothan 1993:31). Two have two perforations (e.g., at Corinth— Davidson 1952: Pl. 76; Shiqmona—Elgavish 1968; Maresha—Shamir, in prep.).

2

9

4

14

15 0

93

2

Fig. 4.1. Loomweight and whorls (see Tables 4.1, 4.2).

94

ORIT SHAMIR

The weights are similar to those at other sites, such as Masada (around 160 g) and Dor (around 100 g), but at Maresha they are heavier (240 g). The number of loomweights found at ‘Akko is very low compared to other sites of this period (e.g., Maresha, with 588 loomweights). The thickness of a loomweight determines the nature of the fabric produced (Mårtensson et al. 2009). A comparison of warp threads from pyramidal and disk loomweights through weaving experiments shows a different disposition of the warp threads and, therefore, the production of fabrics of different qualities. The pyramidal loomweights have a tendency to create an overhand, ‘fan effect’, while the disk loomweights allow the thread to fall vertically due to the possibility of placing their faces side by side (Andersson Strand, Olofsson and Nosch 2015:100; Meo 2015:244). It is therefore evident that disk loomweights guarantee a denser warp and the production of fabrics of better quality or, at least, a higher thread count than pyramidal loomweights.

Whorls (Table 4.2; Fig. 4.1:13–15) Five whorls were found at ‘Akko from the Hellenistic period. Typology Whorls are domed (Nos. 11, 12, 15) or conical (Nos. 13, 14), but they are grouped by raw material (see Table 4.2).

Basalt Whorls (Nos. 11–14). Four whorls are made of basalt; two are domed and two are conical. Their weight is 5.7–15 g. Three have a plain perforation (cylindrical) and one has a single cone perforation. Bone Whorl (No. 15). One domed whorl is made of bone, weighs 4 g and has a plain perforation. Decoration Three whorls are decorated on their dorsal side: Whorl No. 13 is decorated with an incised concentric circle. Whorl No. 14 is decorated with an incised concentric circle, small dotted circles and grooves among them. Whorl No. 15 is decorated, from center outward, with three incised concentric circles, small dotted circles and two incised concentric circles. Discussion In most of the whorls the perforation is centered, ensuring the even distribution of the mass around the axis and providing optimal spinning efficiency (Nodet 1980:316; Smith and Hirth 1988). The fiber quality, the weight and the diameter of the whorl all affect the spun yarn (Frangipane et al. 2009:7). Whorls made of light material such as bone and wood are used to spin wool (short fibers), while whorls of heavier materials such as stone are used for linen (long fibers; Forbes 1956:152; Ryder 1983:747). Ryder maintains that a heavy whorl produces a tight spin, suitable for the warp (but see Frangipane et al. 2009:8).

Table 4.2. Whorls No.

Area

Locus

Basket

Context

Material

Shape

Weight (g)

Diameter (cm)

Height (cm)

Diameter 1

Perforation Diameter 2

Perforation Type

11

TB

500

3935

Robbers’ trench

Basalt

Dome

8.9

2.7

0.9

0.5

 

P

12

TB

297

4027

Floor

Basalt

Dome

15.0

2.6

1.6

0.5

0.6

S.C.

13

TB

277

3687

Accumulation

Basalt

Conical

5.7

2.7

0.7

0.4

 

P

14

TC

391

5939

Floor

Basalt

Conical

12.1

2.9

1.1

0.7

 

P

15

TC

337

5643

Robbers’ trench

Bone

Dome

4.0

2.4

0.7

0.4

 

P

Perforation Shape: P = Plain; S.C. = Single Cone

CHAPTER 4: THE COURTHOUSE SITE: LOOMWEIGHTS AND WHORLS

95

R eferences Andersson Strand E., Olofsson L. and Nosch M.L. 2015. Experimental Testing of Bronze Age Textile Tools. In E. Andersson Strand and M.L. Nosch eds. 2015. Tools, Textiles and Contexts: Textile Production in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age (Ancient Textiles Series 21). Oxford–Philadelphia. Pp. 75–100. Chavane M.-J. 1975. Salamine de Chypre VI: Les petits objets. Paris. Davidson G.R. 1952. Corinth XII: The Minor Objects. Princeton. Davidson G.R. and Thompson D.B. 1943. Small Objects from the Pnyx (Hesperia Suppl. 7). Athens. Dikaios P. 1971. Enkomi; Excavations 1948–1958 II: Chronology, Summary and Conclusions, Catalogue, Appendices. Mainz am Rhein. Dothan M. 1993. Acco. NEAEHL 1:16–31. Elgavish J. 1968. Archaeological Excavations at Shiqmona: Field Report 1: The Levels of the Persian Period; Seasons 1963–1965. Haifa (Hebrew). Forbes R.J. 1956. Studies in Ancient Technology IV. Leiden. Frangipane M., Andersson Strand E., Laurito R., MöllerWiering S., Nosch M.-L., Rast-Eicher A. and Wisti Lassen A. 2009. Arslantepe, Malatya (Turkey): Textiles, Tools and Imprints of Fabrics from the 4th to the 2nd Millennium BCE. Paléorient 35/1:5–29. Israeli Y. 1962. Crafts: Spinning, Weaving and Dyeing. Encyclopaedia Biblica 4:998–1010 (Hebrew).

Mårtensson L. Nosch M.L. and Anderson Strand E. 2009. Shape of Things: Understanding a Loom Weight. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28:373–398. Meo F. 2015. New Archaeological Data for the Understanding of Weaving in Herakleia, Southern Basilicata, Italy. In M. Harlow and M.L. Nosch eds. Greek and Roman Textiles and Dress: An Interdisciplinary Anthology (Ancient Textile Series 19). Oxford–Philadelphia.Pp. 236–259. Nodet E. 1980. Fusaioles et pesons. In J. Briend and J.-B. Humbert. Tell Keisan (1971–1976): Une cité phénicienne en Galilée (OBO.SA 1). Fribourg. Pp. 315–321. Reisner G.A., Fisher C.S. and Lyon D.G. 1924. Harvard Excavations at Samaria 1908–1910 I–II. Cambridge, Mass. Ryder M.L. 1983. Sheep and Man. London. Shamir O. 1994. Loomweights from Masada. In Masada IV: The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963–1965, Final Reports. Jerusalem. Pp. 265–282. Shamir O. 1996. Loomweights of the Persian Period from Khirbet Nimra. ‘Atiqot 32:1*–8*. Shamir O. In Preparation. Loomweights and Whorls from Maresha and Experiments in Weaving (IAA Reports). Jerusalem. Smith M.E. and Hirth K.G. 1988. The Development of Prehispanic Cotton-Spinning Technology in Western Morelos, Mexico. JFA 15:349–358.

PART II Excavations in the Hospitaller Compound

M. Hartal, D. Syon, E. Stern and A.Tatcher, 2016, ‘Akko II (IAA Reports 60)

Chapter 5

The Hospitaller Compound: Hellenistic and Early Roman R emains Eliezer Stern

Introduction The center of the Hospitaller Order of Knights (the Order of St. John) that is seen today in ‘Akko was built in the thirteenth century, following the Third Crusade (1191 CE). The Hospitaller Compound was constructed in the northwestern part of what is today the Old City. The massive buildings of the compound were founded on bedrock, so the foundation trenches caused much damage to earlier archaeological strata. What did remain under the Crusader floors were only fragmentary buildings from the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. The Hospitaller Compound was damaged and partly burnt during the capture of ‘Akko in 1291 by the Mamluks, when Crusader rule in the Holy Land ended. It stood abandoned from 1291 to the beginning of Ottoman rule, during which time the upper two of its three stories collapsed into the lower one, which partly filled also with windblown sand. Archaeological evidence suggests that in the sixteenth–seventeenth centuries the compound was partly cleared and used as a corral for cattle, sheep and goats. In spite of the damage it sustained, its massive stuctures stood high above its surroundings, which is why Dâhir al-‘Umar chose it as the site for his new palace soon after 1750 CE. He deliberately demolished more of the upper stories and filled in the lower ones with the debris, and his successor, al-Jazzar, continued the filling operations. These works resulted in the raising of the floor levels 10–12 m above the Crusader-period levels; the earth fills contained much archaeological material from the Hellenistic period. The material discussed in this volume came primarily from below the Crusader-period levels; additional Hellenistic pottery from the debris is mentioned as well when it was deemed relevant. The Crusader-period remains will be discussed fully in ‘Akko III.

The Archaeological Excavations (Plans 5.1, 5.2; Tables 5.1, 5.2) The first excavations to uncover the Hospitaller Compound were initiated by the late Joshua Prawer. They were conducted from 1955 to 1964 by the Department for the Improvement of the Country’s Appearance (later, the National Parks Authority), under the direction of an architect, A. Tanʼee, and archaeologists Ze’ev Yeivin and Ze’ev Goldman. A full presentation of the history of the excavations will appear in ‘Akko III. Excavations were renewed in 1991 and continued, with interruptions, until 2008, accompanied by continuous stabilization work as the Crusader buildings were being exposed. The excavations began at the level of the courtyard of the prison last used under the British mandate. The courtyard’s asphalt paving was removed, and random probes revealed that the Crusader buildings were covered with a 4 m thick fill dating to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This fill was removed with the aid of mini-excavators to the top level of the Crusader buildings, most of which survived to the ceiling level of the first story. The clearing of the fill in the courtyard proceeded with excavators for an additional depth of 6 m, but inside the buildings the work proceeded manually, through systematic archaeological excavations. The fill consisted mostly of earth, stones and sand down to about 1 m above the Crusader-period floors. Underneath this Ottoman stratum a heavily burned layer was observed over the floors of the Crusader buildings (mean elevation of the floor 5.11 m asl). This layer is the archaeological evidence of the fall of ‘Akko to the Mamluks in 1291, and contained many finds from the period: much pottery, architectural elements, coins and more (see Preface: Tables 1, 2). The Crusader-period

100

ELIEZER STERN 1 6

2a

F 4

24

2

E

D

C

B

3 5 A

4a 7a

7

L13051 L13020 L13034

9

8

12

11

L12028

L12010

10

1 Northern Moat

L12020

2 Northwestern Tower

L12009 L12018 L12019

L13006

2a Latrine Complex 3

Northwestern Gate

4 ‘Sugar Vessel’ Halls 4a Northern Reservoir 13

16 14

17

5 North Hall A–F Vaults 6 Northeastern Tower

15

7 Eastern Entrance 7a North Corridor

L43023

8 Western Complex 18

20

9 Courtyard

19

10 Pillared Hall

24

11 Dungeon 12 Eastern Complex

21

13 Hall of Columns 14 ‘Hidden Hall’ 15 ‘Beautiful Hall’ 16 Eastern Street 22

17 Southern Alley 18 Southern Gate 19 Southern Street 20 Hammam

Crusader Structures

21 Church of St. John

Ottoman Structures 0

20 m

22 Southeastern Gate 23

23 Southern Complex 24 Sewage Tunnel

Plan 5.1. General plan of the Hospitaller Compound, indicating the excavated remains from all periods.

CHAPTER 5: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN REMAINS

floors were between 0.5 and 1.5 m above bedrock, and about 4.5 m above present-day groundwater. Under the floors and down to bedrock, meager remains from the Roman period and more substantial remains from the Hellenistic period were found (Plan 5.1), and form the subject of this chapter. The massive Crusader-period construction, with its foundations that reached bedrock, underground systems of drainage, sewage, cisterns and wells, greatly damaged the Hellenistic level, which is at most places no more than 0.6 m deep. Consequently, the latter was probed rather than systematically excavated and its description and interpretation are difficult. The description that follows focuses on the architectural units in the north-central part of the Hospitaller Compound, under the northern half of the Pillared Hall, under the North Corridor and under Vaults D, E and F of the North Hall (Plans 5.1, 5.2).1

101

2 m deep; its ceiling is formed of long kurkar slabs. Water was drawn from the cistern through a round opening built of kurkar segments. Just east of the opening was a small tank (L27052), measuring 0.6 × 0.6 m by 0.3 m deep, built on bedrock (Fig. 5.1). A round perforation cut in the rock on the tank’s bottom led excess water back into the cistern. It seems that Channel 11013 (see below, Unit B) also led into this cistern. Near the cistern and directly on bedrock, a cluster of ten ballista balls was discovered in L11016 (also in Unit B; see Chapter 8).

Unit A (Plan 5.2) This unit was found immediately below the Crusader floors.2 It includes two long, narrow spaces on a north–south axis, bounded by W27093 and W27094 on the west and east respectively. The rooms are about 2 m wide and 10 m long. The western room (L27087, L27091a) is divided by W27097. All walls were constructed of fieldstones with consolidating mortar; they are 0.8 m wide and survive to a height of 1 m. The floor is the smoothed bedrock. The walls were plastered with a thick, dark gray plaster that extended over the floor as well. The only evidence of a corner is at the northern end of W27094; the rest was destroyed by W27085, which was added across Vault F in the Ottoman period, during the sixteenth– seventeenth centuries CE, and damaged the Hellenistic remains. The long, narrow spaces that form Unit A suggest a storage space. At the southern end, the building is bounded by a rectangular water basin (L27074), constructed of rubble and mortar. It is 3 m long and 2 m wide and plastered on the inside with several layers of white plaster. It was partly destroyed by the southern wall of Vaults E and F and the pier associated with it. The building was constructed directly on bedrock and is dated to the third century BCE on the strength of the pottery found in nearby Unit B (see Chapter 9: Locus 11019, Figs. 9.1–9.3). East of this building a rock-cut cistern (L27071) was excavated. It measures 2 × 3 m and is approximately

Fig. 5.1. Unit A. The tank adjacent to Cistern 27071.

Unit B Unit B is a residential building from the Hellenistic period, cut by the northwestern corner of the Pillared Hall (Plan 5.2).3 Three long, narrow rooms oriented east–west were excavated. The southernmost room (L40010) is bounded by W16011 and W40011 on the south, W1603 and W40012 on the north, W40013 on the east and W1604 on the west. The second room (L16027) is bounded on the north by W1106 and the third, by W1105. The last two suffered much damage from the Crusader construction, but their original extent is thought to be similar to that of the southern room. The western part of the three rooms was discovered immediately below the Crusader-period floor of the courtyard (elevation 5.40 m asl). The surviving Hellenistic walls were found in a layer of soft, gray soil with mostly Hellenistic pottery and were founded on bedrock, at 3.70 m asl. The walls were mostly built with dressed stones in the header-and-stretcher technique, but in some sections, e.g., W1603 and

102

ELIEZER STERN

W40011, the Phoenician construction technique, combining large ashlar piers placed at intervals across the wall, the space between them filled with small dressed stones and fieldstones, was evident (Plan 5.2: Section 1-1). This construction technique is most common along the Phoenician coast, but is also known at sites inland and in Transjordan from the late Iron II through the Hellenistic period (Stern 1992). The walls are 0.6 m wide and were plastered on both sides. Wall 16011 was found to be especially important. On its southern face, on a section constructed of fieldstones, a thick layer of plaster mixed with dark clayey soil was applied, on which a section of colored ‘Masonry Style’ threedimensional stucco was painted, imitating rectangular marble panels of various sizes (Figs. 5.2, 5.3). The two lowest ‘courses’ imitate large gray panels, and the third, smaller red panels (Fig. 5.4). Each ‘panel’

has a 2 cm wide recess around its circumference and a deep groove separates the panels. The excavation revealed a 5.5 m long and 1.1 m high segment of the wall and stucco, survivors of a far longer wall.4 In 1997, when stabilization of the Pillared Hall was advanced enough to permit work inside the building, work resumed to find the continuation of the stucco to the east, on W40011. Its presence ascertained, it was not exposed but covered up again for protection. The excavations inside the Pillared Hall also revealed the Hellenistic structures immediately below the Crusader floor, which is here about 0.5 m (4.90 m asl) lower than in the courtyard. The northern wall of the second room (W1106) was not discovered immediately below the courtyard floor, but under meager remains from the Early Roman period (see below). This wall is in fact a stylobate, constructed of ashlars in the header-and-stretcher technique,

Fig. 5.3. Unit B. Stuccoed W16011 in situ.

Fig. 5.2. Unit B. Wall 16011 at the time of its discovery, looking east. In back, the western wall of the Pillared Hall.

Fig. 5.4. Unit B. Segment of W16011—the junction of the orthostat with the string course.

CHAPTER 5: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN REMAINS

085

W27

A L27071

L27090 L27091B L27091A

L27074

L26002

L26009

B

L16020

C

L25011

E L1006

D L11012

W1101

W40011 W40013

1-1

Plan 5.2. The Hospitaller Compound: Hellenistic stratum.

103

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founded on bedrock. A column base was found on it (Fig. 5.5), resting on a square stylobate, as well as an additional square stone, which in all probability carried a further column. The wall and column bases are all covered with a uniform coat of plaster, clearly indicating that the base is in situ. Joining the stylobate on the northern side is a flight of four steps (Fig. 5.5) leading down to a flat floor cut in bedrock. The stairs and floor were also covered with the same coat of plaster (5–10 cm thick on the floor). The Hellenistic building was apparently an imposing one, with columns (a peristyle courtyard?) and colored stucco. It was founded directly on bedrock or over a thin layer of dark red terra rossa soil, no more than 0.1–0.2 m thick (L11016). The finds, which include stamped amphora handles (e.g., from L40009, L40010 and L11016; Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 216, 239, 256, 423) and pottery (see Chapter 9: Figs. 9.6, 9.7), suggest a date in the third century BCE for its founding. The chronology of the finds is identical both above and below the floors. Coins found in the vicinity (see Chapter 10: Nos. 28, 29) also corroborate this date, although no coins were found in L11016 itself. Stone quarries were discovered in the bedrock (L11015, L11019), which created wide and deep cavities, as well as a rock-cut, plastered water channel (L11013) that runs in a south–north direction. It is 0.15 m wide, c. 0.2 m deep and may have emptied into Cistern 27071 in Unit A (see above). The quarries were sealed by the construction of the Hellenistic building, but may

have at the same time served as the source for its stones. Locus 11019 is the source of one of the clean Hellenistic pottery assemblages discussed in Chapter 9. The Crusaders, who always made efforts to found their buildings on bedrock, obviously reached the quarries. So, for example, the northern wall of the Pillared Hall, near the northwestern corner, passes over Quarry 11015 through a low relieving arch (Fig. 5.6).

Fig. 5.6. Unit B. Crusader relieving arch over Hellenistic Quarry 11015, carrying the northern wall of the Pillared Hall, looking north.

Fig. 5.5 Unit B. Stylobate W1106, looking southwest.

CHAPTER 5: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN REMAINS

105

Early Roman-Period Remains

Unit C

The Crusader-period ‘North Corridor’ is a 4 m wide passage between the Pillared Hall to the south and the North Hall to the north (see Plan 5.1:7a). It did not have a compacted earth floor as did the open courtyard, and it apparently did not serve as an active passage during the Crusader period. At the western end of the corridor, a flight of semicircular steps (Ottoman period; not on plan) was found that led to the entrance of the ‘Sugar Vessel’ Halls (Fig. 5.7). When these steps were removed, a deep layer of collapsed stones and accumulations (L16020) was found underneath. It included dark gray soil with mixed pottery from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Crusader periods. Wall 1104 was discovered in this layer. It was poorly constructed of dressed stones and fieldstones, 0.4 m wide and built directly on the Hellenistic floor level, damaging W1105 from the Hellenistic period, but not the stylobate (W1106) and the adjoining steps. West of this wall a square installation was found with a clay tabun in its center (L11032), with traces of fire and quantities of pottery, including cooking pots, dated to the Early Roman period. Thus, a humble wall and tabun were built in the Early Roman period over the remains of the imposing Hellenistic building after it went out of use, and the fortuitous preservation of these remains is due to the incomplete work on the North Corridor in the Crusader period and the addition of the steps in the Ottoman period.

In the center of the North Corridor (L26017), a monumental wall (W26003), 1.5 m wide, from the Hellenistic period was discovered (Fig. 5.8). The massive wall, of which only one course survived, was erected over a 1.5–2.0 m wide foundation of rubble without mortar laid on a bed of gray soil. it. It was constructed from large kurkar ashlars, measuring 0.3 × 0.5 × 1.0 m, laid without mortar in headers and stretchers. To the west, the wall was destroyed by late stonerobbing activities; to the east it was cut by the Crusader-period W26005 that carried a vault joining the Pillared Hall to Vault B to the north (Fig. 5.9, background). On the south, W26003 is abutted by W26004, a 0.4 m wide rubble foundation, with no upper courses surviving. It was cut by the northern wall of the Pillared Hall. While greatly damaged by the Crusader-period building activity, the size and construction quality of the monumental wall indicate a public building, possibly of military function. This is based on the finding of ballista ball caches in Unit B (L11016), only about 10 m to the west, and in Unit E (L25019), 7 m to the south (see below). Nearby, further fragments of colored stucco were recovered, but their origin could not be determined.

Fig. 5.7. Unit B. Ottoman-period steps leading to the ‘Sugar Vessel’ Halls, looking northeast.

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Unit D

Fig. 5.8. Unit C. Monumental W26003, looking east. Note the rubble foundation.

Fig. 5.9 Unit C. Monumental W26003, looking east. Note the header-and-stretcher construction; in background, the Crusader vault.

Locus 1006 is the Crusader-period floor of the Pillared Hall (elevation 5.08 m asl). This is a light colored beaten-earth floor over a foundation of alternating layers of white lime and ashes, which also included many potsherds. The floor with its foundation is about 0.2 m thick. The floor is cut by the east–west W1101 from the Ottoman period. This wall, probably evidence of sixteenth–seventeenth-century activity, cut the Crusader floor to reach the Hellenistic level (L1007), where it damaged a north–south water channel (L1102). The channel is part of a system that also includes a semicircular water tank and additional elements to be described below. All these elements were built in shallow accumulations of soil directly over bedrock. The main Channel 1102 is constructed of dressed stones and dug in the ground. It is 15 m long, 0.1 m wide and 0.1 m deep and plastered on the inside with white plaster. At either end there is a distribution tank, each measuring 0.2 × 0.2 m, and each leading to additional plastered channels, of which mostly only some vestiges remain, and which branch out in various directions. Those that lead from the southern distribution tank were destroyed, except for a small segment leading west. From the northern distribution tank (L11020) an opening to the east was preserved, as well as a rubble-built, plastered channel (L11025) leading west, which was cut after about 4 m by the western wall of the Pillared Hall. At the elevation of this channel lay a small section of stone paving, made of densely laid cobbles in a matrix of white plaster, whose function is not entirely clear. East of the main channel and adjoining it is a large semicircular tank (L11029), built of large dressed stones. Its inner diameter is 5 m, its walls are 0.8 m wide and it is 1.3 m deep and plastered on the inside with two layers of white-gray plaster. The tank was sealed by the Crusader floor and was found to contain debris, stones and pottery from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Crusader periods. Next to the straight wall of the tank were fragments of a stone paving, made of rectangular, flat slabs (L25025), but again, one of the Crusader pillars damaged the floor and partly penetrated the tank to preclude a precise interpretation. West of the channel a pit (L11012), with a diameter of 0.8 m and a depth of 0.6 m, was excavated. Inside were some stones, mixed

CHAPTER 5: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN REMAINS

with light colored loose soil and some Hellenistic pottery. Unit D was apparently an open space between buildings, possibly a peristyle courtyard of a residential building; therefore, the pit may have been intended for the planting of a tree. Under Unit D, a 0.2 m thick layer of dark red terra rossa soil, devoid of finds and lying directly on bedrock, was reached.

Unit E During works to expose the foundations of two of the pillars in the north-central part of the Pillared Hall in order to stabilize them, two perpendicular walls (W250, W251), both of the ‘Phoenician’ construction technique, were discovered immediately under the Crusader floor level. The exposed sections are insufficient to determine the nature of the building they belonged to, but the wealth of pottery found in the accumulations next to W250 (L25016) was exceptional and served as one of the sources for the Hellenistic pottery analysis (see Chapter 9: Figs. 9.4, 9.5). In addition, five ballista balls were discovered in the same area (L25019; see Chapter 8: Nos. 16–20). It is also instructive to note the almost surgical precision with which the Crusaders dug the foundation trenches for the pillars. They are just barely larger than the pillars themselves and almost touch the Hellenistic walls.

Conclusions One of the more important results of the excavations is the establishment of a chronology for the earliest presence in this part of ‘Akko in the Hellenistic period, since the exposed buildings rest directly on bedrock. The few sealed loci on bedrock and under the floors yielded pottery (see Chapter 9), stamped amphora handles (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming) and coins (see Chapter 10) that date the first settlement here to the late third–early second centuries BCE, that is, just before or just after the Seleucid takeover of Palestine and Phoenicia.

107

An analysis of the architectural remains suggests that Unit B was an imposing building, either private or public, with columns, plastered stairs and colored stucco. Unit D is a complex including a semicircular water tank, open water channels and a cobble floor adjacent to these channels, suggesting an open space, perhaps an irrigated garden. This garden is related to the building in Unit B, but it cannot be determined whether it is an enclosed garden or completely outside the building. Unit A appears to have been part of a series of storage rooms, both their walls and floor plastered. Likely more such rooms are to be found on either side of them. Their relation to Unit B cannot be determined. The monumental wall in Unit C is a disappointing remnant of what must have been a singularly large and massive building. The large ashlars and neat construction, the width of the wall and its surviving length suggest a public, possibly military building. Nearby, ballista balls were discovered; they might relate to the large building if it were a fort. The remains, taken in conjunction with other excavations at ‘Akko (see Chapter 11), illustrate the process of the expansion of ‘Akko from the end of the Persian period, when it gradually began to ‘crawl’ from the ancient tell westward, through the early third century BCE when the polis of Ptolemais was established and the tell was finally abandoned, down to the end of the same century, when the city reached the ancient port, farthest west from the tell and established the new port. The full story of this expansion has yet to be written, but Chapter 11 discusses the stages in broad terms and presents the archaeological evidence from numerous excavations carried out between the tell and the ‘Old City’. The remains presented here allow speculation about a mercantile quarter established near the port, including a public building—possibly military— opulent residential buildings with gardens and storage areas. The hellenized construction (especially the stucco) implies well-to-do merchants that arrived after the founding of Ptolemais and established their quarter in rhythm with the development of the port.

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Table 5.1. Locus List

Due to the excavation exigencies (see above), the Hellenistic and Early Roman remains are grouped in ‘Units’ that are defined in terms of their location within the structures established for the Crusader/Ottoman remains. Hellenistic Units (see Plan 5.2: A–E); Hospitaller Compound Structures (Crusader/Ottoman; see Plan 5.1: C–Courtyard [9]; NC–North Corridor [7a]; NM–Northern Moat [1]; NH–North Hall [5]; PH–Pillared Hall [10]; SA–Southern Alley [17]); Figurines (see Chapter 7); SAH (Stamped Amphora Handles; see ‘Akko IV); all ‘floors’ listed in Crusader contexts are Crusader unless otherwise specified Locus No.

Hellenistic Unit

Hospitaller Compound Structure (Crusader and Ottoman)

Description/Dominant Pottery

Finds Other than Pottery

1002

C

Under staircase on eastern side of Courtyard; Ottoman-period floor (seventeenth–eighteenth centuries); mixed pottery

SAH

1005

C

Below L1002; mixed pottery

SAH

1006

D

PH

Crusader-period floor in Pillared Hall, general locus

1007

D

PH

Below Ottoman W1101

1011

PH

Below Crusader floor

Ballista balls, SAH

1020

NC

Junction of North Corridor with Courtyard; mixed pottery

SAH

PH

Water channel; Hellenistic pottery

1102

D

10000

Courtyard, general locus

SAH

11002

PH

Next to western wall; sand accumulations; mixed pottery

SAH

11004

PH

Same, with collapsed stones

Figurine, SAH

11007

PH

Same

Figurine, SAH

11008

NC

Western side of North Corridor, below Crusader floor; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

11009

PH

Next to western wall, above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

11010

PH

Below 11004; accumulations above Crusader floor; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH SAH

11011

D

PH

Below Crusader floor and near Channel 11016; mostly Hellenistic pottery

11012

D

PH

Pit; Hellenistic pottery

11013

B

NC

Below L11008; built and plastered channel; Hellenistic pottery only

11014

B

PH

Dismantling of Crusader floor, Channel 11016; mostly Hellenistic pottery

11015

B

PH

Hellenistic quarry

11016

B

NC

Terra rossa soil on either side of L11013, on bedrock

Ballista balls, SAH

11019*

B

NC

Cleaning of rock-cut channel; Hellenistic pottery only

Coins, SAH

11020

D

11021

D

PH

Dismantling of 2.5 m high balk down to Crusader floor level; mixed pottery

11025

D

PH

Plastered channel; Hellenistic pottery

11027

B

PH

Below Crusader floor, near W16011; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

11029

D

PH

Semicircular tank; mixed pottery in upper levels, mostly Hellenistic pottery in lower levels

Coins

11032

B

NC

Installation with tabun below North Corridor floor; mostly Roman pottery

SAH

11033

B

NC

Same; on either side of W1105

SAH

C

Above and below Courtyard floor, opposite entrance to Hall of Columns; mixed pottery

SAH

12001

SAH

Northern distribution tank; Hellenistic pottery

* Loci selected for pottery analysis

SAH

109

CHAPTER 5: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN REMAINS

Table 5.1 (cont.) Locus No.

Hospitaller Compound Structure (Crusader and Ottoman)

Description/Dominant Pottery

Finds Other than Pottery

12002

C

Southern end of Courtyard, above Crusader floor; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

12004

C

Crusader drainage channel at southern end of Courtyard, below Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

12009

C

Below floor at southwestern corner of Courtyard; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Figurines, SAH

12010

C

Above and below Crusader floor at southwestern corner of Courtyard; mixed pottery; Early Roman glass

Glass

12013

C

Above Crusader floor at southeastern corner of Courtyard; mixed pottery

SAH

12014

C

Same; next to L12013

SAH

12016

C

Below Crusader floor at southwestern corner of Courtyard; mixed pottery

Glass, SAH

12017

C

Below Crusader Channel 12004; mixed pottery

SAH

12018

C

Same, to the west of L12017

Figurines, coins, SAH

12019

C

Same

Glass, SAH

12020

C

Same

SAH

12022

C

Southern end of Courtyard, below Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

12023

C

Below Crusader floor at southwestern corner of Courtyard, adjacent to outer wall of Crusader sewage tunnel; mixed pottery

SAH

12024

C

Sand and gray earth layer above Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

12026

C

Same

SAH

12027

C

Below Courtyard floor, close to Crusader sewage tunnel; mostly Crusader pottery

SAH

12028

C

Below Courtyard floor; mostly Early Islamic pottery

Glass

12029

C

Accumulations in Crusader sewage tunnel, where the roof collapsed; mixed pottery

SAH

12030

C

Sand layer above Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

12031

C

Above and below Crusader floor; Crusader drainage channel in northcenter of Courtyard; mostly Crusader pottery

SAH

12034

C

Northwestern side of Courtyard; below Crusader floor and above roof of Crusader sewage tunnel

SAH

12036

C

Courtyard, north of Crusader well, above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

12038

C

Courtyard, north of well, below Crusader floor; mostly Crusader pottery

SAH

12039

C

Within pool next to well; mixed pottery

SAH

C

Under Crusader staircase on eastern side of Courtyard, above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

Ballista ball, SAH

13007

C

Same

SAH

13009

C

Same

SAH

13013

C

Below L13009, below Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

13017

C

Accumulations (1.5 m) above Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

13020

C

Below Courtyard floor; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Figurine, SAH

13022

C

Same

SAH

13006

Hellenistic Unit

D

110

ELIEZER STERN

Table 5.1 (cont.) Locus No.

Hellenistic Unit

Hospitaller Compound Structure (Crusader and Ottoman)

Description/Dominant Pottery

Finds Other than Pottery

13024

C

Below L13020; mixed pottery

SAH

13025

C

Above Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

13028

C

Contents of refuse pit below Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

13030

C

Below Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

13032

C

Below L13028; bottom of refuse pit; mixed pottery

SAH

13034

C

Below L13024, above bedrock; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Glass, figurines, SAH

13035

C

Rubble below Courtyard floor; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

13036

C

On Courtyard floor, over covering stones of ChannelW1307; mixed pottery

SAH

13037

C

Below L13036, below Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

13047

C

Kurkar chips below Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

13048

C

Kurkar chips in refuse pit below Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

13051

C

Accumulations (1.5 m) above Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

Ballista ball

13052

C

Below Courtyard floor; mostly Crusader pottery

SAH

13054

C

Kurkar chips below Courtyard floor; mostly Crusader pottery

SAH

13055

C

Same

Coins

13056

C

Below Courtyard floor and above roof of Crusader sewage tunnel; mixed pottery

SAH

13059

C

Accumulations (1 m) above Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

13060

C

Same

SAH

13061

C

Below Courtyard floor; mixed pottery

SAH

13066

C

Same

Coins, SAH

15000

C

Mixed pottery collected in top layer of accumulations

SAH

16002

C

Northeastern side of Courtyard; accumulations (1.5 m) above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

16004

C

Northern side of Courtyard; accumulations (2 m) above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

16005

C

Northeastern side of Courtyard, below Crusader floor; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

16006

C

Crusader well

16012

C

Below L16005, near W16011; Hellenistic pottery

Coins, SAH

16015

C

Above and below Crusader floor at the northeastern corner of Courtyard; mostly Crusader pottery above floor, mostly Hellenistic pottery below floor

SAH

16017

C

North of Well 16006, below Courtyard floor; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

16019

C

Northwestern side of Courtyard, below Crusader floor, to bedrock; mostly Crusader pottery

SAH

16020

C

Northern side of Courtyard, below Crusader floor, to bedrock; collapsed stones; mostly Crusader

Ballista balls, SAH

16022

C

Same, to the east of L16020

SAH

16026

C

Northeastern side of Courtyard, near W16011; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

16027

C

Northeastern side of Courtyard, below Crusader floor, to bedrock; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Ballista ball, SAH

111

CHAPTER 5: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN REMAINS

Table 5.1 (cont.) Locus No.

Hellenistic Unit

Hospitaller Compound Structure (Crusader and Ottoman)

Description/Dominant Pottery

Finds Other than Pottery

16028

C

Same; mostly Crusader pottery

SAH

25001

PH

North-central side, above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

25002

PH

Same, west of L25001

SAH

25010

PH

Same

SAH

25011

PH

Below L25010; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Ballista ball

25015

PH

Debris from the 1960s excavations; mixed pottery

SAH

25016*

E

PH

Center of hall, dismantling of Crusader floor and below floor; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

25019

E

PH

Center of hall, below Crusader floor; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Figurine, ballista balls, SAH

PH

South-central side, accumulations (1 m) above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

PH

Center of hall, accumulations (1.5 m) above floor; mixed pottery

SAH

PH

Stone pavement; Hellenistic pottery

25032

PH

Center of hall, above and below Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

25042

PH

Dismantling of balk; mixed pottery

SAH

25020 25021 25025

D

26002

C

NC

Opposite Vault C of North Hall; accumulations (1.5 m) above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

Figurine, SAH

26006

C

NC

As L26002, east of W26003

SAH

26008

C

NC

Same, east of L26006

Coins, SAH

26009

C

NC

Fill next to W26003

SAH

26011

C

NC

Same

SAH

26012

C

NC

Same

Coins, SAH

26013

C

NC

Same

SAH

26014

C

NC

Accumulations above W26003; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Coins

26015

C

NC

Same, east of L26014; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Coins

26016

C

NC

North of W26003; collapse of burnt stones; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

26017

C

NC

Same, west of L26016; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Figurine, SAH

26018

C

NC

Same, west of L26017; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Coins, SAH

27001

Latrine

Accumulations above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

27003

NM

Flushing tank of Crusader latrine; mixed pottery

SAH

NH–F

Upper layer of accumulations; mixed pottery

SAH

27017

NH–B

Below Crusader floor; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Figurine, SAH

27022

NH–C

Accumulations in southern part of hall; mixed pottery

Glass, SAH

27029

NH–C

Below L27022 and above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

Ballista balls, SAH

27031

NH-C

Accumulations above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

27032

NH–C

Accumulations in built Hellenistic pit; sand, seashells and Hellenistic pottery

Glass, SAH

27006

A

112

ELIEZER STERN

Table 5.1 (cont.) Locus No.

Hellenistic Unit

Hospitaller Compound Structure (Crusader and Ottoman)

Description/Dominant Pottery

Finds Other than Pottery

27034

NH–C

Below Crusader floor; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

27035

NH–B

Above Crusader plaster floor; mixed pottery

SAH

27038

NH–C

Accumulations (2.5m) above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

27043

NH–A

Below Crusader floor and above roof of Hellenistic cistern; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Glass, SAH

27048

NH–D

Below Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

27050

A

NH–F

Burnt layer above Crusader floor, north of Tank 27052; mixed pottery

SAH

27052

A

NH–E

Water tank; Hellenistic pottery

SAH

27053

A

NH–F

Dismantling balk and cleaning floor; mixed pottery

SAH

27058

Latrine

Accumulations above floor; mixed pottery

SAH

27060

NH–C

Accumulations in underground cistern; mostly Crusader pottery

SAH

27065

NH–B

Round well under Crusader floor; Hellenistic pottery

Coins

27071

A

NH–E

Cistern; Hellenistic pottery

27074

A

NH–F

Water basin; Hellenistic pottery

27087

A

NH–F

Western space, northern half, Crusader floor; Hellenistic

27088

A

NH–F

Accumulations; mostly Hellenistic pottery

27090

A

NH–F

Western space, southern half; accumulations; Hellenistic pottery

27091a

A

NH–F

Below Floor 27090; Hellenistic pottery

27091b

A

NH–F

As L27088

30006

NM

Surface, north of Vault B; mixed pottery

SAH

30012

NM

At the foot of Northeastern Tower; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

40001

PH

East-central part of hall, above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

40002

PH

South-central part of hall, above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

Coins, SAH

40004

PH

North-central part of hall, below Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

40006

PH

Center of hall, below Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

40007

B

PH

Next to W40012; mostly Hellenistic pottery

SAH

40009

B

PH

Below Crusader floor, down to bedrock; much Hellenistic pottery

SAH

40010*

B

PH

South of L40009; below Crusader floor, down to bedrock; much Hellenistic pottery

40014

PH

Center of hall, above Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

40017

PH

West-central part of hall, below Crusader floor, Hellenistic plastered installation; mostly Hellenistic pottery

Coins

40018

PH

South-central part of hall, built pit under Crusader floor; mostly Crusader pottery

Coins

40020

PH

North of L40017, below Crusader floor; mixed pottery

SAH

40022

PH

As L40018, but mixed pottery

SAH

43023

SA

At western end of the alley, next to the hammam; mixed pottery

Ballista ball

CHAPTER 5: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN REMAINS

Table 5.2. Wall List

Due to the excavation exigencies (see above), the Hellenistic and Early Roman remains are grouped in ‘Units’ that are defined in terms of their location within the structures established for the Crusader/Ottoman remains. Hellenistic Units (see Plan 5.2: A–E); Hospitaller Compound Structures (Crusader/Ottoman; see Plan 5.1:C–Courtyard [9]; NC–North Corridor [7a]; NH–North Hall [5]; PH–Pillared Hall [10]); Figurines (see Chapter 7); SAH (Stamped Amphora Handles; see ‘Akko IV) Wall No.

Hellenistic Unit

Hospitaller Compound Structure (Crusader and Ottoman)

Description/Attribution

250

E

PH

Phoenician style; Hellenistic

251

E

PH

Phoenician style; Hellenistic

1101

D

PH

Ottoman

1103

D

PH

Hellenistic

1104

B

NC

Early Roman; above Hellenistic floor level

1105

B

NC

Hellenistic; disturbed by W1104 and by Crusader activity

1106

B

NC

Stylobate; Hellenistic; under Early Roman remains

1307

Finds Other than Pottery

C

Crusader channel

1603

B

PH

Phoenician style; Hellenistic

SAH

1604

B

PH

Phoenician style; Hellenistic

16011

B

C

Stuccoed wall; Hellenistic

26003

C

NC

Monumental wall; Hellenistic

Figurine, SAH

26004

C

NC

Abuts W26003; Hellenistic

SAH

26005

C

NC

Crusader

27085

A

NH–F

Crusader

27092

A

NH–F

Hellenistic

27093

A

NH–F

Hellenistic

27094

A

NH–E

Hellenistic

27097

A

NH–F

Hellenistic

40011

B

PH

Phoenician style; stuccoed; Hellenistic

40012

B

PH

Header-and-stretcher; Hellenistic

40013

B

PH

Header-and-stretcher; Hellenistic

113

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ELIEZER STERN

Notes The remains of the Hellenistic period were in most places sealed by a layer of mixed material that included pottery and various small finds from the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Early Islamic and Crusader periods and apparently served as a leveling fill and foundation for the floors of the Crusader period. 2 Unit A was excavated relatively late in the project, during the years 1996–1998, while modern infrastructure was being installed under the floor of Vaults E and F. 1

The excavation of Unit B was conducted in two separate seasons. The western part, in the courtyard, was excavated in 1992, the remainder in 1997, after stabilization of the Pillared Hall. 4 The stuccoed wall was consolidated in situ during the excavation and later removed for further treatment at the IAA laboratories in Jerusalem. In 2015 the segment was returned to the site, and is now affixed to the eastern wall of the Crusader-period Pillared Hall. 3

R eference Finkielsztejn G. Forthcoming. ‘Akko IV: The 1991–1998 Excavations; The Stamped Amphora Handles (IAA Reports). Jerusalem.

Stern E. 1992. The Phoenician Architectural Elements in Palestine during the Late Iron Age and the Persian Period. In A. Kempinsky and R. Reich eds. The Architecture of Ancient Israel from the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods. Jerusalem. Pp. 302–309.

