Agrarian Revolution: Social Movements and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World [Free Press Paperback ed.] 0029235502, 9780029235508

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~g./rarian Revolution __ · . / .

Social Movements and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World

JEFFERY M. PAIGE University of California, Berkeley

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THE FREE PRESS A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. NEW YORK

Collier Macmillan Publishers LONDON

\'0~ Copyright

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1975 by The Free Press A Diyision of Macmillan Publishing Co.• Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means. electronic or mechanical. including photocopying. recording. or by any information storage and retrieyal system. without permission in writing from the Publisher. The Free Press A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co .• Inc. 866 Third Avenue. New York. N. Y. 10022

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Collier Macmillan Canada. Lt{i. First Free Press Paperback Edition 1978 Library of Congress CatalOg Card Number: 74-25601 Printed in the United States of America printing number

SC 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 HC I 2 3 .. 5 6 7 8 9 10

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Paige, Jeffery M Agrarian revolution. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Underdeveloped areas--Agriculture. 2. Underdeve1oped areas--Peasantry. 3. Revolutions. I. Title, lID1417. P34 338.1' 091"{2 '4 74-25601 ISBN 0-02-923580-4 ISBN 0-02-923550-2 pbk.

Contents *-:i-Hi < Mf\F> -) / !;}J

f';, .•(

List of Tables

v

List of Figures

vii

List of Maps

viii ix

Preface A Theory of Rural Class Conflict Typologies of Export Agriculture 4 A Theory of Rural Class Conflict 9 The Noncultivating Classes 12 The Cultivating Classes 25 Land and Land: The Agrarian Revolt 40 Capital and Land: The Reform Commodity Movement 45 Capital and Wages: The Reform Labor Movement 48 Land and Wages: Agrarian Revolution 58 Sharecropping and Revolutionary Socialism 59 .The Migratory Labor Estate and Revolutionary Nationalism 66

2

72

World Patterns Measures of Agricultural Organization 76 Export Crop and Agricultural Organization Measures of Rural Social Movements 86 Event Types 92 Event Distributions 100 Results of the World Analysis 104 Conclusions 120

83

Contenu

iv

3

Peru: Hacienda and Plantation

124

Statistical Data on Peruvian Agriculture and Rural Events 131 The Coast: Plantation and Hacienda 139 The Corporate Plantation 139 The Cnmmercial Hacienda 148 Coastal Events 156 The Sierra: Hacienda and Comunidad 161 The Hacienda: Callei6n de Huaylas alld La Convencion 166 The Indigenous Community: Hualean and San Pedro de Caias 185

4

Angola: The Migratory Labor Estate The Coffee Export Economy 225 Land Policy 237 Labor Policy 243 Settlers, Laborers, Small Holders, Chiefs 252 Coffee Production and Revolutionary Nationalist Events Alternative Theories 270

5

Vietnam: Sharecropping

211

262

278

The Red River Delta and the Coastal Lowlands 285 The Mekong Delta 302 Rural Social Movements under French Rule 320 The Origins 01 the War in South Vietnam 326

6

Conclusions

334

Land and Land 337 Capital and Wages 349 Land and Wages 358

Appendixes

377 APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX

Index

2 3

4

World Population 01 Agricultural Export Sectors 377 Agricultural Codes 379 Social Movement Codes 388 Cross-National Bibliography 403

431

List of Tables

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5a

2.5b 2.5c 2.5d 2.5e 2.6 2.7

3.1 3.2

3.3 3.4 3.5

Export Crop and Agricultural Organization Intercorrelations of Agricultural Organization and Crop Production Parameters Cluster Indices for Principal Event Types Intercorrelations of Types of Events and Types of Agricultural Organization for World Population of Export Sectors Intercorrelations of Revolutionary Socialist Events with Sharecropping and Decentralized Sharecropping Intercorrelations of Revol.utionary Nationalist Events with Migratory Labor Estates and Colonial Regimes Intercorrelations of Agrarian Events with Commercial Haciendas and Socialist or Reform Parties Intercorrelations of Labor Events with Plantations and Industrial Crops Intercorrelations of Commodity Events with Small Holding and Market Participation Factor Analysis of Tactical Event Modes: Varimax Factor Pattern Intercorrelations of Event Tactics, Event Objectives, and Type of Agricultural Organization Peru: Principal Agricultural Exports as a Percentage of Total Agricultural Exports 1948-1970 Intercorrelations of Primary and Secondary Source Measures of Labor and Agrarian Events with Sugar, Cotton, and Coffee Production by Department Intercorrelations of Labor and Agrarian Events with Cotton and Sugar Production for Coastal Provinces Intercorrelations of Agrarian Events with Coffee Production by Type of Processing and Size of Holding for Sierran Provinces Intercorrelations of Agrarian Events with Community Land, Estate Land, Shoe Wearing, and Interaction Variable for Sierran Provinces