M. Hartal, D. Syon, E. Stern and A.Tatcher, 2016, ‘Akko II (IAA Reports 60)

Chapter 6

The Hospitaller Compound: Hellenistic and Early Roman Glass Vessels Yael Gorin-Rosen

Only very few fragments of Hellenistic and Early Roman glass vessels were found in the lower fills of the Hospitaller Compound at ‘Akko. Although the quantities are relatively small compared to those of the contemporaneous pottery found at the site, these fragments point to a variety of forms and fabrics, of which some are rare and might belong to luxury items, as well as to imported wares. The fragments presented in this report include most of the glass finds recovered during the excavations (Fig. 6.1). Even small rim shards were illustrated to gather as much information as possible. The present report is arranged in chronological and typological order, following the method and the terminology of the Jewish Quarter reports (GorinRosen 2003; 2006), as far as possible. Similar types already discussed in these reports are presented here only briefly. Additional types and subtypes will be discussed in detail. Parallels were selected so as to reflect the complete form of each type, its dating and distribution. Very few Hellenistic glass fragments from ‘Akko have been published so far, and these include two bowls found in the excavations in the courthouse parking lot (Avshalom-Gorni 1999:18, Fig. 22:1, 2), a few bowls from Ha-Gedud Ha-‘Ivri Street (Stern and Shalabi-Abbas 1999:11*, not illustrated), and one deep bowl from salvage excavations at Montmusard (Vitto 2005:172–173). A rather large group of Hellenistic and Early Roman glass vessels was found in Areas TB and TC at the Courthouse Site (see Chapter 3). The Courthouse Site glass assemblage is so far the richest and earliest found and studied from ‘Akko. Early Roman glass vessels from ‘Akko and its surroundings cemeteries are better known and published. Most of these vessels were retrieved from burials in the northern cemeteries (e.g., Fortuna 1965, 1966; Tzaferis 1986; Edelstein 2002). The homogeneity of the Early Roman glass vessels found in the cemetery excavated by the Italian mission

enabled them to suggest that they may have been the products of a local manufactory using the glass sands of the Belus district, known from the ancient literature (Fortuna 1965:25). Corroboration for this suggestion came from the glass vessels unearthed during recent salvage excavations conducted by Finkielsztejn (2007), Tepper (2014) and Abu-‘Uqsa (unpublished; pers. obs.) at Remez Street in ‘Akko. Late Hellenistic Cast Glass Vessels Deep Bowl with External and Internal Grooves on the Upper Part. Bowl No. 1 has a rather thick wall, with two deep internal grooves below the rim and one external groove on the rim. The shape of the bowl is unclear—it might belong to the ovoid group. Most of the bowls with external grooves are ovoid, but with multiple external grooves, and usually with none internal (Gorin-Rosen 2006:G17, and see further discussion and references therein). Bowls with a similar combination of grooves and a thick wall, identified as hemispherical, were found at Delos, dated to the end of the second–beginning of the first centuries BCE (Nenna 1999:79–80, Pls. 18:C128; 19:C139, C141). 1. Locus 13034, Basket 130548. Deep bowl. Rim fragment. Polished rim on both sides, fire polishing on the outside. One external groove on the rim and two wide internal grooves below the rim. Thick wall. Colorless glass covered with patches of black, brown and silver weathering, iridescence and severe pitting. Fairly good quality fabric and workmanship. Rim diameter: 144 mm. Conical Bowl with Two Groups of Horizontal Grooves on Interior. Bowl No. 2 has two horizontal grooves in each group. A similar bowl was found in Area A, Stratum 6, at the Jewish Quarter excavations, dated to the end of the second century BCE to the early first century CE (Gorin-Rosen 2003:365–366, 376,

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YAEL GORIN-ROSEN

Pl. 15.1:G 9, and see therein for further references to Dor, Tel Anafa, Ha-Gosherim and Beirut). A conical bowl with three groups of two grooves on the inside was found at ‘Akko, in the Courthouse Parking Lot (Avshalom-Gorni 1999:18, Fig. 22:1). 2. Locus 27022, Basket 270678/A. Conical bowl. Rim fragment. Pointed polished rim. Thick slanting wall. Two groups of two deep grooves below the rim on the interior. Color invisible, thick black crust, iridescence and severe pitting. Rim diameter: ~175 mm. Colorless Shallow Bowls. Bowl Nos. 3–5 are characterized by fine quality colorless glass and a wide, shallow shape. Bowl No. 3 has a fairly thin wall and Nos. 4 and 5 are very similar, with rather thicker walls and a narrow deep groove on the interior below the rim. These bowls represent a rather rare subtype of cast colorless bowls. The fine fabric and workmanship show relations to luxurious glass groups of the Hellenistic period, but there is no exact published parallel for these bowls. We might suggest attribution to the fine colorless bowls usually connected with the Canosa group (in Puglia, Southern Italy). Three bowls from Sidi Kherbish, Benghazi, Cyrenaica, show similarities in the colorless fine fabrics and shallow shapes, and two of them, in the fine groove below the rim (Price 1985:290, Fig. 24.1:7–9, and see further references therein). Although there are some differences, the general characteristics are similar. The Canosa group is dated to the late third– early second centuries BCE, and is considered as made in the manufacturing center in Alexandria (although no vessel of this type was found there) or in southern Italy or Sicily (on the basis of findspots). In addition, Grose (1981:62–65) pointed out that these vessels were made mainly for export, and therefore could have been produced in other regions as well. These three fragments found at the Courthouse Site in ‘Akko probably belong to the same group (see Chapter 3: Figs. 3.2:11, 12, 3.4:22). Dating this group as early as the Canosa group is difficult, since there is not any other evidence for an earlier date among the glass vessels found in these excavations. In addition, there is no exact parallel for these bowls outside ‘Akko. Therefore we may suggest that this type of bowl may present a good quality product of the local

glass manufactory in the region. Future study of other groups from the region may support this assumption. 3. Locus 13034, Basket 130561. Wide and shallow bowl. Small rim fragment. Rounded polished rim. Thin slanting wall. Colorless glass with yellowish tinge, black and silver crust, iridescence and pitting. Fairly good quality fabric and workmanship. Rim diameter: ~243 mm. 4. Locus 12019, Basket 120498/2. Shallow bowl. Small rim fragment. Rounded polished rim with one narrow deep groove below it on the interior. Thick slanting wall, highly polished inside. Colorless clear glass, black and silver crust (removed), iridescence and pitting. Fairly good quality fabric and workmanship. Rim diameter: ~133 mm. 5. Locus 12019, Basket 120498/1. Shallow bowl. Small rim fragment. Rounded polished rim with one narrow deep groove below it on the interior. Thick slanting wall, highly polished inside with remains of polishing outside. Colorless glass, black and silver crust (removed), iridescence and severe pitting. Fairly good quality of fabric and workmanship. Rim diameter: ~145 mm. Cast Bowls with External Grooves. Bowl No. 6 is characterized by its purple color, fine fabric and two external fine grooves just below the rim. Body fragment No. 7 belongs to a deep bowl made of light green glass decorated with fine external grooves on the body. Fragment Nos. 6 and 7 are very small, and it is rather hard to identify and attribute them. Hellenistic bowls with similar external grooves are usually thicker than Nos. 6 and 7; see, for example, a bowl found at ‘Akko in the salvage excavations at Montmusard (Vitto 2005:172–173, Fig. 21:1), dated to the first half of the second–mid-first centuries BCE. A bowl of this type was also found in the Jewish Quarter, Jerusalem (Gorin-Rosen 2003:377–378:G13, Pl. 15.2:G13, and see further references therein). Such bowls have been found at Delos, dated to the end of the second and the beginning of the first centuries BCE (Nenna 1999:82– 83, Pl. 21:C165, C167). One of the Delos bowls is also made of purple glass (C165), as ‘Akko No. 6. All these parallels are thicker than the two ‘Akko bowls.

CHAPTER 6: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN GLASS VESSELS

1

2

3

4 5

6

7

9

8

12

10 11

0

4

Fig. 6.1. Glass vessels.

117

118

YAEL GORIN-ROSEN

Brightly colored bowls were found in the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko, of which one peacock-blue bowl bears similarities to our No. 6 (see Chapter 3: Fig. 3.4:21). 6. Locus 12019, Basket 120516/1. Small rim fragment. Cut and highly polished rim with two grooves below on the exterior. Purple glass covered with gold and silver weathering, iridescence and severe pitting. Fairly good quality fabric and workmanship. Rim diameter: ~100 mm. 7. Locus 12028, Basket 120806. Small body fragment. Almost vertical wall with external grooved decoration creating a protruding narrow band between the two grooves. Polishing marks on the exterior. Light green glass, black and silver weathering and iridescence. Fairly good quality of fabric and workmanship. Body diameter: ~140 mm. Cast Bowls with Solid Ring-Base. Bowl No. 8 is characterized by a thick ring base and a thin flat bottom. The crusty layers covered the surface, which were probably highly polished. Two bases of this type were found in the Jewish Quarter excavations, Area E (Gorin-Rosen 2006:G23–G24, and see further references therein). 8. Locus 12016, Basket 120464. Bowl. Half a base. Thick base ring, thin flat bottom. Beginning of a flaring wall. Olive green and yellowish green glass, covered with white and silver enamellike crusty layers, iridescence and severe pitting. Base diameter: 53 mm. Mosaic Glass Vessel. This small mosaic glass fragment might represent one of the luxury glass objects used by the population of ‘Akko during the late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. Fragments of mosaic glass are relatively rare in excavations in Israel and usually poorly preserved; fragment No. 9 is of special importance (for a short discussion of mosaic glass vessels, see Gorin-Rosen 2006:G57–G60). A rim fragment of a carinated mosaic bowl was found in the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko (see Chapter 3: Fig. 3.4:27). The spiral pattern is rather simple and uneven. This pattern is the most common pattern among the hemispherical mosaic glass bowls found at Delos,

dated to the Hellenistic period (Nenna 1999:44, Pls. 61:B62, B63, 62:B64–B70). This pattern is also dominant among the fragments studied and published from Maresha and Dor, dated to the second half of the second–first half of the first centuries BCE (JacksonTal 2000:76–77, Figs. 13:1–4, 25:1). 9. Locus 12019, Basket 120516. Mosaic glass. Small body fragment. Severely corroded with crust, iridescence and pitting; therefore, the color is invisible. Spiral pattern. Early Roman Blown Vessels Bowls with Thickened, Flattened Base. Vessel No. 10 is characterized by its solid, flat disc base with small concavities on both sides of the center, as well as the concavity at the connection to the body. The base presents a good quality of fabric and workmanship. Bowls, beakers and jars with a solid, flat base are known in the Early Roman period; see, for example, the bases from Jerusalem (Ariel 1990: 156, Fig. 30:GL27, and further references therein; GorinRosen 2005:198–199, Fig. 1:7). Base No. 10 probably belongs to a bowl. 10. Locus 27043, Basket 271028. Bowl. Complete base and part of wall. Thick, flat discbase, tooled out with remains of pontil scar off-center. Greenish glass, black and silver weathering, iridescence and pitting. High quality fabric. Base diameter: 44 mm. Small Bottles. Bottle No. 11 is characterized by its delicate infolded rim, constricted neck and elongated body. It belongs to a well-known group of Early Roman bottles. Bottles of this type were found in many burials in the ‘Akko cemeteries (Fortuna 1965: Fig. 2; Tzaferis 1986: Photograph 9, Pl. VI), as well as at Berit Ahim, northern ‘Akko, dated to the first century BCE (Edelstein 2002:83*, Fig. 3:5). 11. Locus 12010, Basket 121099. Bottle. Almost complete rim, neck and upper part of the body. Flaring infolded rim, long cylindrical neck widening downward to the elongated pear-shaped body. Constriction between neck and body. Delicate

CHAPTER 6: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN GLASS VESSELS

walls. Colorless glass, covered with black, brown and silver weathering, iridescence and severe pitting. Rim diameter: 18 mm. Miscellaneous Glass Rod. A small fragment of a purple glass rod was found. In general, glass rods were used in a number of ways: for cosmetics or medicine, or as part of the glass production process, e.g., in the forming of glass beads or mosaic glass. Glass rods were also found among the debris of the glass workshop in Area J at the Jewish

119

Quarter, Jerusalem, and there they present evidence for the beginning of glass blowing from rods (Israeli 1991:47–48, Pl. XII). A few small fragments of rods were found in Area E at the Jewish Quarter made of various colors (Gorin-Rosen 2006:256). 12. Locus 13034, Basket 130474. Small rod fragment. Thin, solid rod, broken at both ends. Rounded section. Purple glass covered with silver weathering, iridescence and pitting.

R eferences Ariel D.T. 1990. Glass. In D.T. Ariel. Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh II: Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory, and Glass (Qedem 30). Jerusalem. Pp. 149–166. Avshalom-Gorni D. 1999. ‘Akko, the Courthouse Parking Lot. ESI 19:12*–14*. Edelstein G. 2002. A Section of the Hellenistic–Roman Cemetery at Berit Ahim, North of ‘Akko (Acre). ‘Atiqot 43:75*–98* (Hebrew; English summary, pp. 257–258). Finkielsztejn G. 2007. ‘Akko, Remez Street. HA−ESI 119 (March 8, 2007). http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_ detail_eng.asp?id=492&mag_id=112 (accessed July 7, 2012). Fortuna M.T. 1965. I vetri soffiati della necropoli di Akko. JGS 7:17–25. Fortuna M.T. 1966. Campagne di scavo ad Akko 1961–1962 (Memorie del Istituto lombardo. Accademia di scienze e lettere 29/4). Milan. Gorin-Rosen Y. 2003. Glass Vessels from Area A. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 II: The Finds from Areas A, W and X-2; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 364–400. Gorin-Rosen Y. 2005. The Glass. In B. Arubas and H. Goldfus eds. Excavations on the Site of the Jerusalem International Convention Center (Binyanei Ha’uma): A Settlement of the Late First to Second Temple Period, the Tenth Legion’s Kilnworks, and a Byzantine Monastic Complex; The Pottery and Other Small Finds (JRA Suppl. S. 60). Portsmouth, R.I. Pp. 195–210. Gorin-Rosen Y. 2006. Glass Vessels. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem

Conducted by Nahman Avigad 1969–1982 III: Area E and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 239–265. Grose D. 1981. The Hellenistic Glass Industry Reconsidered. Annales du 8e congrès de l’association internationale pour l’histoire du verre (Londres–Liverpool 18–25 septembre 1979). Liège. Pp. 61–72. Israeli Y. 1991. The Invention of Blowing. In M. Newby and K. Painter eds. Roman Glass: Two Centuries of Art and Invention. London. Pp. 46–55. Jackson-Tal R.E. 2000. The Hellenistic Glass Finds in the Land of Israel in Light of Excavations at Marisa and Dor. M.A. thesis. The Hebrew University. Jerusalem. Nenna M.-D. 1999. Les verres (Exploration archéologique de Délos 37). Athens–Paris. Price J. 1985. Late Hellenistic and Early Imperial Vessel Glass at Berenice: A Survey of Imported Tableware Found during Excavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi. In G. Barker, J. Lloyd and J. Reynolds eds. Cyrenaica in Antiquity (Society for Libyan Studies Occasional Papers 1/ BAR Int. S. 236). Oxford. Pp. 287–296. Stern E.J. and Shalabi-Abbas M. 1999. ‘Akko, Ha-Gedud Ha-‘Ivri Street. ESI 19:10*–11*. Tepper Y. 2014. ‘Akko, Preliminary Report. HA−ESI 126 (September 9, 2014). http://www.hadashot-esi.org. il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=10590&mag_id=121 (accessed September 25, 2014). Tzaferis V. 1986. The Ancient Cemetery of ‘Akko-Ptolemais. In M. Yedaya ed. The Western Galilee Antiquities. Tel Aviv. Pp. 266–280 (Hebrew). Vitto F. 2005. Hellenistic and Crusader Remains at Montmusard, Acre (‘Akko).‘Atiqot 50:153–179.

M. Hartal, D. Syon, E. Stern and A.Tatcher, 2016, ‘Akko II (IAA Reports 60)

Chapter 7

The Hospitaller Compound: Terracotta Figurines Natalie Messika

In the excavations of the Hospitaller Compound, 13 fragments of terracotta figurines were found in strata containing architecture and accumulations dating to the Hellenistic period (Fig. 7.1). This assemblage joins a number of similar assemblages discovered in ‘Akko, containing hundreds of similarly dated terracotta figurines.1 All the present figurines are dated to the Hellenistic– Early Roman periods (third–second centuries BCE), except No. 1, which dates to the end of Iron Age II or the early Persian period (seventh–sixth centuries BCE). The Hellenistic figurines from the Hospitaller Compound exhibit an iconographic and stylistic tradition common in this art form in the Hellenistic East. The early figurine finds close parallels at Tel ‘Akko and at many sites along the Phoenician coast.

Technical Description Figurine No. 1 was handmade from a solid strip of clay in the careless styling characteristic of the period. The clay is reddish and includes coarse-sized chalk temper particles, kurkar and traces of organic material. This clay is typical of most Phoenician pottery workshops along the Syro-Palestinian coast from the Iron Age through to the end of the Persian period.2 The Hellenistic–Early Roman figurines were produced in the technique characteristic of the period—hollow figurines made in molds composed of two or more parts (e.g., Uhlenbrock 1990:15–21). The technique indicates a mass-produced item, but the artisans nevertheless paid attention to overall quality and detail. These traits were observed in other figurine groups from ‘Akko as well, and they are of the leading characteristics of the local industry. The clay is in most cases well-levigated and wellfired, and its color is yellowish to light gray or orange. The added temper includes rounded, quartz sandsized particles, chalk and sometimes kurkar (the local beach rock). These minerals are common in clay that

originates along the northern coast of Israel. Clay analysis and the technique of the figurines indicate that the present assemblage is of local manufacture.3 On one figurine (No. 2), an oval ventilation opening (vent) that was designed to facilitate firing or for other purposes is preserved (Muller 1996:38–39). The open base found on the other figurines serves the same purpose. Most figurines are of medium size. Their extrapolated height was 10–15 cm, except for No. 6, which is smaller than the rest (c. 6 cm) and No. 4, which is taller (17–20 cm). In many cases the molds were cast from worn figurines, so the artisans often used sharp tools to bring out the weak detail. After the plastic modeling, the figurines were covered with a white or colored slip and fired at a temperature of c. 600ºC. After firing, polychrome paints were sometimes added over the white base; only traces of these paints remain.

Typology The present assemblage includes fragments only. Therefore, similar examples of figurines from ‘Akko or other Hellenistic sites in the vicinity were used as comparative material for iconographic identification. Figurine No. 1 stands alone, both in period, Iron II– early Persian, and in type, a ‘worshiper’ figurine. The rest of the Hospitaller Compound material can be divided into three main thematic groups: Mythological figures (Nos. 2–4), children or youth (Nos. 5, 6) and animals (Nos. 7–9). Several other fragments could not be identified with any certainty (Nos. 9–13). Early ‘Worshiper’ Figurine 1. Locus 13020, Basket 130267/A. Dimensions: H 5 cm, W 3.6 cm, Th 1.8 cm. Fabric: Reddish clay, with coarse, white and brown grits. Medium firing.

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Technique: Figurine made of a hand-rolled solid strip. Smoothing achieved by a broad scraper. Poor workmanship. Description: Stylized body with two open arm fragments at the sides of the body. The head and the lower limbs were not preserved. Similar exemplars were found at Tel ‘Akko, where they were termed ‘worshiper’ figurines, due to their praying posture (Messika 1996). This figurine type is common along the Phoenician coast and in Cyprus from Iron II through the early Persian period. Parallels: Dor (Stern 2010:84–85, Fig. 29:12); Cyprus (Ajia Irini—Ikosi 1991–1992: Fig. 46b); Kourion (Young and Young 1955: Pl. 8:566). Mythological Figures 2. Locus 11007, Basket 110103/A. Back of Egyptianstyle god. Dimensions: H 5.7 cm, W 5.5 cm, Th 0.7 cm. Fabric: Orange clay, well-levigated. Well-fired. Technique: The backside of the figurine is made of two or more parts, from a worn mold. The inner side is smoothed and the outer side shows incision marks with a sharp tool. In the middle of the back there is an oval vent 18 mm in diameter. Medium quality. Description: Bare back of a man or a woman. Thick arms, placed apparently alongside the body. Edges of an Egyptian-style veil fall over the shoulders. The iconography is characteristic of traditional Egyptian deities, e.g., Isis, Osiris or Harpocrates.4 Date: Second century BCE. Parallels: Egypt, Isis (Besques 1992: Pl. 60a) and Harpocrates (Besques 1992: Pl. 68c); Pharaonic ruler (Graindor 1939: Pl.18:45). 3. Locus 12018, Basket 120413/A. Eros and Psyche. Dimensions: H 4.5 cm, W 3.5 cm, Th 0.6 cm. Fabric: Gray clay with brown and white inclusions. Well-fired. Technique: Small figurine made of two parts from a rather worn mold. The inner side is smoothed, still showing the fingerprints of the artisan. Details on the outer side were incised with a sharp tool. Thick white wash and ocher paint. Medium quality. Description: Two figures facing on a low base. On the left—a naked young man with his head missing. The body proportions are coarse and schematic. His left arm is alongside the body. On his right—a girl in a long robe, most of which is missing. The backside

of both figures is bare, without detail. This figurine is characteristic of the artistic iconography of the two mythological lovers, Eros and Psyche, who were very popular during the Hellenistic period.5 In the assemblage from Ben-‘Ami St., an identical figurine was found; they were both probably created from the same prototype or in the same workshop. Date: Third century BCE. Parallels: Maresha (Erlich and Kloner 2008:39–41, Pl. 21); Kharayeb (Chéhab 1951–1954: Pl. 75). 4. Locus 26002, Basket 260116/8. Figure on a tall base. Dimensions: H 4.5 cm, W 5.0 cm, Th 1 cm. Fabric: Orange clay with few brown inclusions. Wellfired. Technique: The outer side was made in a mold in good condition. The inner side is well-smoothed. Detail highlighted by incision with a sharp tool. Good quality. Description: The front part of the right foot of a figure dressed in a long robe, standing on a tall, round base. This figurine is comparatively large and it is evident that it was meticulously executed. This may be a representation of Demeter, who is often depicted standing or sitting on a high platform wearing a long chiton. Date: Third–second centuries BCE. Parallels: Tanagra (Higgins 1986: Fig. 127); Troy (Thompson 1963: Fig. 168). Youth 5. Locus 25019, Basket 250547/A, Unit E. Draped youth. Dimensions: H 5 cm, W 4 cm, Th 0.5 cm. Fabric: Light gray clay, with brown and white inclusions. Well-fired. Technique: Figurine made of two parts, the front made in a very worn mold. The back side is not worked. The inside is smoothed by hand. A sharp tool was used to incise detail that did not transfer well from the mold. Addition of white wash and possibly brown paint. Description: A right hand on the hip, draped with a robe. The robe shows schematic folds that follow the body contours. Other details have not survived. Based on close parallels it can be determined that this in fact a fragment of a ‘Youth in Macedonian cap’, which appears in many Hellenistic assemblages, including other assemblages from ‘Akko. This youth is modeled after a rigid pattern: a frontal stance, his left hand folded on his chest and his right hand on his hip, wearing a

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CHAPTER 7: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: TERRACOTTA FIGURINES

Kusia cap, a long mantle covering most of his body and sometimes wearing high boots.6 Date: Third–second centuries BCE. Parallels: Maresha (Erlich and Kloner 2008:36–38, Pl. 19:98–100); Kharayeb (Chéhab 1951–1954: Pl. 14:3). 6. Locus 26017, Basket 260529/A, Unit C. Draped youth holding object. Dimensions: H 4 cm, W 4 cm, Th 0.5 cm. Fabric: Yellowish clay, levigated with some brown inclusions. Well-fired. Technique: The front made of a slightly worn mold. The inside is hand smoothed. A sharp tool was used to create and highlight detail. Thick, dark red slip. Description: Representation of a boy or youth, holding an elongated object that is mostly missing. The figure has a rounded belly visible through the

1

clothing—apparently a chiton with a round opening around the neck. The rest of the body parts did not survive. This figurine is close in spirit to figurines representing children, girls or youth in a variety of daily activities, such as playing, dancing and playing music. In the favissa of the Hellenistic temple at neighboring Kharayeb, a large number of such figurines was found. Date: Third–second centuries BCE. Parallels: Tanagra (Higgins 1986: Fig. 171b); Kharayeb (Chéhab 1951–1954: Pl. 72:2). Animals 7. Locus 13034, Basket 130564A. Foot of a bull(?). Dimensions: H 3 cm, W 4 cm, Th 0.7 cm. Fabric: Gray clay, well-levigated. Well-fired.

2

5

3

6

7

9 0

4

Fig. 7.1. Terracotta figurines.

4

8

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Technique: Fragment of a raised base, open at the bottom. The figurine was made with two worn mold parts, poorly designed. The inner side is well-smoothed. Use was made of a sharp tool and white slip was added. Description: Foreleg of an animal, perhaps a bull, standing on a base. Bulls appear on Hellenistic figurines in several possible contexts: sometimes the bull represents Zeus in narrative form of the abduction of Persephone and sometimes it symbolizes his power. In the excavations of the temple under the Post Office (Applebaum 1986), identified by an inscription as a temple to Zeus, several bull figurines were found.7 Date: Third–second centuries BCE. Parallels: A bull from Myrina (Mollard-Besques 1963: Pl. 180a). 8. Wall 26003, Basket 260083, Unit C. Foot of a bull(?). Dimensions: H 4 cm, W 5.5 cm, Th 0.5 cm. Fabric: Orange clay, few brown grits. Well-fired. Technique: Fragment of a low, open base of a figurine made in at least two worn molds. Both sides were smoothed rather poorly with a wide tool. Addition of detail by incisions. Description: Animal foot with long toes on a base. This fragment, too, might be a bull figurine. Date: Third–second centuries BCE. Parallels: Bet Sheʼan (Erlich 2006:623–624, No. 10); a bull from Myrina (Mollard-Besques 1963: Pl. 180c); Egypt (Besques 1992: Pl.46b). 9. Locus 12009, Basket 120305. Animal fragment. Dimensions: H 6 cm, W 3.5 cm, T 0.7 cm. Fabric: Orange clay, well-levigated. Well-fired. Technique: Fragment made of two worked molds; the inner side is well-smoothed. Use was made of two tools for creating patterns: a sharp tool for thin lines and an open plant stem for imprinting small circles. Red slip. Description: An irregular and twisted fragment, worked on both sides with a repeating pattern representing apparently the short fur and spots of a feline predator. The unusual modeling suggests that this is a fragment of a figurine composed of several elements or figures, possibly a complex mythological scene. Date: Third–second centuries BCE. Parallels: Eros fighting a lion, Myrina (Baudat 1953: Pl. 20:14; Mollard-Besques 1963: Pl. 73b).

Unidentified Fragments (not illustrated) 10. Locus 27017, Basket 270523. Dimensions: H 6.4 cm, W 4 cm, Th 0.8 cm. Fabric: Light orange clay, brown grits. Well-fired. Technique: Figurine made in a two-part mold. The back is smooth, without detail. The front is made in a worn mold. Careless, coarse workmanship. 11. Locus 13034, Basket 130564. Dimensions: H 5 cm, W 2.5 cm, T 0.8 cm. Fabric: Light orange clay, well-levigated. Well-fired. Technique: Mold-made figurine, smoothed inner side. Mediocre workmanship. 12. Locus 13034, Basket 130586. Dimensions: H 4 cm, W 3.2 cm, Th 0.5 cm. Fabric: Orange clay, few brown grits. Well-fired. Technique: Mold-made figurine, inner side smoothed with a tool. Addition of brown paint. Good workmanship. 13. Locus 11004, Basket 110047. Dimensions: H 3.5 cm, W 3.8 cm, Th 0.7 cm. Fabric: Gray clay, few light colored grits. Medium firing. Technique: Mold-made figurine, inner side coarsely smoothed by hand. Addition of white(?) slip. Mediocre workmanship.

Summary Typological and stylistic comparison of the Hospitaller Compound figurines to other assemblages found at ‘Akko suggest that they should be dated to the third– second centuries BCE. At this time, the local terracotta industry enjoyed an unprecedented popularity. The assemblage, which contained only a few figurines in a rather fragmentary condition, suggests that it is in fact a group that was scattered during building operations; the figurines may have arrived here in a fill brought from near one of the temples of ‘Akko. The nature of the excavations conducted in ‘Akko precludes an assessment of where in the city the center of cultic activity in the Hellenistic period was located, but we should note that c. 500 m northeast of the Hospitaller Compound, under the Post Office,

CHAPTER 7: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: TERRACOTTA FIGURINES

a Hellenistic temple was discovered (see above and Chapter 11).8 It is possible that more temples stood west of it, hitherto undiscovered. It is impossible to assess whether the early figurine No. 1 came from a Hellenistic favissa or from closer to the tell. The presence of early figurines in Hellenistic assemblages often indicates a continuity of tradition of cultic enclosures from the Persian period. Such continuity has not yet been identified in ‘Akko, but this subject is pivotal to the understanding of the Hellenization of the Phoenician cities in the transition between the two periods. The figurines from the Hospitaller Compound represent themes characteristic of the eastern Hellenistic terracotta repertoire: classical mythological gods side by side with deities inspired by Egyptian art and ritual and human figures in daily activities. These

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subjects represent well the two main tendencies then operating in the art of terracottas: the tendency of ritual syncretism between eastern and western deities, alongside a penetration of secular subjects into this art form, for long considered to have been a typically ritual art. The religious syncretism between East and West is manifest in many areas and is not exclusive to terracotta figurines.9 It should be noted, however, that the situation of ‘Akko-Ptolemais as a central polis exposed it to varied cultural influences. The figurine assemblage from the Hospitaller Compound shows that this influence was not limited only to ritual subjects, but included also the world of daily life. The genre of children and youth, taken from the world of theater and life in the Hellenistic metropoleis, is a clear example of this.

Notes Figurines from the Hellenistic period were found in ‘Akko in the following locations: On the tell, in Area N; in Area L on Ben-‘Ami Street; in a favissa nearby, in the ‘Post Office Temple’ excavations; in the Courthouse excavations; and in the northern cemetery. The finds from these excavations were collected and published by the author (Messika 1996, 1997; Ariel and Messika 2007). 2 Most figurines from the Persian period recovered on Tel ‘Akko were made of reddish clay, identical to that of this figurine. This clay, as well as the yellowish one (see n. 3), is the commonest found in Palestinian figurines of this period (Stern 1982:165). 3 Yuval Goren carried out petrographic analyses on some of the Hellenistic figurines found in ‘Akko. The results clearly indicate that most of the ‘Akko figurines were made of clay characteristic of the vicinity of the site; therefore, local manufacture can be assumed. 4 The traditional Egyptian gods were ‘adopted’ into the Hellenistic repertoire in the East, mainly because of their central role in the mystical cults, the natural cycle and the aspiration to life after death. In the excavations at ‘Akko, several figurines were found representing typical Egyptian deities: Bes, Isis and Isis-Aphrodite. 5 Eros figurines were extremely popular at many sites in Asia Minor, and especially in Myrina. At Kharayeb several examples of Eros were found, accompanied by his partner Psyche—the soul that complements spiritually the erotic1

physical love. According to Chéhab (1951–1954:142–143), Eros and Psyche had an important rôle in the Mysteria cults in the Hellenistic East. A closer site where Eros is popular is at Tel Dor (Erlich 2010). 6 The dress of youth in the Hellenistic period was influenced by the dress code of the Macedonian soldiers of the fourth century BCE. Those latter adopted the Kusia felt cap, the long mantle and the high boots from Asiatic settlers they met in their campaign against the Persian king. Some of these items of clothing are still widely used in northwest Asia (Kingsley 1981). 7 The identification of the building as a temple to Zeus was made subsequent to the discovery, but before the excavation, of a Greek dedicatory inscription (Applebaum 1986). The inscription was dedicated to Antiochus VII or IX and ends in a plea to Zeus Soter (Fischer 1970). In this connection one should note Mt. Carmel, which was mentioned by Scylax of Caryanda as a place sacred to Zeus, but it remains unclear whether or not a temple for his worship was built there (AviYonah 1984:24). 8 The finds from this excavation are presently being prepared for final publication by Orna Hess and Adi Ehrlich of the IAA. I am grateful to them for allowing me to inspect the finds. 9 For discussion on this subject, see, e.g., Erlich 2009; Kouremenos, Chandrasekaran and Rossi 2011.

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R eferences Applebaum S. 1986. Excavations of the New Post Office Site in ‘Akko. In M. Yedaya ed. The Western Galilee Antiquities. Tel Aviv. Pp. 261–265 (Hebrew). Ariel D.T. and Messika N. 2007. Finds from the Hellenistic ‘Favissa’ at ‘Akko-Ptolemais. ‘Atiqot 57:11–20. Avi-Yonah M. 1984. Historical Geography of Palestine from the End of the Babylonian Exile up to the Arab Conquest (4th ed.). Jerusalem (Hebrew). Baudat B. 1953. Terres cuites de l’École française d’Athènes. BCH 77:1–45. Besques S. 1992. Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre-cuite, grecs-étrusques et romains IV, 2: Époques hellénistique et romaine. Cyrénaique, Égypte ptolémaique et romaine, Afrique du Nord et Proche-Orient. Paris. Chéhab H. 1951–1954. Les terres cuites de Kharayeb I (BMB 10–11). Paris. Erlich A. 2006. Hellenistic and Byzantine Terracotta Figurines. In A. Mazar. Excavations at Tel Beth-Shean 1989–1996 I: From the Late Bronze Age IIB to the Medieval Period (The Beth-Shean Valley Archaeological Project 1). Jerusalem. Pp. 616–625. Erlich A. 2009. The Art of Hellenistic Palestine (BAR Int. S. 2010). Oxford. Erlich A. 2010. Figurines, Sculpture and Minor Art of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. In E. Stern. Excavations at Tel Dor: Figurines, Cult Objects and Amulets, 1980–2000 Seasons. Jerusalem. Pp. 119–209. Erlich A. and Kloner A. 2008. Maresha Excavations Final Report II: Hellenistic Terracotta Figurines from the 1989– 1996 Seasons (IAA Reports 35). Jerusalem. Fischer T. 1970. Untersuchungen zum Partherkrieg Antiochos VII im Rahmen der Seleukidengeschichte. Tübingen. Graindor P. 1939. Terres cuites de 1’Égypte gréco-romaine. Antwerp.

Higgins R.A. 1986. Tanagra and the Figurines. London. Ikosi G. 1991–1992. Unpublished Terracottas from Ajia Irini. Bulletin of the Museum of Mediterranean and Near Eastern Antiquities 26–27:33–84. Kingsley B.M. 1981. The Cap that Survived Alexander. AJA 85:39–45. Kouremenos A., Chandrasekaran S. and Rossi R. 2011. From Pella to Gandhara: Hybridisation and Identity in the Art and Architecture of the Hellenistic East (BAR Int. S. 2221). Oxford. Messika N. 1996. Terracotta Figurines from Acco in the Persian and Hellenistic Periods. M.A. thesis. The Hebrew University. Jerusalem (Hebrew; English summary, pp. 178–179). Messika N. 1997. Excavations of the Courthouse at Akko: The Hellenistic Terracotta Figurines from Areas TB and TC. ‘Atiqot 31:121–128. Mollard-Besques S. 1963. Catalogue raisonné des figurines et reliefs en terre-cuite grecs et romaines II: Myrina. Paris. Muller A. 1996. Les terres cuites votives du Thesmophorion: De l’atelier au sanctuaire (Études thasiennes XVII). Athens. Stern E. 1982. Material Culture of the Land of the Bible in the Persian Period (538–332 B.C.). Jerusalem–Warminster. Stern E. 2010. Figurines and Cult Objects of the Iron Age and Persian Period. In E. Stern. Excavations at Tel Dor: Figurines, Cult Object and Amulets, 1980–2000 Seasons. Jerusalem. Pp. 3–113. Thompson D.B. 1963. Troy: The Terracotta Figurines of the Hellenistic Period. Princeton. Uhlenbrock J.P. 1990. The Coroplast’s Art: Greek Terracottas of the Hellenistic World. New Paltz, N.Y. Young J.H. and Young S.H. 1955. Terracotta Figurines from Kourion in Cyprus. Philadelphia.

M. Hartal, D. Syon, E. Stern and A.Tatcher, 2016, ‘Akko II (IAA Reports 60)

Chapter 8 the

Hospitaller Compound: Ballista Balls Ayelet Tatcher

A total of 38 ballista balls was recorded at the Hospitaller Compound. The stones were weighed and measured (Table 8.1; Figs. 8.1, 8.2). Four of them bear incised letters (X, K; Figs. 8.3–8.6). Two loci (L11016, L25019; see Chapter 5: Units B and E, respectively) yielded a total of 15 ballista balls in clear Hellenistic contexts. They were found on floors and surfaces which are dated to the third to the late second centuries

BCE on the basis of ceramic evidence (see Chapter 5). The balls were made of various raw materials (see Table 8.1); those of limestone were evidently not made in ‘Akko, but brought from elsewhere. The location of some of the balls is marked on Plan 5.1 The remainder of the ballista balls was found randomly in mixed loci with no chronological significance, but are likely Hellenistic.

Table 8.1. Ballista Balls No.

Locus

Basket

Material

Diameter (cm)

Weight (kg)

Description

1

110271/4

18.3

8.5

Chisel marks, incised X

2

110271/2

18.3

7.5

Chisel marks

3

110271/5

18.4

7.5

Chisel marks

4

110271/7

16.7

6.0

Chisel marks

5

16.8

6.5

Chisel marks

110271/10

20.7

11.5

Chisel marks

7

110271/-

21.4

12.0

Chisel marks

8

110271/6

17.8

8.0

9

110271/13

27.0

16.5

10

110271/14

6

11016

110271/8

Dense, biogenic limestone

Kurkar

11.3

1.0

11

13051

432076

Limestone

12.5

1.5

12

13006

130120/a

Beachrock

7.5

13

16020

160248

Limestone

16.8

5.5

14

16027

160425

Limestone

20.7

11.0

15

25011

250748

Kurkar

20.6

7.5

16

250577/a

21.1

11.5

17

250577/b

19.5

10.5

18

17.2

7.0

19

250577/d

24.8

20.0

20

250577/e

19.3

8.0

21 22 23 24

25019

27029 43023 1011

250577/c

Limestone

270755

Kurkar

10.9

1.0

432076

Limestone

10.8

1.0

430076/c

Limestone

21.8

12.5

141

Limestone

10.6

1.0

Broken Chisel marks Incised K Chisel marks

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AYELET TATCHER

Table 8.1 (cont.) No.

Locus

Basket

Material

Diameter (cm)

Weight (kg)

25

19.4

8.0

26

21.6

12.5

27

18.7

8.0

26.0

18.5

11.2

1.0

11.6

1.0

Limestone

28 29

32

Not registered

8.0

33 34

Kurkar

20.2

8.0

22.9

11.0

35

17.0

5.0

36

21.7

8.0

37

16.4

2.5

11.6

1.5

38

Chisel marks, incised X Incised X Chisel marks Chisel marks, broken Broken

30 31

Description

Flint

0

10

Fig. 8.1. Ballista balls.

Burn marks

129

CHAPTER 8: THE HOSPITALLER COMPOUND: BALLISTA BALLS

0

10

Fig. 8.2. Ballista balls, various sizes.

0

5

Fig. 8.3. Ballista ball No. 1; incised X.

0

5

Fig. 8.5. Ballista ball No. 25; incised X.

0

5

Fig. 8.4. Ballista ball No. 15; incised K.

0

5

Fig. 8.6. Ballista ball No. 26; incised X.

PART III Finds and Studies

M. Hartal, D. Syon, E. Stern and A.Tatcher, 2016, ‘Akko II (IAA Reports 60)

Chapter 9

The Hellenistic and Early Roman Pottery Andrea M. Berlin and Peter J. Stone

Introduction In this chapter we present and analyze a selection of the pottery excavated from Hellenistic and Early Roman period levels in the Courthouse Site and the Hospitaller Compound. This material represents the largest ceramic corpus of this date yet published from ‘Akko, and as such helps to anchor material published from other excavations in and around the city.1 The combined results of the Courthouse and Hospitaller excavations provide an outline of the ceramics used by the city’s residents from the third century BCE through the early first century CE. In addition, the stratigraphic association with structures at the Courthouse Site allow most of the walls, floors, installations and other associated finds—especially the large deposits of fresco and stucco fragments—to be more securely dated. Our study of this material began very late in the project, in the summer of 2008.2 The excavated pottery had been culled many years earlier; the 15 or so crates that we examined contained a fraction of what had originally been excavated. The material saved during excavation and represented here includes: all apparent imported wares; all diagnostic vessels and fragments from large floor deposits; representative diagnostics from fills; and particularly well-preserved and unusual pieces. These criteria ensure that the remaining pottery provides a trustworthy picture of the presence and absence of both imported and common locally produced wares. This in turn allows us to offer some observations regarding market networks, the chronology and character of local production, and aspects of the stylistic attitudes and dining habits of ‘Akko’s Hellenistic residents. This chapter contains a detailed discussion, followed by a lengthy catalogue. In the discussion, we focus on the evidence that the pottery from the Courthouse Site and the Hospitaller Compound provides for the culture and economy of ‘Akko from the third century BCE through the early first century CE.

Insofar as possible, we incorporate data from other excavations in the city. We close this section with a description of all ceramic wares and decorative techniques represented in this corpus. The pottery catalogue is organized by stratigraphic groups according to the excavation areas and strata presented in Chapters 2 and 5. Within each stratigraphic group, we have organized the pottery by function, beginning with vessels for individual drinking and eating, followed by those for table service, household tasks, cooking, and storage and transport (Figs. 9.1–9.26). Figures 9.27 and 9.28 include unstratified material that was especially well-preserved or unique. Every catalogued item is illustrated and identified in accompanying tables. Each table entry contains the shape and type name, excavation findspot and fabric, as well as a list of pertinent parallels organized by geographic regions of the southeastern Mediterranean, beginning with Israel.

The Evidence of the Pottery for ‘Akko’s Culture and Economy Early Hellenistic (Third Century BCE): Courthouse Site, Strata 10–9, and Hospitaller Compound (Figs. 9.1–9.8) The earliest pottery recovered in both the Courthouse and Hospitaller excavations is early Hellenistic in date.3 On virgin soil at the Courthouse Site excavators found a series of walls, floors and domestic installations with associated pottery of the third century BCE. Two architectural phases (Strata 10 and 9) were detected, but there was so little diagnostic pottery from Stratum 10 and it is so similar in character and date to that of Stratum 9 that we consider the pottery from both architectural strata together here. In the lowest levels of the Hospitaller Compound excavators found three large deposits of pottery (L11019, L25016 and L40010), dating from the third century BCE. The fact

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ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

that the earliest pottery found in both areas dates to the years following the consolidation of Ptolemaic rule is consistent with discoveries elsewhere in ‘Akko, and is most interesting.4 One key issue in reconstructing the development of the city is the date at which people began living at some distance from Tell el-Fukhar, the large mound that had been the focus of occupation since the Bronze Age (Dothan 1976:1–30). Historians of the Hellenistic Levant sometimes characterize the region as troubled during the third century BCE on account of the repeated hostilities between the Ptolemies and the Seleucids. According to Diodorus, Ptolemy I razed the city (along with Samaria, Jaffa and Gaza) on his return from campaigning in Syria in 312 BCE. His son Ptolemy II is credited with the city’s “rebirth” in 280 BCE, at which time the new name of Ptolemais was given (Diodorus, Histories 19.93.7). This bumpy period notwithstanding, the ceramics found here and elsewhere in the city reveal that residents felt sufficiently secure settling in low-lying areas throughout the years when their rulers contested the territory. The table wares found in these early Hellenistic loci include many imports, specifically the small vessels used for drinking and eating: kantharoi, skyphoi and small bowls from the Aegean or Asia Minor (Figs. 9.1:1, 9, 10; 9.4:2) and bowls and saucers from Cyprus (Figs. 9.1:4; 9.4:4, 8; 9.6:6, 7, 9, 10; 9.8:1, 5). This pattern was not new. Throughout the years of Achaemenid rule, people living here and all along the southern Levantine coast had enjoyed a steady supply of imported table vessels, primarily Attic.5 In the later fourth and third centuries BCE, many new producers became established in the eastern Mediterranean; new production centers have been identified at Alexandria Troas, Pergamon, Ephesos, Alexandria, Nicosia, Kition, Paphos, Tyre and ‘Akko itself (and there were certainly many others).6 In the southeastern Mediterranean, imported table vessels remained common but they generally derived from producers in the Aegean and Asia Minor or Cyprus rather than Athenian workshops. One effect was more variety from site to site in the vessels used for an individual table setting. The early Hellenistic residents of this area of the city seem to have favored skyphoi for drinking vessels, and small drooping, thickened, or ledge rim saucers and everted and incurved rim bowls for food, choices shared by residents of Dor, Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim and Bet Yerah in Israel, Beirut in Lebanon, and Nicosia, Kition and Paphos on Cyprus.

The arrangement of these sites in a compact cluster— Cyprus and the nearby coast north and south of the Carmel, and then through the Jezreel Valley—suggests a regular market network that may also reflect some shared cultural predilections. Whereas the vessels that residents used for individual drinking and eating were of shapes popular throughout the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean, most of the serving vessels that they used in conjunction were shapes common only to its southeastern end. Deep bowls or kraters with short or wide thick ledge rims and slipped inside and out (e.g., Figs. 9.1:7, 8; 9.6:11; 9.8:2, 3) are essentially the only vessels suitable for mixing and serving at table. Some of these come from Cypriot and perhaps Asia Minor producers; others are of local manufacture. Parallels occur at Tarsus, various sites in Cyprus, coastal and inland sites near ‘Akko (such as Dor and Bet Yerah) and in both Upper and Lower Egypt, a distribution that echoes that of the small table vessels. In use with the kraters were table jugs largely supplied by local producers. Jugs with sharply delineated triangular rims made in semifine fabric local to the ‘Akko–Tyre area occur (Figs. 9.1:14, 15; 9.6:12; 9.8:7), along with one cupped rim jug probably imported from Cyprus (Fig. 9.1:13). The distribution of these vessels is narrower, being largely confined to northern and coastal Israel. There are almost no decorated drinking and serving vessels of West Slope style. Such vessels are present at most early Hellenistic eastern Mediterranean coastal sites, but from the relatively small amounts published, it seems that they were not all that common (e.g., Dor). The few residual finds from these excavations (e.g., Figs. 9.10:1; 9.20:1; 9.27:8, 13) and from excavations elsewhere in the city prove that such wares were known here but were not typical.7 ‘Akko’s early Hellenistic residents stocked their kitchens with three types of cooking vessels: cooking pots with a wide mouth and a short, concave rim suitable for holding a lid; broad casseroles with a long angled rim and a rounded or carinated body; and low, wide baking pans (Fig. 9.2). The cooking pots and casseroles all occur in a dense, clean, sandy red-brown cooking ware whose local origin has been confirmed by petrographic analyses (see below, ‘Wares and Decorative Techniques’). A number of the baking pans are Aegean imports (Figs. 9.2:10–12; 9.8:9). The particular forms of the cooking pots and casseroles occur in the same geographic cluster as the small table

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

vessels and kraters: Cyprus, northern Israel and Egypt. Imported Aegean pans are also attested in these areas. This distribution further supports seeing this region as a unified zone economically and culturally. It may not be a coincidence that all of these places lay wholly within Ptolemaic-controlled territory; indeed, the regime’s policy of economic protection and insulation may be the reason for this pattern. Locally made baggy jars in chalky and granular versions of semi-fine ware are common (Figs. 9.3:2–6; 9.7:1). Both the form and the production venue reflect continued manufacture of large containers for local produce, probably olive oil. A number of imported jars were found in the Hospitaller Compound (L40010), including three Rhodian and three Chian amphoras, all third century BCE in date (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming).8 These latter are interesting in light of the written evidence regarding the importance of ‘Akko’s port in the third century BCE. Several of the Zenon papyri record ‘Akko as a stop in the tour of that Ptolemaic official; in 259 BCE he picked up four artabas of flour to see him through his journey back to Egypt (P. Cairo Zen. 59004, 59008, 59698; Edgar 1925:7–10, 14–16, 1931:127–128). Flour brought all the way from ‘Akko to Cos is cited in a dialogue of Herondas (Pornoboskos 2.16–17). While it is likely that this commodity was shipped in sacks or other perishable containers, the commerce that it represents is surely the context by which the imported amphoras, along with the baking pans, made their way to the city.9 Whereas the early Hellenistic pottery found in the Hospitaller Compound and the Courthouse Site certainly represents only a small fraction of the residents’ household goods, even this residual array indicates something of their connections to the world beyond the Levantine coast. It is notable that already in the lowest level of the Courthouse Site, fresco and stucco fragments occur. The pottery and wall decoration together reflect comfortable lives and tastes in sync with people living elsewhere in the Ptolemaiccontrolled southeastern Mediterranean. Early Hellenistic Pottery from Other ‘Akko Excavations: West Slope-style kantharos(?): Dothan 1976: Fig. 32 West Slope-style krater: E. Stern 1999: Fig. 20:4 Imported krater, ledge rim: E. Stern 1999: Fig. 20:1 White ware mortarium (Persian bowl): E. Stern 1999: Fig. 20:7

135

Middle Hellenistic (Late Third–Mid-Second Centuries BCE): Courthouse Site, Stratum 8 (Figs. 9.9–9.11) In Stratum 8, residents modified the original constructions at the Courthouse Site with a few new walls and higher floors. The character of the area remained the same: residential structures with walls adorned with painted plaster. Associated pottery, several coins and stamped handles of Mediterranean amphoras allow these modifications to be dated from the later third through the middle of the second centuries BCE. As with most of the pottery from the lowest levels of the site, everything from Stratum 8 was fragmented and worn; the excavators did not find any large or well-preserved deposits.10 This small body of material nonetheless reflects some new trends. Most apparent is the dramatic diminution of imported table vessels from Aegean and Asia Minor producers and the concomitant rise in pottery from the northern Levant and the immediate region. Residents used two forms of drinking vessels, both in shapes common throughout the southeastern Mediterranean but both now made locally (Figs. 9.9:1; 9.10:2, 3: central coastal fine ware). Small saucers and bowls still came from Cyprus (Fig. 9.10:4–6, 12), and now also from workshops on the northern Levantine coast, near Antioch (Figs. 9.9:2; 9.10:8, 9, 11: northern coastal fine ware, on which see below in ‘Wares and Decorative Techniques’).11 Local producers filled the market for table serving vessels; almost all examples found in Stratum 8 loci are of the granular variety of semi-fine ware that is likely local to the ‘Akko area. Kraters with a wide ledge rim and jugs with a triangular rim are forms that continue from the previous stratum (Fig. 9.11:1, 2, 4). In addition, there now appear table amphoras of a distinctive shape that evoke glazed Parthian vessels (Fig. 9.11:3, 5; Berlin 1997b:37). Local manufacture of cooking vessels continued. The cooking pot with a wide concave rim remained in production (Fig. 9.11:8). Local potters also made a stew pot with a short neck and a narrow ledge rim, the model for which was possibly Cypriot or Egyptian—in any event, parallels for the form appear in both places (Fig. 9.11:7). Examining the distribution of these forms and wares elsewhere reveals the cultural and economic zone in which ‘Akko’s inhabitants participated during these years. As in the third century BCE, comparanda cluster from Cyprus to northern Israel to Egypt. In

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Israel parallels are limited to sites in the vicinity of ‘Akko (Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim), on the northern coast (Dor), in and north of the Jezreel Valley (Bet Yerah, Qedesh), and at Samaria. Notably, types and fabrics typical of Judea are absent.12 In terms of market networks and exchange, the most important vessels are transport jars. Wine jars dating from the later third through the early–mid second centuries BCE from Aegean and southeastern Mediterranean producers have been found in quantity here and in other excavated areas at ‘Akko. A dramatic spike in the number of amphoras from Aegean and southeastern Mediterranean producers, especially Rhodes, occurs; the last two decades of the third century BCE are especially well-represented.13 Finkielsztejn has postulated that this is due to the concentration of military personnel stationed here in connection with the battles of Raphia (217 BCE) and Panias (200 BCE; Finkielsztejn 2000b:208). The locally made semi-fine baggy jars remain common as well. These are regularly found at Levantine coastal sites, including Cyprus, at inland sites in northern Israel, and less often in northern Egypt (but notably not in Upper Egypt). The restricted zone in comparison to Mediterranean transport amphoras may reflect a reality of Levantine economic life, in which an agricultural surplus intended for trade was not often produced. Historically, the primary exchange goods of this area were fine crafts, such as glass vessels and decorated bowls in silver and bronze, along with specialities such as purple dye.14 An economy predicated on such items, rather than on large-scale agriculture, may be more conducive to more general, if less dramatic, individual prosperity—small-scale jobs rather than large-scale estates. During the years in which this stratum was occupied, ‘Akko came under Seleucid control. It may be that the appearance of table vessels in northern coastal fine ware is one small result of this shift (although we note that the importation of vessels from Cyprus, which was still under Ptolemaic rule, apparently continued). The larger pattern evident here however— local manufacture of the full complement of necessary household ceramics—is unlikely to be related to such high-level political change. During these years the city was large and well-settled, with a population of sufficient size and stability to create a steady demand for household necessities, although they apparently did not care much about style. While manufacturers

elsewhere in the Mediterranean were crafting innovative and interesting ceramics (for example, in Alexandria, Nicosia, Ephesos, Crete and Pergamon), ‘Akko’s pottery producers were neither particularly inventive nor outward-looking; even their table wares are quite plain. For the residents in this sector of the city at least, such minimalism sufficed. Middle Hellenistic Pottery from Other ‘Akko Excavations: Campana A bowls: Vitto 2005: Fig. 9:1, 2 and (local?) imitation: Fig. 9:3 Brazier, mold-made handle: E. Stern 1999: Fig. 20:8 Late Hellenistic (Mid–Late Second Century BCE): Courthouse Site, Stratum 7 (Figs. 9.12–9.20) At this time the northern area of the Courthouse Site (Area TC) was wholly redeveloped, changing from a residential to an industrial zone. A long east–west wall (W56) separated the area into two sectors. To the north lay Installation 378, possibly used to make purple dye. South of W56 several other walls and rooms were built. Unlike the walls in the previous strata here, none of these were decorated, which suggests that all of the structures in Area TC were commercial rather than domestic. In several parts of this area, excavators were able to recover large floor and fill deposits containing pottery and other material of the later second century BCE (notably L435, which contained many whole vessels resting on one floor and sealed by another; Figs. 9.16–9.19). Meanwhile the southern area of the site (Area TB) remained residential; the structure enclosed by W30, W32 and W33 remained in use, though a new cross wall (W40) created two new rooms. Floors and fills from inside these rooms contained a great deal of pottery along with a coin of Antiochus VIII (121–114 BCE; Chapter 10: Cat. No. 58) and a stamped amphora handle dating to 130 BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 127). As with the deposits from Stratum 8, those from Stratum 7 contained much residual pottery. We have included some of this obviously earlier material here in its stratigraphic place, while also noting the likely earlier date in the catalogue entry. The residents of ‘Akko in the second half of the second century BCE enjoyed more varied and generally much nicer table vessels than those found here previously. Most notable is the appearance of plates, bowls and mold-made bowls in BSP (Figs. 9.12:1, 2, 12, 13; 9.15:3– 5; 9.17:1, 5, 7–9; 9.18:8, 10), the black-slipped ware

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invented by potters on the central or northern Levantine coast in the second quarter of the second century BCE (see below, ‘Wares and Decorative Techniques’). Table settings included other shapes and wares as well: fish plates, incurved rim bowls, saucers and mold-made bowls in northern coastal fine ware (Figs. 9.12:3, 11; 9.15:6, 7; 9.17:2, 3; 9.18:4, 6); cups, bowls and plates in central coastal fine ware (Figs. 9.15:2, 9.16:4, 9.20:3); mold-made bowls from producers in the Aegean, the Asia Minor coast and the Northern Levant (Figs. 9.12:16; 9.18:1–8, 10), and a Campana A mastos (Fig. 9.18:9) and an everted rim bowl (Fig. 9.27:1) from Italy. Taken together, these fine wares present a dramatically elevated standard in household goods compared to that of the preceding period. The wholesale change was largely limited to vessels for individual drinking and eating. Local potters continued to provide semi-fine ware vessels for table service: table amphoras and table jugs and juglets (Figs. 9.12:19, 22, 23; 9.15:11–14; 9.17:11). Kraters, either imported or in semi-fine ware and slipped for table use no longer appear; taking their place, at least in terms of shape, are large, wide-mouthed bowls with broad, overhanging rims, made of the local sandy cooking ware (Fig. 9.17:12). By shape and fabric these kraters seem more suited for kitchen rather than table use. This identification is supported by the distribution of various table and utility wares in the late Hellenistic houses at nearby Shiqmona. There, in Room HB, excavators found a complete overhanging-rim krater with a metal rod and bone scraper, while in the adjacent Room HA lay lamps, jars, dipper juglets, small oil and perfume bottles, and a drinking bowl (Elgavish 1974:27–30, Pls. VIII–XIII). Almost all of the cooking vessels are in sandy cooking ware, indicating that local producers continued to supply almost all of the residents’ kitchen needs. Cooking pots with concave rims were joined by cooking pots with nearly vertical pointed or flattened rims (Figs. 9.16:2, 3; 9.19:6–8) or narrower mouths and taller splayed necks (Figs. 9.13:12; 9.16:4, 5). Casseroles look a bit different as well, with deeper bodies and wavy, broad ledge or high vertical rims (Fig. 9.13:13, 14). A baking pan in the local sandy cooking ware appears, indicating that ‘Akko’s potters were producing this Aegean form, which in turn suggests more than a passing local interest in foreign cuisine

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(Fig. 9.13:16). Each of these particular types is attested at Dor, Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim, Bet Yerah, Qedesh and Anafa, a distribution that reveals a regional market circuit which ‘Akko’s potters supplied. In addition to these local cooking vessels, later second-century BCE residents also owned a few thin-walled Aegean cooking pots (Fig. 9.16:6), perhaps acquired as casual additions when buying some imported table or other cooking wares. ‘Akko purchased its independence from Seleucid control during the years in which Stratum 7 was occupied, though it is difficult to identify any connection between that large event and the smallscale activities represented at the Courthouse Site. The industrial installation is surely the work of some local businessman, while the increased quality and quantity of fine table wares throughout the site area is likely a result of a now steadier supply. The size and location of the larger market for pottery, and especially cooking ware made in ‘Akko, inspires consideration of two points. The first regards what might be called local entrepreneurship. Merchants might have tried to peddle their wares further north or south along the coast, or to settlements on Cyprus, all part of a by now well-established zone of exchange. Instead, however, they plied only the well-trod route through the Jezreel Valley and north along the Jordan River. Ceramics from various Mediterranean producers regularly came in to the city but apparently this did not inspire local potters to reciprocate by creating goods for a wider market. A second point of interest is the particular distribution of sandy cooking ware, and the market circuit it reflects. Several scholars read the text of 1 Maccabees as testifying to increasing hostility between the Phoenician towns and Jewish settlements in the north (Rappaport 1981:85–86; Kashtan 1988:46). Since the text was actually written only at the end of the second century BCE, a real question arises as to whether the author is fairly reporting older events or retrojecting feelings of his own time into the past. To this end, a concerted look at the precise distribution of sandy cooking ware would be interesting; at the moment, none of the sites at which it is reported in any quantity would be classified as Jewish. Future study may shed more light on this point and its ramifications.

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Late Hellenistic/Early Roman (First Century BCE): Courthouse Site, Stratum 6 (Figs. 9.21–9.25) In the southern sector (Area TB), the large structure defined by W30 and W32 was modified. The rooms were enlarged to the south by the removal of east–west W33; in each there was a sturdy kurkar floor on which lay deep pottery-laden fills (L279 and L241). A new north–south wall (W11) demarcated a large area to the east that possibly functioned as a courtyard. In this area excavators uncovered two superposed floor deposits. The lower (L290) contained lamps, large chunks of pottery, and fragments of colored wall plaster; the ceramic material dates to the first half of the first century BCE. Above this was a second floor (L233), on which lay two complete amphoras (see above Chapter 2 and Finkielsztejn, forthcoming), a great deal of fragmentary and well-preserved pottery, lamps, fresco and ceiling plaster, and a coin of Herod the Great (see Chapter 10: No. 104). The latest amphora and pottery are late first century BCE in date To the north, Area TC retained its industrial character, though Installation 378 went out of use. Instead, several kilns were built a bit to the southeast. Unlike in Area TB, the excavators did not find intact vessels or large superposed deposits. While much of the pottery found on floors and fills here is residual, the latest dates to the first century BCE. Most interesting is a casserole made in the local sandy cooking ware, but in a shape identical to one produced by the potters of the large workshop established at Kfar Hananya in the lower Galilee (Fig. 9.25:13). The form has a deep gently carinated body and an upwardly angled ledge rim. By the mid–late first century BCE, this was the most popular form of casserole at settlements throughout the north; in addition to the Kfar Hananya versions, which were the most widely sold, Golan potters had also begun to manufacture the type (Adan-Bayewitz 1993:117–118; Berlin 2006:17, 41). Notably, there are no cooking pots or casseroles from the already thriving Kfar Hananya workshop yet found in ‘Akko. Instead, we find an ‘Akko version of the Kfar Hananya form alongside other sandy cooking-ware kitchen vessels, indicating that the city’s potters were still in business. However, their market range was now significantly smaller. Two generations earlier, their cooking vessels were regularly acquired by people living as far inland as the northern Hula Valley. Now, in the mid–late first century BCE, their pottery was pushed out by

the new wares from the Kfar Hananya workshop; the distribution of ‘Akko kitchen pottery is now limited to the environs of the city itself. This development may be a material reflection of a geographic—and cultural—reality. Josephus, in a famous description, describes the territory of Galilee as “enveloped by Phoenicia and Syria. Its western frontiers are the outlying territory of Ptolemais and Carmel” (War 3.35). The now distinctly limited appearance of sandy cooking ware and the concomitant and sudden spread of Kfar Hananya cooking ware appear as physical matches to Josephus’ description. The pattern suggests that the division and even hostility expressed by the author of 1 Maccabees has taken hold. There is only one significant addition to people’s household ceramics here (in both Areas TB and TC): plates and bowls made of Eastern Sigillata A (Figs. 9.21:2, 3, 12–14; 9.23:3, 7; 9.25:3, 4, 7, 9). A few common shapes occur. For dining, people used broad platters and wide hemispherical bowls with plain and molded rims; for drinking, they had decorated moldmade bowls and mastoi, with their elegant if impractical pointed bottoms. The appearance of ESA only now, in levels of the first century BCE, is a little puzzling. The ware had been in production for at least a full generation by this time; already by 130–125 BCE it had appeared at sites in the immediate environs (e.g., Shiqmona) and further inland (e.g., Tel Anafa). Further, the residents of the Courthouse Site were reasonably well-off and au courant, as the plentiful finds of painted frescoes indicate, and indeed had a long tradition of acquiring nice tableware, including plenty of plates and bowls of BSP, the black-slipped predecessor to ESA, which likely originated from the same producers. Perhaps the absence of ESA from the previous Stratum 7 deposits is simply accidental. The large deposit found on Floor 233 (the upper of the two superimposed floors in Stratum 6) includes several items significant for both chronology and market range. Two are drinking vessels: a beaker in thin-walled ware possibly imported (Fig. 9.23:1) and a distinctive carinated cup with high-swung handles, of Knidian manufacture (Fig. 9.23:6). The position of the handles on the Knidian cup, rising above the level of the rim, indicates a later first-century BCE date. Lastly is a large shallow baking dish, almost complete, of the type known as Pompeian red ware, whose granular red fabric and black inclusions indicates that it was made in the area of the Bay of Naples (Figs. 9.24:13; see

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

also Fig. 9.25:5). Baking dishes from Campania appear in small numbers in the Levant already in the second century BCE, but examples of this specific form of Pompeian red ware dish are so far known only in contexts of the later first century BCE.15 Late Hellenistic Pottery from Other ‘Akko Excavations: ESA platter: E. Stern 1997: Fig. 27:4; 1999: Fig. 20:2 Early Roman (Early First Century CE): Courthouse Site, Stratum 5 (Fig. 9.26) The walls, floors and installations of Stratum 5 provided the highest coherent remains at the Courthouse Site; associated pottery, lamps and coins date this phase to the first half of the first century CE. The character of both the northern (Area TC) and southern (Area TB) sectors seems very different from that of earlier phases. In the northern area a north–south drainage channel (L368) was built, putting all earlier walls and rooms out of use. A section of ceramic pipe (L320) found in the northeastern part of the site appears to run at a right angle to the channel and may have originally connected to it, although a wide area of disturbance lay between them. To the south, in Area TB, new constructions finally replaced the long-lived, much modified residence (W30–W32, W11). These may have continued to be private houses. Excavators found a tabun and fragments of painted plaster that originally decorated part of an exterior wall (W17) within a fill that also contained a fair bit of household pottery. An array of table, cooking and utility vessels dating to the early–mid-first century CE appear in these loci. A small ESA dish of Herodian type (Fig. 9.26:1), along with two ESA jugs (Fig. 9.26:7, 8), attests to the continued use of that ware for dining. A lid of Pompeian red ware (Fig. 9.26:4) and three Aegean imports, a pan handle (Fig. 9.26:5), a casserole (Fig. 9.26:9) and a cooking pot (Fig. 9.26:12), reveal a strong reliance on Mediterranean cooking wares. Most notable is the absence of cooking vessels in sandy cooking ware, the local and long-lived ceramic enterprise whose products had dominated the kitchens of ‘Akko’s residents for several hundred years. In its place there now appear cooking pots and cooking bowls from the Kfar Hananya workshops (Fig. 9.26:10, 11). No sandy cooking ware vessels in forms datable to the first century CE are known from this or other ‘Akko excavations; it may be that the supply of new

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kitchen wares from Mediterranean merchants coupled with that from the Kfar Hananya potters put this local industry out of business. Other Early Roman Pottery from ‘Akko Courthouse Site Excavations: Frying pan handle: Avshalom-Gorni 1999: Fig. 24:24 Kfar Hananya Form 1A: Avshalom-Gorni 1999: Fig 24:11, 12 Wares and Decorative Techniques The Hellenistic and Early Roman pottery from the Hospitaller Compound and Courthouse Site occurred in sixteen ceramic wares recognizable on the basis of published comparanda and personal study. Their identification makes it possible to assess how ‘AkkoPtolemais was connected to local, regional and international market routes in the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. Archaeometric analyses show that the majority of the vessels found at these sites were produced on the central and southern Levantine coast (e.g., central coastal fine ware, Phoenician semi-fine ware, sandy cooking ware) or in the Galilee (e.g., Kfar Hananya cooking ware). Imported fabrics from further afield (e.g., Aegean/Asia Minor fine ware, Aegean cooking ware, Campana A, Eastern Sigillata A and its black slipped predecessor, northern coastal fine ware) are less common but are attested in sufficient quantity to indicate residents’ desire for and ability to acquire imported goods. Below are described the wares and decorative treatments used in the pottery catalogue (see below). Aegean/Asia Minor Fine Ware: Very clean, dense, faintly micaceous light red (2.5YR 6/6), no visible inclusions, fully fired. Faintly shiny black slip, usually covering entire interior and all or most of exterior. Aegean Cooking Ware: Very hard coarse reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) to red (2.5YR 4/6) with mica and frequent white and gray inclusions, often with a wide dark gray brown core. Black Slipped Predecessor (BSP): Very clean, hard, dense pink (5YR 7/4–7.5YR 8/4) with no visible inclusions, fully fired. Semi-lustrous smooth black slip, occasionally mottled to red or maroon. Samples of BSP and ESA (see below) tested by Instrumental

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Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) at Tel Anafa fell into the same mineralogical cluster (Slane et al. 1997). Concurrent results were achieved in INAA tests by Gunneweg, Perlman and Yellin (1983) at Gezer, which lumped vessels in BSP, ESA and northern coastal fine ware (NCF; see below)16 into the same mineralogical group (there called ETS-1). This evidence suggests that all of these fabrics have a common origin. Since BSP and NCF are attested earliest and in greatest abundance at sites in the Northern Levant such as Hama and Kinet Höyük, this seems the most likely point of origin for all three wares (Marie-Henriette Gates, pers. comm.; Slane 1997:272; Lund, Malfitana and Poblome 2001; Lund 2005). Campana A Fine Ware: Hard, granular red (2.5YR 5/6), occasional small white and black rounded inclusions. Very shiny metallic black slip completely covers interior and exterior surfaces (Morel 1981:74). Northern Coastal Fine Ware (NCF): Moderately hard and dense, clean pink (5YR 7/4–7.5YR 8/4), with few fine lime inclusions, fully fired. Matte to semi-lustrous smooth orange-red slip, brushed on, usually covering entire interior and upper exterior, dribbling onto lower wall. Vessels in this ware are particularly common in the region of Cilicia, from Hama to Kinet Höyük; their ubiquity there suggests this as a likely zone of origin. Central Coastal Fine Ware (CCF): Granular reddish brown to pink (5YR 5/4–5YR 7/4), with fine lime and gray inclusions, fully fired. Thin, matte slip with a granular appearance brushed on, fired variously from dark reddish brown to light orange, usually covering entire interior and all or most of exterior, sloppily applied. Petrographic analysis of samples from Tel Qedesh conform with soils from Rosh Ha-Niqra in the north to the Carmel range around ‘Akko (Anastasia Shapiro, pers. comm.). This is the local tableware of Tyre and ‘Akko. Eastern Sigillata A (ESA): Very clean, moderately hard, dense pink (5YR 7/4–7.5YR 8/4) with no visible inclusions, fully fired. Semi-lustrous to lustrous smooth red slip, applied by dipping vessels into vat of slip. Often a darker band of slip appears across the middle of the vessel, from that portion having been dipped into the slip twice.17

Ephesian Gray Ware: Very fine, dense, micaceous clear gray (Hayes 1991:8, 11; Gassner 1997:251–252). Gray Brown Cypriot Ware: Hard, compact light reddish brown (5YR 6/3–5YR 5/4), slightly granular with occasional to frequent rounded and subangular white or pale yellow inclusions, occasional small rounded voids. Surfaces coated with a smooth matte or semilustrous slip fired dark red brown to purplish, often irregularly applied to exterior. Vessels are usually fully fired, thicker walled vessels sometimes have a gray core (5YR 6/1). This fabric is visually identical to Late Classical and Hellenistic vessels found in abundance at sites on Cyprus from Paphos in the southwest to Kition in the southeast, suggesting that it was produced on the island.18 In Israel it is most commonly found at sites along the coast and in the Jezreel Valley in contexts of the late fourth to early second centuries BCE.19 Knidian Gray Ware: Fine, hard, compact fabric fired from gray to orange brown. Frequent linear voids and small white inclusions, smooth matte dusky slip ranging from gray to orange like the fabric itself, exteriors usually only semi-slipped (Hayes 1991:12; Rotroff 1997:233–234). Kfar Hananya Cooking Ware: Hard, smooth and clean red (10R 4/6–2.5YR 4/6) cooking fabric with occasional small black inclusions. Usually fully fired (Adan-Bayewitz 1993:83–154.). Sandy Cooking Ware: Rather brittle, very granular red (10R 4/6–2.5YR 4/8) with occasional small and medium white inclusions, either fully fired or with a thin dark gray brown core. Petrographic testing indicates production in the area of ‘Akko (Anastasia Shapiro, pers. comm.). Visually identical cooking fabrics are common at ‘Akko (Berlin 1997b:12) and at coastal sites at least as far south as Ashdod. Some details of form are different at sites in the Sharon plain and to the south,20 suggesting that there may be multiple production sites. Semi-Fine Ware (SF), Chalky and Granular: Relatively clean, reddish yellow (5YR 7/6–8–7.5YR 6/4–6) fabric used primarily for table vessels, perfume containers and jars. Identical shapes occur in two visually distinct fabric groups. The first is dense and chalky, almost powdery, somewhat soft, with very fine white and red

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

inclusions. The second is more granular, with small and occasional medium angular lime inclusions and quartz sand. Both are usually fully fired. Petrographic analysis of the first, chalky variant found shell inclusions, suggesting coastal production; visual and tactile comparison with vessels from Tyre suggest an origin around that city (Patricia Bikai, pers. comm.). Most of the vessels from ‘Akko occur in the second, more granular fabric; samples have been submitted for more refined petrographic analysis. We hypothesize that the chalky variant comes from the area of Tyre, while the more granular version comes from ‘Akko. Semi-fine vessels (in both chalky and granular varieties) occur in quantity in southern Lebanon and northern Israel, from Tyre to Dor on the coast and inland from the Hula Valley (Tel Anafa) to the Bet She’an Valley (Pella, Bet Yerah; Berlin 1997a, 1997b:9–10). Spatter-Painted Ware, Hula Valley: Extremely coarse pink (7.5YR 7/4) to light red (2.5YR 6/8) with many

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small to medium angular gray, red and black inclusions, often partially and sloppily coated with red to red brown slip (Berlin 1997b:7–8; A. Shapiro, pers.comm.). Terra Nigra (Egyptian Black Gloss Ware): Hard dense, very granular and dark with gray slip in and out (Grataloup 1991:23–26; Hayes 1991:132; French 1992:92–93). Kilns and workshops have been excavated at Tell el-Farâ’în, in the Egyptian Delta. White Ware: Light brown to very pale brown (7.5YR 6/3–10YR 8/4), many small rounded white, gray and black inclusions, fully fired. Wet smoothed surfaces (Berlin 1997b:10–11). Semi-Slipped: A decorative technique in which the interior and upper exterior are fully covered, and the lower exterior left plain. The outside slip ends in a wavy demarcation, probably from dipping vessel in slip vat and letting excess dribble down the sides.

Hospitaller Compound, Locus 11019, Third Century BCE Fig. 9.1:1–16. Table and Personal Vessels No.

Vessel

Basket

Ware and Decoration

1

Bowl, outturned rim

110296/4

Aegean/Asia Minor; semi-slipped black

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.2:14, Area C0 Ph. 4b, c. 275–200 BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 37:16, c. 200–150 BCE). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 3:800-34, US 800, 1st half of 3rd c. BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 219: 405, bassin 417, late 3rd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 2:12, Room ΓΡ 1, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 34:41, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 179:H, MHU top level, 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 2

Saucer, ledge rim

110299/6

CCF; thin matte peeling red-brown slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Vitto 2005: Fig. 9:11, Str. 2, 3rd–2nd c. BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:13, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.4:12, Area C2 Ph. 3b? c. 275–225 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.10:37, Area W2, Str. 6/5, mid–late 2nd c. BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.5:5, 6); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 37:7, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:9, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: No. 315, Fig. 209, fosse E, 3rd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 2:25, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 44:148, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 120, 179:34 MHU, 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 3

Saucer, thickened rim

110299/7

Very pale brown (10YR 7/4), red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.18:10, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.4:13, 16, Area C0 Ph. 5b+ 4a, c. 275–125 BCE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 55:5); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:10, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 217:382, bassin 417, late 3rd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 44:8, Room ΓɅ bottom c. 170–100 BCE) 4

Saucer, ledge rim, carinated

110289/2

Gray brown Cypriot? semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.18:10, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE. LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 3:800-26, US 800, 1st half of 3rd c. BCE). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 2:23, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 217:390, bassin 417 late 3rd c. BCE) 5

Plate with in-thickened rim

110296/2

CCF? surfaces very worn

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.8:4, Area C0 Ph. 4b, c. 275–200 BCE); Samaria (Crowfot 1957: Fig. 51:8). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 2.14:363, l’etablissment hellénistique, 3rd c. BCE). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Hadid (Berlin 2001: Fig. 2.1:5, 6); Tell elHerr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 44:146, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance)

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Fig. 9.1:1–16 (cont.) No. 6

Vessel

Basket

Ware and Decoration

Salter, incurved rim

110303/4

NCF? semi-lustrous black and red slip on interior and exterior; fabric and slip worn

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:3, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.1:30, Area C2, Ph. 5, 375–300 BCE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 49:4); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:5, “cistern” G/R early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 202:248, sols 138, late 3rd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 14:5). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 45:151 cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 178:8, unstratified); Troy (Berlin 1999: Pl. 4:202 No. 202, H2 occupation, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE) 7

Krater, ledge rim column

110299/3

Aegean/Asia Minor or Cypriot? semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.11:7, Area C1, Ph. 3b/3a, c. 275–150 BCE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 45:1); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:19, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 6:97, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 60:20.7, Well 20, end of 2nd c. BCE or later). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 134, 186:213, top level, MHU, late 3rd, early 2nd c. BCE) 8

Krater, short thickened rim

110294/4

SF? Aegean/Asia Minor? very worn; thin red slip on exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.14:4, Area C0 Ph. 4b, c. 275–200 BCE. EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Figs. 28, 31:H1.8, late 4th c. BCE, form only); Tel el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 44:150 cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 186:D, MHU, 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 9

Skyphos, vertical handled

110232/16

Unknown fine; faintly shiny black slip on upper wall, red slip on lower wall and inside

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Avshalom-Gorni 1999: Fig. 24:5); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.6:3–4, Area A1 Ph. 5a, 375–275 BCE); Keisan (Młynarczyk 2002: Fig. 6:91); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 39:4, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:17, “cistern” G/R early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Figs. 203, 204:268, sols 138, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 181:83, MHU, 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 10

Kantharos, lower handle fragment

110311/11

Aegean/Asia Minor; lustrous black slip

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.8:6, Area C2 Ph. 4[?], 300–275 BCE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 46:1, 3. CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 211:328, l’etablissment hellénistique, 3rd c. BCE). TURKEY: Troy (Berlin 1999: Pl. 2:158, H2 occupation, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE) 11

Krater, lug handled

110303/15

Aegean/Asia Minor; lustrous black slip on all surfaces

CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 4:2). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 1997: Fig. 42:592, G5:3, lower fill, c. 225–200 BCE) 12

Table amphora, ledge rim, ridged neck

110295/18

Spatter painted ware; possibly intrusive

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 55: PW 468, HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE) 13

Jug, cupped rim

110295/6

Cypriot? red (2.5YR 5/6), lime and quartz inclusions; black slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.29:12, Area C1, Ph. 3c?/4a, c. 275–250 BCE). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 7:116–117, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 16, Cistern 3 2nd c. BCE[?]) 14

Jug, triangular rim

110300/27

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 8: PW 38, HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE, form appears by HELL 1B, c. 250–125 BCE); Bet Yerah (BenNahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.12:4, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.31:4, Area C0); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.29:1). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 37:82 cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with later disturbance) 15

Jug, triangular rim

110304/8

SF, granular

110294/11

SF, granular

As Fig. 9.1:14, above 16

Unguentarium, short rolled rim

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Stern 1996: Fig. 133); Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 12, 75: PW 83, HELL 1 cleaning, c. 300–125 BCE); Bet Yerah (BenNahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.11:13, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.26:7, Area C2 Str. 4?/5a c. 375–275 BCE); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 14:16, fosse 2003: late 4th–2nd c. BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 5:6, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic)

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1

2

4

3

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

12

14

15 0

10

16

Fig. 9.1. Hospitaller Compound, L11019, third century BCE. Table and personal vessels.

Fig. 9.2:1–18. Cooking and Utility Vessels ►► No.

Vessel

Basket

Ware and Decoration

1

Cooking pot, Aegean-style with flat triangular rim

110289/6

Sandy cooking ware; possibly intrusive

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.18:9, Area C1 Ph. 3a, 225–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2004: Fig. 309b:1). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 234:565, citerne 198, 4th–1st c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 29:1 Room ΑΦ, late 2nd c. BCE). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 143, 191:364, unstratified). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 81:631, context of late 2nd–early 1st c. BCE) 2

Cooking pot, high neck, narrow ledge rim

110295/16

Sandy cooking ware; possibly intrusive

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Smithline 2013: Fig. 8:7); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:6, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 3:6, “cistern” G/R early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 29:7, Room ΑΦ, late 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Hadid (Berlin 2001: Fig. 2.17:18). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 191:363, HRU, mid 2nd–mid 1st c. BCE) 3

Cooking pot, concave rim

110300/3

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Dothan 1976: Fig. 30:13; Tzaferis 2005: Fig. 8:2); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.11:2, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.19:13, Area C2 Ph. 3a, c. 225–200 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.4:3); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 11:3a, fosse 2003: late 4th–2nd c. BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:18, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha’ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 3:7, “cistern” G/R early–middle Hellenistic). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 51:H2.39, Hell 2, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE, form only); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 41:115, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance, form only). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 75:595, context of 350–290 BCE with later disturbance) 4

Cooking pot, concave rim

As Fig. 9.2:3, above

110294/6

Sandy cooking ware

144

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Fig. 9.2:1–18 (cont.) ► No. 5

Vessel

Basket

Ware and Decoration

Casserole, angled rim, round bodied

110299/17

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Dothan 1976: Fig. 30:12; Tatcher 2000c: Fig. 9:16; Vitto 2005: Fig. 8.3, Str. 2, 3rd–2nd c. BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:10, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.20:7, Area C0 Ph. 4, c. 250–125 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.4:6); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 11:6); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:15, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 3:9, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 234:560, citerne 198, 4th–early 1st c. BCE) 6

Casserole, angled rim, round bodied

110299/14

Sandy cooking ware

110294/16

Sandy cooking ware

110294/12

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.2:5, above 7

Casserole, angled rim, round bodied

As Fig. 9.2:5, above 8

Casserole, wavy rim, straight wall

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.22:5, Area C2 Ph. 2d [3a?], c. 225–200 BCE or later); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.4:4); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:14, c. 200–150 BCE). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 33:4, form only); EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 51:H2.43, Hell 2, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE, form only); Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.8:1, Ph. NW3B, late 3rd– early 2nd c. BCE, form only); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 42:120, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later material, form only) 9

Casserole, angled rim with flattened face, straight wall

110300/1+ 30

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 29: PW 242, HELL 2B/C, c. 110–75 BCE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125 BCE). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 52:H246, Hell 2, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE) 10

Baking pan

110295/25

Aegean cooking ware; red (2.5YR 4/8), quartz inclusions; rough bottom, blackened interior

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:5, Str. 1, 3rd–1st half of 2nd c. BCE); Karm er-Ras (Yardenna Alexandre, pers. comm.); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.23a:15, Area C2 Ph. 3a, 250–200 BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:23, c. 200–150 BCE). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Hadid (Berlin 2001: Fig. 2.32:3). TURKEY: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 86:681, context of c. 325–200 BCE); Troy (Berlin 1999: Pls. 29, 30: 253, H2 occupation, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE) 11

Baking pan, deep

110296/6

Reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), large white inclusions and flecks of silver mica, dark gray core; handmade

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 34: PW 300, HELL 2C+ROM 1A residual, c. 98 BCE–15/25 CE, form appears by HELL 2A, c. 125 BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:6, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.23a:6, Area C2 Ph. 3[b?] 275–225 BCE). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Hadid (Berlin 2001: Fig. 2.33:1). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 190:A, bottom level, HRU, mid 2nd–mid 1st c. BCE). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 87:688, context 110 BCE–20 CE) 12

Baking pan, deep

110300/20

Reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), large white inclusions and flecks of silver mica, dark gray core; red slip on interior and exterior; handmade

110300/35

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.2:11, above 13

Cooking pot support

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig.6.23b:8, Area C1 Ph. 2 and 3/4, c. 350 BCE–75 CE). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Pl. 16:15– 16, Room ΓΠ 3, early 3rd c. BCE) 14

Cooking pot support

110294/3

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. Fig.6.23b:2, Area C0, Ph. 5, 375–275 BCE) 15

Mortarium, extended rim

110299/16

Reddish brown (2.5YR 5/4), gray and white inclusions, and occasional mica, blackened interior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 38: PW 349, HELL 2A, c. 125 BCE, form present by Hell 1 c. 300–125 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.10:2, Area C0 Ph. 5[?], c. 375–250 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.9:1); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 40:4, c. 200–150 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 200:237, sols 102, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 8:133 early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE) 16

Utility bowl, wide ledge rim

110289/5

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.11.1, Area C0 Ph. 4? 5? 375–125 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 200:238, sols 102, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 8:131, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 38:93, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance)

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

145

Fig. 9.2:1–18 (cont.) No.