83 84 102 104 106 107

110 112 114 116

119 129

138 157 184 207 v

vi 4.1 4.2

5.1 5.2

List of Tables

Coffee Exports from Angola 1948-1970 Intercorrelations of Revolutionary Nationalist Events with Coffee Production, Language, Religion, and Population by Second-Order Political Subdivisions Intercorrelations of Revolutionary Socialist and Politicoreligious Sect Activity as Reported by Bernard Fall and the New York Times Intercorrelations of Revolutionary Socialist and Politicoreligious Sect Activity with Rice Exports, Rice Production, and Land Tenure by Province

227

267 330

331

List of Figures

1.1

1.2 1.3 t.4

1.5 2.la 2.lb 2.1c

2.td

3.1

Combinations of Cultivator and Noncultivator Income Sources, Typical Forms of Agricultural Organization, and Expected Forms of Agrarian Social Movements The Effects of Principal Source of Income on the Economic and Political Behavior of Noncultivators The Effects of Principal Source of Income on the Economic and Political Behavior of Cultivators The Effects of Rubber and Tea Production on the Economic and Political Behavior of Noncultivators in Malaya and Ceylon The Effects of Cotton and Rice Sharecropping on the Economic and Political Behavior of Cultivators Path Diagram of Effects of Migratory Labor Estates, Colonial Regime, and Interaction Term on Revolutionary Nationalist Events Path Diagram of Effects of Commercial Haciendas, Socialist or Reform Party, and Interaction Term on Agrarian Events Path Diagram of Effects of Plantation, Industrial Crops, and Interaction Term on Labor Events Path Diagram of the Effects of Small Holdings, Market Participation, and Interaction Term on Commodity Events Path Diagram of Effects of Community Landholding, Estate Landholding, and Shoe Wearing on Comunero Agrarian Events and Triple Interaction Term

11 21 29 57 65 109 110 113 114

208

vii

List of Maps

3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 5.3

viii

Peru: Administrative Divisions Peru: Sugar, Cotton, and Coffee Production Peru: Labor and Agrarian Events 1955-1970 Angola: Administrative Divisions Angola: Robusta Coffee Production Angola: Revolutionary Nationalist Events March IS-April 15, 1961 Vietnam: Administrative Divisions Vietnam: Rice-exporting Provinces 1963 Vietnam: Revolutionary Socialist Events

133 140 158 222 231 265 284 309 322

Preface

!1!1.SJ&.A_~2.2~,.~.1?()l!uh:e POl!ti~s9~ p.~.Qpll:who,draw their.living.from theJa,nQ, both those who perfonn the physical labor of cultivation in the fields and plaiifatioiis"oftbe'underdeveloped world and those who share the proceeds 'of 1/lls·Iiiborhl. the form of rent,profits, interest, and taxes. It is also necessarily a 'oo6k'about__~()fi.!l!C(~§!:J~~~y.;~~~!Q:P~r~"~~~~:a.~l?YJl)~, !.~,!~, the ,SQ~l~rp.1 ~(the la~,~.~~se1.f, the J)ojlt{caLp,QWlurce of political change in rural areas or that peasants, sharecroppers, and agricultural laborers are the only classes or even the most important classes in all revolutions. Clearly, market mechanisms associated with the growth of cities and internal -trade affecfthe social organization of traditional agricultural i·commiinities,and the success of revolutions depends on the actions of urban \iriilsses or elites even when these groups appeal directly to the countryside. N-eveftheless.~$t~c::~!!-l:l,~~.~_xpo~,~.::~~~s have been important sources of a raria~ unrest in a number of areas of the underdeveloped world including Igeria, . Angola, Kenya, Malaya, Guatemala, and most significantly Vietnam. The Itionship of the !..l!!~-OP~~l1 to the ne':!'_,forms of class cleavage a~d class c(;m~~!Qgltce.d..h,y-the~agriculturaLelq19.JL~~.Q!lQJ1!y_ is essential in unders~ndi!lg"the origin of th~~3,~arian_~~t in t~~cJ.!e.YdQPj.ni'.iloa:a:ana::wrnter­ .preting both the goals of its often anonymous peasant participants and the

WiJh

,-..e2.~egards the world_m~E~~!~_,~.~,~h he refers

cites 'eviden,;e-

to-as'~~rthMantiCTapiraliSit1:0as' fhit,p~jQt:mfmyi}o~\=,~, ,!Il,. ~~y.~1~!!~i!~I1,

·c-mrn-ge:-He:-dtfferr,ltowever,1'n-l1rs-conclusions about the form of agricultural organization most likely to lead to revolution. His six revolutions occur in a wide variety of agricultural s~~~l!!,£!!!illngJb~-,).~c.tenda..oLm:anoIlace:c.ruiOniies"Qf MffiooariaRUSSia;:"til"e sharecrQPping,.e.conomies-of-Ghina-ana-Vietnam, the pliiiitailoneconomy of Cuba, and the migrat~r~",~_~~_ eC9nQmy_oL Algeria. Accoramg toworr,liowever;'none"Cifihesesystems are likely to lead to revolution. ,contrast, to mosLP:\:~y.lous-lheory,.,on..agtarian, ..&QciaLs,t.IVCWJ!