Vessel

Basket

Ware and Decoration

17

Mortarium, rolled rim

110295/8

White ware

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 38: PW 341, HELL 1 residual, c. 300–125 BCE); Dor (Stern 1995: Fig. 2.2:4, Area A1 Ph. 7, c. 475–425 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 2.4:1, 2); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 12:2g, fosse 1023, 3rd c. BCE); Tel Michal (Singer-Avitz 1989: Fig. 9.7:1, Str. VIII, c. 430–400 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 1:6); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1968: Pl. 32:1). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 203:277, sols 138, late 4th–early 3rd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 41:21, Room ΓΠ 3 bottom, early 3rd c. BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 31:11, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 184:A, EHU, late 4th c. BCE) 18

Mortarium, rolled rim

110303/12

Hard coarse pink (5YR 7/4), many medium to large gray and red brown inclusions and voids; matte white slip on interior and exterior.

As Fig. 9.2:17, above

1

2

3

4

7

6

5

9

8

10

11

12

14

13

15

17

16

0

10

18

Fig. 9.2. Hospitaller Compound, L11019, third century BCE. Cooking and utility vessels.

146

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Fig. 9.3:1–9. Transport/Storage Vessels No.

Vessel

Basket

Ware and Decoration

1

Torpedo amphora, shouldered

110303/9

White ware

ISRAEL: Dor (Stern 1995: Fig. 2.7:4, Area C2, Ph. 6a, c. 400–375 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 2.3:6); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 7:5, surface); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1968: Pl. 50:1, Pl. 40:51); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 1:1). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 35:55, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance, identified as local imitation of a Cypriot form) 2

Phoenician baggy jar, shouldered

110304/3

SF, chalky

ISRAEL: Dor (Stern 1995: Fig. 2.8:17, Area C0 Str. 3, c. 125 BCE–105 CE); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 7:4, fosse 2003: late 4th–2nd c. BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 194:198, remplissage du puits, 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 31:1, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 3

Phoenician baggy jar, shouldered

118299/10

SF, chalky

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (E. Stern 1997: Fig. 27:10, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE; Avshalom-Gorni 1999: Fig. 24:9; Tatcher 2000c: Fig. 9.20); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.38:5, Area C1, no phase); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.1); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 1:3); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 23:251–252). LEBANON: Jiyeh (Waliszewski et al. 2006: Fig. 15). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 199:233, sols 102, 4th c. BCE). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.57:27, Ph. N2, 3rd c. BCE); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 31:3–4, 6, 8, 10, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 4

Phoenician baggy jar, shouldered

110311/7

SF, chalky

110303/6

SF, chalky

110304/6

SF, chalky

110311/13

Granular red (2.5YR 5/6)

110296/8

Granular yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

110299/9

Granular reddish yellow (5YR 6/6)

As Fig. 9.3:3, above 5

Phoenician baggy jar, shouldered

As Fig. 9.3:3, above 6

Phoenician baggy jar, shouldered

As Fig. 9.3:3, above 7

Amphora, Rhodian

Finkielsztejn, forthcoming 8

Amphora, Rhodian

Finkielsztejn, forthcoming 9

Amphora, Rhodian

Finkielsztejn, forthcoming

1

2

4

3

5

6

9 7

8 0

10

Fig. 9.3. Hospitaller Compound, L11019, third century BCE. Transport/storage vessels.

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147

Hospitaller Compound, Locus 25016, Third Century BCE Fig. 9.4:1–11. Table and Utility Vessels No. 1

Vessel

Basket

Ware and Decoration

Calyx cup

250516/10

CCF; semi-slipped red

CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 229:499, 501–502, citerne 198, 4th–early 1st c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 4:55– 56, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 42:8, Room ΓΥ lowest level, before 200 BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 43:132–133, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 2

Bowl, outturned rim

250527/7

Attic or Aegean/Asia Minor; lustrous black slip on interior and exterior; four sloppy palmettes unevenly stamped inside off-center rouletted circle, bottom of foot reserved, scraped band around exterior of ring foot

ISRAEL: Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 48:4, probably 4th–3rd c. BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Figs. 226, 228:466, citerne 198, 4th–early 1st c. BCE). TURKEY: Troy (Berlin 1999: Pl. 4:199, H2a occupation, c. 200–150 BCE). GREECE: Athens, Agora (Thompson, Thompson and Rotroff 1987: Fig. 115: D5, Group D, after mid 2nd c. BCE) 3

Bowl, everted rim

250514

CCF; semi-lustrous red to black slip in and on upper half of exterior

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:17, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE, form only); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.2:19, Area C0, Ph. 4, c. 250–125 BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 37:14 c. 200–150 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 212:354, l’etablissment hellénistique, 3rd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 3:39, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: NaukratisKom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.7:13, Ph. NW3B, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 44:144, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 179:H, top level, MH unit, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 4

Bowl, incurved rim

250526/7

Gray brown Cypriot; mottled red to dark gray brown slip on interior and on upper half of exterior

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Dothan 1976: Fig. 30:4, 6); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:4, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (GuzZilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.1:18, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.5:1–3); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:1, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Figs. 219, 220:394, bassin 417, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 3:42, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 40:11, Room ΓΠ1, early layers, 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 34:46, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 5

Bowl, incurved rim

250519/11

NCF; semi-lustrous red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Barak Monickendam-Givon, pers. comm.); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.18:3). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 13:874-56, US 874, 2nd half of 3rd c. BCE). TURKEY: Kinet Höyük (M.-H. Gates, pers. comm.) 6

Saucer, ledge rim

250521/11

CCF; matte red to brown slip on interior, semi slipped on exterior

250527/6

NCF; thin semi-lustrous orange red slip on interior and exterior

As Fig. 9.1:2, above 7

Saucer, thickened rim

TURKEY: Kinet Höyük (M.-H. Gates, pers. comm.) 8

Saucer, ledge rim, carinated

250513/14

Hard smooth pale brown fabric; smooth semi-lustrous black slip on interior and and exterior

LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 12:133-91) 9

Saucer, grooved rim

250516/14

Sandy table ware? hard coarse and granular gray (5YR 5/1), occasional medium angular black inclusions; thick matte red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.4:7, Area C1, Ph. 4a, c. 275–250 BCE); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 13:20); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 37:8, c. 200–150 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 211:338, l’établissment hellénistiques, end of the 3rd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 56:12, Well 11, mid 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 42:H2.6, Hell 2, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.11:1, Ph. NW4B, mid 2nd c. BCE, form only); Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2007: Fig. 23:3, form only). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 120, 179:39, middle level, MH unit, late 3rd c. BCE, form only) 10

Saucer, folded rim

250520/8

Aegean/Asia Minor or Cypriot; hard, fine, slightly granular pink (5YR 7/3); semi-lustrous dark gray brown slip

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.4:4, Area C2 Ph. 4, c. 300–275). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 227:490, citerne 198, 4th– early 1st c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 2:13, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 48:51, Group ΑɅ, late 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.11:4, Ph. NW4B, mid 2nd c. BCE, form only); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 44:145, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance, form only). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 179:36, top level, MH unit, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 11

Utility bowl, broad faced rim

250515/17

EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Hadid (Berlin 2001: Fig. 2.43:2)

Hard, coarse reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6), small to medium rounded red brown inclusions; thick matte white slip on interior and exterior

148

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

1

2

4

3

5

6

7

9

8

10

11 0

10

Fig. 9.4. Hospitaller Compound, L25016, third century BCE. Table and utility vessels.

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

149

Fig. 9.5:1–10. Cooking Vessels, Lamps and Loomweights ► No. 1

Vessel

Basket

Ware and Decoration

Cooking pot, high splayed neck

250519/20

Sandy cooking ware; possibly intrusive

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.17:3, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.3:7, Area W Str. 4, late 2nd–early 1st c. BCE, form only); Karm er-Ras (Y. Alexandre, pers. comm., form only); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.14:3); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 11:3); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:1, 1st half of 2nd c. BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 3:1, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic); Zemel (Hartal 2002: Fig. 21:12, in Golan ware, c. 150–140 BCE); Tirat Yehuda (Yeivin and Edelstein 1970: Fig. 8:12, Seleucid abandonment, 2nd quarter of 2nd c. BCE) 2

Cook pot, neckless triangular rim

250520/4

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 20, 77: PW178, HELL 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.11:8, Str. 1, 3rd–1st half of 2nd c. BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.18:4, Area C2 Ph. 4?/5a, c. 300–275 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.4:1); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 11:2b, fosse 2003: late 4th–2nd c. BCE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 41.3, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 3:4, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1968: Pl. 43:65) 3

Cooking pot, concave rim

250516/17

Sandy cooking ware

250522/14

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.2:3, above 4

Lid

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Tatcher 2000c: Fig. 9:18; Vitto 2005: Fig. 8:5, 6, Str. 2, 3rd–2nd c. BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:9, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.24:5, Area C2 Ph. 4?/5a, c. 300–275 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.14:1); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 3:4, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). LEBANON: Jiyeh (Waliszewski et al. 2006: Fig. 14) 5

Casserole, wavy rim, straight wall

250520/3

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.21:13, Area C0 Ph. 3, c. 125 BCE–105 CE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.14:6). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 10:159, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE) 6

Baking pan handle

250570/14

Aegean cooking ware; red (2.5YR 4/8), quartz inclusions; rough bottom, blackened interior

7

Lamp, carinated, wheelmade

250516/a

BSP or NCF; lustrous dark brown slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.15:3, Area C1, unstratified); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 14:4, surface); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 30:283) 8

Lamp, carinated, mold made

250519/1

CCF; thin matte red slip on upper body

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.15:8, Area C0, Ph. 5, c. 375–275 BCE) 9

Loomweight

250531

SF, granular

10

Loomweight

250526/a

Sandy cooking ware

150

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

3

2

1

4 5 0

6

10

7

8

10

9 0

4

Fig. 9.5. Hospitaller Compound, L25016, third century BCE. Cooking vessels, lamps and loomweights.

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151

Hospitaller Compound, Locus 40010, Third Century BCE Fig. 9.6:1–14. Table and Personal Vessels ► No. 1

Vessel

Basket

Ware and Decoration

Skyphos, Type A

400152/1

SF? chalky; matte white slip on exterior; probably residual

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.6:1, Area C1 Ph. 3b, c. 275–175 BCE) 2

Skyphos, vertical handled

400152/23

NCF? (fabric worn); worn red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.7:2). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 13:673-40, US 673, 2nd half of 3rd c. BCE). TURKEY: Kinet Höyük (M.-H. Gates, pers. comm.) 3

Bowl, conical

400152/3 + 400150

Hard, very fine light reddish brown (2.5YR 7/4), no visible inclusions; semilustrous slip fired red on upper interior and exterior, black on lower

ISRAEL: Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 53:1); Yavneh Yam (Moshe Fischer, pers. comm.). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 6:79785, US 797, 1st half of 3rd c. BCE). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 5:81, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 41:10, Room ΓΠ3 early layers, early 3rd c. to 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE) 4

Saucer, ledge rim

400152/27

NCF; semi-lustrous red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Vitto 2005: Fig. 9:11, Str. 2, 3rd–2nd c. BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:13, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.4:12, Area C2 Ph. 3b?, c. 275–225 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.10:37, Area W2, Str. 6/5, mid–late 2nd c. BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 37:7, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:9, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 13:507-49). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: No. 315, Fig. 209, fosse E, 3rd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 2:25, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 44:148, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 120, 179:34 MHU, 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 5

Saucer, ledge rim

400152/18

CCF; matte red slip on interior and sloppily applied to upper exterior

ISRAEL: Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.5:5) 6

Bowl, incurved rim

400152/4

Gray brown Cypriot? semi-lustrous black slip on interior and on upper half of exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.1:11, Area C2 Ph. 4?/5a, c. 300–275 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Figs. 212–213:347, l’établissment hellénistiques, end of the 3rd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 3:43, 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 42:23, Room ΓΥ, middle fill, 2nd c. BCE) 7

Bowl, incurved rim

400152/5

Gray brown Cypriot? semi-lustrous slip mottled dark red brown to black on interior and on upper half of exterior

400152/6

NCF; semi-lustrous orange red slip on interior and exterior

400150/1

Gray brown Cypriot? semi-lustrous dark gray brown slip on interior and exterior

As Fig. 9.4:4, above 8

Bowl, incurved rim

As Fig. 9.4:5, above 9

Bowl, everted rim

ISRAEL: Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.5:4). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 3:800-34, US 800, 1st half of 3rd c. BCE) 10

Bowl, everted rim

400150/15

Gray brown Cypriot? semi-lustrous dark gray brown slip on interior and exterior

400152/17

CCF; matte red slip on interior and exterior

As Fig. 9.7:9, above 11

Krater, ledge rim

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:4, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.12:1, Area C0 Ph. 4, 275–125 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 225:458, bassin 417, late 3rd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 7:121, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 56:19, Well 11, mid 2nd c. BCE or later). EGYPT: Coptos (Hebert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 45:H2.22, Hell 2, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.17:18, Ph. NW7b, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 38:95, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 186:217, bottom level HR unit, mid 2nd–mid 1st c. BCE, form only) 12

Jug, triangular rim

400152/28

SF, granular

400150/4

SF, chalky

As Fig. 9.1:14, above 13

Jug or table amphora, grooved rim

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.31:1, Area C0, Ph. 6 c. 500–375 BCE) 14

Unguentarium, short

As Fig. 9.1:16, above

400150/5

SF, chalky

152

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14 0

10

Fig. 9.6. Hospitaller Compound, L40010, third century BCE. Table and personal vessels.

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153

Fig. 9.7:1–6. Transport/Storage and Cooking Vessels No.

Vessel

Basket

Ware and Decoration

1

Phoenician baggy jar, shouldered

400152/20

SF, chalky

400152/24

Hard coarse reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6), wide gray (7.5YR N5/) core, many small white inclusions

As Fig. 9.3:2, above 2

Jar, everted rim baggy

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.13:1); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.35:6, Area C1, Ph. 3, c. 275–150 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.1:9, Area W Str. 5, mid 2nd–1st c. BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 42:10, 1st half of 2nd c. BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 2:1, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic) 3

Flask or jug, ridged neck

400153/6

SF, chalky

4

Mortarium, rolled rim

400152/19

White ware; chalky, few visible inclusions

400150/3

White ware; coarse, many small voids and small to medium white and gray inclusions

400152/7

Sandy cooking ware

Form as Fig. 9.2:17, above 5

Mortarium, rolled rim

Form as Fig. 9.2:17, above 6

Cook lid

1

3 2

4

5

6 0

10

Fig. 9.7. Hospitaller Compound, L40010, third century BCE. Transport/storage and cooking vessels.

154

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Courthouse Site, Stratum 9, Area TC, Third Century BCE Locus 426: Accumulations around tabun Locus 427: Tabun (sealed by Floor 423) Locus 433: Ashes and burnt remains; stamped amphora handle (SAH 4) of 3rd quarter of the 3rd c. BCE

Fig. 9.8:1–4 ► No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

1

Saucer, ledge rim

433/6247

Gray brown Cypriot? smooth semi-lustrous gray black slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Tzaferis 1986: Fig. 4:1, 2; Vitto 2005: Fig. 9:7, Str. 2, 3rd–2nd c. BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:9, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.3:26, Area C2, Ph. 3a c. 225–200 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.5:7); Keisan (Młynarczyk 2002: Fig. 1:6); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 37:2, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:10, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 3:874-50, US 874, 2nd half of 3rd c. BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 217:387, bassin 417: late 3rd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 2:23, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 40:23, Room ΓΠ1 early layers, 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 120, 178:26, MHU, 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 2

Bowl, wide ledge rim

433/6247

SF, granular; matte white slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.11:1, Area C0, Ph. 4?–5?, c. 375–125 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Figs. 221, 222:426, bassin 417, late 3rd c. BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2007: Fig. 23:1) 3

Krater, thickened ledge rim

427/6218

SF, granular; worn matte white slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.11:5, Area C2, Ph. 3–2, c. 275 BCE or later). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 8:127, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 56:19, Well 11, mid 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 27:H1.7, Hell 1, late 4th c. BCE); Naukratis-Kom Hadid (Berlin 2001: Fig. 2.46:4); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 38:94–95, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 4

Amphora, toe

433/6247

Rhodian? matte red slip on exterior

Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 4

Courthouse Site, Stratum 9, Area TB, Third Century BCE Locus 519: Floor on virgin soil (below L517) Locus 520: Floor on virgin soil (below L509) Locus 518: Accumulations in corner of room (below L505)

Fig. 9.8:5–10 ► No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

5

Bowl, incurved rim, large

519/4120 + 4125

Gray brown Cypriot? matte dark gray brown slip on interior and exterior upper wall

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig, 5.8:1, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.1:26, Area C1, Ph. 3[b?], c. 275–200 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:3, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 227:495, citerne 198, 4th–early 1st c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 13:1). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 45:155, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 180:70, bottom of HR unit, mid 2nd– mid 1st c. BCE) 6

Table amphora, stepped rim (Pergamene style)

518/4117

Cypriot? Aegean/Asia Minor? hard, fine pale brown, slightly granular fabric; metallic black slip on interior and exterior, scraped groove with white paint below rim on exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.32:6, Area C0, Ph. 4a, 200–125 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 5:1, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 52:12, Room Λ, early levels, 1st c. BCE). TURKEY: Pergamon (Shäfer 1968: D 71, Pls. 19, 20); Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 125:117, top level, MHU, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE)

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

155

Fig. 9.8:5–10 (cont.) No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

7

Jug, triangular rim

519/4120

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.31:6, Area C1, Ph. 3c/4a, c. 275–250 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.29:1); Zemel (Hartal 2002, Fig. 22:12, c. 150–140 BCE). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.2:14, NW Ph. 1B+C, 3rd c. BCE); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 37:82, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 8

Cooking pot, concave rim

518/4117

Sandy cooking ware

519/4143 + 4149

Aegean cooking ware; red (2.5YR 4/8), quartz inclusions; rough bottom, blackened interior

As Fig. 9.2:3, above 9

Baking pan

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 34, 81: PW301, HELL 2C+/ROM 1A residual, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:6, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.23a:12, Area C1, Ph. 5, c. 500–375 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.16:2); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:23, c. 200–150 BCE). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 40:2, Room BB bottom fill, early–mid 3rd c. BCE). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Hadid (Berlin 2001: Fig. 2.32:7). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 187:a, MHU, mid 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE); Troy (Berlin 1999: Pls. 29, 30:253, H2a occupation, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 86, Pl. 70:679, context of 250–170 BCE)

1 2

3

4

6

7

5

8

9 0

10

Fig. 9.8. Courthouse Site, Stratum 9, Areas TB and TC, third century BCE. Pottery.

156

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Courthouse Site, Stratum 8, Area TC, Late Third–Mid-Second Centuries BCE Locus 419/429/424: Plaster floor within robbed W51 and W52 Locus 400: Pottery-dense accumulations above Floor 419/429/424, sealed by Floor 397 (SAH 2 [244–236 BCE] + Phoenician seal dated 157 BCE)

Fig. 9.9:1–10 ► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Skyphos, vertical handled

400/5986

CCF; matte, granular orange red slip on interior and exterior

424/6249

NCF; smooth matte red slip on interior, fired black on exterior, lower exterior wall partially slipped

As Fig. 9.6:2, above 2

Salter, everted rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Pls. 31, 53: FW 512, HELL 2A/B, c. 125–100 BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:17, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.2:18, Area C0, Ph. 3 c. 125 BCE–105 CE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 37:14, c. 200–150 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Figs. 212,216:352, l’etablissment hellénistique, end of 3rd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 3:37, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 15:12, Room ΓP late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.7:13, Ph. NW3A, 3rd–2nd c. BCE); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 44:143, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 3

Plate, rolled rim

400/5963

CCF; matte, granular red slip in and on upper exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.8:4, Area C0 Ph. 4b, c. 250–200 BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 43.8, late 2nd c. BCE or later). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 227:490, citerne 198, 4th–early 1st c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 2:13, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 40:21, Room ΓΠ1 early, 3rd c. BCE) 4

Table amphora, stepped rim

400/5993

SF; red slip on interior and exterior

5

Lagynos/jug

419/6175

SF, chalky

6

Unguentarium, rolled rim

419/6177

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 12, 74: PW83, HELL 1, c. 300–125 BCE, form present by HELL 1A, c. 300–250 BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.11:13, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.26:7, Area C2 Ph. 4?/5a, c. 300–275 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 5:6, “cistern G/R, early–middle Hellenistic); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 33:303). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 11:167, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Pl. 15:17, Room ΓΝ lower level, 3rd c. BCE). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 135,187:237, LHU, 2nd quarter of 2nd c. BCE) 7

Unguentarium

400/5993

SF; thin red slip on exterior.

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 13, 75: PW 86, HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Bet Yerah (BenNahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.1:13, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.26:31, Area C0 Ph. 4, c. 275–125 BCE); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.29:6, Area B, 1st c. BCE residual later 2nd–early 1st c. BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.32:5); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 22:249) 8

Amphoriskos

400/5987

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 11, 75: PW 75, HELL 2C+ROM 1A residual, c. 98 BCE–15/20 CE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125– 110 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.29:3, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Figs. 2.29, 2.31:2, Area B, 1st c. BCE, residual later 2nd–early 1st c. BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.7:1–3). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 11:181, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 25:3, Pl. 13:3, Room AB, 1st c. BCE). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 69, Pl. 59:538, context 200–50 BCE) 9

Amphoriskos

400/5963

Rhodian

GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 68, Pl. 58:525, context c. 115–86 BCE) 10

Amphora, grooved rim

419/6216

SF, granular

157

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

1

2

4

6

3

5

7

8

9

10 0

10

Fig. 9.9. Courthouse Site, Stratum 8, Area TC, late third–mid-second centuries BCE. Pottery.

158

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Courthouse Site, Stratum 8, Area TB, Late Third–Mid-Second Centuries BCE Locus 285: Floor Locus 299: Floor Locus 505: Floor (earliest floor to go with W4; coin of Ptolemy III) Locus 508: Floor Locus 510: Floor (SAH 96: 155–138 BCE) Locus 515b: Floor (= Floor 505)

Fig. 9.10:1–15. Table Vessels No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Kantharos

505/4057

Aegean/Asia Minor; black slip on interior and exterior; white painted and applied clay pendant necklace on upper wall; probably residual from Str. 9

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.8:8, Area C1, Ph. 4a or later? c. 350–275 BCE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 44:11). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 214:368, l’etablissment hellénistique, 3rd c. BCE). TURKEY: Troy (Berlin 1999: Pls. 3, 17:62 H1 occupation, 3rd quarter of 3rd c. BCE) 2

Skyphos

515/4105

CCF; thin granular matte red slip on interior and exterior.

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Avshalom-Gorni 1999: Fig. 24:5); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.6:8, Area C2, Ph. 3 c. 275–200 BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 39:4, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:17, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Figs. 196–197:219, fosse 113, late 3rd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 4:62, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 181:C, bottom of HRU, mid 2nd–mid 1st c. BCE) 3

Cup, carinated with pinched handles

508/4017/7

CCF; thin granular matte red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Tatcher 2000c: Fig. 8:2); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.7:2, Area C0 Ph. 4b, c. 250–200 BCE); Keisan (Młynarczyk 2002: Fig. 5:69, form only); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 57:2); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:15, “cistern” G/R, early– middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 209:322, fosse E, early Hellenistic); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 4:58, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 12:1, form only, very common at Paphos in deposits dated from 175–120/100 BCE). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 181:82, middle level MHU, late 3rd c. BCE) 4

Bowl, everted rim

505/3977/2

Gray brown Cypriot; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

505/3977

Gray brown Cypriot? semi-lustrous black slip on interior and on exterior rim

As 9.6:9, above 5

Bowl, ledge rim

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.4:14, Area C0, Ph. 4b, c. 250–200 BCE, form only); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 37:12, HFW c. 200–150 BCE). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 3:28, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 181:90, concrete wall chambers) 6

Saucer, cut rim

505/4044/2

Gray brown Cypriot; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.3:15, Area C1, Ph. 2+3/4? c. 375 BCE–75 CE). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 41:27, Room ΓΠ 3, early layers, 2nd c. BCE?). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 66:H3.12, Hell 3, late 2nd–early 1st c. BCE). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 183:134, top level MH unit, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 7

Fish plate, hanging rim

285/3859

Aegean/Asia Minor or gray brown Cypriot? metallic black slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Dothan 1976: Fig. 30:1); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.3:7, Area C2 Ph. 3b, c. 275–225 BCE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 54:3–4, probably 3rd c. BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 217:376, bassin 417, late 3rd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 4: Group AɅ 1, late 2nd c. BCE). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 120, 178:A, top level MH unit, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 8

Saucer, drooping rim

510/4069

NCF; smooth matte red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.3:26, Area C2, Ph. 3a, c. 225–200 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.3:33, Area W Str. 5, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 37:5, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:9, 11, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 209:313, fosse E, late 4th–early 3rd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 2:22, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 56:10, Well 11, mid 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 43:128–129, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 9

Saucer, drooping rim

508/4043/1

NCF; smooth matte red slip on interior and exterior

508/4017/1

Burnt

As Fig. 9.10:8, above 10

Saucer, folded rim

Form as Fig. 9.4:10, above

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

159

Fig. 9.10:1–15 (cont.) 11

Saucer, grooved rim

508/4017/4

NCF; smooth matte red slip on interior and exterior, mostly worn away

ISRAEL: Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.21:2); Yavneh Yam (M. Fischer, pers. comm.). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 13:98-54, US 98, 2nd half of 2nd c.–1st half of 1st c. BCE). TURKEY: Kinet Höyük (M.-H. Gates, pers. comm.); Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 120,179:39, middle level, MH unit, late 3rd c. BCE) 12

Bowl, incurved rim

299/3913

Gray brown Cypriot? semi-lustrous dark gray brown slip on interior and partially coating exterior

508/4017/6

Aegean? hard fine, slightly granular orange fabric; semi-lustrous red slip on interior, black on upper exterior

As Fig. 9.4:4, above 13

Bowl, incurved rim

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:3) 14

Bowl, incurved rim

508/4057

CCF; matte, granular, red-brown slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:5, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.1:15, Area C2 Ph. 3a, c. 300–275 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.5:1, 2); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 38:1, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:1, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic) 15

Table amphora or krater

510/4069

Aegean/Asia Minor; metallic red-brown slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 45:12). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 6:99, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 52:12, Pl. 6:1, Room Ʌ early layers, 2nd half of 1st c. BCE)

3

1

2

4

5

6

9

8

7

10

11

13

12

14

15 0

10

Fig. 9.10. Courthouse Site, Stratum 8, Area TB, late third–mid-second centuries BCE. Table vessels.

160

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Fig. 9.11:1–11. Service, Cooking and Storage Vessels ► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Krater, ledge rim

505/4072

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:4, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 225:458, bassin 417, late 3rd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 56:19, Well 11, mid 2nd c. BCE or later). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 45:H2.22, Hell 2, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE, form only); Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.17:18, Ph. NW7b, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE, form only); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 38:95, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance, form only). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 186:217, bottom level HR unit, mid 2nd–mid 1st c. BCE, form only) 2

Jug, triangular rim

508/4017/3

SF, granular

505/3977

SF, granular

As Fig. 9.1:14, above 3

Table amphora, angled rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls.1, 73: PW 1, HELL 2C/ROM 1A residual, c. 98 BCE–15/25 CE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.32:4, Area C2, above 3, after 200 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Figs. 4.29:6; 4.30:1); Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.9:86); Yavneh Yam (M. Fischer, pers. comm.); Zemel (Hartal 2002: Fig. 23:10, c. 150–140 BCE [in Golan ware]) 4

Jug, ring foot

505/4022

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.31:10, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 5:3, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 37:82, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 5

Table amphora, ring foot

505/4062

SF, granular

505/4022

Sandy cooking ware

505/3977

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.11:3, above 6

Cooking ware lid, pierced

As No. 9.5:4, above, except pierced. 7

Stew pot, ledge rim

ISRAEL: Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.14:1); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 11:7, fosse 1023, 3rd c. BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2004, Fig. 309a:5). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 9:146, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 45:25, Room ΓN, 3rd–2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 69:H3.33, Hell 3, 1st half of 1st c. BCE, form only) 8

Cooking pot, concave rim

515/4108

Sandy cooking ware

505/4022

SF, chalky

As Fig. 9.2:3, above 9

Phoenician baggy jar, shouldered

As Fig. 9.3:3, above 10

Amphora

508/4017/8

11

Amphora

508/4017/5

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

7

10 9

11 0

10

Fig. 9.11. Courthouse Site, Stratum 8, Area TB, late third–mid-second centuries BCE. Service, cooking and storage vessels.

161

162

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Courthouse Site, Stratum 7, Area TB, Mid–Late Second Century BCE Locus 297: Fill above Floor 509 (with coin of Antiochus VIII [121–114 BCE] + SAH 127 [130 BCE]; sealed by Floor 279) Locus 501: Floor Locus 503: Ashes and burnt remains north of W32 Locus 509: Floor

Fig. 9.12:1–23. Table Vessels ►► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Bowl, incurved rim

297/3994

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Type 4, Pl. 3:FW 17, Hell 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Bet Yerah (O. Tal, pers. comm.); Dan (Malka Hershkovitz, pers. comm.); Dor (B. Monickendam-Givon, pers. comm.); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.18:5); Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.1:5). TURKEY: Kinet Höyük (M.-H. Gates, pers. comm.). OTHER: Hayes 1985: Form 20, p. 23, Pl. 3:8 2

Bowl, incurved rim

297/4004/5

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

509/4106/10

NCF; semi-lustrous orange red slip on interior and exterior

297/4024/3

CCF; matte, granular red orange slip on interior and exterior

509/4106/14

CCF; thin, matte, granular red orange slip on interior and exterior

509/4106/15

Gray brown Cypriot? smooth matte dark gray brown slip on interior and sloppily applied on exterior rim and upper wall; probably residual

509/4106/6

CCF; matte, granular red slip on interior and on upper exterior wall; probably residual

509/4070/1

CCF; thin, matte, granular orange-red slip on interior and on exterior rim

509/4106/4

Atticizing Aegean/Asia Minor; shiny black slip on interior and exterior; probably residual

As Fig. 9.12:1, above 3

Bowl, incurved rim

As Fig. 9.4:5, above 4

Bowl, incurved rim

As Fig. 9.10:14, above 5

Bowl, incurved rim

As Fig. 9.10:14, above 6

Saucer, folded rim

Form as Fig. 9.4:10, above 7

Plate, rolled rim

As Fig. 9.9:3, above 8

Wide bowl, folded rim

No parallels found. 9

Bowl, outturned rim

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.2:2, Area C2 Ph. 4?/5a, c. 300–275 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 219:405, bassin 417, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 3:38, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 34:42, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 10

Bowl, outturned rim

297/4004/1

Atticizing Aegean/Asia Minor; shiny black slip on interior and exterior; probably residual

509/4106/11

NCF; matte dark red brown slip on interior and upper half of exterior

297/4097

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

As Fig. 9.12:9, above 11

Salter, everted rim

As Fig. 9.9:2, above 12

Fish plate, hanging rim

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Avshalom-Gorni 1999: Fig. 24:1; Vitto 2005: Fig. 9:4, Str. 2, late 3rd–2nd half of 2nd c. BCE); Anafa (Slane 1997: Type 1, Pls. 1, 37:FW1, Hell 2A c. 125–110 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.3:12 Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.21:4); Yavneh Yam (M. Fischer, pers. comm.). TURKEY: Kinet Höyük (M.-H. Gates, pers. comm.). OTHER: Hayes 1985: Form 1, p. 13, Pl. 1:1, 2. 13

Fish plate, hanging rim

As Fig. 9.12:12, above

297/3972/4

BSP; mottled semi-lustrous red-black slip on interior and exterior

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

163

Fig. 9.12:1–23 (cont.) ► No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

14

Saucer, ledge rim

297/4004/2

CCF; thin, matte, granular red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:9, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.4:12, Area C2 Ph. 3[b?], c. 225–200 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 3.5:6); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 37:6, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:13, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 227:489, citerne 198, 4th–early 1st c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 2:22, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 48:48, Group ΑΛ, late 2nd c. BCE) 15

Cup, carinated with pinched handles

509/4106/2

CCF; thin, matte, granular red slip on interior and exterior, mostly worn away

297/3972/5

NCF; semi-lustrous red orange slip on interior and exterior, mostly worn away

As Fig. 9.10:3, above 16

Bowl, moldmade

ISRAEL: Anafa (Cornell 1997: Pl. 1:MB2); Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.5:7, Area C1 Ph. 2+3/4a c. 275 BCE–75 CE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 62:5); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 35:325). TURKEY: Kinet Höyük (M.-H. Gates, pers. comm.) 17

Lid

297/4004/4

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.33:4, Area C0 Ph. 4, c. 250–125 BCE) 18

Amphoriskos

297/4030

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 11: PW 75, HELL 2C/ROM 1A residual, c. 98 BCE–15/20 CE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.29:3, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.29:2, Area B, 1st c. BCE); Qedesh (Herbert and Berlin 2003b: Figs. 7, 14.4). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 25:3). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 69, Pl. 59:536, context largely of 200–150 BCE, with some material dating as late as 50 BCE) 19

Table amphora, stepped rim

509/4106/13

SF, granular; matte, granular orange red slip on interior and exterior

509/4042/6

SF, granular

As Fig. 9.9:4, above 20

Table amphora, angled rim

As Fig. 9.11:3, above 21

Table amphora, foot

503/3969

Extremely hard, dense, fine fabric with laminar texture at the breaks

22

Table jug, triangular rim

509/4070/3

SF, granular

297/4024/4

SF, granular, matte white slip on interior and exterior

As Fig. 9.1:14, above 23

Table jug

As Fig. 9.1:14, above

164

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

3

1 2

4

5

7

6

10

9

11

8

12

13

14

15

16

20

17

18

19 21

23

22 0

10

Fig. 9.12. Courthouse Site, Stratum 7, Area TB, mid–late second century BCE. Table vessels.

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

165

Fig. 9.13:1–21. Jars and Cooking Vessels ►► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Phoenician baggy jar

297/3972/6

SF; chalky

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 57: PW 481, ROM 1B residual, c. 15/20–40/55 CE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.38: 5, Area C1); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.5); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 5:9). EGYPT: Tel el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 31:6, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later material) 2

Jar, everted rim baggy

297/3992/3

SF, granular; matte white slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.13:2, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.36:9, Area C2 Ph. 3a, c. 225–200 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.1:8, Area W Str. 5, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE); Tel Michal (Singer-Avitz 1989: Fig. 9.10:3, Str. 6, late 4th c. BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 42:9, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 2:2, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic) 3

Jar or jug, squared rim

509/4070/2

White ware; fully fired

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.12:8, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.30:4, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.6:7, Area X-2 Str. 7, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 2:4, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic) 4

Jar or jug, rounded rim, cylindrical neck

297/4004/6

SF, granular?

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.12:7, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.30:1, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.6:6, Area X-2 Str. 7, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 42:5, HFW c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 2:5, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic) 5

Jar, small squared rim

297/4024/1

Light red (2.5YR 6/6), micaceous, fired to light brown on surfaces; imported?

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.12:6, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE, form only); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.37:8, Area C2 Ph. 3a, c. 225–200 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.1:10, Area W Str. 5, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 42:14, HFW c. 200–150 BCE) 6

Jar or amphora, cupped rim

509/4042/5

Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), micaceous

EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2007: Fig. 131:57, eastern necropolis T25 sondage seuil) 7

Jar, holemouth

509/4106/5

Light granular fabric

ISRAEL: Dor (Stern 1995: Fig. 2.5:2, Area C2 Ph. 5+6a, c. 400–300 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 2.1:1–3). EGYPT: Naukratis-KomGe’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.36:5, mid 1st c. BCE) 8

Amphora, Rhodian

509/4106/7

Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6)

9

Amphora, north Aegean?

509/4042/1

Light reddish brown (7.5YR 6/4), surfaces fired gray-white, pale medium gray core, no visible inclusions

10

Amphora, thick rounded rim

509/4106/12

Clean dense reddish yellow (5YR 6/8), faint pink sandwich core

11

Cooking pot, concave rim

297/3972/7

Sandy cooking war; probably residual

509/4093/2

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.2:3, above 12

Cooking pot, high necked

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.17:3, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.12:1, Area B, 1st c. BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.3:7, Area W Str. 4, late 2nd–early 1st c. BCE, form only); Karm er-Ras (Y. Alexandre, pers. comm., form only); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.14:3); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:1, c. 200–150 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 3:1, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic); Zemel (Hartal 2002: Fig. 21:12, in Golan ware, c. 150–140 BCE); Tirat Yehuda (Yeivin and Edelstein 1970: Fig. 8:12, Seleucid abandonment, c. 175–150 BCE)

166

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Fig. 9.13:1–21 (cont.) ► No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

13

Casserole, wavy rim, straight wall

509/4042/2

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.22:5, Area C2 Ph. 2d [3a?], c. 225–200 BCE or later); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.14:6); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 43:15, c. 150–108 BCE). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 33:4, form only). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 51:H2.43, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE, form only); Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.8:1, Ph. NW3B, late 3rd– early 2nd c. BCE, form only); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 42:120, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later material, form only) 14

Casserole, vertical rim, straight wall

509/4093/1

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 30, 80: PW 254, HELL 2A–C, c. 125–75 BCE, form first appears in HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 51:H2.45, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE, form only); Naukratis-Kom Hadid (Berlin 2001: Fig. 2.25:16, form only) 15

Casserole, angled rim, round bodied

297/3885

Sandy cooking ware

297/4024/2

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.2:5, above 16

Baking pan

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 34, 81: PW 299 HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:6, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE, form only); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.23a:4, Area C2 Ph. 3a, c. 225–200 BCE, form only); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:23, c. 200–150 BCE, form only). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Hadid (Berlin 2001: Fig. 2.32:3, form only). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 190:a, middle level, HRU, c. 150–50 BCE) 17

Lid

509/4106/1

Sandy cooking ware

509/4106/3

Sandy cooking ware

509/4004/3

Sandy cooking ware, fired gray on surfaces

297/3972/1

Sandy cooking ware, fired gray on surfaces

509/4106/8

Coarse reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), gray and lime inclusions, gray core

As Fig. 9.5:4, above 18

Lid

As Fig. 9.5:4, above 19

Lid

As Fig. 9.5:4, above 20

Lid

As Fig. 9.5:4, above 21

Storage bin or jar

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:3, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.9:11, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 38:96, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance, form only)

167

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

3

2 1

7

6

4

5

10 9

8

12

11

14

13

15

17

16

18

19 21

20 0

10

Fig. 9.13. Courthouse Site, Stratum 7, Area TB, mid–late second century BCE. Jars and cooking vessels.

168

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Fig. 9.14:1–2. Brazier and Lamp No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

1

Brazier, molded lug handle

297/4097

Lost (see Back Cover)

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Tatcher 2000c: Fig. 9:25); Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.1:5, Area C0 Ph. 3, c. 125 BCE–105 CE). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Pls. 80, 85:781, no context) 2

Lamp, molded, S-coil

297/4008

SF; gray, raised rays on rim

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.16:3, Area C1, topsoil); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 28:273). OTHER: Rosenthal and Sivan 1978: No. 22

1

2 0

4

Fig. 9.14. Courthouse Site, Stratum 7, Area TB, mid–late second century BCE. Brazier and lamp.

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

169

Courthouse Site, Stratum 7, Area TC, Mid–Late Second Century BCE Group 1: Installation 378 Locus 425: Western basin of installation Locus 432: Fill within western basin (SAH 114, 123–121 BCE) Locus 434: Fill within eastern basin

Fig. 9.15:1–21. Table, Service, Personal Vessels and Lamps ►► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Calyx cup

434/6254

NCF? slip fired brown on upper exterior wall, red on lower wall and on interior; scraped bands and black painted dots on upper wall

TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 124, 182:96 middle level, MHU, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE, form only; probably residual) 2

Cup, carinated with pinched handles

425/6222

CCF; thin matte red slip on interior and on upper exterior

434/6294

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

432/6252

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior, fired brown red on interior floor, single rouletted circle inside

As Fig. 9.10:3, above 3

Fish plate, hanging rim

As Fig. 9.12:12, above 4

Bowl, everted rim

ISRAEL: Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.20:3). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 14:361-208, US 361, 2nd half of 2nd–1st half of 1st c. BCE). 5

Bowl, everted rim

432/6250

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior, fired brown red on interior floor, double rouletted circle inside

432/6203

NCF; semi-lustrous red-brown slip on interior and exterior, fired black on exterior rim, double roulette circle inside

As Fig. 9.15:4, above 6

Bowl, incurved rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Pl. 31: FW 516, HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.18:3, 4). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 181:66, top level, MHU, late 2nd c. BCE) 7

Bowl

425/6204

NCF; semi-lustrous red slip on interior and exterior, 2 stamped palmettes inside

8

Lagynos

434/6254

Aegean/Asia Minor; thin, semi-lustrous, dark brown slip on foot and wall.

CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 6: 115, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 11:13, Pl. 5:4, Group ΑɅ, late 2nd c. BCE) 9

Table amphora

434/6305

Western Asia Minor or Ionian import? very hard, dense orange red fabric, occasional medium angular white inclusions; smooth matte red slip on exterior, heavily flecked with mica

425/6207

Coarse granular orange fabric

432/6293

SF, granular; matte white slip

No parallels found 10

Jug, thickened rim

No parallels found 11

Jug, folded rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 8: PW 42, Hell 2C, c. 98–75 BCE, form present by Hell 1B, c. 250–125 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.30:2, Area C0 Ph. 4?/5a, c. 375–125 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.4:22, Area W Str. 4, late 2nd–early 1st c. BCE); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 33:301)

170

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Fig. 9.15:1–21 (cont.) ► No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

12

Jug or lagynos, ring foot

425/6205

Fairly hard pink fabric fired gray core and interior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.33:7, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 58:12, form only) 13

Juglet

434/6257

SF

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 10: PW 56, HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE, form present by HELL 1B, c. 250–125 BCE); Dor (GuzZilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.28: 8, Area C0 Ph. 5a, c. 275–250 BCE) 14

Juglet

434/6254

SF; thin red slip on upper exterior, rim and handle

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.28:15, Area C2 Ph. 2d/3a, c. 225–200 BCE) 15

Strainer juglet

425/6222

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 10: PW 63, HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE, form present by HELL 2C); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.29:7, Area A2 Ph. 2–3) 16

Juglet

425/6207

SF

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 10: PW 57, HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE, form present by HELL 1B, c. 250–125 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.28:16, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.13:137) 17

Juglet

432/6296 + 6209

Ephesian gray ware; lustrous black slip and molded rosettes on exterior

18

Unguentarium, banded fusiform

425/6204

SF; three red-brown painted bands at mid-body, red slip on interior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 14, 76: PW 99, ROM 1B residual, c. 15/20–40/50 CE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.26:40, Area C1 Ph. 5a, c. 400–375 BCE (vessel likely intrusive in this context); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.29:4, Area B, 1st c. BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.32:5) 19

Unguentarium, hollow stemmed

432/6297

Hard, clean, dark gray fabric, fully fired

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 15: PW 109, ROM 1A residual, c. 4 BCE–15/25 CE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.27:3, Area C0 Ph. 4b, c. 250–200 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.32:6). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 63:443, context of 250–210 BCE) 20

Lamp, moldmade

432/6301

SF; fired gray; raised rays on rim

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.16:2, Area C2, Ph. 3, c. 275–200 BCE) 21

Lamp, moldmade

As Fig. 9.15:20, above

432/6300

SF; fired gray; raised rays on rim

171

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

2

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

14

18

12

15

19

13

16

17

20

21 0 0

2

10

Fig. 9.15. Courthouse Site, Stratum 7, Area TC, mid–late second century BCE. Table, service, personal vessels and lamps.

0

2

172

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Group 2: Floor and deposit east of Installation 378 Locus 435: Ashy deposit (0.2 m) east of W57 containing complete vessels resting on yellow sand floor, sealed by kurkar floor (L411/412).

Fig. 9.16:1–8. Cooking and Transport/Storage Vessels No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

1

Cooking pot, ledge rim

432/6246/1

Sandy cooking ware

2

Cooking pot, necked pointed rim

432/6296/2

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 21: PW 188, HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE, form present by HELL 1B, c. 250–125 BCE); Bet Yerah (BenNahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.11:4, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.17:4, Area C1 Ph. 1+topsoil); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.12:3); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2004, Fig. 308:4, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic) 3

Cooking pot, concave rim

434/6295

Sandy cooking ware

432/6242

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.2:3, above 4

Cooking pot, high neck

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Vitto 2005: Fig. 8:1, Str. 2, 3rd–2nd c. BCE); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.12:1, Area B, 1st c. BCE); Jerusalem (Berlin 2005: Fig. 3:3, Ceramic Phases 1–2, mid–late 1st c. BCE, form only); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.14:3); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 67:4); Tirat Yehuda (Yeivin and Edelstein 1970: Fig. 8:1, 7–9, Seleucid abandonment, mid 2nd c. BCE) 5

Cooking pot, high neck

425/6206/1?

Sandy cooking ware

425/6206/2?

Aegean cooking ware; micaceous orange, fully fired

As Fig. 9.16:4, above 6

Stew pot, narrow triangular rim

ISRAEL: Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 6:16). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 64:65, Well 18, Augustan) 7

Jar, everted rim

425/6205

Light brownish gray plain fabric

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.36:2, Area C0 Ph. 4, c. 250–125 BCE); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.24:2, Area B, 1st c. BCE); Jerusalem (Geva and Hershkovitz 2006: Pl. 4.3:7, Area E Str. 4, c. 150–100 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 5.6) 8

Small amphora

434/6295

Rhodian?

2

1

4

3

5

6 8 7 0

10

Fig. 9.16. Courthouse Site, Stratum 7, Area TC, mid–late second century BCE. Cooking and transport/storage vessels.

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

173

Fig. 9.17:1–12. Table, Service and Service/Utility Vessels ► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Bowl, incurved rim, large

435/6333/6

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Type 4, Pl. 3:FW 20, HELL 2B, c. 110–100 BCE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE) 2

Bowl, incurved rim

435/6333/2

NCF; semi-lustrous mottled red/black slip on interior and exterior; double rouletted circle on interior

435/6334/7

NCF; streaky semi-lustrous orange red slip on interior and on portion of exterior

435/6333/10

CCF; matte orange red slip on interior and exterior

435/6333/4

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

As Fig. 9.15:6, above 3

Bowl, incurved rim

As Fig. 9.4:5, above 4

Bowl, incurved rim

As Fig. 9.10:14, above 5

Bowl, everted rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Type 8, Pl. 5:FW 35, HELL 2B/C, c. 110–75 BCE) 6

Saucer, ledge rim

435/6336/1

CCF; matte slip mottled red and black on interior and exterior, heavily worn; probably residual

435/6333/1

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

435/6336/2

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

435/6333/7

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

435/6331/1

Aegean/Asia Minor or gray brown Cypriot; semi-lustrous slip fired black on exterior and interior rim, red on interior; white-painted blobs on top of rim

Form as Fig. 9.1:2, above 7

Fish plate, hanging rim

As Fig. 9.12:12, above 8

Fish plate, hanging rim

As Fig. 9.12:12, above 9

Fish plate, hanging rim

As Fig. 9.12:12, above 10

Krater, ledge rim column

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.11:7, Area C1, Ph. 3b/3a, c. 275–150 BCE); Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 12:4, fosse 2003: late 4th–2nd c. BCE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 45:1); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:19, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 6:97, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 60:20.7, Well 20, end of 2nd c. BCE or later). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 134, 186:213, top level, MHU, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 11

Table amphora, angled rim

435/6331/3

SF, granular

435/6281

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.11:3, 5 above 12

Krater, overhanging rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 42: PW 394, HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.11:6, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.9:3). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 56:20, Well 11, mid 2nd c. BCE or later). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.39:1, NW9, 1st half of 1st c. BCE)

174

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

3 2

1

4

6

5

8

7

10

9

12 0

10

11

Fig. 9.17. Courthouse Site, Stratum 7, Area TC, mid–late second century BCE. Table, service and service/utility vessels.

Fig. 9.18:1–10. Drinking Bowls ► No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

1

Bowl, moldmade

435/6336/8

Ephesian or Ionian gray ware; metallic black slip on interior and exterior, meander pattern on rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Cornell 1997: Pl. 4:MB 59, ROM 1C residual, c. 15/20–40/50 CE); Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.4:17, Area C0 Ph. 3+4, c. 250 BCE–105 CE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 62:4). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 8:23, Pl. 26:7, Room ΓΕ, end of 2nd c. BCE) 2

Bowl, moldmade

435/6334/5

Ephesian or Ionian gray ware; metallic black slip on interior and exterior, ovolos on rim, raised dots below

ISRAEL: Ashdod (Kee 1971: Fig. 9:3); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 62:11) 3

Bowl, moldmade

435/6332/3

ESA?

Form As Fig. 9.12:17, above; decoration obscured 4

Bowl, moldmade

435/6319/5

NCF; pendant necklace on rim, scattered rosettes on body

ISRAEL: Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 62:15); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 35:316)

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

175

Fig. 9.18:1–10 (cont.) No. 5

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Bowl, moldmade

435/6333/11

Aegean/Asia Minor; micaceous light red (2.5YR 6/6), slip fired black on upper wall, red below; egg and dart on rim, enriched meander on upper wall, small ferns on lower wall

ISRAEL: Anafa (Cornell 1997: Pl. 4:MB54); Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.4:21, Area C0, Ph. 3? disturbed, c. 125 BCE or later). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 7). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 1982: Pls. 67, 89:391, 2nd c. BCE context) 6

Bowl, moldmade

435/6331/4

NCF; semi-lustrous orange-red slip on interior and exterior, ovolos on rim, row of dots and worn rosettes below

ISRAEL: Anafa (Cornell 1997: Pl. 1:MB 9, HELL 2C contamination, c. 98–75 BCE); Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.5:16, Area C0 Ph. 2d, c. 100–205 CE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 62:7); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 35:324). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 7:16, Room I, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE) 7

Bowl, moldmade

435/6319/2

Aegean/Asia Minor; micaceous light red (2.5YR 6/6), slip fired red on upper wall, black below, narrow bead and reel on rim

8

Bowl, moldmade

435/6333/12

BSP; worn semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior, band of ivy leaves on rim

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Avshalom-Gorni 1999: Fig. 24.2); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 35:323) 9

Hemispherical bowl, painted interior

435/6330/1

Campana A; metallic black slip on interior and exterior, white painted strip on interior below rim

ISRAEL: Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.27:2); Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.1:19). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 11:98-431, US 98, 2nd half of 2nd–1st half of 1st c. BCE). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 4: quarry pit in Room ΑΛ, late 2nd c. BCE). ITALY: Lacco Ameno (Morel 1981: Pl. 32:2152a, 1st quarter of 2nd c. BCE) 10

Bowl, moldmade

435/6330/3

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior; upper register: sideways butting goats flanking large krater; middle register: high altar with flanking Ionic volutes; person to right making libation?

ISRAEL: Anafa (Cornell 1997: Pl. 3:MB 44, HELL 2c or later, c. 98–75 BCE)

1

2 3

5

4

7

6

8

9 0

10

10 0

2

Fig. 9.18. Courthouse Site, Stratum 7, Area TC, mid–late second century BCE. Drinking bowls.

176

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Fig. 9.19:1–11. Transport/Storage and Cooking Vessels ► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Phoenician baggy jar

435/6332/2

SF, chalky

435/6272/1

Pinkish (7.5YR 8/3), few rounded black inclusions

435/6272/2

Very pale brown (10YR 8/3), quartz inclusions

As Fig. 9.13:1, above 2

Jar, everted rim

As Fig. 9.13:2, above 3

Jar, everted splayed rim

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.37:2, Area C0 Ph. 3, c. 125 BCE–105 CE) 4

Amphora

435/6333/3

Chian?

5

Jug, rounded rim

435/6334/3

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.30:5, Area C1 Ph. 3? c. 275–150 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva and Hershkovitz 2006: Pl. 4.1:1, Area E Str. 5, c. 150–100 BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 42:6, c. 200–150 BCE) 6

Cooking pot, necked, pointed rim, angled inward

435/6332/1

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.19:4, Area C0 Ph. 4b, c. 275–200 BCE) 7

Cooking pot, necked, flattened rim

435/6319/4

Sandy cooking ware

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 22, 78: PW 192, HELL 2A or B, c. 125–100 BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.11:3, Str. 1 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.19:2, Area C2 Ph. 4?/5a, c. 400–275 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.12:3) 8

Cooking pot, necked, pointed rim

435/6319/3

Sandy cooking ware

435/6289

Sandy cooking ware

435/6319/7

Sandy cooking ware

435/6333/5

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.16:2, above 9

Cooking pot, ledge rim

As Fig. 9.11:7, above 10

Casserole, angled rim, round bodied

As Fig. 9.2:5, above 11

Casserole, angled rim, round bodied

As Fig. 9.2:5, above

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

1

3

2

5

4

6

7

9 8

11

10 0

10

Fig. 9.19. Courthouse Site, Stratum 7, Area TC, mid–late second century BCE. Transport/storage and cooking vessels.

177

178

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Group 3: Walls and associated floors south of Installation 378 Locus 343: Robbers’ trench of W56 Locus 351: Fill west of W54, sealed by Floor 348 (several stamped amphora handles [SAH 48, 109, 145, 147, 150] ranging in date from the beginning to the end of the 2nd c. BCE) Locus 360: Floor west of W27 Locus 373: Robbers’ trench of W56 Locus 377: Living surface (many coins, latest is autonomous Tyre 125–98 BCE) Locus 384: Floor Locus 393: Floor (coins of Antiochus III and IV, SAH 175, 2nd half of the 2nd c. BCE) Locus 403: Floor between W23 andW27 Locus 404: Floor between W54 and W56

Fig. 9.20:1–13 ► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Kantharos, simple rim

404/5994

BSP? Aegean/Asia Minor? semi-lustrous black slip on exterior, fired red on interior; West-Slope style white painted dots beneath rim; probably residual

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (O. Tal, pers. comm.); Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.8:9, Area C1 Ph. 4a or later? c. 275–250 BCE, form only); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 44:11). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 214:368, l’etablissment hellénistique, 3rd c. BCE, form only); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 47:97, quarry pit in Room ΑɅ, late 2nd c. BCE). TURKEY: Troy (Berlin 1999: Pl. 3:61, H1, 3rd c. BCE) 2

Kantharos, knob rim

403/6168

Pergamene fine ware; shiny black slip on exterior, warm orange-red slip on interior; probably residual

TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 181:88, bottom level, MHU, mid 3rd c. BCE) 3

Plate, rilled rim

403/6137

CCF; matte granular orange red slip on interior and exterior

CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 1:2, c. 275–150 BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 3:8, 2nd c. BCE). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 127, 183:133 unstratified) 4

Jug, ledge rim

384/5911

SF, granular; matte orange red slip on exterior and interior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.31:1, Area C2 Ph. 3a, c. 225–200 BCE) 5

Juglet, mold made

404/5994

Gray ware; incised net pattern on body

6

Table amphora

377/5829

SF

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 1: PW 4, HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.29:6) 7

Unguentarium

372/5823

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 14, 76: PW 99, ROM 1B residual, c. 15/20–40/55 CE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.26:24, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.29:7, Area B, 1st c. BCE residual later 2nd–early 1st c. BCE); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 16:233). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Defernez 2007: Fig. 130:47, necropolis, Hellenistic) 8

Ointment pot

372/5846

SF

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 15: PW 124, ARAB 1 residual, form present by HELL 2B, c. 110–100 BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.11:11, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.25:9, Area C0 Ph. 4, c. 275–125 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.32:7). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 205:283, sols 159–169, transition from Classical to Hellenistic); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 1:10, Cistern 3, 2nd c. BCE) 9

Unguentarium

393/6112

Gray ware; fully fired

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 15: PW 110, ROM 1C residual, c. 15/20–40/50 CE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.27:8, Area C0 balk); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.2:46, Area W Str. 4, late 2nd–early 1st c. BCE). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 11:179, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 1:60, Pl. 16:10, Room ΓΕ, late 2nd c. BCE). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 187:237, LH unit, 2nd quarter of 2nd c. BCE). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 63, Pl. 53:446, context pre-170 BCE with later disturbance) 10

Phoenician baggy jar, shouldered

393/5942

White ware

As Fig. 9.3:3 11

Amphora, Aegean

372/5823

Rhodian?

12

Small amphora

360/5770

Rhodian?

13

Lamp, moldmade

351/5728

SF; gray

No parallels found

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

1

2

3

4

6

5 0

7

2

9

8

11

10

0

10

12

13 0

2

Fig. 9.20. Courthouse Site, Stratum 7, Area TC, mid–late second century BCE. Pottery.

179

180

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Courthouse Site, Stratum 6, Area TB, First Half of the First Century BCE Locus 279: Deposit (0.3 m) of ashy, soft black-brown earth with considerable amount of pottery, glass and terracotta figurines, lying on floor of crushed kurkar, within W30 and W32 Locus 290: First floor of courtyard east of W11, covered by L233

Fig. 9.21:1–24. Table, Service and Personal Vessels, and a Lamp ► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Saucer-lid, hooked rim

279/3808/3

CCF; matte red slip on interior and outer rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 19: PW 168, ROM 1B residual, c. 15/20–40/50 CE, form present by HELL 2B, c. 110–100 BCE); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 21:245) 2

Plate, upturned rim

279/3749

ESA; lustrous red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Vitto 2005: Fig. 9:5, Str. 2, 3rd–2nd c. BCE); Anafa (Slane 1997: Type 13c, Pls. 11, 39:FW 110, ROM 1A, c. 4 BCE– 15/20 CE); Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.7:3); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.4:5, Area B, 1st c. BCE); Jerusalem (RosenthalHeginbottom 2006: Pl. 5.3:1, Area E, Str. 4, Herodian); Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.1:13); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 65:3, preHerodian). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 15:386-198, US 386, 2nd half of 2nd–1st half of 1st c. BCE). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 46:16, Group ΑΛ, late 2nd c. BCE). OTHER: Hayes 1985: Form 3, p. 14, Pl. 1:7, 8 3

Plate, upturned rim

290/3836

ESA; lustrous red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Pl. 6: FW 58, Type 13a, HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 15:386-198, US 386, 2nd half of 2nd–1st half of 1st c. BCE). OTHER: Hayes 1985: Form 2b or 3, p. 14, Pl. 1:6, 7 4

Bowl, everted rim

279/3862/16

BSP; semi-lustrous dark brown slip on interior and exterior; probably residual

279/3862/15

BSP; semi-lustrous dark brown slip on interior and exterior; probably residual

279/3800

NCF? Red slip on interior and exterior

As Fig. 9.17:5, above 5

Bowl, everted rim

As Fig. 9.17:5, above 6

Chalice

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Lieberman-Wander, Tatcher and Muqari 1999: Fig. 4:7) 7

Cup, carinated with pinched handles

279/3862/17

BSP? Aegean/Asia Minor? semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior; probably residual

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Pl. 4:FW38, Hell 2C, c. 98–75 BCE); Bet Yerah (O. Tal, pers. comm.); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.26:1); Keisan (Młynarczyk 2002: Fig. 5:69). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 12:1, form very common at Paphos in deposits dated from 175–120/100 BCE) 8

Bowl, moldmade

279/3869/3

Aegean/Asia Minor; slightly metallic black slip on interior and exterior; two rows of raised dots below rim

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Tatcher 2000c: Fig. 8:6; Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.3:4, Area C1 Ph. 3a?3b?, c. 250–150 BCE) 9

Bowl, moldmade

279/3812?

Aegean/Asia Minor; semi-lustrous red slip on interior and exterior, egg and dart on rim, foliage scroll on wall

279/3770/1

ESA; semi-lustrous red slip on interior and exterior, egg and dart on rim, upright palm leaves on wall

As Fig. 9.21:8, above 10

Bowl, moldmade

ISRAEL: Anafa (Cornell 1997: Pl. 1:MB 9, HELL 2C contamination, c. 98–75 BCE) 11

Bowl, hemispherical

279/3862/10

BSP; slightly metallic black slip on interior and exterior; probably residual

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Pl. 3:FW 26, HELL 2C, c. 100–75 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.20:6). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 14:403-45, US 403, end of 2nd c. BCE) 12

Bowl, hemispherical

290/3927

ESA; lustrous red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Pl. 17: FW 182, Type 25a, Hell 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Dor (Rosenthal Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.6:1); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.4:11, Area B, 1st c. BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 5.11:6–8); Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.1:8); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 65:1, pre-Herodian). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 16:98-398, US 98, 2nd half of 2nd–1st half of 1st c. BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 235:575, citerne 198, 4th–early 1st c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 47:27, Group AΛ, late 2nd c. BCE). TURKEY: Hayes 1985: Form 22, p. 23, Pl. 3:12); Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 188:275, middle level, HRU, mid 2nd–mid 1st c. BCE)

181

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2

1

3

6

4

5

7

8

11

10

9

14

12 13

15

17

16

21

18

20

19

22

24

23

0 0

2

10

Fig. 9.21. Courthouse Site, Stratum 6, Area TB, first half of the first century BCE. Table, service and personal vessels, and a lamp.

182

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

◄ Fig. 9.21:1–24 (cont.) No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

13

Mastos

290/3856

ESA; lustrous red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Pl. 21: FW 217, Type 26, ROM 1A, form present beneath HELL 2C floors, before c. 98 BCE; Dor (RosenthalHeginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.6:7); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 5.12:3); Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.1:9); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 80:18). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 47:28, Group ΑΛ, late 2nd c. BCE). OTHER: Hayes 1985: Form 18, p.22, Pl. 3:5 14

Mastos, molded rim

279/3753/2

ESA; semi-lustrous red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Type 26, Pl. 21: FW 217, ROM 1A, c. 4 BCE–15/20 CE, form present by HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 80:18). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 16:402-391, US 402, 1st half of 1st c. BCE). OTHER: Hayes 1985: Form 17B, p. 21, Pl. 3:4 15

Table amphora, angled rim

279/3816/6

SF, chalky

279/3862/13

SF, granular

279/3862/14

SF, granular; matte white slip on interior and exterior

As Fig. 9.11:3, above 16

Table amphora, angled rim

As Fig. 9.11:3, above 17

Table jug, folded rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 8: PW 38, ROM 1 residual, c. 4 BCE–15/20 CE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.12:4, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.31:8, Area C0 Ph. 4b, c. 250–200 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.29:2); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 33:301). EGYPT: Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 37:82, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 18

Lagynos

290/3927

Aegean/Cypriot

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 4: PW 20, HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE, form first appears in HELL 2C); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.33:7, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.31:1). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 11:13, Pl. 5:4, Group ΑɅ, late 2nd c. BCE) 19

Unguentarium

279/3879

SF, chalky

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls.14, 76: PW 99, ROM 1B residual, c. 15/20–40/50 CE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.26:24, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.32:4) 20

Amphoriskos

279/3753/1

SF, chalky

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 11: PW 74, 54, ROM 1B residual, c. 15/20–40/50 CE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.29:3, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.29:2, Area B, 1st c. BCE); Qedesh (Herbert and Berlin 2003b: Figs. 7, 14.4); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 16:229). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 25:3, Pl. 13:3, Room ΑΒ, perhaps 1st c. BCE). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 69, Pl. 59:538, context of 200–50 BCE) 21

Jug, collared rim

279/3808/4

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.37:4, Area C0 Ph. 3, c. 125 BCE–105 CE); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 33:301) 22

Jug, ring foot

279/3808/7

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 8: PW 42, HELL 2C, c. 100–80 BCE, form present by HELL 1, c. 300–125 BCE) 23

Small amphora

279/3753/3

Rhodian? bifid handle

24

Lamp shield

279/3624

SF; fired gray

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.18:2, Area C0, topsoil). OTHER: Rosenthal and Sivan 1978: No. 386, pp. 19, 95

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

183

Fig. 9.22:1–16. Transport/Storage and Cooking Vessels ► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Phoenician baggy jar, shouldered

279/3862/2

SF, granular; probably residual

279/3794/3

SF

279/3862/1

SF

279/3816/3

Light red (2.5YR 6/6), quartz, lime and gray inclusions

As Fig. 9.3:3, above 2

Phoenician baggy jar

As Fig. 9.13:1, above 3

Phoenician baggy jar

As Fig. 9.13:7, above 4

Jar, thickened rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 62: PW 504, HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE, form only); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.12:3, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.35:4, Area C1 Ph. 3b, c. 225–175 BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 42:9, c. 200–150 BCE); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 27:269) 5

Cooking pot, high splayed neck

279/3816/1

Sandy cooking ware

279/3862/5

Sandy cooking ware

290/3871

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.5:1, above 6

Stew pot, ledge rim

As Fig. 9.11:7, above 7

Cooking pot, small, one handled

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.11:5, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva and Rosenthal-Heginbottom 2003: Pl. 6.2:19, Area A Str. 6, 1st c. BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.14:2); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:1, c. 200–150 BCE) 8

Casserole, angled rim, round bodied

279/3816/5

Sandy cooking ware

279/3869/2

Sandy cooking ware

279/3808/5

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.2:5 above 9

Casserole, angled rim, round bodied

As Fig. 9.2:5 above 10

Casserole, wavy rim, rounded wall

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.20:13, Area C0 Ph. 3, c. 125 BCE–105 CE) 11

Cooking ware lid

279/3871

Sandy cooking ware

279/3869/1

Sandy cooking ware

290/3836

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.5:4, above 12

Cooking ware lid

As Fig. 9.5:4, above 13

Cooking ware lid, small

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:9, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.24:1, 2, Areas C0, Ph. 5 and C2 Ph. 3a, c. 350–250 BCE) 14

Deep bowl, short ledge rim

279/3770/2

Hard pale pink fabric, many medium and some large sub-rounded dark red brown inclusions

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:2, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.17:14, Ph. NW7B, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 38:96, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance) 15

Krater, overhanging rim

279/3869/5

Sandy cooking ware

279/3794/1

Reddish yellow plain ware (5YR 6/6), light gray and lime inclusions

As 9.17:12, above 16

Bowl, wide ledge rim

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.16a:2, Area C0 Ph. 3, c. 125 BCE–100 CE); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 11:90). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 7:119, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 52:H2.48, Hell 2, late 4th–mid 2nd c. BCE)

184

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

2

1

3

4

6

5

8 9

7

10

11

13

12

15

14

16 0

10

Fig. 9.22. Courthouse Site, Stratum 6, Area TB, first half of the first century BCE. Transport/storage and cooking vessels.

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

185

Courthouse Site, Stratum 6, Area TB, Second Half of the First Century BCE Locus 233: Within W4 and W11, deep floor deposit (0.6 m) above Floor 290, containing complete vessels resting on surface of packed earth and small stones, including two complete amphoras with stamped handles (SAH 166 [167–146 BCE] and SAH 169 [2nd half of the 1st c. BCE]) and a coin of Herod the Great (37–4 BCE). Covered by destruction debris including ashlar stones Locus 262: Collapsed fresco-fragment debris

Fig. 9.23:1–15. Table and Service Vessels, and Lamps ► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Beaker, thin walled

233/3267

Light red (2.5YR 6/6)

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Pl. 29: FW 486, HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE but dated to ROM 1A on the basis of parallels); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.5:9, Area R, 1st c. CE). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 62:32, 35, Well 18, early 1st c. CE) 2

Bowl, moldmade

233/3281/1

ESA or BSP; mottled red and black, slip on interior and exterior

3

Bowl, hemispherical

233/3226/3

ESA; semi-lustrous red slip on interior and exterior

233/3420/4

BSP; mottled black and red slip on interior and exterior; probably residual

As Fig. 9.21:12, above 4

Mastos, molded rim

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Tatcher 2000c: Fig. 8:5); Anafa (Slane 1997: Pl. 3: FW30 HELL 2B, c. 110–98 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.23:3) 5

Mastos, molded rim

233/3420/5

BSP; mottled black and red slip on interior and exterior; probably residual

233/3270/7

Knidian gray ware; very clean, dense, hard light red (2.5YR 6/6), micaceous; brown-orange slip on interior and upper exterior

As Fig. 9.23:4, above 6

Cup, sharply carinated

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Pls. 33, 35: FW540, ROM 1A, c. 4 BCE–c. 55 CE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.7:10, Area C1 topsoil); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 57:3). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 59:4, Well 20, late 2nd c. BCE or slightly later). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 65:H3.8, Hell 3, 1st c. BCE) 7

Bowl, incurved rim

233/3420/1

ESA? lustrous red slip on interior and exterior; probably residual

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Type 24, Pl. 17: FW 176, HELL 2A–C, c. 125–75 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 5.11:4). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Figs. 13:7). OTHER: Hayes 1985: Form 20, p. 23, Pl. 3:8 8

Fish plate, hanging rim

233/3270/6

Aegean/Asia Minor; metallic black slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.3:13, Area A2 Ph. 2/3). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Figs. 217, 218:376, bassin 417, late 3rd c. BCE). TURKEY: Troy (Berlin 1999: Pl. 1:108, H2 construction, mid 2nd c. BCE) 9

Fish plate, hanging rim

233/3270/3

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior

233/3300/9

BSP; semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior; probably residual

233/3347/1

BSP; semi-lustrous red slip on interior and black on exterior; probably residual

As Fig. 9.12:12, above 10

Fish plate, hanging rim

As Fig. 9.12:12, above 11

Strainer jug

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Tatcher 2000c: Fig. 8:11); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.29:7, Area A2 Ph. 2/3); Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.13:142). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 50:25, Room BZ, 1st half of 1st c. BCE) 12

Juglet, wide mouthed

233/3244/1

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 10, 74: PW 54, HELL 2A/B, c. 125–98 BCE, form present by HELL 1B, c. 250–125 BCE); Dor (GuzZilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.28:11, Area C0 later than Ph. 4a, after 125 BCE); Qedesh (Herbert and Berlin 2003b: Fig. 14.5) 13

Lamp, carinated wheel made

233/3327/1

SF. granular; burned at spout; probably residual

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Type 6, Fig. 5.14:4, Area C0 Ph. 4b, c. 250–200 BCE) 14

Lamp

233/3266/2

SF, granular; traces of black slip on exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Type 20 Fig. 5.20:11, Area C1 Ph. 5b, c. 400–375 BCE [this lamp is apparently intrusive in this stratum]) 15

Lamp

233/3295

Pale brown clay; traces of black slip on exterior; Κ(?)ΛΚ inscribed on underside

OTHER: Broneer 1930: Pl. 7:393, Type XXI; Rosenthal and Sivan 1978:31, No. 107

186

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

2 3

1

5

4

6

8

7

9

10

11

13

0

10

14

12

15 0

2

Fig. 9.23. Courthouse Site, Stratum 6, Area TB, second half of the first century BCE. Table and service vessels, and lamps.

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187

Fig. 9.24:1–13. Transport/Storage, Cooking and Service/Utility Vessels ► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Phoenician baggy jar, shouldered

233/3257/2

SF, chalky; probably residual

233/3292/2

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.13:7, above 2

Jar, high necked

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 61: PW 499, ROM 1B/C, c. 15/20–40/50 CE, form first appears in ROM 1A, c. 4 BCE–15/20 CE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 7:3) 3

Jar or jug, thickened rim cylindrical neck

233/3300/3

SF, granular

ISRAEL: Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.36:12, Area C2 Ph. 3[b?], c. 275–225 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva and Hershkovitz 2003: Pl. 4.3:9, Area E, Str. 4, Herodian) 4

Amphora, Koan

233/3284/2

Finkielsztejn, forthcoming: SAH 169, infra 5

Krater, overhanging rim

262/4040

Sandy cooking ware

233/3287/1

Sandy cooking ware; wide, sharply defined, gray core

233/3221/1

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.17:12, above 6

Cooking pot, necked, flattened rim

As Fig. 9.19:7, above 7

Cooking pot, necked, triangular rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 24: PW 208, HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.11:7, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.17:9, Area C1 Ph. 3a, c. 200–150 BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:5, c. 200–150 BCE) 8

Casserole, angled rim, round bodied

233/3322/1

Sandy cooking ware; probably residual

233/3280/1

Sandy cooking ware; probably residual

233/3239/2

Sandy cooking ware, wide, sharply defined, dark gray core

As Fig. 9.2:5, above 9

Casserole, angled rim, round bodied

As Fig. 9.2:5, above 10

Casserole, beveled rim

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 21: PW 247, HELL 2B, c. 110–98 BCE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Dor (GuzZilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.20:14, Area C1 Ph. 2, c. 150 BCE–75 CE). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 33:5). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 52:H2.47, late 4th–mid 2nd c. BCE); Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.8:1, Ph. NW3B, late 3rd c. BCE) 11

Casserole, wavy rim, thin walled

233/3267/1

Clean hard red (2.5YR 5/8), quartz and lime inclusions

CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 224:450, bassin 417, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 51:H2.44, late 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE). TURKEY: Troy (Berlin 1999: Pls. 12, 19:243, H2 occupation, c. 150–100 BCE). GREECE: Knossos (Callaghan 1981: No. 51, Fig. 8, c. 150–125 BCE) 12

Baking pan

233/3420/3

Aegean cooking ware, red (2.5YR 5/6), micaceous, dark gray inclusions

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pls. 34, 81: PW 299, HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.10:5, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.23a:13, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.16:2). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 28:1). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 87:685, Thompson Group E, 150–110 BCE) 13

Pompeian red ware baking dish

233/3234/1

Granular yellowish red (5YR 5/6), micaceous, quartz and small rounded black inclusions; burnished red slip on interior and outer rim; bottom rough as if dried on burlap; burned on bottom; complete

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 33: PW286, ROM 1B residual, form present by ROM 1A, c. 4 BCE–55 CE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 68:10, Roman 1a, late 1st c. BCE–early 1st c. CE)

188

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

2

3

0

1

10 0

4

6

5

7

9 8

10 11

12

13

Fig. 9.24. Courthouse Site, Stratum 6, Area TB, second half of the first century BCE. Transport/storage, cooking and service/utility vessels.

10

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189

Courthouse Site, Stratum 6, Area TC, First Century BCE Group 1: Room deposit within W50, W51 and W52 Locus 335: Floor Locus 341: Floor Locus 390: Floor

Fig. 9.25:1–6. Group 1 ►► No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

1

Saucer, drooping rim

335/5578

CCF; medium gray core; thin matte red slip on interior and on exterior rim and upper wall; probably residual

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:9, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.3:27, Area C0 Ph. 4b, c. 250–200 BCE); Jerusalem (Geva 2003: Pl. 5.1:35, Area W Str. 5, c. 150–100 BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 37:2, c. 200–150 BCE). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 2:21, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE) 2

Bowl, thickened rim

335/5525

CCF; thin matte red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:14, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.3:54) 3

Dish, straight wall

341/5527

ESA; lustrous orange red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Type 14b, Pl. 13:FW 135, ROM 1A c. 4 BCE–15/20 CE). OTHER: Hayes 1985: Type 5, p. 17, Pl. 2:1 4

Bowl, hemispherical

335/5593

ESA; lustrous red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Type 25a, Pl. 18:FW 189, HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.4:18, Area B, 1st c. BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 67:1, Herodian). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 51:6, Room Λ, c. 50–1 BCE). OTHER: Hayes 1985: Form 22B, p. 23, Pl. 3:12, 1st c. BCE 5

Pompeian red ware baking dish

341/5527

Granular yellowish red (5YR 5/6), micaceous, quartz and small rounded black inclusions; burnished red slip on interior and on outer rim

341/5604

SF; gray; rays on rim

As Fig. 9.24:12, above 6

Lamp, moldmade

As Fig. 9.15:20, above

190

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Group 2: Beneath and around Kiln 312 Locus 305: Stone collapse in corner of W8 and W10 Locus 350: Floor north of W8 Locus 366: Floor north of Kiln 312 Locus 444: Sand layer beneath Kiln 312

Fig. 9.25:7–17. Group 2 ► No. 7

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Plate, upturned rim

366/5855

ESA; lustrous red slip on interior and exterior, double rouletted circles on interior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Type 13a, Pl. 6:FW 57, HELL 2C, c. 98–75 BCE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125 BCE); Dor (RosenthalHeginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.7:4); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 6:3). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 235:573, citerne 198, 4th–early 1st c. BCE). OTHER: Hayes 1985: Form 2A, p. 14, Pl. 1:4 8

Plate, rolled rim

305/5199

Terra nigra? hard dense, very granular dark fabric; gray slip on interior and exterior

EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.16:3, NW7, 2nd half of 2nd c. BCE); Tell el-Farâ’în (Charlesworth 1969: Fig. 3:8); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 45:157, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later material). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 5:5, Group ΑΛ, late 2nd c. BCE) 9

Bowl, hemispherical

444/6318

ESA; lustrous red slip on interior and exterior

366/5792

Ephesian gray ware; semi-lustrous black slip on exterior

As Fig. 9.25:4, above 10

Juglet?

CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 41:16, Room ΓΠ3 early layers, early 3rd c. BCE) 11

Jug, folded rim

366/5774

SF, granular

305/5101

Sandy cooking ware

366/5749

Sandy cooking ware

As Fig. 9.15:11, above 12

Cooking pot, necked, flattened rim

As Fig. 9.19:7, above 13

Casserole, angled rim, carinated

This is an ‘Akko version of a Kfar Hananya Type 3A casserole (Adan Bayewitz 1993: Pl. 3A:3); for a parallel in sandy cooking ware: Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 6:18–20) 14

Casserole, wavy ledge rim

366/5767

Sandy cooking ware

366/5771

Aegean cooking ware? granular red (2.5YR 5/8), fine black and lime inclusions

As Fig. 9.22:10, above 15

Casserole, angled rim, straight wall

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 32:PW 277, ROM 1A residual, c. 4 BCE–15/25 CE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.22:4, Area C0 Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:19, c. 200–150 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 225:442, bassin 417, late 3rd–2nd c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 10:154, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 33:2). EGYPT: Coptos (Herbert and Berlin 2003a: Fig. 69:H3.35, c. 100–50 BCE); Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.8:1, NW3B, 3rd– early 2nd c. BCE); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 42:120, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later material). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 85:669, Thompson Group E, c. 150–110 BCE) 16

Lamp, moldmade

366/5864

SF; fired gray, plain ridges alternating with herringbone

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.17:11, Area C0 Ph. 4, c. 275–125 BCE) 17

Lamp, moldmade

As Fig. 9.14:2, above

350/5611

SF; gray, raised rays on rim

191

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

2

1

3

4

5

6 0

7

9

8

10 12

11

14 13

15 0

10

16

17 0

4

Fig. 9.25. Courthouse Site, Stratum 6, Area TC, first century BCE: (1–6) Group 1; (7–17) Group 2.

2

192

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Courthouse Site, Stratum 5, Area TC, Early First Century CE Locus 302: Floor No. 1

Fig. 9.26:1–6 ►

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Dish, upturned rim

302/5013

ESA; lustrous red slip on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Type 13e, Pl. 12: FW 118, ROM 1B, c. 15/20–40/50 CE, form is Herodian variant). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 61:8, Well 18, c. 1–15/20 CE) 2

Bowl, incurved rim, string cut base

302/5648

Sandy table ware, ‘Akko? Sharon plain? reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8), some small gray and lime inclusions; traces of thin red slip dribbled on exterior; messy stringcut base

ISRAEL: Tirat Yehuda (Yeivin and Edelstein 1970: Fig. 9:3) 3

Unguentarium, piriform

302/5013

Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8), some small gray and lime inclusions

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Feig and Eisenberg 1991: Fig. 14:4, 5; Tzaferis 1986: Fig. 6, top right); Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 15: PW 112, ARAB 1 residual, form present by ROM 1A, c. 4 BCE–10 CE); Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.30:20, Area R, 1st c. CE); Jerusalem (Geva and RosenthalHeginbottom 2003: Pl. 6.10:28) 4

Pompeian red ware cooking lid

302/5002

Granular yellowish red (5YR 5/6), micaceous, quartz and small rounded black inclusions; dark gray firing line on edge of rim on interior and exterior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 36: PW 319, HELL 2C c. 98–75 BCE, form present by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Caesarea (Blakely, Brinkmann and Vitaliano 1989: Fig. 5). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 27:3, 4) 5

Frying pan handle

302/5006

Aegean cooking ware? hard dark gray-brown cooking ware, occasional silver mica

ISRAEL: Keisan (Briend 1980: Pl. 11:4); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 41:23); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2004, Fig. 312:1–4, present in “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). GREECE: Athens (Rotroff 2006: Fig. 89:708, form dated 250–200 BCE) 6

Basin, short ledge rim

302/5100

Hard, coarse strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

ISRAEL: ‘Akko (Tatcher 2000c: Fig. 8:13, 14); Karm er-Ras (Y. Alexandre, pers. comm.)

Courthouse Site, Stratum 5, Area TB, Early First Century CE Locus 218: Floor Locus 236: Accumulations Locus 240: Accumulations Locus 268: Make-up of W20 Locus 273: Accumulations Locus 277: Accumulations

Fig. 9.26:7–13 ► No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

7

Jug

218/3253

ESA

8

Jug

273/3667

ESA

OTHER: Hayes 1985: Form 107, p. 44, Pl. 9:7 9

Casserole

240/3804

Aegean cooking ware

CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 64:71, Well 18, c. 1–15/20 CE) 10

Cooking bowl

277/3682

Kfar Hananya cooking ware

ISRAEL: Adan-Bayewitz 1993: Type 1A, Pl. 1A:4; Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.19:3); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009 Fig. 8:13, Cistern D, used until the 4th c. CE) 11

Cooking pot, narrow ridged ledge rim

Surface

Kfar Hananya cooking ware

ISRAEL: Adan-Bayewitz 1993: Type 4B, Pl. 4B:3; Gamla (Berlin 2006: Fig. 2.12:10, Area R, 1st c. CE). 12

Cooking pot

277/3682a

Aegean cooking ware

13

Lamp, moldmade

268/3637

Discus: Gladiator and lion

Similar in general form to Rosenthal and Sivan 1978:29, No. 93

193

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2

1

4

3

5 6

7 8

10 9

12

11 13 0 0

2

10

Fig. 9.26. Courthouse Site, Stratum 5, early first century CE: (1–6) Area TC; (7–13) Area TB.

194

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Courthouse Site, Unstratified, Early–Middle Hellenistic Pottery Fig. 9.27:1–14. Table, Service and Cooking Vessels ► No. 1

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

Bowl, everted rim

321/5485

Campana A; metallic black slip on interior and exterior, stamped leaf on floor

ISRAEL: Anafa (Slane 1997: Pl. 28: FW455, HELL 1B/2A, c. 198–110 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.20:7); Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.1:18); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 4:8, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). LEBANON: Beirut (Elaigne 2007: Fig. 11:98-416, US 98, 2nd half of 2nd–1st half of 1st c. BCE). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 4:4) 2

Bowl, incurved rim

438/6291

CCF; matte granular orange red slip on interior and on exterior rim and upper wall

225/3176/7

Aegean/Asia Minor; semi-lustrous mottled orange to dark brown slip on interior and most of exterior

As Fig. 9.10:14 above 3

Plate, rolled rim

ISRAEL: Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.1:1); Samaria (Kenyon 1957: Fig. 43:8, c. 150–108 BCE). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 227: 490, citerne 198, 4th–early 1st c. BCE) 4

Saucer, thickened rim

321/5657

NCF; mottled, semi-lustrous orange-red slip on interior and exterior

322/5200

CCF; matte granular orange red slip on interior and upper exterior

As Fig. 9.4:7, above 5

Saucer, folded rim

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.8:16, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.4:4, Area C2 Ph. 4, c. 300–275 BCE); Qedesh (Stone 2012: Fig. 4.21:1). CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Fig. 227:490, citerne 198, 4th–early 1st c. BCE); Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 2:13, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 48:51, Group ΑΛ, late 2nd c. BCE). EGYPT: Naukratis-Kom Ge’if (Berlin 1997c: Fig. 6.11:4, Ph. NW4B, mid 2nd c. BCE); Tell el-Herr (Dixneuf 2007: Fig. 44:145, cave, late 4th–3rd c. BCE with some later disturbance). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 179:36, top level, MHU, late 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 6

Saucer, drooping rim

303/5449

Sandy brown

333/5378

Hard, fine, dense pink brown fabric fired/burnt black on core and inside; burnt slip with much surface mica inside, exterior unslipped, large stamped palmette on floor

Form as Fig. 9.10:8, above 7

Plate or bowl

ISRAEL: Bet Yerah (Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006: Fig. 5.9, Str. 1, c. 300–150 BCE); Dor (Guz-Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.5:13, Area C2 Ph. 3b? c. 275–225 BCE); Samaria (Crowfoot 1957: Fig. 52:39). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 1:1, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 2:28) 8

Skyphos, vertical handled

386/6129

Gray brown Cypriot? smooth matte dark gray slip on interior and exterior, white painted olive garland and dots beneath rim

504/3971

BSP? semi-lustrous black slip on interior and exterior, incised tendrils on exterior

Form as Fig. 9.1:9, above 9

Calyx cup, broad

TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Figs. 124, 182:96 middle level, MHU, 3rd–early 2nd c. BCE) 10

Krater, painted, ledge rim

295/4045

SF, chalky; matte red-orange slip on top of rim and painted in tendrils on neck

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 43:PW403, HELL 1B, c. 250–125 BCE) 11

Table amphora, Pergamene style

321/5218

BSP? Aegean/Asia Minor? semi-lustrous slip, fired red on the interior and black on the exterior

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.12:3, Area C0, Ph. 4a, c. 200–125 BCE); Sha‘ar Ha-‘Amaqim (Młynarczyk 2009: Fig. 5:1, “cistern” G/R, early–middle Hellenistic). CYPRUS: Paphos (Hayes 1991: Fig. 52:12, Room Λ, early levels, 1st c. BCE). TURKEY: Pergamon (Schäfer 1968: D 71, Pls. 19, 20); Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 126:120B, bottom level, HRU, mid 2nd–mid 1st c. BCE) 12

Table amphora, stepped rim (Pergamene style)

340/5437

Rhodian? Aegean/Asia Minor? very hard granular pink fabric; matte cream slip and a band of semi-lustrous brown black slip beneath exterior rim

292/3834

Gray brown Cypriot? semi-lustrous purplish brown slip on interior and exterior, white painted blobs on top of rim and criss-crossing lines on neck

Form as Fig. 9.8:6, above 13

Table jug, grooved rim

CYPRUS: Kition (Salles 1993: Figs. 212, 214:356, l’établissment hellénistiques, late 3rd c. BCE) 14

Cook pot, necked flattened rim

As Fig. 9.16:2, above

267/4009

Sandy cook ware, ‘Akko

195

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2

1

3

5

4

6

8

7

9

10

11

13

12

14 0

10

Fig. 9.27. Courthouse Site, unstratified, early–middle Hellenistic period. Table, service and cooking vessels.

196

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Fig. 9.28:1–6. Unguentaria and Lamps ► No.

Vessel

Locus/Basket

Ware and Decoration

1

Fusiform unguentarium, elongated

438/6303/1

Tan gray marl; moderately hard light pink fabric, fired gray in core and interior

ISRAEL: Anafa (Berlin 1997b: Pl. 14: PW102, ROM 1B, early 1st c. CE, form appears by HELL 2A, c. 125–110 BCE); Dor (Guz–Zilberstein 1995: Fig. 6.26:29, Area C0, Ph. 5, 6, c. 5th c. BCE–250 BCE); Maresha (Levine 2003: Fig. 6.14:149); Shiqmona (Elgavish 1974: Pl. 16:233). CYPRUS: Nicosia (Berlin and Pilacinski 2005: Fig. 11:171, early 3rd–mid 2nd c. BCE); Paphos (Hayes 1991: Pl. XV:4). TURKEY: Tarsus (Jones 1950: Fig. 187:239) 2

Fusiform unguentarium, elongated

321/5195

SF, chalky

321/5242

SF, chalky

345/5579

Gritty brown fabric

As Fig. 9.21:20, above 3

Fusiform unguentarium, elongated

As Fig. 9.21:20, above 4

Fusiform unguentarium, elongated

ISRAEL: Bet Zur (Sellers 1933: Pl. X:14; Lapp and Lapp 1968: Fig. 29:5–7, 2nd c. BCE); Jerusalem (Bahat 1982: Fig. 7:7, 8, early 1st c. BCE; Tushingham 1985: Fig. 22:20, 2nd–1st c. BCE; Geva 2003: Fig. 5.2:48, Area W, Str. 4, later 2nd c. BCE; Geva and RosenthalHeginbottom 2003: Fig. 6.2:12, Area A, Str. 6, 1st c. BCE); Tirat Yehuda (Yeivin and Edelstein 1970: Fig. 7:17, Seleucid abandonment, second quarter of 2nd c. BCE) 5

Lamp, carinated wheel made or moldmade

1763/9(?)

NCF; semi-lustrous red-brown slip on interior and exterior

324/5336

Burnt; traces of black slip on exterior, molded in the form of a clam shell

As Fig. 9.5:7, above 6

Lamp, moldmade, seven nozzled

ISRAEL: Dor (Rosenthal-Heginbottom 1995: Fig. 5.19:2, Area C2, L4566, Ph. 5+4, c. 350–275 BCE)

197

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

4

1

2

3 0

10

5

6 0

4

Fig. 9.28. Courthouse Site, unstratified, early–middle Hellenistic period. Unguentaria and lamps.

198

ANDREA M. BERLIN AND PETER J. STONE

Notes Fortuna 1964, 1966; Dothan 1976; Tzaferis 1986; Stern 1991, 1994, 1996, 1997; Feig and Eisenberg 1991; Muqari 1996; Lieberman-Wander, Tatcher and Muqari 1998; Tatcher 1998, 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2005; Avshalom-Gorni 1999; E.J. Stern and Shalabi-Abbas 1999; Vitto 2005; Ariel and Messika 2007. In addition to these primary publications of pottery excavated elsewhere in the city, Regev (2009–2010) has published a typology of some of the material from the Courthouse Site, along with much other unstratified and outof-context material. 2 We are grateful to Danny Syon, Eliezer Stern and Moshe Hartal for the invitation to study this material, along with their logistical support and generous assistance during our study. 3 Neither of the large deposits from the Hospitaller Compound was sealed, and in both there was some later material. Some of that material was much later (e.g., Eastern Sigillata A, Roman cooking ware) and so quite obviously contamination. We have simply disregarded clearly later pottery from these deposits. In a few cases, however, there were vessels whose chronology is not necessarily so firmly fixed. We have included such vessels in the catalogue of the Hospitaller pottery, since they provide evidence that those forms and wares occurred at ‘Akko and future research may demonstrate that they can be early Hellenistic in date as well. For those few vessels that, on present evidence, seem to date later than the third century BCE, we have included the comment “possibly intrusive” in the catalogue entry. This caveat applies only to the material from the Hospitaller compound. From the Courthouse Site we have chosen only those loci that are sealed and/or clean of later contamination. 4 Settlement is first attested off—but still very close to—the mound in the fifth century BCE (Dothan 1976:34–35; Muqari 1996: Fig. 24 [the fragment of a red-figured kylix likely dates to the fifth century BCE, not the fourth century BCE as stated in the report]). The earliest pottery found in excavations throughout the city at any distance from the mound, as well as from the city’s necropolis, is third century BCE in date (Tzaferis 1986; Feig and Eisenberg 1991; Avshalom-Gorni 1999; E.J. Stern and Shalabi-Abbas 1999; E. Stern 1999; Tatcher 2000a, 2000b, 2000c). 5 References to Classical-period Attic imports at Ashdod (e.g., Kee 1971:51–52, Fig. 14:3–7, 14–20), Apollonia (Tal 1999:105–106, Fig. 4.14:1–13), Keisan (Nodet 1980:124, Pl. 22:7–22), Tel Michal (Marchese 1989) and Dor (Marchese 1995), as well as Persian-period imports from ‘Akko (Dothan 1976: Fig. 27:2–7, Fig. 37). On this topic in general, see Waldbaum (2003). 6 For Alexandria Troas, see Berlin 1999:146; for Pergamon, see Shäfer 1968; for Ephesos, see Gassner 1997; for Alexandria, see Breccia 1912, Rotroff 1997:30–31; for Nicosia, see Berlin and Pilacinski 2005:202–203; for Kition, see Salles 1993:168; for Paphos, see Hayes 1991:26–31. 1

West Slope from other ‘Akko excavations: Dothan 1976: Fig. 32; E. Stern 1999: Fig. 20:4. A fair amount of WestSlope style vessels has been documented from Dor, but they are apparently a misleading indicator of quantity as they were disproportionately selected for publication (Barak Monickendam-Givon, pers. comm.). 8 Hospitaller 400152.25 and 29 both carry stamps of Theudoros I, dated c. 245–235 BCE; Hospitaller 400152.31 is another Rhodian stamp of the mid- or second half of the third century BCE; 400152.1, 30 and 32 are Chian stamps of the middle to third quarter of the third century BCE. We thank Gerald Finkielsztejn for this information. 9 On the importance of the port in the Hellenistic period, see remarks by Kashtan (above, Chapter 1). 10 We have confined our presentation and discussion of the site’s middle Hellenistic pottery to that found in secure fill and floor deposits associated with Stratum 8 walls. However a great deal more middle Hellenistic pottery appears as residual material in later loci (most especially in Stratum 7, Area TC, L425, L432 and L434 [Figs. 9.15, 9.16]. We have retained most of this material in the catalogue, presenting it along with the loci and strata in which it was found. In their respective entries we indicate those items that we believe are likely residual. 11 Four vessels in northern coastal fine ware appear in the Hospitaller loci [Figs. 9.4:5, 7; 9.6:4, 8], but these contexts were not sealed and contained later material. 12 The disparate character of the household pottery from ‘Akko and other northern sites as compared to that from Judea is readily apparent by a comparison of the contemporary assemblages from Jerusalem. See Geva 2003; Geva and Rosenthal-Heginbottom 2003; Geva and Hershkovitz 2006. Gitin (1990:112) noted the differences between local pottery of Gezer in the eastern Sharon plain and ‘Akko. 13 Ariel 2005:181; Ariel and Messika 2007:12; Finkielsztejn 2000a, 2000b, 2001a:180, 2001b:190–191, Fig. 5. 14 Kashtan 1988:45. For glass, see Pliny, Natural History 16.65–66, Tacitus, Histories 5.7.2, Strabo, Geography 12.2.25. For purple dye, see Pliny, Natural History 9.138– 139, 1 Macc. 4.23, Pollux, Onomasticon 1.48, 97. 15 Earlier Campanian baking dishes, of the type known as orlo bifido, appear at Tel Anafa in later second-century BCE contexts (Berlin 1993; 1997B:104–105). 16 Respectively, e.g., Gitin 1990: Figs. 33:16, 38:22 (BSP), Figs. 35:20, 38:21 (ESA), Figs. 33:16, 38:22 (NCF). For discussion, see Gunneweg et al. 1983. 17 Slane 1997:269–270. See discussion above under BSP for the relationship between ESA, BSP and NCF. 18 For Paphos, see Hayes 1991:26–27, “standard early Hellenistic ware;” for Kition, see Salles 1993:167–168, Hellenistique chypriote. 19 E.g., Bet Yerah; Ben-Nahum and Getzov 2006:141, Fig. 5.8:9. 20 E.g., Fischer 1989; Kee 1971; Yeivin and Edelstein 1970. 7

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Briend J. 1980. Vestiges hellénistiques. In J. Briend and J.-B. Humbert eds. Tell Keisan (1971–1976): Une cité phénicienne en Galilée (OBO.SA 1). Fribourg. Pp. 101– 116. Broneer O.1930. Corinth IV, 2: Terracotta Lamps. Cambridge, Mass. Callaghan A. 1981. The Little Palace Well and Knossian Pottery of the Later Third and Second Centuries B.C. ABSA: 35–58 Charlesworth D. 1969. Tell el-Farâ‘în: The Industrial Site, 1968. JEA 55:23–30. Cornell L.A. 1997. A Note on the Molded Bowls. In S.C. Herbert ed. Tel Anafa II, i: The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery (JRA Suppl. S. 10). Ann Arbor. Pp. 407–416. Crowfoot G.M. 1957. Hellenistic Pottery, General List. In J.W. Crowfoot, G.M. Crowfoot and K.M. Kenyon. Samaria-Sebaste III: The Objects from Samaria. London. Pp. 235–272. Defernez C. 2007. Analyse du mobilier céramique de l’agglomération. In D. Valbelle ed. Tell el-Herr: Les niveaux hellénistiques et du Haut-Empire. Paris. Pp. 146– 173. Dixneuf D. 2007. La céramique hellénistique de la cave. In D. Valbelle ed. Tell el-Herr: Les niveaux hellénistiques et du Haut-Empire. Paris. Pp. 48–79. Dothan M. 1976. Akko: Interim Excavation Report. First Season, 1973/4. BASOR 224:1–48. Edgar C.C. 1925. Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, Nos. 59001–59139: Zenon Papyri I. Cairo. Edgar C.C. 1931. Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire, Nos. 59532–59800: Zenon Papyri IV. Cairo. Elaigne S. 2007. Les importations de céramiques fines hellénistiques à Beyrouth (site BEY 002) aperҫu du faciès nord levantin. Syria 84:107–142. Elgavish J. 1968. Archaeological Excavations at Shikmona Field Report 1: The Levels of the Persian Period; Seasons 1963–1970. Haifa (Hebrew). Elgavish J. 1974. Archaeological Excavations at Shikmona Field Report 2: The Level of the Hellenistic Period; Stratum H; Seasons 1963–1965. Haifa (Hebrew). Feig N. and Eisenberg E. 1991. ‘Akko, Hellenistic Necropolis. ESI 9:16–17. Finkielsztejn G. 2000a. Amphoras and Stamped Handles from ‘Akko. ‘Atiqot 39:135–153. Finkielsztejn G. 2000b. Amphores importées au Levant sud à l’époque hellénistique. In The Fifth Scientific Meeting on Hellenistic Pottery: Problems of Chronology, Closed Contexts, Workshops. Chania April 1997. Athens. Pp. 207–220.

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Finkielsztejn G. 2001a. Chronologie détailée et révisée des éponymes amphoriques rhodiens de 270 à 108 av. J.-C. environ. Premier bilan (BAR Int. S. 990). Oxford. Finkielsztejn G. 2001b. Politique et commerce à Rhodes au IIe s. av. J.C.: Le témoignage des exportations d’amphores. In A. Bresson and R. Descat eds. Les cités d’Asie Mineure occidentale au IIe siècle a. C. (Ausonius-Publications Études 8). Bordeaux. Pp. 181–196. Finkielsztejn G. Forthcoming. ‘Akko IV: The 1991–1998 Excavations: The Stamped Amphora Handles (IAA Reports). Jerusalem. Fischer M. 1989. Hellenistic Pottery (Strata V–III). In Z. Herzog, G. Rapp Jr. and O. Negbi eds. Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 8). Minneapolis–Tel Aviv. Pp. 177–187. Fortuna M.T. 1964. Scavo di una necropoli ellenisticoromana ad Akko (Israele). Bibbia e Oriente 6:263–266. Fortuna M.T. 1966. Campagne di scavo ad Akko 1961–1962 (Memorie dell’Istituto lombardo. Accademia di scienze e lettere 29/4). Milan. French P. 1992. A Preliminary Study of Pottery in Lower Egypt in the Late Dynastic and Ptolemaic Periods. Cahiers de la céramique égyptienne 3:83–93. Gassner V. 1997. Das Südtor der Tetragonos-Agora: Keramik und Kleinfunde (Forshungen in Ephesos XIII/1/1). Vienna. Geva H. 2003. Hellenistic Pottery from Areas W and X-2. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 II: The Finds from Areas A, W and X-2; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 113–175. Geva H. and Hershkovitz M. 2006. Local Pottery of the Hellenistic and Early Roman Periods. In H. Geva ed. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem, Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 III: Area E and Other Studies; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 94–143. Geva H. and Rosenthal-Heginbottom R. 2003. Local Pottery from Area A. In H. Geva. Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 II: The Finds from Areas A, W and X-2; Final Report. Jerusalem. Pp. 176–191. Gitin S. 1990. Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tel Gezer (Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology 3) (2 vols.). Jerusalem. Grataloup C. 1991. Karnak: Temple d’Amon-Rê, 1990. Bulletin de liaison du groupe international d’étude de la céramique égyptienne 15:22–27. Gunneweg J., Perlman I. and Yellin J. 1983. The Provenience, Typology and Chronology of Eastern Terra Sigillata (Qedem 17). Jerusalem. Guz-Zilberstein B. 1995. The Typology of the Hellenistic Coarse Ware and Selected Loci of the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. In E. Stern. Excavations at Dor. Final Report I, B: Areas A and C; The Finds (Qedem Reports 2). Jerusalem. Pp. 289–433.

Hartal M. 2002. Excavations at Khirbet Zemel, Northern Golan: An Iturean Settlement Site. In Z. Gal ed. Eretz Zafon: Studies in Galilean Archaeology. Jerusalem. Pp. 75*–117*. Hayes J.W. 1985. Sigillate Orientali. In Atlante delle forme ceramiche II: Ceramica fine romana nel bacino mediterraneo (tardo ellenismo e primo impero) (Enciclopedia dell’arte antica classica e orientale). Rome. Pp. 1–96. Hayes J.W. 1991. Paphos III: The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery. Nicosia. Herbert S.C. and Berlin A.M. 2003a. Excavations at Coptos (Qift) in Upper Egypt, 1987–1992 (JRA Suppl. S. 53). Portsmouth, R.I. Herbert S.C. and Berlin A.M. 2003b. A New Administrative Center for Persian and Hellenistic Galilee: Preliminary Report of the University of Michigan/University of Minnesota Excavations at Kedesh. BASOR 329:13–59. Jones F.F. 1950. The Pottery. In H. Goldman ed. Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus I: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods. Princeton. Pp. 149–296. Kashtan N. 1988 Akko-Ptolemais: A Maritime Metropolis in Hellenistic and Early Roman Times, 332 BCE–70 CE, as Seen through the Literary Sources. In I. Malkin and R.L. Hohlfeder eds. Mediterranean Cities: Historical Perspectives. London. Pp. 37–53. Kee H.C. 1971. The Pottery. In M. Dothan. Ashdod II–III: The Second and Third Seasons of Excavations, 1963, 1965, Soundings in 1967 (‘Atiqot [ES] 9–10). Jerusalem. Pp. 44–64. Kenyon K.M. 1957. Hellenistic Pottery I. Stratified Groups. In J.W. Crowfoot, G.M. Crowfoot and K.M. Kenyon. Samaria-Sebaste III: The Objects. London. Pp. 217–235. Lapp N. and Lapp P. 1968. Iron II–Hellenistic Pottery Groups. In O.R. Sellers, R.W. Funk, J.L. McKenzie, P. Lapp and N. Lapp. The 1957 Excavation at Beth Zur Conducted by McCormack Theological Seminary and the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem (AASOR 38). Cambridge, Mass. Pp. 54–79. Levine T. 2003. Pottery and Small Finds from Subterranean Complexes 21 and 70. In A. Kloner. Maresha Excavations Final Report I: Subterranean Complexes 21, 44, 70 (IAA Reports 17). Jerusalem. Pp. 73–130. Lieberman-Wander R., Tatcher A. and Muqari A. 1999. Graves of the Hellenistic Period on the ‘Akko Seashore. ‘Atiqot 37:169–173 (Hebrew; English summary, p. 178*). Lund J. 2005. An Economy of Consumption: The Eastern Sigillata A Industry in the Late Hellenistic Period. In Z.H. Archibald, J.K. Davies and V. Gabrielsen eds. Making, Moving, and Managing: The New World of Ancient Economies, 323–31 BC. Oxford. Pp. 233–252. Lund J., Malfitana D. and Poblome J. 2006. Rhosica vasa mandavi (Cic. Att. 6.1.13). Towards the Identification of a Major Ceramic Tableware Industry of the Eastern Mediterranean: Eastern Sigillata A. Archaeologica Classica 57:491–507.

CHAPTER 9: THE HELLENISTIC AND EARLY ROMAN POTTERY

Marchese R.T. 1989. Aegean and Cypriote Imports in the Persian Period (Strata XI–VI). In Z. Herzog, G. Rapp Jr. and O. Negbi eds. Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 8). Minneapolis–Tel Aviv. Pp. 145–152. Marchese R.T. 1995. Athenian Imports in the Persian Period. In E. Stern. Excavations at Dor. Final Report I, B: Areas A and C; The Finds (Qedem Reports 2). Jerusalem. Pp. 127–181. Młynarczyk J. 2002. Hellenistic Fine Wares at Tell Keisan: A Pattern of Importations. In F. Blondé, P. Ballet and J.-F. Salles eds. Céramiques hellénistiques et romaines: Productions et diffusion en Méditerranée orientale (Chypre, Égypte, et côte syro-palestinienne) (Travaux de la Maison de l‘Orient Méditerranéan 35). Paris. Pp. 117–132. Młynarczyk J. 2004. Between Phoenicia and Galilee: Kitchen Pottery from Hellenistic Deposits at Sha‘ar Ha‘Amakim. In M. Kazakou ed. Στ΄Επιστημόνικη Συναντήση για την Έλληνιστίκη Κεραμίκη. Athens. Pp. 631–640. Młynarczyk J. 2009. Hellenistic and Roman-Period Pottery from Sha‘ar-Ha‘Amakim. In A. Segal, J. Młynarczyk and M. Burdajewicz. Excavations of the Hellenistic Site in Kibbutz Sha‘ar Ha‘Amakim (Gaba), 1984–1998: Final Report. Haifa. Pp. 97–119. Morel J.-P. 1981. Céramique campanienne: Les formes (Bibliothèque des écoles franҫaises d’Athènes et de Rome 224). Rome. Muqari A. 1996. ‘Akko, the Old City. ESI 15:27–28. Nodet E. 1980. Le Niveau 3 (Période perse). In J. Briend and J.-B. Humbert eds. Tell Keisan (1971–1976): Une cité phénicienne en Galilée (OBO.SA 1). Fribourg. Pp. 117– 129. Rappaport U. 1981. Jewish-Pagan Relations and the Revolt against Rome in 66–70 C.E. In L.I. Levine ed. The Jerusalem Cathedra 1. Jerusalem. Pp. 81–95. Regev D. 2009–2010. ‘Akko–Ptolemais, a Phoenician City: The Hellenistic Pottery. Mediterranean Archaeology 22/23:115–191. Rosenthal-Hegginbottom R. 1995. Imported Hellenistic and Roman Pottery. In E. Stern. Excavations at Dor. Final Report I, B: Areas A and C; The Finds (Qedem Reports 2). Jerusalem. Pp. 183–288. Rosenthal R. and Sivan R. 1978. Ancient Lamps in the Schloessinger Collection (Qedem 8). Jerusalem. Rotroff S.I. 1982. Hellenistic Pottery: Athenian and Imported Moldmade Bowls (The Athenian Agora 22). Princeton. Rotroff S.I. 1997. Hellenistic Pottery: Athenian and Imported Wheelmade Table Ware and Related Material (The Athenian Agora 29). Princeton. Rotroff S.I. 2006. Hellenistic Pottery: The Plain Wares (The Athenian Agora 33). Princeton. Salles J.-F. ed. 1993. Kition-Bamboula IV: Les niveaux hellénistiques. Paris. Sellers O.R. 1933. The Citadel of Beth-Zur: A Preliminary Report of the First Excavation Conducted by the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Chicago and the

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American School of Oriental Research, Jerusalem in 1931 at Khirbat Tubeiqa. Philadelphia. Shäfer J. 1968. Hellenistische Keramik aus Pergamon (Pergamenische Forschungen 2). Berlin. Singer-Avitz L. 1989. Local Pottery of the Persian Period. In Z. Herzog, G. Rapp Jr. and O. Negbi eds. Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel (Tel Aviv Univerisy Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 8). Minneapolis–Tel Aviv. Pp. 115–144. Slane K.W. 1997. The Fine Wares. In S.C. Herbert ed. Tel Anafa II, i: The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery (JRA Suppl. S. 10). Ann Arbor. Pp. 247–393. Slane K.W., Elam J. M., Glascock M.D. and Neff H. 1997. Results of Neutron Activation Analysis at MURR. In S.C. Herbert ed. Tel Anafa II, i: The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery (JRA Suppl. S. 10). Ann Arbor. Pp. 394–401. Smithline H. 2013. A Unique Hellenistic Pottery Assemblage from ‘Akko. ‘Atiqot 76:71–103. Stern E. 1991. ‘Akko. ESI 9:104–105. Stern E. 1994. ‘Akko. ESI 12:112. Stern E. 1996. ‘Akko (North). ESI 15:124. Stern E. 1997. ‘Akko, Ha’arba‘a Road. ESI 16:27–29. Stern E. 1999. ‘Akko (Acre), the Eastern Moat. HA– ESI 110:11*–12*. Stern E. [Ephraim]. 1995. Local Pottery of the Persian Period. In E. Stern. Excavations at Dor. Final Report I, B: Areas A and C; The Finds (Qedem Reports 2). Jerusalem. Pp. 51–92. Stern E.J. and Shalabi-Abbas M. 1999. ‘Akko, ha-Gedud ha‘Ivri Street. ESI 19:10*–12*. Stone P.J. 2012. ‘Provincial’ Perspectives: The Persian, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid Administrative Center at Tel Kedesh, Israel in a Regional Context. Ph.D diss. University of Cincinnati. Cincinnati. Tal O. 1999. The Persian Period. In I. Roll and O. Tal. Apollonia-Arsuf; Final Report of the Excavations 1: The Persian and Hellenistic Periods (Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 16). Tel Aviv. Pp. 83–222. Tatcher A. 1998. ‘Akko. ESI 18:12–13. Tatcher A. 2000a. ‘Akko, the Corner of Derekh Ha-Arba‘a and Kaplan Street. HA–ESI 112:15*. Tatcher A. 2000b. ‘Akko, the School for Maritime Officers. HA–ESI 112:14*. Tatcher A. 2000c. Two Trial Excavations at ‘Akko. ‘Atiqot 39:27*–41* (Hebrew; English summary, pp. 196–197). Tatcher A. 2005. ‘Akko. HA–ESI 117 (April 3, 2005). http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng. asp?id=146&mag_id=110. (accessed April 29, 2016) Thompson H.A., Thompson D.B. and Rotroff S.I. 1987. Hellenistic Pottery and Terracottas. Princeton. Tushingham A.D. 1985. Excavations in the Armenian Garden on the Western Hill. In A.D. Tushingham. Excavations in Jerusalem 1961–1967 I. Toronto. Pp. 1–177.

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Tzaferis V. 1986. The Ancient Cemetery of ‘Akko-Ptolemais. In M. Yedaya ed. The Western Galilee Antiquities. Tel Aviv. Pp. 266–280 (Hebrew). Vitto F. 2005. Hellenistic and Crusader Remains at Montmusard, Acre (‘Akko). ‘Atiqot 50:153–179. Waldbaum J.C. 2003. After the Return: Connections with the Classical World in the Persian Period. In D.R. Clark and V.H. Matthews eds. One Hundred Years of American Archaeology in the Middle East. Boston. Pp. 301–318.

Waliszewski T., Wicenciak U., el-Tayeb M., Domzalski K., Witecka A., Wagner M., Herbich T., Noureddine I., Wozniak M., Kotlewski K. and Zukowski R. 2006. Jiyeh (Porphyreon)—Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Settlement on the Southern Coast of Lebanon— Preliminary Report on the 1997 and 2003–2005 Seasons. Bulletin d’archéologie et d’architecture libanaise 10:5–84. Yeivin Z. and Edelstein G. 1970. Excavations at Tirat Yehuda. ‘Atiqot (HS) 6:56–67 (English summary, p. 6*).

M. Hartal, D. Syon, E. Stern and A.Tatcher, 2016, ‘Akko II (IAA Reports 60)

Chapter 10

The Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Coins Danny Syon

The Numismatic Material1 The early numismatic material from the Courthouse Site, the Hospitaller Compound and the Knights’ Hotel site have been combined here for publication (see Preface: Table 2). In the Courthouse Site (Chapter 2), Areas TB and TC are chronologically identical; the coins therefore are not separated by area. Approximately 200 coins were found in both areas. Out of these, 81 are unidentifiable to any degree, eight are probably Hellenistic (third– first centuries BCE), one probably Early Roman, one probably Late Roman (fourth century CE) and one probably Byzantine (fifth–sixth centuries CE). The catalogue presents 103 coins from this excavation. In the Hospitaller Compound (Chapter 5) and the Knights’ Hotel excavations (Syon and Tatcher, forthcoming), altogether some 95 coins were found that can be dated—some tentatively—to the Hellenistic, Roman or Byzantine period. Most were in a very poor state of preservation, only 50 being legible enough to be catalogued. Most come from an unstratified context.

Table 10.1. Breakdown of Coins by Minting Authorities Period Pre-Alexandrine

Quantity 2

Ptolemaic

20

Seleucid

46

Autonomous and civic

34

Herodian

2

Early Roman and provincial

11

Late Roman (4–5th c.)

23

Byzantine (6–7th c.)

15

Table 10.1 and Fig. 10.1 show a tabular and graphic breakdown of the coins. Figure 10.1 is perhaps more revealing, reflecting the fact that ten out of the twenty Ptolemaic coins are dated to the end of the second century BCE, a period of historical significance (see below). In the following discussion (but not in the present catalogue) are also included the twenty identifiable coins that were discussed in the report on Area TA (Syon 1997). The two pre-Alexandrine coins (Nos. 1, 2) join a growing number of minute Phoenician coins found in the area. From nearby Nahariyya ten coins were published by Ariel (1993:125–129, Nos. 1–10); ten others, including an exact parallel to our coin, were published by Porat (Porat and Gal 1999:8*). Twentythree coins of similar types that were reportedly found at Tel ‘Akko (Kindler 1967) are now in the Israel Museum, including four of the type represented by No. 1.2 Many others from Tel ‘Akko are in the Kadman Numismatic Museum, fifty of which were published, including several of the type represented by No. 1

Pre-Alexandrine (4th c. BCE) 2, 1% Byzantine (6th–7th c. CE) 15, 10%

Ptolemaic (3rd c. BCE) 10, 7% Seleucid 46, 30%

Late Roman (4th–5th c. CE) 23, 15%

Early Roman and Provincial 11, 7%

Autonomous and Civic 34, 22%

Ptolemaic (2nd c. BCE) 10, 7% Herodian 2, 1%

Fig. 10.1. Breakdown of coins by period.

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DANNY SYON

3

1

13

20

37

46

53

70

75

7

22

57

31

60

85

110

116

107

0

2

Fig. 10.2. Coins.

84

117

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

205

145

124

0

2

Fig. 10.2 (cont.). Coins.

(Kindler 1967: Table A: No. 25). As Kindler tentatively suggested (Kindler 1967: passim), a subsidiary mint in ‘Akko that minted some or all of these coins on behalf of Tyre should be considered as a possibility. The Ptolemaic bronze coins (Nos. 4–12) were found in later contexts, are very poorly preserved and warrant no further discussion, apart perhaps from the trident countermark on No. 7, considered to have been added in Cyprus (Davesne 1987). The gold triobol (No. 3) is a rarity, but unfortunately it was found in a postCrusader-period deposit. The three coins of Seleucus III (Nos. 13–15) are rather surprising. This king ruled for less than four years, and was certainly not involved in any military excursions toward the southern Phoenician coast. It is also unlikely—if not impossible—that his coins arrived here with Antiochus III, some 23 years after Seleucus’ death. There remains the possibility of their arrival by chance through the agency of merchants or other travelers. From 198 BCE onward, ‘Akko-Ptolemais was under Seleucid rule. Most of the coins of this dynasty discussed here (Nos. 16–58) are frequently found in Israel and warrant little comment. The mints represented most often are the royal mint of Antioch, Tyre and ‘Akko itself. There are two examples (Nos. 42, 43) of the municipal issues of ‘Akko-Ptolemais under Antiochus IV, a unique experiment of this ruler

(Mørkholm 1965). These coins carry symbols of both royal authority, in the form of the head of the king and that of municipal authority, in the form of the reverse inscription that mentions the city’s new name: ‘Antioch that is in Ptolemais’.3 The group of ten small coins showing the standing Apollo (Nos. 22–31) raises an interesting possibility. These are small coins, 10–12 mm in diameter, weighing 0.7–1.9 g. They have been traditionally attributed to Antiochus III and to the mint of Antioch. While there is no question about the attribution to Antiochus III, I wish to question the issue of the mint here. Large quantities of this type have been found in Israel, mostly in the northern and central hills, mostly unpublished. The common trait to most is that they are of a crude style, a fact noted by some of the authors and visible in the photographs. Almost none carry mint marks or other monograms. In addition to the ten listed here, five more examples of this type have been found in or very near ‘Akko (unpublished). Six coins of our type were found in a bronze hoard that included at least 56 (possibly 81) coins of ‘Akko out of 88 coins (Kindler 1970:46, No. 78). On Mt. Gerizim, near Shekhem, hundreds of coins of this type have been found, together with hundreds of municipal coins of ‘Akko from the late second century BCE.4 At Shekhem six pieces were found (Sellers 1962:92, Nos. 63–68, Fig. 12:63, 68). At Bet

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DANNY SYON

Ẓur nine coins of this type were found, some “badly struck” (Sellers 1933:83, Nos. 66–74). In the City of David excavations in Jerusalem five pieces were found (Ariel 1990:99, Nos. C11–C15), at Ramat Raḥel, two, of “crude workmanship” (Rahmani 1964:107, No. 2; table on p. 116), at ‘En Gedi, one (Rahmani 1966:52, No. 3) and in Be’er Shevaʽ, two (Kindler 1973:93, Nos. 21, 22). The major catalogues also list some as “suspect imitations” (SNG Italia: No. 86) or a “barbarous imitation” (Babelon 1890: No. 406). Conversely, coins of this type found in Syria are usually of better style, and the majority carries the mintmarks of Antioch. So in Antioch itself (Waagé 1952:8–9, Nos. 81–87, 89, 93, 94), at Dura (Bellinger 1949:3, Nos. 46, 47, 47a, 50–52, 52a, 53, 53a, 53b (“barbarous”); Pl. II: No. 50) and at Ibn Hani (Bounni, Lagarce and Saliby 1976:255, 279, Fig. 30:4). All those listed by Newell for Antioch carry monograms (WSM: Nos. 1056, 1059, 1061, 1064, 1077, 1079, 1082–1085, 1087, 1093, 1095). ‘Akko’s capture by Antiochus III did not change its status as the administrative seat of Phoenicia, Palestine and Koile Syria. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that a mint was opened in ‘Akko to underscore the new Seleucid rule. Considering the provenance of the majority of ‘poor style’ coins presented above, it seems that they were indeed minted in ‘Akko-Ptolemais, perhaps as a subsidiary mint of Antioch (see now SC I:416 and Houghton 2003–2006:36, n. 4). Another interesting coin is No. 41, carrying the unusual countermark X. The few known countermarks on Seleucid bronze coins are usually more complex images or monograms. It is possible that this countermark was applied in the Roman period. A coin type of Antiochus VII (Nos. 47, 48) deserves a short note. The obverse of this coin is invariably described as “Prow of Galley” (Babelon 1890:151, No. 1168;5 Houghton 1983:17, Nos. 284, 285). While most ‘prows’ incorporate a battering ram (cf. Houghton 1983: Nos. 88, 89, 196, 197, 273, 274, 728, 734), the type of this coin is actually a battering ram on its own. The typical volute or aphlaston that would make it a prow are missing, and it usually appears on a smaller denomination than the prow type. Representing a whole object on the unit denomination and parts of the object on progressively smaller denominations is known on coins in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.6 This would appear to be the case here as well, our coin being the smallest denomination (1/8) of a four

denomination system, comprising a galley’s prow (unit), Isis headdress (1/2), club (1/4; Houghton 1983: Nos. 272–285). Two other coins, both of Tyre, show a battering ram alone: coins of Demetrius II dated 128/7 and 127/6 BCE (Rogers 1927:29, Nos. 124, 124a; Pl. IV:124) and a coin of autonomous Tyre dated ‘year 1’ (125 BCE; Syon 2008:297, No. 1). The nature of the depicted object became very clear after the unique find of the bronze battering ram of ‘Atlit (Casson and Steffy 1991), information that was not available to any of the abovementioned authors, but is recognized by the authors of SC II. Incidentally, the object on which the eagle stands on the reverse of Tyrian silver coinage of Phoenician weight, of both Seleucid and Autonomous issues, is also a battering ram and not a ship’s prow, which is how it is usually described. Another group that warrants discussion is that of ten coins of Ptolemy IX or X, minted in Cyprus (Nos. 59–68). Although of inherently poor workmanship, they are all recognizable and a cornucopia is clearly visible on seven of them. Unfortunately, these coins do not come from sealed contexts. Nevertheless, they are undoubtedly material evidence of the troubled years following the siege of ‘Akko by Alexander Jannaeus in 103 BCE (for the historical context, see Syon 2015:165–168). Coins of the same type have been found at Dora, Ginnosar, Yodfat (Iotapata) and Gamla (Gitler and Kushnir-Stein 1994–1999), and at ‘Atlit (Galili et al. 2016) connected apparently with Ptolemy IX Lathyrus’ forage in Galilee and Judaea. The doubts surrounding the identity of the king who minted these coins stem from the fact that Ptolemy IX Lathyrus ruled Cyprus only from 106/5 BCE, leaving him with little time to mint before his foray to the Levantine coast. His brother, Ptolemy X Alexander I, had ruled Cyprus from 114/3 BCE, thus having had ample time to mint this rather common type (Gitler and Kushnir-Stein 1994– 1999). Another puzzling fact is that during such a short occupation such a relatively large amount of coins was lost, whereas no coins attributable to Cleopatra’s holding of the city were found. The civic issues of ‘Akko-Ptolemais are unfortunately in a rather poor state of preservation. Had this not been the case, they may perhaps have helped to shed some light on this rather enigmatic period in the minting history of ‘Akko, from the late second century BCE until the granting of the status of Roman colony under Claudius. The subject of ‘Akko’s presumed autonomy,

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

concentrating on our types (Nos. 90–102; all without a beveled edge) has been discussed, especially by Seyrig (1962) and Kontorini (1979). For the latest arrangement of the city’s pre-colonial coinage, see Syon (2004:80–85). Only two coins from the Roman period need be mentioned, both apparently unpublished for the emperors here concerned. Coin No. 108 of Gordian III is of a known type of Tyre, showing Diomedes carrying the Palladium. This type has been published for Valerian (BMC Phoen.:289, No. 467, Pl. 34:12). Another unpublished coin of the same type exists for Iulia Mamaea at the Haifa Museum of Ancient Art7 and yet another for Volusian at the Kadman Numismatic Pavillion.8 The present coin (not illustrated due to its poor condition), is different in that instead of an ordinary Diomedes, he is portrayed extremely muscular and bearded, reminding one of Heracles, featured often on coins of Tyre. The second coin (No. 111) is again a known type for Philip Junior and for Valerian (Kadman 1961: Nos. 227, 246–248 respectively) but not for Gallienus. However, periodically new examples are discovered of known types minted for emperors not represented until now.

The Archaeological Context The Courthouse Site The majority of loci in the excavation are disturbed, either by Late Roman–Byzantine robbers’ trenches, or by medieval or Ottoman-period activity (see Chapter 2), so few of the coins come from a clear archaeological context. Most Hellenistic coins are corroborating evidence to the pottery, lamps and stamped amphora handles, exposing a neighborhood that existed from the third century BCE through the early first century CE. According to the relative quantity of coins, it flourished mainly in the second century BCE. The earliest numismatically datable locus is L380 (Stratum 7), where three coins of the late third–early second centuries BCE were found (No. 11 [Ptolemaic], No. 13 [Seleucus III], No. 26 [Antiochus III]) together with pottery dating to the third–first(?) centuries BCE. Locus 377 (Stratum 7), directly above, is dated to the mid–late second century BCE on strength of pottery and three coins (No. 69 [autonomous Tyre], No. 52 [Demetrius II, second reign]). Another locus where the

207

coins seem to provide positive stratigraphical evidence is L393 (Stratum 7). Here coins of Antiochus III (No. 24) and Antiochus IV (No. 36) were found, as well as stamped amphora handles dating to 196–187 BCE. The pottery found on the floor, in a burnt layer, dates to the mid–late second century BCE. This last locus probably joins the evidence of Ptolemy Lathyrus’ activity in ‘Akko. All coins of Ptolemy IX (or X) were found in Area TC. Four of these were found on floors: Coin No. 62 in L325, which was mostly disturbed, but with fairly clean Hellenistic pottery and a Rhodian amphora handle dating to the early first century BCE on the floor itself and coin No. 63 in L350 (Stratum 6), in which traces of a fire were visible over the floor. The pottery in this locus dates to the first century BCE, and two earlier stamped amphora handles date to 187–169 and 155 BCE. Coin No. 64 was found in L304 (Stratum 5), with clear traces of a fire. The pottery and glass are dated to late second–early first centuries BCE, as are the stamped amphora handles: 120–119 and 105–85 BCE. Coin No. 61 was found with coin No. 1 (fourth century BCE) in L344 (Stratum 6) on a floor dated by the pottery to the first century BCE. Although these loci are not absolutely clean of intrusions, this evidence seems to be tangible archaeological evidence to Lathyrus’ forced entry into ‘Akko in 103 BCE. The Roman and Byzantine coins underscore the fact that even today there is very little archaeological– architectural evidence in ‘Akko of these periods. All coins of these periods come from the surface, disturbed layers or from robbers’ trenches. The fact that probably only one coin represents the first century CE (No. 103), and none the second century, need not therefore be taken as indicative of the activity in ‘Akko during that period. Unfortunately, even the material in the robbers’ trenches was often disturbed, making it difficult to determine if the stone robbing activity started already in the third century CE or only in the fourth. In L226 two mid-third-century CE coins were found (Nos. 106, 108), together with one of Constantine the Great, dated 330–337 CE (No. 124). Clear fourth-century activity can be seen in Robbers’ Trench 203, where coins No. 121 (Constantine II, 317–320 CE) and No. 134 (Honorius, 403–408 CE) were found, together with Late Roman–Byzantine pottery and glass. The same holds true for L317, where coin No. 116 (Maximian, 295–299 CE) was found. In Robber’s Trench 328 the latest material is coin No. 143 of Anastasius I (491–

208

DANNY SYON

518 CE), found with Byzantine pottery. The only datable architecture of the period is L207 (Stratum 4), where coin No. 122 (Constantine I, 321–322 CE) was found on a floor dated by pottery to the Byzantine period.9 As mentioned, since architectural evidence of the Roman–Byzantine periods in ‘Akko is extremely scarce, the firm dating of this floor by the coin is a valuable contribution to the study of the extent of the city in the fourth century CE. The Hospitaller Compound Only 14 coins can be considered to have been found in more-or-less the ‘correct’ chronological context. The Hellenistic coins Nos. 6, 27, 34 come from the adjacent L12018 and L12019 in the courtyard (see Chapter 5: Plan 5.1). Though in an apparently Hellenistic stratum with much Hellenistic pottery, the loci were disturbed by the building of the Hall of Columns in the Crusader period. Coin No. 72 comes from a similarly disturbed Hellenistic stratum in the North Corridor, but here a Hellenistic period wall that was found suggests it is in context (Chapter 5: Unit C). Coin Nos. 21, 28 and 32, all of Antiochus III, come from within and adjacent to the Pillared Hall, in clearly Hellenistic context (from loci adjacent to those discussed in Chapter 5). Thus, the coins help in dating the contexts, in which many stamped amphora handles were found as well, all dating to the last quarter of the third century BCE (Finkielsztejn, forthcoming).

The most enigmatic group of coins comes from L26015. This locus is in the North Corridor (the passage between the Pillared Hall and the North Hall) and defies a definition (see Chapter 5: Unit C, Plan 5.2). Here, under an amorphous masonry construction, a hoard of 36 coins was found. All were very small, and the 17 that could be identified to any extent are late fifth- and early sixth-century CE nummi (Nos. 136–140), plus a coin of Antiochus III (No. 29), also of similar size. The locus also yielded Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine pottery. While the nature of the hoard is not clear (foundation deposit?), the small coin of Antiochus III may well belong to it, as there are documented examples of centuries-old coins being hoarded in Late Roman–Byzantine contexts, e.g,. at Gush Ḥalav (Bijovsky 1998:80 and n.1), Meiron, Ḥ. Shema‘ (Hanson 1980:51), Merot (Kindler 1986:315–316) and Korazim (Ariel 2000:35*). For a fuller discussion of this phenomenon, see Bijovsky 2012:99–102. The Knights’ Hotel Of the 28 identifiable coins found in the Knights’ Hotel excavation, not a single one comes from loci that can be dated to any period earlier than the Islamic period. Only two observations can be made. One is that seven of the coins are from the group of the possibly autonomous coins of ‘Akko discussed above. The other is the rather large quantity of eight Byzantine coins, covering the entire period of circulation of these coins in Israel.

CS

KH

KH

HC

CS

HC

CS

KH

1*

2

3*

4

5

6

7*

8

848

507

12019

282

11029

618

634

344

Locus

3563

3996

120500

3907

110381

2278

2412

5716

Basket

7.37

12.72

10.93

2.38

15.74

1.78

0.43

0.83

Weight (g)

20

26

30

13

27

10

7

10

Diam. (mm)

↑

↑

1

↑

↑

↑

Axis

Illegible

Head of lioness en face, drool falling from sides of mouth

[---] Eagle l. with outspread wings, on thunderbolt

[---] Same. Controls illegible

Head of Zeus r.

Head of Zeus to r., laureate

Head of Zeus-Ammon r.

[---] Eagle with outspread wings (traces)

[---] Eagle l. on thunderbolt. Between eagle’s legs: Δ; On l.:, · over buckler

---].ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ Two eagles l. with closed wings. On l., palm branch

Ptolemy II (285–246 BCE)

Laureate head of ZeusAmmon r.

Head of Zeus r.

[---] Eagle l. with outspread wings on thunderbolt. On l.: (

PTOLEMIES Ptolemy I (305–285 BCE) Head of Ptolemy I r., laureate

Illegible

Reverse Autonomous, Persian Period

Murex shell

Obverse

CS—Courthouse Site; HC—Hospitaller Compound; KH—Knights’ Hotel Site

Excavation

Cat No.

4th c. BCE?

Third quarter of 4th c. BCE?

Date

Alexandria

Alexandria?

Alexandria?

Alexandria?

Alexandria

Tyre?

Tyre

Mint

Deformed flan

Trident countermark on rev.

Cf. SNG Ptolemies.: No. 125

Gold triobol

Notes

SNG Ptolemies.: Nos. 147–151

Cf. SNG Ptolemies.: Nos. 76–86

SNG Ptolemies.:40, No. 46

Kindler 1967:324, Table A, No. 25; cf. Elayi and Elayi 1998 for similar types

Reference

66469

36093

48266

36091

48265

49366

49369

36140

IAA No.

The coins are arranged chronologically, except for city coins (Provincial Coinage), which are arranged by mint and date. Coins marked with an asterisk appear in Fig. 10.2. All coins are bronze except for No. 3, which is a gold triobol.

Catalogue

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

209

Excavation

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

Cat No.

9

10

11

12

13*

14

15

16

17

321

321

343

321

380

349

380

505

Surface

Locus

5207

5641

5806

5290

5874

5676

5893

4111

-

Basket

1.5

1.25

3.54

3.16

3.94

9.02

n/a

9.48

7.01

Weight (g)

12

12

14

12

14

21

17

23

19

Diam. (mm)

↑

1

↑

↑

↓

↓

Axis

[---] Eagle?

[---] Eagle

Head of Apollo r.

Head r., laureate

[ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ] ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ Apollo standing l., leaning on bow. In his right, an arrow

[..XOY..] Apollo sitting on omphalos

Antiochus III (223–187 BCE)

Same

[---] Same

[ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ] ΣΕΛΕΥΚΟΥ Nude Apollo seated l. on omphalos, holding arrow and bow

SELEUCIDS Seleucus III (226–223 BCE)

Head of Artemis r. Same

ΠTOΛEMAIOY ΒΑΣΙΛΕ[ΩΣ] Eagle standing l. on thunderbolt, wings spread. Between legs: Δ

Ptolemaic (3rd–2nd c. BCE) Head of Zeus-Ammon r.

Same

[---] Two eagles l., (on thunderbolt?)

Ptolemy III (246–222 BCE) Head of Alexander the Great with elephant scalp

Same

Reverse Ptolemy I or II (305–246 BCE)

Head of Zeus-Ammon r.

Obverse

246–222 BCE

305–246 BCE

Date

Antioch

Antioch

Same

Antioch

Alexandria?

Alexandria?

Mint

36112

SC I: No. 1052

36108

36106

36105

36139

No IAA number

36094

36092

IAA No.

36107

Worn

Hole centered on both sides

Same

Hole centered on both sides

Notes

SC I: No. 1050

Same

SC I: No. 922

BMC Ptol.:57, Nos. 114–120

Reference

210 DANNY SYON

Excavation

CS

CS

CS

HC

CS

CS

CS

KH

CS

HC

HC

HC

CS

CS

HC

HC

HC

Cat No.

18

19

20*

21

22*

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31*

32

33

34

12018

40002

16012

395

Surface

26015

26018

12018

380

633

393

295

392

40017

509

311

311

Locus

120589

400077

160272

5973

-

260334

260513

120563

5877

2294

6131A

3922

5940

400167

4073

5128

5109

Basket

2.27

8.73

7

0.74

0.74

2.18

1.64

1.72

1.06

1.84

1.6

1.68

1.13

0.92

9.46

1.25

1.5

Weight (g)

10

20

21

10

10

12

10

10

10

12

10

10

10

9

19

12

12

Diam. (mm)

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

Axis

Head (traces)

Head r.

Head of Apollo r.

Apparently blank

Traces of head r.

Traces of head (neck only)

Head (traces)

Head (traces)

Head r.

Head r., laureate

Head of Apollo r.

Head of Apollo r.

Laureate head of Apollo r. Worn

Head of Apollo r., border of large dots

Head r., laureate

Illegible

Illegible

Obverse

[---] Apollo on omphalos?

[---] Same

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ [--Nike advancing r., behind palm branch

[---] Same, but the tip of the arrow is forked. On l., unidentified object

[---] Same

[---] Same

[---] Same

[---] Same

[---] Same

[---] Same

[---] Same

[…ANTI…] Same

...T... Apollo stg l., leaning on bow and holding an arrow in his r. Controls, if any, illegible

[---] Elephant r.

ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ [ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ] Elephant r. with driver; behind, tripod

[---] Same

[---] Same. Controls, if any, illegible

Reverse

c. 200–187 BCE

After 198 BCE

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

c. 198–187 BCE

Same

202–198 BCE

Date

Ecbatana

“Uncertain mint 63 in southern Coele Syria”

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

‘AkkoPtolemais

Same

“Uncertain mint 59 in CoeleSyria/ Phoenicia”

Antioch?

Antioch

Mint

SC I: No. 1250

SC I: No. 1097

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Attribution by portrait

Hole centered

Crude; presence of rev. legend uncertain

Pierced

48268

102643

102626

36114

36119

102630

102640

48267

36113

49367

36118

36110

36115

Crude style

SC I: No. 1096; see text above

36109

36111

102644

Two countermarks on rev.: anchor; head of horse

36117

IAA No.

SC I: No. 1088

Crude style

SC I: No. 1084

Notes

Same

Same

Reference

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

211

Excavation

KH

CS

CS

HC

CS

KH

HC

CS

CS

Cat No.

35

36

37*

38

39

40

41

42

43

435

299

13055

922

233

13066

364

393

838

Locus

6273

3851

130876

4312

3274

131063

5740

5917

3492

Basket

9.73

9.56

4.11

3.24

2.31

2.76

2.55

2.25

2.23

Weight (g)

25

24

14

15

13

13

14

14

15

Diam. (mm)

1

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

Axis

Reverse

[B]AΣIΛEOΣ [--Goddess Nikephoros seated on throne

[BAΣIΛEΩΣ] ANTIOXOY Same

[---] Same, but controls, if any, illegible

---] ANTIOXOY Same

BAΣΙΛΕΩΣ ANTIOXOY Apollo seated l. on omphalos. On l., aphlaston?

Same but worn

Radiate head of Antiochus IV r.

[ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ] ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΠΤΟΛΕ[ΜΑΙΔΙ] Same

ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ [ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΠΤΟΛΕ]ΜΑΙΔΙ Zeus stg facing, head l. In his extended r., wreath, in l., scepter. Controls, if any, illegible

Municipal Issue of ‘Akko-Ptolemais under Antiochus IV

Head l., radiate

Head r., possibly radiate

Head (traces)

Head of Apollo r.

Laureate head of Apollo r.; dotted border. Monogram, if any, illegible

[---]Same. On l.: Λ?

...]ΛΕΩΣ[ Palm tree with fruit

Antiochus IV (175–164 BCE)

Head of king r.

Head r.

Obverse

Same

168–164 BCE

Date

Uncertain

“Perhaps ‘AkkoPtolemais”

Same?

Same

‘AkkoPtolemais

Tyre

Tyre

Mint

Same

SC II: No. 1480

36145

36144

48270

SC II: No. 1493

Countermark: X on obverse; this coin was noted in Barag 2001– 2002:61, No. 12

66492

36120

48269

36121

36122

66464

IAA No.

SC II: No. 1486

Serrated edge

Serrated edge

Serrated edge

SC II: No. 1478

Same

Hole centered

Notes

Same

SC II: No. 1462

Reference

212 DANNY SYON

Excavation

CS

CS

KH

CS

CS

KH

CS

KH

CS

Cat No.

44

45

46*

47

48

49

50

51

52

377

848

Surface

646

416

218

404

235

235

Locus

5828

3578

-

2488

6167

3081

1708

3305

3275

Basket

1.46

4.72

5.78

6.58

0.82

1.19

2.65

4.1

6.49

Weight (g)

11

17

16

17

10

11

14

18

19

Diam. (mm)

←

↑

↑

↑

8

↓

↓

-

↑

Axis

---] ANTIOX[OY] Same. Below: unclear control

[ΒΑΣ]ΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ Dioscuri caps, surmounted by stars. Controls, if any, illegible

[---] Club. Below, date: zOP

[ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ [Α] ΝΤΙΟ[ΧΟΥ Ε] ΥΕΡΓΕ[ΤΟΥ] Same. Below: [E]OP

BAΣIΛEOΣ ANTIOXOY EYEPΓETOY Isis headdress. Below: EOP Controls, if any, illegible

Eagle r., wings outspread; dotted border

Same

Same

Laureate head of Zeus r.; dotted border

[---] Winged thunderbolt. Controls, if any, illegible.

...MHT... Same(?)

ΒΑΣΙΛΕ[ΩΣ] ΔΗΜΗΤΡ[ΙΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ ΝΙ] ΚΑΤΟΡ[ΟΣ] Same.

[---] Nike stg l., holding wreath and palm branch. Controls, if any, illegible

Demetrius II, 2nd Reign (129–125 BCE)

Same (mostly off flan)

Battering ram l.; dotted border

Head of lion r.

Same

Reverse Antiochus VII (138–129 BCE)

Winged bust of Eros to r.

Obverse

129/128 BCE

136/5 BCE

Same

138/7 BCE

Date

Antioch

Same

Same

Antioch

Same

Antioch

Antioch

Same

Antioch

Mint

66468 36131

SC II: No. 2171

36125

49368

Same

Same

SC II: No. 2170

36129

36128

SC I: No. 2069

Same

49364

SC I: No. 2068

36126

IAA No.

36127

Beveled edge

Notes

Same

SC II: No. 2067

Reference

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

213

Excavation

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

Cat No.

53*

54

55

56

57*

58

59

60*

Surface

Surface

297

341

421

346

297

246

Locus

-

-

4021

5605

6181

5824

4018

3373

Basket

7.08

7.46

1.71

5.74

2.11

2.26

2.06

6.27

Weight (g)

19

21

13

18

12

14

15

18

Diam. (mm)

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

Axis

Head of Zeus-Ammon r.; dotted border. Crude style; partly off-flan

Same

[---] Apollo on omphalos?

[---] Same

...OX...Apollo stg l., leaning on bow and holding an arrow in his r.

ΒΑΣΙΛ[ΕΩΣ] ΑΝ[ΤΙΟΧΟΥ ΕΠ] ΙΦ[ΑΝΟΥΣ] Eagle l. Scepter behind shoulder. Date and controls, if any, illegible

[---] Same

---]ΠTOΛEMAI[OY] Two eagles l. with closed wings on thunderbolt. In field l. cornucopia. Partly off-flan

Ptolemy IX or X (114/3–103 BCE)

Head of Artemis?

Radiate head of king r.

Head r.

[---] Palm tree with fruit. On r.: P

Antiochus VIII (121–96 BCE)

Head of king r. Head r.

[ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΜ] ΗΤΡΙΟΥ [Θ]ΕΟ[Υ ΝΙΚΑΤΟΡΟΣ] Apollo stg l., leaning on bow and holding an arrow in his r. Controls, if any, illegible. Below date: ΔΠΡ

Reverse

Seleucid (c. 175–125 BCE)

Diademed and bearded head of king r.

Obverse

121–111 BCE

121–96 BCE

129/128 BCE

Date

Cyprus

Cyprus

Antioch

Antioch

Tyre

Tyre

Damascus

Mint

Nicolaou 1990:43–46, Nos. 324–356, attributed to Ptolemy IX Soter II (107/6–88 BCE); see text

Same

Relief ringlets on both sides

36095

36103

36132

SC II: No. 2301

36142

36141

36136

36130

IAA No.

36133

Very worn

Notes

Cf. SC II: Nos. 2300, 2307, 2308

SC II: No. 2183

Reference

214 DANNY SYON

Excavation

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

HC

HC

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

Cat No.

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70*

71

72

73

74

75*

76

77

244

394

288

377

275

26014

27065

435

377

445

Surface

328

305

304

350

325

344

Locus

3367

5962

3795

5906

3687A

260365

271397

6287

5830

6327

-

5471

5742

5148

5747

5279

5592

Basket

2.48

2.57

2.97

2.52

3.24

2.39

2.35

2.7

1.58

5.51

4.61

5.94

3.34

4.93

9.25

4.93

5.27

Weight (g)

15

15

16

16

15

15

16

15

13

18

19

18

19

19

19

18

18

Diam. (mm)

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

Axis

[---] Same

[---] Same. On l., cornucopia? club?

Same

[---] Same

[---] Same

[---] Same

[---] Same. Partly off-flan

[---] Same. Worn details

Reverse

Palm tree. On l.: ¾

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Jugate busts of the Dioscuri. Above, one star visible

[---] Same

[---] Same

[---] Same

ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ [ΕΝ Same

[ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ]/TΩN/ EN ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑ/ΙΔΙ Same

---]ΛΕΜ[--- Same

[---] Same

[AN]TIOXEΩN TΩN [E]N ΠTOΛEM[AIΔI] Cornucopia, with bunch of grapes and ear of wheat

Pre-Colonial Civic Coins of ‘Akko-Ptolemais

Head of Melqart r.

AUTONOMOUS AND CIVIC COINAGES Autonomous Tyre

Same

Traces of head

Illegible

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Obverse

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

c.168–164 BCE and perhaps later

125–98 BCE

Date

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

‘AkkoPtolemais

Tyre

Cyprus

Cyprus

Cyprus

Cyprus

Cyprus

Cyprus

Cyprus

Cyprus

Mint

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Syon 2004:80, No. 3; cf. Seyrig 1962: No. 3

Syon 2008

Reference

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

No ringlets

Hole centered

Reverse hole centered

No ringlets

Same

Relief ringlets

No relief ringlets

Notes

36153

36161

36155

36160

36154

102633

102646

36162

36123

36102

36104

36098

36100

36097

36101

36096

36099

IAA No.

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

215

Excavation

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

KH

KH

KH

Cat No.

78

79

80

81

82

83

84*

85*

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

642

919

846

265

213

297

411

329

282

Surface

275

504

Surface

308

346

Locus

2418

4254

3530

3602

3253

4034

6128

5745

3928

-

3926

3966

-

5070

5819

Basket

2.3

4

2.88

2.09

1.73

1.86

1.78

1.81

1.88

1.89

2.7

2.31

2.99

3.32

1.75

Weight (g)

14

16

16

14

14

15

15

14

14

14

17

17

15

16

16

Diam. (mm)

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

1

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

Axis

Same

Same

Jugate heads of the Dioscuri

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Laureate head of Apollo r.; dotted border

Same

Same as No. 70

Same, but both stars clearly visible

Same. Partly off-flan

Same. Very worn

Obverse

[---] Same

ANT....[ΠTO] ΛEM[AIΔI] Same

[ANTIOXEΩN]/TΩN/ (EN) ΠTOΛEMAIΔI Cornucopia, with a bunch of grapes. Date and controls, if any, illegible

[---] Same

[---] Same. Worn

---]TΩN[--- Same

ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΝ [ΠΤΟΛΕ]ΜΑΙΔΙ Same

[ΑΝΤΙΟ]ΧΕΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΕΝ [ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙΔΙ] Same

[Α]ΝΤΙΟΧ[ΕΩΝ] ΤΩΝ ΕΝ ΠΤΟΛ[ΕΜΑΙΔΙ] Same

[ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ] ΤΩΝ [ΕΝ] ΠΤΟΛΕΜΑΙ[ΔΙ] Lyre with three strings. Date and monogram, if any, illegible

[---] Same

[---] Same

[---] Same

[---] Same. Very worn

[---] Same. Very worn

Reverse

Same

Same

c. 125–116 BCE

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Date

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Mint

Same

Same

Syon 2004:81, No. 9; cf. Seyrig 1962: No. 8

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Syon 2004:80, No.4; cf. Seyrig 1962: No. 4

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Reference

Beveled edge; hole centered

Beveled edge; hole centered on obverse

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Beveled edge

Notes

49371

66491

66466

36147

36146

36149

36151

36152

36148

36150

36156

36157

36163

36158

36159

IAA No.

216 DANNY SYON

Excavation

HC

CS

CS

KH

CS

CS

CS

KH

KH

KH

CS

CS

Cat No.

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

233

219

802

914

645

271

Surface

321

635

209

337

13055

Locus

3281

3086A

3312

4280

2485

3654

-

5494

2340

3074

5486

130946

Basket

1.67

2.82

5.54

10.28

7.86

5.73

6.86

4.39

1.12

3.51

3.82

2.79

Weight (g)

15

13

23

20

21

20

20

18

16

16

16

15

Diam. (mm)

↑

↑

1

1

↑

↑

↓

↑

Axis

[---] Figure

[---] Figure (Tyche?)

[---] Tyche, holding cornucopia

[ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ] ΤΩΝ/ ΕΝ ΠΤΟ[ΛΕ]/ ΜΑ[ΙΔΙ] Same

[ΑΝΤΙΟΧΕΩΝ] ΤΩΝ/ [Ε]Ν ΠΤ[ΟΛΕΜΑ]/ ΙΔΙ Same, but crude style

[---] Zeus l., hand extended, other holding scepter. On l.: LΘ. Worn

[---] Tyche stg. l., cornucopia in her r., and scepter in her l.

[---] Same

[---] Zeus stg. front, resting on long scepter

[---] Same

Reverse

[---] Club in wreath

[---] Anchor; dotted border

Crossed cornucopias with caduceus between the horns; dotted border

HERODIAN DYNASTY Herod (37–4 BCE)

Head of Zeus to r.

Colonial Coin of ‘Akko-Ptolemais

Head of Zeus? Square countermark

Head of Zeus r.

Head of Marc Antony r.

Same

Same

Head of Tyche r., with turreted crown

Head ?

Same

Head of Zeus r.

Same

Obverse

Post 54 CE

Same

Late 1st c. BCE

38/7 BCE

Same

Same

56–54 BCE?

Same

Same

Same

Same

Date

Jerusalem

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Same

Mint

TJC: No. 59

Kadman 1961:110, No. 91

Same(?)

Cf. Syon 2004:84, No. 27; cf. Seyrig 1962: No. 21

Syon 2004:84, No. 25; cf. Seyrig 1962: No. 19

Same

Same

Syon 2004:83, No. 19; cf. Seyrig 1962: No. 14

Syon 2004:81, No. 11; cf. Seyrig 1962: No. 12

Same

Syon 2004:81, No. 8; cf. Seyrig 1962: No. 7

Same

Reference

Countermark on reverse

Broken

Worn

Notes

36174

36165

66459

66490

49372

36167

36169

36168

49370

36134

36164

48302

IAA No.

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

217

Excavation

CS

CS

CS

CS

KH

Cat No.

105

106

107*

108

109

809

226

Surface

226

205

Locus

3361

3818

-

3646

3018

Basket

4.93

16.13

15

10.89

1.82

Weight (g)

21

30

28

28

17

Diam. (mm)

↑

↑

↑

↑

.

Axis

Three ears of corn; date illegible

Agrippa I (37–42 CE)

Reverse

[---] Head r.

[CO]L TVRI MET Diomedes (looking very much like Heracles) holding the Palladium on his outstretched right. On r., palm tree; on l., murex shell

[TVRIO]RV[M] Hexastyle temple with pediment and arch. Tyche in center, holding scepter, facing l. Placing left hand on trophy on l., and being crowned by small victory on column on r. In exergue: altar between palm tree on l. and murex shell on r.

TVRI [ORVM] Tyche stg. front, wearing turreted crown with her foot on ship’s prow. She places her r. hand on trophy, and is crowned by Victory on a column. On l., palm tree, on r. murex

[---] Emperor riding to l., his right raised and holding scepter in l.

‘Akko-Ptolemais

[IMP G]ORDIANVS PIVS FEL AVG Bust of young Gordian III r.

[IMP CA]ES M AVR [AN]TONIN[VS AVG] Draped, laureate bust of Elagabal r.

[IMP CAES M AV] ANTONI[NVS AVG] Bust of Elagabal r.

PROVINCIAL COINAGE Tyre

[---] Canopy

Obverse

3rd c. CE

238–244 CE

Same

218–222 CE

41/2 CE

Date

Jerusalem

Mint

Cf. Kadman 1961: Nos. 190–193 (var.)

Apparently unpublished; cf. BMC Phoen.:289, No. 467 (Valerian)

66460

36181

36170

BMC Phoen.:276, Nos. 404–405

36175

IAA No.

36179

In Kadman there is no scepter

Notes

BMC Phoen.:275, Nos. 396–402

TJC: No. 120

Reference

218 DANNY SYON

Excavation

CS

CS

HC

CS

CS

KH

CS

Cat No.

110*

111

112

113

114

115

116*

317

151

250

Surface

26008

266

343

Locus

5189

1318

3722

-

260182

3609

5746

Basket

3.12

10.72

8.83

5.05

5.19

15.25

13.43

Weight (g)

21

27

19

22

18

28

27

Diam. (mm)

↑

↓

↓

↑

↑

.

Axis

[---] Founder plowing with two oxen

IMP CMA MAXIMIANVS PF AVG Draped, cuirassed, radiate bust of Maximian r.; dotted border

CONCORDIA MILITVM Caesar stg r. in military dress, receiving small Victory on globe from Jupiter stg l., leaning on scepter. In field: ΚΔ; dotted border

LATE ROMAN 294–300 CE

Illegible

[---] Tetrastyle temple with Syrian pediment?

[---] Bust of Tyche standing l., with turreted crown and chlamys

Decapolis(?)

Head of emperor r.

Bust of emperor r.

Bust of emperor r.

[COL P]TOL Same type. On l., obscure countermark

COL PTOL Sacred tree; on either side altar, with snake coiling up from it. On r., caduceus

Reverse

Petra [---] Bust of Elagabal r.

IMP CAES[ LIC GALLIENVS AVG] Radiate bust of Gallienus r.

IMP CP[... VALER] IANVS AVG] Radiate bust of Valerian r.

Obverse

295–299 CE

Same

Same

2nd–3rd c. CE

218–222 CE

253–268 CE

253–259 CE

Date

Cyzicus

Decapolis?

Petra

Mint

RIC VI:581, No. 16b

Spijkerman 1978: 236, No. 56

Apparently unpublished; cf. Kadman 1961:140, Nos. 246–248 (Valerian)

Kadman 1961:140, No. 247

Reference

Completely worn

Flan cut from rod

Notes

36184

49321

36178

36180

102638

36171

36172

IAA No.

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

219

Excavation

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

KH

Cat No.

117*

118

119

120

121

122

123

848

207

203

246

Surface

239

Surface

Locus

3547

3663

3028

3389

-

3338

-

Basket

1.89

2.79

3.02

2.31

2.04

2.5

3.07

Weight (g)

19

17

20

19

18

20

20

Diam. (mm)

↓

↓

↓

↑

↑

↓

↓

Axis

[---] Mars advancing r., naked, chlamys behind; in his r., transverse spear. In exergue: ANT(?)

CONCORDIA MILITVM Same as No. 116. In field: B; in exergue: ALE

CONCORDIA [M]I[L]-ITVM Same type. In field: */B In exergue: [A]NT

Reverse

CONSTANTINVS[AVG] Bust of Constantine I r.

CONSTAN-TINVS AVG Laureate head of Constantine I r.

FL CL CONSTANTINVS IVN N C Draped and cuirassed head of Constantine II r.

IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG. Laureate, cuirassed bust of Constantine I r.

DNCON[STANTINI MAX AVG] [VOT]/ [XX]

DN CONSTANTINI MAX AVG In wreath: VOT /• /XX In exergue: TT

CLARITAS REIPVBLICAE Sol radiate, stg r., looking l., chlamys spread. His r. extended, l. holding globe. In field: T | F [B]TR

SOLI INVI-C-TO COMITI Sol stg l., raising his r. and holding globe in l. In field: P| ST

301–341 CE

---[NO]B CAES Bust r.; draped and cuirassed

FL VAL CONSTANTINVS NOB CAES Draped, cuirassed, radiate bust of Constantine I r.; dotted border

FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES Draped, cuirassed, radiate bust of Constantius I r.; dotted border

Obverse

324–327 CE

321–322 CE

317–320 CE

317–318 CE

Late 3rd– early 4th c. CE

306–307 CE

296 CE

Date

Ticinum

Trier

Ticinum

Antioch?

Alexandria

Antioch

Mint

36187

36190

36188

66467

RIC VII:371, No. 67

RIC VII:175, No. 147

Cf. RIC VII:381, No. 163; Officina T not recorded Cf. LRBC I: No. 489

36183

36185

RIC VI:675, No. 85a

IAA No. 36186

Notes

RIC VI:621, No. 61a

Reference

220 DANNY SYON

Excavation

CS

HC

CS

CS

CS

CS

CS

Cat No.

124*

125

126

127

128

129

130

213

Surface

Surface

270

309

26012

226

Locus

3051

-

-

3669

5044

260281

3725

Basket

1.83

2.77

1.95

0.84

2.04

1.61

2.8

Weight (g)

13

15

16

14

14

15

18

Diam. (mm)

5

↓

↓

↓

-

↑

↑

Axis

GLOR-[IA EXERCITVS] Two soldiers facing, each holding spear and leaning on shield; between them one standard. In exergue: SMANBI

[---] Two soldiers, between them one standard

Victory stg l. on prow, wings outspread, spear in r. hand, resting on shield. In exergue: SMAN?

Reverse

[---] Bust of emperor r.

DN CONSTAN[TIVS] PF AVG Bust of Constantius II r.

DN CONS[TAN-TI] VS PF AVG Bust of Constantius II r.

[---] Bust of emperor r.

[SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE] Victory advancing l., holding wreath and palm branch

[---] Same type. In exergue: ANΓ?

FEL TEMP [REP] ARATIO Virtus spearing falling horseman. Marks, if any, illegible. In exergue: SMNB

In wreath: VOT/ XX/ MVLT/ XXX

341–392 CE

[CONSTAN-T] IVS AVG Pearl diademed, cuirassed, draped bust of Constantius II r.

DN CONST[--Head r.

CONSTANTINOPOLIS Bust of Constantinopolis l., wearing imperial cloak, helmet and holding transverse spear

Obverse

364–375 CE

351–361 CE

351–361 CE

341–346 CE

337–341 CE

335–341 CE

330–337 CE

Date

Antioch

Nicomedia

Antioch

Antioch

Antioch

Mint

36195

36196

Cf. LRBC II: Nos. 2309–2314

Cf. LRBC II: Nos. 2632–2637

36197

36191

36193

LRBC I: No. 1380

LRBC I: No. 1401

102636

Cf. LRBC I: No. 1024

IAA No. 36189

Notes

LRBC I: Nos. 1360, 1369

Reference

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

221

Excavation

CS

CS

KH

CS

CS

HC

HC

HC

Cat No.

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

26015

26015

26015

Surface

203

824

Surface

238

Locus

260306

260312

260304

-

3112

3426

3716

3280

Basket

0.72

0.49

0.5

0.63

1.67

1.47

4.32

0.92

Weight (g)

8

8

8

9

16

16

22

12

Diam. (mm)

↓

↑

↓

↓

↓

Axis

[---] Bust r. Behind: star

D N HONORI VS P F AVG Bust of Honorius r. Behind: star

DN[---].-VS PF AVG Bust r.

DN ARCADI-VS PF AVG Pearl diademed and draped bust of Arcadius r.

Apparently blank

Illegible

[---] Bust r.?

SALVS [REIPVBLICAE] Victory advancing l., head r. Trophy on shoulder, dragging captive. On l., Chi-Ro monogram. In exergue: SMNB

Reverse

Monogram (unclear)

Monogram (incomplete)

Monogram? Cross?

Cross in wreath.

GLORI-A ROMANORVM Three emperors facing. The central one is shorter, leaning on spear. The two others lean on shields. In exergue: SMKA

[VIRTVS] EXERCITI Emperor stg., holding spear and standing on shield, crowned by small Victory

GLORIA ROMANORVM Emperor in military dress facing, head r., holding labarum and globe. In exergue: SMNB

393–491 CE

[---] Pearl diademed and draped bust r.

Obverse

Same

Same

5th c. CE

408–450 CE

403–408 CE

395–401

393–395 CE

383–392 CE

Date

Eastern mint

Cyzicus

Constantinople

Nicomedia

Nicomedia

Mint Officina B struck only for Valentinian II

LRBC II: No. 2406

Same

Same

Same

36201

Cf RIC X:251, No. 142

102634

102628

102631

36204

66463

Cf. RIC X:246, No. 60

Cf. Grierson and Mays 1992: No. 345

36199

36200

IAA No.

LRBC II: No. 2423

Nummus

Notes

Reference

222 DANNY SYON

Excavation

HC

HC

KH

CS

CS

KH

KH

HC

KH

CS

KH

Cat No.

139

140

141

142

143

144

145*

146

147

148

149

121

Surface

850

40018

174

838

328

Surface

720

26015

26015

Locus

1072

-

3564

400175

1473

3515

5470

-

3075

260302

260314

Basket

4.83

12.7

9.41

11

9.63

6.84

3.35

3.73

6.25

0.74

0.49

Weight (g)

22

32

28

30

28

26

18

20

19

9

9

Diam. (mm)

↓

↓

7

1

7

↓

↓

↓

↓

↓

Axis

Reverse

below: B

K On l., cross;

On l.: N, cross and I

K On r. star.

below: Γ; On l.: ANNO; on r.: X/II

M On r.: X M Above: cross;

other details Illegible

M On l.: ANNO,

In exergue: CON

M On r.: ³

Other details illegible

K Above: cross.

Justin II or Tiberius II [---] Emperor and empress on thrones

[---] Same

---]ON[--- Same

[---] Same

below: A

M Above: cross, Justin II (565–578 CE)

[---] Justin and Sophia on thrones (traces)

[---] Bust r.

565–582 CE

576/7 CE

574/5 CE

569/570 CE

498–538 CE

491–518 CE

498–511 CE

K On r.: star.

Anastasius I or Justin I (498–527 CE)

Bust of emperor r. Behind: star

[DN ]ANA[STA]SIV--- Same type

498–518 CE

On l.: N, cross and I

Same

491–498 CE

Date

Same

Monogram of Anastasius

BYZANTINE Anastasius I (491–518 CE)

...AVC Bust r.

Bust r.

Illegible

Obverse

Antioch

Constantinople

Constantinople

Nicomedia

Nicomedia

Mint

MIBEC: No. 56

Same

MIBEC: No. 43

Same

MIB 1: No. 51

LRBC 2: No. 2288

Reference

20 nummi

Same

Same

40 nummi

40 nummi. Partly broken and marked as three slices on obverse

40 nummi

Same

Same

20 nummi

Same

Same

Notes

49322

36205

66470

102645

66506

66465

36202

36203

66451

102637

102629

IAA No.

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

223

Excavation

KH

KH

KH

CS

Cat No.

150

151

152

153

Surface

817

632

818

Locus

-

3367

2272

3408

Basket

3.55

1.38

4.58

1.67

Weight (g)

21

22

23

19

Diam. (mm)

↓

↓

↑

5

Axis

Reverse

illegible

[---] The emperor and his son

[---] Emperor stg. front, in his r., long staff surmounted by cross

Constantinople

K

On l.: ANN[O]; below: Δ

illegible

Constantinople

Constantinople

Mint

m Other details 656/7 CE

Same

M Other details

below: II

Constans II (641–668 CE)

Two figures

610–668 CE

Date

M Above: cross;

Heraclius or Constans II Three emperors

Obverse

DOC 2/2:462, No. 94 (Class 5)

DOC 2/2:442 ff. (Classes 1–4)

Reference

20 nummi

40 nummi

Same

40 nummi

Notes

36206

66461

49373

66462

IAA No.

224 DANNY SYON

CHAPTER 10: THE HELLENISTIC, ROMAN AND BYZANTINE COINS

225

Notes This report evolved from 1994 until 2012. Several of the coins and conclusions appearing here have already been noted and published elsewhere, e.g., Barag 2000–2001:61, No. 12; Houghton and Lorber 2001–2002:49, n. 26; SC I:412, No. 1084, 416, No. 1096; Houghton 2003–2006:33, 36, n. 4; Bijovsky 2009:75; Syon 2014:110. 2 IM Nos. 836, 849, 869, 870. My thanks to Haim Gitler, curator, for the information. 3 The meaning of ANTIOΧEΩN TΩN EN ΠΤOΛEMAIΔI has been the subject of much discussion. For a summary with bibliography, see Kindler 1978. 4 Personal communication from Gabriela Bijovsky, IAA. A handful of coins from the excavations has been published (Magen 1991:87, 90). 5 Babelon also did not discriminate between a ship’s prow and stern. 1

An example of a three denomination system using the palm tree, palm branch and cluster of dates appears on coins of Antipas, son of Herod (4 BCE–39 CE); see TJC: Nos. 91– 93. 7 Inventory No. 1276, 26 mm. My thanks are due to Avshalom Zemer, director, for permission to mention the coin. 8 Inventory No. 1384, 28 mm. My thanks are due to Cecilia Mayer, curator, for permission to mention the coin. 9 Inconsistencies in the nomenclature of pottery and coins from the same century stem from the fact that the boundary between the Roman and Byzantine periods is somewhat a matter of the discipline. In numismatics, it is usually taken as the monetary reform of Anastasius I in 491 CE. Thus, the fourth century is considered to be the Late Roman period by numismatists, but the Byzantine period by archaeologists. 6

R eferences Ariel D.T. 1990. Excavations at the City of David 1978–1985 Directed by Yigal Shiloh II: Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory, and Glass (Qedem 30). Jerusalem. Ariel D.T. 1993. Coins from Excavations at Tel Nahariya, 1982. ‘Atiqot 22:125–132. Ariel D.T. 2000. Coins from the Synagogue at Korazim. In Z. Yeivin. The Synagogue at Korazim: The 1962–1964, 1980–1987 Excavations (IAA Reports 10). Jerusalem. Pp. 33*–49*. Babelon E. 1890. Les rois de Syrie, d’Arménie et de Commagène. Paris. Barag D. 2000–2002. The Mint of Antiochus IV in Jerusalem: Numismatic Evidence on the Prelude to the Maccabean Revolt. INJ 14:59–77. Bellinger A.R. 1949. Dura-Europus VI: The Coins. New Haven. Bijovsky G. 1998. The Gush Halav Hoard Reconsidered. ‘Atiqot 35:77–106. Bijovsky G. 2009. The Coins from Or ‘Aqiva (North). ‘Atiqot 61:75–79. Bijovsky G. 2012. Gold Coin and Small Change: Monetary Circulation in Fifth–Seventh Century Byzantine Palestine. Triest. BMC Phoen.: G.F. Hill. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Phoenicia. London 1910. BMC Ptol.: R.S. Poole. Catalogue of Greek Coins. The Ptolemies, Kings of Egypt. Bologna 1963 (London 1883). Bounni A.E., Lagarce E; Lagarce J. and Saliby N. 1976. Rapport préliminaire sur la première campagne de fouilles (1975) à Ibn Hani (Syrie). Syria 53:233–279. Casson L. and Steffy J.R. eds. 1991. The Athlit Ram. College Station, Tex. Davesne A. 1987. Une contremarque au trident sur certaines monnaies de Ptolémée II Philadelphe. Bulletin de la Société française de numismatique 42:145–149.

DOC 2/2: P. Grierson. Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection 2/2: Heraclius Constantine to Theodosius III (641–717). Washington, D.C. 1968. Elayi J. and Elayi A.G. 1998. La dernière série tyrienne en bronze aux types civiques. Numismatica e antichità classiche 27:129–139. Finkielsztejn G. Forthcoming. ‘Akko IV: The 1991–1998 Excavations; The Stamped Amphora Handles (IAA Reports). Jerusalem. Galili E., Syon D., Finkielsztejn G., Sussman V. and Stiebel G. 2016. Late Ptolemaic Assemblages of Metal Artifacts and Bronze Coins Recovered off the Coast of ‘Atlit. ‘Atiqot 87:1–35. Gitler H. and Kushnir-Stein A. 1994–1999. The Chronology of a Late Ptolemaic Bronze Coin-Type from Cyprus. INJ 13:46–53. Grierson P. and Mays M. 1992. Catalogue of Late Roman Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and the Whittemore Collection: From Arcadius and Honorius to the Accession of Anastasius. Washington, D.C. Hanson R.S. 1980. Tyrian Influence in the Upper Galilee (Meiron Excavation Project 2). Cambridge, Mass. Houghton A. 1983. Coins of the Seleucid Empire from the Collection of Arthur Houghton (Ancient Coins in North American Collections 4). New York. Houghton A. 2003–2006. Some Observations on Coordinated Bronze Currency Systems in Seleucid Syria and Phoenicia. INJ 15:35–47. Houghton A. and Lorber C. 2001–2002. Antiochus III in Coele Syria and Phoenicia. INJ 14:44–58. Kadman L. 1961. The Coins of Akko Ptolemais (Corpus Nummorum Palaestinensium IV). Jerusalem. Kindler A. 1967. The Mint of Tyre, the Major Source of Silver Coins in Ancient Palestine. Eretz Israel 8:318–324 (Hebrew; English summary, p. 79*).

226

DANNY SYON

Kindler A. 1970. A Hoard from the Second Half of the Second Century BCE. Alon—Internal Quarterly of the Israel Numismatic Society 4:43–46 (Hebrew). Kindler A. 1973. The Coins. In Y. Aharoni ed. Beer-Sheba I: Excavations at Tel Beer-Sheba, 1969–1971 Seasons. Tel Aviv. Pp. 90–96. Kindler A. 1978. Akko, a City of Many Names. BASOR 231:51–55. Kindler A. 1986. The Synagogue Treasure of Meroth, Eastern Upper Galilee, Israel. In I.A. Carradice ed. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of Numismatics, London, September 1986 (International Association of Professional Numismatists). London. Pp. 315–320. Kontorini V. 1979. L’autonomie de Ptolémais-Akko de Phénicie. RN 21:30–42. LRBC I: P.V. Hill and J.P.C. Kent. The Bronze Coinage of the House of Constantine, A.D. 324–46. In Late Roman Bronze Coinage (A.D. 324–498). London 1965. Pp. 4–40. LRBC II: R.A.G. Carson and J.P.C. Kent. Bronze Roman Imperial Coinage of the Later Empire, A.D. 346–498. In Late Roman Bronze Coinage (A.D. 324–498). London 1965. Pp. 41–114. Magen Y. 1991. Mount Gerizim—A Temple City. Qadmoniot 23:70–96 (Hebrew). MIB I: W. Hahn. Moneta Imperii Byzantini I: Von Anastasius I. bis Justinianus I. (491–565) (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Philosophisch-Historische Klasse Denkscriften 109, Veröffentlichungen der Numismatischen Kommission 1). Vienna 1973. MIBEC: W. Hahn and M. Metlich. Money of the Incipient Byzantine Empire Continued (Justin II–Revolt of the Heraclii, 565–610) (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte der Universität Wien 13). Vienna 2009. Mørkholm O. 1965. The Municipal Coinages with Portrait of Antiochus IV of Syria. Congresso internazionale di numismatica, Roma 11–16 settembre 1961 II: Atti. Rome. Pp. 63–67. Nicolaou I. 1990. Paphos II: The Coins from the House of Dionysos. Nicosia. Porat L. and Gal Z. 1999. Nahariyya. ESI 19:7*–8*. Rahmani L.Y. 1964. Description of the Coins. In Y. Aharoni. Excavations at Ramat Raḥel II: Seasons 1961 and 1962 (Centro di studi semitici, serie archeologica 6). Rome. Pp. 107–117 Rahmani L.Y. 1966. The Coins. In B. Mazar, T. Dothan and I. Dunayevsky. En-Gedi: The First and Second Seasons of Excavations 1961 and 1962 (‘Atiqot [ES] 5). Jerusalem. Pp. 51–52. RIC VI: C.H.V. Sutherland The Roman Imperial Coinage VI: From Diocletian’s Reform (A.D. 294) to the Death of Maximinus (A.D. 313). London 1967. RIC VII: P.M. Bruun. The Roman Imperial Coinage VII: Constantine and Licinius A.D. 313–337. London 1966.

RIC X: J.P.C. Kent. The Roman Imperial Coinage X: The Divided Empire and the Fall of the Western Parts, AD 395–491. London 1994. Rogers E. 1927. The Second and Third Seleucid Coinage of Tyre (Numismatic Notes and Monographs 34). New York. SC I: A. Houghton and C. Lorber. Seleucid Coins. A Comprehensive Catalogue I: Seleucus I through Antiochus III. New York–Lancaster, Pa.–London 2002. SC II: A. Houghton, C. Lorber and O. Hoover. Seleucid Coins. A Comprehensive Catalogue II: Seleucus IV through Antiochus XIII. New York–Lancaster, Pa.–London 2008. Sellers O.R. 1933. The Citadel of Beth-Zur: A Preliminary Report of the First Excavation Conducted by the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Chicago and the American School of Oriental Research, Jerusalem in 1931 at Khirbat Tubeiqa. Philadelphia. Sellers O.R. 1962. Coins of the 1960 Excavation at Shechem. BA 25:87–96. Seyrig H. 1962. Le monnayage de Ptolémais en Phénicie. RN 4:25–50. SNG Ptolemies: A. Kromann and O. Mørkholm. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Denmark. Egypt: The Ptolemies. Copenhagen 1977. SNG Italia: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Italia—Milano XII: Syria—Bactria et India 1: Seleucides (reges)— Chalcidice. Milan 1992. Spijkerman A. 1978. The Coins of the Decapolis and Provincia Arabia (SBF Collectio Maior 25). Jerusalem. Syon D. 1997. The Excavation of the Courthouse Site at ‘Akko: The Coins from Area TA. ‘Atiqot 31:87–90. Syon D. 2004. Tyre and Gamla: A Study in the Monetary Influence of Southern Phoenicia on Galilee and the Golan in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. Ph.D. diss. The Hebrew University. Jerusalem. Syon D. 2008. The Bronze Coinage of Tyre: The First Years of Autonomy. AJN 20:295–304. Syon D. 2014. Coins. In D. Syon. Gamla III: The Shmarya Gutmann Excavations 1976–1989 Part 1: Finds and Studies (IAA Reports 56). Jerusalem. Pp. 109–231. Syon D. 2015. Small Change in Hellenistic-Roman Galilee: The Evidence from Numismatic Site Finds as a Tool for Historical Reconstruction (Numismatic Studies and Researches XI). Jerusalem. Syon D. and Tatcher A. Forthcoming. Excavations at the ‘Knights’ Hotel’ Site. In E. Stern and D. Syon. ‘Akko III: The 1991–1998 Excavations; The Late Periods (IAA Reports). Jerusalem. TJC: Y. Meshorer. A Treasury of Jewish Coins from the Persian Period to Bar Kochba. Jerusalem–Nyack, N.Y. 2001. Waagé D.B. 1952. Antioch-on-the-Orontes IV, 2: Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Crusaders’ Coins. Princeton. WSM: E.T. Newell. The Coinage of the Western Seleucid Mints: From Seleucus I to Antiochus III (Numismatic Studies 4). New York 1941.

M. Hartal, D. Syon, E. Stern and A.Tatcher, 2016, ‘Akko II (IAA Reports 60)

Chapter 11

The Geography of Hellenistic ‘Akko-Ptolemais Eliezer Stern

Abundant historical sources emphasize the size, importance and flourishing of ‘Akko-Ptolemais in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods (see Chapter 1). Although much archaeological knowledge had accumulated about ‘Akko in the early periods— up to, but not inclusive of—the Hellenistic period (Dothan 1976) following extended excavations on Tel ‘Akko by the University of Haifa, the archaeological evidence about the later periods was disappointingly scant. We knew not how large the city was and where its civic center was, nor how it was integrated into the urban fabric. Nor could we follow the expansion of the city from the tell to the plain to the west. The harbor’s location is known relatively well where the current marina is located (Galili et al. 2010), though some questions about a possible second harbor remain. However, utilizing the remains from the sites in this volume, together with archaeological data that has been systematically collected over the years and placed on a map, we will here attempt to illuminate a littleknown aspect of ‘Akko-Ptolemais—its borders in the Hellenistic period (Fig. 11.1), as well as touch on some of the questions raised above. The data presented in Table 11.1 and on Fig. 11.1 below were assembled from the following sources: 1. Short reports in HA–ESI (especially salvage excavations). 2. Excavation reports in various publications, including the present volume. 3. The Israel Antiquities Authority archives. 4. Data accumulated from archaeological inspection reports (some inspections were carried out by mechanical excavators) since 1989, when I started my duty as the archaeological inspector1 of ‘Akko and until December 2003, when the present paper was written. Table 11.1 presents a summary of sites with archeological material from all the periods found in excavations at ‘Akko. The sites chosen to appear in Fig. 11.1 were restricted to those with archaeological

material from the Hellenistic, Crusader and Ottoman periods, which are the periods attested most in the archaeological record. It does not show dozens of sites where inspection did not yield archaeological remains at all, or which are clearly beyond the limits of Hellenistic ‘Akko-Ptolemais to the north and east, although a few points with no remains are included because of their importance in answering our questions.

The Boundaries of the City of ‘Akko Ptolemais The evidence for the boundaries is archaeological and historical. The northern limit of Hellenistic ‘AkkoPtolemais at that time can be deduced from two parallel lines: Archaeological supervision of infrastructure work along all of Herzl Street (Line 19-19), an east–west thoroughfare, showed that all of Herzl Street is founded on dark, clayey silt without any archaeological remains, thus placing this line outside the ancient city limits. Three streets (approx. 300 m) further south, at Lohamé HaGeta’ot Street (Line 18-18), also during archaeological supervision of infrastructure replacement, it was observed that here the street’s foundation was on gray, sandy soil with a large quantity of Hellenistic pottery and walls all along the street. This line is thus placed within the ancient city. Falling between these two lines, at Point 53 on the coast, rock-cut foundations of a round tower and traces of a line of fortifications due east were observed by Rafael Frankel and the members of the Western Galilee Survey (Frankel 1987). Frankel saw in this the northwestern tower and defensive wall of the thirteenthcentury CE Crusader city. This identification was also adopted by Kedar (1997:161) in his survey of the walls of Crusader ‘Akko-Ptolemais. Salvage excavations carried out at this spot by A. Tatcher (2008) revealed segments of a wall dated to the Crusader period. If we continue southeast to Point 55, Dothan (1976) excavated remains of fortifications from the Hellenistic

228

158 500

158 000

157 500

157 000

ELIEZER STERN

42 5 56

43

260 000

260 000 Nati

v Ha

22 12

v He

a‘a Der ekh

36

32 39

18

50

31

38

64

49 35

8 45

4

61 46

Old City

25

21 7

19

10

16 58 34

33 44

59

48 30

51

63

37

27 29

259 000

11 2

17

40

258 500

57 55

26

52

Ben ‘Ami

60

28

Tel ‘Akko

258 500

62

24

Borders of the Hellenistic City

Crusader Period

Civic Center

Ottoman Period

Hellenistic Period

No Findings

158 500

157 500

500 m 157 000

0

i

259 500

158 000

41

nitsk

1

15 ann

20

14 18

Weiz m

47 6

Dosh

ez Rem David

13

23

259 000

Arie

19

l

53

ni

HaArb

Herz

Gola

Ha-R a

54

9

259 500

rzog

3

tivat

Fig. 11.1. Excavation sites in ʽAkko.

period, in particular the foundations of a round tower built of ashlar ‘headers’. Its diameter is approximately 10 m and the width of its walls is approximately 2 m. A study of a series of maps produced at the time of Bonaparte’s siege of ‘Akko in 1799 and published by Dichter (1973: maps pp. 141, 142, 148) reveals that the French cartographers drew the limits of ‘ancient ‘AkkoPtolemais’—while making detailed drawings of the battlefield and every trench dug by the French, they also

drew ancient earthworks they saw. Thus, an ‘ancient ditch’, marked on their maps also as ‘ancient Acre’ or ‘ancient Ptolemais’ (see also Kedar 1997:168, Fig. 11), starts at Point 53 on the coast, marked by a round tower, which is the one identified by Frankel, and continues east and then south to Point 55, which is the tower and fortifications excavated by Dothan. On some of the maps, remains of ‘crenellated walls’ are marked as well toward the southern end, indicating probably Crusader remains.

CHAPTER 11: THE GEOGRAPHY OF HELLENISTIC ‘AKKO-PTOLEMAIS

Considering the above evidence, and considering that fortifications were often constructed over older fortifications, the following conclusions can be formulated. The northern wall of the Hellenistic city must have passed not too far south of Line 19-19. I suggest that Point 53 served initially as the western extremity of the northern Hellenistic city wall, later adopted by the Crusaders in the thirteenth century CE, when they enlarged the city to the north and built the new Montmusard suburb. The remains at Point 55 appear to mark the eastern end of the Hellenistic fortifications, and thus the line marked on the French maps seems to mark also the city limits of the Hellenistic period. This line of fortifications continued to serve the city through the Roman and Byzantine periods, though there is no reliable information on whether or not the wall was in good maintenance. In these periods ‘Akko-Ptolemais continued to prosper as an important emporium, first as an autonomous polis and later as a Roman colony. During the Arab conquest, ‘AkkoPtolemais was destroyed and became an unimportant fishing village. When the city finally revived and was fortified under Fatimid rule in the tenth century CE, its extent was much smaller. According to ancient sources it was now concentrated near the port, roughly in the area of the present-day Old City. The ancient line of fortifications from the Hellenistic period continued to be visible until the early thirteenth century, when the city, now the capital of the second Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem (1191–1291 CE), enlarged its territory to the north and built a new wall running northwest to southeast that reused only the western tip of the Hellenistic wall (Point 53). The situation along the eastern side of the city is less clear, and it is not known whether on that side the Crusader wall followed the line of the Hellenistic wall.2 As shown in the Napoleonic maps, and if my interpretation is correct, the line of fortifications of Hellenistic Ptolemais was preserved as a deep ditch throughout all periods, conforming also to the line obtained by the analysis of the finds along Lohamé Ha-Geta’ot St. (Line 18-18) and the lack of finds along Herzl St. (Line 19-19). It was only under the British mandate (1920–1948), when new construction was begun outside the Ottoman city, that the ditch was gradually filled in, a process that continued after 1948, and the line disappeared. Today, the new city is built over the entire extent of the Hellenistic city.

229

The Civic Center The analysis of the archaeological data as presented in Fig. 11.1 and Table. 11.1 enables us to also suggest the location of the civic center of Hellenistic ‘AkkoPtolemais. At Point 58, the site of an excavation conducted by E. Oren (HA 1971b), remains of a temple, a central street and another public building were discovered. At Point 16 part of a grand residence was excavated, complete with colored frescoes on its walls. Remains of baths from the Hellenistic, Roman and possibly the Byzantine period were discovered at Points 29, 33 and 34. Thus, we see an unusual concentration of public and upper class domestic architecture from the Hellenistic period along the present-day Ben-‘Ami Street. Following the gradual abandonment of the tell, this area apparently became the new civic center.

The Expansion of the City as a Chronological and Demographic Process The excavations in the Hospitaller Compound (above, Chapter 5) yielded Hellenistic-period remains that enabled the dating of the earliest settlement in the harbor area to the late third–early second centuries BCE. This finding now enables the construction of a chronology of the gradual expansion of the city from the tell toward the peninsula of the Old City. At the end of the Persian period, in the second half of the fourth century BCE, the inhabitants of the tell began construction of new residential areas around the tell. This has been established south and east of it, at Point 62, where remains of many buildings were discovered from this period. The process of expansion further away from the tell gathered momentum after the conquest of ‘Akko by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE. In the first half of the third century BCE, when Ptolemais was founded by Ptolemy II (285–246 BCE), the tell was finally abandoned and the city spread to its west, filling the area up to the northern part of the present-day Old City. Only toward the later part of the third century, and especially during the early part of the second century, did it reach the coast and the harbor. Thus, the process of the abandonment of the tell and the establishment of the city on the plain west of it lasted approximately 150 years. This process also involved a demographic change. The abandonment of the tell and the initial construction

230

ELIEZER STERN

around it should be credited to the local inhabitants. The founding of Ptolemais, officially an act of Ptolemy II, should possibly be attributed to a newly arrived population of Greek origin that mixed with the local population. The settlement in the new quarters

established during the third century on the coast was by newly arrived merchants. This influx of new immigrants is what gave the city of ‘Akko-Ptolemais its character of a Greek polis and made it the most important maritime trading center along the Palestinian coast.

Table 11.1. Excavation Sites in ‘Akko (see Fig. 11.1) No.

Block/Parcel

Location

Hellenistic Finds

Other Finds

Description of Finds

Reference

1

18005/41

28 Herzl St.

2

18005/112

65 Ben ‘Ami St.

+

+

Ottoman aqueduct from the 19th c.

Stern 1991

Ancient garbage dump in heavy alluvial soil; much Hellenistic pottery and fragment of marble statue of priest

Archaeological inspection, E. Stern, 1989; Aviam 2004:36–40; Ariel and Messika 2007

3

18001/13

North coast

+

Cluster of graves dug in the sand; no architectural remains; Hellenistic pottery in the surrounding graves

Stern 1996

4

18007/36-37, 60, 63

Courthouse

+

Hellenistic (2nd c. BCE) architecture (industrial area); fragmentary Roman architecture; Crusader wall and tower; Ottoman well; Hellenistic–Ottoman pottery

Above, Chapter 2

5

18021/1–32

North coast

+

Hellenistic necropolis with dozens of graves, some built of stone and some pits dug in the sand

Feig and Eisenberg 1991 (southern group)

6

18002/25

Aniliewicz St., corner of Jabotinsky St.

+

Hellenistic pottery; no architectural remains

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1991

7

18005/14

54 David Noy St.

+

Dense Hellenistic pottery; no architectural remains

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1991

8

18005/2

15 Yehoshafat St.

+

+

Hellenistic architectural remains and Hellenistic pottery; some Ottoman pottery near the surface

Stern 1994

9

18001/30

7 Yeḥieli St.

+

Ottoman pit graves dug in the sand

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1991

10

18005/20

Ha-‘Azma’ut St., corner of Derekh Ha-’Arba‘a

Marshy soil; no finds

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1992

11

18107/119, 120

Shadliz St., corner of Anafa St.

Clean sand; no finds

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1992

12

18008/48

ʽAmal school gym

Ottoman moat; Crusader architectural remains

Archaeological inspection, E. Stern, 1992

13

18002/76–79

Ha-Hagana St., corner of David Noy St.

+

Hellenistic rock-cut graves in the kurkar, with covering stones

Lieberman-Wender, Tatcher and Muqari 1998

14

18002/94

Jabotinsky St., corner of Lohamé HaGeta’ot St.

+

Hellenistic pottery; no architectural remains

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1993

+

+

231

CHAPTER 11: THE GEOGRAPHY OF HELLENISTIC ‘AKKO-PTOLEMAIS

Table 11.1 (cont.) No.

Block/Parcel

Location

Hellenistic Finds

15

18002/11

21 Ben-‘Ami St.

16

18006/8

17

18006/116

Other Finds

Description of Finds

Reference

+

Hellenistic pottery; no architectural remains

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1993

47 Derekh Ha’Arba‘a

+

Hellenistic period: corner of room constructed of ashlars, header-andstretcher technique, stone paving, pottery and frescoes

Stern 1997

Derekh Ha’Arba‘a, corner of Moshe Ẓori St.

+

Crusader sewage tunnel and plastered water cistern; Hellenistic pottery

Stern 1997

18

Entire length of Lohamé HaGeta’ot St.

+

Hellenistic architectural remains and pottery

Archaeological inspection, E. Stern, 1993

19

Entire length of Herzl St.

Marshy soil; no finds

Archaeological inspection, E. Stern, 1994

+

20

18002/10

10 Ben-‘Ami St.

+

+

Hellenistic pottery; Ottoman pottery on the surface; no architectural remains

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1994

21

18002/47

47 David Noy St.

+

+

Ottoman pottery on the surface; Hellenistic pottery and walls at a depth of 2.5 m

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1994

22

18008/50

Shene Eliyyahu St.: bomb shelter of Arab school

+

+

Scanty architectural remains at 3 m with Hellenistic and Roman pottery; surface to 3 m: Hellenistic and Ottoman pottery

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1994

23

18002/39–40

Lohamé HaGeta’ot St., corner of HaHagana St.

Sand; no finds

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1996

24

18034/ all

Sand; no finds

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1995

25

18006/35

Kaplan St.

+

+

Large Crusader structure to the east of the inspection area; Hellenistic, Crusader and Ottoman pottery

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1994

26

18033/56–57

1 Ha-Shelosha St.

+

+

Plastered Crusader cistern and pottery; Roman–Byzantine pottery with no architectural remains; Hellenistic structures, pottery and mosaic

Archaeological inspection, E. Stern, 1995

27

18006/49

2 Derekh HaMelakha St.

+

+

Hellenistic structures and pottery; Crusader and Ottoman pottery

Salvage excavation by A. Tatcher and D. Syon; Tatcher 2005

28

18033/44

Gav-Yam industrial zone

+

+

From surface to 1.5 m: Crusader and Ottoman pottery; below 1.5 m; Hellenistic architectural remains and pottery

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1994

29

18033/35

5 Ha-‘Amal St.

+

Byzantine public building, possibly a bath; Crusader architectural remains; Ottoman pottery

Salvage excavations by Y. Tepper, 2003; unpublished (Permit A4043/2003)

30

18033/33

Gdud 22 St.

+

Crusader plastered cisterns and cesspit; some Early Islamic pottery; Hellenistic structures reused in the Roman period

Stern and ShalabiAbbas 1999

+

232

ELIEZER STERN

Table 11.1 (cont.) No.

Block/Parcel

Location

Hellenistic Finds

Other Finds

Description of Finds

Reference

31

18007/72

27 Trumpeldor St.

+

+

Ottoman aqueduct from the 19th c., large quantity of Hellenistic pottery

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1994

32

18003/58

Giboré Sinai St., corner of Anilevich St.

+

Crusader ashlar-built water well

Archaeological inspection, E. Stern, 1995

33

18006/45

16 Pinkas St.

+

+

Simple Crusader cist graves; Byzantine water reservoir; Early Roman bath; Hellenistic pottery

Tatcher 1998:12

34

18006/75–76

City park on Ben-‘Ami St.

+

+

Large Hellenistic structure and pottery; Byzantine architectural remains, mosaics and pottery; Ottoman irrigation canals

Tatcher 1998:12–13

35

18007/27

Courthouse parking lot (17 Yehoshafat St.)

+

+

Hellenistic architectural remains, reservoir and installation with mosaic; Roman wall fragments; Crusader pottery

Avshalom-Gorni 1999

36

18007/16

Derekh Ha-Nof St., corner of Shene Eliyyahu St.

+

+

Crusader bath; Hellenistic structures and pottery

Smithline, Stern and Stern 2013

37

18105/9

Tambour Junction

+

Ottoman water pipe; remains of a structure and agricultural installation with a coarse mosaic floor (probably Byzantine); a Persian-period kylix

Muqari 1996

38

18007/42

Northern outer moat

+

Ottoman aqueduct from the 19th c.

Archaeological inspection, E. Stern, 1995

39

18002/55

7 Ben-‘Ami St.

Hellenistic wall, 3 m wide

IAA archive report submitted by Z. Goldman, 1953

40

18006/39

Israel Naval Academy

+

Crusader east–west tunnel

Survey report to the IAA archive by B.Z. Kedar, Permit G-116/1991; Kedar 1997:171 (on Plan 5 the north arrow is incorrect)

41

18009/5–7

Ha-Hagana St.

+

Crusader vaulted structures and plastered water reservoir

Vitto 2005

42

18022/44

Northern cemetery

+

+

Hellenistic–Roman cemetery with pit graves dug in the sand and built tombs

Salvage excavations by Feig and Eisenberg 1991 (northern group)

43

18022/43

Northern cemetery

+

Hellenistic cist graves dug in the sand

Fortuna 1966:443–447

44

18006/26

Corner of Derekh Ha-’Arba‘a and Kaplan St.

+

+

Crusader remains; Roman wall fragments; Hellenistic pottery and architectural elements

Tatcher 2000a

45

18006/15

22 Pinkas St.

+

+

Hellenistic and Byzantine architectural remains and pottery

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1998

46

18006/36

Israel Naval Academy

+

+

Ottoman wall fragments; Crusader architectural remains; Hellenistic pottery

Tatcher 2000b

+

233

CHAPTER 11: THE GEOGRAPHY OF HELLENISTIC ‘AKKO-PTOLEMAIS

Table 11.1 (cont.) No.

Block/Parcel

Location

Hellenistic Finds

47

18002/23

Aniliewicz St., corner of Jabotinsky St.

+

48

18006/16

17 Derekh Ha’Arba‘a

+

49

18007/32

32 Trumpeldor St.

50

18005/24

David Noy St., corner of Yehoshafat St.

Description of Finds

Reference

Hellenistic architectural remains and pottery

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1998

+

Crusader moat and wall; Byzantine pottery; Hellenistic pottery and a large Doric capital

Salvage excavation by M. Eisenberg, University of Haifa; unpublished (Permits B164/1998 and B6/1999)

+

Ottoman pottery

Inspection by mechanical excavator, E. Stern, 1999

+

Fragmentary Hellenistic and Roman architectural remains

Salvage excavations; Tatcher 2010

51

1033/68

2 Derekh Ha’Arba‘a

+

Crusader structures

Boas and Melloni 2005

52

18109/18

Remez St.

+

Roman road; Hellenistic–Byzantine architectural remains

Salvage excavations, Finkielsztejn 2007

53

18553/1

North coast

+

Crusader wall with rock-cut foundations

Tatcher 2008

54

18001/136

Dov Gruner St.

55

18033/47

1 Ha-Masger St.

+

Crusader ballista ball concentration

Porat 2005

+

Persian fragmentary structural remains; Hellenistic round tower and wall; Roman– Byzantine bath; Byzantine to Early Islamic architectural remains

HA 1974a

56

18049/19

Garbage dump near the Bahai center

+

Late Bronze Age burials

HA 1971a

57

18106/139

‘Napoleon’s Grove’, north of Tel ‘Akko

+

Late Bronze Age and Iron Age II cemetery

HA 1974a; inspection, E. Stern, 1990s

58

18106/139

Ben-‘Ami St. post office

+

Hellenistic street, water-supply system and public building (temple)

HA 1971b; Applebaum 1986

59

18005/107

South of central bus depot

+

Fragmentary Hellenistic architectural remains and rich pottery finds

Tatcher 2000c

60

18024/ all

Tel ‘Akko

+

Hellenistic architectural remains of a planned residential area

HA 1978

61

18006/2

Yehoshafat St., corner of Kaplan St.

+

Large Hellenistic structure

Archaeological inspection, E. Stern, 1993

62

18034/11, 31

South of Tel ‘Akko

+

Early Hellenistic (late 4th c. BCE) architectural remains

Archaeological inspection, E. Stern, 1990

63

18011/329

Harbor (deepening works)

+

+

Hellenistic through Ottoman pottery

Archaeological inspection, E. Galili, 1991

64

18009/2

Hospitaller Compound

+

+

Monumental Crusader building, reused in the Ottoman period; Hellenistic architectural remains, pottery, coins and stamped amphora handles

Above, Chapter 5

+

+

+

Other Finds

234

ELIEZER STERN

Notes First for the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums, later the Israel Antiquities Authority 1

For the problems in locating the eastern wall of Crusader ‘Akko, see Kedar 1997. 2

R eferences Applebaum S. 1986. Excavations of the New Post Office Site at ‘Akko. In M. Yedayah ed. The Western Galilee Antiquities. Tel Aviv. Pp. 261–265 (Hebrew). Ariel D.T. and Messika N. 2007. Finds from the Hellenistic ʽFavissaʼ at ʽAkko-Ptolemais. ‘Atiqot 57:11–20. Aviam M. 2004. Jews, Pagans and Christians in the Galilee: 25 Years of Archaeological Excavations and Surveys; Hellenistic to Byzantine Periods (Land of Galilee 1). Rochester, N.Y. Avshalom-Gorni D. 1999. ‘Akko, the Courthouse Parking Lot. ESI 19:12*–14*. Boas A. and Melloni G.P. 2005. ‘Akko (East). HA–ESI 117 (September 26, 2005). http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/ report_detail_eng.asp?id=237&mag_id=110 (accessed April 29, 2016). Dichter B. 1973. The Maps of Acre: An Historical Cartography. Acre. Dothan M. 1976. ‘Akko: Interim Excavation Report First Season, 1973/4. BASOR: 224:1–48. Feig N. and Eisenberg E. 1991. Akko, Hellenistic Necropolis. ESI 9:16–17. Finkielsztejn G. 2007. ‘Akko, Remez Street HA-ESI 119 (March 8, 2007) http://hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_ eng.aspx?id=492&mag_id=112 (accessed June 12, 2016) Fortuna M.T. 1966. Campagne di scavo ad Akko 1961–1962 (Memorie dellʼ Istituto lombardo. Accademia di scienze e lettere 29/4). Milan. Frankel R. 1987. The North-Western Corner of Crusader Acre. IEJ 37:256–261. Galili E., Rosen B., Zviely D., Silberstein N. and Finkielsztejn G. 2010. The Evolution of Akko Harbor and Its Mediterranean Maritime Trade Links. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 5:191–211. HA 1971a. ‘Akko—Tombs near the Persian Garden. HA 38:10–13. HA 1971b. ‘Akko. HA 39:14–15. HA 1974a. Tel ‘Akko—1973. HA 48–49:29–31. HA 1974b. ‘Akko—1974. HA 51–52:9–11. HA 1978. ‘Akko—1978. HA 67–68:21–23.

Kedar B.Z. 1997. The Outer Walls of Frankish Acre. ‘Atiqot 31:157–180. Lieberman-Wender R., Tatcher A. and Muqari A. 1998. ‘Akko Shore. ESI 18:11–12. Muqari A. 1996. ‘Akko, the Old City. ESI 15:27–28. Porat L. 2005. ‘Akko, Dov Gruner Street. HA–ESI 117 (September 29, 2005). http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/ report_detail_eng.asp?id=239&mag_id=110 (accessed April 29, 2016). Smithline H., E.J. Stern and E. Stern. 2013. A CrusaderPeriod Bathhouse in ‘Akko (Acre). ‘Atiqot 73:71–108. Stern E. 1991. Akko. ESI 9:104–105. Stern E. 1994. Akko. ESI 12:112. Stern E. 1996. ‘Akko (North). ESI 15:124. Stern E. 1997. ‘Akko, Ha’arba‘a Road. ESI 16:27–29. Stern E. Forthcoming. Excavations in the Hospitaller Compound. In E. Stern and D. Syon. ‘Akko III: The 1991–1998 Excavations; The Late Periods (IAA Reports). Jerusalem. Stern E.J. and Shalabi-‘Abbas M. 1999. ‘Akko, Ha-Gedud Ha-‘Ivri Street. ESI 19:10*–12*. Tatcher A. 1998. ‘Akko. ESI 18:12–13. Tatcher A. 2000a. ‘Akko, Corner of Derekh Ha-’Arba‘a and Kaplan Street. HA–ESI 112:15*. Tatcher A. 2000b. ‘Akko, the School for Maritime Officers. HA–ESI 112:14*. Tatcher A. 2000c. Two Trial Excavations at’Akko. ‘Atiqot 39:27*–41* (Hebrew; English summary on p.196–197). Tatcher A. 2005. ‘Akko. HA–ESI 117 (April 3, 2005) http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng. asp?id=146&mag_id=110 (accessed April 29, 2016). Tatcher A. 2008. ‘Akko, Promenade. HA-ESI 120 (August 18, 2008) http://hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng. aspx?id=853&mag_id=114 (accessed June 12, 2016). Tatcher A. 2010. ‘Akko. HA-ESI 122 (December 7, 2010) http://hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id= 1556&mag_id=117 (accessed June 12, 2016). Vitto F. 2005. Hellenistic and Crusader Remains at Montmusard, Acre (‘Akko). ‘Atiqot 50:153–179.

IAA R eports

No. 1 G. Avni and Z. Greenhut, The Akeldama Tombs: Three Burial Caves in the Kidron Valley, Jerusalem, 1996, 129 pp.

No. 16 Y. Goren and P. Fabian, Kissufim Road: A Chalcolithic Mortuary Site, 2002, 97 pp.

No. 2 E. Braun, Yiftah’el: Salvage and Rescue Excavations at a Prehistoric Village in Lower Galilee, Israel, 1997, 249 pp.

No. 17 A. Kloner, Maresha Excavations Final Subterranean Complexes 21, 44, 70, 2003, 183 pp.

No. 3 G. Edelstein, I. Milevski and S. Aurant, Villages, Terraces and Stone Mounds: Excavations at Manahat, Jerusalem, 1987– 1989, 1998, 149 pp. No. 4 C. Epstein, The Chalcolithic Culture of the Golan, 1998, 352 pp. + plans. Hardcover. No. 5 T. Schick, The Cave of the Warrior: A Fourth Millennium Burial in the Judean Desert, 1998, 137 pp. No. 6 R. Cohen, Ancient Settlement of the Central Negev I: The Chalcolithic Period, the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age I (Hebrew, English Summary), 1999, 396 pp. No. 7 R. Hachlili and A. Killebrew, Jericho: The Jewish Cemetery of the Second Temple Period, 1999, 202 pp. No. 8 Z. Gal and Y. Alexandre, Horbat Rosh Zayit: An Iron Age Storage Fort and Village, 2000, 247 pp. No. 9 U. Dahari, Monastic Settlements in South Sinai in the Byzantine Period: The Archaeological Remains, 2000, 250 pp. No. 10 Z. Yeivin, The Synagogue at Korazim: The 1962–1964, 1980–1987 Excavations (Hebrew, English Summary), 2000, 216 pp. No. 11 M. Hartal, The al-Subayba (Nimrod) Fortress: Towers 11 and 9, 2001, 129 pp. No. 12 R. Gonen, Excavations at Efrata: A Burial Ground from the Intermediate and Middle Bronze Ages, 2001, 153 pp. No. 13 E. Eisenberg, A. Gopher and R. Greenberg, Tel Te’o: A Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Site in the Hula Valley, 2001, 227 pp.

Report

I:

No. 18 A. Golani, Salvage Excavations at the Early Bronze Age Site of Qiryat ‘Ata, 2003, 261 pp. No. 19 H. Khalaily and O. Marder, The Neolithic Site of Abu Ghosh: The 1995 Excavations, 2003, 146 pp. No. 20 R. Cohen and R. Cohen-Amin, Ancient Settlement of the Negev Highlands II: The Iron Age and Persian Period (Hebrew, English Summary), 2004, 258 pp. No. 21 D. Stacey, Exavations at Tiberias, 1973–1974: The Early Islamic Periods, 2004, 259 pp. No. 22 Y. Hirschfeld, Excavations at Tiberias, 1989–1994, 2004, 234 pp. No. 23 S. Ben-Arieh, Bronze and Iron Age Tombs at Tell Beit Mirsim, 2004, 212 pp. No. 24 M. Dothan and D. Ben-Shlomo, Ashdod VI: The Excavations of Areas H and K (1968–1969), 2005, 320 pp. No. 25 M. Avissar, Tel Yoqne‘am: Excavations on the Acropolis, 2005, 142 pp. No. 26 M. Avissar and E.J. Stern, Pottery of the Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamluk Periods in Israel, 2005, 187 pp. No. 27 E.C.M. van den Brink and Ram Gophna, Shoham (North), Late Chalcolithic Burial Caves in the Lod Valley, Israel, 2005, 214 pp. No. 28 N. Getzov, The Tel Bet Yerah Excavations, 1994–1995, 2006, 204 pp. No. 29 A.M. Berlin, Gamla I: The Pottery of the Second Temple Period, the Shmarya Gutmann Excavations, 1976–1989, 2006, 181 pp.

No. 14 R. Frankel, N. Getzov, M. Aviam and A. Degani, Settlement Dynamics and Regional Diversity in Ancient Upper Galilee: Archaeological Survey of Upper Galilee, 2001, 175 pp.

No. 30 R. Greenberg, E. Eisenberg, S. Paz and Y. Paz, Bet Yerah: The Early Bronze Age Mound I: Excavation Reports, 1933–1986, 2006, 500 pp.

No. 15 M. Dayagi-Mendels, The Akhziv Cemeteries: The Ben-Dor Excavations, 1941–1944, 2002, 176 pp.

No. 31 E. Yannai, ‘En Esur (‘Ein Asawir) I: Excavations at a Protohistoric Site in the Coastal Plain of Israel, 2006, 308 pp.

No. 32 T.J. Barako, Tel Mor: The Moshe Dothan Excavations, 1959–1960, 2007, 276 pp. No. 33 G. Mazor and A. Najjar, Bet She’an I: Nysa-Scythopolis: The Caesareum and the Odeum, 2007, 316 pp. No. 34 R. Cohen and H. Bernick-Greenberg, Kadesh Barnea (Tell el-Qudeirat) 1976–1982, 2007. In 2 parts. Part 1: Text, 410 pp.; Part 2: Plates, Plans and Sections, 332 pp. No. 35 A. Erlich and A. Kloner, Maresha Excavations Final Report II: Hellenistic Terracotta Figurines from the 1989–1996 Seasons, 2008, 208 pp. No. 36 G. Avni, U. Dahari and A. Kloner, The Necropolis of Bet Guvrin—Eleutheropolis, 2008, 238 pp. No. 37 V. Tzaferis and S. Israeli, Paneas I: The Roman to Early Islamic Periods: Excavations in Areas A, B, E, F, G and H, 2008, 196 pp. No. 38 V. Tzaferis and S. Israeli, Paneas II: Small Finds and Other Studies, 2008, 256 pp. No. 39 Z. Greenhut and A. De Groot, Salvage Excavations at Tel Moza: The Bronze and Iron Age Settlements and Later Occupations, 2009, 363 pp. No. 40 M. Hartal, Paneas IV: The Aqueduct and the Northern Suburbs, 2009, 212 pp. No. 41 N. Getzov, R. Lieberman-Wander, H. Smithline, and D. Syon, Horbat ‘Uza, the 1991 Excavations I: The Early Periods, 2009, 168 pp. No. 42 N. Getzov, D. Avshalom-Gorni, Y. Gorin-Rosen, E.J. Stern, D. Syon, and A. Tatcher, Horbat ‘Uza, the 1991 Excavations II: The Late Periods, 2009, 232 pp. No. 43 J. Seligman, Nahal Haggit: A Roman and Mamluk Farmstead in the Southern Carmel, 2010, 277 pp. No. 44 D. Syon and Z. Yavor, Gamla II: The Architecture, the Shmarya Gutmann Excavations, 1976–1989, 2010, 216 pp. No. 45 A. Kloner, E. Eshel, H.B. Korzakova and G. Finkielsztejn, Maresha Excavations Final Report III: Epigraphic Finds from the 1989–2000 Seasons, 2010, 247 pp. No. 46 Y. Dagan, The Ramat Bet Shemesh Regional Project: The Gazetteer, 2010, 360 pp.

No. 47 Y. Dagan, The Ramat Bet Shemesh Regional Project: Landscape of Settlement: From the Paleolithic to the Ottoman Periods, 2011, 356 pp. No. 48 R. Bar-Nathan and W. Atrash, Bet She’an II: Baysān: The Theater Pottery Workshop, 2011, 411 pp. No. 49 Y. Alexandre, Mary’s Well, Nazareth: The Late Hellenistic to the Ottoman Periods, 2012, 180 pp. No. 50 D. Ben-Shlomo, The Azor Cemetery: Moshe Dothan’s Excavations, 1958 and 1960, 2012, 238 pp. No. 51/1 E.J. Stern, ‘Akko I: The 1991–1998 Excavations, The Crusader-Period Pottery, Part 1: Text, 2012, 192 pp. No. 51/2 E.J. Stern, ‘Akko I: The 1991–1998 Excavations, The Crusader-Period Pottery, Part 2: Plates, 2012, 172 pp. No. 52 D. Ben-Ami, Jerusalem, Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley (Giv‘ati Parking Lot) I, 2013, 396 pp. No. 53 Y. Porath, Caesarea Maritima Volume I: Herod’s Circus and Related Buildings Part I: Architecture and Stratigraphy, 2013, 244 pp. No. 54 R. Greenberg, Bet Yerah, The Early Bronze Age Mound II: Urban Structure and Material Culture, 1933–1986 Excavations, 2014, 316 pp. No. 55 E. Yannai, Y. Nagar, Bet Dagan, Intermediate Bronze Age and Mamluk-Period Cemeteries, 2004–2005 Excavations, 2014, 260 pp. No. 56 D. Syon, Gamla III: The Shmarya Gutmann Excavations 1976–1989, Finds and Studies, Part 1, 2014, 260 pp. No. 57 Y. Porath, Caesarea Maritima I: Herod’s and Related Buildings Part 2: The Finds, 2015, 224 pp.

Circus

No. 58/1. G. Mazor and W. Atrash, Bet She’an III: NysaScythopolis: The Southern and Severan Theaters, Part 1: The Stratigraphy and finds, 2015, 288 pp. No. 58/2. G. Mazor and W. Atrash, Bet She’an III: NysaScythopolis: The Southern and Severan Theaters, Part 2: The Architecture, 2015, 382 pp. No. 59. D. Syon, Gamla III: The Shmarya Gutmann Excavations 1976–1989, Finds and Studies, Part 2, 2016, 380 pp. No. 60. M. Hartal, D. Syon., E. Stern and A. Tatcher, ‘Akko II: The 1991–1998 Excavations, The Early Periods, 2016, 242 pp.